Datasets:

pszemraj

/

LoC-PD-Books-preprocessed

like 0

08018377

Helps for skat pupils,

McColl, Florence Linder

helpsforskatpupi00mcco_djvu.txt

1. WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO. Simple Rules or Laws li Unit Value of Games and Counting Value of Cards G Description of Games 7 Position at the Table and How to Bid 8 Bidding 9 Matadores and Multipliers -- Value of the Hand 10 General Rules for Play 11 Tourne 13 Solo 13 Grand Solo 14 Grand Guckscr 15 Grand Tourne 16 Grand Ouvert 17 NuUo 18 Nullo Guckser -- Null Ouvert -- Revolution 19 Ramsch 20 Advice 21 Scoring 22 Simple rules or laws CUTTING Ace is high in cutting, but low deals. Cards must be cut by the player to the right of the dealer. Cut always toward the dealer. SHUFFLINGBefore each deal the cards should be shuffled at least three Before each deal the cards should be shuffled at least three times without exposing a card. DEAL It is customary for the player at the left of the scorekeeper to take the first deal and the deal passes in order to keeper to take the first deal and the deal passes in order to the left. 32 cards only are used; all below the 7 being deleted, and they are dealt as follows: 3 to each player-- 2 on the table, face down (the Skat); then 4, then 3. Each deal represents a game, but there must be as many deals as there are players to complete a round. If a card is faced there must be a new deal. When there are four players the dealer takes no cards. Dealer is fined 10 points for misdeal, but does not lose his deal. No trick but the one last turned and quitted can be seen, and that only before a card for the next trick is led. A player who examines any but the last trick taken, or counts the points therein, loses the game announced. Revoke loses game. Leading or playing out of turn loses game. Tricks must be kept separated. UNIT VALUE OF GAMES Frage or Simple in Diamonds 1 " '' Hearts ... 2 " " Spades ... 3 ^' Clubs 4 Tourn6 in Diamonds 5 " Hearts... 6 " Spades ... 7 Clubs 8 Solo in Diamonds 9 "# Hearts ... 10 " Spades... 11 " Clubs.... 1:2 Pass't Nicht Tourne . . .Loses double Grand Tourne 12 Solo 16 " Guckser Won 13 Lodegt 24 Ouvert 24 " 1 player taking no tricks 30 " 2 players " " 50 Nullo 20 " Guckser Won 16 Lost 32 " Ouvert 40 Revoluiion 60 There are three kinds of games: First -- Where both suits and Jacks are trumps. Frage, Tourne and Solo. Second -Where Jacks alone are trumps. Grands and Ramsch. Where Jacks alone are trumps. Grands and Ramsch. Third-- Where there are no trumps. Nullos. In all games but Nullos Jacks are the four best trumps, and rank as follows: Jack of Clubs, Jack of Spades, Jack of Hearts, Jack of Diamonds. Remaining cards in trump and plain suits rank: A., 10, K., Q., 9, 8, 7. In Ftage, Tourne and Solo, Jacks and a suit are trumps, making eleven trumps, and seven cards in each plain suit. In Grrands and Ramsch Jacks only are trumps, and there are seven cards in each suit. In Nullos there are no trumps, Jacks lose their value and cards rank A., K., Q., J., 10, 9, 8, 7, making eight cards in each suit. COUNTING VALUE OF CARDS 4 Aces, each 11 44 4 Tens, each 10 40 4 Kings, each 4 16 4 Queens, each 3 12 4 Jacks, each 3 8 Total. To win game 61 points must be made The Player loses in case of a tie 120 Points-- not tricks-- count for game tHE dAJVIES I-- FRAGE, TOURNE AND SOLO Jacks and suits are trumps, and game values are increased by multipliers. Frage-- The Player takes up the Skat, and announces the trump. Tourne -- The Player turns up one of the Skat cards, the suit of which becomes trump. Solo-- The Player declares the trump from his hand and plays without the Skat. Pass't Nicht Tourne-- A Tourne in which the card turned does hot suit the Player; he then looks at the other, which must be the trump. 2-- GRANDS AND RAMSCH Jacks only are trumps, and each game has a unit value, increased in Grands, by multipliers. Grand Tourne-- The Player bids for Tourne, but turning a Jack may announce Grand. Grand Solo-- The Player announces Grand and plays without the Skat. out the Skat. Grand Guckser-- The Player plays Grand with the help of the Skat. Grand Ouvert-- The Player plays with hand exposed, and mnst take every trick. Ramsch is played when no one bids; Player taking most points loses. 3-- NULLOS Game has fixed value-- no trumps, no multipliers. The Player must not take a trick. Guckser Nullo-- The Player has the help of the Skat. Nullo -- The Player does not have the help of the Skat. Nullo Ouvert-- The Player plays without the Skat, and v\^ith hand exposed. Revolution-- The Player plays without the Skat, and with hand exposed, and opponents may consult as to play. POSITION AT TABLE Dealer Forehand or eldest-hand (Vorhand) is left of the Dealer and always has the first lead. Middlehand (Mittelhand) is on the left of Forehand, and has the first bid. Backhand (Hinterhand) is on the left of Middlehand. When three play, Dealer is Backhand. When four play, Dealer takes no cards; he is *'im Skat" and shares the fortunes of the opponents. HOW TO BID Middlehand has the first say and bids to Forehand, who must say "yes" (meaning he has as good a hand), if he has a game of equal value, it being his privilege to retain the bid-If Middlehand does not wish to bid or if Forehand refuses If Middlehand does not wish to bid or if Forehand refuses to let him have the game at his highest offer, then Backhand can bid to Forehand, but must raise the bid-- hand can bid to Forehand, but must raise the bid-If Forehand says "no" to Middlehand (meaning that he has If Forehand says "no" to Middlehand (meaning that he has not as good a game as he is offered), then Backhand can bid to Middlehand, but must raise the bid, Middlehand now having the privilege of retaining the bid-- ing the privilege of retaining the bid-If neither Middle nor Backhand bid, or if their bids are If neither Middle nor Backhand bid, or if their bids are refused by Forehand, he may name the game; if he has no game to offer, Ramsch must be plfiyed. The successful bidder announces the game and is called "The Player," the others combine against him. BIDDING Bid Tourne with: 2 Jacks and 2 Aces and a third suit protected; with 3 Jaclis and I Ace; with 1 Jacli and 3 Aces; with tected; with 3 Jaclis and I Ace; with 1 Jacli and 3 Aces; with 1 Jack and 3 good suits and void of fourth suit. Bid Solo with: 5 trumps and 3 outside tricks; with 6 trumps and 2 outside tricks; with T trumps and 1 outside trick. *0r if the hand counts up to eight, counting each trump and each outside Ace and guarded ten as one. Do not bid Solo with 7 trumps and no outside tricks. Bid Grand with: 4 Jacks and a long suit; with 3 Jacks and an established suit; with Jack of Clubs, Jack of Spades, and 5 sure tricks in two suits; when Forehand with 2 Jacks and 2 suits, or 1 Jack and 3 suits; when Middlehand with 2 Jacks and 3 suits, or 1 Jack and 4 suits. dlehand with 2 Jacks and 3 suits, or 1 Jack and 4 suits. With no Jacks, the Player should have: 4 Aces and 3 tens; or 3 Aces and 4 tens. Bid Guckser Grand when you have dangerous cards to lay away. Do not bid with 4 Jacks and no outside protection. Bid Grand Ouvert with: 4 Jacks and Ace and 5 small cards; with 4 Jacks and 4 Aces and 2 tens. When Forehand with-- Jack of Clubs, Jack of Spades and an established suit; with Jack of Clubs, Jack of Hearts, Jack of Diamonds, and an established suit. Bid Nullo with: A weak hand with low cards. Do not bid without the seven of your long suit. Bid Nullo Ouvert with: A hand so weak that it can be played with cards exposed. When the Player takes up the Skat cards he must discard or "lay away" two cards in their place. *'By permission of Mr. R. F, Foster. MATADORES AND MULTIPLIERS VALUE OF THE HAND Matadores-- A sequence o trump cards beg^inning with the Jack of Clubs, and ending when the sequence is broken. Schneider-- Making 91 points. Schwarz-- Taking all tricks. To find full value of the hand multiply the unit value of the game by: 1 for game; 2 for game with Schneider; 3 for game with Schneider announced; 3 for game w^ith Schwarz; 4 for game with Schwarz after announcing Schneider; 5 for game with Schwarz announced, and 1 for each Matadore that the Player is *'with" or "without." Pass't Nicht Tourne, Guckser Grand, and Guckser Nullo lose double, and with them Schneider and Schwarz cannot be announced. ADVICE FOR BIDDING Examine the hand and decide on its bidding value. Kemember that points, not tricks, count for game. Remember that though Jacks have the highest trick taking value, they count but tw^o toward game. With suits of equal length, make trump the one with the weaker cards, relying on the stronger suit for outside tricks. Try and infer what game is being bid for against you. Do not overbid your hand. GENERAL RULES FOR THE PLAYER Lead trumps, then long suit. With 1 Jack, Ace, ten and two small cards, lead low. With two Jacks, Ace, ten and two small cards, lead Jacks, then low. With Jack of Clubs, or Jack of Spades, and small cards only, lead low. With two or more Jacks of equal value, under-lead. Plain Suit Leads-- With an established suit, lead it. With a long Ace, King suit, lead the Ace. With a short Ace, King suit, lead low. With ten. King only, lead a ten. When Third Hand discard losing cards, if the tricks are worthless, but trump if you want the lead. FOR OPPONENTS Watch the fall of the cards. Lead long suit through the Player, and short suit to the Player. Get the Player in the middle. If the Player does not lead trumps, lead them through him. Play the highest card of the suit, no matter how low, on partner's trick and the lowest on the Player's. Holding both Ace and ten of a suit, discard the Ace on partner's trick. Keep a guarded ten, rather than an Ace, at the last. Protect the suit your partner discards. With Ace, King and two small cards, when the Player is in the middle, lead the King. When partner leads short to the Player, overtake his trick and return the suit. Lead a singleton ten to the Player. In Solos, lead Aces and change suits. In Grands, lead always the long suit. In Nullos, lead singleton or short suits. TOURNE Toiirne (to tnrii) -- The Player turns one of the Skat cards, the suit of which becomes trump, adds the other card to his hand, and lays away two cards. Jacks and a suit are trumps, game values are increased by multipliers, Schneider and Schwarz cannot be announced. POSITION Forehand is the best position. Unit Value of the game: Diamonds, 5; Hearts, 6; Spades, 7; Clubs, 8. Value of the lowest bid is ten. There are eleven trumps and seven cards in each plain suit. Cards rank Ace, ten. King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid for Tourne with: 2 Jacks and 2 Aces and a third suit protected; 3 Jacks and 1 Ace; 1 Jack and 3 Aces; 1 Jack and 3 good suits and void of fourth suit. RULES FOR THE PLAYER Lay away high trumps when in danger, or high cards of plain suits, such as singleton tens, or from long Ace, ten suits. With ten and a small card in one suit, and a singleton in another, lay away the ten and singleton. Lay iiway to strengthen a long suit, an'd rid the hand of one suit. When in the middle or backhand position, the first object is to obtain the lead. LEADS FOR THE PLAYER If strong in trumps, lead best trump, then small. If too weak to lead trumps, lead Aces, preferably, Ace, tea suits. OPPONENTS' PLAYS Try to get the Plaj'^er in the middle. Avoid Ace leads because the Player has laid away any unprotected tens. Lead a small card of your long suit through the Player. Lead a short suit to the Player, Lead preferably from suits which contain neither Ace nor ten. If holding the lowest Jack and a small trump, play the Jack on the first round to give your partner information. PASS'T NICHT TOURNE A Tourne in which the Player is not suited with the first card he turns, he then faces the other, which must be the trump. Play as Tourne. SOLO Solo (alone). The Player announces a trump and plays without the assistance of the Skat, though the points contained therein count for him at the end of the game. Jacks tained therein count for him at the end of the game. Jacks and a suit are trumps, game values are increased by multipliers; Schneider and Schwarz can be announced. pliers; Schneider and Schwarz can be announced. POSITION Forehand is the best, if strong in trumps. Backhand is best, if with long weak trumps and short suits. UNIT VALUES OF THE GAME Diamonds, 9; Hearts, 10; Spades, 11 ; Clubs, 13. Value of the lowest bid is eighteen. There are eleven trumps, and seven cards in each plain suit. Cards rank: Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid Solo with: 5 trumps and 3 outside tricks; 6 trumps and 2 outside tricks; 7 trumps and 1 outside trick. * Or if the hand counts up to eight, counting each trump, and each outside Ace and guarded ten as one. A 7 counting Solo is generally safe for forehand and backhand when holding a good three-card suit to establish. hand when holding a good three-card suit to establish. Do not bid with 7 timmps and no outside tricks. LEADS FOR THE PLAYER Always lead trumps. With all four Jacks, lead Jack of Clubs, then under-lead; with three best Jacks, under-lead; with three Jacks, without the Jack of Clubs, lead until it falls; with .Tack of Clubs and Jack of Spades, lead Jack of Spades; with Jack of Spades and Jack of Diamonds, lead Jack of Diamonds; with Jack of Spades and Jack of Hearts, lead Jack of Hearts; with Jack of Hearts and Jack of Diamonds, lead a Jack only when you have the Ace and ten also; with but 1 Jack, not the Jack of Clubs, lead a low trump. OPPONENTS' PLAY Lead* Aces and change suits. Get the Player in the middle. Play the highest card of the suit on partner's trick and the lowest on the Player's. With ten, King suits, lead King. Avoid leading from tenaces. Play Ace second hand on partner's lead, but keep command of the Player's suit. Usually cover a Jack with a Jack, but do not play the Jack of Clubs second hand on the lowest Jack led. With ten and Queen of a suit, cover a King led. Discard to get rid of a suit. *By kind permission of Mr. R. F. Foster. GRAND SOLO Grand Solo. The Flayer plays without the help of the Skat, though the points contained therein count for him at the end of the game. Jacks are the only trumps, the unit value of the game is increased by multipliers; Schneider and Schwarz can be announced. POSITION Forehand is the best-- Middlehand is the worst Unit value of the game, 16. Value of the lowest bid is 32, There are four trumps and seven cards in each suit. Cards rank, Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid Grand witli: 4 Jacks and a long suit; 3 Jacks and an established suit-- Jack of Clubs and Jack of Spades and 5 sure tricks in two suits. Realize the importance of position -- when Forehand bid with 2 Jacks and 2 suits, or 1 Jack and 3 suits. When Mi'ddlehand bid with 2 Jacks and 3 suits, or 1 Jack and 4 dlehand bid with 2 Jacks and 3 suits, or 1 Jack and 4 suits. With no Jacks the Player should have 4 Aces and 3 tens, or 3 Aces and 4 tens. RULES FOR THE PLAYER Under-lead the Jacks as in Solo. With 4 Jacks, lead long suit; with 3 Jacks, lead a Jack; with 2 best Jacks, lead one; with 2 losing Jacks, do not lead one unless strong in at least three suits, lead the longest suit and try to force the adversaries; with 1 Jack and all four suits, lead a Jack; with no Jacks, lead Aces and change from suit to suit. If a trick in a suit must be lost, lose it at once, before the adversaiy's partner can fatten. RULES FOR OPPONENTS Always lead the long suit, never a singleton. Get the Player in the middle. Keep command of the Player's suit, do not help him establish it. lish it. GRAND GUCKSER Guckser (to look in) -- The Player plays Grand with the help of the Skat. Jacks are the only trumps; the unit value of the game is increased by multipliers, but Schneider and Schwarz cannot be announced. POSITION Forehand is the best, though position is not so important as in most cases. Unit value of the game: If won, 12; if lost, 24. Value of the lowest bid is 24. There are four trumps and seven cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid Guckser only when you want to lay away cards that are in danger. When in Middlehand or Backhand position, bid with 2 Jaclis and 3 Aces; or 3 Jacks and 2 Aces. Do not bid with 4 Jacks and no outside protection. LAYING AWAY Do not lay away from your long suit. Lay away high counting cards that are in danger. Lay away unguarded tens. With ten and a small card of one suit and a singleton of another, lay away the ten and the singleton. LEAD& FOR THE PLAYER Lead Jacks as in Grand Solo, then Ace, ten suits; with Ace, ten. King, lead Ace, then King; with Ace and four or more small cards, lead the Ace; with Ace and three small cards, lead low; with ten, King only, lead ten. RULES FOR OPPONE.NTS Lead a long suit, never a singleton. Lead King from ten. King. Keep command of the Player's suit. Discard an Ace rather than a guarded ten. Discard singletons. GRAND TOURNE Grand Tourne. The Player bids for Tourne, but turning a Jacli may announce Grand. If the second card turned in Pass't Nicht Tourne is a Jaclv it can also be played a Grand, but loses double. Jacks are the only trumps; the unit value of the game is increased by multipliers; Schneider and Schwarz cannot be announced. POSITION Forehand is the best. Unit value of game is 12. Value of the lowest bid is twenty-four. There are four trumps and seven cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Play Grand Tourne when the suit of the Jack turned is unfavorable as a trump and there is a chance to win the game favorable as a trump and there is a chance to win the game as a Grand. RULES FOR THE PLAYER Lead and play as in Guckser Grand. RULES FOR OPPONENTS Lead and play as in Guckser Grand. GRAND OUVERT THE MOST VALUABLE GAME IN SKAT Grand Ouvert (open grand). The Player plays with cards exposed and must take every trick. Jacks are the only trumps; unit value of the game is increased by multipliers; the Player announces Schwarz. POSITION Not important. Unit value of the game is 24. Value of the lowest bid is 144. Value of the highest bid is 216. There are four trumps and seven cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid Grand Ouvert with: 4 Jacks and a six-card suit, headed by the Ace. 4 Jacks, 4 Aces and two tens. When Forehand, wath: Jack of Clubs, Jack of Spades and an established suit. Jack of Clubs, Jack of Hearts, Jack of Diamonds and an established suit. RULES FOR THE PLAYER The Player must take every trick. n NULLO Nullo (none), The Player must not take a trick. Game has a fixed value; there are no trumps, no multipliers. POSITION Backhand is the best. Forehand is the worst. Fixed value of the game, 20. Yalue of bid, 20. There are eight cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, King, Queen, Jack, ten, nine, eight, seven. BIDDING Bid Nullo with a very weak hand with low cards. Do not bid without the seven of your long suit or when holding ten and eight of a suit, either long or short. RULES FOR THE PLAYER Lead a singleton eight or nine. With the nine and seven only in a suit, lead the nine. With the King and seven only in a suit, lead the seven. Do not lead a singleton seven. Do not lead a long suit ending with nine and seven. rk) not lead a six-card suit. Discard dangerous cards, or to get rid of a suit. RULES FOR OPPONENTS Lead singletons or short suits. Always return partner's lead, never the Player's. Lead the suit your partner discards. With three-card suits, lead the middle card, then low. With Ace and seven, or King and seven of a suit, lead high, then low. Do not overtake the Player's original lead of a nine. Discard weakness. GUCKSER NULLO Guckser Nullo. A Nullo where the Plaj^er has the help of the Skat. Game has a fixed value. No trumps, no multipliers. The riayer must not take a trick. POSITION Backhand is best. Fixed value of the game. Won IG, lost 32. Value of bid is sixteen. There are eight cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, King, Queen, Jack, ten, nine, eight and seven. BIDDING Bid Guckser Nullo when you have a Nullo hand with one or two dangerously high cards that you want to lay away. RULES FOR THE PLAYER Play as in Nullo. RULES FOR OPPONENTS Play as in Nullo. NULL OUVERT Null Ouvert (open). A Nullo so weak that it can be played with cards exposed. Fixed value of the game is 40, REVOLUTION A Nullo so v/eak that it can be played with cards exposed, and allowing opix>nents to consult as to play. Fixed value of the game is GO, RAMSCH Ramsch is played when no one bids. Tlie player receiving the most points loses the game. Jacks are the only trumps. There are no multipliers; the game has a fixed value; the Skat belongs to the player taking the last trick. VALUE OF THE GAME-- 20 If one player takes no trick, 30. If two players take no trick, 50. In case of a tie, the player taking the last trick loses. There are four trumps, as in Grand, and seven cards in each suit. Cards rank Ace, ten, King, Queen, nine, eight and seven. PLAY OF THE GAME Each player is for himself and tries to force points on his opponents. With losing Jacks, lead one. Lead the top of two-card suits. Lead the intermediate card from three-card suits. Keep the lowest card of your long suit in order to avoid the lead. If you have to take a trick in a suit, take it before one adversary can discard. Try to get rid of a suit by discarding. ADVICE It is more dangerous to bid "without" than "with." Do not dmw too close an inference from the lo^ bids of poor players, they may hold the high cards which you hope to find in the Skat. Remember that all Jacks are not Matadores, and do not misuse the word. use the word. Sacrifice high cards willingly when necessary. Learn to count 61. Allow no word or expression of yours to influence a play. AS THE PLAYER Be careful of passing tricks if it leaves the wrong hand in the lead. Realize the importance of holding the Ace and ten of tramps in seven-counting solos. AS OPPONENTS Keep the Player in the middle. When he sits on your left, lead your long suit through him; when he is on your right, your short suit to him. Play for position in all games where Jacks and suit are trumps, leading your "long suit through" and your "short suit to." Where Jacks alone are trumps, play always your long suit hoping to force one; it is your best defence. If you have a poor partner, do not make a worse one by unasked=for criticism or advice. SCORING The following method of scoring and balancing has been In general use for many years. If the Player wins, he is scored + the value of his game. If he loses, he is scored -- its value, and subsequent points won or lost are added to or deducted from his score, as follows:-A A B c D + 34 + 18 - 48 + 40 + 4 -- 2 + 37 + 47 + 47 -- 2 - 48 + 40 EXPLANATION OF SCORE A wins first game 4- 24; A loses second game -- 20, which leaves his score -f 4; B wins third game + 16; O loses fourth game -- 48; D wins fifth game -|- 40; A wins sixth game + 33, which makes him -)- 37; A wins seventh game + 10, which makes him -|- 47; B loses eighth game -- 18, which makes him -- 2. Total: A, + 47; B, -- 2; C, -- 48; D, -f 40. METHODS OF BALANCING A B C D + 47 - 2 - 48 + 40 + 49 + 95 + 7 - 49 + 46 -- 42 - 95 - 46 - 88 - 7 + 42 + 88 + 151 -- 45 -229 + 123 A 4- 47 to B's -- 2 = -f 49 for A; _ 49 for B A + 47 to C's _ 48 = + 95 for A; _ 95 for C A + 47 to D's -I- 40 -- -f 7 for A; _ 7 for D B -- 2 to A's + 47 z= -- 49 for B; + 49 for A B -- 2 to C's -- 48 -- + 46 for B; -- 46 for C B -- 2 to D's + 40 = -- 42 for B; -f 42 for D C -- 48 to A's + 47 = O -- 48 to B's -- 2 = C -- 48 to D's 4- 40 = -- 95 for C; -f- 95 for A -- 46 for C; + 46 for B -- 88 for C; + 88 for D D + 40 to A's -f 47 = -- 7 for D; -f 7 for A D + 40 to B's -- 2 = -I- 42 for D; _ 42 for B D + 40 to C's -- 48 = + 88 for D; _ 88 for C Simpl-e method of scoring, showing games won and lost, using same figures as in preceding example. A B c D Deals Games Points Won Games Points *Won Games Points Games Points Won + 4- 4- + + Won Won + G G Totals 1 133 EXPLANATION OF SCORING If Player wins his game, he scores 1 in his + (plus) game column, and the value of the game won in point column ; adversaries scoring nothing on that deal. versaries scoring nothing on that deal. If Player loses, he scores 1 in his -- (minus) game column, and nothing in his point column;- but the adversaries place the value of the game he has lost in their point columns, and nothing in their game columns. After the desired number of rounds have been played, add first the number of each player's games won and games lost, and deduct the lesser from the greater, then add each player's points. First prize for greatest number of games won, after deducting those lost. Second prize for greatest number of points ing those lost. Second prize for greatest number of points won. 23 .. '-# METHOD OF BALANCING While balancing is unnecessary, the following- example shows that it will give the same result as previous method. A B C D + 13b + 84 + 38 + 1-76 + 49 + 95 + 7 - 49 + 46 + 43 - 95 - 46 - 88 - 7 + 43 + 88 + 151 - 45 - 229 + 133 A 4- 133 to B's -f- 84 = + 49 for A; -- 49 for B A 4- 133 to C's + 38 = -f 95 for A; -- 95 for C A 4- 133 to D's -}- 126 z= + 7 for A; -- 7 for D B + 84 to A's -f 133 = -- 49 for B; + 49 for A B + 84 to C's 4- 38 = + 46 for B; -- 46 for C B -f- 84 to D's 4- 126 =: -- 42 for B; + 42 for D C -f 38 to A's 4- 133 = -- 95 for C; -f 95 for A O 4- 38 to B's + 84 == -- 46 for C; + 46 for B 4- 38 to D's + 126 = -- 88 for C; + 88 for D D + 126 to A's + 133 = -- 7 for D; + 7 for A D 4- 126 to B's 4- 184 =: + 42 for D; -- 42 for B D 4- 126 to C's -f 38 = + 88 for D; -- 88 for C NOTE The game values given in this book are the authentic counts in use to-day. A change in the value of Grands is to be proposed at the next Congress and will doubtless be adopted. posed at the next Congress and will doubtless be adopted. The New York "enhanced values" are not olHcial or in general use. eral use. * COMPARATIVE GRAND VALUES American and German Grand Tourne 12 Guckser AVon 12 Guckser Lost 24 Grand Solo 16 Grand Ouvert 24 German New York Proposed Variated Enhanced American Omitted * By permission of Mr. J. Charles Eichorn, Director of the North American Skat League. ^-/Jf^. ^f

mild gibberish

82600333

Dolomite refractories and their potential as substitutes for imported chromite

Clancy, T. A. (Timothy A.)

dolomiterefracto00clan_djvu.txt

<, *^v g* *o '*."* O <* *<tvT* g* *o, -".T* A <\ *T^T" .g* X " ^ ^ v X *; .v O * "ot? <. .odeg V**?^ ^ X**deg IP"** ^ */ X/^> o o, * "of ip-n^ ^ S X ^ X dego r "' 6 V ^ -^ -^ dego A jP^ c5deg^ a* 5 *" t ,*Z' *#> v v ,"?-^L% "<^ * A V -^ ^.^ * A V -^ : ^deg^ ^0^ *" < ^0^ /Jfe*-. S.J' :Mfc. \^ .*"'*. \/ ;^ . . " * "G tt A Vy ^ - ** **x .6- v : -- : x^" ^'* : 5W f V V- ** t^a-X^*^ ^A JPSJ 8913 Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1983 A/ ^ 2^1983 Dolomite Refractories, and Their Potential as Substitutes for Imported Chromite By Timothy A. Clancy UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Information Circular 8913 Dolomite Refractories, and Their Potential as Substitutes for Imported Chromite By Timothy A. Clancy UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR James G. Watt, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Horton, Director Research at the Tuscaloosa Research Center is carried out under a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, and the University of Alabama. This publication has been cataloged as follows: Clancy, T. A. (Timothy A.) Dolomite refractories, and their potential as substitutes for imported chromite. ported chromite. (Bureau of Mines information circular ; 8913) Bibliography: p. 17-18. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27:8913. 1. Dolomite. 2. Refractory materials. 3. Chromium ores. I. Ti- tle. II. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 8913. TN295.U4 [TN957] 622s [666'. 72] 82-600333 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Dolomite ore 2 Origin and mineralogy * 2 Refractory grade dolomite. 2 U.S. dolomite deposits. 4 Dolomite refractories 4 Aggregate processing 4 Brick processing 7 Brick usage 8 United Kingdom 8 Europe 8 Japan 8 United States 9 Properties of 14 U.S. dolomites 10 Materials and test procedures 10 Results and discussion . . 11 Summary 15 References 17 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Photomicrograph of Ohio dolomite No. 1 presently used to produce refractory products 13 2. Photomicrograph of Missouri dolomite presently used to produce refractory products 13 3. Photomicrograph of Alabama dolomite No. 3 14 4. Photomicrograph of Pennsylvania dolomite No. 3 14 5. DTA curves for six dolomites.... 16 6 . DTA curves for five dolomites 16 7 . DTA curves for three dolomites 16 8. TGA curve for a sample of Pennsylvania dolomite No. 2 16 9. TGA curve for a sample of Michigan dolomite No. 1 17 TABLES 1 . Mineralogical properties of dolomite 2 2. Classification of granular refractory dolomite 3 3. Composition and properties of refractory grade dolomites..... 3 4 . Typical properties of dead-burned dolomite grains 7 5. Distribution of steel production by process 9 6. Approximate distribution of BOF brick usage in the United States 9 7. Dolomite brick properties 10 8. Properties of raw domestic dolomites 11 9. Petrographic analysis data for raw domestic dolomites 12 LIST OF UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT Btu/f t3 British thermal unit per cubic foot pm mm micrometer millimeter deg C degree Celsius pet percent g/cm 3 gram per cubic centimeter pct/min percent per minute hr hour psi pound per square inch lb pound wt-pct weight-percent tain minute DOLOMITE REFRACTORIES, AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS SUBSTITUTES FOR IMPORTED CHROMITE By Timothy A, Clancy 1 ABSTRACT To help reduce the Nation's dependence on imported chromite, the Bureau of Mines is conducting research on the use of dolomites as an reau of Mines is conducting research on the use of dolomites as an alternate material. Dolomite is a plentiful domestic resource and offers certain advantages as a refractory raw material. A review of the fers certain advantages as a refractory raw material. A review of the literature has indicated that there are many sources of high-purity dolomite in this country and that European nations use a greater proportion of dolomite refractories, primarily in steelmaking, than the portion of dolomite refractories, primarily in steelmaking, than the United States. The Bureau of Mines characterized 14 domestic dolomites as to chemistry, density, mineralogy, microstructure, and thermal behavior, to develop baseline data on their suitability as refractory raw materials. INTRODUCTION To help ensure a dependable domestic supply of essential minerals, the Bureau of Mines initiated an evaluation of domestic dolomites as a refractory raw material. Increased use of domestic dolomite as a refractory material would lessen the Nation's dependence on imported fractory material would lessen the Nation's dependence on imported chromite and high energy consuming materials, such as seawater periclase. Historically, (10) 2 the United Kingdom, West Germany, Austria, clase. Historically, (10) 2 the United Kingdom, West Germany, Austria, and Japan have developed greater use of dolomite refractories than the United States particularly in secondary refining processes for steelmaking. In 1979, Western Europe used 28.6 lb of dolomite refractories making. In 1979, Western Europe used 28.6 lb of dolomite refractories per ton of steel produced versus 14.8 lb of dolomite refractories for the United States. This paper reviews the properties and uses of dolomite refractories. Some preliminary data on the chemical and physical properties for 14 different raw domestic dolomite ores are included. These data will be used in future studies for comparison with the refractory properties of calcined grain produced from these ores. - # -'Supervisory ceramic engineer, Tuscaloosa Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Univer- 'Supervisory ceramic engineer, Tuscaloosa Research Center, Bureau of Mines, University, AL. sity, AL. *^Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the end of this report. DOLOMITE ORE ORIGIN AND MINERALOGY Dolomite (2) (CaC0 3 *MgC0 3 ) , identified by Dolomieu in 1791, occurs as sedimentary deposits similar in nature to lime- tary deposits similar in nature to limestone. Geologically some dolomites are stone. Geologically some dolomites are precipitated directly from seawater but most dolomites are a result of the alteration of calcium carbonate sediments or ation of calcium carbonate sediments or rocks by hypersaline brines. Good examples are the almost-pure dolomite Silu- ples are the almost-pure dolomite Silurian reefs in northern Illinois, Indiana, rian reefs in northern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, and in southern Michigan. Other carbonate minerals are found associ- er carbonate minerals are found associated with dolomite, but usually not in ated with dolomite, but usually not in great quantities. Because of their similar physical properties, it is not easy to distinguish one erties, it is not easy to distinguish one carbonate mineral from another. The rate of solubility of the different minerals in dilute hydrochloric acid is the best technique to identify them in the field. Calcite is much more soluble in dilute acid than dolomite, so if a fresh rock surface is etched, the amount of dolomite left in relief can be estimated visually. X-ray diffraction is commonly used in the laboratory for determining carbonate mineralogy of bulk samples. Thin section eralogy of bulk samples. Thin section petrographic analysis may be helpful, although it is difficult to distinguish though it is difficult to distinguish carbonates in thin section unless staining techniques are used. ing techniques are used. Impurities in dolomites vary considerably, but are economically important only ably, but are economically important only if they affect the end uses of the rock. Impurities are tolerable for some uses if disseminated uniformly throughout the rock. Probably the most common impurity in dolomites is clay. The clay min- ity in dolomites is clay. The clay minerals, mainly kaolinite, illite, chlo- erals, mainly kaolinite, illite, chlorite, smectite, and mixed lattice types, rite, smectite, and mixed lattice types, may be either evenly distributed or concentrated in laminae or thin partings. centrated in laminae or thin partings. Chert, another common impurity, may be disseminated, or concentrated in nodules, lenses, or beds. It is composed mainly of very fine quartz (Si02) that easily incorporates impurities into its structure so it may be found in almost ture so it may be found in almost all colors. Silica is also found in dolomites as discrete silt or sand-size grains of quartz. Dolomite and other carbonates are normally classified as to composition. mally classified as to composition. High-calcium limestone is more than 95 pet CaC03 , high-purity carbonate rock is more than 95 pet combined CaC03 and MgC03 , and high-magnesium dolomite is more than 43 pet MgC03 (theoretically pure dolomite is 45.7 pet MgC03). The mineralogical properties of dolomite are given in table 1. TABLE 1. - Mineralogical properties of dolomite Crystal system Hexagonal. Moh's hardness 3.5 to 4.0. Specific gravity.... 2.87 Color White or pink. Refractive indices: e 1.500 a) 1.679 Birefringence, 6.... 0.179 Solubility Slightly soluble in cold dilute HC1 . REFRACTORY GRADE DOLOMITE The American Society for Testing and Materials (1_) classifies dolomite refractory raw materials as (1) raw refractory tory raw materials as (1) raw refractory dolomite, (2) calcined refractory dolomite, and (3) dead-burned refractory do- mite, and (3) dead-burned refractory dolomite. This classification is based lomite. This classification is based primarily on MgO content, loss on ignition, and impurity contents. Table 2 tion, and impurity contents. Table 2 lists the requirements for each of these classes of refractory dolomite. TABLE 2. - Classification of granular refractory dolomite (ASTM C468-70) , weight-percent Classes MgO content , minimum Loss on ignition, maximum Impurities, maximum SiOA1 2 3 A1 2 3 + Ti0 2 Fe 2 3 range Sulfur Raw refractory dolomite, "as received" basis Calcined refractory dolomite, ignition-free basis Dead-burned refractory dolomite (rotary kiln-fired), ignition-free basis NAp Not applicable. The use of dolomite as a refractory appears to have started in about 1878 when pears to have started in about 1878 when S. G. Thomas experimented with tar-bonded dolomite linings in a Bessemer converter. Much of present-day dolomite refractory technology was developed in England during World War II. Since then, England ing World War II. Since then, England has made great use of dolomite raw materials for refractories. Chesters (4), in rials for refractories. Chesters (4), in a chapter devoted to dolomite, presents NAp 2.0 2.0 1.75 2.00 2.25 1.50 2.50 2.50 NAp NAp 4-10 0.08 .16 NAp the compositions and properties of raw refractory grade dolomite. Some of the data are included in table 3. The compositions are similar to those for dolo- sitions are similar to those for dolomites described by others (_5, 26-27) . mites described by others (_5, 26-27) . However, besides compositional requirements the physical properties, such as ments the physical properties, such as grain density, refractoriness, strength, and microstructure, of a refractory dolomite material are important. mite material are important. TABLE 3. - Composition and properties of refractory grade dolomites Chemica 1 analy sis, wt -pet Physical properties Origin and formation Loss on Specific Bulk PorosSi0 2 Si0 2 1 R 2 3 CaO MgO ignition gravity density, g/cm 3 ity, pet GREAT BRITAIN Dolomite (theoretical) NAp NAp 30.41 21.87 47.72 NAp NAp NAp Lower Permian systems: 0.33 0.52 30.63 21.50 47.37 2.84 2.47 13.0 .74 .72 30.25 21.28 47.00 2.84 2.41 15.1 .87 .60 30.32 21.23 47.13 2.85 2.39 16.3 Durham: Permian .89 .96 30.6 20.6 46.95 2.85 2.53 11.2 South Wales: Carboniferous limestone 4 ... iferous limestone 4 ... 1.28 .81 32.48 19.41 45.15 2.82 2.77 1.8 UNITED STATES Ohio: Niagara system. .40 .80 30.1 21.0 47.20 2.87 2.66 7.9 .02 .17 30.6 21.2 47.50 2.87 2.55 12.5 Pennsylvania: Ledger .30 .65 30.8 21.1 47.10 2.84 2.78 2.1 Missouri: Bonne Terre .31 3.73 31.16 19.2 45.44 2.84 2.68 6.0 NAp Not applicable. 1 R 2 3 = A1 2 3 + Fe 2 3 . 2 Soft. ^Medium to soft. 4 Very hard. The quantity of dolomite produced for refractory uses is not a large portion of the total U.S. dolomite production. More than three-fourths of the dolomite quarried in the United States is used as an ried in the United States is used as an aggregate or a soil conditioner. In 1980 ( 19) , the production of refractory dolomite amounted to a total of 494,000 tons mite amounted to a total of 494,000 tons which was only 2.6 pet of the total lime and dolomite volume. The only States mentioned by Colby (_5) as producing refractory grade dolomite were Alabama, fractory grade dolomite were Alabama, California, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and West Virginia. Ohio produces more dolomite than any other State and, in fact, produced approximately 55 pet of the dead-burned proximately 55 pet of the dead-burned dolomite consumed in the United States in 1979 ( 9_) . While most of the major refractory companies in the United States fractory companies in the United States produce their own raw materials for fire clay, high-alumina, and magnesia products, they have not developed the facil- ucts, they have not developed the facilities to handle refractory dolomite. Do- ities to handle refractory dolomite. Dolomite materials are produced by five or lomite materials are produced by five or six of the smaller companies. Unpublished information by a leading dolomite producer (10) indicates that the use of dolomite as a refractory was not popular in the United States until recently. Since about 1912, dolomite in cently. Since about 1912, dolomite in the United States has only been produced with iron added to make fettling grain. Although used extensively as a refractory in Europe from the time of the Bessemer converter (1860's), high-purity dolomite was essentially unavailable in the United States as a refractory raw material until the early 1960's when both Basic, Incorporated, and the J. E. Baker Co. began to porated, and the J. E. Baker Co. began to produce a high-purity, high-density dolomitic grain. In Europe, on the other mitic grain. In Europe, on the other hand, very little fettling grain was produced and nearly all the dolomite was duced and nearly all the dolomite was produced as a high-density, high-purity refractory raw material. The greater shortage and higher price of high-quality magnesite in Europe, as compared with the United States, probably contributed to the earlier development of refractory dolomite materials in Europe. lomite materials in Europe. U.S. DOLOMITE DEPOSITS Colby (_5) in 1941 and Weitz (26^) in 1942 published extensive surveys on the dolomite resources of the United States and described the quantity, quality, and uses of the deposits of each State. The States with the most plentiful deposits of dolomite are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Individual deposits are reported with reserves varying from 10 to 350 million serves varying from 10 to 350 million tons. Chemical analysis data are presented for 212 deposits in Ohio, 18 in sented for 212 deposits in Ohio, 18 in Indiana, 27 in Illinois, 111 in Wisconsin, 76 in Michigan, and 102 in Pennsyl- sin, 76 in Michigan, and 102 in Pennsylvania. All of these deposits are consid- vania. All of these deposits are considered to be high-grade dolomite materials ered to be high-grade dolomite materials that are defined by Weitz as material containing at least 98 pet total carbonates and less than 2 pet impurities in- ates and less than 2 pet impurities including iron oxide, alumina, and silica. cluding iron oxide, alumina, and silica. Additional information concerning dolomite resources is available in State mite resources is available in State Geological Survey publications of California, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Vir- fornia, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The ginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The Alabama Geological Survey ( 25 ) reported that 11 dolomite quarries are in operation primarily in the Birmingham area. tion primarily in the Birmingham area. Total reserves of these quarries are estimated in billions of tons. Chemical timated in billions of tons. Chemical analyses of these products indicated that most would be considered to be high-grade dolomites. The West Virginia Survey (27) provided information on limestone and dolomite quarries in that State. Only two of the quarries presently produce dolomite. DOLOMITE REFRACTORIES AGGREGATE PROCESSING The original refractory use of dolomite was in the uncalcined condition in open hearths or Thomas converters. As steel processing became better controlled, the need for calcined dolomite grain increased. Chesters (4) provides a good creased. Chesters (4) provides a good summary of the processing of dead-burned dolomite or "doloma," as it is called in England. The production of doloma follows the reaction lows the reaction MgCa(C0 3 ) 2 + CaC0 3 + MgO + C0 2 (1) CaC0 3 + MgO + C0 2 + CaO + MgO + 2C0 2 . (2) This decomposition process is commonly called calcination. Dolomite can be ly called calcination. Dolomite can be lightly calcined, as low temperature decomposition is called, or high fired to produce the dead-burned material. Production of higher purity dolomites, or low flux dolomites, has necessitated higher firing temperatures to produce dead-burned grain of satisfactory density. In the temperature range of 600deg to 900deg C, the dissociation of dolomite results in the intermediate formation of sults in the intermediate formation of calcium carbonate and magnesia, but heating above 900deg C leaves only magnesia ing above 900deg C leaves only magnesia and lime as the products. On further heating, these oxides undergo crystal growth, the eventual size being very small in both cases. If reaction 2 is stopped immediately after the C0 2 is driven off, around 900deg to 1,000deg C, the product is too reactive and porous for use as a refractory raw material. Therefore, the calcination must be carried out fore, the calcination must be carried out at temperature of about 1,700deg C in order to reduce the amount of porosity. Very tight control is needed in the manufacture of calcined dolomite, as refractories produced from it can suffer fractories produced from it can suffer from one or the other of the following: 1. Tendency to hydrate owing to reac- tion of free lime with moisture in the air. 2. Tendency for "dusting" or disinte- gration owing to an inversion and volume change on cooling of dicalcium silicate formed in the material. The term "stabilization," as associated with dolomite refractories, has been used to cover the following three procedures: 1. The coating of calcined dolomite with pitch to reduce the rate of hydration. 2. The conversion of free lime to a silicate or ferrite to reduce hydration. 3. The addition of boric acid, phos- phates, or other "stabilizers" to prevent the inversion of dicalcium silicate. It would appear better to use the word "stabilization" solely for the last two procedures. In a Bureau of Mines publication in 1942, Schallis (20) presented a survey on the calcination of raw dolomite. Particular mention is made of the hydration ular mention is made of the hydration problem of dead-burned dolomite. Methods such as coating with tar or covering with treated paper have been successful in permitting storage for a few weeks or even a few months. To aid calcination, help stabilize the calcium oxide, and improve its ability to sinter, iron oxide prove its ability to sinter, iron oxide was added to dead-burned dolomite before the charge went to the kiln. Also, it has been found that the conversion of the lime into dicalcium and tricalcium silicates by the addition of silica will re- cates by the addition of silica will reduce the hydration tendency of the lime. duce the hydration tendency of the lime. Unfortunately, tricalcium silicate will break down into lime and beta dicalcium silicate, which is not volume stable and tends to disintegrate. In order to stabilize the dicalcium silicate, iron oxide bilize the dicalcium silicate, iron oxide can be added to the dolomite. Seil (2123 ) received several patents directed 23 ) received several patents directed toward stabilization of dead-burned dolomite grains by incorporating specified mite grains by incorporating specified additions of Si0 2 and A1 2 3 as a means of reducing hydration tendencies. Similarly, Lee ( 13 ) patented processes for the ly, Lee ( 13 ) patented processes for the formation of low melting liquid phases in dolomite refractories in order to improve hydration resistance. While the use of so-called "stabilized" dead-burned dolomite was extensive in the past, this practice is not in widespread use today. One reason for this fact is that the silica and iron oxide additions reduce the refractoriness of dolomite; another reason is that producers and consumers of dolomite materials have devel- sumers of dolomite materials have developed better handling methods for reducing oped better handling methods for reducing hydration. Most of the dolomite used for refractories is produced in either shaft kilns tories is produced in either shaft kilns or rotary kilns. Both types are normally fired with gas or oil. Some European shaft kilns have been operated like blast furnaces, using alternating layers of raw dolomite and coal. Prior to firing, the dolomite is crushed and screened to a size suitable for feeding to the kiln. Material for feeding to shaft kilns is usually between 50 and 150 mm while materials for feeding to a rotary kiln is rials for feeding to a rotary kiln is usually between 3 and 40 mm. In both cases, the crushed feed is washed with water to remove fine particles, particularly clay contaminations. The thermal larly clay contaminations. The thermal processes can be considered as divided into the following four stages: drying; calcination, yielding a porous mixture of lime and magnesia; burning, in which porosity is greatly reduced; and cooling, rosity is greatly reduced; and cooling, which mainly serves to preheat incoming air. Lee ( 14) , in 1962, described a means to achieve higher firing temperatures and higher heating efficiencies by the use of insulating brick as a backup lining and the use of oxygen additions to the combustion air. An addition of high-purity bustion air. An addition of high-purity oxygen comprising 3 to 10 pet of the total oxygen in the enriched combustion air is adequate to give the firing conditions necessary to produce dense grain. tions necessary to produce dense grain. A. recent departure from this conventional single-stage firing process has tional single-stage firing process has been the introduction of a two-stage firing process involving a pelletization or ing process involving a pelletization or high-pressure briquetting stage. This process is particularly useful for producing high-density grain from dolomites ducing high-density grain from dolomites that are difficult to dead-burn to a high density in a single-stage process. The dolomite is first decomposed to produce a reactive oxide that is then pelletized and dead-burned in a rotary or shaft kiln to densities of 3.20 to 3.30 g/cm 3 . As described by Obst ( 17) , it is also possible to produce magnesia-dolomite clinkers (coclinkers) by mixing the reactive oxide with reactive magnesium oxide tive oxide with reactive magnesium oxide before pelletization. These clinkers can have MgO contents from 50 to 80 pet. The amount of direct bonding between the periclase grains increases in proportion to iclase grains increases in proportion to the MgO content. Coclinkers has all the advantages and disadvantages of dolomite, but has a higher MgO content. It is preferred to achieve the MgO enrichment by ferred to achieve the MgO enrichment by addition of calcined MgO grains, especially in the fine fraction. cially in the fine fraction. Chesters (40 compared the chemical compositions of British dolomites and those positions of British dolomites and those of other dead-burned materials. Results of this comparison are given in table 4. Present-day commercial dead-burned dolomite contains small amounts of silica, mite contains small amounts of silica, alumina, and iron oxide as accessory oxides. The iron oxide is usually present ides. The iron oxide is usually present as the ferric form and will combine with lime to form dicalcium ferrite. Usually a small amount of iron will exist as FeO. The ratio of ferric to ferrous oxide will depend on the firing temperature and combustion conditions in the kiln. Alumina bustion conditions in the kiln. Alumina is not reduced under ordinary conditions and forms mineral phases that have low melting temperatures. Therefore, it is desirable to keep the alumina contents of dolomite refractories relatively low. The overall chemistry as well as the ratio of accessory oxides to the combined MgO and CaO content affect both physical and chemical resistance of dead-burned dolomite grains. Since the majority of dolomite grains are used in the form, of organically bonded brick or specialty mixes, this is the logical form in which to measure hydration resistance. Hubble (8) devised a hydration test that led to the establishment of a standard test, ASTM C492-66 (2^). Dolomite material of a plus 35-mesh size was placed in a cabinet at a temperature of 71deg C and relative TABLE 4. - Typical properties of dead-burned dolomite grains Chemi cal ana lysis , wt-pct MgO, by difference, Bulk Origin Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 CaO density, wt-pct g/cm 3 England: 2.50 1.21 1.64 57.60 37.05 3.00 2.35 2.58 1.42 1.30 1.40 1.67 58.20 56.06 36.12 38.39 2.85 South Wales 3.00 .88 .45 1.30 56.80 40.57 3.10 .83 .44 1.14 56.70 40.89 3.25 1.00 .30 1.50 NAp ] 36.0 3.15 1.05 .92 .28 56.10 41.50 3.20 .70 .60 .45 .60 .60 3.00 57.20 62.50 41.05 33.30 3.10 3.00 United States (low flux) .40 .30 .30 56.90 40.40 3.25 United States (standard) 1.10 .60 1.20 51.80 38.0 3.20 NAp Not applicable. 1 Minimum. humidity of 85 pet. After 24 hr, the material was removed, dried, and screened at 35 mesh to determine the amount of material passing through. The rate of hydration was found to be dependent on the heat treatment the dolomite had received, on the amount of iron oxide in ceived, on the amount of iron oxide in the dolomite, on the dolomite grain sizing, and on the number of broken grains ing, and on the number of broken grains present. BRICK PROCESSING The majority of dolomite brick is used in the form of either pitch-bonded or tempered, although others are of the burned-impregnated type. A limited number of fired dolomite brick containing no ber of fired dolomite brick containing no carbon are used in rotary cement kiln linings and electric furnace linings, although direct-bonded magnesia-chrome bricks have generally been the accepted refractory products for both these applications. Kappmeyer (11) presented a sur- cations. Kappmeyer (11) presented a survey of the carbon-containing types of vey of the carbon-containing types of bricks. The processing of the unburned types consists of preheating the sized refractory grain and the pitch material separately, mixing these two materials in a heated mixer, and pressing brick shapes at 4,000 to 10,000 psi on mechanical presses. the brick. Generally, to obtain the desired combination of maximum brick den- sired combination of maximum brick density and maximum residual carbon, the sity and maximum residual carbon, the amount of pitch will be 5.0 to 6.75 wtpct. The type of pitch has an important pct. The type of pitch has an important influence on the strength of the brick at the low temperatures associated with part of the burn-in cycle. Brick with excessive pitch has low strength for a short sive pitch has low strength for a short time at low temperatures and has collapsed under its own weight. lapsed under its own weight. After the brick is pressed, it is cooled for storage or taken directly to ovens for tempering. Tempering of the pitch-bonded brick improves several characteristics. The low-temperature hot acteristics. The low-temperature hot strength of the brick is markedly increased, eliminating concern about possi- creased, eliminating concern about possible failure of the lining during burn-in. ble failure of the lining during burn-in. Also, tempering results in a significant improvement in the resistance of the brick to hydration. By tempering, the safe storage period for dolomite brick can be extended from only a few days to several weeks. The temperatures involved in tempering generally range from about 90deg to 650deg C, but are more commonly 230deg to 315deg C. Exposure times range from 30 min to 48 hr, with the shorter time being associated with the higher temperatures. The amount of pitch varies and is an important influence on the properties of Pitch-impregnated brick is produced by forcing pitch into the open pores of a presintered (burned) brick made from dolomite grain aggregates. The properties lomite grain aggregates. The properties of the burned brick may vary widely according to composition and degree of heat cording to composition and degree of heat treatment before impregnation. The burned brick may be impregnated with pitch to some extent simply by dipping the brick into liquid pitch at 120deg to 315deg C, but more commonly it is impregnated by using a vacuum pressure system nated by using a vacuum pressure system to accelerate the rate at which the pitch is forced into the brick pores. The quantity of pitch picked up by a brick is directly related to the initial porosity of the brick. The residual carbon content in the brick naturally in- bon content in the brick naturally increases with greater pitch content and/or creases with greater pitch content and/or increased pitch softening point. However, because brick porosity is confined ever, because brick porosity is confined to a narrow range to achieve other desirable properties, the quantity of pitch able properties, the quantity of pitch that can be introduced is limited. With this limitation, it is desirable to use pitch with the highest softening point compatible with the operating characteristics of the vacuum impregnating system. istics of the vacuum impregnating system. It is interesting to compare the amount of energy required to produce tempered brick with that required for impregnated brick. Production of impregnated brick requires 1.64 million Btu/ft 3 which is 20 to 30 pet more energy than for the same volume of tempered brick (1.35 million Btu). Also, experience indicates that properly made tempered brick can give service life equivalent to that of the impregnated, burned brick. BRICK USAGE United Kingdom Leonard (15) reviewed BOF lining practices in the United Kingdom. Both dolo- tices in the United Kingdom. Both dolomite and magnesite were used. There has mite and magnesite were used. There has been a trend towards magnesia enrichment of dolomite refractories by additions of magnesite. Improvements in the quality of dead-burned dolomite and bricks made from it were achieved by more selective quarrying and blending of deposits and the greater use of rotary kilns and shaft kilns with higher firing temperatures. It became possible to produce grain of such consistent chemistry and density that silica content was restricted to 1 pet and densities of over 3.0 g/cm- 5 were achievable. Spencer (24) reported that in 1970, pelletized dead-burned dolomite grain was introduced in England. This arose because most of the highest purity dolomite cause most of the highest purity dolomite in the United Kingdom is difficult to sinter to high densities in a single firing process. The decomposition of high- ing process. The decomposition of highpurity dolomite to an active oxide fol- purity dolomite to an active oxide followed by pelletizing under high pressures lowed by pelletizing under high pressures and sintering results in densities in the 3.25- to 3.30-g/cm- 5 range. Of course, this two-stage firing process has the disadvantage of increased costs. With the introduction of this pelletized deadburned dolomite, linings gave improved burned dolomite, linings gave improved furnace performances of approximately 10 to 15 pet. Europe Hardy (6.~Z_) discussed BOF linings and lining wear from the standpoint of a steelmaking consumer. In Europe, a long history of basic Bessemer steelmaking resulted in the establishment of raw dolo- sulted in the establishment of raw dolomite as standard lining materials. The mite as standard lining materials. The first major change in usage patterns came with the advent of big capacity furnaces. The danger of slumping during burn-in is greater with big vessels and, therefore, almost all vessels in Europe of 200-ton capacity or more used tempered blocks. Magnesia-enriched tempered dolomite and, in some cases, tempered magnesite have been used in selected zones to combat slag attack. Japan Hardy (6^) and Leonard (15) both described the improvements in Japanese scribed the improvements in Japanese steel refractories. In Japan, which lacks suitable reserves of most raw materials, the practice has been to use syn- rials, the practice has been to use synthetic magnesia-dolomite clinkers and thetic magnesia-dolomite clinkers and seawater periclase in BOF refractories. From the late 1950's until about 1970, the average MgO content of BOF linings increased from 50 to 60 pet up to 80 to 90 pet. This is indictive of increased usage of high magnesia coclinkers and of seawater periclase. In 1976, refractory consumption in BOF vessels of enriched dolomite was about one-half that of periclase. Dolomite bricks were initially clase. Dolomite bricks were initially pitch-bonded, but fired mixtures with periclase were introduced in the late 1960*s. By the early 1970* s, the use of MgO-enriched dolomite was well advanced, first as pitch-bonded, then as fired brick. In Japan, both slag testing and thermal shock resistance testing have been used for evaluating refractories for BOF linings. Both authors stress the extremely long lining lives, over 1,000 tremely long lining lives, over 1,000 heats, being achieved in Japanese steel plants resulting, in part, from strict control of slag chemistry and gunning maintenance. United St ates It is logical to discuss dolomite brick usage in terms of iron and steelmaking since this usage constitutes between 50 and 70 pet of the total output of the refractories industry. Kappmeyer (12) es- fractories industry. Kappmeyer (12) estimated that of refractories used in the timated that of refractories used in the steel industry, about 3 pet are consumed in coke ov Q ns , 10 pet in blast furnaces, 60 pet in BOF's, 12 pet in pouring pits, and 15 pet in continuous casting, rolling, and other forming operations. ling, and other forming operations. World steel production, broken down by process, is shown in table 5. It is interesting to observe the change in types of refractories used in the BOF steelmaking process. Table 6 presents the approximate distribution of BOF brick used in the United States. TABLE 5. - Distribution of steel production by process, million tons (12) TABLE 6. - Approximate distribution of BOF brick usage in the United States, percent (12) Process B0F/0-B0F 1,200 Brick Burned impregnated Magnesite, all types... Dolomite, all types.... Some other processes are included in the total. Kappmeyer (11) compared the properties of dolomite-containing steel plant refractories of both the tempered and fractories of both the tempered and burned-impregnated types. These property comparisons are shown in table 7. While the burned brick has lower levels of residual carbon, this type shows higher re- sidual carbon, this type shows higher resistance to slag erosion. Although few sistance to slag erosion. Although few dolomite-containing brick are used in the burned condition, substantial amounts are used as pitch-bonded or tempered. In 1980, Marr ( 16) surveyed the applications of dolomite materials as refrac- cations of dolomite materials as refractories. Marr stated that dead-burned tories. Marr stated that dead-burned dolomite is used in the form of both monolithic products and brick products. Dolomite gunning mixes have been used extensively, especially in electric arc furnaces. Hearths of both open hearth and electric furnaces have been made of rammed dolomite. Tar-bonded dolomite bricks have been found to be satisfactory for BOF linings particularly when used in combination with magnesite bricks. The combining of continuous casting and ladle refining processes in steelmaking is common now and results in higher ladle oper- mon now and results in higher ladle operating temperatures and basic slags. ating temperatures and basic slags. Therefore, traditional clay and alumina bricks are being replaced by basic products, quite often, dolomite. ucts, quite often, dolomite. Other applications in which fired dolomite brick has performed well are argon- mite brick has performed well are argonoxygen-decarburization (AOD) furnaces, oxygen-decarburization (AOD) furnaces, cement and lime rotary kilns, and nickel or copper refining smelters. The swing to low-cost dolomite brick in the United States never reached the level predicted around 1965. Peatfield and Spencer (18), in 1979, in discussing TABLE 7. - Dolomite brick properties Chemical compc jsition, Bulk Hot modulus Residua! . carbon Slag Brick, type wt-pct density, sity, g/cm 3 of rupture, psi content, wt-pct, after coking to -ero- eroand sample and sample MgO CaO Fe 2 3 A1 2 3 Si0 2 sion 1 1,200deg C 1,980deg C 1,090deg C 1,650deg C Tempered dolomite: TD-1 40. A 56.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.84 NAp NAp 3.8 2.6 2.4 TD-2 40.0 55.9 .0 .2 .8 2.84 NAp NAp 3.4 2.7 2.5 TD-3 40.2 55.6 .9 .2 .6 2.84 NAp NAp 3.4 2.7 3.2 TD-4 40.8 56.5 .2 .1 .3 2.84 NAp Nap 3.7 2.5 3.6 Tempered dolomite periclase: clase: DPT-1... 60.2 37.9 .3 .3 .6 2.96 NAp NAp Nap 2.8 Nap DPT-2. . . 57.5 37.4 3.3 .5 2.0 3.01 NAp NAp NAp 2.6 NAp DPT-3... 61.2 36.1 .6 .3 1.4 2.95 NAp NAp NAp 3.0 NAp Burned impregnated pregnated dolomite: TD-1 40.8 57.9 .2 .2 .6 3.14 1,865 NAp 1.5 1.3 ID-2 42.0 55.5 .3 .5 .6 3.06 1,080 NAp .9 1.2 ID-3. ... 40.2 55.6 .8 .2 .6 3.04 1,860 NAp .8 1.1 Burned impregnated pregnated dolomite periclase: clase: IDP-1... 66.9 31.6 .1 .2 1.2 2.98 NAp 1.3 1.1 IDP-2. . . 60.0 38.3 .2 .2 .7 3.12 NAp 1.5 .8 Nap Not applicable. Relative depth of brick eroded away as compared with established standards. basic raw materials for steelmaking refractories, mentioned that dolomiteand magnesia-based materials are the only and magnesia-based materials are the only materials that are readily available and cost effective. The selection between magnesia- and dolomite-based products depends not only on the technical merits of pends not only on the technical merits of the materials and lining life requirements, but also on their relative econo- ments, but also on their relative economies. For example, magnesia products in mies. For example, magnesia products in the United States are only 40 to 50 pet more expensive than dolomite products, whereas in Europe, they are 200 to 300 pet more expensive. This reason has been quoted for the greater development of dolomite in England. The absence in the United States of a strong basic Bessemer tradition is probably another im- semer tradition is probably another important reason. portant reason. PROPERTIES OF 14 U.S. DOLOMITES MATERIALS AND TEST PROCEDURES Samples of 14 different raw dolomite samples were obtained from sources in Alabama, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Michigan, California, and Wisconsin. Eight of these materials were obtained from suppliers of refractory grade dolomites, while the other six were representative of dolomites that are used resentative of dolomites that are used for nonref ractory applications. Approximately 50 lb of each sample was received. mately 50 lb of each sample was received. Representative portions of each sample were used in the various characterization studies. Powdered samples were sent to an independent analytical laboratory for chemical analysis and loss on ignition (LOI) determinations according to the procedures of ASTM 0574-71. Mineralogical analyses were conducted on minus cal analyses were conducted on minus 325-mesh material by X-ray diffraction. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TGA) curves were obtained on the materials using a commer- tained on the materials using a commercially available thermal analyzer. Ap- cially available thermal analyzer. Apparent specific gravities were measured parent specific gravities were measured using an air comparison pycnometer. Petrographic analyses and cathode- trographic analyses and cathodeluminescent photographs were made on thin luminescent photographs were made on thin sections from each material. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the chemical analyses and loss on ignition, apparent specific gravity, and mineralogical determinations are shown in table 8; petrographic analysis data are given in table 9. All 14 of sis data are given in table 9. All 14 of these samples meet the chemical requirements for refractory grade dolomites as ments for refractory grade dolomites as specified in table 2. Only three of the samples had impurity contents totaling over 2.0 wt-pct with the major impurities being either Si02 or Fe 2 03. The theoretical LOI value for pure dolomite is 47.72 ical LOI value for pure dolomite is 47.72 wt-pct. All of the samples had LOI values over 45.0 wt-pct, and seven had LOI ues over 45.0 wt-pct, and seven had LOI values greater than 47.0 wt-pct. The most predominant accessory minerals were quartz and calcite. The apparent specific gravity values were all between cific gravity values were all between 2.81 and 2.87. This property measure- ment, when greater than 2.80, is usually a good indication of dolomite that can be fired to high-grain density. Photomicrographs of four of the samples are shown in figures 1 through 4. These photomicrographs illustrate the wide range in grain sizes and microstructures of the various dolomites. The micros tructure of sample Ohio No. 1 (fig. 1) is characterized by small grains (average diameter of approximately 100 ym) having no twinning and with poorly TABLE 8. - Properties of raw domestic dolomites Source and sample Chemical analysis, wt-pct MgO CaO SiOA1 2 2 A1 2 2 Fe 2 3 Loss on ignition Apparent specific gravity, g/cm 3 Accessory mineral phases 1 Hydration, 2 tion, 2 wt-pct Calculated liquid phase, wt-pct Alabama : Ohio: 1 R 2 R 3 R Pennsylvania: vania: 1 R 2 R Michigan: Missouri : 1 R Wisconsin: California: 1.. nia: 1.. R Ref ractor Q, quartz 20.80 20.39 20.12 21.20 19.46 20.99 21.26 21.01 21.22 21.18 20.95 19.20 21.16 21.70 30.19 30.13 30.52 30.61 29.57 30.13 27.61 30.76 30.83 30.61 30.34 31.16 30.78 31.07 .12 .11 .48 .02 .69 .40 .16 .29 .15 .49 .52 .31 .27 .50 0.56 .39 .82 .11 .83 .68 .06 .22 .20 .08 .08 .12 .04 .07 0.22 .31 .27 .06 2.99 .12 .30 .39 .22 .10 .19 3.61 .18 46.68 47.30 46.47 47.54 45.05 47.26 46.41 47.08 47.06 47.19 47.42 45.44 46.95 .15 45.85 2.87 2.86 2.85 2.87 2.84 2.87 2.85 2.86 2.81 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.86 2.82 Q,C Q Q,C Q Q Q Q Q,C c Q,C Q,C Q,C Q,C Q,C 83.5 80.9 48.4 100.0 ND 100.0 72.6 95.1 58.3 98.6 ND 5.4 99.5 98.8 10.4 9.8 15.2 .5 8.9 2.3 4.2 2.3 4.6 ND 13.8 2.3 4.2 y-grade dolomi ; C, calcite. te. ND 2 As dete Not determined, rmined per ASTM C492-66 (1981). TABLE 9. - Petrographic analysis data for raw domestic dolomites Source and CrystalGrain Grain Formation General description sample Unity 1 size, ram and age Alabama: 0.06 -0.18 'Patchy areas of coarse crystals, not equigranular , some tals, not equigranular , some dark organic material. .25 -1.25 > Ketona, Upper ^Equigranular, curved grain Cambrian. boundaries, no trace of original texture. inal texture. .18 -1.25 Coarse crystals along fractures, not equigranular, no tures, not equigranular, no trace of original texture. Ohio: 1 R .04 - .18 Not equigranular, patchy zones of coarse crystals, porous. 2 R .125- .375 Guelph, Silurian. Not equigranular, contacts wavy, slightly dirty, organic I material along stylolites, voidy . 3 R .06 - .375 Equigranular, dirty, wavy contacts, porous, pores may con- tacts, porous, pores may con" tain organic material. " tain organic material. Pennsylvania: 1 R P .06 - .375 'Not equigranular, irregular grain boundaries, wavy grain boundaries with cloudy Ledger, Lower centers. 2 R P .125-1.0 > Cambrian. s Some circular patches of fine grains, some pressure-induced twinning; no indication of original texture. P .125-1.0 Michigan: P .06 - .18 1 Engadine, I Middle f Equigranular , wavy contacts, I porous, dirty. P .125- .75 Silurian. [ Do. Missouri: 1 R I .06 - .375 Bonne Terre, Upper Cambrian. Not equigranular, excellent zoning, could be areas of iron, very cloudy, an altered subtidal limestone, perhaps oolitic circular patterns. Wisconsin: 1 I .04 - .675 Niagara, Middle Silurian. Finely crystalline, poorly sorted crystals, not equigranular, no trace of origi- granular, no trace of original structure. nal structure. California: I P 1 -5 Sur, Jurassic. Coarsely crystalline, twinned, equigranular contacts straight, clear crystals. Rof raphnr --cr v a A a <^r>1 Ami t- a 1 T -i T-i ^ c ^ mmck i^i aha* T> haay FIGURE 1. - Photomicrograph of Ohio dolomite No. 1 presently used to produce refractory products. FIGURE 2. = Photomicrograph of Missouri dolomite presently used to produce refractory products, K.4-'. JpiO 0.2,,;. '' "^ I I %$ ># / ^il $wl", mm |jS FIGURE 3. - Photomicrograph of Alabama dolomite No. 3. FIGURE 4. - Photomicrograph of Pennsylvania dolomite No. 3, defined grain boundaries. The microstructure of sample Missouri No. 1 (fig. structure of sample Missouri No. 1 (fig. 2) consists of medium-sized grains (average diameter of approximately 300 ym) age diameter of approximately 300 ym) having no twinning and with better defined grain boundaries. The microstruc- fined grain boundaries. The microstructure of sample Alabama No. 3 (fig. 3) ture of sample Alabama No. 3 (fig. 3) consists of large, angular grains (average diameter of approximately 600 ym) age diameter of approximately 600 ym) having no twinning and with well-defined boundaries. The microstructure of sample Pennsylvania No. 3 (fig. 4) consists of large, angular grains (average diameter of approximately 750 ym) having a large number of twinned grains or striations and with well-defined grain boundaries. Of the 14 raw dolomites characterized in this investigation, only two (Pennsylvania No. 2 and 3) are suitable for cal- vania No. 2 and 3) are suitable for calcining to high-density, dead-burned grain cining to high-density, dead-burned grain in a single-step firing process. While these two samples did not exhibit any marked differences from the other dolomite samples with regard to chemistry, mite samples with regard to chemistry, mineralogy, or thermal decomposition, they contain the largest grain sizes of all the materials observed. Besides having grains that are approximately twice ing grains that are approximately twice the size of those of most of the other samples, these two samples also contain a large number of twinned grains , as can be seen in figure 4. While it cannot be assumed that either the larger grain size or the twinned grains have any influence upon the calcination and densif ication characteristics of these two dolomite samples, further investigations into the fired grain processing and properties may provide the answers. Examples of the thermal analysis data are shown in figures 5 through 7. With regard to DTA data, it is possible to group the dolomites by the similarities in the endothermic peak locations, as has been done with the curves in figure 6. Thus, it is evident in figure 6 that three of the Alabama materials behave similarly upon heating. Comparing the DTA curves in figure 5, it is seen that the two Michigan dolomites have large peaks around 880deg C as do most of the other dolomites, but both of the Michigan materials have a small peak around 650deg C, which none of the other materials exhibit. All the DTA curves for these materials indicate typical endothermic peaks exhibited by most dolomite materials. The sharper, lower temperature rials. The sharper, lower temperature peak ranging from 780deg to 820deg C corresponds to the decomposition of MgC0 3 , and sponds to the decomposition of MgC0 3 , and the broader, higher temperature peak ranging from 860deg to 920deg C corresponds to the decomposition of CaC03 . Examples of typical TGA curves are shown in figures 8 and 9. While the DTA curves have separate peaks representing a two-step decomposition process , the TGA curves , which were run at half the heating rate of the DTA scans , indicate only ing rate of the DTA scans , indicate only a single step decomposition. The total weight losses for these dolomites coincide well with the LOI values reported in cide well with the LOI values reported in table 8. The TGA weight loss for Michigan dolomite No. 1 was 47.62 wt-pct ver- gan dolomite No. 1 was 47.62 wt-pct versus 47.19 wt-pct LOI, and the TGA weight sus 47.19 wt-pct LOI, and the TGA weight loss for Pennsylvania dolomite No. 2 was 47.78 wt-pct versus 47.08 wt-pct LOI. It is anticipated that when the refractory properties of the calcined grain tory properties of the calcined grain produced from the 14 different dolomites are determined that these properties can be related to differences in the chemical compositions, and especially the differences in microstructure and thermal decomposition of the raw dolomites. SUMMARY A review of the literature on dolomite resources showed that large quantities of high-purity dolomite materials exist in the United States. Most of these deposits are located in the area around the its are located in the area around the Great Lakes as well as in Pennsylvania, Alabama, California, and West Virginia. Many of these resources have been used to provide dolomites suitable for various uses other than refractory products. A few of the deposits have proven useful as refractory grade dolomites. Besides meeting requirements for high purity levels, refractory grade dolomites also must els, refractory grade dolomites also must 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1,000 TEMPERATURE, deg C FIGURE 5. - DTA curves for six dolomites. 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1,000 TEMPERATURE, deg C FIGURE 6. - DTA curves for five dolomites. 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1,000 TEMPERATURE, deg C FIGURE 7. - DTA curves for three dolomites. meet requirements for high grain density and resistance to hydration. The ideal refractory grade dolomite material is one that can be calcined in a single pass through a kiln. Since very few such sources are available, some dolomite producers have introduced a two- lomite producers have introduced a twostep firing process consisting of a low- step firing process consisting of a lowtemperature calcination followed by bri- temperature calcination followed by briquetting and a high-temperature firing. quetting and a high-temperature firing. The double-firing process adds significantly to the price of the resultant cantly to the price of the resultant grain. Another product that dolomite producers have developed is an MgO-enriched dolomite coclinker. By adding periclase lomite coclinker. By adding periclase no " 100 o. O 90 LU 2 80 a. s < " 70 KEY PENNSYLVANIA DOLOMITE N0.2 ( ) Sample weight { ) Derivative ' L. 100 200 300 400 500 600 TEMPERATURE, deg C 700 800 900 1,000 FIGURE 8. - TGA curve for a sample of Pennsylvania dolomite No. 2. sylvania dolomite No. 2. powder to the dolomite before the briquetting operation, a grain of higher MgO quetting operation, a grain of higher MgO content and thus improved slag resistance can be produced. The European countries, especially England, have led in the increased usage of land, have led in the increased usage of dolomite refractories. This fact has been attributed to the greater price differential between dolomite and periclase ferential between dolomite and periclase in Europe versus the United States and to a traditionally greater use of Bessemer converters for steelmaking in Europe. An investigation of 14 raw domestic dolomites was conducted with the purpose lomites was conducted with the purpose of characterizing these materials and comparing their properties with the 5 90 UJ uj 80 s < 1 I " I ' I ' -KEY KEY MICHIGAN DOLOMITE NO ( ) Sample weight (---\ Derivative so]-- -- ' # ' # ' # ' # # ' L ' ' ' ' # ' ' , '- 2 E 2 a 1 < > 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 TEMPERATURE, deg C FIGURE 9. TGA curve for a sample of Michigan dolomite No. 1 . gan dolomite No. 1 . refractory properties of calcined grain produced from them. The raw materials were characterized as to chemical, physical, and thermal properties. All of the cal, and thermal properties. All of the materials contained at least 49.0 wt-pct combined MgO and CaO. Raw apparent specific gravities ranged from 2.81 to 2.87 cific gravities ranged from 2.81 to 2.87 and the raw bulk densities ranged from 2.55 to 2.80 g/cm 3 . The major accessory minerals associated with these dolomites were calcite and quartz. The thermal analyses of the materials were characterized by two endothermic peaks, one occurring between 780deg and 820deg C and the other occurring between 860deg and 920deg C. Examination of thin section photomicrographs of the raw dolomites indicated that the average crystal- mites indicated that the average crystallite grain size ranged from around 100 ym lite grain size ranged from around 100 ym up to about 750 urn. The microstructures of two Pennsylvania dolomites that are suitable for calcining to high density dead-burned grain in a single firing were characterized by the largest average crystallite grain sizes and by a large number of twinned grains. It is possible that the large grain sizes and occurrence of twinned grains has some influence upon the calcination and densif ication of these dolomites. Further investigations into fired grain processing and properties may resolve this question. ties may resolve this question. With the large reserves of high purity dolomite in the United States and the price advantage that dolomite holds over seawater periclase, it appears that the U.S. refractory practice should move toward higher dolomite usage. REFERENCES 1. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Classification of Granular Refractory Dolomite. C468-70 in 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 17, Refractories, Glass, Ceramic Materials; Carbon and Graphite Products. Philadelphia, PA, 1981, pp. 383-384. 4. Chesters, J. H. Refractories: Pro- duction and Properties. The Iron and Steel Institute. London, 1973, 553 pp. 5. Colby, S. F. Occurrence and Uses of Dolomite in the United States. BuMines IC 7192, 1941, 21 pp. 2. Standard Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-Burned Refractory Dolomite. C492-66 in 1981 Annual tory Dolomite. C492-66 in 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 17, Refractories, Glass, Ceramic Materials; Carbon tories, Glass, Ceramic Materials; Carbon and Graphite Products. Philadelphia, PA, 1981, pp. 404-405. 6. Hardy, C. W. , and A. J. Owen. De- velopment of Refractory Linings to Meet Operational Requirements in Oxygen Vessels. Proc. Conf. on Basic Oxygen Steelmaking: A New Technology. The Metals Society, London, May 1978, pp. 123-130. 3. Carr, D. D. , and L. F. Rooney. Limestone and Dolomite. Ch. in Ind. Miner, and Rocks, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. New York, 1975, 1,360 pp. gineers. New York, 1975, 1,360 pp. 7. Hardy, C. W. B0F Refractories -- A Question of Continuity. The Refractory J., November 1972, pp. 9-17. 8. Hubble, D. H. , and W. J. Lackey. Hydration Test for Dead-Burned Dolomite. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., v. 41, No. 7, 1962, pp. 442-446. 9. Industrial Minerals Consumer Sur- vey. Raw Materials for the Refractories Industry -- Dolomite, High Performance at Low Cost. Metal Bull., Ltd., London, 1981, pp. 57-65. 10. J. E. Baker Co. Unpublished in- formation compiled by technical staff. September 1981, 71 pp.; available upon request from J. E. Baker Co., York, PA. 11. Kappmeyer, K. K. , and D. H. Hub- ble. Pitch-Bearing MgO-CaO Refractories for the BOP Process. Ch. in High Temperature Oxides, ed. by A. M. Alper. perature Oxides, ed. by A. M. Alper. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1970, 358 pp. 12. . Trends and Challenges in the Future of Steelplant Refractories. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, v. 3, No. 3, 1976, pp. 113-128. a Basic Refractory Material. Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc, No. 28, June 1979, pp. 225-241. 18. Peatfield, M. , and D. R. F. Spen- cer. Developments in Refractory Materials for LD Linings. Ironmaking and Steel- als for LD Linings. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, v. 6, No. 5, 1979, pp. 221-234. making, v. 6, No. 5, 1979, pp. 221-234. 19. Pressler, J. W. Lime. BuMines Minerals Yearbook 1980, v. 1, pp. 507- 518. 20. Schallis, A. Dolomite-Base Re- fractories. BuMines IC 7227, 1942, 11 pp. 21. Seil, G. E. High Melting Point Silicate Refractory. U.S. Pat. 2,207,557, July 9, 1940. 22. _. Preparation of Refractory Material^ U.S. Pat. 2,207,072, July 9, 1940. 23. . Corrected Basic Refractory. U.S. Pat. 2,287,455, June 23, 1942. 13. Lee, H. C. Process for Making Re- fractory Materials. U.S. Pat. 2,272,324, Feb. 10, 1942. 24. Spencer, D. R. F. Developments in LD Refractories. Refractory J., November-December 1975, pp. 8-26. 14. Ceram. pp. 807-811. _. Dead-Burned Dolomite. Am. Soc. Bull., v. 41, No. 12, 1962, 15. Leonard, L. A. Dolomite and Sil- ica -- Survival or Revival. The Refractory J., September-October 1978, pp. 12-27. 16. Marr, R. J. High Purity Doloma as a Refractory Material. Pres. at ILAFA/ ALAFAR Conf., Lima, Peru, Nov. 2-5, 1980, 22 pp.; available upon request from J. E. Baker Co. , York, PA. 25. Szabo, M. W. Private Communica- tion 1980. Available upon request from M. W. Szabo, Ala. Geol. Survey, University, AL. sity, AL. 26. Weitz, J. H. High-Grade Dolomite Deposits in the United States. BuMines IC 7226, 1942, 86 pp. 27. West Virginia Geological and Eco- nomic Survey. West Virginia Mineral Producers Directory, MRS No. 1, 7th ed. , ducers Directory, MRS No. 1, 7th ed. , 1980, 110 pp. 17. Obst, K. H. , and W. Muenchberg. Mineralogical Studies of Dolomite as *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983-605-015/03 INT.-BU.OF MINE5,PGH.,PA. 26607 Hl8-8^ .V - .V " \/ *"PS \S *'PS& V* ^- <w> -:m " \/ *"PS \S *'PS& V* ^- <w> -:m ^^'* * "^ A *> ' i?v" .iVA^ ** /6fek\ V.^ .-isSi^ ^** :"\%.^ .-isS^-. *"-*♦️ vv vv s v VP <PV * aV "K . V-C vv C, vP " ^ AT * TV* 4 ,o **Se. A^ \^ * . " * A <! /.:^:.x .^iife-v y-:tf:..v ^jas-.^ o *o."" A A> o *> #> " <> >V '^/ * ^^ "'bV ^^ >p-v w<v >^ %<. - f++ "& ^ ^o 5 ^ 4 ^deg* '<>. V J site*. \ S >:":*- deg* " I 1 * A *P^ l "" "*A -.CT cdeg" deg* C> ♦️♦️-♦️♦️ .-i^Ste V

mild gibberish

24027968

Joseph Vance,

De Morgan, William

josephvance00demo_djvu.txt

ALICE-FOR- SHORT, IT NEVER CAN HAPPEN AGAIN, 1 SOMEHOW GOOD, AND AN AFFAIR OF DISHONOR Made in the United States of America BT HliNRY HOLT AND COMPANY Published July, 1006 DEDICATED TO HORATIO LUCAS IN TOKEN OF A VERY OLD FRIENDSHIP AND AN UNPORGOTTEN TIME CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAOB OF JOB VANCE'S FATBnER AND HIS UNFORTUNATE HABITS. HOW HR QUARRELLED WITH A SWEEP WHO COULD BUTT ; AND SUFFERED THEREBY. HOW JOB CONCEALED THIS CIRCUMSTANCE FROM HIS MOTHER 1 CHAPTER II. .'STOW JOB PREVARICATED. OF PORKY OWLS AND A SPORTING CARD. HOW JOE WAS A WITNESS ; ALSO OP THE REV. MR. CAPSTICK AND OF MR. VANCE AS A CONTROVERSIALIST. HOW JOB VISITED HIS FATHER IN THB HOSPITAL ,15 CHAPTER III. OF joe's father's convalescence, and op HIS CONiraCTION WITH A BENEFIT CLUB. OP JOE'S EIGHTH BIRTHDAY, AND OF HOW A VERY LITTLE MAN SOLD HIS FATHER A SIGNBOARD. . . . 2S CHAPTER IV. A SHORT CHAPTER, BUT THEN IT IS THE THIN END OP A BIG WEDGB. FOR IT TELLS HOW MR. VANCE GOT HIS FIRST BUILDING JOB. . 30 CHAPTER V. OF joe's VERY FIRST VISIT TO POPLAR VILLA. OP ITS DRAINS AND THEIR STENCH. OP HOW JOE SAW HIS FIRST REAL YOUNG LADY AT HOME. HOW SHE KISSED JOE, AND JOE LIKED IT. OF A PEAR TREE THAT LIVED THENCEFORWARD IN JOE'S MEMORY. OP HIS RETURN HOME 36 CHAPTER VI. SHOWS HOW MR. VANCE OBTAINED CAPITAL AND PLANT. ALSO HOW HE CREATED CONFIDENCE - 46 chapter VII. CONCERNING A BARREL-DRAIN WHICH DID NOT EXIST, OP REPAIRS TO THE NURSERY CHIMNEY AND HOW JOE WENT UP IT. ALSO WHAT A GOOD WASHING HE HAD 50 IV CONTENTS CHAPTER vm HOW JOEY HAD MISS LOSSIB'S ARM BOUND HIM WHILE HE SAW BOOKS. MISS VIOLET CORRECTS HER SISTER. MISS LOSSIE'S TONGUE. HOW JOE WENT HOME AND HEARD FROM PORKY OP THE BEAK. HOW MR. VANCE HAS ANOTHER JOB, ALL DUB TO THE MAGIC BOARD CHAPTER IX. HOW JOEY PAID ANOTHER VISIT TO POPLAR VELLA, AND HOW HR SHOCKED MISS VIOLET. HOW HE WENT UP INTO THE LIBRARY AND SAT ON DR. THORPE'S KNEE AND DID EUCLID. HOW HE WEPT ABOUT MISS LOS8IE. HOW DR. T. OFFERED HIM AN EDUCATION. AND OF THE SAD COLLAPSE OP PETER GUNN, TESTE PORKY TION. AND OF THE SAD COLLAPSE OP PETER GUNN, TESTE PORKY OWLS. CHAPTER X. ABOUT JOE NOW, AS HE WRITES, AND ABOUT SOME OLD, OLD LETTERS OP LOSSIE's. SOME MORALIZING YOU MAY SKIP. HOW LOSSIE WENT TO THE SEASIDE. PORKY OWLS'S OBSCURANTISM -- SOMEWHAT OP MISS violet's grandes passions. .... WHAT OP MISS violet's grandes passions. .... CHAPTER XI. A VERY SHORT CHAPTER ABOUT HOW JOEY WENT TO MR. PENGUIN'S SEMINARY, OR ACADEMY. NEVERTHELESS IT TELLS HOW HE DID LATIN WITH LOSSIE'S ARM ROUND HIM. CHAPTER XII. MORE ABOUT PENGUIN'S. SOMEWHAT OP THE SACRED CULT OP GENTLEMAN. HOW JOE WAS PROMOTED TO A REAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, TLEMAN. HOW JOE WAS PROMOTED TO A REAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, AND HIS IMPRESSIONS OP IT CHAPTER xm. HOW JOE RETURNED FROM ST. WTTHOLD, BUT WAS AFFLICTED BY HIS HAT. BUT WAS RELIEVED. MORE OP HIS FATHER'S LEAPS UP IN LIFE, joe's RETICENCE CHAPTER XIV. AN UN-ACADEMICAL SUNDAY MORNING. CONCERNING HIS FATHER'S NEW HOUSE, joe's WALK TO POPLAR VILLA, BUT NO MISS LOSSIE. HE TELLS HIS SCHOOL EXPERIENCES. ANTHROPOPHAGI. HE WILL FOLLOW LOSSIE, EVEN TO HAMPSTEAD. CHAPTER XV. HOW JOE WALKED AND 'BUSSED TO LOSSIE IN HAMPSTEAD. HOW A LITTLE GIRL TALKED TO HIM, WHO PREFERRED DROWNING TO HANGING. HOW LOSSIE LIT JOE's HEART UP ; AND OP THE SPENCER MENAGE. LOSSIE MAKES JOE TROT ST. WITHOLD OUT AT THE FIRS ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH. HOW GLAD JOE WAS HE HAD TOLD NO MORE ABOUT HIS SCHOOL NIGHTMARE. PA"B CONTENTS CHAPTER XVI. job's father's hat again, and how his mother died, a letter OP LOSSIB WRITTEN A YEAR AFTER. OF HIS FATHER'S QRIEP ter OP LOSSIB WRITTEN A YEAR AFTER. OF HIS FATHER'S QRIEP AND HIS OWN. THE STORY OP HIS FATHER'S COURTSHIP TOLD TO JOB -- OF THE PURE CAIRN MAGORRACHAN MOUNTAIN DEW, AND HOW JOE LAY AWAKE BECAUSE OP THE SAME CHAPTER XVII. AN INEXCUSABLY LONG LETTER OP MISS LOSSIE'S -- IT TELLS HOW SHE ADVOCATED THE CAUSE OP TEMPERANCE MORE SUCCESSFULLY THAN POOR MR. CAPSTICK, WHOSE INTENTIONS WERE GOOD, BUT WHO WAS LACKING IN TACT. AND OP HOW MR. VANCE POURED THE CAIRN MAGORRACHAN MOUNTAIN DEW ON THE PARLOUR FIRE CHAPTER XVIII. A TALE OP joe's PUGNACITY AT SCHOOL. OP HIS FATHER'S ABSTINENCE. MUCH ABOUT HIS NAMESAKE JOEY, WHICH WE WOULD OMIT IP WE COULD DO WITHOUT IT. OP THE RAPIDITY OF HIS FATHER'S RISE. OP HOW HE SAW NOLLY, BUT THE OTHER DAY, AND COULD NOT SPEAK WITH HIM. OP HOW LOSSIE IS STILL LIVING, IN ITALY. CHAPTER XIX. HOW DR. THORPE VISITED JOE AT OXFORD, AND HOW THAT VISIT ENDED THE FIRST MOVEMENT OP JOE's LIFE ON A DISCORD. OP HIS PAINFUL DOUBLE IDENTITY CHAPTER XX. LETTERS OF LOSSIE, VERY IMPORTANT. GENERAL DESPREZ. HOW SHE TOLD ABOUT JOE -- HOW THE GENERAL WANTED TO MARRY LOSSIE -- FULL DETAILS OP ALL HE SAID, BUT NO STAGE DIRECTIONS. HOW joe's TRAGEDY BURST SUDDENLY ON LOSSIE, AND TIONS. HOW joe's TRAGEDY BURST SUDDENLY ON LOSSIE, AND KTfT?. ORDERED THE GENERAL TO THE RESCUE. .... CHAPTER XXI. HOW JOE AND ms SELF LIVED IN GLOOM AT OXFORD AND WOULD NOT GO TO LONDON. HOW GENERAL DESPREZ CAME FOR THEM AND JOE KEPT ITI8 SELF IN CHECK. HOW LOSSIE MET THEM ALL AT PADDINGTON CHAPTER XXII. LOSSIE'S FAREWELL INJUNCTIONS TO JOE. HIS NAMESAKE IS NOT A SOURCE OF SATISFACTION. A JOLLY WEDDING, AND THE CROAKING AFTER. LOSSIE'S SEND-OFF. POOR JOE I . . . . ING AFTER. LOSSIE'S SEND-OFF. POOR JOE I . . . . CHAPTER XXIII. HOW CHRISTOPHER VANCE & CO.'s MR. MACFARREN GAVE NO SATISFACTION. AND HOW A SUBSTITUTE WAS FOUND FOR HIM. TO DR. TION. AND HOW A SUBSTITUTE WAS FOUND FOR HIM. TO DR. THORPE FOR CONSOLATION. OP AN EMPTY WHISKEY BOTTLE. V PAe" 1 ^ " Vi CONTENTS CHAPTER XXrV. *job's duplex gear discomforts him. justice to PINDAR. HOW JOE WENT TO LYNMOUTH WITH A READING PARTY, AND INVITED MASTER JOSEPH THORPE. THE LATTER GOES UNDER A SEA-ROCK. JOE AFTER HIM. HOW A LIFE WAS SAVED FOB ONE WHO COULD NOT USE IT FOR GOOD CHAPTER XXV. HOW JOE WOULD HAVE TAKEN A BETTER DEGREE BUT FOR CHESS. HOW HE PATENTED HIS SPHERICAL ENGINE. HIS DIFFICULTIES WITH THE BRITISH ENGINEER. OF HOW HE IS CHEATED AND HIS FATHER COMES TO THE RESCUE CHAPTER XXVI. THE FERRET IS BIBULOUS. HOW JOE WENT TO PLAY CROQUET WITH HIS DAUGHTER. OP HER GLORIOUS BEAUTY AND ITS EFFECT ON ONE OP joe's INDIVIDUALITIES. HE TALKS TO A FLAT JANE. OF A GUST OP ABBOT ANSELM, AND JOE'S MEETING WITH AN OLD FOE, WHO IS FIANCE TO THE FERRET'S DAUGHTER. JANE IS SOMEBODY TOO. HE GOES HOME LINKED WITH HIS FOE. . CHAPTER XXVII. HOW joe's father had BEEN MATCHMAKING, AND HOW HE EXCEEDED HIS ALLOWANCE. HOW GOOD A DAUGHTER-IN-LAW WOULD BE FOR HIM. JOE IS NOT IN LOVE WITH THE FLAT JANE. HOW HE WROTE WHO SHE WAS TO LOSSIE ; A FOOLISH I.ETTER. OP THE SPHERICAL ENGINE. HOW HE MET FLAT JANE AGAIN AT THE ferret's. AND GOT DANGEROUSLY CONFIDENTIAL. CHAPTER XXVIII. JOE HEARS PROM PLAT JANE. HOW HIS FATHER SMELT A RAT. HOW JOE SPENT AN EVENING AT FLAT JANE's FATHER'S, AND TOOK A BOOK TO HER LATER. OF THE OLD LIBRARY. JANE GETS AT JOE. BUT SHE IS VERY NICE. SHE CLEARS JOE's MIND UP GREATLY. JOE IS A FOOL -- WHY NOT BE FRIENDS ? HE TALKS WITH DR. THORPE, WHO RATHER LOVES JANE BY REPORT. JOE PERHAPS I.OVES HER TOO, AND IS A FOOL AGAIN. CHAPTER XXIX. HOW TWO FIANCES READ MRS. LUCILLA DESPREZ'S ANSWER TO JOE'S LETTER. OF PERTURBATION THEREAT. OP HOW JOE'S FATHER FOUND AND READ IT TOO. HE WILL NOT BE AN ENCUMBRANCE. OF ANOTHER LETTER FROM .JANE. JOE IS BROKEN QUITE OFF. CHAPTER XXX. JOB COULD BEAR TO LOBE JANEY. OP THE SPHERICAL ENGINE AND HIS NEW PROVISIONAL. AND PRING. HOW JOE'S FATHER WILL BUILD HIM AN ENGINEERING WORKSHOP. THE MACALLISTBR PAOB CONTENTS * * Vll REPEATER, AND JOE's PARTNERSHIP WITH BONY. MRS. BONY'B BABY. MR. BONY ON ENGAGEMENTS, AND HOW HE DID IT. OP A CONFESSION OP PHEENER's. AND HOW OLD VANCE GOT VERY DRUNK. EHEU 1 JOE GOES TO SEEK SOLACE FROM DR. THORPE. 258 CHAPTER XXXI. BUT DR. THORPE WAS IN TROUBLE HIMSELF, FOR THAT BEPPINO IS IN DISGRACE. NOLLY'S OPINION ABOUT BEPPINO's FRIENDS. HOW BEPPINO WAS THRASHED. A PASSIONATE ADMIRATION. BEP REALLY VAIN OP IT. HOW JOE WAS UNFEELING TO HIM. HOW PHEENER TOOK AWAY THE BOTTLE 270 CHAPTER XXXII. HOW JOE MET JANEY AGAIN. HE IS LEFT ALONE WITH HER AND FEELS QUEER. HOW HE WILL WRITE IT ALL TO LOSSIE. MATCHMAKING JE ANNIE. THEY ARE ALONE SOME MORE. A RAPPROCHE- MAKING JE ANNIE. THEY ARE ALONE SOME MORE. A RAPPROCHEMENT ON BONY-JEANNIE LINES. HOW JOE'S WALK HOME WAS MENT ON BONY-JEANNIE LINES. HOW JOE'S WALK HOME WAS happy 286 CHAPTER XXXIII. BUT HE didn't WRITE THE LETTER TO LOSSIE. MR. VANCE'S DISGUST AT THE RECRUDESCENCE OP THE WIDOW. HOW HE TOLD DR. THORPE, AND THERE WAS SOMETHING AFTER ALL ! BUT JEANNIB WILL PROVIDE FOR NOLLY. JOE'S WANT OP LITERARY SKILL JERKS HIS TALE OUT OP GEAR 296 CHAPTER XXXIV. AND, AFTER ALL, LOSSIE'S LETTER PASSED HER IN MID-OCEAN ! OP HOW JOE AND JANEY READ HIS FATHER'S LETTER AT POPLAR VILLA, AND HOW LOSSIE CAME UNEXPECTEDLY ON TWO HAPPY LOVERS IN THE TWILIGHT. IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE EI.DE8T MISS FLOWERDEW ! DR. THORPE JOINS THEM ; BUT HOW ABOUT HIS HEART? HOW JOE AND JANEY WERE MARRIED. BUT NO ONE CAN PLAY JANEY'S PIANO NOW 306 CHAPTER XXXV. OF THE NEW FACTORY IN CHELSEA. OP THE BACKSLIDING OP OLD MR. VANCE. HOW JOE DREAMED A STRANGE DREAM, AND ITS INTERRUPTION. OP THE GREAT FIRE, AND HOW MR. VANCE WAS RESCUED. BUT SPRAINED. SO FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED, FULLY COVERED BY INSURANCE. AN OLD BURNED BOARD, WITH WRITING ON IT 317 CHAPTER XXXVI. OF A BRAIN-WAVE THAT WENT TO INDIA. AND OP AN OPTICAL DELUSION. HOW JOE TOOK THE NEWS TO DR. THORPE, AND BEP- LUSION. HOW JOE TOOK THE NEWS TO DR. THORPE, AND BEPPINO WAS A BORE. AUNT IZZY TOO DEAF FOR ANYTHING. DR. PINO WAS A BORE. AUNT IZZY TOO DEAF FOR ANYTHING. DR. THORPE AND JOB WALK TO CHELSEA. CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXVII. " "* VUl PAOS A OOirPBRENCE AND A GROWING ALARM. HOW THE WHISKEY-BOTTLE HAD CAUSE TO CHUCKLE. THE CHEQUE BOOKS DID IT, OP COURSE -- WANTED THIRTY-THOUSAND POUNDS. ALSO HOW A BANK SMASHED -- AND HOW A BIG BAD DEBTOR OWED A BIG BAD DEBT. CHRISTOPHER VANCE & CO. INSOLVENT 344 CHAPTER XXXVIII. JOE'S FATHER DOES NOT IMPROVE MUCH. BUT HE IS HIS OLD SELF STILL, AND ENJOYS A SURPRISE HE HAS TREASURED FOR HIS FAMILY. HOW HE HAD BOUGHT A TRINKET IN BOND STREET. THE NEW LIMITED CO. IT STARTS ILL ; BUT GOOD FORTUNB BRINGS BACK AN OLD BOARD TO HELP THE BOARD OP DIRECTORS. 353 CHAPTER XXXIX. joe's father SLIPS DOWNHILL. PETER GUNN CROPS UP. AND AT LAST OLD VANCE KNOWS THE STORY OP THE BOTTLE-END. HE REACHES THE BOTTOM OP THE HILL, AND GOES ELSEWHERE. BUT THE BOARD IS STRONG AND PHEENER IS DESERVEDLY RICH, AND ALL IS WELL. SO JOE HAS TIME FOR REMINISCENCE, AND REMEMBERS HOW HE MET PORKY OWLS AGAIN, AND DIDN'T KNOW HIM. 360 CHAPTER XL. THIS CHAPTER IS REALLY ALL DEVOTED TO DR. THORPE'S OPINIONS, ALTHOUGH IT PRETENDS NOT AT THE BEGINNING. BETTER SIOP THEM. A QUOTATION FROM TENNYSON. JANET AND JOE MAKE EACH A PROMISE TO THE OTHER. 367 CHAPTER XLI. A CHAPTER THAT HAD TO BE WRITTEN. 383 CHAPTER XLIL JOB IS A WIDOWER. A TENANTLESS OLD HOUSE. HOW HE WENT TO DR. THORPE ; AND OP A CHILD THAT WAS SAVED ON THE WRECK. THE SYMPATHY OP BEPPINO. A GOOD IDEA I WHY NOT TAKE BEPPINO TO ITALY? 8JK) CHAPTER XLIII. HOW JANEY'S PIANO WAS TO BE KEPT IN TUNE. FRAU SCHMIDT. THE WALDSTEIN SONATA. THE FRAU MISLEADS BEPPINO. WHO MISS SIBYL FULLER PERCEVAL WAS. THE GOLDEN BEAD IN THE HUMAN CRUCIBLE. THE KINCARDINESHIRE JOINT-STOCK BANE. HOW ABOUT THE DOCTOR'S HEART 408 CONTENTS il . CHAPTER XLIV. . PAW SOSPPmO AS A MARINER. PARIS AT PARIS. THE JOURNEY TO ITAJLT. IDOMENEO PELLEGRINI. BUT NO JANET NOW. BEPPINO CARRIES OPP joe's trunk to FLORENCE ; WHEREOF THE ENGRAVED NAME CAUSES MUCH APPREHENSION 416 CHAPTER XLV. joe's return HOME. MR. SPENCER AND COMTE. HIS BAD NEWS ABOUT DR. Thorpe's affairs, a forgotten trust fund, the DOCTOR bankrupt. LOSSIE'S RETURN FROM INDIA. . . 428 CHAPTER XLVI. LOSSIE -- SHE HAS NO PATIENCE WITH DR. THORPE'S VICTIM. BEPPINO AND MISS FULLER PERCEVAL. A MYSTERIOUS LETTER FROM FLORENCE. BEPPINO'S EXPLANATIONS. THE CENOTAPH IN PORTUGAL. JOE CARRIES THE TURK PAST THE DOCTOR'S LIBRARY DOOR. O GRAVE ! WHERE IS THY VICTORY? , , 431 BRARY DOOR. O GRAVE ! WHERE IS THY VICTORY? , , 431 CHAPTER XLVII. joe's absence FROM BEPPINO'S WEDDING. VULGARITY, BANALITY. ANOTHER LETTER PROM FLORENCE. JEANNIE DETECTS A PAINT SMELL OP A DEVIL. BUT BEPPINO GETS HIS LETTER. . . 441 CHAPTER XLVIII. BBPPINO'S ILLNESS. LOS8IE STARTS FOR AVIGNOi/. A DISTINGUISHED author's funeral. JOE MEETS NEWS OF YET ANOTHER DEATH ON HIS RETURN TO CHELSEA. HE HAS THROWN AWAY GOOD GRIEF ON BEPPINO. WHY DID BEPPINO WANT HIS CHILD CALLED CRI8TOFORO ? 448 CHAPTER XLIX. JOB SUBSIDIZES CRISTOFORO. HOW HE TOOK GENERAL DESPREZ INTO HIS CONFIDENCE. THE BRAZILIAN SCHEME. ANOTHER FLORENTINE LETTER. HOW JOE RESOLVED TO GO OUT AND BEE THAT CRISTOFORO WAS PROPERLY NOURISHED 4J58 CHAPTER L. JOB GOES TO PIESOLE. AND HEARS ALL ABOUT BEPPTNO'S WILD OAT. HE GETS HIS LETTERS, AND ADOPTS HIS BABY. HIS MIXED TALE TO LOSSIE. HE IS WALKING ON A TIGHT-ROPE, BUT FOR LOS- V, eie's sake .... . 4" ^ CHAPTER LI. A LETTER FROM A MAN OP THE WORLD. THE GENERAL'S SATCHEL. JOB ARRANGES FOR HIS START TO BRAZIL. BUT HE GOES TO SEP CRISTOFORO AGAIN FIRST. HOW HE TOOK A WALK AT PIEBOLB, WITHOUT JANEY. AND HOW HE HEARD THE WALDBTEIN SONATA ON THE TUSCAN HILLS. HOW CRISTOFORO TICKLED. . . 478 X CONTENTS CHAPTER LII PAOB HERB PPLEIDERBB DISAPPROVES OP BRAZIL. HOW JOE, TEARS AFTER, WENT TO LOOK FOR POPLAR VILLA, AND GRASS THEN GREW WHERE TROY TOWN STOOD. HOW BEPPINO'S SECOND SON (OR THEREABOUTS) WAS BORN. THE NEED OP BROWNING. OP A VILLA FOR LOSSIE AT SORRENTO, NOT FLORENCE. HOW THE GENERAL NEVER UNDERSTOOD THE DOCTOR, MORE's THE PITY ! joe's last happy evening in ENGLAND. HOW HE CALLED ON AUNT IZZY. AND OP MR. SPENCER. NOLLY BEES JOB OFF AT EUSTON. THE SEA, ONCE MORE ! 481 CHAPTER LIII. WHAT JOE HAS BEEN DRIVING AT. HE HAS CRISTOFORO OUT TO HIM IN BRAZIL. HOW THE GENERAL DEED LIKE A HERO AT MAIWAND. LOSSIE GOES TO FLORENCE. A PLEASANT LETTER FROM HER AT VILLA MAGONCINI. ANOTHER, WITH A PLEASANT POSTSCRIPT. JOE TAKES A RIDE AND SHOOTS A HALF-BREED. ACCIDENT TO CRISTOFORO. joe's ANSWER TO THE LETTER. MORE CORRESPONDENCE, TERRIBLE TO JOE. ALL IS ENDED. "THIS IS FOR SPONDENCE, TERRIBLE TO JOE. ALL IS ENDED. "THIS IS FOR LOSSIE." 492 CHAPTER LIV. THE TALE IS TOLD. A PEW RECOLLECTIONS OP FOLK SEEN IN LONDON. OP NOLLY, OF HICKMAN, OP PRINO, OP LADY TOWER- DON. OP NOLLY, OF HICKMAN, OP PRINO, OP LADY TOWERSTAIRS. AND OP POOR OLD CAPSTICK, IN A MADHOUSE 1 WHEN STAIRS. AND OP POOR OLD CAPSTICK, IN A MADHOUSE 1 WHEN HE HAS LOOKED THROUGH THE LETTERS AGAIN, HE WILL BURN THE WHOLE LOT ; BUT -- ! A LONG LETTER OP LOSSIE'B TO SARITA^SPENCER. FINIS 508 JOSEPH VANCE i t JOSEPH VANCE CHAPTER I OF JOE VANCE's father AND HIS UNFORTUNATE HABITS. HOW HE QUARRELLED WITH A SWEEP WHO COULD BUTT; AND SUFFERED THEREBY. HOW JOE CONCEALED THIS CIRCUMSTANCE FROM HIS MOTHER. My Father and Mother never could come to a clear understanding about what had disagreed with my Father the day he lost his ing about what had disagreed with my Father the day he lost his situation at Fothergiirs. My Father thought it was the sausage and mashed potatoes he had for lunch at the Rose and Crown, at fourpence, and as much mustard and pepper as you liked. My Mother thought it was the beer. There was something to be said for my Mother's view, on the score of quantity. "Everything," she said, "I bring to figures, and my Aunt Elizabeth Hannah taught me to it." And sure enough figures did show that my Father, who had a shilling and threepence in his pocket when he left home at six-thirty in the morning, must have spent eightpence on beer, or lost some of it. -- Because, if we allow a penny for the 'bus, and twopence for a 'arf an ounce of barker which he bought (I do not like to give his exact words) at a tobacconist's with a haemorrhage on his way home, there's the price of two quarts of four ale left, put it how you may. -- " And your Father always had a weak head," said my Mother in after years, in the many times over she told me the story. Anyhow, something must have disagreed with him, or he wouldn't have called Mr. Wotherspoon, the head clerk at Fothergill's, an old herring-gut when he told him to put his trolley some- gill's, an old herring-gut when he told him to put his trolley somewhere else, and not leave it stood in the orfice door. where else, and not leave it stood in the orfice door. " Of course it wasn't a civil remark, in the manner of speaking," said my Mother, "but your Father, my dear, was that sim- ing," said my Mother, "but your Father, my dear, was that simple and honourable himself he never had a suspicion of guile. -- ple and honourable himself he never had a suspicion of guile. -And well did Mr. Wotherspoon deserve the epithet if my belief And well did Mr. Wotherspoon deserve the epithet if my belief JOSEPH VANCE is true (and I shall hold it to my dying day) that the old man only similated deafness all those years to one day catch your Father out. For I need 'ardly say to you, my dear, that the remark was a outside remark, as the sayin' is, and not intended to mark was a outside remark, as the sayin' is, and not intended to reach its audience." If my recollection of my Father's conversation isn't coloured by subsequent experience of hoarse men in taprooms, resembling his personal friends at this date in their accent and the bias of their philosophy, Mr. Wotherspoon must have taken a good deal of unnecessary trouble to procure a conviction. Indeed, I remember my Mother saying once that the strength of language member my Mother saying once that the strength of language was proverbial, and that Vance was no exception to the rule, and not to be expected. My Mother's way of putting things may have been inconsequent, but then, one never had the slightest doubt of what she meant. Anyhow, my Father's outside remarks frequently reached their audience, and laid him open to martyrdom in the cause of free speech many times before the incident recorded -- my Mother's version of which was probably authentic; although she must have had some of it on hearsay. I decline to repeat his language," said Mr. Wotherspoon to Mr. Fothergill, '^but it was not respectful, and I should say he deserved the sack." Give him his screw and put on another warehouseman," said Mr. Fothergill. So my Father had to accept the sack on the Saturday following. I was a small boy of seven at this time, but I must have been observant, from the vividness of my recollection of the events of that Saturday afternoon. My young mind, catching its impressions from my Mother's way of looking at the situation, and sions from my Mother's way of looking at the situation, and supported by the cheerfulness (which may have been partly artificial) with which my Father accepted the sack, drew the inference cial) with which my Father accepted the sack, drew the inference that my Father had dismissed Fothergill's, and was now open to all kinds of preferment which his late employers' malice had hitherto prevented reaching him. This coloured our conversation as we walked along the main road towards London after the family dinner. I accompanied him on the pretext that I was competent and willing to prevent his taking more than a pint at the Roebuck. buck. "Could you lick three men?" I said, breaking silence disconnectedly. connectedly. " Could I lick free men ? " repeated my Father after me. " In course I could I Who's to prevent me, young 'un, hay ? " JOSEPH VANCE I was silent and counted sixteen paving stones before I returned to the charge. I couldn^t count seventeen as it was a sudden introduction of a new metre, so to speak, into the counting. So I resumed my enquiries. Could you lick three men if two of 'em was policemen ? " That's accordin' to who the other might be," said my Father after reflection, which convinced my simplicity that he was replying in good faith. plying in good faith. " Could you lick three men if one of them was Mr. Fothergill and two of 'em was p'licemen?" This was a home-thrust, and my Father's" prompt counter-stroke showed that he appreciated the connection with the recent conversation at dinner. '^If one of 'em was Mr. Fothergill I could lick six, and if two of 'em was Mr. Fothergill and Mr. Wotherspoon I could lick twelve." I accepted this as meaning that the intense insignificance of the two would act as a drawback on the effectiveness of the police force; and I believe now that my Father intended this, and did not refer to any stimulus to his prowess which the sight of his recent employers might occasion. But I felt explanation was necessary, and sought for it in my Father's remarks at dinner. Is that because you expected a beggar to be an angel ? " was my next question. For my Father had stopped my Mother in some too lenient view of Mr. Wotherspoon's conduct with '' An old herring-gut like that has no call to expect a poor beggar to be a angel," and this had been a little beyond my comprehension. What's the young nipper a-driving at ? " said my parent. " I tell you what, young man, if young beginners are going to ask questions as if they was blooming grandmothers, we shall never get to this here public house." "This one ain't the Roebuck," said I, as my Father pushed me through a swing door into a sound of bad men and a smell of worse beer. " No, it ain't, and I ain't a-going to it. If I goes to the Roebuck I ain't at liberty, accordin' to my ideas of honour, to take buck I ain't at liberty, accordin' to my ideas of honour, to take more than a pint. I want p'r'aps a pint and a 'arf, and I comes in here. -- Quart o' four ale. Miss ! " The equivocation did not seem wrong to my infant mind; in fact, it impressed me as doing my Father credit, and made me resolve to try to be equally honourable. But the ordering of the quart brought a doubt into my face, to which my Father yielded an explanation. JOSEPH VANCE "^Arf a pint for the young nipper, and three 'arf -pints for daddy -- thaPs the Arithmetic! What the nipper don't drink of his 'arf-pint, I drinks for his sake -- so he mayn't get drunk, which at seven is vice." N The nipper didn't drink much of the half -pint, fortunately for him, and his Father performed the act of altruism imposed on him. Having done so, his attention appeared to be attracted by something inside the pewter. Strike me blind," said he, if there ain't a bloody little hinseck at the bottom of the pot I " * seck at the bottom of the pot I " * There was, apparently, and he fell out with a heeltap of beer on the metal counter, out of my sight. ''Pick me up. Daddy," said I. "For to see the hinseck," I added by way of explanation. I can remember now exactly how my Father's hand felt as he gi'asped me by the trousers and lifted me up, and the sound of his question. " What do young sucking bantams want with insects ? " "He'll be for crockin' him," said a Sweep with inflamed eyelids. " Crock him, yoong 'un, with your finger nail." lids. " Crock him, yoong 'un, with your finger nail." But my Father, who was getting towards the quarrelsome stage of beer, interposed upon the suggestion, not from any humanitarian motives, but in order to contradict the Sweep. itarian motives, but in order to contradict the Sweep. "This here hinseck," he said, "come out of my beer, wot I paid for, square. Consequent this here hinseck I account as my hinseck -- and this here son of mine has been too well educated, though young, to presoom to crock this here hinseck unless I give leave. -- Hay, young 'un? Or for that matter," added my parent with a sudden aggressive enlargement of his claim -- "any one else." "Any one else, wot?" said the Sweep. My Father, instead of answering, addressed himself over the bar to the young lady thereof, as an umpire secure from intimidation behind a fortress of brass and pewter. tion behind a fortress of brass and pewter. "I ask you. Miss," said he, "have I said or have I not said clear and plain, that I regard this here hinseck as belonging? And have I said or have I not said, equally clear and plain, that if any man (or for that matter any other) was to presoom to crock this hinseck on this here counter, I would fetch him a smack over the mouth ? " The young woman was filling one pot alternately at two taps and had taken too little from tap number one. So she had to * I am sorry my father made use of this offensive adjective *3 but as he did so, and I distinctly recollect it, I feel bound to record ii JOSEPH VANCE exercise great discretion in stopping tap number two at the right moment. When she had done this, she referred again to number one, and it being an easy task to merely fill up to the brim, she took the opportunity to reply to my Father. " Can't say I heard any such expression. Fourpence," the last word referring to the transaction in hand. Anyhow you put it," said the Sweep, " I'd crock him myself for a farden." And without waiting for any security of payment, he did it straightway, over my shoulder. I glanced around to see the effect of the smack. It had followed the provocation so quickly that the Sweep's hand was not lowed the provocation so quickly that the Sweep's hand was not back in time to stop it. All outside. Nothing in here. Nor yet in the street." Thus far the lady of the beer-handles -- I was close to her; so I heard her voice above the tumult of awakened partisanship which filled the bar the moment after the smack. I heard that, and I noted with some disappointment that the smack had noi been over the Sweep's mouth. It was the first time I had ever had a doubt of my Father's infallibility. " Right you are. Miss." -- Git 'em outside." -- Git 'em round the Rents and down the lane." -- " Git 'em round the bark o' Chepstow's, and across." -- " Git 'em along the Gas-gardens -- ^land to stow's, and across." -- " Git 'em along the Gas-gardens -- ^land to let on building lease -- that 'll do, shove along -- ^land to let on building lease. If a copper don't spot you, you'll 'ave it quiet enough for 'arf an hour. Git your man out; we'll git ours.", " Don't let the child go after them," said the bar lady. -- But the child had slipped down off the bar, and the only person left to stop him was too drunk to take instructions -- ^had he npt been so, he would have been sober enough to follow the rabble. The child was outside the swing door just in time to see the tail of the crowd turn a corner and disappear. But he could have followed even guided only by the scattered pursuing units that lowed even guided only by the scattered pursuing units that came from far behind him, endowed with a mysterious knowledge (acquired Heaven knows how) that there was a fight, and that it would be to be found (if not too late) acrost the Gas-gardens on some land with a board up -- and that you were on no account to turn round by the eel shop, but follow on. This came hoarsely from one swift of foot as he passed a man with a wooden leg, who said sadly, T'other side Chepstow's. It 'll be done afore I ever gets there." He added that he was by nature unfortunate, and was always a-missing of everything. " So I just gives in, I does," said he, What's the young 6 JOSEPH VANCE beggar roaring * about ? moy Father! -- IPs moy Father!^ What's your Father?" IPs his Father what^s a-goin^ to fight," struck in another runner, speaking rapidly. ^'He's a-goin^ for to fight Mr. Gunn, the buttin^ Sweep, down the Rents and beyont the Piannerforty works, and you better look sharp if you want for to see anythink." How on earth these particulars had been acquired I cannot imagine, but they revived the failing energies of the wooden leg in a miraculous way. The owner forgot my howls in his intensified interest, and resolving to try it on anyhow," stumped away. fied interest, and resolving to try it on anyhow," stumped away. I followed on as fast as my small legs would carry me, but concealing my despair -- for a laundress had shown a disposition towards commiseration and I didn't want to be stopped by benevolence or any other motive. The stragglers got fewer and farther lence or any other motive. The stragglers got fewer and farther between till they were revived by the new event of a police-constable, to whom particulars appeared to be needless, as he merely stable, to whom particulars appeared to be needless, as he merely said, "Shut up, all on yer!" in reply to volunteered information. This last group vanished round a corner, and I panted after it. But I was getting frightened of what I might see when I arrived. I believe that had my Father really "landed" on the Sweep's mouth I should have gone on confident. But my faith had been shaken, and I went slower, wiping my eyes and recovering my breath. I saw nothing of the fight. I was only in time to see, across the canal as I stood near the wooden foot-bridge, a returning crowd and a group it left behind. The crowd was returning as a cortege of certain Policemen, who had come mysteriously from the four quarters of heaven, and were conducting a black object, which I could see from the raised platform of the bridge was the Sweep who had crocked the insect. I looked for my Father in vain. Then my eyes went across to the group across the water, and in the middle of it distinguished a motionless figure on the ground, and I knew it was my Father. I had before me a plain issue of Duty, to be done or left undone; and I should be glad to think that in after life I had always done; and I should be glad to think that in after life I had always shown the resolution that I, a midget between seven and eight, showed on this occasion. I never hesitated a moment. The Sweep had killed my Father, and I could hear his bellowings of triumph as he came along, the centre of an admiring audience conducted by two Policemen. I cannot repeat them in full, but they recorded his conviction that the method he had employed (I heard what it was later) was the correct way to do the dags of fluch a one as his late opponent. The terms he applied to him JOSEPH VANCE could only be reported if it were certain that their meaning to my readers would be as obscure as they then were to me. They did not seem to me to make the fact that he had killed my Father (as I thought) any the worse. All that was left was to look for a missile. I saw one with a fragment of Bass's Bitter" label left on it, lying against a dead cat by the pathway, a horrible jagged piece of glass. And in the middle of my recollection of that unwholesome dream, I see that jagged piece of glass and that cat's head, and the string tight round his throat that had strangled it, as clear as I saw it then. There was a round side to it to hold it by, so I was able to close my hand well on it. On came the Sweep and the Policemen's hats (they wore hats in those days), and the admiring throng. On they came to the bridge, and the * tramp on the mud changed resonantly to tramp on the planks. " I could larn you two bloody orficers a lesson sim'lar to that other ... if I chose to, but " But no one ever knew the reason of Mr. Gunn's forbearance; for his last word merged into a hideous yell as the jagged bottle-end pierced his eye. It was by the merest chance that I hit him. Of course I had aimed, but what is the aim of a child of seven? Anyhow, it went to the right place -- and the howls and curses of its human target bore witness to its arrival. I had been concealed behind a scrap of fence at the bridge end when I made my shot. But so had two other boys -- ^barefooted street Arabs of the sort the Board-Schools have cleared away. And these boys seeing instantly that my crime would be ascribed to them as universal culprits, scapegoats of humanity, exclaimed to each other in the same breath, "Make yer 'ooks. Matey!" -and bolted one to the left and one to the right, but keeping within and bolted one to the left and one to the right, but keeping within whistling and yelling distance. An amiable young Policeman followed at a walk, on a line of pursuit bisecting the angle of the lowed at a walk, on a line of pursuit bisecting the angle of the two lines of flight. He caught neither of the fugitives of course, but he rejoined the procession at the nearest doctor's shop, having slipped round by another road to avoid humiliation; and Mr. Gunn was taken in for provisional treatment at the expense of the authorities. I was convinced my Father was killed, and too terrified to wait and see the second procession that I knew must cross the bridge later on; besides, there was Mother! So I left the crowd gazing blankly at two bottles of "show colour," and one leech, in the shop window; and set out for home, too heart-broken and scared even to feel the satisfaction of revenge. Halfway I met two Policemen bearing a stretcher. I knew JOSEPH \ANCE what was coming back on that stretcher. I had no need of the information volunteered by another boy, rather older than I. Don't you know what that is, you little hass ? " said he, seeing my gaze fixed on it. That there's the stretcher fur to put the beggar on what's dead. Straight out flat! Then he'll have a funeral, he will -- corpses, 'earses, plooms, mutes ! " -- And he began a sort of pantomime of solemn obsequies; but as perhaps he felt the cast was insufficient, gave it up and danced. The whole thing was getting more and more of a nightmare, and I was consciously becoming incapable of finding my way home. I began calling aloud for my Father to come and help me, even while I knew what had happened, and that he could not. Then I heard a stumping on the pavement behind me, and recognized it as the wooden leg of an hour ago. I felt that its owner nized it as the wooden leg of an hour ago. I felt that its owner was almost an old friend, especially when he too recognized me. ''Who's this here little chap a-hollering for his Father? He's number two, this is. -- ^No -- he ain't, -- by gum! It's the very same over again," and then his voice changed as he added : " Look here, old man. I'll give you a lift. Wipe your eyes. Where do you want to go to ? " " Stallwood's Cottages, No. 13. It's the only house, please, that hasn't no name on the door, and it's next door to the laundry." "There ain't no such place," struck in the boy who had called me a little ass, and who I really believe was a fiend in human form. "Don't you believe him. He's a-kidding of yer." But the wooden-legged man seemed to be endowed with insight into character; for, merely remarking that he would half murder the speaker if he ever laid hands upon him, he swung me on der the speaker if he ever laid hands upon him, he swung me on his shoulder and stumped on. The fiend, however, having acquired a sort of footing in the affair, didn't mean to be left behind, quired a sort of footing in the affair, didn't mean to be left behind, and pursued us as close as he dared. "'Arf murder me if yer like -- 7 give leave! You may 'ole murder me too if yer like, if yer ever find such a s'elp-me-Goard place " And more to the same effect. But even the attempt to throw the statement into the form of an affidavit did not influence the wooden leg, which went steadily on, growing less and less perceptible to my failing senses, until at last it became a mere ceptible to my failing senses, until at last it became a mere rhythmic accompaniment to a dream that I forgot as I woke to find myself deposited on the pavement, and the voice of my bearer saying: "Eight you are, old chap! No name on the door, and next door to the laundry. You git along in sharp and go to feed," JOSEPH VANCE And then in answer to my unspoken question (for the words wouldn't come), he added: ^^Never you fret your kidneys about your Father! He ain't dead! Trust him! -- he'll live to be concerned in many quarts yet. Good-bye!" cerned in many quarts yet. Good-bye!" And he whistled " Lucy Neal and stumped off. I did not share his confidence about my Father, but he had cheered me up. Had he been altogether fallible, he would have fallen a victim to the misstatements of the funeral boy. And him he had simply flouted ! So I collected my courage, and jumped up to the bell-handle, -- which was a pull-down one, or I couldn't have rung it, -- I heard voices inside, and my Mother came to the door. "Bless my soul, it's Joe without his Father again! Joseph, you let your Father go to the Eoebuck! Where is he now?" I was far more afraid of telling the awful truth to my Mother than I had been of anything else on that dreadful afternoon, so I resolved to give details later on. I had just enough voice in me for my Mother, stooping down to my level, to hear me exonerate the Roebuck, which I could do truthfully. onerate the Roebuck, which I could do truthfully. " Then if your Father didn't go to the Roebuck what for are you crying? Where did you leave him?" I affirmed, truthfully, that I saw him last a-going away with several men towards the canal. I added, untruthfully, that I had losted my way, and the boys told me wrong. I thought my Mother was going to slap me. It would have made my mind happier if she had. But she only said, "Dearie me, whoever would be a woman! You come along and get to bed and go to sleep at once, and no nonsense." I was very soon wiping my eyes on a small dirty nightshirt, and contributing an occasional sob to the conversation that went on in the next room. I had declined supper, not so much because I did not want it, as to get out of sight and cry in the dark. I should now wonder more at myself for this, if I had not behaved in the same way fifty times since; indeed, the sorrow's crown of sorrows has always been to me not what the poet sings, but the communication of bad news to happy unsuspicion. I always feel as I then felt; as if it was my fault and I was responsible! "What's the matter with the child?" -- Thus the conversation ran on between my Mother and her neighbour, Mrs. Packles, from Packleses laundry next door, who had come in to tea and gossip. " It's to be hoped nothing's the matter ser'ous, Mrs. Vance." "Law, Mrs. Packles, Ma'am," said my Mother, "if I was to JOSEPH VANCE worrit every time Vance comes home late, there'd never be an end. Your petticoat is a-scorching.'' '^It ain^t my best. If you was to spare me the toasting fork, now your piece is browned, I wouldn't spoil the knife-end in the fire over mine. Being likewise the butter knife." I was looking for it." -- And my Mother began to butter her piece (as I could hear by the scraping), but she stopped uneasily and came into the bedroom and looked at me. I pretended to be asleep. She kissed me, making matters ten times worse; and I suffered pangs of conscience, but kept my counsel. She returned to the toast, and resumed the conversation. "It's ydur dress scorching now, Mrs. Packles -- do 'ee double it back like I do mine." I heard Mrs. P. accept the suggestion. "Vance is that particular about bloaters that I was thinking we might wait till he comes? Tea-time, -- he said. One bloater kept back to be done later, has a feeling of discomfort when you come in and other folks has finished. Don't you think so. Ma'am?" There was the slightest shade of asperity in the question, and I read in it that Mrs. Packles had looked unsympathetic. She also said something, but I failed to catch it, owing to Mrs. P. having a defect in her speech. Like Timour, she had only one tooth above and one below; but then they didn't extend all along the gum, like his. However, she had the reputation of being a Tartar, and Mr. Packles used to confirm this report in public -perhaps I should say in publics. What Mrs. Packles had said perhaps I should say in publics. What Mrs. Packles had said evidently reflected on my Father. "No, Ma'am," said my Mother. "On the contrary, Vance is by nature a sober man -- not like neighbours of his I could name whose habits are proverbial, as the sayin' is. In some cases, as you know. Ma'am, the smell of beer is transparent, and in such, credit is given undeserved. In others, secrecy throws a veil, even I am told in high places, and none suspect. But Vance was ever that open nature! However, we will put the bloaters on the trivet if you say the word." Mrs. Packles couldn't say the word for the reason I have mentioned, nor any word distinctly. But I understood that she tioned, nor any word distinctly. But I understood that she waived defence of Packles against my Mother's insinuation, in consideration of the bloaters. Also that, to avoid the quicksands the conversation had so narrowly escaped, she passed in review the condiments or accompaniments to bloaters sanctioned by judges. I heard my Mother's answer : -JOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE " According to me, Mrs. Packles, and I am not sing'lar, gin on no account ! Coffee also, though no objection can be raised, if popular in quarters, is, to my thinking, contrary to bloaters. Now to 'ot tea and buttered toast, there can be no exception.'^ I felt that I was an exception. And how I repented my rash renunciation of supper while under excitement! I was getting very hungry, and there was no prospect of relief till breakfast, unless I cut into the conversation and risked further catechism about my afternoon. So I lay still and sucked my nightgown, of which I can distinctly recollect the flavour to this day. I only wish it had been an accompaniment of bloaters and hot tea and toast. Taken alone, nightgown juice is not nutritious. Mrs. Packles murmured assent, and was about to enlarge on the gratifying topic when she was interrupted by a footstep outside. side. "IPs at your house,^' said my Mother; "somebody is ringing the laundry bell.^^ -- And Mrs. P. went out to investigate. A distant colloquy followed, between a man's voice and Mrs. Packles's tant colloquy followed, between a man's voice and Mrs. Packles's substitute for one; but nothing audible to me, until my Mother's sudden -- "Well, now!" -- following on something she heard and I did not. The teacup she put down suddenly spilled and clicked on the saucer; but she disregarded it and went straight out after Mrs. Packles. Before the door had time to slam, I caught the words -- "Are you Mrs. Vance?" -- and recognized the step of a Policeman on the garden path. Then followed narrative of an unexcited sort from the Policeman, sobs and exclamations from my Mother, and sympathy from Mrs. Packles, who I felt sure was endeavouring to claim a fulfilment of prophecy recently and clearly made by herself. "Oh, Joey, Joey, Joey!" cried my Mother, "go to bed again this minute. Your Father's in the Hospital, and I must go to him." I had got out of bed and was standing in the doorway of the bedroom. As I find that I have in memory a picture of a small boy crying, with a very rough head, as well as of a large Policeman dripping (for it was raining hard) and my Mother pulling a hurried shawl on, and Mrs. Packles exhibiting sympathy, with the slightest flavour of triumph, I am inclined to pathy, with the slightest flavour of triumph, I am inclined to think that the fifty-odd years that have passed since then have made me mix what I actually do recollect with what my Mother told me many times later. Otherwise how do I seem to myself to see, from the front room, that small boy standing in the doorway rubbing his grubby little face with his nightgown? JOSEPH VAHCE Perhaps I went back to bed; perhaps I didn't! Anyhow, my next clear memory is of sitting by the fire with Mrs. Packles, and of great satisfaction from fresh hot toast, which Mrs. Packles (who remained behind by request) intentionally made the vehicle of much less butter than she took herself. I don't think she suspected me of having any story to tell beyond what she had already heard -- or she would certainly have yond what she had already heard -- or she would certainly have pumped me for it, instead of making the conversation turn on the moral improvement of little boys. I was much too frightened to tell anything, even if I had not been too sleepy and greedy at the same moment. I wasn't hypocrite enough at that early age to pretend I wanted to know what the Policeman had said. Or possibly I mistrusted my powers of playing out the part, if I em- sibly I mistrusted my powers of playing out the part, if I embarked on enquiry from Mrs. Packles. Besides -- it didn't matter! barked on enquiry from Mrs. Packles. Besides -- it didn't matter! Z knew what the Policeman had said a great deal better than I knew what Mrs. Packles was saying about (1) the necessity for the young to curb their inherent vices, or there was no knowing, (2) the accumulation of misfortunes all but herself were free from, but that she had to put up with, (3) her patience and fortitude under disaster, and (4) her power of anticipating events and no attention paid, not if she talked herself 'oarse ! Perhaps if I could have kept awake I should have known what it was to hear Mrs. Packles under a further drawback from hoarseness. But sleep overcame me, and I remember no mora CHAPTER n HOW JOE PREVARICATED. OF PORKY OWLS AND A SPORTINQ CABO. HOW JOE WAS A WITNESS; ALSO OF THE REV. MR. CAPSTICK AND OF MB. VANCE AS A CONTROVERSIALIST. HOW JOE VISITED HIS FATHER IN THE HOSPITAL. "Joey, you naughty story-telling boy, how dare you tell me your Father didn^t go to the Roebuck?" These were the first words I heard when I woke on the Sunday morning following. My reply was that it was the Hare and Hounds. I sat up in bed rubbing my eyes, and gave a confused account of the reasons why my Father had chosen the latter. I was quite under the impression that I was clearing his character and mine. So I was disappointed when my Mother called me a prevarication, and said it was more wicked to be a prevarication than a liar. I was sorry too at the revelation of a lower deep than lying, the evils of which my Mother had rubbed well into me. "But it^s his FatheFs doing, thank God, not mine," added my Mother. " He makes the boy as bad as himself. Though that I will say (and him a-lying in the Infirmary and losing the use of his limbs), poor Mr. Vance is by nature truthful and candid, and what he says to the child is 'eedless, and partakes of the nature of a joke." A sympathetic murmur revealed a neighbour with an exactly similar experience in the next room. She wasn't Mrs. Packles, who was at the tub, though Sunday, but Mrs. Owls (or perhaps Howells), who bore testimony to identical behaviour on the part of Mr. Owls towards his son, known to me as Porky Owls, but to his family as Bobby. A continuous narrative of what Mrs. O. said to Mr. O. to correct this vice of 'oaxin' had to be ignored, as my Mother wished to extract information from me of what I had really seen. "Didn't you see no Sweeps at the Roebuck, Joey dear?" said she. I shut my lips very tight and shook my head. " I meant the Hare and Hounds." -- I nodded. -- " How open your lips and tell me all about it, or I feel getting that short-tempered I shall slap you." " I see one Sweep," said 1. JOSEPH VANCE " One Sweep bein^ by name ? " said my Mother. ^'Mr. Peter Gunn. And he crocked a hinseck what was in Eather^s 'arf -quartern, and Father fetched him a smack over the mouth." I feel quite loyal even now when I remember how I concealed that the smack failed to reach its destination. How I knew Mr. Gunn's name was Peter I cannot say. It had reached me somehow in the confusion. how in the confusion. " And then," I went on, " all the whole biling went out of the door and up the street and round the lane and acrost the canarl; and the loydy in the bar she said, ^ Stop the child,' she did. But phe was inside of the bar and couldn't get no holt of me, and I follered and follered 'em on and couldn't cotch 'em, and I got lost, I did. And then the boys told me the wrong way, and it was ever such a long time, and then a gentleman with a wooden leg he gave me a lift, and chucked me down on the pavement just acrost the way, and I come in and rang, and you come to the door." I felt it politic to suppress the bottle end, and my playing David to the Sweep's Goliath. I didn't know what developments might follow if I told the whole story. But I was consoled for this amount of prevarication by the rigid truthfulness of my last words. Now, is that all ? " said my Mother. Don't shut your mouth and nod in that aggravating way. What do you say when you speak?" -- I said, ^'That's all!" -- "Very well, then," said my Mother, "now get up and clean yourself for Sunday." Sunday passed miserably for my Mother and myself, but joyously for the neighbours, who fairly gloated over the satisfaction ously for the neighbours, who fairly gloated over the satisfaction they derived from their sympathy with my Mother. It appeared on recapitulation that for weeks past a sort of Greek Chorus of prophecy had been performed by them, each having at some time or other predicted the whole, or most, of yesterday's events. I don't think that any of those who had foretold that Vance would come to grief from his pugnacity had actually named a Sweep who could butt, but short of that almost every feature of my Father's disaster was claimed as a fulfilment. In the course of the day further particulars of this hideous Sweep and his accomplishment came to hand. Porky Owls (who was about ten years plishment came to hand. Porky Owls (who was about ten years old) had the good fortune to gather a narrative of the fight from a Sporting Card's conversation with some other Cards at the Beer'us in North Street with Barclay Perkins Entire wrote up big. The Card's opinion was that though Vance was not to say JOSEPH VANCE drunk, it would be short of the truth to say he was mops and brooms. Anyway, he was the worse, and shouldn't have been allowed to fight. The Card was a good authority on such a point; for he had yaller leather storkins, goyters they call 'em, with white buttons, and a 'at -- and he smoked a sighgyar and knocked off the hash with his little finger. And he says, " Gunn," he says, "goes straight for his man's stummick with his head. Oh yes," he saj's, "Vance he landed a good round blow, a square one, on Gunn's head as he come, -- would have stopped you or me, -- but Guim he says ^ That's my nut,' he says, and down goes his man on his back! He ketches of 'im round the legs like. Vance," he says, " come twice to time, but where's the use with a man what can crosh you to a quart-pot with his head for a shillin' and for 'arf-a-sovering will putt you down a walnut on a stone floor, and come down on it with his 'ed, and 'and it you cracked for eatin' and him not a penny the worse? What become of Vance?" he says. " Well, what's left of him's gone to the Oarsepital." And Porkj" imitated the laugh with which the narrative concluded. He further heard that some on 'um was for arskin' if it was fair play ; and the Card replied in substance that when all the umpires were drunk, errors were apt to creep in. But there seemed to have been a verdict to the effect that Mr. Gunn was entitled to the full advantage of his hard skull. It depended, of course, on how low you butted. Porky also was able to inform me that when the coppers was a-condiictin' of Gunn to the Station, some boys was a-aimin' and one of 'em heaved a bit of broken glast, and it cotched Gunn in the eye. The bo5"S they got away, and Porky's soul rejoiced, not from any malice against their victim, but because they were boys, necessarily in league against all other classes. I kept my own counsel. " Well, I never," said my Mother, after another interview with a Policeman who called during my interview with Porky Owls. I do declare here's Joey will have to go to-morrow as a witness, and he don't even know what a witness is." "I do/' said I, indignantly, "Barclay Perkins is a licensed witness. So's Mr. Shillibeer at the Roebuck." "That's a licensed witt'ler, bless the boy," said my Mother, laughing. "Well, Joey, you'll have to go, and you must mind and tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." " The whole truth about everything^ " I asked. An afiirmative nod from my Mother. I pondered deeply on this, as it seemed JOSEPH VANCE to me what it is the slang nowadays to call a large order -- and later education has confirmed this view. I resolved, however, to tell the truth about everything in the universe, except the broken-bottle incident. I was convinced that revelations on that point would mean that that frightful Sweep would one day catch me and crock me with his thumbnail as easily as he did the insect. Monday morning saw my Mother and myself on our way to a crowded Police-Court, where we were destined to spend the best part of the day waiting for me to be called as a witness. As a very small boy, packed in flush with the lower halves of a stuffy crowd of disreputable grown-ups cannot be expected fifty years later to be very clear about the proceedings, I will say nothing of them until our case is called, and will, so to speak, employ the time we are waiting in explaining one or two points without which my subsequent interview with the magistrate as a witness might be incomprehensible. My Father was a very ill-informed man on religious topics -so much so that he imagined that the phrase ^Hhe Religious so much so that he imagined that the phrase ^Hhe Religious Public" meant Mr. Capstick^s Chapel that my Mother went to on Sundays, and sometimes took me to. He conceived of it as a source of relief for spiritual thirst, as the Roebuck and its like were for material thirst. He was, therefore, ill-qualified to instruct the young. My Mother, backed by Mr. Capstick, had struct the young. My Mother, backed by Mr. Capstick, had endeavoured to supply this defect, perhaps I should rather say Mr. Capstick backed by my Mother. But my capacity for misunderstanding was great or the Reverend Benaiah's instructions understanding was great or the Reverend Benaiah's instructions were liable to misinterpretation. I remember especially how his lessons on early Jewish history lost value owing to a confusion of identities which a person of more insight would have foreseen and provided against. Even now, Moses the Prophet, and Moses and Son the clothiers, do not discriminate themselves with the clearness I should desire at times. My error was found out and corrected. There, I declare now," said my Mother, when I betrayed my misconception, if that child hasnT got 'old of the idear that Moseses is Moses ! " I referred the matter to Porky Owls, who derided me for not knowing the difference. The former, he pointed out, were Jews and would go to Hell; and the latter was an Israelite and would go or had gone to Heaven, being in the Bible. I complimented Porky on his erudition, and he said, ''Yes, Pm a wunner at knowing things, I am!" JOSEPH VANCE IT However, this is a digression from a digression. The Heverend Benaiah Capstick^s strong point was (and it was not an original thought of his own) that insomuch as it was desirable that Grace should abound, and Grace could not abound unless sinners were forthcoming to supply objects of Divine Forgiveness, it was therefore right and fitting that that class of giveness, it was therefore right and fitting that that class of persons should be encouraged to perform their heinous function, and thereby make manifest to Mr. Capstick^s congregation the Merits of the Creator of the Solar System. My Father would remark, when this view was pronounced, that he for one would be very ^appy, only he didn't wish to inconvenience other parties. Mr. Capstick would then point out convenience other parties. Mr. Capstick would then point out that in a case where the interest involved was so great, it was right to sacrifice others, as well as our own self-righteousness. My Father then raised new objections. ^'Wot I can't make out," said he, ^fis this here; -- If a cove goes and sins, in the manner of 4 speaking, to oblige, I'm blowed if I can see where the Merit ^ comes in of forgivin' of him." Mr. Capstick took exception to the manner of speaking, but met this Prussian attack with calmness. ^^My friend," said he, [i'^there are many things you cannot see. Pray for enlightenment! rin the case you suppose we cannot doubt but that the sinner who had the blasphemous presumption to conceive the idea of obliging I the Almighty, would find out his mistake too late, like the foolish Virgins in the parable. Believe me, all his unrighteousness would be but as filthy rags I Sin such as is necessary to the 'existence of Grace, and in accordance with the Divine Purpose, must have its source in the depravity of the human heart." My Father mused a little, and then remarked that he thought he could ackomerdate him at that too. Anyhow, he knew a party as could! I was an attentive listener to the discussion, and accepted it all in such good faith that I really felt a little surprised at Mr. Capstick's not at once asking for the name and prised at Mr. Capstick's not at once asking for the name and address of the party. My memory goes back from recalling as much as I have been able of the above conversation (and, to confess the truth, to having been obliged to fill it out in order that it should be intelli- ing been obliged to fill it out in order that it should be intelligible -- but it is a fair report in the main) to my half-suffocated gible -- but it is a fair report in the main) to my half-suffocated little self in the crowded Police-Court. After long waiting I was able to gather that the next charge on the sheet was against Peter Gunn for Breach of the Peace -- also for being drunk and threatening the Police when apprehended. I couldn't really hear the mechanical recitation of his evidence by the Policeman who 18 JOSEPH VANCE had been first on the spot, but I caught the Magistrate's enquiry at the end. '^You say they quarrelled in a pot-house? Is there anything to show which provoked the fight ? " The answer I half heard seemed to me to be that there wavS nothing to rely on -- ^which really meant that the young lady at the bar was the only credible witness, and that if the Police called her she would discontinue gratuitous supplies to the constable on duty. But there was a boy, Vance's son; mother said stable on duty. But there was a boy, Vance's son; mother said he had a version of the matter pretty pat. Eor I had repeated my tale in full as far as the Hare and Hounds went. Was the boy here? Yes. So the boy found himself confronting the august functionary whom he had usually heard spoken of as "the Beak." I was a little surprised to see no beak in the ordi- i nary sense. But I heard some one say something about the Box, I and thought perhaps the Beak was in the Box, and that the gen- ! tleman at the table meant to put it on later. My Father had fre- I quently dwelt on the incredible queemess of the Starts that | obtained in Law Courts. So I was prepared for anything and | acquiesced. I contemplated the Beak's actual profile until I | found myself (unreasonably, as it struck me) required to kiss a book. I thought, however, I should be equally unreasonable to ' refuse or demur, so I kissed it with a very loud smack to show good-will, and then saw Mr. Gunn in the dock, presenting a ' frightful appearance. His eye was bandaged over with surgical I skill, and his face did not impress me any more favourably because a portion of it had been washed round tlie eye, leaving j cause a portion of it had been washed round tlie eye, leaving j the remainder black with a streaky penumbra between. I shud- i dered and resolved more than ever to be a prevarication, at whatever risk to my soul, so far as my own share in the production : ever risk to my soul, so far as my own share in the production : of this hideous vision went. "He looks a very small boy," said the Magistrate. And the Police-Inspector, who seemed to represent the prosecution, said: " Oh, he's sharp enough. He's nine year old." -- " Eight in i Orgust," said I. -- " Eight I should have said," said the Inspector, I as if it didn't matter. "You speak up, old chap, and tell his I Worship what you saw at the Pot'us." " Moy Father, he ordered quart o' four ale and giv' me some out o' the pot. Then he swallered off the rest, and when he come to the end he says strike me blind, he says, if there ain't a hinseck i in this, here pot. And he totes the hinseck out on the bar and he histes me up by the trousers for to see him. Six legs he had and wings like. And Mr. Peter Gunn he says, ^Crock him,' he says I ; JOSEPH VANCE And moy Father he says, not if he knowed it! And Mr. Peter Gunn he crocks him hisself. And then my Father he fetches Mr. Peter Gunn a smack over the mouth. And there was words, and they went out for to fight, because the loydy in the bar said not in there." Hoes this child know the nature of an oath ? " said the Magistrate. trate. ^'You know where little boys go to that tell fibs?" said the Police-Inspector. Coorse you do! Speak up, my lad. Where will you go to if you don't speak the truth? Bein' on oath, mind you ! " If I tells lies I shall go to Heaven because of the Divine Grace," said I, boldly ; Mr. Capstick says so." The Magistrate. -- " Who's Mr. Capstick ? " Me. -- " Wot keeps the Religious Public in the Orfington Road." The Magistrate. -- " And Mr. Capstick says you go to Heaven for telling lies?" Me. -- That Grace may abound -- the Grace of the Lord." At this point the Inspector had to interpose with some elucidation, for I had picked up Mr. Capstick's pronunciation with his tion, for I had picked up Mr. Capstick's pronunciation with his Divinity. After which I pursued my narrative. And Father he says, ^ That cock won't fight.' After Mr. Capstick had gone, you know," I added; because I didn't want to give the impression that my Father had risen in open rebellion against religious instruction, in addition to his other sins. Magistrate. -- And what did your Mother say ? " Me. -- Said I was best in bed. And then when I was a-gittin' orf my trousers, I heard Father say that cock wouldn't fight. Sim'lar I heard him say Mr. Capstick was a complicated beggar to hargue, and Mother she said tell truth and shame the Devil! But Mr. Capstick is a good and blessed gentleman, she says, and such we ought to pray for." A boy that thinks he will go to Heaven for telling lies is not much use as a witness, however sharp he is. Take away the boy." Thus the magistrate, and I was taken away and felt disgraced. " His Father is, you say, in a bad way in the Infirmary ? " I think the Inspector or the Clerk of the Court handed in a medical report, and the Magistrate said " Hm ! " and my Mother said Oh law ! oh gracious ! " and showed symptoms of hysterics. And somebody said, ^^Silence in the Court! -- Take the woman out if she can't be quiet." Then there was some more discussion, in which I think I heard the prisoner's voice, for it was a squeaky voice, when it came out, like a costermonger's that misses fire as JOSEPH VANCE often as not -- so it was easily recognizable. His platform, as we should say nowadays, seemed to be a justification of butting. Great interest was shown by a husky male public. Then silence was called, and the Magistrate got his turn again. This court,'^ he said, " is not a court for the decision of questions of prizefighting. If one man is killed in a fight, fair or foul, the other fighting. If one man is killed in a fight, fair or foul, the other will have to take his trial for manslaughter. Provocation might be an extenuating circumstance. In this case there is no evidence to show which began it. Boy^s evidence can't be accepted. Gunn will have to go to gaol unless he can find sureties. cepted. Gunn will have to go to gaol unless he can find sureties. Next case ! What's the next charge, Mr. Bottle ? " I need hardly say that I have had to reconstruct the Magistrate's remarks from later experience. In this last speech, though trate's remarks from later experience. In this last speech, though I carried away the meaning, the only words I could swear to (now that I fully understood the nature of an oath) are sureties and Bottle, and in respect of the latter I disbelieve my own evidence. I don't believe that Clerk of that (or any) court was named Bottle, nor that Inspector. But sureties I got all right as far as the sound went; only I misspelt it mentally and shuddered with dread lest I should be one of the shorties Mr. Gunn dered with dread lest I should be one of the shorties Mr. Gunn would find. So I was very glad when my Mother said we would go away, and perhaps if I was good they would allow me in at the Infirmary to see Father! I suppose I was good, as they allowed us both in at the Infirmary on the following Wednesday. It wasn't a comfortable firmary on the following Wednesday. It wasn't a comfortable [visit, as an evil-minded nurse with a squint impended over us all the time, and egged us on to completion of our interview almost before we had begun it. ''You'll have to look sharp," she said, "the Doctor's coming." But when she said, -- "You must clear out now. Time's up," -- ^no Doctor had appeared. I didn't believe in that Doctor. My Father didn't seem to be at liberty to move, but his eyes turned round. " Is that the young nipper ? " -- ^he said, and then added, -- "I'm a-goin' to be even with that there bloody Sweep, I am." I repeat my regret for having to record this expression; but I cannot help recollecting it. " Perhaps the Beak will have him hanged," said I. I was not informed about the course of Justice in England, and my Father corrected me. " He's only 'arf a Beak what you seen. He can't only send for S;rial -- and then only for manslaughter. And even for that I ehould have to die first, and then I shouldn't live to see him convicted. Onfair and onjust, 1 say I" JOSEPH VANCE " But his eye is spiled, Father,^^ said 1. ''But I didnH spile it,'' said my Father. If I had not felt that the evil nurse would overhear and tell the Sweep, I really think I should have confessed up. However, I decided against doing so, as before, and launched into another topic. " I say. Father! Mother says we ought to love our enemies." My Mother murmured confirmation, but added that that young Turk (myself) had said, -- " Catch me at it! "# My Father laughed, and the evil nurse cut in with, -- " The patient is not to laugh." So he stifled the laugh, and became black in the face. When he recovered he said, " On what accounts did you say that, hay ? " and I replied that I would love them fast enough if they would love me. And my Mother said, "But then, dear Joey, there wouldn't be no enemies, and where should we be then ? " My Father said, "That would never do!" and added that we was a-gettin' on to one of Mr. Capstick's Complicated Mixtures; by which he meant that we were getting involved in delicate questions of casuistry. tions of casuistry. " Not but what I could find it in my 'art to forgive that bloody Sweep," he went on, "but if you come to considerin' of the conduct of the party what put that brick hedgewise up to ketch me in the small of the back, and it's wery sure that you may fall and fall a hundred times and none the worse, and no motive but sheer unquorlified malice, and a i)erfect stranger." My Father forgot that he had begun a sentence, or saw no waj to a grammatical exit from it. So he stopped short and merely said " Damn him ! " My Mother suggested the possibility of undesigned accident and he replied, " Accident be damned ! " and designed accident and he replied, " Accident be damned ! " and the evil nurse cut in again with " That patient is not to get excited and take his hands out of bed," and after a minute or two came and routed us, as well as one or two other visitors, and drove us forth with contumely, refusing information about the probabilities of the case. " Can't say yet awhile," was all we got. " Thank you. Ma'am," said my Mother -- so meekly that the evil nurse relented and made the concession of saying, "/ shouldn't be in a fuss about him, if I was you." There was a vague implication in this (as in the remarks of the wooden -legged man) that my Father, owing to his being such a mauvais-sujet, had special powers of surviving spinal concussion. Their forecast was certainly right, for in about three sion. Their forecast was certainly right, for in about three weeks he was fit to be moved -- or at least was moved, and escaped little if any the worse. CHAPTER in OP joe's father's convalescence, and of his connection with a BENEFIT CLUB. OF JOE's EIGHTH BIRTHDAY, AND OF HOW A VERY UTTLE MAN SOLD HIS FATHER A SIGNBOARD. Owing to my Mother's care and foresight the financial strain resulting from my Father's being thrown so long out of work waa not so bad as it might have been. She had persuaded him to become a member of the Workman's Benefit Club two years before, come a member of the Workman's Benefit Club two years before, and he had paid twelve monthly subscriptions. But throughout the year he proclaimed his intention of stopping the subscription unless some accident happened to enable him to reap the tion unless some accident happened to enable him to reap the fruits of his self-sacrifice. No one could make him understand that there was any sanguinary use (as he required that there should be) in paying the price of so many quarts of ale and not getting a stiver back for it. I asked him what a stiver was, and he said, Never see one, so I can't say." When the twelfth subscription had been paid, and no stiver came (to my regret, as I wished to know about it), my Father told my Mother she might go on payin' of it if she liked. She did not like, but she did it, out of the scanty proceeds of her trade, announced in the window as Pinking done here," as if she had been a sort of professional duellist. And when my Father came to grief, she applied for a weekly payment as stipulated in the Rules of the Society. I believe that there was dissension in that Society on the question whether Vance was entitled to this. A Peace-Party appeared tion whether Vance was entitled to this. A Peace-Party appeared within its ranks, and its Members would have been branded as Sentimentalists, Doctrinaires, and Faddists had the Society been acquainted with those terms. But my impression is that they have enriched our vocabulary only recently. I may be mistaken in this, but it is certain that no expression stronger than bloody sneaks ever reached my ears. The view of the Sneaks was that my Father's mishap did not come within the meaning of the Society's Rules as an accident, and that he was entitled to nothing. The opposite, or War-Party, consisting of the majority of the unofficial members, rose as one man and denounced this JOSEPH VANCE as view. It supposed that the Peace-Party was a-goin^ to put an end to all fightin' next. The fact that my Father was in liquor at the time of the fight also procured him a good deal of sympathy -- so much so that the eight shillings a week he received was prolonged (to spite the Peace-Party) a good deal beyond the appointed limit. I gathered these points from my Mother's conversation. ''And generous and right I call it," she continued, "of the Society to break through its rules for Vance, he having to a very great extent called the members language. But his 'art is that good, language may be overlooked. But I do admit, Ma'am, if you ask me, that I do not think, strictly speaking, that Vance was entitled; though thankful, I need hardly say." The reply of Mrs. Packles was at some length, but was absolutely unintelligible to me from beginning to end. My Mother's lutely unintelligible to me from beginning to end. My Mother's rejoinder made it clear that Mrs. P. had made some apology for the Peace-Party or Sneaks. "Yes, Ma'am," she said, "excusable if not animated by personal motives. But with such can we wonder if Derision is pro- sonal motives. But with such can we wonder if Derision is provoked and the offendin' Members is accosted in the street with voked and the offendin' Members is accosted in the street with application for a tract?" -- For it appeared that the War-Party would touch its hat with affected humility to the Peace-Party, and apply for the donation of a tract, as my Mother said. Of course even with this windfall my parents were very hard up. My Father ate more than his share of breakfast and dinner, as an invalid who required feeding up; and enjoyed his convalescence amazingly. He seemed to take kindly to doing nothing at lescence amazingly. He seemed to take kindly to doing nothing at other people's expense, and spent a pleasant two months or more on his back, devising means of being even with Peter Gunn. Then the Doctor of the Society suggested the view that he wouldn't recover the use of his legs until his allowance was stopped. "Maybe you're right, Mister," said my Father, candidly, "but you w'on't be for stopping for a month yet. Make it a month." The Society made it a month, and the patient, as soon as he had obtained a pledge to that effect, took up his bed metaphorically and walked. His pins were rather dot and go one, he said, cally and walked. His pins were rather dot and go one, he said, but he looked forward with confidence to being even with the Sweep. In the meantime, the Society's allowance lapsing at the end of the month, it became imperative to my Father to git on a job. But while professing feverish anxiety for work (for its own sake, quite irrespective of salary), what he represented as an hereditary JOSEPH VANCE instinct of caution prompted him to delay accepting any one of the numerous offers which he suggested were showered upon him. "I ain^t a-goin' to jump down any of their throats/^ he saicL '' My Father wam't the man to throw hisself away, and your Father, Joey, he takes after him." I had some difficulty in analyzing this, which seemed to me rather like a Complicated Mixture of Mr. Capstick. I did it, however, with the result that I could not reconcile the image it gave me of my Grandfather persecuted with applications for his services, and my Father's report of him at other times. " Drove the same cab he did, all his life," he would say, and wery nearly the same prad." I had to rest contented with a mixed impression of my ancestor, and to accept as a family trait the calmness with which my Father spent his days smoking and so forth while my Mother plied her industrious scissors at the mystery of Pinking. A very small store of cash at a Gothic Savings Bank standing back in a garden in the Orpington Road helped out our small resources at this time, or I don't precisely know what we should have fed on. My Father, however, did not (it appeared later) spend this interval of idleness entirely in hatching schemes for being even with the Sweep. He apparently thought seriously over the advantages which the Employer has over the Employed, and cast about in his mind for the best means of becoming one himself. self. My first information to this effect reached me one fine summer evening in August, which I remember the more vividly because it was my birthday and I was eight, and my Father had given me a boxwood peg-top and my Mother a new pair of socks she diad made herself. This day had been a fine day and no mistake -- so the popular verdict said. There seems too often in these days to be a mistake, and we feel chilly and grown old. " J ust to think of the young nipper having turned eight ! " said he. " We shall be a-havin' of him eighty next." This seemed so illogical that I felt bound to say something in defence of the intervening seventy-two years. ''Well, anywise, what 'll you be next year ? " -- " Nine," said I. -- " Very well, then," said my Father, " we'll let it go at that, and when next year comes it 'll be time enough to bust our bilers over it." I accepted this as a compromise. But I thought it very unfair of my Father to add, "You see, I wasn't so very far wrong after alL" I was, however, prevented from returning to the charge JOSEPH VANCE by the appearance of a very little man indeed, who was pushing a truck and who stopped outside our gate. "I suppose, Guv'nor,^^ said he to my Father, ''you couldn't oblige me with a scrop o' wire to wire out the hile out of my pipe. The drorin' of it is stopped." My Father made no remark, but went into the house. " I knowed you was an obligin' Guv'nor," said the little man. My Father returned with a hairpin of my Mother's. "You can have that," he said, " subject to bendin' of it back and wipin' clean after use." The terms were accepted, and I watched the cleaning of the pipe with great interest. It was so short a pipe that it was cleaned without straightening the hairpin. The little man wiped the latter on his neckcloth, and handed it back to my Father. "With many thanks to yourself, Guv'nor," said he. "It's wery seldom I find myself without a piece of wire, and I felt quite at sea like." This was the first time I had heard that expression; so my mind was immediately on the alert to enquire as to the connection between naval matters and shortness of wire supply. " You might run your eye through my stork-in-trade," said the little man. So my Father and I crossed over the very wide margin of pathway with a four-foot stone pavement along the middle and stood under the battered remains of what was once an elm tree in a country road, and ran our eye through the stock-in-trade. It consisted chiefly of old ironware, tools, screwdrivers and chisels, hammers and gimlets, and bradawls, but each one of a different age, size, and seeming: of pincers that didn't open far enough; of pliers of which the side nipper was worn out; of footrules that had come apart at the hinge and been unprofessionally rules that had come apart at the hinge and been unprofessionally repaired; of a substantial box-screw with a cross-lever loose through a hole in the bulb at the top; of a beautiful stoppered bottle richly engraved with a label describing something which I presume no one ever wanted to bottle, or this one could never have fallen so low; of an accordion -- and so forth, through a long list of second-hand, third-hand, fourth-hand things, all more or less past service, except things, by nature invulnerable, as pincers or the box-screw above mentioned. " Licensed 'Awker," said the little man, replying to an enquiry of my Father's as to how his trade should be accurately described. "But some, they prefer to call me an Itinerant Marine Store Dealer; some, a General 'Ardware. It's all how you look at it! JOSEPH VANCE And you'd be surprised what a good trade it is! O' coorse you has to know how to do it, or where would you be in no time?" He went on to indicate some of the secrets of success. It appeared that so long as he made a parade of his unwillingness to sell, representing himself as an eccentric person who had a strange taste for wheeling a barrow of rather useless articles about the streets, quite independently of mercenary considerations, he was always sure to find a customer. tions, he was always sure to find a customer. " Just you rub it in to them that you don't want to sell a gimlet or a turnscrew, and that gimlet or that turnscrew they'll want let or a turnscrew, and that gimlet or that turnscrew they'll want to buy. New things, o' coorse, is another rule altogether! Where would ever be the use of puttin' a couple o' gross o' bran'-new chisels in a winder, and standin' 'ollerin' at the shop door that you didn't want to sell 'em? You'd only give the public a distaste. Sim'lar, when I sees a lot I want to purchase cheap, I taste. Sim'lar, when I sees a lot I want to purchase cheap, I says, ^ Sorry I didn't come by your way yesterday,' I says, ' afore I'd bought a reg'lar small cart-load of that wery sort which I shan't trade ofi in a hurry.' WTiy, they'll come runnin' down the street after me a'most offering of me a drink for to take the goods off their hands for nothing." You'll never sell that now. I'll wager," said my Father, touching a piece of board with some writing on it. ing a piece of board with some writing on it. The little man had his pipe in his mouth while talking, and as his voice was very inaudible (though nothing to Mrs. Packleses) when his pipe was admitted through a defective tooth-space on the left, and only became clear when he shifted it to the right, his speech had come in gusts, like linnets in the pauses of the wind. He took the pipe out altogether now to gain emphasis for a sweeping repudiation. Never -- sell -- that!" said he. And the orfers I've had for it ! Why, only look at it ! " '^This here young chap's a scollard," said my Father, ^'and he'll read us off what's wrote on that there board with a'most any man in England." I didn't understand my Father's motive for pretending he couldn't read it himself (which I knew he could), but I felt proud of being as it were pitted against the University, and conscientiously read as follows: Dance, Builder. Kepairs. Drains tiously read as follows: Dance, Builder. Kepairs. Drains promptly attended to." Promptly puzzled me a little, but my interpretation passed muster. terpretation passed muster. ''Now if you've had orfers, why didn't you sell this here board ? " said my Father. He . -- " Cos none of 'em come to a half-a-crown." JOSEPH VANCE have gone to half-a-crown myself," said my Father, there'd a been a little more on it." He, -- "Why, what more do you want?" My Father . -- " If there'd been Wan-Proprietor on it, Fd have took it off you myself for half-a-crown." He . -- "I don't see any Wans." Father . -- " This ain't the only place in the world. The Wans is elsewhere. I could have made shift to write in a new name, and it would have come in 'andy " He. -- "It's a pity, 'cos we might have done a trade over it. But a party by name C. Davis having offered eighteenpence on the grounds of easily altering of the name, I should be blamed by my missus if I took less than half-a-crown." F . -- " It wouldn't be not to say any good to me without WanProprietor, or I might have gone to one and nine. But without Proprietor, or I might have gone to one and nine. But without Wan-Proprietor I couldn't pass a shilling." I did not then understand the value of the dramatic fictions with which the bargainer in all countries adorns, disguises, or accounts for his motives. So I was taken aback at the little man suddenly saying, "Make it fifteenx)ence," and my Father producing that sum. Where he can have got it I can't tell -- but he ducing that sum. Where he can have got it I can't tell -- but he handed it to the little man and received the board in exchange. Its vendor seemed to wish to place his own conduct on a logical footing, for he said as he prepared to resume his march, " Coorse it's always pleasant to oblige an obliging Guv'nor ; and as for C. Davis wot I spoke of, he's only a chap that comes from 'Ackney on Saturdays and squints." Did he, I asked myself, go back to Hackney on Saturday when he had squinted? But I grappled in vain with the problems suggested, and gave them up in despair. Besides, I had to puzzle gested, and gave them up in despair. Besides, I had to puzzle out why my Father had purchased this board, and what earthly use it could be to him? It may seem odd that I did not at once observe the resemblance between C. Dance and C. Vance (my Father's name was Christopher). I suppose that my own name presented itself to me not topher). I suppose that my own name presented itself to me not as a mere sound or collection of letters, but a mysterious entity having qualities of its own distinguishing it from all other created things. Others have told me the same; and my belief is that most people have the same experience of the aspect of their names. Anyhow, the possibility of altering Dance to Vance, by changing the first letter, came to me as a new light when my Father, having given my Mother a great shock by announcing his extravagance, pointed it out to her. JOSEPH VANCE ** I was thinking," said he, of putting up some sort of a notice-board, and this here will look like an old-established goin' concern." My Mother replied by expressing a hope that the venture might prove Providential, under the blessing of God, but she could not refrain from adding, But oh, my dear V ance, one shillin' and threepence ! " "Two tizzies and one thrup'ny bit," said my Father, unfeelingly; "and I say, Joey, Sir, who's that boy^s father wot you got ingly; "and I say, Joey, Sir, who's that boy^s father wot you got 1 such a basting about ? " As there had been one or two bastings consequent on boys, I thought a minute and said, "Wot? that one that we shoved a 'ap'ny cracker in the old Bloke's letter-box and then giv' a postman's knock, and the nurse went into Hixterics?" -- "No, no," said my Father, "long afore that -- ^him what terics?" -- "No, no," said my Father, "long afore that -- ^him what got his father's colour-toobs and done you Vermilion and hisself Booshian Blue." "Oh," said I, "of course thaPs Gummy Harbuttle -- Father's name W. Harbuttle, Sign-writer-and-decorated-shop-fronts-completed-at-the-shortest-notice." All which I delivered rapidly as pleted-at-the-shortest-notice." All which I delivered rapidly as the true and proper designation of Mr. Harbuttle. "Wery good, then. Bound we goes to-morrow morning to Mr. Parbuckle and we'll see if he won't make good this here error in this here signboard." For my Father thenceforward treated the letter he proposed to correct as an erratum due to the ignorance of the original composer. Next morning round we went. My Father persisted in speaking of Mr. Parbuckle till we got to the shop, when he grudgingly ing of Mr. Parbuckle till we got to the shop, when he grudgingly admitted that he supposed the beggar's version of his own name was right. He gave no particular account of the provenance of the signboard, merely suggesting rather than affirming that it was done wrong at the first go-off and hadn't never been of any " use to him. Which was perfectly correct if intended as an indictment of Providence, but required for perfect truth the addi- dictment of Providence, but required for perfect truth the additional statement that it had only been done wrong for my Father tional statement that it had only been done wrong for my Father because it had been done right for Mr. C. Dance (whoever he was) who had to pay for it. Gummy Harbuttle, the son of the house, was in the shop stirring paint through a strainer. He and I acknowledged each other ring paint through a strainer. He and I acknowledged each other distantly, in the manner of boys when parents are to the fore. Mr. Harbuttle senior was having a bit of breakfast, and I hope acted on my Father's intimation that there was no 'urry. He presently appeared, wiping the white lead on his apron into the rear-guard of the disappearing bit of breakfast, and endangering his constitution. JOSEPH YANCE I think he must have suspected something deceptious in the alteration of the letter, in spite of my Father's semi-explanation; for he entered into the job with the enthusiasm of an Italian forger of an Old Master. I see," said he, you want it all alike all over, like as if it was all done by the same hand. I'll do it so you'll never know it wasn't -- cracks and all. Cost you a shillin'. Couldn't do it for less. You see, there's a little bit of glidin'." The question of style had to be considered. -- ^'You couldn't call it Gothic lettering, now could you ? " said Mr. Harbuttle. *^Nor yet it ain't exactly Roman." My Father replied that he was not a dab at this sort of thing, while on the other hand Mr. Harbuttle was an acknowledged dab. He would therefore leave it to Mr. H. to gammon the sorts together in his own way, which is what I suppose would be described as an Eclectic treatment. Mr. Harbuttle said if my Father sent his boy with a ment. Mr. Harbuttle said if my Father sent his boy with a shillin' on Monday s'ennight he would find the job done and dry. It would want all that time to dry. My Father said he would; and I thought what fun it would be carrying that signboard through the public streets all by myself. But I wasn't allowed to go alone. My Father came too as a protection, and I had to console myself with carrying it on my head at intervals. CHAPTER IV A SHORT CHAPTER, BUT THEN IT IS THE THIN END OP A BIO WEDGE. FOB IT TELLS HOW MR. VANCE GOT HIS FIRST BUILDING JOB. My Mother soon became convinced that my Father's investment of two and threepence was not altogether so mad a one ment of two and threepence was not altogether so mad a one as it had at first seemed. "Pm sure," she said, '^one never would have thought it! It do look exactly as if it had been there since Doomsday." This was merely a slip of her tongue as she and Mr. Capstick knew all about Doomsday. " And I will say the effect that board has on the passing spectator is Electrical." My Mother went on to quote a convincing instance. " Why, there was the Dust, only the other day, stopped ringin' of his bell and says, to think that there board should have been there all those years and him never seen it ! " My Mother evidently thought that to stop a Dustman ringing his bell was like damming Niagara. There came another convincing proof of the Electrical effect of the board within a fortnight of its being attached to the wall of our cottage. My Mother, as I have mentioned, had for a long time been a depositor of small sums in the Savings Bank I have described as Gothic; I am not sure though that that is the correct way of classifying it; Mr. Harbuttle would have known. Perhaps I should have said Rustic, perhaps Swiss. Anyhow, it had latticed windows and a high-pitched roof, and a good deal of external woodwork, and a small porch covered with honeysuckle, -- and altogether looked like a place for a virtuous heroine to be persecuted in. It is gone now, and I cannot correct my impressions. secuted in. It is gone now, and I cannot correct my impressions. Besides, it doesn't matter in the least what it was like. What we have to do with is the elderly middle-aged gentleman who used to attend to the business on the second Monday in every month. He did this service gratuitously; alternating attendance with another gentleman on each fourth Monday who was not such a favourite with the customers as his coadjutor, because he didn't let them talk, and confined himself brutally to business. On the other hand, Dr. Rafidall Thorpe not only accepted, as necessary JOSEPH VANCE to Banking Transactions, family details of the reasons for withdrawing deposits, but used to fudge the accounts to the credit of drawing deposits, but used to fudge the accounts to the credit of the latter, and make good deficits out of his own pocket in what he considered deserving cases. My Mother returned from the Savings Bank one evening bursting with the importance of her news Only to think, Vance," she said, 'T)r. Thorpe, he ackchly took notice!" -Took notice of what ? " said my Father. Took notice of what ? " said my Father. But my Mother was not the woman to do injustice to important news by informal or premature disclosure. So she said, " Now just you have half-a-minute^s patience till my shawl and bonnet^s off, and then I^U get you and Joey your Teas. I see the kettle^s on the bile, and I'm glad you had the sense to it." My Father remarked, while we had the haK-minute's patience, which had to be distributed over eight, that my Mother was just like 'em. I asked like whom, and my Father said females. This seemed a suggestion that my Mother had a sex to herself, and I felt inclined to pursue the subject. But my Mother returned and said, "Now, Joey, you be a good boy and 'and me out the tea-things." I did so out of the deep cupboard near the window, that had a semi-circular back to it and a round top which absorbed half the available corner-space. When all arrangements sorbed half the available corner-space. When all arrangements were complete, my Mother re-broached the interesting topic. " Well," she said, " I do like that ! Saying what, and pretending not to know. Why, of course, C. Vance, Builder. Repairs. ing not to know. Why, of course, C. Vance, Builder. Repairs. Drainage promptly attended to." " What did he say then ? Spit it out. Missus." I must explain that my Father would sometimes assume a manner, difficult to describe, but which went a long way to make it possible to say offensive things without giving offence. It was jocular and semibacchanalian, and conveyed an impression that the speaker was bacchanalian, and conveyed an impression that the speaker was too lazy and good-humoured to take the trouble not to speak slightly through the nose, or to use any sibilant except z. I fear this doesn't make it any plainer -- and I shall have to be content with recording that my Mother showed no resentment at being told to spit it out, but merely said, " Go along ! Spit it out, indeed ! " and then gave the substance of her communication. " Dr. Thorpe he says first, ^ What I -- another dror' out ! ' -- ^he says. And I says, 'Yes, Doctor, and myself sorrowful-like to have to. But my man's allowance from the sick-fund coming to an end, and the boy to feed, disposes of one's savings gradual and not noticeable.' -- ' So it does, Mrs. Vance,' says he. ' But you're richer than you think by five shillings according to the books JOSEPH VANCE this week, so we won^t begin to cry till next week/ -- ^ You're truly kind. Doctor,' says I, and then he says, * By the bye, your name must be a name in these parts 'cos I see it on a board in a 'ouse in a sort of stand-back off the High Koad/ -- ^ That's our house. Doctor,' says I, ' and we call the bit in front the garden.' -- ^ Well, then,' says he, 'your husband does buildin' jobs.' And I says, ' Yes/ And he says, ' They was enquiring at the 'ouse for some one to see to the nursery chimney, likewise the drains in the basement; and I can't promise the job to Mr. Vance, but if he comes round to-morrow morning at nine, and don't find anything to do. I'll give him a couple of shillings to cover expenses.' And then he giv' me his card, and here it is ! " My Father took the card, looked at it, and buttoned it into a pocket. He was evidently inflated with gratification, but too proud to allow it, and he took this method of showing a slight self-assertion for the better preservation of a fiction about male authority. A few moments passed of complacent silence on his part, mixed with reluctance to concede approval to a female. But my Mother, having said her say, was not going to give way to this little bit of husbandly discipline-mongering. -- Of course she beat, and my Father had to speak. "You ain't sendin' me my tea," he said. "'Cos you never asked for it! Don't you slop it over now, Joey ! " My Father took his time over his tea and came for more. Then he said, as one to whom an abstract truth occurs, unconnected with any subject under discussion, "Females is sometimes wrong, Joey." " What about. Daddy ? " said I. "Females is sometimes wrong about signboards which their husbands places in front of their 'ouses, on the left-'and side of the door." He adhered in manner to the suggestion that he was merely pointing a moral for the benefit of humanity, without special reference to any recent incident. "Well, there, I declare now, Vance!" struck in my Mother, good-humouredly, " you'll never be done chaffin' me about that! -- And all I said was two and threepence was a lot of money ! " " I know a boy," said I, irrelevantly, " wot chucked for coppers and won two and ninepence." Neither of my parents seemed to think this boy a desirable topic; but whether it was on that account, or because he had nothing whatever to do with the mat* ter in hand, they both said, "Shut up, Joey!" I don't know. JOSEPH VANCE "But seriously now, as the sayin' is, Vance dear," my jiJother went on, " what do you know about buildin' ? " My Father picked up his empty pipe from the tea-tray, where it had lain since he began his tea, tapped the ashes carefully out on a clean bit of the deal table, blew through it, filled it, lighted it, and settled down to a comfortable smoke. "What was you a-askin' of me ? " said he. " What do you know about buildin' ? " said my Mother, changing only an accent in her question. ing only an accent in her question. " Nothin' whatever," said my Father. " And, my gracious me," cried my Mother, in great concern, " there you've gone and advertised as such ! Well, I never ! And it's Builder wrote up clear and unmistakable." " That's the p'int, my dear," said my Father. " That's the whole p'int! Builders knows nothing about Buildin'." " Your Father he's talkin' that nonsensical, Joey, that you best come and help me clear away tea." My Father finished his pipe while the tea-things disappeared. He then took me on his knee and proceeded to enlighten me on the subject in hand. He excluded my Mother from participation, and addressed himself solely to me. " That's just precisely the whole pfint, Joseph, my son," he said. Builders knows nothin' about Buildin'. Other people knows somethin , if they don't know much, but Builders they knows abso-lootly nothin' I " so-lootly nothin' I " "Does Mr. Capstick know anything about Buildin'?" said I. "Mis-ter Capstick! Why, he ain't a tradesman at all! O' coorse I'm speakin' of tradesmen. Mr. Capstick's a sort o' second'and clergyman, and they don't know nothin' at all about anything. My meanin' is clear! WTien a man's a Carpenter he mostly knows a little about Carpenterin'. When he's a Jiner, sim'lar. When a Bricklayer, Plasterer, Paper 'Anger, Painter, or Glazier, the same 'olds good of any tradesman. But when he's a Builder he knows nothing, and no need to neither. He ain't called on to Carpenter and Jine, nor yet if he don't know a Bat from a Closure it's no account, nor if he knew no more of Paperhanging than how to fold back it wouldn't hurt him. He'd never want to touch a paste-brush." " But you know," said my Mother, " you must know something' about it, or you couldn't poll-parrot to" that degree." "Well, my dear," said my Father, mollified, lapsing from his didactic to his jocular manner, "coorse a man can't ketch others out for knowin' nothin' unless he knows something hisself. BeJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE sides/^ he added, with still further concession, Fve been a ^andy man time and again, at an odd trade or two. Joey and meTl go over to this here Dr. Thorpusses, Popular Wilier, to-morrow momin' at nine precisely." This was said in an incisive manner, to give a favourable impression of the promptitude with which drains were going to be pression of the promptitude with which drains were going to be attended to. CHAPTER V OP joe's very first visit to poplar villa, op its drains and their STENCH, of how JOE SAW HIS FIRST REAL YOUNG LADY AT HOME. HOW SHE KISSED JOE, AND JOE LIKED IT. OP A PEAR TREE THAT LIVED THENCEFORWARD IN JOE's MEMORY. OF HIS RETURN HOME. We started for Dr. Thorpe's the next morning early. My Father mispronoimced his name in several different ways in the course of our conversation on the road, and I need hardly add that his motive in doing this was to express contempt for his fellow creatures generally, by utilizing a particular sample as an object of contumely Thorpe is rather a difficult name to mispronounce, and I fancy he resented this, and it made him more pronounce, and I fancy he resented this, and it made him more determined to succeed in discovering a successful distortion. ^^Has he a railway-lamp over the door?" said I. This here Dr. Thrupp," said he. May be yes, may be no ! It's accordin'." Has he two whopping big bottles of blue and red medicine in the winder ? " I further asked. I was thinking of the shop Mr. Gunn had been taken into to have his eye adjusted. ^'Who? Dr. Crupp or whatever his name is? He ain't got a shop. It's a Wilier. What's a Wilier? It's a 'ouse with a stables for a one-'orse-shay, and a green'us and a gardener and some scarlet geeraniums! And what's geeraniums? Well -- geeraniums is what they sells on the barrers. And what's a green'us? ums is what they sells on the barrers. And what's a green'us? Well, it's glass, and there's a grapewine in it, and it's where they shoves the garden pump away when not in use, -- which is mighty seldom, as it's always out of order. And that's enough for any young nipper to know at one go-off." I was greedy of knowledge, and resented these small instalments. But I accepted my Father's broad hint, and was silent. ments. But I accepted my Father's broad hint, and was silent. Nevertheless, my mind was seriously exercised by the enquiry why people should harbour garden-pumps that were always out of order. Could no remedy be found for such an unsatisfactory state of things? After about a mile of road I thought I had done my duty by silence, and reopened the subject. ''It isn't only garden-pumps," said my Father. " All pumps is alike. Always JOSEPH VANCE out of order they are! They all goes out of order if you stop pumpin' for 'arf-an-hour." " Then you have to keep on pumping," said 1. That's about it," said my Father. I need not say I felt rather unhappy at this, as it seemed to consign so many slaves to the pump-handle for life. But v^e were just arriving at Dr. Thorpe's. " Let's see ! " said my Father, " what did your Mother say this here Doctor's name was?" ''You've got his card in your weskit pocket, buttoned in," said I. " Coorse I have! Sharp nipper!" And my Father got out the card. He gave a very slight snort and nod of disparagement, as if he had identified Dr. Thorpe as a public character of opposite politics. And this brought us to the gate of Poplar Villa. " Now which of these gates do they expect us to go in at? " said my Father. For Poplar Villa had two, one to let carriages into the semicircular gravel road in front of the house, the other to let them out. " If we'd 'a' drove here in our own broom, I should 'a' said the left, so as to git out on the left after the coachman 'd rang the bell at the top of all them steps. But bein' as it were out already, we may go in orposite to the carriage company, and ring the side bell." Which we did, with the result that we were asked by a young lady with a cap and a clean print dress with large round brown spots all over it whether we were the man for the drains. As we were, or were at any rate the man and boy, we entered, on condition that the boy wiped his feet, which he forthwith did much longer than was necessary, from a sense of duty, -- and to rise to the occasion. A good many things then occurred outside the range of my experience. It transpired that the Master was in his study and mustn't be worrited; but that a lady whose name I didn't catch would attend shortly to give directions. This was confirmed by a real young lady (I had never seen one at home before) who said from the end of a passage that Aunt would come in a minute. I wondered whether all young ladies at home were beings as glorious and enthralling as this one, and thought how jolly it must be if they were. She seemed about fifteen, and had her apron or skirt full of apples or pears. I found after they were early pears, and that they were being stewed. I have since smelt stewing pears, and the smell always brings back this young lady passing through a streak of morning sun that got in at the edge of the yellow blind behind her. If I had been older I should have JOSEPH VANCE fallen desperately in love, but I was too young to know how to do that; so I did the nearest approach to it that I was capable of, which consisted mainly of substituting expectation of her next appearance for every other possible anticipation in life. I forgot discomfort about the imperfections of pumps. My feeling was one of thirst for a second dose of a girl standing in a sun-glint at the end of a passage, mixed with self-gratulation of having found anything so jolly to tell Mother about. I was roused to mundane events by the rustle of important skirts descending the stairs. They were on an elderly lady of what I have since learned to call a genteel appearance. She was silver-grey all over -- perhaps her dress was an Irish Poplin -- and she had a pince-nez, through which she looked at my Father as if he were a thousand miles off (though we were really quite close) and said (exactly as though he couldnT hear her), " Is this the man?" and then, when satisfied on this point, "Is this the man's boy?" meaning me. The impression I had of this interview (so far as I could be said to receive any impression after the collision of my perceptions with the vision at the end of the passage) was that this ceptions with the vision at the end of the passage) was that this excellent lady never addressed my Father all the time, but spoke of him to space as " the Man," and he for his part replied direct. His answers without her questions will give the whole substance of the dialogue. " Certainly, Marm ! Any Bricklayin' work. Carpenterin', Plumbin', and Glazin'. Any work connected with the Buildin' Trades I in', and Glazin'. Any work connected with the Buildin' Trades I undertake to execute to your entire satisfaction." " Touchin' charges, Marm, and replying to your enquiry, my charges is always strictly according to work done, time and materials. And I should look forward 'opefully to submittin' an account to your entire satisfaction." If any reference required, on account of steadiness and sobriety, our Minister, the Rev. Benaiah Capstick, would I am sure be to your entire satisfaction." "But in these respects all the years I've been in the Buildin' line, I have had the good fortune always to give my Employers Entire Satisfaction." In a certain sense this was true, as there had been no Employers. I was recovering (by the time my Father reached this verse of the Litany above quoted) from the effects of the young lady, and I resolved to tackle my Father on the point at the next opportunity. At the risk of getting involved in a complicated paixture of Mr. Capstick's I decided to try and find out whether JOSEPH VANCE the entire satisfaction of a non-existent Employer with the drink and strong language of a person he was by nature unqualified to employ, was really any better a testimonial to virtue than hi" entire dissatisfaction would have been had he had the misfortune to exist. tune to exist. The silver-grey lady decided, and mentioned to the Universe, that the Man appeared steady and sober. It then eventuated that the Man went up into " the Nursery " to look at the bricks in the chimney which were alleged to be making it smoke. This was a mere lever-de-rideau -- the principal stage business of the day being an examination of the Drains under the guidance of Dr. Thorpe; who I already foresaw, by some mysterious instinct, would be grossly ignorant on the subject, and but as wax stinct, would be grossly ignorant on the subject, and but as wax in my Father's hands. I remained downstairs in what I began to realize was *'the Pantry," standing first on one of The Boy's legs and then on the other, till I was overwhelmed by the frightful suddenness of the reappearance of the young lady, -- ^her very self, hair and all! And it was such pretty hair -- only the lock on her forehead on the left side would get loose and drop over her very long eyelashes. And then it evidently tickled and had to be put back. lashes. And then it evidently tickled and had to be put back. She didn't seem the least embarrassed with her own existence or mine. But she appeared to be obsessed by a very minute child of about two, who required to be kept in check continually, or his original sinfulness got the better of him. His name was revealed as Joey, which struck me then as very curious, seeing that I was Joey! It really wasn't curious, as I have seen since, bi4^ suppose Joeys happened to be scarce in our circle. He was a chubby littlii boy with very pale eyes and hair, rather as if he had been boiled. He was intensely voluble, and I heard him afar, before the Vision burst upon me a second time, causing me to collapse, like the Apostle in pictures of the Conversion of St. Paul. What follows consists of his remarks as soon as they became audible, sandwiched with those of the young lady. It is fifty years ago now, wiched with those of the young lady. It is fifty years ago now, but I remember every word. *^1 wants to go up that ladder." " Come off my skirts, you little Plague, I shan't have a gather left." "But I wants to go up the ladder -- and if I may go to th% vethy top I'll eat none." " And how many will you eat, you shocking boy (kiss), if I lot you go up one step and hold you?" "Thumb" (reluctantly and evasively). JOSEPH VANCE Say some ! You know perfectly well you^re not to have any, especially after all the scum of that stew youVe been having. You know perfectly well you've got a stomach-ache, if you'd only confers it." " Who'th that Boy ? I want'th to know who that Boy is ? " " Don't be rude and point -- of course that's the Man's Boy. Come and speak to him." " Whath your name ? My name's J oey. Her name's Lotthie. She's my thithter. I've got another thithter upstairs. I've got a bruwer. I've got a horse, only the mane's sticked on wiv' glue^ and to-morrow I'm to have it back." He appears a very nice little Boy, with blue eyes and little square legs. How old are you, dear? Eight yesterday! I didn't think you were so much. But you're not too old to be kissed! He looks quite clean and I shall kiss him." Which she did. The lock of hair got loose and tickled my right cheek. I can feel it now. Did I go to school? No, I didn't. Did I know how to read? Yes, I did. Father said I was a regular dab at it. Who taught me? Why, Mother, o' coorse! She could read beautiful. What books did I read? The Boyble, and Mr. Capstick's Tracts, and ''Robinson Crusoe." Which did I like best? The Boyble and " Robinson Crusoe." And of these two last which did I like best f I demurred, being afraid of ulterior consequences if I placed " Robinson Crusoe " above the Bible. I suggested my religious scruples i|j the ear that came down (with the hair off it) to meet my stutter^ whispers, and the mouth that belonged to the ear broke into a laugh that filled the whole place, and engaged the curiosity of a carrot-scraping cook, who remarked that Miss Lossic was having her fun with the Man's Boy, to a bootblack and whistler, in a dim unexplored back-region. What was Miss Lossie a-laughin' right out like that about? Why, because the Man's Boy was afraid that, if he liked "Robinson Crusoe" better than the Bible, he would go to a place which Joseph knew very well he was not to say, as he did the other day before Company. But the Man's Boy really did like " Robinson Crusoe " best, didn't he? Well -- ^he did -- but chiefly because of a suspicion that though Mr. Capstick hadn't himself written the Bible, he had got himself worked into it surreptitiously since its first publication, and self worked into it surreptitiously since its first publication, and had given it a Capstickian flavour. And what did I say my name was? I said, " Joey, Miss; " -- and Miss Lossie said, " Say it again, dear -- I can't hear. Joey, don't howl when you jump! Jump, but don't howl." -- For Master Joseph had invented a new JOSEPH VANCE form of riot which impeded communications. I gave my name again, and Miss Lossie said then there were a couple of Joeys. And I said, Yes, please. Miss," to apologize for possible intrusion. Then the Cook, who I believe must have been my Guardian Angel in disguise, pointed out that Miss Lossie^s Pa was sure to be ever so long with the Man over the Drains, because Miss Lossie knew what her Pa was; so why shouldn't Miss Lossie take the Boy out in the garden and make him help gather the pears! So Miss Lossie did, one Joe in each hand. There were plenty of Pears to pick. It must have been a good and unusually early crop. There were such crops in those days. -- The gardener was picking as hard as he could on a ladder, and another ladder was occupied by a boy about my own age. But I said, "Law, Miss, I don't want no ladder," and had my jacket off and w'as up in the tree and picking in the twinkling of an eye. And the gardener remarked that I seemed a likely young chap. We picked and picked in the sunshine and pelted the peara down on the lawn, because even if they hadn't been too hard to bruise on the soft grass, it wouldn't have mattered as they were to be stewed immediately. -- Only I was to take care not to hit Miss Violet, who was reading a novel in the shadow on the lawn. Miss Violet was older than her sister, and may have been prettier. But I took no interest in her at all. The boy who was picking was very close to me. We established Free-Masonic relations of offensive and defensive alliance against males of all ages. But he did justice to his social superiority by a certain assumption of patronage, calling me younker. He also disclaimed liability to pear-tree service, saying he was only doing it for a few minutes and was going away to cricket directly -- obviously a more manly employment. He supposed (but I don't viously a more manly employment. He supposed (but I don't know why) I didn't play cricket. I said. " the Boys " allowed me to field out a bit, but never let me have an innings. I think he inferred that my standard of cricket was low, as he did not pursue the subject. I heard in the remote distance a discussion of Drains, sometimes subterranean, sometimes in front of the house, sometimes times subterranean, sometimes in front of the house, sometimes as far off as the garden gates. My Father's voice husky and patronizing -- Dr. Thorpe's voice with the superiority of Education, but deferring to the Judgment of a Practical Man. This tion, but deferring to the Judgment of a Practical Man. This discussion I thankfully foresaw would be interminable, that is to say, would require the intervention of some great force of Nature JOSEPH VANCE to stop it -- ^for instance, luncli. So I picked pears in unspeakable happiness, keeping my eyes fixed on Miss Lossie down below, sitting on the lawn with her hands round her knees and Joey ting on the lawn with her hands round her knees and Joey hanging on her shoulders. She also was engaged in an interminable discussion, with her sister, and of this I was unable to minable discussion, with her sister, and of this I was unable to catch the purport, and only heard her words when they took the form of audible remonstrance to Joey, as for instance, Joey, if you lick, Anne shall come and fetch you," or, "Joey, you awful child, you'll have all my hair down," or "Joey dear, don't kiss me so tight; you'll get stuck and never come undone." But all good things have an end, and the end of my Paradise came with a sudden bell of a dictatorial sort and a "Good gracious, it's luncheon, and I'm not washed!" from Miss Lossie, just as wo arrived at the end of our picking. I was afraid I shouldn't see her again, as she ran away so very quick to get washed. As I came down the tree I heard her sister say, " Well, all I say is, it's undignified," and she replied, "And all 1 say is, I shall do exactly whatever I please and consult nobody. So there ! " After which more than American Declaration of Independence she ran into the house. I found my Father and Dr. Thorpe at the front gate apparently on good terms (for which I was thankful, knowing my Father's combative disposition), but registering slight differences of opinion about a certain culvert, or barrel drain; concerning which the Doctor spoke with as decisive a certainty as if he had crawled up it. " I still think," said he, " that the fault is in the old barrel-drain." And my Father replied, "Def errin' always respeckfly to you. Sir, and always subjick to your correction, I still speckfly to you. Sir, and always subjick to your correction, I still hold as a Practical Man to my opinion -- defective trappin'. But we will have a thorough examination as arranged on Monday." I felt that my Father's position as a Metropolitan Builder was ' beginning to be established. And I was more afraid than ever that I shouldn't see Miss Lossie again, when she ran suddenly down the long flight of steps with a very large piece of plum cake in her hand for me. She was obviously, when washed, the most beautiful thing in heaven or earth. It was simply an indisputable axiom, to be accepted without question by a grateful putable axiom, to be accepted without question by a grateful Universe. " Where was the Boy ? Oh, here I When was the Man coming to do the Drains? Oh, good-morning! Monday? Then you'll be sure to bring the Boy. You must make him bring the Boy, Papa." Miss Lossie had addressed my Father directly, but she had this much of her Aunt in her that when it came to the actual subJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE ( stance of the communication to what my Father called a trades- | man, it was most fitting to transmit it through an Agent. The ! Agent laughed and said, in reply to a tendency to ask leave, ^'Whatever my daughter likes. He's a good hoy, I suppose, and doesn't break things." My Father enlarged upon the very high I development of a capacity for not breaking things which not only | I but all my forbears on both sides had attained. He was interrupted by the appearance of the silver-grey Aunt as a sort of terrupted by the appearance of the silver-grey Aunt as a sort of Luncheon-Shepherd collecting her flock; and then Miss Lossie said, ^'Good-bye, little Boy! Come on Monday. The cake's new, so don't stuff it down or you'll swell up like our Joey." I was nursing a secret hope that I should be kissed again. But this, I suppose, was one of the things that would not have been i dignified; so Miss Lossie merely took hold of my right hand (that had flung the bottle-end at Mr. Gunn), to put the cake in it, and vanished to lunch. The long front garden gate I supposed ; sympathized with me, for it refused to shut us out until my Father resolutely jumped the hasp into the latchet. Then the world be- ' came prosaic. i My Father lighted his pipe in the shelter of the gate-pier, and puffed at it in silence as we started home. ^^I'll give the little Nipper a lift if he's tired," said he. But the little Nipper wasn't tired, and shook his head for reply, his mouth being full of cake. * The cake was new, but I may mention (in case the reader should feel anxious) that I did not swell up, but felt refreshed, and grateful for the citron. When I had finished it, and my Father i had knocked the ash out of his pipe and blown through it, con- i versation ensued -- j He. -- "With respect to this here barrel-drain or culvert, I'm remarkin' that this here Hr. Thorpe never knew no such expres- > sions till he borrowed 'em 'orf of me. Consequent, he's likely ! wrong -- and there ain't no culvert, nor yet no drain of any description." I scription." I I. -- " Miss Lossie's brother's name is Joey--- the very little one." | He. -- "It's more than 'arf likely it's only a lot of old stinkin' I wells, and the nightmen pretendin^ they'd emptied of 'em, and I very far from being the case. But the public judges of the efficiency of the nightman by the quantity of brandy consoomed to ciency of the nightman by the quantity of brandy consoomed to keep him from faintin', and bein' in bed at the time cannot inspect." spect." I. -- " Miss Lossie's big brother plays cricket. Miss Lossie's big sister reads. Miss Lossie's father's gardener is called Samuel." He. -- "In coorse in the manner o' speakin' cesspools is more JOSEPH VANCE wholesome, but then main shores and constant supply is good for trade, and that we ought to consider. The labourer is worthy of his hire, as Capstick says ; so wherefore not give him all possible employment ? " I . -- " Miss Lossless Aunt's name is Isabella and she's deaf, but not very. Miss Lossie's father isn't a real Doctor -- only pretence." He . -- "How the dickens does the young Nipper know that*" My statement had recalled my Father from his savoury reverie on sewage, and I think it now presented itself to him for the first time that Dr. Thorpe did not belong to the Medical Profession. 1 was unable, and am, still, to say exactly how I knew it, or how I knew that Miss Isabella the Aunt was deaf but not very, and so forth. But I was convinced of it, and my Father on reflection appeared inclined to admit it, saying that p'r'aps Dr. Thorpe was a Libery Beggar and took Poopils. Perhaps he was. We arrived home very late for one o'clock though rather early for three. Mr. Capstick had been on a visit, and was just taking his leave. My Father said, "Good-afternoon to you, Sir! Me and Mrs. Wance has been sayin' it was gettin' on for time for you to come round and have a Beal Hidgeous Controversy." And Mr. Capstick replied that vain disputations were contrary to his liking, which was a fib on the part of the Bev. Benaiah. My Father said, however, he should look forward. And the Bev. deI parted, with benedictions, to my great satisfaction. I launched I parted, with benedictions, to my great satisfaction. I launched at once into the real business of life. ' "I say. Mother, Miss Lossie she wanted for to know which I liked best, Mr. Capstick's Tracks or Bobinson Crusoe." " The pound and four ounces of beefsteaks is a-doin', I'm 'appy to smell," said my Father. "I put it on the gridiron the minute I see you get past the ^Boebuck," said my Mother, who must have seen us coming some "time before we reached the Boebuck. My Father commented and my Mother said she would have put it down for that matter as soon as ever she see us, only she wasn't going to have it done to a cinder while he was a-soakin'. It would have been just exactly ready only for my Father's 'abits. My Father said with a sigh that his Boebucking days were over, but he hoped there was something on the shelf. My Mother said there was enough to go round. I then felt that progress ought to be made with what I considered the Bill before the House, and cut in to the effect that Miss Lossie she laughed and told the Cook, and the Cook she said go in the garden and pick pears. And my Mother said, Whatever is the child lecturin' about, with his Miss Lossie and JOSEPH VAHCE Cooks. Go along in and cut the bread, and don't cut yourself." For cutting the bread at dinner was a valued prerogative of mine. My Father indicated a slight preliminary explanation. The Nipper's been a-goin' into Society, he has," said he. He seemed to imply that he had been kept out of Society, which I felt sorry for -- ^for I need not repeat how devoted I was to him. But it was merely his usual fagon-de-parler. He always, adopted the position of injury or grievance. "Well, Joey dear, eat your dinner and don't choke yourself, and then tell us all about Society." Meanwhile my Father was enjoying a third and entirely different aspect of a revelation to be given out or retained -- in the ferent aspect of a revelation to be given out or retained -- in the possibilities of human exasperation afforded by withholding it from persons desirous of benefiting. My Mother, however, understood his character and let him alone. derstood his character and let him alone. The beefsteak obligingly stood in its gravy on a dish on the rack with two handles that pulled out under the fire-grate, while my Mother climaxed the potatoes. "We'll have 'em all hot together," she said. So we had, hut not for long -- ^they disappeared gether," she said. So we had, hut not for long -- ^they disappeared so quick! So did a suet dumpling, and then at last I was free to pour out my treasure at my Mother's feet. It took some time, for I did it all the slower for my anxiety tc tell it all at once. This caused retrospection and correction. I was very particular about exactly where Miss Lossie had kissed me. And when my Mother kissed the place herself, I felt that my chubby cheek was a sort of connecting link between my Mother and Miss Lossie Thorpe, and was almost equivalent to an introduction. I suppose if one were to try and concoct rapture with- duction. I suppose if one were to try and concoct rapture without alloy for a living creature, one could do no better than arrange out alloy for a living creature, one could do no better than arrange that a child should meet an Angel, or what it thought an Angel, and should go home and tell mother. "Well, now, Vance," said my Mother, when at last I stopped gabbling and stuttering about Miss Lossie, "you don't seem to have anything to tell us." "No gettin' in a word between these Miss Looeys," I understood him to say. "Here I've got to my second pipe, and it's stood him to say. "Here I've got to my second pipe, and it's nothin' but Miss Looey, Miss Looey, Miss Looey." "But you saw Miss Lossie yourself. Father," I said, suddenly plunging onto his knee, and threatening to begin again. -- " Oh, yes! He'd seen a tidy sort of larce in a lavender-coloured frock." -- ^I nodded violently. -- "So now little nippers might sit quiet on their Fathers' knees and let their Mothers hear about Dr. Corpee'e drains -- ^well ! -- Thorpeses, then ! " JOSEPH VANCE *^Nothin' much to do, I should say! Just proper attention to trappin' and not sending Niagarrer down the shores every five minutes to keep the 'ouse 'elthy, and they'll do well enough for another three year. But there ain't no sile, not even hereabouts where it's mostly gravel, that can be expected to swallow up all the water that an old lady with idears will empt' down 'em when the water supply is practically unrestricted" -- (this came in almost with the literary force of a classical quotation) -- ^^and a old lady has no other mortal emply'ment in life." -- (It was Aunt Isabella, then, who was to blame for the flavour all through the basement, which my Father readily admitted the existence of.) -- ^'But all I say is," he went on, " that if this here Dr. What's-his-name insists on my takin' out the ground in his front garden to 'unt for a shore that more like than not ain't there nor anywhere else, I'll do it fast enough, but it ain't my recommendation as a Practical Man, and I wash my 'ands of the Expenses. What I sticks to is stop the flushing and see to the traps." "Well, but now, Vance dear," said my Mother, "you see you do know a lot about it I " " Only just as much as a man is born with when he's lived among tradesmen all his life," said my Father, who seemed to be in some confusion about the period of life at which Birth occurs. CHAPTER VI SHOWS HOW MR. VANCE OBTAINED CAPITAL AND PLANT. ALSO HOW HE CREATED CONFIDENCE. The shock to my belief in my Father's infallibility occasioned by the miscarrying of the celebrated Smack was I suppose only dtin-deep, for I for my part never had any doubt about his qualifications as a Builder. If I had had any latent mistrust of his powers it would surely have disappeared in the interval between our visit to Poplar Villa and the Monday following, when tween our visit to Poplar Villa and the Monday following, when we were due there again for purposes of subterranean exploration. For I accompanied him on an expedition in search of tion. For I accompanied him on an expedition in search of Plant and Materials, about which there was some difficulty owing to his enterprise being so far insufficiently capitalized. I like this sesquipedalian way of saying one has no money. One has none, just the same, but it seems so much easier to bear one's lot ! My Father's genius rode triumphant over all obstacles. First we went into a yard where there were all sorts of Builders' Materials, old and new, on sale or hire. Now what would be actually wanted for his immediate purpose was obviously a peck, a spade, and a barrer. He said so, in fact, on the way. So I was surprised when he opened a negotiation for the hire of a very long ladder which, fastened against the blank side-waU of a house, overtook its chimney-pot and shot high up into the sky overhead. Mr. Gubbins, the yard-proprietor, pointed out that this ladder was almost a permanency -- ^being of use as an announcement of the business to the four home-counties; and though ofi ment of the business to the four home-counties; and though ofi course it could be got down, it would run into Money. Myi Father observed that one had to be careful nowadays (this ex-j pression he said he had picked up from his grandfather -- which seemed to annul its force), but pressed to know how much money it would run into. Mr. Gubbins named a figure which caused him to remark, in effect, that had he been quoting for Jacob's Ladder he couldn't have gone farther. The subject lapsed and the conversation became general. Mr. Gubbins told us that hi" j 0On Benjamin was a blessing to his parents, and had only yeetor- j 46 ji JOSEPH VAHCE Jay run up that very ladder away from his mother, who was going to give him what-for, and had refused to come down without guarantees that his trousers should remain undusted. "So weVe had to lash up a scaffold-board agin it,'' said Mr. Gubbins, who chuckled a good deal at his wife's expense. " Not to spile it with nails," he added. For that ladder was evidently the apple of his eye. My Father then, before going away, enquired how many loads I of good stocks were available at short notice ? He made a memorandum on this point, and appeared to have got all he wanted, randum on this point, and appeared to have got all he wanted, when just as he was leaving he said in a most casual way that he had a small repairin' job down the road, and he would bo j sendin' a young man round Monday mornin' for a 'arf -bushel ; of grey lime and a few brick, only he wouldn't send the truck 'cos I it made such a load for the young man to push, as he wanted him ! to bring a barrer, too, and he could just as easy put the lime and brick on the barrer, and run 'em round. I thought I saw susi picion in Mr. Gubbins's eye, but my Father was equal to the i picion in Mr. Gubbins's eye, but my Father was equal to the Ijoccasion, adding that he'd "got the address somewhere, had it f only this minute. Dr. Thorpe's, Poplar Villa." Mr. Gubbina had better keep that card, and he himself was going into town this (afternoon and would leave word for Dr. Thorpe to send another for Mr. G. to know the young man by. Mr. Gubbins knew my Father's place (at least my Father said he did), on the right, past the Roebuck. -- And to my great impressment Mr. Gubbins actually said he knew it well. " I see your name up often, passing along tliat way," he said. i It was a most amazing thing how every one (for even our Dustman implied that it must have been there, though he hadn't seen it) accepted this board without question, and even in some eases professed to have read it carefully over and over again on our doorpost, while it was still forwarding the interests of tlie Mr. C. Dance, into whose possession it had come (according to my Father) through an error in the spelling. " In coorse," he said, " he was justified in using of it -- seein' a Dee is not a Vee, put it how you may I But they might as well have done it right at first go-oif, for all I see ! " Anyhow, Mr. Gubbins seemed to be completely satisfied the moment it was mentioned, and didn't *uggest the payment of a deposit, or any further form of security. But this arrangement, though good as far as it went, only provided such Plant and Materials as can be got on hire at a Mr. Gubbins's. It did not include tools. And this evidently occasioned my Father serious anxiety. I JOSEPH VANCE 4B think he was even now proposing to himself a blank writing form with Christopher Vance, Builder, and his address at the* top, and even the expression ''Memorandum"! But he was! most reluctant to impair the power these would give as a handle for Credit, by paying Cash for small purchases just as if he were insolvent. -- " No, Joey," said he, " when a chap thinks you know he believes in your solvency, don^t you undeceive him by orfering him cash. Then he'll know you think he believes you insol- ing him cash. Then he'll know you think he believes you insolvent, and never give a brass farden o' credit. 'Cos you wouldn't vent, and never give a brass farden o' credit. 'Cos you wouldn't think any man would b'lieve you insolvent if you knowed you was in funds. Hay, Joey?" I felt this might rank as a complicated mixture, though scarcely one of Mr. Capstick's. But I replied to my Father's last question that I had got the idear. I thought, however, that there being no cash to pay with might have something to do with my Father's objection to paying. We were then working slowly down the main road, my hand in my Father's. The sun was thinking about setting, and hesitating to do so as it was really almost too fine an evening to go to bed A band of men were just turning off the railway after a spell oi overtime, and seemed to have taken umbrage at their employers My Father entered into conversation, and the young man he addressed said, " Eight you are, mate, it's always the way. Om minute you're workin' ten hours overtime. Next minute cui down to nothing! Next minute overtime again worse than ever.'. He explained that in pursuance of this system two hundred were to be sacked off the job on Saturday. So the figures were figura-i tive. My Father sympathized deeply, and assented to all th^ accusations levelled against Eailway Contractors, though I anc sure some of them could not have been universally true. He die this without echoing the "language" these young men called them I think out of consideration for the Nipper. But I ought, ir justice to my Father, to say that he always admitted transgressior in respect of his use of bad language, and indeed drew a verj sharp line as to how far he went. Perhaps the upper-middk class does not fully appreciate the nice distinctions that exist or this point in the lower-middle class in England. They are real nevertheless. Just as we were parting from the young man, my Father sug gested that while they shared a pint he would have time to thinl of whether he couldn't find a small job for him to keep his 'an< in. -- I was glad it wasn't a quart, after experience. -- It was shared and my Fa^er then revealed the thought be had had time for. JOSEPH VANCE *Tou might look round at my job at Poplar Wilier -- Dr. Thorpe's -- in the 'Igh Road to Town. Monday mornin', about ught. You might bring round a peck and a shovel." The young nan explained that he hadn't got one by him -- the railway con:ractors had provided their own. So my Father said, ^'Well, he :ractors had provided their own. So my Father said, ^'Well, he lidn't want him to have to come all the way down to his place )ast the Roebuck and then back, only for a peck and shovel -- so let lim see! Well, he might look in on the way at Nichollses, not dee-phraim Nichollses, but Jack Nichollses along on the right -hear the Fire-Ingins -- ^you know him?" The young man did. hear the Fire-Ingins -- ^you know him?" The young man did. It was quite wonderful how many people knew other people! ^'Well," said my Father, "you mention my name -- Christopher Wance -- along the road past the Roebuck, and I'll venture to say he'll accommodate you so far as a peek and a shovel." And my Father paid honourably for the pint, and we started for home. CHAPTEK Vn CONCERNING A BARREL-DRAIN WHICH DID NOT EXIST. OF REPAIRS TO THE NURSERY CHIMNEY AND HOW JOE WENT UP IT. ALSO WHAf A GOOD WASHING HE HAD. It is told of Calverley that he had a delight in jumping ovei walls if he didn't know what was on the other side. Jack Nicholls must have been like him, for he seemed to have concede^ the peck and shovel almost without digesting the testimonials of his applicant. -- " Never seen him -- seen his Board many's th"time," was the young man's report of Mr. Nicholls's half of tho time," was the young man's report of Mr. Nicholls's half of tho interview, when he met us at the gate of Poplar Villa on Monday ] I told him it was all right," said the young man, whose name : was Bill but nothing further, and he said I could take 'em." I And there they were, sure enough ! ; I hope you observe that Jack Nicholls accepted Bill's warrant for my Father, Bill having acquired status by tendering my i Father's warrant for himself ! It was like Baron Munchausen's descent from the Moon; when, having slipped down the rope as far as he could go, he made use of the now useless upper half of the rope " to carry him a stage lower and so on till he reached the Earth. The Libery Beggar was at breakfast, but would come out to speak to the Man before he retired into his Libery, or shell. I clearly saw that my Father's deference to Dr. Thorpe was the basest opportunism, and that he was not without a hope that an overweening assumption of Drain Lore might betray his employer into a disruption of the foundation of Poplar Villa in search for a non-existent barrel-drain. It showed (I thought) his knowledge of mankind that he took up again his position of respectful resistance to the Doctor's opinions. It established him as an unselfish protector of the latter from needless outlay, but at the same time exas- tector of the latter from needless outlay, but at the same time exasperated his amour propre, and stimulated his self-confidence by perated his amour propre, and stimulated his self-confidence by opposition. Dr. Thorpe's will was my Father's Law -- that it was needless for him to say I And this young man would start at once if the Doctor said the word. ^ But," said my F ather, if you ask mo, aa a Practical Man, my opinion is -- no shore! And, if cessJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE pools, I should advise the adjestment of the trapping and keepin' back of the water, and very shortly the flaviour complained of will subside spontaneous." But Dr. Thorpe's back was up, and he insisted on penetrating the bowels of tlie earth. take all responsibility on my own shoulders, Mr. Vance," he said -- "you do very rightly to try to protect me from all expenses that can be avoided, but in this case I prefer to incur some extra outlay to go to the bottom of the matter." So my Father, who desired nothing better, assented with seeming reluctance to take up about six foot of ground on the semi- ing reluctance to take up about six foot of ground on the semicircular carriage drive; which was sure, he said, to strike on the circular carriage drive; which was sure, he said, to strike on the drain and at the same time avoid taking up the airey and disturbing too near the house. And at a signal from him, the young turbing too near the house. And at a signal from him, the young man. Bill, who had been standing with his hands open in front of him as if he had been telling his own fortune by Palmistry, spat suddenly upon them, and seizing a peck, or pick, began to work as though it was a siege, and these were the entrenchments. And then my Father said that if no wise ill-convenient he could attend now to that little matter in the Nursery while his young man got the bit of ground out. I felt that my hour was coming now. The superiority of Miss Lossie to every earthly thing was certainly shown by the fact that she was a force that could make a small boy of eight glad to forsake the intoxicating delights of the taking out of ground with- sake the intoxicating delights of the taking out of ground without a regret. For Excavation, whether it be for shores, for out a regret. For Excavation, whether it be for shores, for treasure, or for papyri and mummies, is an absorbing and thrilling interest almost without a parallel. It is usually also harmless, ing interest almost without a parallel. It is usually also harmless, and this cannot be said of Vivisection or War, or Gambling on the Stock Exchange. In this case if it had not been for expectation of seeing Miss Lossie, I should have hung lovingly over that tion of seeing Miss Lossie, I should have hung lovingly over that hole watching the young man. Bill, putting his back into it, as my Father had told him to do. As it was, I was more than content to follow my Father up to the Nursery, carrying one or two tent to follow my Father up to the Nursery, carrying one or two minor tools that he had contrived to provide. He himself carried upstairs a 'arf a bag of Sto'rbridge clay, and a little board with a handle sticking straight out underneath. This was for wet clay. Miss Lossie wasn't in the Nursery, and I was sorry. "V/ill the Man make a mess?"-- It was Miss Isabella, the silvergrey Aunt, who spoke. -- And my Father replied, abasing himself grey Aunt, who spoke. -- And my Father replied, abasing himself duly, " There won't go any particular mess, Marm, not with taking out these few brick, but if such a thing was 'andy as a piece of canwas or box-cloth, for underfoot, why, perhaps we shbuldn't be any the worse off in the end." JOSEPH VANCE It took time to interpret this to Miss Isabella, whose deafness seemed to me to go beyond not very." When success crowned the efforts of the Nurse, Anne, Miss Isabella said, Well -- ^you needn^t shout, -- I can hear,'^^||j3ut sanctioned the box-cloth out of the lumber-room, only it must be shaken. It arrived in due course, and my Father proceeded to dislocate the register in order to get at the bricks that had fallen forward in the chimney above. He showed some amount of ill-temper bemuse of the difficulty of doing this, and said that these here regmers was always out of order, there was no doing anything with them! And a voice said, '^Thaffs a very common complaint against registers, Mr. Vance. -And here's the Boy! And he has such pretty blue eyes I should And here's the Boy! And he has such pretty blue eyes I should kiss him again, only he's such a little grubby Pigmuddle! But come and say good-morning. Master Vance. Because I suppose you are Master Vance." I looked at my Father to see if I was, not precisely knowing, and he gave a qualified assent. Wance -christened Joey -- ^p'r'aps I should say Joseph." -- And Miss Lossie christened Joey -- ^p'r'aps I should say Joseph." -- And Miss Lossie said of course i wasn't christened Master! ''He's as black as any Sweep," she went on; and I shuddered as memory rankled, " and he's coming all off on my hands," she added. "You go a mile off, Joey, till you've done with the soot, and then you shall be washed and come quite close to, as Anne says, and see Picture Books." And the other Joey, who of course was hooked on to Miss Lossie, added, "Wiv' Sips, and sailors falling out of them by ax'nent, and helephants, and Fenchmen bein' killed on ballicades." -- Of course I didn't know what barricades were. But I knew that Foreigners had been going on in their usual benighted way, and looked forward to pictures of them. Pictures, however, and everything else were impossible while this banging went op. This was the cutting out of some brick to get a good key, my Father said. We shouldn't be a minute, he said -- nor were we. We were about fifteen. But the Public was grateful when we did stop ; and said through Anne, the nurse, as a mouthpiece, that it was one good job that was done, and then graciously attended to my Father's request for a pail of water. "There won't be no more noise, not to call noise," said he, " cleanin' off these few brick for to go back where they come from, bein' the mortar's perished with the heat. On which accounts I say a little St'orbridge, though a few pence more at the first gooff, is an economy in the end, put it how you may." And my off, is an economy in the end, put it how you may." And my Father mixed his St'orbridge on the hearthstone, and dwelt on the great advantages of economy and foresight in the Building line. A crisis occurred, however, before the job was completed and JOSEPH VANCE the register replaced. The topmost two bricks, which had fallen forward and checked the draught, had, of course, come out very easily. But for a man with very broad shoulders to get far enough up the chimney to replace them was another matter. My Father had struggled gallantly with his difficulties so far, and really had got almost as black as Mr. Peter Gunn, but as he said one had to dror^ a line. At this point I struck in, suggesting that my Father should h'iste me up the chimbley; should then just shove a little SPorbridge on each brick; should then shove it up to me, who would then make nothing of shoving of it into its place. My Father said, "Sharp Nipper! So you can! We'll just orfer 'em in first, a brick at a time." And he was just going to hoist me up as proposed when he was pounced upon by an unforeseen Philanthropist in the person of Miss Isabella, who inter- foreseen Philanthropist in the person of Miss Isabella, who interdicted the employment of Climbing Boys. " No, my dear Ran- dicted the employment of Climbing Boys. " No, my dear Randall," she said to the Doctor, who came in at this moment to dall," she said to the Doctor, who came in at this moment to inspect progress. " Not in this house while I am here ! I will not permit it." The Doctor. -- " Permit what, Isabella ? " She. -- " Sweep's Climbing Boys. The Man wishes to put his son up the Chimney " The Doctor. -- " Hm-m-m-m ! " My Father. -- " Asking your pardon for interruptin' you, Marm, by no means without yours and the Doctor's consent, giv' freely, though my own son " The Doctor. -- "Can't you manage without, Vance?" F. -- "Well, Sir, you see, it's just like this. It's the matter of two or three brick, or maybe two brick and a bat, or two brick and a bat and a closure " Dr. T. -- " In fact of very little work ? " F. -- " Precisely as you put it. Sir. And bein' as I myself am rather big, and liable to jam in the narrer space, this here little Nipper (a name I call him by, Marm) says, says he, 'You 'and me in the bricks, and I'll shove 'em in their places,' he says. And I was a-thinking of it over like when this good lady come in." Miss I. -- "No! -- The Man was not. The Man was going to put the Boy up the chimney." Miss L. (coming in with an armful of books). -- "What's the row. Aunty? Of course the Boy mustn't go up the chimney! He's black enough already. The idea ! " Dr. T. -- "How far up the chimney would he be, Vance?" Miss A.-- " Yes-- J oey-- t'other J oey ! How far up would you be ? " Myself. -- " Please, Miss Lossie, only this far ! " And before I JOSEPH VANCE be stopped I was up standing on the hob with my head in the flue. I heard Miss Lossie's musical laugh ring out all over the place, and Anne say I was a likely young chap, as the gardener had said. They all seemed agreed about my probability. Anyhow, my dear Isabella," said the Doctor, The Boy is up the chimney now, and perhaps we had better accept the situation. Unless you are prepared to pull him down by the legs " Aunt Isabella said she had been set at naught, but had done her duty. Miss Lossie said Anne was to wash the Boy carefully when he came out, as he was then to come and look at pictures with their Joey. Their Joey thrust in a stipulation that these pictures should include Sips on Fire, and Sips on Wocks, and otlier tragic or murderous incidents. I was very black, no doubt, when I emerged from that flue, though Anne the Nurse's estimate of the quantity of soap required was absurd. She said a bar of yellow soap wouldn't be quired was absurd. She said a bar of yellow soap wouldn't be enough, Anne was a bony woman of strong character, for she declined to let me wash myself, and soaped me with a vigour far beyond any experience of washing I had ever had up to that date. My method had been Catlicking, she said. And, indeed, I do think that the practice of applying to the skin a very small quantity of soap as a lubricant, and then polishing with violence, is not so effective as the creation of a good Farther, and coaxing it round, greasy-like! I borrow some of my description from Anne. Of course in the polishing business economy is attained, and The Soap, by which phrase I indicate the piece of soap current in one family or community, goes a deal farther. One has rent in one family or community, goes a deal farther. One has to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth if one is going to admit the expenditure on one small boy of the amount of soap Anne bestowed upon me. A short colloquy with Miss Lossie in an adjoining room, while I was towelling myself, led to the reappearance of Anne with a beautiful blue woollen shirt, which Master Oliver, it would seem, had outgrown, and which it would be four or five years before Master Joey was big enough. I prefer to adhere to Anne's syntax. I put this on gratefully; but carefully rolled up my own tax. I put this on gratefully; but carefully rolled up my own and stuffed it in my coat pocket, that Dr. Thorpe's household should not be embarrassed by it. CHAPTEK VIII HOW J 0r HAD MISS LOSSIE's ARM ROUND HIM WHILE HE SAW BOOKS. MISP VIOLET CORRECTS HER SISTER. MISS LOSSIE's TONGUE. HOW JOE WENT HOME, AND HEARD FROM PORKY OF THE BEAK. HOW MR. VANCE HAS ANOTHER JOB, ALL DUE TO THE MAGIC BOARD. The choking feeling which, do what I may, will come into my throat as I think of the intensely happy hour I then passed looking at pictures, quite close to Miss Lossie, with the other Joe on ing at pictures, quite close to Miss Lossie, with the other Joe on her other side, only interferes with my narrative; and the reader, if young, will not understand it. I have only to wait a minute and it disappears, and with it all my present surroundings as I write, and all the long half-century between, and I am back again in the Nursery at Poplar Villa, with the September sun streaming through the windows, and Miss Violet reading one of the books Miss Lossie had got at Mudie's in Southampton Row when she went to town yesterday afternoon. And Master Joseph chattering rapid and predominant commentaries on the pictures before ing rapid and predominant commentaries on the pictures before us, and life in general. And then it all becomes so real that when the Water comes in (as it does suddenly in my recollection) I can almost absolutely hear through the open door the gasping and gurgling of that practically unlimited supply before it settles down to a continuous reproachful roar. And then my memory of Anne shuts my memory of that door, by request, to keep that awful noise out, and the memory of the roar becomes a memory pf a murmur. I wants first to see Sips on Fire,'' said the other Joey. " No, I dothn't -- I wants first to see black men pellishing." "Now which do you really want, you awful boy?" "Athk the other Boy, that Boy there," pointing at me as if I was on the horizon. "Well, Joey Vance, which shall we have first? Ships on Fire, or Black men perishing by Thousands ? " I said Ships on Fire. They were produced and gave great satisfaction. But Master Joseph required, in addition to the picture, a consecutive narrative of the Battle of Trafalgar, which had to coincide exactly with previous narratives. If it did not, JOSEPH VANCE he immediately pounced, with ''You thed Captain Toobridge before " or " You thed shooted wiv^ cannonballs before " or some such correction. However, we got through the story in time, and left Nelson dying on the quarter-deck. But by the time this was done. Master Joseph had ceased to long for Black Men Perishing by Thousands, which I had anticipated with pleasure, and demanded the Barricades of Paris. However, it didnT much manded the Barricades of Paris. However, it didnT much matter, where all was too good to be true, especially Miss Lossie. This young lady contrived to keep up a conversation with her sister in spite of the severe demands of Master Joseph and myself. And this conversation seemed to be divisible into two distinct halves, the one having an absolutely public character and the other consisting of subordinated telegraphic remarks of a personal sort. sonal sort. I could show this clearly in printing by the introduction of two different types. But as I have not any intention of availing myself of that resource, I will give the conversation consecutively as self of that resource, I will give the conversation consecutively as nearly as I recollect it -V. -- "Well ! -- Aunt may say what she likes, but I do not see, and V. -- "Well ! -- Aunt may say what she likes, but I do not see, and never shall see, how people are to drive up to the door on Thursday if the whole place is to be dug up for drains. -- Your haiPs day if the whole place is to be dug up for drains. -- Your haiPs coming down -- stick it up with this." L. -- "Well, but Joey Vance's Papa is going to attend to that. Thankee, dear, you're a good little sister at times, though snappy. Isn't he, t'other Joey?" Me. -- " Yes -- Miss Lossie." L. -- "And you know. Pa isn't a downright fool. Besides, how can it matter to you, when you say you won't come downstairs ? " V . -- If those odious Shuckford Smiths are coming, you know perfectly well I shan't. -- As if you didn't know what Miss Shuckford Smith's half-sister called you! But even if Pa was the very ford Smith's half-sister called you! But even if Pa was the very cleverest F. R. S. of the whole lot, I don't see how carriages could drive up to the door with all the Drains up " L. -- " They won't have to, Vicey dear I What did Miss Shuckford Smith's half-sister call me? Because you know there's to ford Smith's half-sister call me? Because you know there's to be nothing serious done to the drains till we go to Herne Bay." V. -- Anyhow, Lossie dear, you may talk till you're hoarse, but every one knows what Papa is, and that he's perfectly capable of making the whole front garden into holes and heaps. A Piece of Goods! You know you knew that as well as I did " L. -- "Yes -- Joey darling -- I'll draw you a very fat man being shooted. I don't see that it signifies if she did call me a Piece of Goods " JOSEPH VANCE V. -- Yes -- but what becomes of one's dignity, I should like to know, if one goes downstairs and speaks to the family after Miss Shuckford Smith's or anybody's half-sister has called one's sister a Piece of Goods. And as for Herne Bay, detestable place, I hope we shall go somewhere else. Not really that it much matters, for wherever we go I suppose you'll go pounding and floundering about without your sunshade and getting pitch-black all over." Miss Violet gave for a minute a closer attention to the book from Mudie's which she had been more or less reading the whole time. But she was not long in abeyance. She suddenly unmasked a Battery, the ammunition of which may be said to have masked a Battery, the ammunition of which may be said to have been provided in her last remark. ^'Anyhow," she said, '^it's to be hoped you don't mean to go about with your tongue hanging out like a little dog. There's the Bell!" There it certainly was -- and the hour was over! I had paid very little attention to the Pictures, for I scarcely took my eyes off Miss Lossie. It had been decreed that I should have plenty to eat in the kitchen; so I adjourned with Anne. I must not forget to explain about the little dog. Miss Lossie, in the effort of artistic creation she had been called on for, had certainly made her tongue visible, but only as a small kitten sometimes does, showing a little red spot between closed lips. She times does, showing a little red spot between closed lips. She paid no attention to her sister's gun-practice, and went on putting in additional military men to shoot the very fat man. But Master Joey took up the matter, and put the tongue back, and pinched the lips over it with his fat little fingers. And Miss Lossie kissed him a good deal, and said, ''You little Ducky." -- Now I thought his conduct presumptuous and ruffianly. I suppose I was very hungry after all my bricklaying exertions and unaccustomed ablutions and excitements; for the only two things I remember are the dinner itself and a report that came from the Dining-Koom that Miss Violet had said that she should go and eat her lunch in the nursery, if they were going to talk about drains all dinner time. Our informant, the House-Parlourmaid, hoped she didn't expect her to carry the pudding up- lourmaid, hoped she didn't expect her to carry the pudding upstairs and bring it down again for other people's second helpings stairs and bring it down again for other people's second helpings afterwards, that was all! I felt the name of this young woman's office was oppressively long. However, her own was Betsy, and that made up for it. I had been very silent throughout, merely secreting plums of event to be reproduced for my Mother later -- and of course devouring Miss Lossie, whose left hand went round my head at intervals ing Miss Lossie, whose left hand went round my head at intervals JOSEPH VANCE and pinched my left cheek; rather I thought to the disgust of Miss Violet. Did I, I wonder, actually hear the expression ^Wulgar little hoy" or was it some wandering brain- wave? No -I am afraid Miss Violet did call me a vulgar little boy. I am afraid Miss Violet did call me a vulgar little boy. I rejoined my Father in the front garden after this experience, and my Father said he'd been wondering what had become of the Nipper. I replied, Oy say. Father, oy got such a Fizzing new shirt. Miss Lossie she said give me one of Master Oliver's." He hoped I had said thankee, as dooty bound; and I nodded my head rapidly with my lips tight shut, which was rather a habit of mine. He then distinguished that such beautiful clean young Masters wasn't for the likes of him and William (normally Bill), and drains was drains all the world over, while on the other hand clean shirts were clean shirts; and that in order to keep their spheres of influence separate, young Nippers might just as well cut off home to their Mothers, and tell them that their Fathers would be 'arf-an-hour late to tea. William said, ''Right you are. Master," and resumed work, which now appeared to be filling in the six foot of ground which had been taken out in the morning. I inferred that my Father had been right about the culvert or barrel-drain, and that Dr. Thorpe would have to pay for being satisfied of its non-existence. My Father was more than half-an-hour late to tea -- ^more than an hour and a half; and I was not sorry, as it gave me more time to place the subject of Miss Lossie in all possible lights before my Mother. It also gave margin for an interview with Porky Owls, whom I had scarcely seen since the day at the PoliceCourt. This interview took the form of a game at Peg-in-the- Court. This interview took the form of a game at Peg-in-theRing; a glorious game when you've got a piece of soft whip-cord, Ring; a glorious game when you've got a piece of soft whip-cord, well wore but not wore out. The nickname of Porky, by the way, originated in this game, its bearer having been " christened " by it after the pieces of Bacon or split tops which are the coveted prizes of the players. Porky's pockets always teemed with them. He was a great Master and always gave me odds, usually winning back his own Bacon, and some of mine as well. On this occasion the conversation went naturally back to the Police-Court, where Porky had contrived to insert himself to study Mankind, and provide himself with gossip, of which indeed his mind was as full as his pockets were of Bacon. " I heard that Beak talking about you," said he, " an' he giv' out that he b'lieved all you said, only he warn't going to have it Evidence, 'cos he warn't sweet on Gunn, and provocation might have ensoo'd and then it might have got him off being sent for JOSEPH VANCE 59 trial and hanged for manslaughter if your Guv'nor was to kick up. Accordin' as the Inquest." Down went Porky's top with a whizz, and striking with deadly accuracy in the little heap of Bacon in the centre of the ring, sent most of it flying outside the circumference. When he had recovered his winnings he resumed the Magistrate. "'Cos, o' coorse -- he says -- the Coroner's inquest may say Gunn done it, or they may find a werdict to the efleck that the Pris~ oner was killed in a Prize Fight and there was no means o' knowin' how he came by his end. But anyhow, he says, the Boy's Evidence goes to prove provocation of an obstrusive nature on Vance's part, and when a boy says he'll go to heaven for telling lies, he says, why o' coorse you reject his Evidence, no mat- ing lies, he says, why o' coorse you reject his Evidence, no matter how much you believe it. So if it goes to trial, he says, I ter how much you believe it. So if it goes to trial, he says, I hope they'll swaller down the wink I tipped 'em, and reject the Boy's Evidence. But he was a most truthful little Boy, he says, and very intelligent. -- My turn ! " And down came the top again. " Arter the Court this was, and he was a-goin' out to lunch with a loydy, and I overheared their conversation at the cabstang while the clorths was took off." As soon as Porky had won all my Bacon, I returned home to my Mother and found my Father wasn't quite home yet. She suggested that I should run up the road to head him ofl from the Roebuck, which I did, but found he had already passed it; and though he claimed to be morally entitled to at least half-a-pint for resisting temptation, he didn't go back to get it. Indeed, the change in my Father -- obviously the result of that Magic Board -was most remarkable. It stimulated a healthy self-respect, not was most remarkable. It stimulated a healthy self-respect, not to say an inflated egotism. As we came up to the door he looked at it with intense satisfaction; -- " C. Vance, Builder -Repairs," said he, ^'Hay, Joey?" and then murmured reflectively Repairs," said he, ^'Hay, Joey?" and then murmured reflectively to himself, " Drains promptly attended to." "Risin' in life we are," said my Mother, as she made the tea, " Here's Joey got a Young Lady gives him new shirts, and as for you, Wance, you've ackchly got a job." " Two jobs," said my Father, briefly. " What -- another job ! " cried my Mother. " You never mean that, Vance?" "I said two jobs," said my Father. "When you've got one job, if you're a-goin' to make it up to two, you'll have to pervide another. You'll find I ain't mistaken! And I ain't neither, imless I'm very much mistook. 'Cos, you count 'em off on your fingers, Joey! There's this here little job I've in 'and for your JOSEPH VANCE Miss Lorcy's Papa, Dr. Whatever-you-choose-to-call-him. Well! thaPs one, ain't it ? Count him on your fingers. -- One ! " M. -- Well, now, Vance, do go along with your chaff, and tell us right off " F. -- "I'm a-tellin' of you right off. You've got him, Joey, have you? Wery good. Then there's this here other job, round behind the School-House. He's two. Got him ? " hind the School-House. He's two. Got him ? " M. -- " Now whoever would have thought, to see you come in at that there door, that you had three Building jobs. And your Board not up a month ! " F . -- " Sorry to disappoint you, Mrs. Wance," and here my Father's peculiar manner became perceptible. "How many have you counted up to, Joey?" Me.-- " Two " F. -- "Two I sticks to! And a wery nice number in itself though not so large as might be. And unreasonable, I says, to ask for more. So now, Mrs. Wance! " And my Father, having developed the manner I cannot describe, burst into a genial laugh and spoke through his nose. His little ruse having entrapped his victim, his good-humour became jovial "Where did I say this here job was? Up behind the School^us, I said, and I believe it is -- ^but I haven't seen it myself." ^us, I said, and I believe it is -- ^but I haven't seen it myself." And my Father, having sufficiently stimulated our curiosity, suddenly retired behind an impenetrable screen of secrecy; but was, denly retired behind an impenetrable screen of secrecy; but was, I think, a little taken aback when my Mother left him there and went back to Poplar Villa. What was it wrong with them drains, after all? My Father was, I am convinced at this time, practising imposture on my Mother as a lay-figure with a view to more mature ture on my Mother as a lay-figure with a view to more mature practice later on The Life. So he almost went through the pretence of thinking a minute, about which small job my mother tence of thinking a minute, about which small job my mother j referred to, before replying -(j "Them Drains at Popular Wilier? O' coorse as I said! No (j "Them Drains at Popular Wilier? O' coorse as I said! No ' Shore! This here good Gentleman he's so wery wise, he is, and no respect for Experience, he hasn't -- and then it's gettin' 'arf the front garden up, and I'd told 'im! All the same, this I will say, that his behaviour in admitting himself wrong is quite the Gentleman, and liberal amends! 'Mr. Wance,' says he, 'I see that tleman, and liberal amends! 'Mr. Wance,' says he, 'I see that I was mistaken and you were perfectly right.' And then he says what did I recommend? And of course I says the underground arrangements (as I calls 'em for to avoid the old Lady goin' into Convulsions) would probly be under the lawn, and could be found by piercing with a p'inter-rod, and avoid entrenchments on the JOSEPH VANCE Doctor's porket. And my young man on the job, William, he agrees with me. And the old lady, she weeps, she does, and says they're livin' over a Plague-Pit, and the only wonder is they haven't all got Asiatic Cholera and Typhus. And I says to her, 'You're a rare lot safer, Marm, over these here Plague-Pits than you would be if they was to connect you with the Main Shore in the road.' And she says, oh she do hope the Man is right, but oh she do wish dear Kandall you'd never taken the house on a twentyone years' lease. But they must give notice at the end of the one years' lease. But they must give notice at the end of the first seven, that was flat. And Dr. T. he says then there was still four years of peace and quiet." "But, Vance dear, see what a lot you do know! Who'd ever have thought of p'inter-rods ?" "Well, my dear, let us give credit where credit is due ! William (the young man I mentioned as working on that job) is dooly entitled to credit, as having mentioned a p'inter-rod to me afore I happened to mention it to Dr. T. as in coorse I should have done. Let us hope that William may be long spared to do sim'lar." My Father appeared to finish his cup of tea in honour of his sentiment. " I've squared it up with Dr. T.," he continued, " that so soon as the family is gone to 'Urn Bay the ground shall be opened and the ree-ceptacles emptied of their n'isome contents, meanwhile stip'Iating that when he ketches that old party 'oldin' like Grim Death onto 'andles that sends cataracks of water down, he shall just collar hold of her and put her under restraint as a loonatic. As to the rest, it's a plumber's job, and I shall arrange to have it done. 'Enderson in the 'Orpington Road, or Packleses niece's 'usband over Clapham way -- either o' them 'll make a job of it." I think I have given sufiicient detail of my Father's first exploit in the Building line to indicate the reasons of his subse- ploit in the Building line to indicate the reasons of his subsequent success. He was really very shrewd, and had a keen per- quent success. He was really very shrewd, and had a keen perception of the sort of wisdom shown by the Brave Little Tailor ception of the sort of wisdom shown by the Brave Little Tailor in the German child's story, who sits in the branches while the Giant carries the tree, and the moment he stops jumps down and pretends he has been working equally hard. In all cases, the actual work was done by William, or by Henderson's in the Orpington Road, or by Mrs. Packleses niece-by-marriage's husband, or some similar ally. He always contrived to beg off paying band, or some similar ally. He always contrived to beg off paying the Giants till his employers settled the accounts, and for a long time was most discreet about overcharges -- actually taking Dr* Thorpe into his confidence and showing him quite truthfully thalj seven and a half per cent, was the outside commission that h# JOSEPH VANCE received on the total, and then deducting two and a half per cent, for a cash settlement. Dr. Thorpe, however, refused to make this reduction, saying that he did not see why he should filch Mr. iVance^s just earnings as a bribe to pay his debts honourably. iBut Dr. Thorpe was not a Man of Business. It must have cost my Father almost as great an effort to be thus abstemious as it did to pass the Roebuck unvisited. He managed both somehow, and job followed job with surprising rapidity. And every day as he came home to Stallwood^s Cottages he looked with placidity at the great Board, and murmured through its impressive contents, nodding slowly at the punctuations. And well he might, for the Board had done it all ! I wonder whether C. Dance, whoever he was, fell away and perished neglected after the disappearance of his Board! CHAPTEK IX HOW JOEY PAID AKOTHER VISIT TO POPLAR VILLA, AND HOW HE SHOC7KED MISS VIOLET. HOW HE WENT UP INTO THE LIBRARY AND SAT ON DR. Thorpe's knee and did euclid. how he wept about miss lossie. HOW DR. T. offered HIM AN EDUCATION. AND OF THE SAD COLLAPSE OF PETER GUNN, TESTE PORKY OWLS. LAPSE OF PETER GUNN, TESTE PORKY OWLS. I RESUME my recollections of Poplar Villa during the short interval before the family's departure for Heme Bay, where they went in spite of the lamentations of Miss Violet. For when I made my appearance one morning by a special appointment of Miss Lossie's, the very first thing I heard was this young martyr's resignation coming into the breakfast room through the conservatory, which was on the way into the garden. Master Joseph was on the breakfast table on his stomach, drawing an assassination, and saturating his lead pencil injudiciously. ing an assassination, and saturating his lead pencil injudiciously. He descended suddenly when he saw me, bringing the tablecloth with him, and exclaiming, ''The Boy ith to be took staight to Lothie and no nonthenth," proceeded to push me from behind, as though I had been a perambulator, into the back garden. Looking back now through my exact recollection of his words, I conjecture with their help a previous interview of the two sisters in which the elder had expressed a hope that at least I should have to wait outside a little (for discipline), and the younger had driven her coach and six through it with destructive energy. Being pushed into the back garden by my namesake, I found Miss Lossie turning the practically unlimited supply of water on to the flower-beds; while her sister in a garden chair under a parasol, and reading as usual a Novel, was also denouncing * Heme Bay and complaining of the absence of sympathy for her- self in an unfeeling world. I was struck by the likeness to Mrs. Packles. But I did feel that the latter had the better right to complain, contrasting in my own mind the difference between life at the Wash-tub in an atmosphere of soapy steam, and life at Poplar Villa tainted only by effluvia which demanded the nose of an Expert to detect them. "And you know perfectly well the weather will be quite fine JOSEPH VANCE and smooth till we pass the Nore -- it always is! And then we shall all have to go down and be sick in the cabin, except you and Joey. And I declare I won't! If I get drenched through to the skin. I'll stop on deck -- I declare I will." L, -- ''Very well, dear, stop on deck. Here's Joey Vance. Have you ever been at sea, Joey Vance?" Me. -- "Yes, Miss Lossie, please! .My Father took me down the river in the penny Paddle-Wheel Boat. And when the chimbley came right down on deck under the Bridges I wasn't frightened. O such a lot of black smoke! And then wunst there was a Boy taller than me stood just under where the chimbley came down, and it came on his head, and " F. -- "Do stop that Boy saying wunst, and make him say once, I suppose that's not impossible " L. -- Say once, Joey Vance." Me. -- "Once" (very clearly and decisively). F. -- ^"You see he can do it perfectly, if he chooses. Only of course you encourage him in everything " L. -- How's the book getting on, Vicey dear? And what happened to the boy, Joey Vance?" pened to the boy, Joey Vance?" Me. -- ^"Him what was taller than me -- Cheaps he was -- and the chimbley came down a awful crack, and they picked him up and said it was an accident. And wunst the chimbley would not go back " F. -- " There's that Boy saying wunst again, and it gets on my nerves. I wish you wouldn't." L. -- "It isn't me, dear! Was the boy killed, Joey?" Me. -- " Oh yes, it was an accident. But please. Miss Lossie, I thought I was only to say once wunst, and done with it ! " Miss Lossie's laugh had the most infectious character. This time it caught on in the greenhouse among some canaries, and they sang without stopping a long time on end. It also started Betsy singing " Mary Blane," in the drawing-room, where she was dusting the ornaments. L. -- "Poor little Boy! Was he really killed? Yes, Joey ,V ance -- say once always, won't you, dear, for my sake ? " I said of course. Miss Lossie! And Master Joey, I suppose feeling that a practical illustration would be useful, forthwith began, "Wunth, wunth, wunth, wunth, wunth," and had to be stopped. " Though really, J oey ducky," said Miss Lossie, " I shall have to find a new way of stopping your jaw. You do splutter in the moistest way, right into one's mouth." ^ iF. -- '^Dis^sting child!" JOSEPH VANCE 3fe.-- ^'And next day after that, Miss Lossie, the Wasp blowed np and all her Engine Bilers and every soul perished ! " Master J. -- "By fousands?" L. -- "I remember! The Wasp was the name of the boat. How shocking! And you and your Father might have been on board /. -- "But we wasn't! -- And Mr. Capstick said that we should rejoice when we reflected that all them Souls was hurled into eternity and they might have been me and my Father ''(sensation). sation). V. -- "If this child is going on with his dreadful dissenting Little Bethel rubbish, I shall go indoors for one. And I do think, Lossie, you might check him a little instead of rolling on the grass with that shocking child, with his unendurable legs, and splitting with laughter." Miss Lossie recovered herself slowly on to her knees, and released her long eyelashes from hairdrift, which she patted into leased her long eyelashes from hairdrift, which she patted into its place, and wiped her eyes with her wrists en passant. She then settled down on the lawn with her hands round her knees. I can see the hair-bracelet she had on one wrist now. L. -- "Sit on my skirts, Joey ducky, and be quiet! Yes, they perished by fousands. But, t'other Joey, who is Mr. Capstick ? " stick ? " V. -- Then I shall go in ! " L. -- "Cut away, Vicey dear! But who is he, Joey Vance?" Me. -- " The Minister of the Lord " For, indeed, I really believed he was par excellence the Minister, and that others might have been dismissed, or might be waiting for their portfolios, but that, as a matter of fact, the Rev. Capstick was the folios, but that, as a matter of fact, the Rev. Capstick was the only one at present. V. -- " Very well, then, Lossie ! I see you really want me to go in, and I'll go!" L. -- "No -- no -- Vicey dear! She shan't go in, she shan't! You'll tell me all about Mr. Capstick some other time, won't you, Joey Vance?" Me. -- " Yes -- Miss Lossie ! " So an armistice was arranged, and Miss Violet consented to remain out on condition that religious subjects should be tabooed. I wonder how young Christians of Miss Violet's sensibilities managed to scrat on in the first century! It must have been trying. Miss Lossie, however, having conceded the point, honourably adhered to secular subjects. Under catechism, I showed myself JOSEPH VAHCE lamentably ill-informed. I had not been to the Zoological Gardens, nor to the British Museum, nor to St. Paul's. I need not say that the last only came in in its secular capacity, as a sight. But then I knew, and was proud to know, a Boy who had been in the Thames Tunnel, This was Gummy Harbuttle. And Miss Lossie said good gracious what a name for a human boy to have! I explained that the name Gummy was short for Charles Augustus. Never having known it in any other capacity, it seemed to tus. Never having known it in any other capacity, it seemed to me to contain the essence of Charles Augustus in two syllables. I was pleased when Miss Lossie said neither she nor the other Joey had been in the Thames Tunnel, as my acquaintance with a boy who had been there clearly improved my social status. The introduction of the Thames Tunnel, however, proved a disturbing element, for Master Joey demanded to be taken there at turbing element, for Master Joey demanded to be taken there at once. He made a grievance of this demand not being complied with; and was only pacified by a concession, which, as it plied with; and was only pacified by a concession, which, as it turned out, was one which had a great influence on my own future. Eor the sop thrown to Master Joseph was that he should be permitted to go up into his Father's library, and play at his Father's foot-warmer being a boat under the table. He stipulated also that the Boy should take him up, and no one else. He carried all his points, triumphantly directing me to the door of his Father's library; bursting it open with -- with to play at a Man in a Boat under the table, and I witheth to have the paper-knife to row wiv'. And the Boy is to wait." " And that's the Boy ! " said Dr. Thorpe. Is your Father here, my Boy? Oh no, he wasn't to come yet, I remember. Let's have a look at you! If I am to be disturbed by young Monkeys, I may as well be disturbed outright. Can you read, old chap?" Me. -- ''Yes, Sir, please! At least, I can read the Bible and 'Robinson Crusoe' rather slowly, and Mr. Capstick's Tracks very slow indeed because of " I was hesitating to find a word that would describe Jer. xv. 116 or Rev. lx. 12, when the Doctor remarked that he had got a book there, and if I was to sit on his marked that he had got a book there, and if I was to sit on his knee he would see which could read it through the fastest. So I sat on his knee. And the book was Euclid, and the Doctor nearly put it by, because the only legible bits without A's and B's were in writing-hand. But I stopped him because, I said, there was lots like it in Mr. Capstick's Tracks (which, indeed, was the case -- as the author, in order to drive home his damnation to the sinner, resorted to all sorts of printer's fonts) ; and I actually read the words "equilateral" and "equiangular" -- slowly, certainly, but without assistance. Then I was seized with the thirst tainly, but without assistance. Then I was seized with the thirst JOSEPH VANCE of knowledge and wanted to know what they meant. The colloquy that follows is very nearly if not quite correct. loquy that follows is very nearly if not quite correct. T. -- "Equilateral is when all those three are the same" (pointing to the sides). "And equiangular is when all those three are the same " (putting a line across each angle). Me . -- " I see. When they're all o' one sharpness. Then when it's E-qui-lateral it's E-qui-angular He. -- " How do you know that ? " Me. -- "Why, of course! Because if it wasn't E-qui-angular it wouldn't be E-qui-lateral. There would be a right side up. And there ain't any right side up, because it's the same all round He. -- "Let's try and draw one for ourselves. How shall we do it now ? " Me. -- " I could drore it on the ground beautiful with my pegtop string. If me and Gummy " He. -- "Who's he? However, never mind!" Me. -- " If me and Gummy was to toyk our two strings of a length, and dror' two rings just that length apart, no more nor no less, and then jine up the middles with the crossin' of the rings -- > why, of course there we should be ! " He. -- " I wonder if Euclid went on in this way when he was a little boy." Me. -- "Here it is drored! " (pouncing on the First Proposition). But what have they wrote letters at the corners for ? " Miss Lossie (coming in). -- " To puzzle little boys ! Foi/ don't want 'em, Joey Vance, do you?" Me (thoughtfully). -- "Of course me and Gummy could put the letters on afterwards, if they was wanted? His Father done my Father's signboard." I mentioned this to show that professional assistance would be forthcoming. Dr. T. -- That would be the very thing! You don't mean that it's lunch already, Lossie? Your little friend and I were so interested we never heard the bell " L. -- "Yes, and we shall catch it again from Aunty. Where's that child ? He's so quiet he must be in mischief " He was. He was impicking the seam in the side of the boat with the paper-knife. If I were obliged to state on oath how much of the foregoing is absolutely and literally true, I am afraid I should have to reply very little indeed. For remember, it is fifty years ago! But the whole of the remainder is so very nearly true. It is the fact, no JOSEPH VANCE doubt, that I have to decipher a palimpsest; but then I wrote the original myself, or was myself the parchment. Choose whichever metaphor fits best. Suppose now I confine myself for a while to rigid recollection only, and tell the exact truth. Let Poplar Villa in detail vanish into the past, with Master Joey resisting execution in respect of the paper-knife; myself receiving instruction from Miss Lossie as to what dinner I should requisition from Anne; the Doctor hurrying off to ablutions, and a background of a second luncheon-bell ing off to ablutions, and a background of a second luncheon-bell and the voice of Aunt Isa, which could scarcely have thrilled with greater tragedy had the second luncheon-bell been the tocsin, and the family summoned to battle with fire and flood. I absolutely remember Miss Lossie kissing me to say good-bye at the gate, and her sister taking some exception thereto. I could fill out this recollection by saying that her words were "If you can kiss anything so dinnery," but I am not sure enough of them. I can remember, but dimly, coming back along the dusty main road. Then being at home with my Mother, and crying in my sleeve in a corner because Miss Lossie was going away, and six weeks seemed too long to bear. I can remember that Henderson's in the Orpington Road came and complained bitterly that my Father, just to save a few shillins should 'and over a job to Packles's Niece's husband -- and lins should 'and over a job to Packles's Niece's husband -- and him known Mr. Vance in the Buildin' trade all these years! This, I take it, was another tribute to the Board. Really if it had been a Board with Minutes and Deputations it could not have been more influential. I can remember my Father saying to my Mother that she was to go over to Dr. Thorpe at the Wilier to talk about the young Nipper. "That 'll suit your Book, hay, Joey?" And I thought he was referring to the first Book of Euclid. I can remember sitting on the gate-posts looking along the road to see my Mother come back, and the taste of the brazil nuts I was eating at the time. And I remember the joyous hug that implied that something delightful had happened. And that the something turned out to be that Dr. T. was going to send me to a proper school at his own expense. And that there (so a message to myself ran) I should learn all about the nearest approach to Equilateral and Equiangular triangles that my Mother's powers of pronunciation could compass. I can remember, very dimly indeed, that Mr. Capstick endeavoured to intervene on behalf of a miserable little institution that oured to intervene on behalf of a miserable little institution that he called his Schools. But he had scarcely succeeded in procuring JOSEPH VANCE my attendance as u. pupil in previous times, and now he was nowhere. where. Before I absolutely quit this period of my life I will give a filled-out recollection of another of Porky Owls's gossiping reports. It related to Peter Gunn, the Sweep, and told how he had ports. It related to Peter Gunn, the Sweep, and told how he had fallen a victim to Nemesis. ''I seen that sportin' character agin wot I told you seen your dad fight Mr. Gunn. Kec'lect? Well, I beared him talking to a Hom'libus. So I stops and listens. And he says ' Pore Gunn,' he says, ' pore Peter ! ' And he makes b'lieve he was a-cryin' ! Then I gets a little nearer. And the Driver he says, ' I thought he was a-winnin' all his stakes, Mr. Jerry,' he says -- 'puttin' by money, I thought he was.' -- ' Shore-ly,' says Mr. Jerry, ' till he come acrost this here Moses Wardle. You know himf* And the Hom'libus knowed him. ' Him they call the ' Anley Linnet ? ' says the Hom'libus. -- 'That's your man,' says Mr. Jerry. 'And he says Peter may butt to his 'art's content -- ^he don't care! And the arrangement was for fifty pound a side, and relaxation Rules in respect of buttin'. " He may do his worst by me," says the Linnet. Now,' says Mr. Jerry, * you'll understand me easy enough. net. Now,' says Mr. Jerry, * you'll understand me easy enough. If I ketches this boy on one side of his 'ead, his 'ead 'll give, and may be no great 'arm done! If I ketches him both sides at once, like this ('Don't you be frightened,' says he, '7 ain't a-goin' to hurt you'), what becomes of this here boy? Sends for the undertaker, he does ! ' and he give me a penny for standing still. taker, he does ! ' and he give me a penny for standing still. ' Well,' says the Hom'libus, ' and when the men shook hands, what happened ? ' ' Why, in coorse,' says Mr. J erry, ' Gunn goes straight for his man's stummick as usual, and just as he reaches him round comes the Linnet's knuckles behind his ears simultaneous. He'd been trainin' for it, and it was just like a nut- taneous. He'd been trainin' for it, and it was just like a nutcracker made of two sludge Jjammers. Of course he goes down cracker made of two sludge Jjammers. Of course he goes down on his back and 'as a little peace and quiet till they calls Time, and then he does the same thing again. Gunn's backers was gettin' oneasy.' -- ' How often did Gunn come up ? ' says the Hom'libus. 'Maybe three time, or maybe four!' says Mr. Jerry. 'Then bus. 'Maybe three time, or maybe four!' says Mr. Jerry. 'Then they carried him off the ground, and Moses he pockets his money, and goes home to his farmley.' And then the Driver he 'oilers, 'Bring me out that 'arf-a-pint, James,' and when he takes it he says to James, 'Ain't it, James?' and James he says 'Ain't it what?' 'Sickenin' to see you,' says the Driver, pleasantry-like. And he 'ands him back the pewter, and says good-morning to Mr. Jerry and drives off. 'Cos the Fares they was getting impatient." patient." CHAPTER X ABOUT JOE WOW, A3 HE WRITES. AND ABOUT SOME OLD, OLD LETTERS OP lossie's. some moralizing you may skip, how lossie went TO THE seaside. PORKY OWLS's OBSCURANTISM -- SOMEWHAT OP MISS YIOLET^S GRANDES PASSIONS. I WHO write this am an old, or perhaps I should say oldish man whom you have possibly seen at the British Museum Reading Room. I have not the slightest idea whom I am addressing. Until you are in a position to vouch for your own existence, you must continue a mere hypothesis; perhaps not more so than most of the readers of many of the books I can obtain with my magic ticket. But you are possible, though not probable; and I shall avail myself of my irresponsible omnipotence to deem you actual, as it suits my convenience to do so. Well, then -- supposing that (in addition to entity without qualities) you are a frequenter of the Reading Room, you may have been told by an informant that I was an old cock, codger, card, or party, who had lived a good deal in South America, who was an ingenious Inventor and not unknown in that capacity in England twenty years since. He will probably have added that I was a secretive old bird, or a shy character, who kept myself to myself a good deal, and even that there was no getting much change out of me. If you have never been in the Reading Room, this sketch of what you might have heard there will classify me, and enable you to form a still further image of me as I sit here writing this in my chambers in the neighbourhood of Guilford Street. When I took possession two years since, the landlady assured me that they were commodious and airy. I might have discussed the point, but she had added that she had buried two husbands there ; and that appeared conclusive at the moment, though further experience has weakened my faith. The rooms are airy enough certainly when all the windows are open, and I can keep them open if I choose. But as for commodiousness, I never have more than one guest at a time ; so no strain is put upon their resources. I have some furniture of my own in a pantechnicon, and on my JOSEPH VANCE return from Brazil could have furnished a place for myself. But I found it easier to come here, as I wanted to resort to the Museum, and did not want encumbrances. In fact, I did not like being bothered; and thought furnished apartments the easiest to run away from if any one came after me whom I wished to avoid. In case this way of putting it should cause uneasiness, let me add that I am not a criminal. Neither had poverty any influence in my choice of a residence. It was merely that I wanted quiet for myself, leisure for writing, and had no motive or desire for renewing intercourse with the few survivors of those whom I had known in my youth in England. There were still one or two living whom I definitely wished to shun, for reasons which will appear in tny story. I fancy these believe me still in South America. But the absorbing power of twenty years is marvellous, and if I met them now I doubt if any of them would care to re-animate a fossil friendship. Bygones would not stand in the way, for they are fossils too! But it would be stale, flat, and unprofitable unless However, I won^t fill out that sentence just yet. I'll see about it at the end of my narrative, or leave it to fill itself out. For the present I wish you to keep my image in your mind as that of a man of sixty (say in round figures) engaged in historical research, chiefly connected with Engineering. I have no ob- cal research, chiefly connected with Engineering. I have no objection to telling you, if you like, the name of a work I have in jection to telling you, if you like, the name of a work I have in hand. It is The Relation of Mechanics to Music with especial reference to their place in History. It will probably never be read, any more than this Memoir; but I write it for the same reason; namely that I have begun it, and having begun it wish to finish it. "^y I began it I do not know, but I know why I began the Memoir. It was as an experiment to see how much I could really recollect if I once began to try, and then I got led on. It has become a sort of trial of strength with me now, and the more I come to memories I shirk, the more I nerve myself to the efforts to record them. The very first thing that set me on the track of my early boyhood was the reading of some old letters of Lucilla Thorpe's writ- hood was the reading of some old letters of Lucilla Thorpe's written half-a-century ago -- ^yes ! half-a-century ago -- ^to a great friend ten half-a-century ago -- ^yes ! half-a-century ago -- ^to a great friend of her girlhood, Sarita Spencer. This friend married and went to live in Ceylon, where she died, many years back. The course of events by which they came into my possession will develop in the story. I found them two years ago with many others in a box which I disinterred at the Pantechnicon when I returned from Brazil. I opened the first packet, and glanced at one of them. JOSEPH VANCE then replaced it from sheer cowardice. But it started recollections in my mind which led to my writing as much of my narra- tions in my mind which led to my writing as much of my narrative as I could without difficulty recall, and I now go back to the tive as I could without difficulty recall, and I now go back to the letters (painful as it may be to read them) as a means of helping me forward to still further recollections. It is strange to think that the old letter that I have again released from the soiled wrapper that contained it for so many years, was actually written in that very same Poplar Villa. But it was, and the almost invisible pencil writing on the wrapper is Lossie Thorpe, 1849-60. Of course now and again letters are kept (and kept clean, as these are now the wrapper is off) for half-a-century ; and they must have been written somewhere , -- so why not this one at Poplar Villa, on a warm June evening under the very pear tree whose fruit I helped to pick in September? Why does it seem to me so very strange that that paper was held and written on by that very Lossie, that that brown ink-blot is the very same black ink-blot she complains of in connection with Joey, and that the rest of that blot had to be washed off the hand that I so well remember the hair bracelet on? My own particular sorrow^s crown of sorrows has always (as I said) been the telling of bad news. So the remembrance of happier things has to go second. But it doesnT make it much better that there happens to be something still worse. I almost wish I could, having set myself the task, just write my own story straight through from memory, helped by probability. When one has made the plunge into the sea of one's own past, one can swim about happily enough till one has to cut one's feet returning to shore! The sleeper in Newgate, who has. to be called early to go and be hanged, would dream he was birds' -nesting or playing at marbles in perfect comfort if you would only let him alone. And these schoolgirl letters won't let me keep the dream real. They remind me with a continuous refrain, that what was Now then, is Then now, and I should like to be able to forget it. But I cannot manage so well without them, so I must have my tooth out over it. What draws my tooth is the actual paper, the same that that hand touched; the actual blot, whose unpreserved half was washed off fifty years ago ; the very folds the inky fingers pressed. I can live through the past again in peace when once I am well started, but I flinch from these connecting links of tangible reality. gible reality. However, it has to be done, so here goes! You know what it feels like, when your dentist clips your tooth-root round with those beautiful shiny pincers? JOSEPH VANCE 73 LOSSIE THORPE TO MISS SARITA SPENCER. " Poplar Villa, June 16, 1850. My DexVREST Sarry : IPs such a lovely afternoon I must write you a long letter. Vicey and Aunty will have to change the books at Mudie's, that is, if Aunty will only go and get ready and leave those drains alone. There won't be a drop of water left in the cistern. ^'Do you know, I am convinced you are right about Miss Dunckelmann. She came to England to learn English, and never taught us a word of either German or French. This new one is said to know lots -- ^but she seems a perfect martyr to Neuralgia. I do not know what earthly use it is being able to teach French and German and Latin and Mathematics if you can't do it. I'm very sorry for her, of course; but if I were to undertake to teach you Chinese and then only have Neuralgia what would you say? I don't mean, dear, that you would find fault. I'm sure you would put up with anything. But it would be exasperating, wouldn't it? For my part I can't see the least why girls shouldnt have caps and gowns and be real students. What was Papa to do with us girls, I should like to know? You know Mamma had a horror of Boarding Schools for girls, and so Papa didn't like to so soon after, or even Miss Namby's where you went would have been better than growing up a weed, and not knowing I rench and German. As for poor Aunt Izzy, you know what she is. I'm sure you man. As for poor Aunt Izzy, you know what she is. I'm sure you never lived in this house the inside of a month without finding that out. You know, dear, I so often think if Mamma had lived it would have been different, because a Mother is quite another thing to an Aunt, however high her standard. Of course I feel that I am a most ungrateful girl to poor Aunty, who I know is goodness itself, and the sacrifices she makes -- of course, too, I know I never was grateful to darling Mamma -- ^but then I didn't have to be, and that just makes all the difference. I know it's because one is bad -but the minute one has to be grateful one isn't. Only when it but the minute one has to be grateful one isn't. Only when it was Mamma one never thought about it being grateful, one rushed off straight to her to cry when one wanted to cry, or to make her laugh too when it was anything nice. I recollect when I was ten, and Uncle Creswick brought us all birthday presents instead of only me, how we could hardly stop to thank Uncle, and all rushed off like maniacs up to Mamma's room, and Papa came out and said not quite such a noise, and we could hardly stop to show even him. And it was always Mamma first thing in the morning, and JOSEPH VANCE Mamma last thing at night. And then yon know how we all went to stay at Grandmamma's. And then one day Papa drove up when we were at breakfast. And Grandma got up and went out and pulled to the door, but I heard her say ' Well ? ' And he said this morning at three. And then I heard him say I can tell them. Mother, I shall not break down. And then I ran out. And you know, dear, what it was like because I told you. And then when Papa fetched us all back a week after, it wasn't Mamma but Aunt Izzy at the door. And we all walked about on tiptoe and whispered. And then Joey began, only he was dreadfully red and made pered. And then Joey began, only he was dreadfully red and made frightful grimaces. I know I've told you all this before, dear, lots of times. But I can't help going on if I begin ; and it's good for me because now if I get lying awake to-night, I shan't go over it half so much if I know it's in this letter in the Post. You know one does go over and over it so, and things always will happen to bring it back. There's that little Ducky who knows nothing of his Mother except that she is buried at Colchester and that's all the Geography he knows too. And to-day when Papa and Professor Absalom were tallying about Ethics he cut in and interrupted the conversation to state that Ethics was in Colchester -- by which he meant that Colchester was in Essex. Poor darling Pa couldn't laugh as Professor chester was in Essex. Poor darling Pa couldn't laugh as Professor Absalom did -- and I don't wonder. '^Do you know what that great splodge of ink is? That's Joey, of course. He wants to write too, and then he climbs up on me and gets at the ink over my shoulder. It doesn't matter on this letter, because it came on the clean paper, and I can write round it. But it's gone on my hair-bracelet that was Mamma's, and I don't know if it will come off. Joey has offered to suck it off, but I don't think ink is good for him. What do you think Vicey and her friend Alice Pratt have done ? Of course I oughtn't to tell because I promised not. But I shall -because Vicey solemnly promised not to say a word about what I because Vicey solemnly promised not to say a word about what I told her Jane Pennell said about what Sarah Sant said about her Uncle's property in Worcestershire. And then went straight away and told Alice Pratt. So I don't hold myself the least bound -- and I don't see why I shouldn't tell you (it's secret, mind) that she and Alice Pratt have promised on honour that if any gentleman ever proposes to them they will tell each other exactly what he says. Isn't it silly? Besides, no gentleman ever will propose to Alice Pratt, with that nose. If you and me were to do so, there might be Borne sense in it, because you have a reasonable nose, dear. Now I mus.tn't write any more nonsense. I'm sure nobody te JOSEPH VANCE 75 read this would ever imagine I was an almost nearly grown-up girL So with ever so much love, as Joey says, I remain, Yours affectionately, "Lossie Thorpe." Would anybody, I wonder? When I read this through first, I answered that nobody would. The second time I decided that probably most people would say it was a very fair all-round letter for a girl of that age, at that date, without graduates for governesses, or Newnham and Girton on the horizon. The disappoint- ernesses, or Newnham and Girton on the horizon. The disappointment I felt at first was because I expected a renewal or repetition ment I felt at first was because I expected a renewal or repetition of the impression I had received from the writer half-a-century back. You see, at that time I was only a little ragamuffin eight years old, very little better off in his surroundings than the two scapegoats of my bottle-throwing exploit. I wonder, if I could in the form of my now Self walk in at the swing-gate again at Poplar Villa (I should be able to look over it instead of through the third bar up) and find the then Dr. Thorpe and his family at home, should I come away unimpressed, and say those girls of the Doctor's seemed rather nice, but how dreadfully they spoil that tor's seemed rather nice, but how dreadfully they spoil that child? The suggestion grates on me and I prefer to think that the written record is wrong and Memory is right. Anyhow, the latter is now part of Me, and may as well go on to the end. Because the end will come, and then there may be no more Me, or at least no more visible and audible evidence of my existence to my fellow-men. low-men. I cannot understand either the frame of mind that shrinks from extinction, nor that which professes to anticipate and believe in it. I should not be surprised if after all the Egyptians lieve in it. I should not be surprised if after all the Egyptians were right, and the death of a man were the birth of a soul. But (like my namesake, Joey) I wants to know; and supposing this to be the case, are we always to live on under a burden of old griefs constantly accumulating at compound interest, for ever? Or will a time come when the onrush of some inconceivable Dawn will brush aside the cobwebs of the unsatisfactory past -- even the pleasures Memory has turned into pain -- and put the shocking old house in order for an interminable day ? Keally if there be no such prospect, would it not be better to be that entirely self-satisfied thing, a Non-Entity? Or failing the possibilities of non-existing, to go through a subterranean phase, at Kensal Green or Woking, and only be restored to consciousness (and the recovery of a good deal of dispersed nitrogen and ©️ar76 JOSEPH VAl^CE 76 JOSEPH VAl^CE bon) within twenty-four hours of a settlement guaranteed complete and final? plete and final? I believe the last idea was nearly the excellent Mr. Capstick'a -- or, at least, it formed the Matrix of a complicated Mixture, in which the departed who had "fallen asleep in Jesus'' were devoured by worms under the sod while reposing in Peace there and voured by worms under the sod while reposing in Peace there and looking forward to a joyful Resurrection; all which did not interfere with their joining in the Choir of the Blessed and even fere with their joining in the Choir of the Blessed and even infesting Abraham's Bosom. Poor Mr. Capstick! Perhaps the multitude of Solutions which he poured into this Mixture were like the dozen or so of remedies your doctor gives you in one tablespoonful, in a glass of water, every four hours, one or other of spoonful, in a glass of water, every four hours, one or other of which you feel pretty sure must do you good. I really think the Mixture did my Mother good. As to my Father, he merely said (adopting, but spoiling the medical metaphor), " Capstickses pills goes in at one ear and out at the other." Sarita Spencer must have been staying at Poplar Villa very shortly before I went there, as the letter which follows, written just before the family's departure for Herne Bay, treats the visit as a recent one. There are one or two intermediate letters, speaking of her coming visit in July. But of course this is the first ing of her coming visit in July. But of course this is the first that has the strong interest of an allusion to myself. After referring to some unimportant incidents of the visit, the letter continues thus : "We should have been very dull, dear, after you went only there was all the excitement of the hunt for your ring and the Police came about it, and had refreshments in the kitchen and suspected the servants, and after all there it was in the toothbrushes all the time! Then Aunt Izzy got her way about the drains and they've all got to be done while we're away. And the man that came about the Drains brought such a nice little Boy with him, who is eight but might have been seven, he is so small and compact. I must tell you about him because Pa is going to send him to school where Nolly is. Not but what I hate Mr. Penguin and think him a ridiculous old prig. I don't want to be apologized about even by Papa and called a young Puss to any Mr. Penguins. " I took the Boy in the garden and made him pick pears. And he's been here to-day and made us all laugh so with his funny accent. Only Vicey went into a Rage about me and him. And then afterwards when we were all at dinner she wanted Papa to tell me not wards when we were all at dinner she wanted Papa to tell me not to go on like that. And Papa said, ' You're not to go on like that. JOSEPH VANCE l/)ssie dear. Give me a baked potato with your fingers, dear, but on no account go on like that, and then Vi will tell us what you are not to go on like.' And then Vicey said, * Why, in that irreligious way with dreadful Boys out of the street -- talking about ligious way with dreadful Boys out of the street -- talking about Eternity and the Lord ! ' And Pa said it was very sad, and how came I to talk of such irreligious things as Eternity and the Lord to dreadful Boys out of the street? And Vicey said well I knew he said plunged-into-Etemity and the Minister-of-the-Lord -- some horrid Dissenting parson he'd got -- and for her part she didn't think it was a thing to joke about. And another time, she said, she wouldn't sit there. And then Aunty murmured submissively from her end of the table, ' I am not quite sure that perhaps Violet may not be right, dear Randall.' And Pa said Oh there was no doubt about it, and quite took Aunty in and she said she was glad he thought so. And then he said, ' Now mind, Lossie, never you say plunged-into-Eternity or the Minister-of-the-Lord to dreadful Boys out of the street or your sister won't sit there.' And then Vicey got up in tears and said she didn't want any more dinner and would go. And I had to run after her and fetch her back and tell her it was a Roly-poly Pudding. ** But that's not really what I wanted to tell you about, but how Pa had the Boy up into his room and I found him sitting on dear Pa's knee doing Euclid. And when Vicey came back Pa tried to make peace by telling us all about it. But Aunty and Vicey wouldn't show any interest and were chilly and meek. So Pa said never mind Lossie he'd show me. And I can do Euclid myself, so I could understand. Joey Vance (that's the Boy's Name) said he and a friend could make a triangle with all the sides the same and all the corners the same sharpness so that there should be no right side up, if they took their two peg-top strings the same length and made two circles a string apart. It was something Pa said in the way he put it that made him think the Boy should be properly educated. Penguin would do to begin with till he could see his way. Papa says too he thinks the Boy's Father must be a very clever Builder as he knew there was no drain under the front garden, and Pa thought there was. He said he must have been some time in business as he had seen his name up so often at his place along our road. And Vicey said if he had plenty to do why doesn't he dress and educate his son better? And Pa said he didn't say he had plenty to do. And Vicey said why hadn't he, then -- ^he ought to! And Pa said probably a Man without Capital. The Boy's mother is to come and see Pa about it when he has seen us safe to JOSEPH VANCE Heme Bay and come back by the Monday Boat. We are all busy now packing and Aunty and Vicey are making a great fuss and won't allow anything to go at the bottom of any box or it will be crushed. And as I finish this letter in a hurry I can hear a shindy going on between Aunty and the laundress about The Wash being back in time. And of course it won't, because it never is even if that unintelligible old Mrs. Packles promises ever so. And it will have to be sent down separate after and Vicey will have a bad cold first thing and borrow all my pocket-handkerchieves. Joey wants to send you four kisses which he wishes to draw himself, but really I can't let him even if he howls because I must self, but really I can't let him even if he howls because I must hurry away to pack. Good-bye, dear. Your Affect. Lossie. P. S. -- I have compromised with Joey. He is to be allowed to lidc the envelope. Good-bye." I did not expect to come across my old friend Mrs. Packles, inarticulate and apologetic, in the front pantry probably, testifying, over a basket load of cleanness tucked up round the top with ing, over a basket load of cleanness tucked up round the top with a red bandana handkerchief, to the unexampled good faith she proposed to exhibit. Her sudden appearance had a strange effect on me -- that of a moment of apprehension that she would communicate the tale of my Father and the Sweep to Poplar Villa municate the tale of my Father and the Sweep to Poplar Villa and upset everything. The fifty years had slipped away as I read. In an instant they recollected me and came back brandishing a change of tense for Mrs. Packles; to be sure she might have told them all about it. But then apparently she didn't ! I don't think the story ever reached the Villa. I was not the least surprised to find recorded another instance of the effect of the Magic Board. No sooner did Hr. Thorpe's eyes light on it than ex-post-facto visions of that Board came unquestioned and convincing into what he really thought was his questioned and convincing into what he really thought was his Memory. There never was another Board like that one! I discerned its infiuence also on Hr. Thorpe in the correct attitude of cerned its infiuence also on Hr. Thorpe in the correct attitude of mind shown by his way of accounting for my Father's backwardness in the world. If it had not been for the Board he would wardness in the world. If it had not been for the Board he would have said perhaps my Father tippled, perhaps he didn't pay the weekly wages, perhaps he was quarrelsome, perhaps he hadn't any money-- perhaps anything! But the Board mesmerized him, and directed him to say that he was a Man without Capital. It was probably an unconscious record that my Father was on the first stepping-stone to success. For no sooner is it clear that you are a Man without Capital than it is nearly equally clear that the CapJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE ital you haven't got is somewhere else, and may drift your way. Of j jourse it is uninvested and lying idle, because nobody in his senses would disturb an Investment. But it is in the air, and if you make it distinctly understood that you are only going to handle it, but not to use it for any specific object, you may capture some of it. Don't say what you mean to do with it! I ture some of it. Don't say what you mean to do with it! I I know a lady who sold all her shares in a gold-mine because she heard that the Company had spent PS2000 on one stamping machine. "It may have been my PS2000!" said she, indignantly. The next letter, written from Heme Bay, gives a graphic account of the journey. I; "We had to get up at six to be in time for the Packet. And th^ fuss! I had no idea it was possible for any one to be in such a stew as Aunty. Vicey is bad enough, but then she never packs anything wrong, because she never packs anything at all. She only gives out that she gives up, and calls us all to witness that if anything whatever is wrong it won't be her fault, and that if the Boat thing whatever is wrong it won't be her fault, and that if the Boat goes to the bottom she hopes we'll remember that she said so all I along. I think this the meanest prophesying. If I was a prophet I'd be one, and not make holes to get out at. But Vi is nothing to Aunty because she is a Puddle in a Storm, and carries no weight. ; Really to hear Aunty about those cabs ! As it was they did come quite ten minutes before they promised. But there was Aimty ! Looking at her watch every two minutes and calling to Anne over I the stairs that she knew the clock in the Hall was slow, and marching off with sudden determination to Pa in his Library and saying, ing off with sudden determination to Pa in his Library and saying, ' Randall, I know those cabs will be late and we shall lose the Boat. And you know how awful the confusion is at London Bridge and most likely all the streets blocked.' And then when the cabs did come Aunty denounced one of the horses as Unfit for Work, and wanted Pa to insist on its being inspected at once by the Society for Cruelty to Animals. And Pa said we shouldn't get off. And then Aunty got into another stew about the boxes on the top being too heavy, and tipping the cab over and coming through the roof on our heads. But the men said if they was corded tight enough across the top they wouldn't come through -- and then Aunty was satisfied. "But I really was frightened we shouldn't get the Boat. For when we got to London Bridge Wharf there was a stoppage and all our luggage had to be carried by separate men, and of course any one of them might have got away in the crowd, and we should never have seen our Box again. But they all said they were very honest JOSEPH VANCE and trustworthy, and appealed to a Policeman who said he wasn't on duty. However, in the end the party got off safely' in a boat called the Ked Rover, Captain Large, the machinery of which gave great satisfaction. Only Joey wanted all the brass parts detached and given to him, and Aunty was very uncomfortable at such a lot of heavy iron, and asked a Mariner whether the boat didn't sometimes go down, and he said not on this line. But he gave the boats on the other line a very bad character and hinted that they very seldom arrived at their journey's end. And Aunty conversed ' with him for some time from her eminence (you know her way) and gave him a shilling. She insisted on Pa saying Grace at dinner in the Cabin, and said in a hollow voice, ' It may be the last ner in the Cabin, and said in a hollow voice, ' It may be the last time you will ever say Grace, Randall.' And I don't know, but I'm almost sure some rude young men at the next table heard this and one said, ^For what we are going to bring up Lord make us truly thankful.' And I believe Pa heard it too, because he laughed so. I hope Vicey didn't. I suppose not, because she said she thought them nice gentlemanly young men. You know how she changes her note when it's Religion. But we weren't very bad, any of us, and it's always great fun going along the Pier, which is two miles long, in a truck with a sail, only of course Aunty, who has never been, thought it wasn't safe and asked a very stout man in blue with an oilskin hat whether it would blow over the pier. And he thoitght she wanted to know how soon it started and said presently Marm. And Pa said it usually blew over about halfway. Wasn't it a shame to make game of poor Aunty? Only I do it just as much as anybody." This letter, trivial enough in itself, has a kind of indirect interest to me, as it shows that for the time being the Boy hadl quite passed out of Miss Lossie's mind, though the Bey's mind continued full of Miss Lossie and Poplar Villa. I gave highly coloured versions of the family to Porky Owls and other friends, and was indeed offensive in my claim of acquired knowledge in respect of Euclid. I clearly remember treasuring an intention to disclose my erudition suddenly to Porky, to his disparage- tion to disclose my erudition suddenly to Porky, to his disparagement and humiliation. I felt that his vulgar technical superiority ment and humiliation. I felt that his vulgar technical superiority at Peg-in-the-Ring was at an end, and chose the first occasion to pounce on him with "You don't know what Equilateral Triangles are, nor yet Equiangular." Porky, with great presence of mind, denied the existence of both. In detail, and as soon as he had been informed of the claims of these triangles, he repudiated equality in the sides of any figures whatever except pudiated equality in the sides of any figures whatever except JOSEPH VANCE squares. They would," said he, be oneven all over excepting they was drored square." I endeavoured to convince him by drawing one on the ground (as I had said he and I could do) with peg- ing one on the ground (as I had said he and I could do) with pegtop strings, and I regret to say failed altogether to produce in him top strings, and I regret to say failed altogether to produce in him a Geometrical frame of mind. He entrenched himself behind the greater accuracy of eyesight of a chap thirteen months older than me, alleging that it all depended which side you stood, the two top lines being always longer than the bottom one, and the top corner always 'arf as sharp again. I pointed out that I had got 'em all off of one string! But Porky was a difficult opponent in argument, for he fell back on the inherent varieties in the radii of the same circle. "You try ever so," said he, "you'll never get 'em alike all the way round." He then took up the position that he (being older) could supply me with a much better form of three equal lines, by droring of 'em straight across a paving-stone. "What do you want with 'em jined up?" said he. Porky was by no means the last example of his school that I have found difficult to convince. The Mechanical World, with which I have had something to do since those days, bristles with grown-up Porkies. No young man trying to bring forward an invention is without many experiences of the condescension of superior knowledge- which not only offers him a better means of doing what he proposes, but indicates how much better it would be to use those means to do something entirely different. After this collision with Porky I decided to conceal my new-found learning. I had pictured myself careering into Fame on the sides or angles of instructive triangles. But I made no further attempt on Gummy Harbuttle or any one else. I had received my first snub for offering a new idea to an imwilling intellect. There follow several letters from Herne Bay written to Sarita Spencer. A great deal is incomprehensible to me, and there is no one living who can explain it, except, of course, the writer, whom I can scarcely consult for reasons which will appear later. Neither if I could do so would anything be gained, as the unintelligible parts evidently relate to matters of no importance. intelligible parts evidently relate to matters of no importance. I am really only hunting for references to myself. Still, some passages bring back the family so vividly as to be worth copying. For instance, Lossie writes a sentence all wrong, and has to write it over again because of Joey, whom I can fancy climbing over her more sub, and hindering frightfully. "I can't," she says, "scratch out anything and alter, because if I do Joey wants to JOSEPH VAHCE know why, and if he isn't satisfied tries to clean up the alteration." The letter continues: -" I thought Vicey had got rubbishing novels enough to keep her " I thought Vicey had got rubbishing novels enough to keep her quiet, but it seems not. What does she do but go and scrape acquaintance with some young men who are idling about every day quaintance with some young men who are idling about every day on the beach or rowing in boats. And then Aunty makes a row and says Papa wouldn't approve, which is very likely true, without any introduction or anything. I actually saw her let one of those young men carry her books up the beach for her and help her over the breakwater. I wonder if she's going to write to Alice Pratt about that ! I shouldn't the least wonder if she did. But he can't be over eighteen so it could hardly count." That is Violet all over. Of course she did! I suppose the reason I had not already seen her in this character was that there was no young male visitor at Poplar Villa when I was there. Then follows a little about Aunt Isabella: -Do you know Aunty is getting dreadfully deaf, and the other Do you know Aunty is getting dreadfully deaf, and the other day when that clergyman said something about deathbed repentance, she said she hadn't got tenpence, but could change haK-a- ance, she said she hadn't got tenpence, but could change haK-acrown. And when that Mrs. Matthison said I'm afraid you find crown. And when that Mrs. Matthison said I'm afraid you find your girls very unmanageable, ' But, my dear Clarissa, even Violet is only just sixteen, and it is so very soon to begin thinking about such things.' And we had such a job to make out that she thought Mrs. Matthison had said unmarriageable. And then she said she could quite well hear, and we needn't shout ! I hope it isn't going to get worse." Violet evidently didn't think it a bit too soon. But whether she was unmarriageable or not, she was certainly unmanageable; and Aunt Isabella must have been conscious that she had her hands full. However, Violet clearly knew the weak side of her deaf Aunt, and regulated her conduct accordingly. Eor this is what follows in the same letter, written later in the day :-- *^1 declare I really am quite disgusted with Vicey. You know she is just as pigheaded as a mad bull when she gets the bit in her teeth. In spite of all I say, just fancy her actually bringing that young man into the house and facing Aunty with him I I must say JOSEPH VANCE I do admire her intrepidity ! Of course it may be all true what he says, that he's a cousin of the Bellamy Seftons, and that his Aunt J ane married an Arklow, but what I want to know is how did Vicey know he was when she let him carry her books for her and help : her over the breakwater? He didn't rush at her and say I am a cousin of the Bellamy Seftons, let carry your three-volume novel, nor, my Aunt Jane married an Arklow, let me lift you over this breakwater I And yet when I went down into the parlour there was Aunty already talking family with him and asking if those were the Arklows of Packlington or the Arklows of Stowe? Don't you know her dim remote genteel air with her eyes half closed behind her spectacles, and looking as if she was Debrett's Aunt at least? She only seemed a little uneasy about what could possibly bring a Connection of an Arklow to such a place as Herne Bay. The young man, whose name is Bobert Sefton, said he'd come for a lark with his two friends, but that it was so awfully jolly that he wished his mother and sister to come too from Scarborough. Aunty seemed to think Scarborough much more proper for Family families." I Lossie's next letter a few days later treats Vi with great severity. But I think it only just to call attention to the first and last sentences- of what follows, and to indicate that the very j sensible boy, or young man, must have come in rather soon to assist in moralizing. Both these young people seem to have taken a very superior tone -- almost too good to be true! Here is the letter : -I took ever such a long walk this morning all by myself. Only I took ever such a long walk this morning all by myself. Only Joey of course. And I got very melancholy thinking about Mamma and what a bad thing it is for a girl like Vicey to have no mother to look after her and keep her in decent order. It set me wondering whether I really was going to have an elder sister who was a ing whether I really was going to have an elder sister who was a flirt -- I always thought that flirts and forgers and embezzlers and murderers were things they had in other people's families and in the newspapers, but not people like us. I can't imagine where Vicey can have inherited it from. Perhaps our great-great-grandmother when she was sixteen always had some young goose in tow. mother when she was sixteen always had some young goose in tow. And will Vicey's great-great-granddaughter follow her example? Eobert Sefton's cousin Edward Clayton, who really seems a very sensible boy, or young man, told me Eobert was just like that -- if it wasn't one girl it was another. And he said he should like to know what Sylvia Halliday would have said if she'd seen Eobert JOSEPH VANCE fastening Miss Violet's glove for her and every one a thousand miles away. Of course I said it would have been very unreasonable in the girl whoever she was to say anything about it, because why on earth shouldn't Kobert fasten up Vicey's glove if it got unbuttoned? And then I said if every one else was a thousand miles toned? And then I said if every one else was a thousand miles off how came you to see it? And he said he saw it through his telescope. And I said how mean. And he said he couldn't help it because he was looking to see where Aunt Izzy was, as he'd promised to take her a bit of India-rubber, and he came across Vicey ised to take her a bit of India-rubber, and he came across Vicey and Robert quite by accident. I dare say you'll say it wasn't a thing to make a fuss about, but then you hadn't seen Vicey when she tried those gloves on looking at those pretty hands of hers and then when one wouldn't button saying she thought the little bit that showed through was quite as fetching as the whole hand. ''I should have blown up Edward Clayton more, only Joey, who had been very silent for a long time, suddenly said, 'A lady or a gentleman ? ' and I couldn't think at first what he meant. Then I remembered that I had told him when I wasn't there he must ask to have his nose wiped if he couldn't do it himself. So I said * Oh, your nose ! Why, a lady, of course ! Gentlemen don't know how.' And then Edward Clayton had to be explained to and Joey and I only just got in in time for dinner. But I went on thinking over Vicey just where Edward Clayton had interrupted. . . And then a page is torn off, and the juvenile flirtations and Herne Bay beach and Joey's nose all vanish in an instant, and I awake to the fact that I am chilly, that the fire wants attending to (even as Joey's nose did) and that Betsy Austin, when she did my room up this morning, didn't do any oil into my lamp. I pay the penalty of a hatred of gas -- a hatred which rejects its services; and my lamp will grow dimmer and dimmer, and I shall turn it up and prolong short instalments of life, and spoil the wick. Suppose I show resolution and blow it out! I will, and do. I also break a coal that has been out of sympathy with the rest of the fuel, and force it to take a part in public life. It flares, and I can now see to carry the lamp into the passage, that it may poison some one else. Then I open the window, and admit some fresh air, and a great deal of fresh fog. It is better than Parafiin. As soon as the relative values of chill and stench give a good average unpleasantness, I shut the window. There is one more Herne Bay letter, a long one. But it is on Other paper, probably local, which has not taken the ink well and JOSEPH VANCE will be difficult to decipher. And it is late as I write -- and my eyesight has its limits. The remains of the firelight will do to get to bed by, but not to decipher a letter. I will sit here a little in the half -dark and try to look forward and backward -- forward to the next letter I shall read, backward over the long perspective of the years between. What do I care to know about in that next letter? I feel a sort of interest about what will come of the flirtation, only being sure that nothing substantial came of it (or I should have known), that interest is perfunctory. I rather want to know what Dr. Thorpe thought of the two young Seftons and their cousin when he came by the boat the week after. But what I really -- really -want to find in that next letter is some further allusion of Dossiers want to find in that next letter is some further allusion of Dossiers to the small boy who gathered the pears and had the funny accent, and whom her father was going to send to school because of his aptitude for Euclid. It is so strange to think that she is living now! If only she could come in at that door and I could see her face again by the flicker of this fire that is dying! But I look back through five decades, and at the far-off end see an ill-controlled lock of sunny hair that will not leave the long eyelashes of two greyblue eyes untickled. And a very small boy in London wondering blue eyes untickled. And a very small boy in London wondering whether Miss Lossie at Herne Bay recollects him, even as the old man he has become still wonders how if on reading that next letter he will find a record of that, recollection. Lossie begins her next letter from Heme Bay by saying she had hoped Vicey and her admirer had fallen out. But It was only that they quarrelled because he was irreligious, or Vicey said he was. She says he admitted that he only went to Church because she did, and Vicey says if that isn^t Atheism she should like to know what is. I could have told her what Bobert said on the steamboat, which I suppose was Atheism too, only I thought it wouldn^t be fair to Robert, who said it in confidence to the others. However, unfortunately it didn't last, and now they are reconciled again, and Vicey told me last night that Robert is really at heart a thoroughly religious young man only not in sympathy with empty forms. I asked her if Church was an empty pathy with empty forms. I asked her if Church was an empty form, and she said of course I could twist her words to mean anything I liked, but the meaning was perfectly clear to any un- thing I liked, but the meaning was perfectly clear to any unprejudiced person. So I went to sleep and dreamed that Vicey prejudiced person. So I went to sleep and dreamed that Vicey was talking about the Archbishop of Canterbury all night" JOSEPH VANCE Sept. 5. ''I left this letter unfinished yesterday and must try to get it done for this post. I^m really glad we are coming back so soon, because Vi and Robert Sefton have got to be quite a nuisance. Last night I saw there was going to be a revelation, and no sooner were Vicey and I in bed than Vicey begins: 'Lossie darling, now do be a ducky and don't go to sleep just yet, because I've something I want to tell you.' So I said I was just off, and she would hav^ to look alive. And she said, ' Oh, well, now I do call that unfeeling -- if you wanted to tell me about an Offer you'd had, I shouldn't ing -- if you wanted to tell me about an Offer you'd had, I shouldn't be so unkind/ So I said had she had a love-letter from Theophrastus Absalom -- ^because you know it was him just before we phrastus Absalom -- ^because you know it was him just before we came away. And Vi repeated his name with withering scorn, a syllable at a time. 'No, it was not Theophrastus Absalom, nor even my little Joey Vance's big brother, if he had one. But there! I knew perfectly well who it was, only if I was going to be unsisterly she would go to sleep.' I said very well only not to pull all the clothes to her side. Then she melted and became pathetic, and said that she and Robert loved one another 'dearly, and neither of them had ever cared about anybody else before, and it was so hard to have nobody to sympathize with, and wouldn't I tell Aunty. I said I thought Aunty would be jealous at having her new sweetheart taken away, and V. said very well if I wouldn't be serious heart taken away, and V. said very well if I wouldn't be serious she would go to sleep. So I said what on earth was I to tell Aunty, and she said tell her they were engaged. And I said stuff! they couldn't be engaged without anybody's consent. She said betrothed then. And it was a solemn matter whatever a chit like me trothed then. And it was a solemn matter whatever a chit like me might think. She was going on that she was Robert's and Robert was hers, and it was Destiny, when I went off to sleep. And next morning I told her not to be a goose. And it was Theo Absalom till a month ago whatever V. may say to the contrary. As for my dear little Joey Vance, my other Joey I call him, that was only the nearest fling she could get at me, only as he's so small and such a baby that you could take him on your knee and kiss him, she couldn't well say him -- so she said his big brother! I wonder what Mr. Penguin will make of Master Joey. He gives himself airs enough about his System of Education. Papa wrote that he had seen his Mother about him, and thought he saw why the child is clever. The father he says is evidently a man of ability quenched in beer, but trying hard to burn up, and the mother a good and affectionate woman with a curious paradoxical inconsistency (all these phrases are Pa's) that shows a certain stirring of the brain. He had noticed her before among the poor people at the Savings Bank." JOSEPH VAHCE I suppose few people ever experience a stranger sensation than mine as I read the foregoing record of Dr. Thorpe's first impression of my parents; of the effect they produced on the man pression of my parents; of the effect they produced on the man whom I have always accounted a second father, and surely one of the truest friends that it ever was man's lot to possess. And his impression was so accurate. The " ability quenched in beer " grated on me a little. But I am forced to acknowledge its truth. Had it not been for the additional stimulus supplied to my Father's resolution towards temperance by the feeling that his Joey had really got a New Latin Book, and was being brought up a Scollard, may it not easily be that the powers of the Magic Board might have been overtaxed? Little things turn the scale, even against the nasty liquid that the British Working-man has made his God, and this consideration thrown in may just have made the difference in my Father's life. Anyhow, a thousand souls that might have burned up are daily quenched in beer. I know all these letters of Lossie's would have produced on me, had I read them as a stranger, an entirely different impression of their author from the one the little semi-ragamuffin received from the (to him) glorious vision that burst suddenly on him at Poplar Villa. Probably the former would be the truer, and would be generally in harmony with the epithets we have heard bestowed on Miss Lossie. Did not that lady, Miss Shuckford Smith's halfsister, say she was a Piece of Goods? and her Father testify that sister, say she was a Piece of Goods? and her Father testify that she was a young Puss, and her sister that she was a Chit? Can these epithets be made to harmonize with a small boy's experience that a sort of Angel has stooped out of Heaven to him in a flood of warm light, and left him with a budget of most precious events to narrate to his Mother? Well -- ^yes -- I should say it was the most natural thing in the world. Only one point needs a marginal note; that is the change in the ages of the young, especially girls, in this past half-century. I have remarked my- pecially girls, in this past half-century. I have remarked myself, and have heard it remarked by other old-stagers, that a girl self, and have heard it remarked by other old-stagers, that a girl now is often no older at twenty than one of sixteen in his boyhood. I should say probably Lossie at this present time would hood. I should say probably Lossie at this present time would have been, at sixteen, what she then was at fifteen. Making a slight allowance for this, the dazzle appears to me the most natural thing in the world. Especially as it comes back in full force from reading letters in which I now see exactly what Lossie seemed like then to other people. Why wasn't I overwhelmed also by Miss Violet? She was just as pretty, indeed in most folks' eyes a good deal more so. She was more lien mise, and had about her more of the young woman JOSEPH VAHCE and less of the mowing girl than Lossie. There might have been another year between their ages, all to go to Violet^s score. But I wasn't her slave in the least. I only just looked at her that day I picked the pears, and then glued my eyes on Lossie. In a certain sense I have never taken them ofi. CHAPTEK XI A VERT SHORT CHAPTER ABOUT HOW JOEY WENT TO MR. PENGUIN^S SEMINARY, OR ACADEMY. NEVERTHELESS, IT TELLS HOW HE DID LATIN WITH LOSSIE's ARM ROUND HIM. Some arrangements must have been made between the Doctor and my Mother about my furbishing up for Penguin's; as I was so very smart when I presented myself on opening day in company with Nolly, as an experienced guide. I suspect I looked pany with Nolly, as an experienced guide. I suspect I looked very much like him two years before, as I believe I profited by; his old wardrobe. It was a very nice fit, and I felt puffed up. In case it should strike you that I have said, or do say, very little about Nolly, I hereby declare that this is not that I did not love him, for we soon became very lies, but because when a life is absolutely and entirely devoted to gloating over a new cricket bat, a set of lancewood stumps the full size, four bails (and two over ip case of loss), and two seven-and-sixpenny red balls with beautiful stitching, that life loses interest for an unfeeling world which does not care to wire in and gloat too. The feeling world which does not care to wire in and gloat too. The practice of Platonic bowling (explanation needless to parents and guardians), and the property of yielding Linseed Oil like a secretion, belong to this phase of boyhood. tion, belong to this phase of boyhood. I can only remember one remark of Nolly's as we walked to Penguin's. It was Picklethwaite says Dark's are better than Clapshaw's -- I think Clapshaw's better than Dark's. Mine are Clapshaw's"; which referred to the qualities of bats. Otherwise Nolly was silent, dreaming about wickets. Wlien we got to school Nolly put aside his inner visions for the moment, and vouchsafed information. I have since seen reason to believe it was all wrong. For instance, he represented to me that a boy in spectacles, who sniffed suddenly at intervals like a mimite-gun,, was the younger son of a noble family all of whom had this unpleasant habit, besides being for the most part in lunatic asylums; that another always got off scot-free whatever mischief he did, because his father was a prize-fighter of ever mischief he did, because his father was a prize-fighter of whom Penguin stood in bodily fear; that one of the ushers occasionally came out all over bright-blue spots which had to JOSEPH VANCE be removed with powerful chemicals. And so forth. So I felt I was beginning to see the world. Nolly believed all these statements, and wasn't hoaxing. He had been told them by others. ments, and wasn't hoaxing. He had been told them by others. Big Boys, and passed them on to me. I remember most clearly on that morning at Penguin's the horror and indignation of the undermaster who took myself and other new boys in charge, at my comparative backwardness in reading and writing; for of course I was behind the other boys of eight and nine, after such a scrappy grounding as I had had. I soon made up for it after, but on this first day Mr. Cupples, the sub in question, made me the object of popular derision. However, it was necessary that I should start neck and neck with my ever, it was necessary that I should start neck and neck with my maturer companions, and the new Latin and French books were served out accordingly, and I carried them back with pride to ask Dr. Thorpe to write my name in them. Dr. Thorpe was in his library up a ladder, absorbed in a book he had taken out from the top shelf. Nolly deemed it due to his function as guide to usher me in with '^Here's little Vance, Pater, wants you to write his name in his new School Books." And the Doctor said little Vance must wait a minute. Then Nolly said to me, as an instruction from superior experience, ''You wait there till the Governor comes down," and ran off to gloat a little over his Cricket Bat. And presently the Doctor came down, and picked little Vance up and held him out to look at (for I was very small) and said, " Well, you're not a very big new schoolboy." And I replied (being still at arm's length), " Please, Sir, I was to thank you " And he put me down and said, " Good Boy ! And now let's look at the Books." And then he wrote my name in the Latin Book, and said, " This pen splutters," and changed it for another to do the French Book. And when he had put my name in both, he went up the ladder again, and I carried my books off, longing to show them to Miss Lossie every bit as much as Nolly longed for his superior Bat. 1 heard Miss Lossie's voice and her sister's, and the noise called Visitors going on in the drawing-room, with the occasional genteel murmur of Aunt Izzy; whose deafness at the moment I came near the door had led her into some misapprehension, for I heard Lossie's raised voice saying, emphatically, "No, Aunty dear, not serpents -- servants/' and then Aunty saying, "Well, dear, you needn't shout so ! Of course I understood that I hadn't heard the word right. Because serpents couldn't forget to post a letter." Then I felt with satisfaction that the Visitors were intensifying and going to climax, and while they did so I supJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE pressed myself to pounce on Miss Lossie as she returned through the passage, evidently intent on recapitulating the Visitors with Miss Vi and her Aunt in the drawing-room. "Well, now," cried she, "I declare here's Joey Vance himself! Looking quite smart and a real schoolboy with books. Come in and have cake." The real Joey was busy with the cake, and I am sorry to say exclaimed as Miss Lossie led me in, " He'th not to have that peeth. -- I'm going to have that peeth." " He shall have that very piece and no other," said Miss Lossie, giving it to me, " and you're a horrible selfish little Monster, if ever there was one I " " Then," said the Monster, " I'll have that big peeth." And Miss Lossie said, " Indeed you shan't -- you know very well that that big piece is The Cake itself. Now be a dear good little boy and finish the piece you've got, and if you don't burst perhaps you shall have a little piece more. We shall see!" "We thall thee," repeated Joseph. Then fixing me with his eye, like the Ancient Mariner, he added, " He'th got on Nolly's jacket, and Nolly's towthers, and Nolly's wethcoat " "Yes, Miss Lossie, please," said I. "And they fit exactly. And Mother said I couldn't be too grateful, and I'm not. Please thank you so much!" I saw I had said something wrong, as they all laughed, and I suppose I turned red. But Miss Lossie set it to rights, saying, " Never mind ! You're a dear little chap, and as for my Joey, he's dear, but his manners are awful. Let's see the Books." I exhibited my new books. And Miss Vi, who hadn't condescended to take any notice of me, remarked, "I suppose you don't suppose the child understands Latin Exercise Books " Of course he doesn't, Vi dear," said Lossie. " But he's going to. Aren't you, Joey?" "If," said Miss Violet, "you're going to go on calling both those boys Joey, I shall soon be in a Lunatic Asylum." "Very well, Vi darling! I'll take pity on the other Lunatics, and call one Joe and the other Joey. Don't be miffy, dear! " And Miss Violet (being also kissed) was mollified and settled down to a work of fiction with the remark, "But it is trying, Lossie dear, and you know it." Perhaps the relations of these two sisters to one another might be described as continual sparring with very soft gloves. There certainly was no ill will, as between them. But I was not popular with Violet. "Very well, then," said Lossie. "Now we start fair. You're Joe, and Joey's Joey." But Joey said, "I wanth to be Joe, and JOSEPH VANCE the Boy Joey/' and Lossie replied, '^Just as you please, only that way you shan't have another piece of Cake." -- Then anuvver peeth of Cake," said Joey, and conceded the point. ''Now, Joe dear," said Lossie. "You and me can do Latin Exercises in peace." I wish all my Latin Exercises could have been done like that one, with an arm round me whose hand pinched and patted my cheek, and then went further round to adjust that rebellious lock of hair. "I know all about this," said Lossie. "Because I did it all with Nolly a year and a half ago. Sum -- es -- est, sumus -- estis -sunt. Nolly wasn't at all a dab at it, and I ' had to help him. sunt. Nolly wasn't at all a dab at it, and I ' had to help him. We translated all the English sentences into Latin as far as -as far as something about the Decemvirs." as far as something about the Decemvirs." I was just going to say that I had come across that august body while inspecting the book outside, while the Visitors faded away, when it became clear that Aunt Izzy was making a remark. " We really must remember to call on them," she said. " It's six months ago, and they are going to Torquay for the winter. Do remember, please, Violet " "But, Aunty dear, you carit call on them. They're Ancient Romans and dead and buried long ago." " I can't hear what you say, Lossie," said Miss Izzy. " I never can. You speak so fast! But I know the Miss Hennekers are going to Torquay, and it would look so, if we never returned their visit!" "We didn't say Miss Hennekers -- ^we said Decemvirs." And Vi had to shout close to her Aunt, who replied, " Well, but I said Miss Hennekers." And Decemvirs had to be written on a piece of paper, and explained as being some Latin nonsense in an exercise book of Mr. Vance's little boy. I felt hurt at the Decemvirs cutting so poor a figure, having acquired as it were a vested interest in them. But I was consoled by the allusion to my Father as an Established Person. Indeed, it became clear to me in the course of this visit that he had acquired great kudos by his address in putting the drains in their proper places, and removing them from daily conversation. As Miss Violet said, at any rate now it wasn't drains, drains, drains all day long! "Never mind them, Joe," said Lossie. "We shall never get half an exercis-i done at this rate. Here's Miss Shackleworth. Miss Shackleworth knows Latin, and will tell us what ' Caesar .Gallos vincit' is " , Miss Shackleworth was the governess who had neuralgia, and JOSEPH YAHCE 9Q she was equal to the occasion ; but when Lossie read, -- ^Pharetra caret sagittas -- sagittis?' -- what's pharetra?" she said, ^'No, Miss Lossie, I am not going to show off." I have often been reminded of this discretion of Miss Shackleworth when gentlemen have been cruelly asked by ladies to translate for them Latin men have been cruelly asked by ladies to translate for them Latin inscriptions, say for instance modem Latin on pedestals of Statues, or tombstones. They have been so unwilling to show off. ''Well then, Joe, never mind! We'll do without pharetra. You'll be able to tell me to-morrow." " Oh yes," said I. " Oy'll find out. 0/11 be sure to. And come to tell you to-morrow." For I really believed Miss Lossie wanted to know the meaning of pharetra. " There's that child oying again," interposed Violet from her abstraction over the book. " I think you might try to make him say Z, like a Christian." "Now, Joe, you hear what you've got to say." Thus Lossie; and I, having misunderstood, repeated after Violet, " Miss Violet loikes a Christian." Then Aunt Izzy wanted to know what every one was laughing at. And what the difficulties of explanation were I leave you to imagine ! In the middle Lossie took me away to see a large picture of Rome, where the people spoke Latin. Joey accompanied us about the house, and I was such a happy little boy, and I think Miss Lossie liked it. And now it is all so long ago that it is little over twenty times as long that folk still spoke Latin in old Rome! In looking back over any past there is always some sad note in the harmony, some black thread in the weft, that one did not notice at the time. Now that I look back on Poplar Villa, with the help of Lossie's letters and my own old age, always the reviver of early memories, I see this black thread -- ^then unsuspected, now plain. Lossie spoiled Joey. With another child the pected, now plain. Lossie spoiled Joey. With another child the conscientious effort she made not to spoil him might have been enough. But I see now that discipline was wanted, and Joey never had it. What came about was perhaps not all to be laid at his door. Let us blame him as little as possible ! CHAPTER XII MORE ABOUT PENGUIN's. SOMEWHAT OF THE SACRED CULT OF GENTLEMAN. HOW JOE WAS PROMOTED TO A REAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, AND HIS MAN. HOW JOE WAS PROMOTED TO A REAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, AND HIS IMPRESSIONS OF IT. I REMEMBER, on the whole, very little of my schooldays, either at Mr. Penguin's or, later on, at St. Withold's at Helstaple, where Dr. Thorpe held a Life-Governorship and was able (backed by a successful pass-examination on my part) to get me a presentation. cessful pass-examination on my part) to get me a presentation. All schoolboys' experiences are very much alike, and unless I were to invent incidents I could tell very little about my own schools that you have not read before. Perhaps I remember most of Mr. Penguin's. This gentleman may have been what his scholars alleged, an Awful Old Ass, but he had one high merit, that of letting his boys get out of his sight as little as possible. This minimized the opportunities for Diabolism which the Schoolboy regards or regarded as his birthright, and which is or was a sacred tradition in our really respectable old schools. I did not become acquainted with this fact until I was initiated into the mysteries of St. Withold's. Perhaps the recollection left in his mind of any boy's schooldays is in the inverse proportion of the amount of his attention days is in the inverse proportion of the amount of his attention to his lessons; and maybe that is why I remember so little of mine! For no sooner was I given books and tasks than I very nearly neglected healthful play and plunged straight into the acquisition of knowledge. I was a perfect Helluo librorum, even when the books were exercise books and called upon me to translate unconnected statements into Latin; as for instance, -- The Cruel late unconnected statements into Latin; as for instance, -- The Cruel Slave-dealer anticipates the Scarcity -- The Circumstance occurs-to the Brother-in-law -- The Citizen encourages the Enthusiast -- and so forth ! I am not quite sure these are exact, but they are not far out. I know I translated large quantities of them at a great rate with the assistance of appropriate vocabularies at the foot of each exercise. But I certainly felt a new ularies at the foot of each exercise. But I certainly felt a new interest in Literature when I came to all Gaul being divided into three parts, and was actually "doing" Csesar. As for Euclid, I simply read Euclid as Miss Violet read Novels. I was, in fact, JOSEPH VANCE to borrow my Father's expression when I started out with him to keep him away from the Roebuck, a Young Nipper that asked questions as if I was a blooming grandmother, and that usually succeeded in getting his questions answered. At the end of the first term I was doing quite a lucrative trade in other boys' lessons. I always did Nolly Thorpe's for nothing, for love of Miss Lossie, and must have been one cause of Nolly's extreme backwardness. But when an unprepared boy came to me just ten minutes before class-time with, I say, little Vance, don't be an Ass, but tell me what's The Climate of Africa Enervates the Centurion"; or, "I say, little Vance, don't be an Ass, but tell me what's left when you divide this by twenty-seven,'^ I usually demanded a raised pufi with red in the middle in return for the information asked for. I can't say I don't remember an application without the exordium above cited, but it was at any rate a tion without the exordium above cited, but it was at any rate a very favourite form of speech. I cannot describe the joy and pride with which, after my visit last described at Poplar Villa, I carried home my new classbooks in their new strap and showed them to my Mother. I can books in their new strap and showed them to my Mother. I can remember the smell of the new binding, and the way the cut leaves stuck together, and the name in them which Dr. Thorpe (as their donor)- had written for me on the shiny fly-leaves. A short time ago I turned over some old books I found in a bundle, and my eye was caught by my own name in Dr. Thorpe's writing on a fly-leaf of a coverless book. It was Croker's Latin Exercises for Beginners, and the thought that came (or thought of coming) first into my mind was that surely that was My New Latin Book -I still regarded it as per se new, and only accidentally old through I still regarded it as per se new, and only accidentally old through lapse of years. But the ink-splutter caught my eyes, and I recollected how black and shiny it looked when it was new. lected how black and shiny it looked when it was new. And it was that very book I carried home, and that made my Mother say, ^'Well -- tWe now, Joey -- to think of that! What your Father always do call you -- a young Beginner! And only to thinlc it's Latin you're going to begin! Why, you'll be beginning French next ! " ning French next ! " " Oy'm beginning French too ! Look here ! " said I, and produced My New French Book. And my Father, who was waver- duced My New French Book. And my Father, who was wavering between satisfaction at my prospects and a desire to throw ing between satisfaction at my prospects and a desire to throw doubts on the advantages of Education, said, " Two jobs on hand the Nipper has! Both foring. Well! When I was a young man there warn't all this here lamin'. We had to do without it, and we did without it."-- My Mother said my Father was no such great shakes to boast on when all was said and done. And my JOSEPH VANCE Father said he'd have another pipe anyhow, eddication or no ! His good humour may have been the result of his satisfaction about myself, or because Dr. Thorpe had just paid his account in full without complaint or deduction. Or it may have been because he had another job. For it soon became so very common for my Father to have another job, that the neighbourhood began to say Vance was very close with his money, it being assumed that he made large profits. But the truth was that Vance, swayed in some way by the Magic Board, was going almost without money in order to get himself suspected of having a great deal. He spent the proceeds of each job in making the next job believe he was handling Capital, and succeeded to admiration. Of course he never did anything himself, except measure. I don't believe he ever touched a trowel or a spade after that day at Poplar Villa. iThe young man William, or Villiam, caught on, and showed always a touching faith in the reality of his employer. He had a happy faculty of communicating this to others; speaking with conviction in Public-House Bars of Vance's Job over acrost yander, and suborning any number of confiding Navigators when wanted. A single excess of the Roebuck sort, leading to a rash wager on homing pigeons, or to one of his payments being put upon a horse, and never coming off, might have led (as my Mother once said to Mrs. Packles) to my Father's prospects being shipwrecked in the bud. But I do believe the little man with the truck was a gnome, and that the Board had Cabalistic properties. Anyhow, as we shall see in due course, the bud was properly navigated -- but perhaps I had better not try to complete the mixed metaphor. I will go back to Penguin's. It was at Penguin's that I first became aware of the Classes and the Masses. For Nolly* Thorpe, who was charged to introduce me among his schoolmates, felt it incumbent on him (in a school where the boarders wore real hats to go to church) to indicate my extraction truthfully. Perhaps he might have softened it. He might have said my Father was a tradesman whom his Governor employed. Or he might have suggested that my parents were Reduced, and had been unable to have me taught to aspirate my H's. But to say, even in confidence, to other boys that I was only a Little Blackguard out of the Street was, I think, harsh. I did not feel it so at the time, for when I was told that it was undoubtedly true because Thorpe had told Pott's big brother so, I doubtedly true because Thorpe had told Pott's big brother so, I merely remarked that I could lick Pott's big brother and went on writing out my informant's CsDsar for him. If you feel inclined to blame Nolly and to say he must have JOSEPH VANCE been an odious boy, you will be wrong. He was not odious at all. He only reflected the Gentleman-Cult of his school. I for one have always thought leniently of this cult. Eor as long as an artificial stimulus is necessary to keep boys (and men) out of the gutter, will it not serve as well as another? And it does serve its turn. Which of us has not seen, at one time or another in his life, some depraved beast, some filthy abortion of imbecility and inhumanity, stung to common decency, if only for a moment, by being reminded that he is a Gentleman? Clearly the boys (it may be said) at Penguin's were not real Gentlemen's sons ; because no real ones would talk of any boy as a Little Blackguard out of the Street. But they did, and I never heard any doubt thrown on the paternity of the pupils. And I got to be spoken of as The Little Blackguard rather affectionately than otherwise, and after a few terms my rather anomalous position was such that it was not uncommon to hear " Well -- ^let's ask tion was such that it was not uncommon to hear " Well -- ^let's ask the Little Blackguard " as the final conclusion of some dispute on a point of Scholarship. Of course there was an intermediate regime before this happy state of things was arrived at, in which several deadly combats occurred. But it was not a long one, and my position of intellectual superiority once established remained unquestioned until I left Penguin's for Helstaple. St. Withold's at Helstaple is well known, not only as a school that turns out all its scholars Men and Gentlemen, and qualifies them to bear their part in the battle of Life, with a due regard to the traditions of the class they belong to, but as a most interesting example of Late Decorated and Early Perpendicular. For it ing example of Late Decorated and Early Perpendicular. For it has a Late Decorated Cloister and an Early Perpendicular Dining Hall, of the former of which as much remains as has survived its judicious restoration thirty years since. Of the latter it may be said that nothing remains, in the most aggressive sense of the words, for there is not a new stone but is clamorous in its assertion that it has replaced an old one, and that it is quite satisfied tion that it has replaced an old one, and that it is quite satisfied with itself and confident that it will not be destroyed by fire like its predecessor. There is nothing that grates on one's memory of an old building, familiar in early years, like the intrusive cleanness and impertinent accuracies of its substitute. For in spite of ness and impertinent accuracies of its substitute. For in spite of its drawbacks, I loved the old place! I loved the historical association of the old Benedictine Priory, and was soon able to sociation of the old Benedictine Priory, and was soon able to people it in imagination with fanciful individualities bearing the names to be found in its Chronicles. One I particularly remember as an idea having nearly the force of a sensation. He was ber as an idea having nearly the force of a sensation. He was Prior Anselm, and he used to spend a good deal of time on the JOSEPH VANCE river-walk among the willows and alders, watching the trout leap and the water-spiders wait for refreshments with one pair of eyes below looking for a bite, and another pair above on the lookout for a possible biter. Prior Anselm was rather like them as he looked down at the trout that were one day to come to table, and at the same time kept fixed on Heaven an eye to contingencies. If I were suddenly asked if I ever really saw the Ghost of Anselm I am by no means sure that my denial would be unhesitating. I * should waver half a second. For as ships seen on opposite offings, when we are between them, become two ships on one offing when our steamer leaves them becalmed half-an-houFs journey behind, so does the long gap between now and St. Withold's make Prior Anselm nearly as real to me as the Rev. Dr. Boyce 'Lasher, who was the Principal in my time. The effect that all men^s schooldays seem to have on them is such that I am no way surprised at mi/self when I catch it saying to itself something about the dear old place, and how jolly it was in the water-meadows, and what fun we had in the dormitories over secret nocturnal feasts, and paper chases through the woods, and cricket and football and so on and so on -- Oh dear, yes! of course it was a dear old place, and even Old Lasher, you know, all we boys loved him, etc., etc., etc. Because, you see, that time is gone and can never come again. And none who were not there can gainsay us. We will have it so ! It was a dear old place, and there's an end on't ! All the same it might have been a dearer old place still if none of the boys had been Devils Incarnate. Whether it was really necessary as a foundation for subsequent Gentility that a boy should inflict nameless tortures in cold blood on one younger and weaker than himself I do not know, because it is a point that depends upon its adjudicator's standard of gentility. I was, without question, by extraction (and very imperfect extraction) a out question, by extraction (and very imperfect extraction) a Little Blackguard out of the Street, and I knew no devilries worse than those of the Beer-Maggot class from which I sprang. There were plenty, for a race that lives in beer and on beer, and to all intents and purposes is beer as the cheese-maggot is cheese, cannot be expected to have a high ideal. But they were rather to be not be expected to have a high ideal. But they were rather to be described as rough brutality than diabolism. My Father's row with Mr. Gunn was a brutal one enough ; but young as I was, and nigh terrified to death, there was nothing in it to my thinking half so horrible as the acts of tyranny and cruelty to young boys that made up part of the daily life at St. Withold's. Indeed, if I had to choose whether I would again go through the horrors of JOSEPH VANCE that afternoon, or witness the obvious satisfaction of the rev. Principal when he had a good crop of victims for the birch, I should take the former. Yet the worthy Doctor's enjoyment of a luxury which he and his forbears had indulged in for nearly three centuries was angelic by comparison with what went on among the boys themselves. I doubt, however, whether, if an examination could be made of the subsequent lives of the boys of my tion could be made of the subsequent lives of the boys of my time, it would be found that the ones who acquitted themselves best either as Men or Gentlemen " were also the ones who were the most vigorous exponents of the traditions of St. Withold. There ought to be an approximate proportion between the extent of adoption of a system good in itself, and its beneficial effect upon the person who has adopted it. I admit that to do justice to it we ought to be able to accumulate a large number of instances. It would not be fair to take the case of the worst tormentor in my recollection, and put it down to St. Withold that he is now a convict; or that another boy who fought him in the cause of a lesser victim in defiance of school tradition -- and was beaten badly, for justice is not always retributive -- owed his formation of character in any degree to the Saint. My own impression of this last boy is that had he never breathed the bracing pression of this last boy is that had he never breathed the bracing atmosphere of Helstaple, but been brought up as a milksop at home, he would have died exactly as he did in the Crimea five years later, refusing a' nip of brandy as he lay dying. I'm done for," said he, '^don't waste it on me -- ^give it to that chap !" It was the ruling passion strong in death, and a wounded Russian got the benefit of it. This is only a note by the way, to supply a reason why I do not dwell on my school experiences. I have no doubt they manage these things better now. Probably the fire which originated at night in a Dormitory close to the school-buildings opened the eyes of the governing body. For though it did not get into the newspapers it was whispered about that the first cause of the outbreak papers it was whispered about that the first cause of the outbreak was a bottle of turpentine which was being used, or proposed to be used, in the pickling of an unpopular boy by his fellows. You scratch yourseK and rub in turpentine and feel what it feels likel CHAPTER Xm HOW JOE RETURNED FROM ST. WITHOLD, BUT WAS AFFLICTED BY HIS HAT. BUT WAS RELIEVED. MORE OF HIS FATHER'S LEAPS UP JN LIFE, joe's reticence. The end of the first term at Helstaple was an embarrassing time for me. For glad as I was to get away from the process of being shaped as a Man and a Gentleman, I was miserably conscious that the change I was supposed to be undergoing was sup- scious that the change I was supposed to be undergoing was supposed also to be a growing disfranchisement of my Father and posed also to be a growing disfranchisement of my Father and Mother; a sort of constantly increasing discount of their claims to guardianship. Of course Dr. Thorpe never dreamed of the existence of such a feeling on my part, or it would have grieved him bitterly. In fact, I am inclined to think that in his estimation of the Respectability question. Dr. Thorpe was Early English tion of the Respectability question. Dr. Thorpe was Early English or even Norman, and had nothing of Queen Anne about him. My clothes reproached me all the way up in the stage-coach, and on the railway, saying in chorus, '^You are going to show yourself in us, not only to your Father and Mother, but you will be detected sneaking in to change us by Mrs. Packles and Porky Owls, and they will denounce you to their circle as a stuck-upper, and will give reasons from their own experience why a presumptuous departure from that circle will never lead to good. They tuous departure from that circle will never lead to good. They will ascribe to you the haughty spirit that goes before a fall." And the miserable little shiny genteel hat that was damning me in my own eyes as an impostor added on its own account the undeserved and unnecessary sting, ^'You know your Father never deserved and unnecessary sting, ^'You know your Father never had a hat like me!'* You may fancy, then, what a relief it was to find on my return to Stallwood's Cottages that my Father had actually invested in a Hat! This Hat exercised, in conjunction with the Magic Board, so powerful an influence on my Father's after life, that it is not to be dismissed with a mere announcement. It was the first thing I saw when I emerged from the embrace in which my Mother and I extinguished sight and speech, each on each, as I rushed into JOSEPH VANCE the little front room that Saturday in April ; or rather that Easter Sunday morning, for I did not get home till after twelve at night. Well for me, for the populace had gone to bed at the closing of the Roebuck, and I had escaped the derision of mankind! Yes, my darling dearest Boy," said my Mother, your Father likewise. And he went to eighteen shillings by reason of Moral Influence, and well worth it at the money he said. And it's that effective even Packles's niece's husband from Clapham says Sir, being found another job than Henderson's, and equally satisfactory. But yours isn't hurt though the corner just rubbed -- factory. But yours isn't hurt though the corner just rubbed -so pick it up off the floor, and hang it on the other peg for Father so pick it up off the floor, and hang it on the other peg for Father to see when he comes. Like that ! And here he is." A great shout of joy and a similar greeting for my Father made him remark that the Nipper was the Nipper still for all his eddication. I felt that my character was being undermined by St. Withold perhaps, and that I might have to make a resolute stand against him. ^^Two 'ats on two pegs," continued my Father. '^It's a mercy we ain't Hooks with corrow-knights, a-swellin' of it about ! What ever would become of your poor Mother, hay, Joey? Now I lay you've got a good twist for supper arter all that stage-coach and railwayin', and while you're a-eatin' of it you can just tell me and Mother all you've been a-larnin' at this here school." I had the twist for supper, but was reserved about the school; being, in fact, resolved to keep the miseries I had witnessed and endured to myself as much as possible. Even in the first term the glorious traditions of the place had affected me, and I was already under the influence of Immemorial Usage. Besides, I had the resource of only referring to the events of the past week just before breaking up, when, in accordance with an anciei{t precedent, the functions of the birch-rod were suspended; and the big boys, softened to an artificial spirit of mercy, allowed the little boys an unwonted freedom from tyranny, and even had the brazen impudence to pose as their benefactors! So by referring only to this past week, which was easy, I soothed any suspicions on my parents' part, if such existed, about the sort of treatment I and others experienced at the hands of St. Withold. Moreover, in spite of their enquiries about my school-life, as I sat down to a large chump-chop and potatoes (which I welcomed in spite of the late hour), their interest had flagged before I got to the pudding. In this they were not unlike the rest of their species, which when I begin telling it anything usually yawns in my face before the end of the first chapter. Have you not yourself been interrupted JOSEPH VANCE again and again in your narrative of your symptoms by your friend^s anxiety to give details of his own; or indeed (if he was Mrs. Packles) to lay claim to afflictions precisely identical but of greater severity? I have been assured by artists that one serious nuisance of their lives is the perfect stranger's soul-absorbing interest in their work; who, having on this pretext wedged himself into their Studio, sits with his back to their pictures and self into their Studio, sits with his back to their pictures and talks about his own. So that, by the time I had recorded how I was at the head of all my classes, which was the case; and how the ice had given way on the lake and let six boys through, who were none of them drowned, but two were not expected to recover ; and *how Perkins tertius was put out of the window to go and buy things in the town after hours, and was caught coming back, but let off because of the holidays; and how the said Perkins's brother, Perkins secundus, was my particular friend, only his father was an Undertaker and nobody knew it except me, -- was beginning to feel that my listeners were on the lookout to take their turn. The most of my communication was, however, making my Father understand the expressions tertius and secundus, he being determined to make a parade of his want of scholarship. As he pointed out, had he received a University Education at Oxford College, he would have been able to match his knowledge of these terms against any man in England. There was some affectation in this as he certainly could have guessed their meaning from the context. His knowledge of human nature, however, supplied him with a clue to little Perkins's impunity. -- O' coorse his Mother would have found it out within a week, if he'd been properly whopped, in the manner of speaking." -- I thought my Father very sharp, it never having occurred to me that concealment from the parents of the pupils of St. Withold was an essen- ment from the parents of the pupils of St. Withold was an essential part of the Saint's system. He went on to indicate what he tial part of the Saint's system. He went on to indicate what he himself would do if entrusted with the care of four hundred pupils of all ages. -- I should wallop 'em all black and blue on the first day of the month, and that 'd make 'em think." ''You know you'd just do nothing of the sort, Vance dear," said my Mother, " it being well known that your failin' is intoxicatin' stimulants, except lately God be praised, but never 'arsh- icatin' stimulants, except lately God be praised, but never 'arshness to youth, and J oey there to witness to it." ness to youth, and J oey there to witness to it." "Very well, then," said my Father. "In coorse you know JOSEPH VANCE 103 Joseph about the 'ome of his birth -- ^you^d better, or he'll be asleep." This waked me up, for indeed my long journey and the chumpchop and the reaction were making me a drowsy though happy chop and the reaction were making me a drowsy though happy boy; and I begged to know at once and not wait till to-morrow. " Well, my dear, then," said my Mother, we're going away out of this house to a new one -- this very house I married your Father into and the rent paid punctual ever since! Fifteen years next Michaelmas. And all five of you bom here, and four buried and gone to glory, Mr. Capstick hopes. Your elder sister Elizabeth Ann after her great-aunt and died in teething. And your beth Ann after her great-aunt and died in teething. And your younger sister Jane in the fever, and your little brothers Christopher and Frederick also in teething. And yourself, my dear, topher and Frederick also in teething. And yourself, my dear, Mrs. Packles and all the neighbours were wrong about, say in' I never could possibly rear you, and there you are at the top of all your classes, and them to say so! And us to go away and leave the old cottage and go and live in a Residence and a little Orfice round the corner with a brass plate " My Father postponed filling a pipe, but left his fingers in his tobacco pouch while he protested against this brass plate. Not if I knows it, Mrs. V.," said he. " That little board I bought off of that carackter with a 'and-cart, by name Isbister, three years and a half gone, that's enough for a 'umble Builder like me. If I was Coobittses, that might be another soote of clothes. Bein' what I am, as I says (follerin' of Capstick), Contentment is my Lot, and let us pray accordin'! " .. ''You go along," said my Mother. "You to talk like that! And that 'at 'angin' on that peg to testify contrairy. Here's Joey a'most asleep " Joey was, and was soon dreaming of a respectable Divine with small eyes and large teeth, and a birch-rod. I beg you will note particularly the indication of my Father's growth of conviction of his professional status. His admission that he was " not Cubitt's " contained an implication that he was not Cubitt's in some sense in which Packleses laundry for instance was not "not Cubitt's." It suggested that Europe might stance was not "not Cubitt's." It suggested that Europe might be divided into two camps, one maintaining that he was, the other that he was not. What a colossal stride in three years and a haK ! Also observe that the little Orfice round the corner was accepted as a sort of Builder's birthright. I felt an intuitive certainty that such an Office and such a Hat carried with them Books as an inevitable corollary, and an Office Clerk; and had I known a little more than I did then of Business, I should have been able to JOSEPH VANCE predict that nothing when looked for would ever occur in the first Book consulted, but that a succession of references would be necessary while you waited; and that it would, in short, be Double- sary while you waited; and that it would, in short, be DoubleEntry. Certainly that little Man (whose name, it seems, my Entry. Certainly that little Man (whose name, it seems, my Father^s observant eye had seen somewhere on his hand-cart) was a travelling Magician, and my Father did most wisely to adhere to the Magic Board. CHAPTER XIV; AN UN-ACADEMICAL SUNDAY MORNING. CONCERNING HIS FATHEB^S NEW HOUSE, joe's WALK TO POPLAR VILLA: BUT NO MISS LOSSIE ! HE TELLS HIS SCHOOL EXPERIENCES. ANTHROPOPHAGI. HE WILL FOLLOW LOSSIE, EVEN TO HAMPSTEAD. No human creature can be happier than the boy who wakes at home, on the morning after his return from school for the holidays. Instead of being dragged away from unfinished sleep by days. Instead of being dragged away from unfinished sleep by an unfeeling bell, a dim sense that a benevolent Angel has said that you had better have your sleep out; instead of immediate conciliation of a tyrant who bullies you himself as a fee for his protection against others, a right to wash and dress yourself in peace; instead of a possible dose of filthy medicine before breakfast whether you are ill or no, breakfast itself; instead of tutelary fast whether you are ill or no, breakfast itself; instead of tutelary geniuses whom ypu know you will have to stave off or evade for the rest of the day, parents conscious that compensation is your due, and not yet reawakened to the necessity of keeping even the best of Boys in check. No arrears of incompleted tasks or impositions, no Prayers, for even had there been any in our house I tions, no Prayers, for even had there been any in our house I should have been too late for them -- in short, nothing but unqualified home! qualified home! I remember particularly what a sweet and soothing sound the Sabbath bells had for me on that delightful April morning, when I woke very late indeed, and realized from their difference from the Helstaple peal that I hadn't got to go to church ! So you see my Mother let me have my sleep out. ''Likewise your Father may just as well have his," said my Mother. And she went on to give me details of the premises and the little Orfice round the corner. -- "Ackchly a back and front drawing-room, breakfast-room level with the kitchen, three large and two small bedrooms, commodious kitchen and scullery, at the moderate rental of forty-five pounds per annum. Only whatever I am to do with a servant, or without a servant! Your Father says I must learn to be waited on like my betters, but it's hard to reconcile myself to it at my time of life, after all these years of JOSEPH VANCE cooking and cleaning up. Not but what," added my Mother, with a touch of worldly pride, there have been servants in my family, for your Great-Aunt Elizabeth Ann^s half-sister Mrs. Barrel! had an establishment, with three, and a man to do the boots and odd jobs. I remember your Great-Aunt telling my Mother that he growled dreadfully in the kitchen, and shook the house. So I suppose I shall have to, too! -- As your Father says, iPs only habit, and we must all get accustomed. But it don^t seem natural to leave off cleaning, and very likely a girl with followers, and a cook the worse. However, my dear, I mean to try, -- as becoming to your Father's position." What a happy faculty my Mother had of presenting her ideas in lucid fragments! Even I, at eleven, could realize exactly her apprehension of her probable difficulties in a rise in life. Would it not almost be better to hold on to Stallwood's Cottages at any cost? My Mother anticipated an enquiry that was coming as soon as I should dispose of a bite of toast and butter : -Why, no, Joey darling, bein' there's no room for expansion at Why, no, Joey darling, bein' there's no room for expansion at St all wood's Cottages, and would involve business premises elsewhere, though of course in the manner of speaking a heart-break where, though of course in the manner of speaking a heart-break to leave the old place -- wherg^, indeed, I have been truly happy, without dissension and indeed seldom too much taken, owing as I think to your Father being held out of his employment by circumstances for which I blame none and name no names. Besides, stances for which I blame none and name no names. Besides, there is in the rear a plot of land with separate entrance from the side-road, in all respects suitable for the erection of workshops. To let on Building Lease for ninety-nine years from Lady-Day, of which your Father has secured the refusal." Quotations from " To Let " bills seemed to work naturally and easily into my Mother's syntax. I recognized their source; and as to the justice of the implication that my Father had been all his life a Master-Builder excluded by conspiracy from business, need I say that I loyally accepted it? I am not prepared to say I don't believe it a little now. '' But I say, Mother," said I, shall I sleep upstairs in a bedroom all to myself ? " room all to myself ? " " To be done out by the girl," replied my Mother. " Only your bed I make myself whatever Vance may say! " ^'Wot's Wance been a-sayin' of?" said my Father, presenting himself in his braces and noiseless stockings from upstairs. Who's a-pitchin' into Wance? Pour me out my tea, old gal.'' And my Father heaved a deep sigh, which, however, was merely provisional in case he should happen to think of a grievance. He JOSEPH VANCE lOV really was in a most complacent frame of mind. However, ho succeeded in throwing his next remark into grievance-form. " And here^s the Nipper only just this minute back, and I lay he's only waitin' to swallow down his breakfast to run away from his natural parents to his Popular Villa. And never commoonicating them none of his lamin' what he's been imbibin' of this nicating them none of his lamin' what he's been imbibin' of this three months." No, Daddy," cried I, indignantly. Pm going to stop here all the morning and go after dinner. I don't want to run away from you and Mother." In proof of which I went and sat on his knee. ''Besides, Miss Lossie will be at church!" My Father closed one eye to express caution and secrecy, while with the other he affected to scan a remote horizon. "I see," said he. "In coorse. Miss Looey will be at Church -in coorse she will ! " But on the subject of Miss Lossie waggery in coorse she will ! " But on the subject of Miss Lossie waggery slipped off me like drops off a sea-bird's wing. I soared away into the heavens without noticing the water below. Dante might have been chaffed about the Signorina Portinari, but probably ho wouldn't have understood. I knew my Father was chuckling, but didn't enquire why. "Just a-tellin' Joey, I was," said my Mother, going back to the change of home, which evidently weighed on her mind, "that I should make his bed just the same in the new 'ouse. Also his things, there bein' no dependence on girls, even when such that followers are out of the question, and higher wages taken on that account. Knowin' as I have done a girl by name Sarah Carstairs whose appearance was security itself, and avoided strickly stairs whose appearance was security itself, and avoided strickly by gentlemen and young men alike, but twelve pounds a year and not a penny less, being indeed honest and sober, but as I say " "I want a 'ansum girl to open the front door," said my Father, " a regular Spanker ! " " Then Followers," said my Mother. " So sure as the sort you describe, Followers. And if Followers, then Consequences ! " " And then you bundles of 'em out. Consequences and all," said my Father. " And prob'ly you gives 'em a character for their next place when the Consequences has died in teething." "But, Vance dear," said my Mother, who had quite taken to heart the case of this purely imaginary Spanker. " What's to become of the poor girl, I ask you, in the meantime? Because it come of the poor girl, I ask you, in the meantime? Because it might be ever so long." And my Father intimated that that was the Spanker's lookout, but so long as she was in his house, a clean cap and apron, and to open the front door stylish. But JOSEPH VANCE the cares of housekeeping with this attractive though non-existent young person on her hands depressed my poor Mother seriously. I could indeed see that she was conjuring up all sorts of nightmares in the way of housekeeping difficulties, and I could not at mares in the way of housekeeping difficulties, and I could not at ten years of age pooh-pooh them from my own experience. If anything, I should have confirmed her fears. Eor in my many visits to Poplar Villa during my Penguin period, I had been much impressed with the frequent collisions between Aunt Izzy and the servants, and the emphasis with which the former denounced the moral worthlessness and incompetence of the latter. To be sure, Lossie usually took their part I Also I felt that my Mother wasn't Aunt Izzy, very much indeed! So I hoped her fears were exaggerated. I made up my mind that I would ask Miss Lossie what she thought on this point as I walked along the road to Poplar Villa. But here was a disappointment! Miss Lossie had gone to Mrs. Spencer's at Hampstead to stay over Monday, and had taken Master Joseph. The Doctor was in his Library -- ^he always was. Anne suggested what I hesitated to ask, that she should tell the Doctor I had come. I said " Please, yes " -- because the expression You have come " revealed to me that I was expected. sion You have come " revealed to me that I was expected. VHiereas the expression ^^You are here" would not have done so. What nice phases there are in language! -- I was told, after application above, to go up to the Library. plication above, to go up to the Library. ''Well, Joe! Back again? How do you like St. Withold's?" The question was put in a form that enabled me to say "Very much ! " If it had been a more searching one, as, for instance, " How do you like being birched ? How do you like seeing other boys birched because they have made a false quantity? How do you like emetics as a digestive remedy? How do you like being bullied?" -- had it been any such question I should have bowed to the Great Law which proclaims Secrecy as the whole obligation of life to the schoolboy. I should have lied, but with great remorse of conscience. Probably the Doctor knew quite well that I morse of conscience. Probably the Doctor knew quite well that I should lie, and must lie, if he asked any questions the answers to which would reveal abuses. So he kindly held his tongue, and asked no more. I think he was right. Possibly he knew the, failings of the School, but not their extent, and not being prepared for a crusade on the subject, thought it best that I should pared for a crusade on the subject, thought it best that I should "take my chance with the others." Moreover, he had no choice of another school for his prot%e. "We're looking very well, anyhow," continued the Doctor, and I thought this form of speech suggested that he had to accept my JOSEPH VANCE answer without probing it. " What are the books ? Let^s hare a look -- Sallust? And you've done all that this term. Yes, please! -- I should rather think it was. Yes, please. And the Anabasis? How many parasangs have you and Xenophon marched? All that? Well done. Master Joseph Vance! And Colenso's Algebra " gebra " And I felt I had my reward, for the Doctor patted me on the shoulder as I leaned against his knee and we looked at the books together, for I felt his approval in his hand. Don't you recollect. Doctor,'' said I, getting garrulous, wrote that I thought Mr. Driver would get me put up to the second form at once, and they did it after the first preliminary Exam. The first form were awful muffs, and some older than me! Dr. Lasher said it was no use keeping a boy who could do Herodotus by himself in the first form " When did you do Herodotus ? " Why, ever so long ago ! Nolly couldn't make something out, and I did it for him. And then I thought Herodotus looked so jolly that I borrowed it and did some of Melpomene by myself." ''But how did Dr. Lasher know about this?" " Because in English Literature there was about anthropophagi and men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders. And Mr. Driver said this showed what a lot Shakespeare knew, and that he must have read Herodotus. And I said to the boy next me that it wasn't in Herodotus. And Mr. Driver said what had I said to Salter. And I told him, and he sent me to the bottom of the class for talking. And then he asked all the boys what was the meaning of anthropophagus -- and they didn't know. And I said Man-Eaters. And Mr. Driver said "You're guessing, little Vance! Write out anthropophagus two hundred times for guessing, and two hundred times for saying it isn't in Herodotus. And ing, and two hundred times for saying it isn't in Herodotus. And then I said it wasn't in Herodotus, because it was Androphagi in Herodotus. And old Driver looked and found I was right, and sent me up to the top of the class." " And did you write out Anthropophagus five hundred times ? " "It was only two hundred," said I, anxious for strict justice. " No, I went to Mr. Driver after class-time, and said, ' Please, Sir, am I to write out Anthropophagus two hundred times ? ' And he said, ' No -- once would do this time ! ' And he made me write it in Greek letters. Then he asked me what book of Herodotus it was in, and I said Melpomene. And he said ' Hm ! ' But directly after the Examination, I was moved up. Please, when's Miss Lossie coming back?" JOSEPH VANCE This was sudden, but I felt that school trivialities had occupied j us long enough, and serious matters should be attended to. Hr. Thorpe laughed. She is coming back -- sometime -- at least, I hope so ! But as ! for wheUf that's quite another pair of shoes. When a young lady I goes to see her dearest friend she stays as long as she can. However, if we send Anne to fetch away Joey, she'll borne too. Wee'll ever, if we send Anne to fetch away Joey, she'll borne too. Wee'll put the calf in a cart and the cow will follow it. Suppose you walk over and see her. It's only seven miles from here to Frog- j nail -- are you game for seven miles?" I laughed seven miles to scorn. " But it's rather a cross-country," said the Doctor. " Perhaps you'd better walk to Charing-Cross, or 'bus, and get the | haps you'd better walk to Charing-Cross, or 'bus, and get the | Hampstead 'bus from Charing Cross." I "All right," said I, with manly decision. "But won't they mind ? " | " Who mind what ? " said Dr. Thorpe. I " The people where she is mind me ? " ; " Oh no ! They won't mind you -- or, look here ! Here's a letter to forward to Lossie. I'll just write a line to say you're coming, I and you can post it." So the Doctor wrote the line and put it in a separate envelope. ; " If I had been mean," said he, " I could have slipped a little piece of paper inside the other envelope and sent my message for noth- j ing! You see, Joe, what an expensive luxury a good character is. | Now I must get on with my writing. Come again soon, in the evening." And I posted the letter at the Tea-man and Grocer's along the road, and went home rejoicing. CHAPTER XV aow JOE WALKED AND ^BUSSED TO LOSSIE IN HAMPSTEAD. HOW A LITTLE GIRL TALKED TO HIM, WHO PREFERRED DROWNING TO HANGING. HOW LOSSIE LIT JOE's HEART UP; AND OF THE SPENCER ING. HOW LOSSIE LIT JOE's HEART UP; AND OF THE SPENCER MANAGE. LOSSIE MAKES JOE TROT ST. WITHOLD OUT AT THE FIRS ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH. HOW GLAD JOE WAS HE HAD TOLD NO MORE ABOUT HIS SCHOOL NIGHTMARE. I WAS in a mighty hurry, you may be sure, to get breakfast and start. And my Mother was equal to the occasion, providing poached eggs and bacon, to say nothing of jam and marmalade. It was so unlike the days when my Father used to appropriate more than his fair share of his salary at FothergilFs, to treat a good deal too many friends at the Roebuck much too liberally. I believe these friends all regarded him as a backslider seduced from the Communion of Drinks by the Apostles of Mammon, rather than as a Freethinker, or advocate of Temperance on moral grounds. I thought of this as I devoured my breakfast rapidly (which was quite needless, as I certainly did not save five minutes by doing so), and hoped in my heart that he would never slide forward again. ''You just go straight along the road as ever you can go and turn into the Wandsworth Road and keep right on and you can't miss it." Thus my Mother, whose further instructions I of course despised; the wayfarer always does despise instructions when assured that "he can't miss it." But it isn't easy to miss London when you start within six miles of St. Paul's, so I only lost a little time, and found a green Hampstead 'bus as directed at Charing Cross. My experience in this case was the reverse of the metaphysician's who " defined " omnibuses as " things that go in the opposite direction." In those days Hampstead was in the country; indeed, if it had not been for an outcrop of suburban villas at Haverstock Hilb Mother Redcap would have been very nearly the limit of town. Omnibuses thought this tavern the edge of civilisation, and stopped a long time for refreshments and badinage before venturing out into the wilderness. Mine was a very slow example, and ing out into the wilderness. Mine was a very slow example, and JOSEPH VANCE must have whiled the best part of an hour between the Kedcap and the cowpond on the left of the road facing Downshire Hill. At this point I began to despair of ever reaching The Limes, which | was the name of Miss SpencePs father's House. So I gave way j to impatience and walked up the hill. This piqued the omnibus, ; causing it to put an extra horse with a man on it in front, and to shout after me with triumph that I'd better 'a' sat still an"8 j waited a minute. Perhaps I had, but then the omnibus had appeared to be chewing the cud at the bottom of the hill, in sympathy peared to be chewing the cud at the bottom of the hill, in sympathy with the cows in the pond. Mr. Spencer (who was Dr. Thorpe's Legal Adviser) lived in i one of three old red-brick-faced houses that had a front garden in : common, and a way in for carriages, like Poplar Villa. The respectability of The Limes alone would have given confidence in Mr. Spencer as a Legal Authority. But he had, apart from this, | as high a reputation for caution and responsibility as any solicitor I on the Rolls. Although if Professor Absalom's view of him was ! correct, he had acquired his fame for the latter solely by an unwarrantable parade of the former quality. I once heard the Pro- warrantable parade of the former quality. I once heard the Professor say to Dr. Thorpe, ^^My dear Thorpe, have you ever -- in fessor say to Dr. Thorpe, ^^My dear Thorpe, have you ever -- in all your experience of Aldridge, Spencer, Spencer, and Aldridge -- I known that Firm to give you, or any one else, a decisive piece of | advice ?'' And Dr. Thorpe replied, ^'My dear Absalom, if any | member of that Firm had done such a thing to me, I should have | lost all confidence in it at once. But the way in which Spencer i prefers to reserve his judgment is worth volumes of other people's | shallow decisions." ; I found my way to The Limes and got there just in time to avoid I a shower of rain. Miss Thorpe wasn't in; but would be, and had | left word that I was to be accommodated with books to read until her return. So I was shown into a parlour that smelt of bookleather, horsehair, and conservatory, and had no one in it but a leather, horsehair, and conservatory, and had no one in it but a canary, who was singing very loud; and was given my choice of a volume, and preferred Peter Simple," please -- ^having indeed had | enough of the classics lately. I was just reading O'Brien's I description of flapdoodle, ''the stuff thiy feed fools on," when I i became aware that I was an object of interest to a little girl about ' my own age, who had sighted me from a back room and was working gradually up towards communication. As I saw her first i ing gradually up towards communication. As I saw her first i in a mirror on the table, and had only been seen by her reflection, I thought I wasn't bound to take^any steps myself, and went on ! considering what O'Brien meant.'* I had informed myself about flapdoodle by the time the little girl had got so near that I felt I JOSEPH VANCE couldn^t pretend any longer, and I looked up at the original of the reflection, which was a rather pretty and very serious little maiden manifestly sucking a peppermint drop. She looked at me with gravity for a few seconds, then asked if I should like one. I was not sure that it was good form to smell of peppermint in strange houses, so I said I didn't care for it, which was untrue. The way was, however, paved for further advances. ^'Are you Miss Lucilla Thorpe's Schoolboy that was expected ^ and that's to stop for lunch ? " I said yes, with confidence. Miss Lossie had arranged it and that was sufficient. I thought the enquiry justified a question from me. Are you Miss Sarita's sister Jane that's seven years younger than she is, and called Grizzle for short ? " Because though Miss Sarita herself was the only one of the family I had seen, I had picked up the family history. ^^Yes -- I'm Grizzle, or Janey -- whichever people like to call me. iWhich will you?" I reflected a minute and decided on Janey. On which Janey added, ^'And begin now!" I nodded once with my lips closed, as a pledge that I would do so on the next occasion, and then Janey said, looking straight at me with a pair of sion, and then Janey said, looking straight at me with a pair of hazel eyes : " What's your name ? Because I can't call you Schoolboy!" boy!" "My name's Joe Vance. The boys call me little Vance, but not Joe. You call me Joe, please!" . "Joe, but not Vance! Very well -- ^you're very fond of Miss iLossie, aren't you, Joe?" i " Yes, very -- aren't you ? " I " Of course I am. But not so fond as Sarry is. She's very j very fond of her. It goes by veries." ^ I felt that my education had been neglected but that now I 1 knew. "I hope you've got a nice book to read -- there's plenty more I here if you haven't. Oh yes! 'Peter Simple.' I'm so fond of ^ Captain Marryat. They are capital books for boys." I resented ^ this as patronizing. " But I like all books about the sea, because . I like the sea -- I would ever so much sooner be drowned than ^ hanged." "But, I say, Janey!" My promise about calling her by her name was a little on my conscience, and I felt easier as soon as I had achieved it. "I say, Janey! -- ^you know you needn't be either drowned or hanged." "Don't you think so, Joe? Perhaps not! But suppose you hnd JOSEPH VANCE to decide which? 1 should vote for drowning! I should never | vote for being hanged, if they went on till Doomsday/' And i Janey sucked her peppermint drop with her chin between her i hands and her elbows on a chair back, and looked very grave about I it. I shouldn't vote for either," said I. '^Perhaps they won't ask us," said Janey, and I really felt the i matter was geitting serious. Could nothing be done to avert such ; a gloomy destiny? But we waived the point, for a knock came, I and Janey said, That's Lossie Thorpe coming. Now mind you recollect and call me Janey." How odd the tricks of memory are! I had completely forgotten this conversation of forty-odd years ago until I bought ! gotten this conversation of forty-odd years ago until I bought ! some peppermint drops for some children this morning, and they ordered me to take one myself, and not spit it out. I never re- ; membered it even when -- ^however, that must stand over! I checked an impulse to run out and meet Miss Lossie, as I had I checked an impulse to run out and meet Miss Lossie, as I had repressed a natural greed for peppermint lozenges, from a doubt ' whether one could take such a liberty as to walk out of another person's house and come back again, until at any rate one should have shaken hands with the whole family. But I hadn't long to wait for Lossie's '^Is Joe Vance' come? Where is he? In the i Library?" and Grizzle's announcement as she opened the door of our room, " I've got him in here," as if I were a specimen. " Where have you got him ? In here ? May we have some of him? Why, Joe, you've really grown in three months! Is it school or what ? Remember I want you always to be a little chap, and don't grow too much -- whatever shall I do if Joey begins to grow too? However, he can't do that for another four years at least -- can you, Joey?" For Joey was still Lossie's invariable asteroid, although he had left his babyhood three years J)ehind. But he retained a lisp, and with it, or in spite of it, he now remarked, I want to grow up vethy thoon, and to have a horth."' marked, I want to grow up vethy thoon, and to have a horth."' For Master Joseph whenever he spoke made a requisition. Well," said Lossie, you've had a donkey to-day, and that's enough for you! Now, Joe, are you glad or sorry to be back, and how's your Father and Mother? " She kept my two hands in hers until I had replied that I was superlatively glad, with reserves about school being perfectly satisfactory to avoid awakening suspicion of the contrary, and that Father and Mother were both well and desired me to give their best respects. She then took her hands back to pull her bonnet off (for in those days girls wore bonnets), and gave it to Joey to carry upstairs very carefully and JOSEPH VANCE not squash it. I think Master Joseph was going to bargain, but . his sister said, Cut along, now -- you've had a donkey ! " and he conceded the point with reluctance. Then Lossie threw herself ;; into a rocking-chair and took a good look at me. I am glad I am not called upon to make oath about some recollections of long ago. If I had to swear an affidavit on the question of whether, just at the time Lossie came in at the door of that most respectable and tranquil Spencer mansion, some one did or did not open all the windows, and let the sweet spring air into all the closed rooms, and pull up all the half-down blinds and let in the sunshine, I shouldn't be able to make up my mind to swearing-point. It may have been so, or it may have been ' merely Lossie. Rather grave you look, at a distance, Joe," she said. Come up near and see then -- that's right, now you're laughing ! " I was laughing, though indeed I was a little frightened of Miss Lossie's enquiring eyes. I read in them a coming catechism about school, with a foreboding that I should not be able to tell favourable fibs under their penetrating gaze. I began betraying my uneasiness, like a little idiot, by importing foreign matter into the conversation. '^I say," said I, ^^what an awfully long way it is from Wandsworth to Charing Cross! And there were such a lot of people in worth to Charing Cross! And there were such a lot of people in the ferry boat it nearly turned over." "Where on earth has the boy been? What ferry-boat, Joe?" " Why, at Chelsea ! Because I got off the road at Battersea, and got into the fields, and then got the ferry for a penny below Chelsea Church. And then I walked up to Sloane Street, and it ha4 got so late I took the 'bus to Charing Cross." I enlarged a I good deal on the dangers and difficulties of Chelsea Perry, but my hearer wasn't deeply interested. Probably she saw my motive. "You saw Papa, Joe, yesterday? Did you see Aunt Izzy?" "No -- she was writing circulars, and thought I was the Baker. So I didn't go in." Miss Lossie accepted my words as clear, so I suppose they were so.' "And of course," said she, "Nolly's at Claydon Court till Saturday. I want to know if Nolly thinks your school like Eton " I got frightened again, but a diversion occurred. Miss Serita Spencer came downstairs ready for lunch and said it was a quarter past one and lunch was half-past, and how did I do, Master Vance? I did very well, thank you. Miss Spencer, and might I' wash my hands. This was negotiated, and while I washed my hands almost religiously (in view of the style of the JOSEPH VANCE house) I reflected on Miss Sarita Spencer, and why it was that I thought that if Euclid ever had a daughter she must have been rather like Miss Sarry. Perhaps it was chiefly, if not entirely, because her elbows appeared actually to be the angles ABC and A C B themselves, and because of a certain flavour or aura of plane surfaces of which one was conscious during interviews, or when following their owner (or subject) up the street. I washed my hands so long that I had time also to wonder why she and Lossie should at first sight have flown into each other^s arms, and down each other's throats; which was Lossie's version of what took place. But I only wondered because I did not at that early age know the law of the attraction of opposites. If I had, I should have said to myself, '^Why, of course -- ^Miss Lossie hasn't got an Angle in her composition, at least not one that would stick ini And if Miss Sarry were to try ever so to make her hair go in a fluff and get in her eyes, she couldn't do it. And Miss S. is evidently getting ready to be twenty, while Lossie hasn't quite forgotten how to be ten." -- Sarry was a year older than Lossie, being at this date seventeen and a half. I have since then found out that there are two distinct classes of girls and boys -- those who in youth are early versions of their maturity^ and those who in old age are late editions of their childhood. When I last saw Lossie I saw again the Lossie of Poplar Villa. When I first saw Sarry Spencer I knew exactly what she would be twenty -- thirty years later. But had she lived till now no one, seeing her for the first time, could ever have guessed what she was like as a girl of seventeen. A sudden luncheon-bell stopped my reflections and sent me with haK-dried hands to be shown to Mr. Spencer by Lossie, as my^ young friend Joe Vance who had just come from school at St. Withold's. On which Mr. Spencer succeeded, by saying, " St, Withold's -- ah ha ! " and then giving a little nod and shutting his lips tight, in making me believe he knew all about St. Withold, and had only a qualified opinion of the Saint, whereas I really believe he knew nothing whatever. This made me uneasy, and I was greatly relieved when, on being told that I had come by invitation to see Hampstead Heath, he repeated in exactly the same vitation to see Hampstead Heath, he repeated in exactly the same way, Hampstead Heath -- ah ha ! " as if the motives of such a visit were open to suspicion. But Lossie dissipated his legal manner. "Why shouldn't Joe Vance come to see Hampstead Heath, I should like to know? Come now, Mr. Spencer, don't be the Lord Chancellor, but tell us why -- and give me some beef for Joe, because he's ravenous." JOSEPH VANCE Well, my dear Lucilla," said Mr. Spencer, very weightily, as you press me so for an answer -- stop a minute for some more gravy -- I have no serious objection to making this admission -take care you don't spill it -- to making this admission with all take care you don't spill it -- to making this admission with all due reservation -- pass me the mustard, my dear -- ^with all due reservation, that on the whole I see no objection whatever to Joe Vance coming to see Hampstead Heath." " Of course not ! " cried Lossie. And Sarita and Grizzle echoed, Of course not." Their mother, who was there, but who was one of those people who make no impression on others and who apparently receive none themselves, seemed to say something. She had iron-grey rolls of hair on each side of her forehead, and spoke under her breath, and I don't think I should have known she too said " Of course not " only that Lossie went on, I'm so glad you agree with me, Mrs. Spencer. And we are all going out for a walk to show Joe Vance Hampstead Heath if it doesn't rain." On which Master Joseph, who was on the other side of Lossie, struck in, " I've been on the Heath wunth to-day. I want to go to the Zoological Gardenth in Eegent's Park, and see the Carnivorous Animals fed at four o'clock precisely." But this was negatived and we got out on the Heath in due course, and Lossie and Sarita pointed across the London fog to show me where I had come from. The Wen (as Cobbett called it) was then a small Wen compared to what it is now. But the heap of fog that hid the Surrey Hills was denser for its thickness -- for when I looked oyer London from the same point one April day two years since, I saw the Crystal Palace plain enough. And then I thought how Lossie and Miss Spencer and Joey and I stood there on that day, and how then there was no Crystal Palace. And Penge Park slept unsuspicious and unspoiled. But we wall^ed towards the Spaniards without speculating about the growth of London. There were so many fields between, and the air was so sweet after April showers in the morning, that we didn't trouble our heads about anything. At least, not for a moment. For when we had started for the Spaniards (after a demand from Joey that we should go to Highgate, and his being told that it was on the way there, and ex- gate, and his being told that it was on the way there, and expressing suspicion of our veracity) trouble came into my head in pressing suspicion of our veracity) trouble came into my head in the form of an apprehension that Lossie was going to have it out of me about St. Withold. Now apart from my wish to keep myself a sealed book on the subject, I was happy at the pause in the self a sealed book on the subject, I was happy at the pause in the process of my conversion to a Gentleman, and was thoroughly enjoying the peace and the presence of Lossie. Of course, like th" joying the peace and the presence of Lossie. Of course, like th" JOSEPH VAiTCE Spirit that left the body, and had to return and reanimate it, I was luxuriating in my Pleaven, and shutting my eyes to the horror of a re-entry into the prison-house. After all, that would be ten days hence ! I wasn't going to fidget about that at least until Saturday. Eleven years old does this sort of thing very easily. But then I had never had a secret from Lossie. In my three years of Penguin's I had naturally become a sort of tame cati at Poplar Villa. Indeed, at some undefined confluence of events. Miss Lossie had become Lossie to me; having, I think, for a short time stood between inverted commas as a protest against any presumption on my part. She used to speak of me as " t'other little Brother," and whenever I had anything to tell that was pleasant tle Brother," and whenever I had anything to tell that was pleasant or otherwise, or anything on my conscience, I was sure to take Lossie into my confidence first, with of course a reserve in favour of my Mother after; the communications to Lossie always being made with a subcutaneous sense of what a pleasure it would be to tell my Mother what Miss Lossie had said of this or of that. For in speaking to my Mother I retained the Miss, not to put her to the embarrassment of a doubt whether she was or wasn't expected to change her own form of address. But I had never held my tongue about anything to either, and here was I resolute to keep a secret if possible from both. It was very unpleasant. '' Now, Joe, let them go on in front -- and then we can talk. I want you to tell me all about St. Withold's." The Examination had begun, and the answer to the first question was evasive. It was framed on the lines of Baedeker -- treat- tion was evasive. It was framed on the lines of Baedeker -- treating of the antiquity of the school, the lateness of its Decorated ing of the antiquity of the school, the lateness of its Decorated period, and the earliness of its Perpendicular ; of the number of its masters, and the profundity of their scholarship; of the smallness of Dr. Lasher's eyes, and the redness of the second Latin Master's nose; and then, becoming feeble and diffuse, drivelled down to the tightness of the first Mathematical Master's trousers. They were awfully tight and Purdy secundus reported that he had heard them bursting at the seams. "Stuff and nonsense, Joe!" exclaimed Lossie, impatiently. " You know very well that Mr. Packer's trousers are not what I want to know about. Bother Mr. Packer's trousers! -- Tell me about the classes, about the food, about the matron, about the boys -especially the bad boys. Are the boys, the bad ones I mean, as especially the bad boys. Are the boys, the bad ones I mean, as much flogged as some people say ? Or is it all exaggeration ? " O that I had only to confess up to my own birchings (for that was the rock ahead) to one who would have cheerfully derided me and danced with joy over the amount of the infliction ! O that JOSEPH VANCE Porky Owls had been the Examiner! How I should have rejoiced in describing castigation beyond human endurance, cart- joiced in describing castigation beyond human endurance, cartloads of new birch-rods, and Dr. Lasher fainting with exhaustion loads of new birch-rods, and Dr. Lasher fainting with exhaustion and brought afresh to the scratch by means of strong stimulants! But Porky had (so I heard) entered the Merchant Service, and was Heaven knows where ! And it was Lossie, Lossie herself, that was waiting for an answer with the thoughtful grey eyes under the long eyelashes fixed on me, with somewhat, as I now saw, of more serious purpose in her questioning than mere concern in her little brother's welfare, however strong that might be. " Come, Joe, don't sit there with your lips shut, looking like an owl! Do thaw a little and tell me things!" What about ? " ''Joe, little brothers ought not to be little Humbugs! You know what about as well as I do. About how much bad boys are punished." " Well ! I suppose it's like any other School." I was beginning to feel the uselessness of evasion before those grey-blue eyes, and indeed I don't know if I should have managed this one, only that when I looked shyly up to see what they were doing they were looking towards Harrow. My reprieve was short, for the eyes came back from Harrow with startling suddenness -"Joe! Tell me the truth ! Have they ever birched 2/ow? '' "Joe! Tell me the truth ! Have they ever birched 2/ow? '' "Of course they have. All the boys get birched -- it doesn't matter really whether they are good or bad -- it's part of the discipline. Dr. Lasher says he was birched when he was young, and pline. Dr. Lasher says he was birched when he was young, and what would he have been without it?" For this was indeed the way in which the Reverend Doctor looked at the question, and impressed us boys with a sense of his perfections as he stood. For pressed us boys with a sense of his perfections as he stood. For we accepted the view that a Head-Master who was satisfied with himself must be great indeed. Subsequent reflection has made me doubt whether a familiarity with Greek particles and accents alone compensates for any and every other defect of character-^ and I have since shuddered to think what Dr. Lasher without his early discipline would have been, if he was right about the good it did him. " And you know, Lossie," I went on, " they say at the school that girls and women know nothing about it, and that boys have got to be men, and that they mustn't be allowed to grow up Milksops." " And so on, and so on, and so on, and so on," said Lossie. " I know all about it, dear Joe! Don't suppose I don't. What did they birch you for ? " " Oh, I hadn't been doing any harm. I was birched for conJOSEPH YANOE JOSEPH YANOE tradicting the Mathematical Tutor. You know they put me back to do Euclid all over again." ^ But why did you contradict him ? " ^'Because of the Definition of a Straight Line -- a line that lies evenly between its extreme points. I asked him what lying evenly meant. And he wasnT able to answer, so he said I had contradicted him. And," said I, with a glimmer of hope that we might dicted him. And," said I, with a glimmer of hope that we might wander away from the birch-rod, "it is awful rot, you know -you might just as well say that it lay straight between them, or you might just as well say that it lay straight between them, or that a straight line is a line that is straight ! " But Lossie was not to be taken off the scent by this red herring. She insisted on full details, and I went on hoping against hope for another. " Well! Old Lasher didn't lick into me very much that time, to spite Packer, because it was Mathematics, and of course Lasher is Classical Languages and Literature and hates Mathematics. They always say at the School that Packer can never matics. They always say at the School that Packer can never get a boy properly flogged. But Lasher laid it well on to a boy in his own form, for translating populos people." " I thought it was people." " Yes -- that's pop with a short o -- this was poapulos with a long 0. Well! He gave this boy all my share as well as his own. It was Spendergrass primus -- ^that was his name, you know." " Yes -- and then ? " And then I wanted to say that the incident ended. But I had got involved in my own narrative, and the merciless eyes fixed me to more, though I had sworn to myself that nothing on earth should make me reveal the sequel of this story. " Well -- nothing ! Only Spendergrass primus complained." " Complained of what ? " " Complained that I had less than he, and it wasn't fair." " Who did he complain to -- ^to Dr. Lasher ? " "Dr. Lasher? Of course not! He complained to the Head Boys on my form." "And what did they say." "Oh, nothing -- it doesn't matter." "Now, no nonsense, Joe! Doesn't matter -- the idea! I mean to know all about it, and you may as well tell me." " Well -- they said I must be pickled." " Good Heavens! What did the horrible little wretches mean? " With a mixed feeling of shame at the transaction, and of pride in its existence as a great and immemorial usage of my School, I revealed that boys who were considered to have had, from favouritism or otherwise, too lenient a dose of the rod, were subjected to itism or otherwise, too lenient a dose of the rod, were subjected to JOSEPH VAHCE aa irritant of pepper or salt, according to circumstances, in order to equalize the justice or injustice of the relative cases. Probably it was something of this sort that led to the turpentine incident I have already referred to. ^^And, oh! Joe -- dear Joe -- were you pickled?" I had got the ugly part of my story told to my thinking -- and I was boy enough to enjoy telling the remainder. Oh no ! I wasn^t pickled. I got off by fighting " " What -- fighting the whole lot ? " * No -- iPs like this -- you can be pickled, or you can fight another boy bigger than yourseK. I chose Spendergrass primus, to pay him out for complaining. And as soon as he had time to get all right after old Lasher, we fought behind the Cloister -- thaPs where they fight -- and I had a black eye, and he had two teeth loosened. But the dentist said they would tighten in again, and it didn^t matter. Oh, Lossie, don't cry 1 " For Lossie was crying, though she said she wasn't. ^'It's only the dazzle of the sun," she said. There must be a rainbow somewhere behind us -- look at the drops on the grass, how they sparkle like diamonds!" But it hadn't been a rain-drop that I saw fall on the hair bracelet. However, Lossie cleared up like the April shower, and the sun shone again. Boys are all alike," said she. You were just like Nolly when he went to Eton, before you went away in January. And now you're just like him at the end of his first term. You know, Joe, you wouldn't have told me all these horrors if I hadn't pumped you so. But I won't blow you up, dear, so you needn't be frightened. Let's follow them on to the Spaniards." For we had stopped during this conversation at the Scotch Firs at the edge of the Heath. Lossie had sat down on a wooden seat while we talked, and I had been making little heaps of sand and fir-cones at the knotty exposed root of a fir-tree close by. I never see a fir-cone now without thinking of that afternoon at Hampstead. don't think Eton can be half as bad as this horrible place where you are, Joe," said Lossie, as we started again. Nolly never told me anything like what you have to-day -- I should like to murder that abominable old whaPs-his-name ? " '' What, old Lasher ! " said I. Why, old Lasher ! He's really not half bad, when you come to know him." ^'Well, then-- that Mr. Packer that got you flogged by telling a lie about you. I certainly should like to murder him. Come now, Joe, say you hate him!" JOSEPH VANCE ''Hate old Packer?" said 1. 'Taney any one hating old Packer! But of course his trousers are too tight, and he^s rather an Ass " Lossie had a laugh for this, and I felt we were getting to rights again. " Bother old Packer's tight trousers," said she. " Didn't I say so before, and you make me say it again ? But now -- ^how ' # about the other boy? Don't you hate himV* " What, Spendergrass ? " cried I, and my surprise was real, finding vent in a quite extravagant amount of accent on his first ing vent in a quite extravagant amount of accent on his first syllable. " Why, Spendergrass is going to ask his Governor to ask ! me down to Princes Kisborough in June -- ^Larkshall's his Gov- | ernor's country house. We had no end of a spree, him and me, | etc., etc." And I was glad to get on to a narrative of this spree, j and thus to avoid further revelations of school-discipline. But i Loseie was very absent, and didn't seem to profit by it. She interrupted me suddenly at a most critical and interesting crisis in terrupted me suddenly at a most critical and interesting crisis in the spree -" But, Joe dear, I do want to know -- are they going on like " But, Joe dear, I do want to know -- are they going on like this with you always? Never mind about how you blacked their noses with cork now -- you can tell me that after. Suppose you're at school there three or four years, won't it get any better ? " "Oh, it's all right ! Besides, any pupil they think they can run for the Thurtell Scholarship they let off easily -- ^because they don't want to upset him and spoil his chances." Lossie stopped and looked round at me with an expression of bewilderment. "Do you mean to say, Joe, that when a boy isn*t trying for any Scholarship, or what would bring credit to the school -- ^because that's the idea, I suppose ? " " Yes -- that's the idea. The Thurtell sends a boy to Oxford, and if he distinguishes himself of course that brings more pupils to St. Withold's." " Well, then -- that then, they do want to upset him and spoil his chances ? " " Oh, no ! At least, that's not the way to put it. It's the system ! " " What's the system ? " " Well ! The system Dr. Lasher was brought up in." "And I don't think," said Lossie, "that Dr. Lasher would do any credit to Pandemonium, which is the same system, I should say." " But please, Lossie, you won't tell the Doctor all this " JOSEPH VANCE 123 There they are on in front stopping for ns ! Come along, Joe!" Whether the Doctor was told, I never knew, but of one effect which this conversation would have (and did have) I felt as certain at the time as if Lossie had put her intentions into words -- tain at the time as if Lossie had put her intentions into words -namely, that Joey Thorpe would never go to a public school. For namely, that Joey Thorpe would never go to a public school. For the Doctor would never run counter to any wish of Dossiers. And I am sure that she for her part believed that what was true of St. Withold was very nearly true, if not quite, of all public schools. This was encouraged by Nolly's obvious reticence about Eton, which was in truth nothing but the natural attitude of a boy towards his sister. Had Lossie been my own sister I doubt if I wards his sister. Had Lossie been my own sister I doubt if I should have told her all I did. It turns on a very singular nuance of a boy's character -- ^the one which decides what he will or will not consider to be sneaking. Perhaps as long as he realizes there are such things as meanness and the reverse, it does not so much matter how much his germ of a brain muddles the details. But that this particular confusion exists, that it is unmanly to reveal school secrets to sisters, I am convinced. Obviously it would have been easier for me to confess (to Spendergrass, for instance) that I had told all that story to Miss Lucilla Thorpe, than for him to tell me he had told it to his sister. Anyhow, Los*sie evidently got the idea that she had seen through me into the secrets of school-life, and that Nolly could have told similar tales had he chosen. And from this it came about that Master Joey passed through a curriculum of day-schools and private tutors instead of having his character formed on orthodox lines. We got back just in time to avoid a shower, and then it became clear that what it is nowadays right to call the trend of events was in the direction of my stopping the night at The Limes. there is a class specially favoured of Heaven, a sort of Chosen People, who always catch 'buses before you do; who get in at the Pit and Galleries of Theatres before the doors are opened; who monopolize standing-room, and remain inert and immovable in sitting-room; who succeed in seeing Kaces while you have to be satisfied with coat-tails and bustles. This class is of no age, no sex, no profession; in fa^ has no qualities whatever, except that of being Somebody Else/ It is suspected of chuckling inwardly over your discomfiture, but otherwise is without passions. It was agreed at The Limes that this class would be sure to have taken all the places in the 'bus long before I got there, and that this was equally true of all dates of arrival. So it was determined that JOSEPH VANCE I should stay the night, and I did. Surmises whether my Father would be anxious struck me as an odd attribute of high respectability when I thought to myself how different things were in our bility when I thought to myself how different things were in our old days before the Building Trade was dreamed of! Hy Father was often away all night without notice given, and my Mother postponed belief in disaster quite contentedly. Some young friends from close by were elicited by a threecornered note from Sarita, and we spent a pleasant evening play- cornered note from Sarita, and we spent a pleasant evening playing Pope Joan. It is a good game, and the board can be spun ing Pope Joan. It is a good game, and the board can be spun round and round rapidly, which seems to me to give it an advantage over other card-games with no boards. Incidentally, I may tage over other card-games with no boards. Incidentally, I may note that I very early deserted cards for chess, and never went back. The Spencer family was a very late family in the morning apparently, for Lossie and I got the best part of an hour before any of them were visible. I really thought all the water in the urn on the sideboard would evaporate before an authentic teamaker appeared, so impatient did it become. In fact, it once maker appeared, so impatient did it become. In fact, it once suddenly became quite snappish, owing to strained relations with its naphtha-lamp, and had to be soothed. This done, our conversation went on at the point of interruption: -- tion went on at the point of interruption: -"I^m sure your Mother won^t mind it, Joe, when once she gets "I^m sure your Mother won^t mind it, Joe, when once she gets a little into the way. And you know, after all, she won't have to work so hard as she has done." " Oh, I suppose it 'll be all right." For of course at that early date everything was always going to be all right. '' My Father says if the cook or the housemaid are bounceable, he'll square them up sharp, and send them packing in double-quick time." My dear boy, that's not the difficulty. Anybody can get rid of servants. They are not limpets or leeches. The trouble is to find the new ones. And your Mother will have to do that." I felt I was in the presence of superior knowledge of the subject, so when I repeated again that Father thought it would be all right, I avoided details for fear of another destructive criticism. "My upstairs Joey," said Lossie, inventing an expression to cover existing facts, " was snoring when I went in to see -- at least he would have been snoring, if he'd been Aunty. I wasn't going to wake him, breakfast or no, and I shall hear him move, down here. We're just underneath." "You didn't tell me what the Doctor said," said I, referring back to a prse-kettle-boiling stage of the conversation. " Said you would be sure to choose for yourself when you were old enough -- that you could go into your Father's business just JOSEPH VAITCE the same for the next three or four years. And you had better have the full advantage of your schooling. You may get the Thurtell Scholarship, you know " And what did Father say ? " " Said the berth would always be wacant for the Nipper, and you certainly did seem to have an aptitood for the Clarsicks." From which it must not be inferred that any disrespect was meant to my Father; as the fact is Lossie and I were so confidential that we made no bones of comparing notes about our seniors' individualities. But lines were drawn. Lossie would never have mimicked my Mother's pronunciation any more than I should the Doctor's. I was very free in the matter of Aunt Izzy. '' I say, Lossie," said I. What, Joe? " Which do you think your Governor would really like best ? " '' Well, dear, you know what Papa is ! Of course as he happened to be able to give you his Nomination, or whatever they call it, at this horrible genteel Wackford Squeerses, why, he would like you to have the full benefit of it, and perhaps go up to the University. But I'm sure if he knew how Dr. Lasher went on " versity. But I'm sure if he knew how Dr. Lasher went on " I stopped Lossie with a voluble disclaimer. Dr. Lasher was the most awfully ;iolly old boy, and the System was the most awfully jolly old System, and St. Withold was the most awfully jolly of old Saints. Heaven forbid that Lossie should draw any opposite conclusions from what I told her yesterday. I ascribed a great liberality to St. Withold on the ground that I had not hesitated to tell so much about him, suggesting that Nolly could tell a lot worse things about Eton if he chose. It was just the same in all other schools, only heaps worse, and the boys wouldn't tell. In fact, I did all I could to erase the impression I had given, seeing the matter now in its relation to a possible disappointment for Dr. Thorpe. I sternly resolved in my ovrn mind that, whatever nightmare of the Saint's fiancee's nine-fold brood should dominate my mare of the Saint's fiancee's nine-fold brood should dominate my school-dream, nothing on earth should wring a complaint from me about it. For the future all should be silence. I also perceived that Lossie would be more likely to tell her Governor nothing about what I had revealed if I laid stress on the Oxford possibility. I was able in this connection to produce evidence of favourable predictions about myself in the school though it was only my first term. Capp tertius had overheard a conversation about me, and a wager laid by no less a person than Mr. Packer of the tight trousers; -- that if I stopped on long enough' I should get the Thurtell, and end with a double-first at Oxford. 126 JOSEPH VAHCE I told this to Lossie, and Mr. Packer seemed to. go up in her good opinion. '^Well then, Joe/^ said she. That's how it's to be! I shan't tell Papa about the School, and I hope you'll be let off easy next term. And you'll be a double-first, won't you ? " How very curious some common figures of speech are, if you thinlv of them seriously! Why on earth should I have asked Lossie in reply if that wouldn't be a lark? That was my comment, but I got no answer. For Sarita Spencer came downstairs ment, but I got no answer. For Sarita Spencer came downstairs in a hurry, pretending she had never been behind time on any previous occasion. I wasn't able to tell myself exactly why I wondered that Miss Sarry should be so well kissed on both sides by Lossie when she entered ther^oom in the hurry aforesaid, but I perceived a fitness in the equilibrium, owing to her resemblance to the isosceles triangle. Had Lossie kissed one side only, I should have felt that she had got slightly scalene. For everything Lossie did left an effect behind it, for me! This may seem thing Lossie did left an effect behind it, for me! This may seem nonsense, but it is to my mind true, and I am not writing this for the general public. ^'Good-morning, Master Vance," said Sarry, and proceeded to make the tea, to the great gratification and relief of the kettle, the extinction of whose lamp was like a Proclamation of Peace. "Five because Mamma never takes tea, and one for the Pot, six. How I can see about your omnibus. What's the clock in the passage? Twenty minutes to nine -- it must be fast! Bakewell! Bakewell ! What's the time by the kitchen clock ? " A reply from the bowels of the earth answered this enquiry over the stair-rail outside. " I thought it was fast -- ^twenty-five minutes ! Papa must put it back next time Mamma goes out, because he won't push the minute-hand back, and it goes round and round and strikes every time and gets on Mamma's nerves. Let's see! Stop a minute! You can't catch the half -past nine 'bus now. You might get the ten-o'clock one -- ^would that do?" "He can catch any 'bus," said Lossie, "if they go every halfhour -- can't you, Joe?" hour -- can't you, Joe?" "How, isn't that just like Lossie?" said Sarita. " What's like Lossie ? " said Mr. Spencer, appearing. " Goodmorning, Lossie ! What is it that is like Miss Lucilla Thorpe ? " morning, Lossie ! What is it that is like Miss Lucilla Thorpe ? " " Saying boys can catch any omnibus because they go every talf-hour," said Sarry, rather cutting her father off short. Mr. Spencer's method of receiving this was legal and irritating. " My young friend here," said he, " appears to me to be only one boy. Am I to understand that all boys go every half-hour ? " JOSEPH YJlNCIE, '^Nonsense, Papa, you know what I mean quite well! Grizzle dear (for Grizzle was appearing), ask over the stairs if these are our eggs." If you and Grizzle don^t know, how can you expect the cook to know ? " said Mr. Spencer. And Sarry said, " Well, for the life of me I can't tell what you're all laughing at." Because we were laughing. And we didn't laugh less when Grizzle came in, saying, '' Bakewell says they are our eggs." But Sarry didn't seem any the wiser, and reverted to the omnibus. I checkmated this vehicle by a remark I had been waiting to make, to the effect that I intended to walk all the way. Clearly then there was nothing to arrange, and Lossie said, You silly boy, you might just as well have said so at once!" It was some time after this when I was just going to say goodbye and start, that Sarry was taken with a fit of laughter that bye and start, that Sarry was taken with a fit of laughter that threatened serious consequences. " Oh, Lossie dear," she said, after recovering respiration, ''it was because I saw what Papa meant all of a sudden! Just as if Grizzle and I were hens! " Lossie started with me to show me the shortest way. We talked about Sarita. I was emphatic in my approbation, and couldn't repeat too often that the young lady was awfully jolly. But in spite of this I 'remember then wondering at Lossie's adoration of her. And as she scarcely comes into this narrative except as a recipient of a number of letters which afterwards passed into my possession, and which I now have here, it is only this inability to account for Lossie that has made me piece together my scraps of recollection of Sarry, so as to obtain if possible some light on the problem of her fascination. For myself, I never could understand it; hut probably every one else was right and I was wrong. I said good-bye to Lossie, and started for home; very glad to have avoided any more about St. Withold's. CHAPTER XVI yoE^s father's hat again, and how his mother died, a letter OP lossie written a year after, of his father's grief and HIS OWN -- THE STORY OF HIS FATHER'S COURTSHIP TOLD TO JOE OF THE PURE CAIRN MAGORRACHAN MOUNTAIN DEW, AND HOW JOE LAY AWAKE BECAUSE OF THE SAME. On re-reading a passage of this MS. I perceived that I had after all, in the face of my own protest, dismissed my Father's Hat with too short and disrespectful a notice. I am, you see, an old stager, and to me the whole of the Past presents itself as one huge shiny stovepipe Hat, with Proletarians and Roturiers crawling round it on their stomachs in abject abasement. I am told ing round it on their stomachs in abject abasement. I am told that new readings of the Book of Life have been sanctioned by the Authorities, whoever they are, and that a Bank Director has been seen in a billycock ! But I cannot nerve myself to accepting such a state of things on hearsay, and must stick to the memories of boyhood. I refer again to this Hat (observe that I always give it a capital), not with any hope of doing it justice, but because it was an outward and visible sign of a changed order of things. During the whole of the period between my first experience of Lossie, ing the whole of the period between my first experience of Lossie, and her letter (which I am coming to), my Father was what is described in English, and in English only, as sober. In other countries people are normal, or drunk. In England an abnormal condition demands the adjective sober, and occasionally gets it. The change, which had been procured by the simple incident of two months' enforced abstention, was little less than promotion to Paradise for my Mother. I myself felt it more through my relation with her than in any other way. For to me whatever my tion with her than in any other way. For to me whatever my Father did was right. Had his drunkenness led to brutality to my Mother, or myself, it might have been otherwise. But it showed itself almost entirely in Bacchanalianism proper, and fights with equivalent males of his own species. I cannot quite bring myself to write that in the Hat period my Mother became kinder to me. It would imply a previous unkinJness. That would be false. But there was a sort of dif-^ kinJness. That would be false. But there was a sort of dif-^ JOSEPH YAHCE ference between her two forms of kindness. I suppose the withdrawal of a cause of anxiety gave her more license to spoil me* drawal of a cause of anxiety gave her more license to spoil me* Or was it my new position? I don't think it was. I think it was that the happier she was, the more motherly she could be. Have you never seen women of her surroundings, whose brutal males and sordid lives have made them cruel to their children ? If there was any trace of this in my Mother, it disappeared at the Hat transition, and left her what I remember her when I started to go back to school at the end of that happiest of fortnights at home. '^Good-bye, my precious darling boy, good-bye!" said she. And I said my say of farewells, and ended with " Now cut away indoors, or you'll get your cough worse." For she was coughing a doors, or you'll get your cough worse." For she was coughing a good deal. And then my Father said, Cough 'll be all right, if the dam doctor will go and 'ang himself. There's nothing amiss with the cough." Here is the letter of Lossie, written more than two years later. '^Poplar Villa, Sept, 1854. I wonder why it is, dear, that I always deluge you with letters in September. No, I don't -- I mean I don't wonder. Because September in London is such a nice peace and quiet time. The leaves blow about and Violet goes to stay with friends in the country, and if we're in London at all I'm left alone with Papa and try, and if we're in London at all I'm left alone with Papa and Joey, and look after the housekeeping myself instead of Aunty. One does feel so brutal when one finds it such a relief to get rid of one's family. One is really very fond of them, but say what one will it is like a breath of fresh air to get what poor Joe Vance's father calls ' shet o' the whole bilin'.' The only section, or segment or drop (I don't know how a bilin' is divided) that I have any cause to find fault with is poor dear Aunty. She's gone to a Congress of an Association for the Promotion or Suppression of some Virtue or Vice, I'm not sure which! She's an Honorary Secretary, and some big bundles have come from the printer -but they must be forwarded at once or I would open one and get but they must be forwarded at once or I would open one and get out a Prospectus to send you. How ever the Society can get along with an Honorary Secretary who has an ear-trumpet I don't know ! However, Papa says he knows of an acting Secretary of a leading Institute in London who is stone deaf but in receipt of PS600 a year ! But then he reads the Times all day long and never interferes in the business of the office, and I am sure Aunty never feres in the business of the office, and I am sure Aunty never didn't interfere with anything. However, I really ought to be JOSEPH VANCE deeply thankful now she's taken up Homoeopathy. Papa says Homoeopathy is ^ an Allotropic form of letting other people's insides alone,' and really before it turned up she was trying. Be- sides alone,' and really before it turned up she was trying. Because there was no way of heading her off, or escaping diagnosis at cause there was no way of heading her off, or escaping diagnosis at tlie hands of Dr. Hillyer except taking an eighth part of any bottle that hadn't been emptied, no matter what, as a compromise. She always smelt it and confirmed its efficacy from recollection, also remembering the principal ingredients, ^ It's that nice prescription of Dr. Hillyer's. It's only a little Ammonia and Chlorodyne and Gentian and Bark, and nothing that can possibly hurt. And of course you won't mind me, dear, no one does! But I'm sure you ought either to take something or let Dr. Hillyer see you.' It really was just like that, and now it is better a deal -- that is to say, one escapes being poisoned, but the embarrassment of having to shout one's symptoms on the stairs or other public places is rather increased than otherwise. Because she has got a precious and infallible work called 'Jahr's Plandbuch,' which Papa calls the Valetudinarian's Delight, and which bristles with symptoms which would make one envious of leprosy if one had them. She stopped me a little while ago just as I was going into the street, with Jahr in her hand, to enquire whether the following described my case -^ Itching in the nostrils. Titillation in the membranes of the ^ Itching in the nostrils. Titillation in the membranes of the nasal canal. Sensation as of centipedes on the occiput, or of a large heavy object in the glottis, accompanied with wheezing, snoring, or choking. Incessant sneezing. Metempsychosis and Asphyxia. Tendency to jump, start and use bad language. Sensation of a swarm of bees in the larynx. Caryatids.' That's just exactly what she read very loud to me and a policeman's back, standing at our gate -- all except the medical terms, some of which I have forgotten. Don't you think my substitutes elegant? You may fancy what this work reads like when it is necessary to choose between Silicea and Carbo Vegetabilis for my greedy little brother, when he has indulged too freely in the pleasures of the table. Of course I always dulged too freely in the pleasures of the table. Of course I always say the symptoms are exactly right, and in the above case laid special claim to the sensation of a swarm of bees, and when I came back from posting my letter found two tumblers of the weakest possible grog with paper over them -- one teaspoonful every four hours of each, alternately. She makes some concession to my feelings on the subject of High Dilutions, and (at great risk to myself, she says) allows me to have Mother-Tinctures. Hence the Alccffiol, which has the same relation to real Grog that a glass of water too often has to bea:, owing to previous associations isnd ineffectual dry rubs. JOSEPH VAHCE I wouldn't nag on this way at poor Aunty, only she really did aggravate Papa and me so when poor Mrs. Vance was dying. You must have seen her here -- indeed, I am sure you did, a twelvemonth since -- and she said that as soon as ever easy circumstances month since -- and she said that as soon as ever easy circumstances permitted she should go and have a breath of sea-air. And you fancied she meant that funds were low, and I knew better and explained. She was a dear good woman, and we never could get plained. She was a dear good woman, and we never could get her to give up calling me Miss Lucilla and Aunty Ma'am, and insisting on standing up till she was actually pushed into a chair. sisting on standing up till she was actually pushed into a chair. She was Joe Vance's mother, you know, and we were all grieved to lose her. And I daresay Aunty meant well -- indeed, I'm sure she did -- ^but really to expect her to see a Homceopathic Physician secretly and take clandestine globules was too much! And then to go and tell Papa that Mrs. Vance was really yearning for the globules and said that they were the only things that did any good, and that it was all the hard incredulity of that Sadducee of a husband of hers that prevented it! Papa actually spoke to Joe's band of hers that prevented it! Papa actually spoke to Joe's father about it, but it wasn't any use, because Mr. Vance couldn't be got to look at the matter from any point of view except its rela- tion to a possible turn-up, or set-to between Dr. Hillyer and Mr. Knowles, Aunty's Homoeopath, in his back-garden. He seems to have caught at' this idea, and cherished it, for happening to meet Mr. Knowles at our house he (having just heard his name) addressed him thus : ^ 'Appy to make your acquaintance, Mr. Price. When are you going to have it out with my medical attendant? You're both on you light weights, and nothing could be fairer! Say the word and I'll make the ap'intment.' Then as Aunty would not let Papa alone about it, he tried speaking to Dr. Hillyer in confidence, to persuade him to wink at some sort of arrangement. ' But,' said Papa to me after, ^Dr. Hillyer turned purple and couldn't articulate, and I was obliged to apologize for mentioning it and gave it late, and I was obliged to apologize for mentioning it and gave it up.' Poor Mr. Vance -- ^you know although he's so prosperous now, he's entirely ignorant and uneducated -- he hates all ' 'oarspital carackters,' as he calls them, and says the minute you let them feel your pulse, orf you go with your symptoms and then you may just as well order your coffin and chuck it! I began writing this letter meaning to tell you about Vi and her young German -- I really do think it's going to come to something this time (here follows an account of the gentleman to whom thing this time (here follows an account of the gentleman to whom Violet was engaged at this date) ^'Vi is very severe with me for never being engaged at all. I have explained to her that I take after our grandmothers, who had Admirers, for several of whom they had a True R^rd, and one of JOSEPH VANCE whom after severe probation became the Man of their Choice, and if all went well, ultimately became our Grandpapa. She says it really cannot matter now what girls did who had their waists under their chins and no crinoline, and ringlets, nor men whose trousers were as tight as stockings and who had little tail-coats and frills to their shirts, and shaved close every morning. You should see her crinolines -- every new one larger than the last I .... I must say I should not like to be engaged if the man was an idiot, or became one, and I felt it was my fault. If ever I am I mean to keep my promise and tell you exactly what he says when he proposes, because I shall refuse him civilly if he says anything too poses, because I shall refuse him civilly if he says anything too silly for me to report. What an interminable long letter this is getting ! ''Poor darling little Joe Vance! It was just heartbreal^ing to see him when his mother died. But I did all I could to console the boy. It was too bad of that horrible old fool Capstick to try to make him more miserable than he need have been. I wish Joe^a father had really done what he threatened -- though I can't quite make out what it was, as J oe declines to repeat his Dad's language I I am not surprised. But I gather that Capstick (who is an advanced disciple of the Belief-at-Choice School) had certainly said vanced disciple of the Belief-at-Choice School) had certainly said to Mr. Vance, ' When you get to Hell, dear Sir, you'll find out you could have believed if you had chosen.' Fancy his talking that way, and in the presence of the boy, too! Such a nice lad he's growing to be, and simply getting on like wild-fire with his studies. He is developing a strong taste for mechanics, and threatens to forget all his classics as soon as he's done with them. . . . "Your ever affectionate "Lossie Thorpe." I had read through many letters of Lossie's written during my early schooldays, among the contents of the bundle in my possession, before I came to the foregoing -- ^but none containing any- sion, before I came to the foregoing -- ^but none containing anything that called for record about myself. Briefly, I may note thing that called for record about myself. Briefly, I may note that in these letters stories about my namesake Joey become scarcer and almost vanish -- in which one may distinguish that his amusing babyhood is giving place to a rather wilful and selfish boyhood; that Vi was never very long without a love-affair on, but that they never took substantial form and purpose until the appearance of the young German; that Aunt Izzy's benevolent efforts for her fellow-creatures continued without the slightest consideration for the comfort of her victims, and that Lossie herself is distinctly growing up from fifteen to nineteen. But there self is distinctly growing up from fifteen to nineteen. But there JOSEPH VANCi; chances to be very little allusion to me or mine ; and this is made reasonable to me by my want of recollection of ' Sarita Spencer during this particular period. She could only have had a corresponding impression of me, so it was natural I shbuld not occur in Lossless correspondence with her until some new chord was sounded in what a striking writer (whose name I have forgotten) calls " the orchestration of our joint lives." A sad gotten) calls " the orchestration of our joint lives." A sad modulation, into a minor key, was pending in those of myself and my Father. For before two years were completed of the seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years' lease of his new house, he was a widower. My Mothers cough, that was the last sound I heard when I returned to School after my first Easter Holidays, had gone on for more than a twelvemonth on a tenancy at will -- its will! -- ^promising each week to go next week; each week declaring in the face of evidence that it was a little better; and each month being obliged to admit that it was a great deal worse. When I returned to School for the second Christmas term I wore a new suit of mourning and the black gloves the Undertaker had vouchsafed to me at ing and the black gloves the Undertaker had vouchsafed to me at my Mother's funeral. How well I remember going back with my Father to his lonely house; and as soon as we had shaken ourselves free of the mourning coach and its beery satellites, going instinctively to the little ing coach and its beery satellites, going instinctively to the little smoking snuggery at the end of the passage, to avoid the sight of all the expensive furniture which he had purchased more and more as my Mother's illness had increased. It was all o' no use, Nipper dear!" said he to me as he closed the dining-room door in passing. I really believe he thought that settees covered with Utrecht velvet, walnut chiffoniers with curvilinear marble tops, buhl, marqueterie, ormolu, and so forth had in them the properties of antidotes to pulmonary disease. He had looked upon himself and the Doctor as working to opposite ends; the Doctor to compassing my Mother's death by means of illegible prescriptions, and passing my Mother's death by means of illegible prescriptions, and himself to counteracting them by expensive upholstery from Tottenham Court Koad. The Apothecary he regarded as an originally sinless tradesman with a very red lamp, misled by the said prescriptions into conspiracies against health and life. He certainly ascribed Death to doctors and nurses, except in cases of extreme old age. Even when he imputed to patients that their own carelessness, obstinacy, and neglect of his advice was a contributary cause, he always made the Nurse and Doctor primarily tributary cause, he always made the Nurse and Doctor primarily responsible. "If," said he, reproachfully, "they'd only have let her enjy herself and get out and amongst 'em and have a hearty JOSEPH VANCE laugh, fes the say in' is, instead of their stinkin' prescriptions -she*d bave done well enough! As if I didn't know your Mother she*d bave done well enough! As if I didn't know your Mother after all^hese years ! " He declined the too-late-for-lunch meal that awaited us in the dining-room, saying that I should have to go and eat something or-^and stopped short of adding that my Mother would be displeased. pleased. Never mind, Nipper," said he, "we shall get it all square in time," meaning that he would get to realize the new state of things. " Help me off with this here coat, and ketch hold on the hat, and we'll have a peck in here, and a pipe -- at least, I will. Young shavers like you don't have pipes." He subsided into the extensive leather armchair with brass studs which was his special property; and leaving me to justify the chops which the slavey (as he called her) had deflected from their first destination, lit his pipe and went on with his reflections. "All, as I say, o' no use, Nipper! Two picters -- engravings, I should say -- after Landseer -- both the same subject. Proof before Letters was the name he said, though I can't see any Letters fore Letters was the name he said, though I can't see any Letters in the picters myself. And not so much as hung in their places yet! There's the picter-cord waiting all ready, ever since that day I told you when she let the slavey bring up her breakfast to her in bed -- that was the day after I carried her upstairs. And I didn't have 'em put up not till I should know she was sure to come down the same day, or they'd have told her and she'd have fretted to come down and see 'em. Very fond of stags she was, and saw 'em in Eichmond Park; and that was why I bought this picture of Proof before Letters. It's a stag in the water -you saw it? Just before you went back after the summer holi- you saw it? Just before you went back after the summer holidays." days." I had seen it, but only by tilting it forward and looking down at it -- not the best way of seeing pictures. I did not know at that time what a proof before letters was, but I fancied there might have been some mistake in taking this for the title. It didn't matter then -- nothing mattered! My Father continued: "Why, I met her in Eichmond Park, the very first time ever I saw her. I was along of a young gal I was walking out with at that time, by name Maria Stevens. I believe she had an operation for her eyes after and they came straight-- squinted then she did, at the time I'm a-thinkin' of. And says she, ' There's young Cripps and his young woman-- here close to us,' says she, ' what are you a-staring at Wimbledon Common for ? ' And says I, ^She's a handsome young wench, anyhow !' -- For I tell you, Joe, JOSEPH VANCE 135 your Mother was the prettiest girl at eighteen I ever see, before or since." He had talked himself into the past, and remained silent, puffing at his pipe, till I said, " Yes, Daddy, and then ? " ing at his pipe, till I said, " Yes, Daddy, and then ? " ''Oh -- ah -- ^yes, it's the Nipper! Where was I a-telling? To be sure -- ' She's a handsome young wench,' says I, ' anyhow ! ' And Maria Stevens she tossed her head, being, as you might say, miffed, and ' P'r'aps,' says she, ' you'd like her better than me ? ' ' No, Maria,' says I, ' the likes of her is not for the likes of me.' 'Ho, that's the view you take,' says Maria, and just flings off and leaves me, and off she goes to your mother and young Cripps. We was all young together, Joe, you know," said my Father, apologetically. "But what happened. Daddy dear?" said I. "Did Maria Stevens come back ? " " They all came across together, and yoimg Cripps he says to me, civil-like, that he'd seen me at the private bar at the Goat and Compasses. And whether he had I did not know -- neither do I to this moment. Maybe he had, maybe otherwise! I said o' coorse he had. Then your Mother and me we dropped back, for the purpose like on her part, but I was a little afraid of her at first go-off. 'Sorry 'to hear you've had words, Mr. Vance,' says she. ' Why, you see,' says I, ' she took me up so short. Miss Stevens did.' And I told her all about it. And then your Mother says: 'Well, now -- ^^fr. Vance, did you ever? Only to think what strange coincidences do occur when not looked after' -- (I remember her very words). 'I truly assure you without exaggeration that that very expression and no other is the very one Reuben Cripps made use of relatin' to Miss Stevens the minute I asked him if perhaps he wouldn't prefer her, squint and all? "The likes of her isn't for the likes of me " -- only fancy ! ' And she was a-calling out to them all about it, but they'd got out o' hearing. And I ing out to them all about it, but they'd got out o' hearing. And I never see either of 'em again from that day forward." According to my belief, youth is unsympathetic in all matters, but especially in its feelings towards its predecessors' youth. It looks on it as not having been quite the genuine article, although it may have seemed so at the time to previous persons, betrayed into misapprehension by surrounding circumstances. I cannot disguise it from myself now that, horribly egotistical as it seems, I felt only a qualified interest in my Father's recollections. Of course I affected a strong one, so far as my grief left life in me to profess anything; but I would quite as soon have indulged it in silence. Yet I must have listened, or I should scarcely recolJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE Icct it all so well. It is odd, but for all the many years that I am now older than my Father was then, I still regard him as a genuine example of a grown-up person, and my present self as rather an impostor in that respect. -- I wonder if any one who reads this will recognize the feeling? ' My Father smoked on, looking at the fire, when he finished speaking, until I tried to say something, more because I thought he might wish to go on talking than because I thought I should really listen. " Poor little beggar," said he. " A little chap mustn^t cry his heart out -- come here, old man ! Come and sit on this here knee -not too old for that yet -- ^hay, boy? But don't cry like that! not too old for that yet -- ^hay, boy? But don't cry like that! Mother wouldn't like it " For indeed I had rather broken down. But I pulled myself together, and asked where he and Mother went then. It seemed as good a thing to say as anything else. " Well, my dear, your Mother and I we walked about the Park looking for young Cripps and Maria Stevens, or pretended to it. And I'll be bail they walked about and made believe to look for we! But they never found us, nor yet we them -- and I warn't sorry. And she warn't sorry. But she kep' on a-sayin' : ' Dear me, wherever now can Reuben Cripps have gone? And Miss Maria Stevens?' -- 'Mr. Cripps is 'artily welcome to my share of M'riar,' says I, ' as long as he don't come interrupting other people.' -- ' Then you mustn't run away and leave me alone, Mr. Vance,' says your Mother. Nor yet I didn't, dear Nipper. I saw her home safe to her place -- a house Bayswater way, where she was in the Nursery, two Nurses being kept. But I didn't go right to the door for fear the upper housemaid, who knew Cripps, should distinguish me out from him. "I was then in the market-gardening out Chiswick way, and very nearly lost my place I did that time, owing to seeing your Mother home -- and having to walk back made me oversleep, beside lyin' awake as I remember. And loadin' up for Covent Garden towards Midsummer is early work. The old Governor was in & tidy rage! " We didn't make no appointment for her next Sunday out, but she mentioned which it would be, and that any one who came for her was to please ask for Jane, though her name was Ellen; she being called Jane owing to two Ellens in the house already inside the family. I didn't ask, but she saw me across the way. And when we came back from Greenwich Park that afternoon, she took me to her aunt's to make me reg'lar. And her aunt she JOSEPH VANCE took exception to me for not being Cripps. And Cripps I wasn^t ! -- she was right there. We kept company a long while, me and your Mother, before ever we thought of marrying -- don^t know exactly what we should have had to eat! But likewise it was her family, where she was nursemaid, seein' that the little girl, Ellen, couldn't bear to part with her, nor yet she with the child. It wasn't till she died three year after that I persuaded your Mother to marry. And then we began at Stallwood's Cottages. I wouldn't mind being back at Stallwood's Cottages -- ^I'd try to make her happier than I had used to, if I could start fair again! No, Nipper dear, I know she never complained -- ^nor likely to, being what she was. But I wasn't what I might have been, and a half -pint was often enough to make the difference. When I married your Mother I was as steady a young chap as you'd need to see in a month o' Sundays. But I got upset like, and I remember when it was. Your Mother couldn't come to time after her ber when it was. Your Mother couldn't come to time after her first, and me going away early and Mrs. Packles often coming in late (though most kind and considerate) to make me up a bit of breakfast, I found it 'andiest to swallow half-a-pint at an early house on the way to work, and not to be fussin' about eatables. If I had chanced to have an illness I might have got knocked off the habit again, but I hadn't the luck, and it grew on me and got worse, and your dear Mother she had a tryin' time." My Father smoked in silence for a while with his eyes on the fire, as mine were. It was a fine oily coal, and made beautiful gas volcanoes, budding out tar for lava. We both watched one of these until it blew itself out with its own efforts, and suddenly became a jet of smoke coming straight into the room. " Give it a knock with the poker, Nipper," said he. And when I had done so, and the broken lump of best Wallsend, selected, had risen to the occasion and given a splendid blaze, he went on: It wasn't that I was in any ways like Packles, or sim'lar to him for the matter o' that. I expect you was too young, Joey, to remember Packles being bound over, in consideration of violence to Mrs. P., and offering resistance to the Police ? " Oh dear, yes ! I remembered all about it -- and ths even at my early age (six, I think) I had been impressed by the unnecessary sensitiveness of the Police force, Mr. Packles having been easily carried away -- one might almost say wafted -- by a giant in a blue uniform, who bore him off to retribution by the scruff of his neck at arm's length, as though he had been a cat. "Fancy the Nipper recollecting that! Then I'll be bail you JOSEPH VANCE can recollect -- ^but in coorse you can recollect -- 5,11 about the Sweep I got the worse by over the Canal Bridge by Collyer^s Rents? Somewhiles I think to myself I'd like to be even with that Sweep, somewhiles that I ought to make him a handsome consideration. For it was that two months on my back that kept me to reasonable allowances of liquor, and your Mother she pointed out to me that she should cut her throat if I was to go back on the drinlc. Yet, mind you, Joey, I'd 'a' been well pleased to be even with that Sweep, whilst your Mother was here to know of it. It don't so much matter now! -- more by token the pore devil's lost the u^qf his eye, I'm told. Boy chucked a bit of broken glass at him that very day " Should I tell him I was the boy? I was just on the point of doing so, when the thought occurred to me that if l>e only regretted his inability to settle scores with Peter Gunu 'because it would have pleased my Mother, his own satisfaction at hearing of my achievement would be impaired, if not destroyed, by knowing that my Mother could not share it, and that I had never told her of it during her life. An abortive suggestion (of some passing Imp, I suppose) that I could pretend I had told her, and she kept the secret for my sake, not to involve me with the Sweep, did certainly cross my mind; but I rejected it as impracticable, and held my tongue as before. My Father continued: ^^Yes -- he lost the use o' that eye, did Gunn. Thought it was come all to rights and it got a back-turn a twelvemonth after, I was told -- rather hard on the beggar! Anyhow, he got a mark to carry that day, and I got off better than scot-free, as you might say. A little stiffness at times, and what they call shy-atica now and then, but nothing to set against the new go-off I got ! At least BO your Mother thought, and I expect she was right -- she mostly was '^And I have done well, that's the truth, since the Doctor set me a-going on his drains at Popular Villa. You'll remember all about that, Nipper? And you a-telling and a-telling about Miss Lossie and the pears? Never thought in those days that I should live to write Christopher Vance on the front of a cheque, and indeed hardly on the back of one. And now ! " He made a long pause, and then said: "After all, p'r'aps it's not so much Gunn I ought to thank as the party that put down that brick-on-edge for me to tumble on. Perhaps the Finger of Providence put it there, as Capstick was a-sayin'. There was no call to stand it edgewise that I can see, anyhow ! " You touch that bell, Nipper, and we'll make the artful Slavejr JOSEPH VANCE get us a cup tea. You may have the tea, and I'll get out the whiskey-bottle your dear Mother kep' in the left-hand sideboard cupboard, for to resort to if the Doctor didn't come when board cupboard, for to resort to if the Doctor didn't come when sent for. I'll just go up and get the keys. Tell the young gal Tea " The epithet applied to the slavey by my Father was not because she was supposed to have any special skill in her own trade -- on the contrary, the cook, who first applied the adjective to her, wished it to be understood as referring to artfulness in evasion of official undertakings, and an undue cultivation of the society of young tradesmen. My Mother, on the contrary, liked this girl, and said if artful hussies were no worse than Feener, she could put up with them. The cook retreated on her entrenchments, saying, Well, Ma'am, I jedge a young girl by her Grates." -- My Mother was unconvinced, and went on putting up with Feener, which wasn't a convinced, and went on putting up with Feener, which wasn't a surname, but short for Seraphina. Her full name was actually Seraphina Dowdeswell, but it seemed incredible to me at the time -- though I became convinced of it afterwards. I told this young gal Tea, and she cleared away the remains of lunch as a step towards it, pausing a second to remark that Master had eaten nothing; and he ought to try, but she knew how hard it was to get anything down. The poor girl was really very sympathetic, having been very fond of my Mother; and had evidently been crying. But still she was human, and I felt certain that she was working round towards an exposition of her own feelings when she lost her Aunt Sarah at Teddington. As this old party had been dying slowly during the last thirteen (in a life of ninety-seven) years, the parallel was not a happy one. So I didn't encourage Feener, but sat in silence tapping a new lump of coal with the poker. Feener tried a conjecture that perhaps , Master would take some tea, and I must persuade him. Not being by nature morose, and feeling obliged to say something, I said I thought he was going to have some whiskey and water, and had gone to find the bottle. " Well, now," exclaimed Feener, " I am that glad you mentioned it! Why, there's hardly a glassful left! And it was only one bottle at a time Missis liked to have in the house " " I suppose you can get another ? " " If I was to run this minute. Master Joseph, I might just catch the last shutter up at Viney & Backhouse's, and it's only theirs your Father will touch, being that particular ! It's the Pure Cairn Magorrachan Mountain Dew, and not to be had at the bars; not even at the North Pole!'' JOSEPH VANCE '^But it's not seven o'clock yet, and they'll never shut before seven -- never mind the tea till you come back." So off went Feener. I should have gone myself, but I had not enough cash; and neither Viney nor Backhouse would have known me from Adam. Feener, of course, commanded credit, being well known. My Father returned a moment after she left -" Where's the Tea, old man ? " said he ; I've got my whiskey " Where's the Tea, old man ? " said he ; I've got my whiskey and the Nipper hasn't got his Tea -- ^what's Celestina a-doin' of ? " It was not in my Father's nature ever to accept any one's own version of his name. So he elected to call this girl Celestina. I said she had gone to get another bottle of whiskey. There's plenty in this here bottle," said he, seein' I've only just drawn the cork ! What's the yoimg wacancy a-thinkin' of ? " I explained that she appeared to have seen a nearly empty bottle, and that she had an idea that there was never more than one tle, and that she had an idea that there was never more than one in the house, by my Mother's wish. ''Nor more there ever has been," said my Father, with some reminiscence of his peculiar indescribable manner. " Nor more there ever has been, unless you count a bottle a bottle afore the cork's took out of it. Accordin'ly to me, a bottle ain't there at all until you can drink it. And I've never had two bottles open at once in this house. There was a teaspoonful in the other bottle little Clementina saw, but I swallowed it down before I opened ibis." I felt an indescribable chill at the quick, and I think he knew it, for he added: -" Never you trouble, Nipper dear ! It came to exactly the same " Never you trouble, Nipper dear ! It came to exactly the same thing, or your old Father wouldn't have done it. You cheer up! " My faith in him was so strong that this view came easily in, and the chill went off. All the same, as I lay awake that night I remembered his prevarication, long ago, about the half -pint at the Koebuck, on the day of the Sweep. CHAPTER XVn Air DTEIOUSABLY LONG LETTER OP MISS LOSSIE^S -- IT TELLS HOW SHS ADVOCATED THE CAUSE OP TEMPERANCE MORE SUCCESSFULLY THAN POOR MR. CAPSTICK, WHOSE INTENTIONS WERE GOOD, BUT WHO WAS LACKING IN TACT. AND OF HOW MR. VANCE POURED THE CAIRN MAGORRACHAN MOUNTAIN DEW ON THE PARLOUR FIRE. The following letter from Lossie to Miss Spencer shows how Boon I had reason for further uneasiness about my Father and the whiskey-bottle. It is dated months later. After some other matter, of no interest to us, it goes on thus: " Jan. 12, 1855. ^ It's so surprising to me that you don't remember seeing Joe Vance's Mother that afternoon. It was in the Spring of last year, and we had callers, and Mrs. Vance got up to go because she said there were* some gentlefolks coming. Then Aunty insisted on her stopping till she brought her down a bottle of cough-mixture that Vi had refused to take because it had ether in it. Don't you recollect Papa saying to her that she ought not to be out in such an awful East-wind, and she ought to go to Torquay? And she said she would go at once if it wasn't for her easy circumstances, meaning the encumbrances of her household. Because her husband with the best intentions persisted in increasing the num- band with the best intentions persisted in increasing the number of servants, and fancied the more there were the less trouble ber of servants, and fancied the more there were the less trouble his wife would have. Of course the exact reverse was the case. She said to me, ^ Now, dear Miss Lossie, you take my advice and don't get married if it's to be easy circumstances. The minute circumstances are easy everything is difficult. If it wasn't, my dear, that I know it pleases Vance, I should be truly sorry there was such things as circumstances at all. We was happiest with none, at Stallwood's Cottages.' And the dear woman carried away the bottle in her muff, and I have no doubt took it all religiously. And when she had gone Vi gave way to her feelings about the absurdity of a man like Mr. Vance wanting four servants. ^I suppose,' said she, 'they'll be being the Christopher Vances next, and receiving -- shouldn't the least wonder I ' Violet hates old U1 JOSEPH VANCE Vance, and when Joe is out of the way he catches it. However, all that is not what this letter is about, but only by the way. My pen runs on so. Nevertheless iPs Vance pere I was going to write about when I began, so it comes to the same thing in the end. '' J oe spoke to me more than once before he went back to school at Christmas, just after his Mother's funeral, about a fear he had had, now his Mother was gone, that his Father might relapse into his old habits -- for there is no doubt that at one time he was much too free in his potations. As his poor dear wife said to me, 'Within living memory Mr. Vance has been two opposite poles.' I am quite certain that her mind was contentedly accepting two telegraph poles, or perhaps greasy poles at a fair, pointing in opposite directions, as the metaphor intended in this expression. posite directions, as the metaphor intended in this expression. Living memory must have meant five years or so -- as she went on to say that for that term at least Temperance itself was not to be compared. But poor Joe told me that once or twice during her illness he had felt an alarm, and been afraid of the possible results of the cessation of her influence. He has written to me a good deal about it from school, and about a week since I had a most alarmed and terrified letter from the poor boy, enclosing part of one he had received from an old friend, the Rev. Mr. Capstick, giving an account of certain behaviour of his Father's. He must have been very violent to Mr. C., expressing forcible opinions about what the Apostle Paul would have done to show his resentment of Mr. C.'s assumption of priestly authority. Joe declined to give any abstract from the portion of Mr. C.'s letter he had cut out, but said in his own, ' You know, the governor does butter it on so very thick when he gets worked up, especially if it's old Capstick.' So I have to live uninformed. I won't send Capstick's letter, as I don't suppose Joe would like me to, but I can give an idea of it. It bristles with references to Scripture, threatening poor Vance that he shall be cast into outer darkness, where is wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matt. xxii. 13), and as a reference to Mr. V.'s trade as a Builder, contrives to drag in Nehemiah ii. 20, which has nothing whatever to do with the matter. He also has references to Daniel v. 4, 25, 26, 27, 28 -- Jeremiah, 1. 2, 3 -- Habakkuk, ii. 16, which none of them appear to be relevant to the main point, which is briefly that Mr. Capstick has endeavoured (conscientiously, no doubt) to influence Mr. Vance to be more moderate about whiskey and water, and had affirmed that wine was a mocker, and strong drink was raging. To which V. replied that he seldom or never touched wine, and that he didn't consider whiskey and water was strong drink, unless there was a great deal more whiskey than water. JOSEPH VANCE Joe's letter says he infers that the interview had ended by his Eather losing his temper and kicking Capstick out of doors, which certainly would not have happened if he had not taken too much. He says he's been unusually easy with Capstick since Mrs. Vance died, on the ground of her friendship for him. Even when Capstick affirmed that her Salvation was by no means a Certainty, and stick affirmed that her Salvation was by no means a Certainty, and that it would be presumptuous to think so, Mr. Vance merely referred to his having made her Salvation a condition precedent of ferred to his having made her Salvation a condition precedent of believing anything at all. He then (according to Joe, who told me this sometime ago) wound up by saying, ^ It's all fair and square. Master Capstick. What you say is, I shall be damned if I won't believe, and what I say is. I'll be danmed if I will. So anyhow, I am damned ! ' I'm so glad Vi isn't looking over my shoulder. " W ell, dear, getting this letter from J oe, what ought I to have done? I'll tell you what I did do, and I hope you'll think it was right. I told Papa, and he said certainly I should do wisely to go and talk to Vance (which was my daring proposal). Much better, he said, than his talking to him, which would only put his back up, and do more harm than good. So I took my courage in both hands and went at once. I found the going easy enough. It was the talking! '^However, it had got to be done, and I had to do it. I constructed several hinges on my way to turn the conversation on, structed several hinges on my way to turn the conversation on, and forgot them all by the time I reached Clapham and found Mr. Vance's slavey (as he calls her) talking to the Butter in a high wind at the front gate. The men's dinner-bell was just ringing at the works, so Mr. Vance would be round almost directly. I ing at the works, so Mr. Vance would be round almost directly. I was shown into his little room at the back, where he has lived almost entirely since his wife died, and had leisure looking out of most entirely since his wife died, and had leisure looking out of the window at the gate of the works, and noting the stream of men pouring out to go to dinner, to wonder at the extraordinary succession of strokes of luck (or has it been genius? -- ^that's what Papa thinks) that has developed such a great business concern in less than five years I For these men that I saw were only the men in the shops -- engineers and carpenters and so on. How many he has on all his jobs altogether I can't guess. But Joe told me that the land on which he has built these shops will soon not be enough for Christopher Vance, Builder and Contractor, who began with a humble announcement of a desire to attend to Drains on the shortest notice. Only five years ago! Just fancy! est notice. Only five years ago! Just fancy! '^I went on just fancying, and looking through the red glass of the window, which made the whole prosperous concern vermilion, till I was stopped by the voice of its proprietor, who when ion, till I was stopped by the voice of its proprietor, who when JOSEPH VANCE ' I turned round to greet him naturally looked sickly greeny grey, clothes and all. Never mind, thought I, he'll gravitate hack to a decent colour in time. ^ Lookin' at all my idle beggars turnin' out for their dinners. Miss Lossie ? Coin' to have a pound of steak apiece, each o' those chaps is, and as much beer as he can hold full up.' Mr. Vance suggested the highest possible beer level with his finger across his throat. ' And then every livin' man- jack of 'em will go off sound asleep and come in late and be fined. I'll wager ! And how do you do. Miss, and your respected father?' We did well. ^Has little Clementina offered you anything by way of refreshment -- tea, corfy, cake, effervescin' drinks? Not so much as a dry biscuit. I'll be bail! She's a-colloguin' with a young shaver across the gate, and disregardin' the civilities. There's the cook goin' out arter her -- I can hear her.' " I couldn't identify the sound as he did, but I received an impression like that one has when a group of fowls, walking about pression like that one has when a group of fowls, walking about on one course of its dinner, is suddenly scattered by the next course being flung over its backs. But Clementina, being dispersed, did not gather again, and the shaver went away whistling. "'But, dear Mr. Vance, I've only just done breakfast. You know how late we are at home? I shouldn't be able to eat any lunch! Eor goodness' sake don't order anything for me.' " ' And bein' you ain't a young chap, I can't offer a cigar. Can't do anything. Miss Lossie, seemingly ? ' He looked dejected. " ' Yes, you can, Mr. Vance! You can ask me what I came here for at this early hour in the morning.' " ' What might it be then. Miss Lossie ? That's asking.' " ' I've something to say to you, that's very difficult to say. I want you to help me.' " Poor man ! He was so good about it. He at once saw I was in distress about something, though he didn't guess what. " ' Goard bless my life and soul. Miss Lossie ! ' he burst out. 'Why, ain't I Joe Vance's father, and ain't you Doctor Thorpe's daughter what sent my boy to school, and for that matter did more to set me a-goin' than -- well, then! than ever I deserved? Why, there's nothing, nothing, I wouldn't go halfway to for the like Halfway! All the way.' He stopped, and I think got a gleam. 'Am I to be blowed up for anything? If so, just you fire away free -- I'll be bail I shall deserve it.' "I was so grateful to him for the lift he had given, that I could hardly find it in my heart to attack him. But I went on -- ^ " ' I've had a letter from Joe, and he's very uneasy about you.' JOSEPH VAHCE *''What, my Nipper? Uneasy about me?^ I think the gleam increased, but he waited for me to go on. ' Joe had had a letter from Mr. Capstick, which had made him lie awake.' Mr. Vance flushed slightly, and he set his lips close for a moment. I could see his likeness to Joe, whom I had always supposed to be only like his mother. ' You mustn't be angry with old Capstick -- he's only an old goose.' But Mr. Vance only looked partially mollified. ' What's the old goose been a-writin' of to my Nipper?' said he. Then as I was beginning to speak he stopped me with -- ' No, that ain't truthful of me -- I know what he's been writing about. What did he say?' ''I gave a short extract of the letter, which indeed, minus the Scripture references, was not so very long in itself, and said what I could to soften matters. But the main fact was beyond softening. Mr. C. had made an organized attack, supported by quotations, at a moment when, according to him, Mr. V. was in a condition to supply an object lesson, and had paid the penalty of his rashness by being ejected from the house. I said I thought it was wrong and cruel of him to go away and write to a boy of fourteen as he had done -- but he really was too great a fool for it to be worth Mr. Vance's while to thinly about him. ' But Joe evidently thinks,' I said, ^that you cannot have been quite yourself, or you would never have been so violent with him, as he says you have generally treated him as a sort of joke, and made game of him. You know,' I added, coming to the point, * you must have been very violent with him to make him write to your own son that he thought it was ' # ' Whiskey,' said he. " ' That's what he said,' I replied. ' And Joe must have thought there was something in it, or he wouldn't have written to me about it at all. As Joe says in his letter, it doesn't at all follow that he'a telling lies because he gives a reference to Scripture every two or three words.' ' Don't it? ' said Mr. Vance. 'Let's have a look at Joe's letter. Miss Lossie.' I explained that I had purposely left Joe's letter at home, not to be tempted to show it, as Joe would not expect me to show it, though I did not suppose that he would have been afraid to write exactly the same to him. But I wanted Joe always to write without reserve, and was not sure he would always do so, if I showed a letter of his, even to his Father. The point didn't seem to trouble the latter much -- it may be that being, as he used to say, a short scollard, he did not care to decipher manuscript under inspection. Anyhow, he did not press it, and recurred to Capetick's veracity. He evidently thought this doubtful, but admitted etick's veracity. He evidently thought this doubtful, but admitted JOSEPH VANCE that Scriptural quotations and accurate statements might creep occasionally into the same document, although it could only be regarded as accident when they did so. ^ Psalm-singers is mostly liars,^ said he, ^ and Capstick's no better nor worse than the rest of 'em. Still, as you say. Miss Lossie, he might be right, in the manner of speaking, by accident, once in a way. He might have said he'd seen me the worse for liquor when I was the worse but never showed it* And then he'd have been right by accident, but a liar for all that. Because his attitood in respect of me should have been that I was as sober as a Beadle -- seemin' so to him -- ^hay, Miss Lossie ? ' "I couldn't help laughing at this. ^ Oh, Mr. Vance,' said I. * You're just like the pickpocket that said that it was true he'd stolen the pocket-handkerchief he was caught running away with, but that all the others in hi^pocket had got there by accident. You know that evening you turned Mr. Capstick out you must have been ' " ' Drunk ? ' said he. It always fell to him to say the word. " ' Well -- something like it. And of course you imagined you didn't show it. Do you suppose -- ^pardon me for speaking so freely -- ^you said speak freely ?' ^ Cut along, dear Miss Lossie,' said he. -- ' Do you suppose hundreds, thousands of the victims of this awful habit are not under the same delusion -- ^that they don't show it? Isn't it true, rather, that one and all of them go on under that delusion until it is too late to go back, and then find they have been a byword of the neighbours for years? And if only one friend had come to them in time, and spoken the bold and honest truth, as I speak it to you now, for Joe's sake and your own, -- how different it might be, so often! It cannot be too late now for you, for as far as I know no one fears it but Joe -- at least no one has said anything to me.' I paused, for I had a misgiving that I was weakening my own advocacy, and giving a sort of license to go on a little until public attention was attracted. But I don't think I did. ^You know, Mr. Vance,' I went on, ^ it is only because I believe Joe's fears are a little exaggerated that I see any use in speaking to you about it at all. If I really thought you had got into anything like a habit of ^ ' Boozing ? ' said he, saving me the ugly word again. ^ That sort of thing,' I replied, and then went on -- ' I shouldn't think anything I could say would be of any avail at all. But all this is only since ' ' My wife died. Yes, my dear. And right you are, all along JOSEPH VANCE the line. Stop a half-a-minute ! ' He went to a writing-table at the window I had seen the vermilion view through, and brought out a bundle of accounts. " ' Here we are -- Viney & Backhouse, Wine Merchants to H. M. the King of the Belgiums, hm -- ^hm -- ^hm! One dozen McCorquodale's celebrated Pure Cairn Magorrachan Mountain Dew, one dale's celebrated Pure Cairn Magorrachan Mountain Dew, one dozen ditto, one dozen ditto! My dear Miss Lossie, you're right all along the line. Be out some one else has been having a swig! Little Clementina,' to the maid who was laying the cloth for lunch, ^how much Pure Cairn Magorrachan Mountain Dew have you had out of these here bottles since we had them by the dozen ? ' ' Law, Master ! ' said little Clementina. ^ What a shame ! ' said I. ' Never mind Mr. Vance, Seraphina.' ' Law, Miss,' replied Seraphina, rightly so called by me. 'Fancy mindin' Master!' And retired undisturbed. Master resumed^ sumed^ " ' Yes -- ^you're right, Miss Lossie. Pd no idea I'd worked through such a show of liquor.' He put the account back with a sigh, and then went on, speaking with his back to me as he stood at the desk. ' When my dear wife was alive it was she that stood between me and the 'Abit. But I was off and on, off and on. Till I got that bad lay-up -- it might have been three months before I did that job at your Governor's. Did Joe ever tell you of my fight with a Sweep ? ' "'No -- not a word.' "'Good boy! He thought it best for his daddy to keep his mouth shut. Well, I got laid up two months and couldn't move. An d my Nellie she stopped off all intoxicants, and when I got round I didn't want 'em somehow. And she said next time I got concerned in liquor, she'd cut her throat straight off. So I knocked it all off, and my luck began ' " I had a sort of feeling that I had said all I needed to say, and that rubbing it in might be a mistake. The mere fact that I had come to see him after the receipt of Joe's letter, and told him its contents, seemed to me to carry full weight, and that lecturing and amplification could add nothing and might even do harm. So I said nothing, and Mr. Vance continued still standing at the desk and looking through the vermilion glass at the Workshops. "'And luck it has been -- ^job follerin' job. Haven't stood a day idle since that day five year agone when I set my man to peck up your front garden with a peck and a shovel I had to borrow off a friend, and a barrer 'ired on credit. He's foreman JOSEPH VANCE now on a contract job down by Cherry Garden pier -- ^payin' a hundred and fifteen and sixpence a week in wages, barring overtime, and if he don't complete by December the first, a fine of time, and if he don't complete by December the first, a fine of fifty pounds per diem for every day overdue. But it ain't of much use, that I can see, all of it ! ' hope he will complete, Mr. Vance,' said I, appalled by the magnitude of these figures. '''Trust William,' said Mr. Vance. I remembered William. 'We shall never have to pay a brass farden in fines -- not we! ' "'How on earth have you managed to do it, Mr. Vance?' He turned round from the window to reply. ' By never doing a hand's turn myself. Miss Lossie,' said he. 'If I was to, I should spile all. If I was to add up a colunm of figures, I should add 'em up wrong. If I was to mix a yard o' concrete, I should mix it wrong. If I was only to try to tenant up a window frame, I should tenant it up wrong. So I just set a couple o' young men on to adding up, and if either catches the other out it's a shillin' off o' one's salary on to the other. Sim'lar all through! "'Never you do anything yourself. Miss Lossie. That's where the mistake comes in. Why, when I was putting down my machinery, four year ago, do you suppose I ever so much as looked chinery, four year ago, do you suppose I ever so much as looked at it? Not I! I says to the Engineer -- chap from Manchester -"My friend," says I, "if you want to attend to this little job, "My friend," says I, "if you want to attend to this little job, what you've got to bear in mind is this -- I want to employ rather more than two hundred hands in this here yard, and you can find out a sight better than I can how much power each o' them 'll want off the engine. All I say is, don't ask me ! You can see my foreman of jiners, and ask him how much he wants. And the head man of jiners, and ask him how much he wants. And the head Smith, you can see him and find what 'll satisfy him. But don't bother me about whether the Boiler is to be Cornish or Lancashire, nor yet about condensing engines nor high pressures nor low pressures. Just you make a drawing and a contract and say what sort o' security you can give me for having all complete by Christmas, and I shall send you on without openin' you, to my Con- mas, and I shall send you on without openin' you, to my Consultin' Engineer in George Street, Westminster, and he'll square sultin' Engineer in George Street, Westminster, and he'll square up with you." Now if I'd gone interferin' betwixt him and my foreman, a nice how-do-you-do there'd 'a' been ! ' "'But, Mr. Vance, had you a Consulting Engineer in Great George Street, Westminster ? ' " ' O' coorse I had. Miss Lossie. I'd never consulted him, and never have, but he'd have been my Consulting Engineer by the time I'd consulted him, and I'd no need for him until I'd done so. JOSEPH VANCE 14d Anyhow, the end was I got as good a jiner's shop as any in London. IPs well known how many fingers are taken off by band-saws in ten years, according to the number of horses-power transmitted, in any first-class shop, and though I can't remember the figures, I know we're well below the average. In some shops you'll find a loose finger in the saw-dust as often as not, when swep' up.' I heard Clementina's breath taken away by this awful revelation, and thinking it would be kind to utilize my incredulous ex- tion, and thinking it would be kind to utilize my incredulous expression to reassure her, I turned round, and saw that she vras pression to reassure her, I turned round, and saw that she vras laying a place for me. So I 'judged it time to go. Mr. Vancr accompanied me to the front gate. " ' What we was talkin' about,' said he, touching my hand slightly with his forefinger -- and his voice lost the sort of good-humoured nasal twang it always had when he was talking at random, and became serious, 'Don't you fret about it. Miss Lossie, and don't you let the Nipper fret. I'll take good care -- I know where tastop. It 'll be all right.' stop. It 'll be all right.' "I felt this attitude was a certain preliminary to its being all wrong, and that I ought to tell him his only chance would be in total abstinence, for a time at any rate. I was irresolute for a moment. Then all in an instant. Heaven only knows why, there shot into my mind a conversation I had had with Mrs. Vance years before. I had completely forgotten it. She had used to me the very expression then that her husband had just used. Her words were -- ' My dear Miss Lossie, if all the men that laiow where to stop, stopped, it would be all right But they know and they don't do it.' "I repeated this word for word to Mr. Vance, adding, 'Do you know who said that to me, one day at your old cottage gate, years and years ago ? It seems to me as if I could see and hear her now -almost as if I had just left her and she had told me to tell you -- almost as if I had just left her and she had told me to tell you -almost as if it had been yesterday -- in the next street. J ust think ! almost as if it had been yesterday -- in the next street. J ust think ! If it had.' " ' Ah, if ! ' said he, dreamily, and then added ' Good-bye, Miss Lossie. God bless you, my dear ! It shall he all right.' " I had gone a few paces when I heard him call me back. ' Half a minute. Miss Lossie,' said he. ^ Would you mind stepping back into the house, just for one half-a-minute ? ' " I did so. A new-drawn whiskey-bottle stood on the table, just placed there by the young gal. He took it up, took out the cork, and deliberately poured it on the fire, sending a splendid blue blaze up the chimney. Clementina, coming in with the gist, or eubstance of the luncheon, was stricken too dumb to say well she JOSEPH VANCE never, but stood meaning it and forgetting to put down her tray in the excitement and rejoicing incident to fireworks. "'IPs no use smashing the bottle,' said Mr. Vance, turning to me as the last flicker died down. ' Because there's a penny on the bottle. But you see. Miss Lossie, it 'll be all right now.' " I went home happy. I felt as if I had carried him a mesage from the beyond. Papa says he believes he'll be all right, for a good while at any rate. , . The letter ends with apologies for its great length, and a few particulars of family matters. CHAPTER XVin 4L TALE OF joe's PUGNACITY AT SCHOOL. OF HIS FATHER'S ABSTINENCE. MUCH ABOUT HIS NAMESAKE JOEY, WHICH WE WOULD OMIT IF WE COULD DO W'lTHOUT IT. OF THE RAPIDITY OF HIS FATHER'S RISE. OF HOW HE SAW NOLLY, BUT THE OTHER DAY, AND COULD NOT SPEAK WITH HIM. OF HOW LOSSIE IS STILL LIVING, IN ITALY. Probably it falls to the lot of very few people to have such an opportunity of finding out how much they have forgotten as this old packet of letters has given me. This last one brought back to my mind the fact that my Father, shortly after completing his Works on the piece of land in the rear of our house, had acquired also about an acre between it and the railway, thereby becoming possessor of an ideal place for the accumulation of bricks and timber. I had completely forgotten this. It brought back also the way in which Mr. Cap- gotten this. It brought back also the way in which Mr. Capstick's letter arrived at the school. The lodge where the Postman stick's letter arrived at the school. The lodge where the Postman delivered the letters was just within hearing of the room where I, with others, was profitably employed in the making of bad Latin verses, and I caught my name in the colloquy between that Ofiiolal and the Gate-Porter. There was a letter directed to me, Mr. J. Vance, Junr., and the sorters had kept the letter outside the parcel which was handed in in a lump for later distribution, as all my letters had hitherto been to Master Joseph (or Master Joe) Vance. This disquieted me, and I was constrained to plead my distraction as an excuse for an hexameter without a caesura -- which, as tion as an excuse for an hexameter without a caesura -- which, as all the classical world knows, is a thing it would have been soundly flogged for when it was a boy. I recollected the fact of having had a letter from Mr. Capstick, and of my writing to Lossie, but it had all grown dim (in more than forty years of oblivion) and the letter brought it all back again. It also identified itself to me as the cause of a thrilling incident, which was not without its influence on my after life. For a contemptuous word about her fluence on my after life. For a contemptuous word about her from a boy bigger than myself exasperated me as I read it, and led to his receiving as savage a thrashing as a boy of my years could give, in a fight lasting over thirty minutes by my second's JOSEPH VANCE watch, which fight would, I suspect, still be found among the school traditions. If ever you meet an old St. Withold's boy, ask him if he ever heard of the great fight between little Vance and Bony Macallister. I am afraid I was rather pugnacious-probably inherited it from my Father, who had indeed been most probably inherited it from my Father, who had indeed been most successful in his encounters until he came across that fatal Sweep. Poor Bony Macallister, I may remark, had merely looked over my shoulder and observed that that wasnH my Fancy GurFs handwriting, which it wasn't. I think now that I was unjust and writing, which it wasn't. I think now that I was unjust and precipitate to go for him as I did then and there. We were separated, and the fight put on a proper footing. We naturally became great friends after, more puerorum. But I must not allow him to lead me altogether away from what I was saying. I gather, then, from this letter, and from what I can remember of concurrent incident, that had it not been for Lossie's courageous dash at the position, my anxieties about my Father at that ous dash at the position, my anxieties about my Father at that time might still have continued. As it was, when I returned at the end of '65 for the Christmas holiday, and he and I eat our Christmas dinner at Poplar Villa by invitation, he took almost nothing to drink, and what little he did take was only in honour of the occasion. He was pleased to represent himself as the victim of Lossie's tyranny (she perfectly understanding his humour, tim of Lossie's tyranny (she perfectly understanding his humour, and accepting it, as rather facilitating the position than otherwise), saying down the length of the table, in the indescribable wise), saying down the length of the table, in the indescribable nasal way which seemed too lazy to articulate -- "Don't you put any brandy over my corner of the puddin'. Miss Lossie; or after two sherry and sodas and 'arf-a-glass o' port I shall be rollin' about under the table." To which she replied, " It's too late now, Mr. Vance! You should have spoken before. You'll have to find out how to leave the brandy and eat the pudding for yourself. Or you needn't totally abstain from it if somebody else does, you know. Ask Aunty to, or you can totally abstain from hers, for that matter. That will make it square ! " And the reference to Aunty was rash, as it attracted her attention, and the difficulty of explaining the idea of making good an indulgence in one glass of spirits, by totally abstaining from another, may be imagined, when it had to be instilled into an unreceptive mind through a deaf ear. And I had quite forgotten all that too till after I had read the letter ! And now I can shut my smarting eyes in the London fog, and almost hear again Lossie's attempts to shout the explanation, nearly crying with laughter all the while at the perfect hopelessness of it. Did the man who rolled down the Matterhorn reallyj ness of it. Did the man who rolled down the Matterhorn reallyj JOSEPH VANCE 163 jecoUect every incident in his life before he reached the bottom, as he said he did ? Had I to write from memory alone an account of my EathePs relations with the bottle at this date, it would have run somewhat thus -- He was rather less sober as a widower than before my Mother's death; but his interest in his business, and I think the influence of Dr, Thorpe and his daughter Lucilla, kept him from excesses." Perhaps no more than this is absolutely necessary to my story. It is difficult to draw a line when one is without artistic ability, which I have been frequently assured is the case with me. The shortest biography I ever saw was the word Vixit alone on a tombstone -- ^perhaps the proportion of the detail of Lossie's letter to the importance of its contents runs too much into the op- ter to the importance of its contents runs too much into the opposite extreme. posite extreme. I wish these letters supplied one or two things which I have so far been unable to find. Of course they may turn up later, as I go on with my opening and perusal of the packets; but though I have expected them I have been disappointed hitherto. * Eor instance, some clue to the changes which converted my namesake Joey from a comically voluble, but very lovable, baby to a rather pert and selfish, but by no means lovable, boy. For I have to record this transformation with a misgiving that a real author, skilful in making use of intractable materials, would soften it down somewhat, to accommodate it to his reader's powers of deglutition. I cannot do this sort of thing. But I should be glad of a lift -- and am living in hope that something will turn up. For there is nothing stranger in Nature than the development of odiousness. What an entirely delightful person was * * * * * when he was eight months old, in all the bloom of his creases, furnished with a matchless na^e to his neck in which his appreciators might burrow; his premature baldness beginning to show a ciators might burrow; his premature baldness beginning to show a light down of premature hair; his premature arms that wouldn't bend at the joints, being held by two firm but tender crease-flanks; and that always did precisely the same thing suddenly; his delightful practice of stopping abruptly at the end of the first lightful practice of stopping abruptly at the end of the first syllable of a speech. What an entirely satisfactory and adequate little human creature as far as it went! And look at it now that it has gone forty years farther. I ask you, at the risk of outrage to your feelings and Mrs. Grundy's, to say what you would do * * * * * -^ere fetched down now in his nightgown to be shown? Well! both times it would be himself and none other! 'And just think, when he gets on his legs (for he is in Parliament), how pleased the other grown-up infants would be if he stopped 154 JOSEPH VANCE suddenly short at the first syllable of his speech, and let them off the rest. However (as you will say probably), this is only the inevitable change incident to all humanity. So it is, but what I want to get to is that my namesake changed even more than this, though this is strange enough. I don't wish to suggest that *****, who is a most respectable man, and well known in public life, is one scrap more repulsive and detestable as compared with his early half than you or me. I was philosophizing, and now I'm ashamed, and beg pardon. Let me get back to Joey Thorpe. Joey then changed more than was reasonable. It may be said that in this respect of selfishness that he didn't change, but remained a baby, -- only self-seeking is charming in a baby, while altruism, if it takes the form of requiring you to suck what it has already sucked, is as unpleasant as benevolence that won't let you choose your own benefits, but drubs and thwacks them into you and is shocked if you are not truly thankful, Amen ! On the other hand, a boy in his teens is not nice enough yer se to carry off much more self-seeking than is his privilege as a man; nor is he ever so odious but he may make himself still more so by always taking and never giving. Self-help is a glorious thing, and one of our numerous birthrights, but it should stop short of helping oneself to all the gravy in the dish. I hope all this constitutes a broad enough hint of the sort of thing that disconcerted me in Joey as he changed from boy to man. It is very irritating in Human Nature to go and behave so, especially when you necessarily must and do love the creature in which the change is wrought. For how could I be off loving Joseph Thorpe, when I could still see in his rather hard and cold eyes the slightly projecting orbs of the dear little midget that so nearly got stuck to his sister the first time I saw him, by kissing her too tight ? and could hear in his easy and melodious speech the articulation of the baby who kept us all amused with his prompt ap- tion of the baby who kept us all amused with his prompt appropriation and perversion of every new phrase that reached his propriation and perversion of every new phrase that reached his little pink ears? Everybody spoiled Joey in those days, myself as much as any one. There are some children whom it seems natural to spoil, and a general agreement to that end is epidemic -- so much so that an isolated stand against it only makes its originator unpopular. Such a stand from a sense of duty appears like a con- popular. Such a stand from a sense of duty appears like a condemnation of the rest of the world; and is apt to be imputed to demnation of the rest of the world; and is apt to be imputed to personal dislike. This was impossible in Joey's case -- at least, while he was still a baby. He was lovable per se, until he began showing what he meant to be like later. Besides he was Lossie's JOSEPH VANCE other Joey, so of course he was ineligible for my hatred. He was irritating all the same, especially when he was selfish and ungrateful to his sister, who spoiled him nearly as much as we did. " But she shouldn't have spoiled him at all," I hear you say ^ Very well, then! She shouldn't. I make you a free present of the admission, but it can't be altered now. It's too late. Clearly, in these early days, I wasn't in love with Lossie. Ask any one who knows the Tender Passion -- he or she will at once say I couldnH have been in love with her, or I should have been jealous of my young namesake and hated him. I didn't then certainly, and changes of feeling during manhood were certainly not connected with jealousy. This I hope to explain later, if I live to complete this narrative. As for what the nature of my devotion to Lossie was, I am inclined to think that it resembled the rich gold mine Brer Rabbit made for himself. It was an invention of my own; and I still think, in spite of everything that has happened, that of all my many inventions it is the one that has paid best. Very likely other things in this narrative may be made by me to seem improbable, for want of skill in the telling. And yet, there they were! , For instance, I find at the first introduction of my Father to the Thorpe family, that he appears in the character (socially speaking) of a Man. That is to say, he belongs to the class that is spoken to in the passage; that never brings its tools and has to go away for them; that abounds on planks and ladders overhead, and calls out Be-low to the earthbound passer-by ; that is sure to be out of the house by Saturday and never is. And now I am writ- ing of him only some six years later as the invited guest to Dr. Thorpe's table on Christmas Day! I know it seems improbable, but it is not that the succession of events is improbable; only that they happened within a very short time. Let us imagine the same succession of events in double the time. Figure to yourseK that a Man (as per description) whom you were first conscious seK that a Man (as per description) whom you were first conscious of in corduroy, with a flavour, reappears in twelve months in a suit of tweed and a hat which, though a billycock in proportion, has a stiff brim and no pocket-handkerchief in it. Do you not feel it quite natural that two years later, when he calls to submit an estimate, he should do so in a neat gig, which stands at the door and is said a Who-ah " to, while you confer with him about his wish to spare you expense? And three years later, when you have wondered whether it would be worth his while now to undertake your new little job (three times as big as the other little job), and JOSEPH VANCE you have timidly suggested it, does it not seem consecutive that he should drive up to your door in a bang-up turn-out and pair, attired in broadcloth and yellow kid gloves, and a sacred stovepipe hat to crown all ? Of course it does, and so much so that you pipe hat to crown all ? Of course it does, and so much so that you will probably ask him if he won^t sit down and take some lunch with you and yours. If he doesn't this time, he will next. It is simply a question of time and a sense of cheque-books. I think if you infuse into this train of imaginary incidents an analogy of my own exceptional relations with the Thorpe family and take my word for the authenticity of the letters, you won't feel so very incredulous about my Father's sudden exaltation. Not more, perhaps, than I do at this moment. For, seeing no chance of deciphering more of the letters in this hideous darkness, I have put them away with my manuscript, and have now nothing to bring back to me a single memory of those days. Even the jargon of my attendant, which I feel ought by rights to resemble that of Mrs. Packles or Feener, is as unlike as it can well be. When I ask her what was that row last night, in the street behind, just on to midnight, she replies that it was a lidy with a hiby, fighting with another lidy, and both were took off to the stytion. Nobody had that accent in my boyhood. Even the pothouse from which the two ladies had to be removed is completely changed. In the fifties I know exactly what it was like -- flaring gas-jets -- * huge plate-glass windows blocked with giant numerals printed on paper to show how cheaply the filthy fluids on sale would harden the livers and soften the brains of their consumers -- a compo front painted with four coats of stone-colour, two flat and two round, every three years -- all woodwork ditto in Brunswick Brown -- ^not because it was the George the Fourth, but because that brown was a good out-o'-door colour -- and a flamboyant Lion and Unicorn fighting for a crown much too big for either of them on the corner of the first-floor. -- It is still the George the Fourth, but the gasjets no longer sow wild oats of lamp-black -- ^they are ranges. A jets no longer sow wild oats of lamp-black -- ^they are ranges. A wedding of Heat and Light has an offspring of Incandescence, and all is steady and demure. The announcements on the windows are glass letters, scorning the ephemeral, and recording serene facts superior to change. The compo front has gone and is now rebuilt with red-rubbers and terra-cotta facings, and a.s for the woodwork it is quite beautiful with Art-colours, and the entrance to the private bar is lined with Art-tiles covered with Art-lustres. But the owner still imports his own Brandy, and all the other fllth is what it was in the other filth-house. Now, as then, there is nothing |o eat, except it be sausages and mashed potatoes. Now, as then. JOSEPH VANCE there may be seen on Saturday nights an oppressed African singing, through a swing-door on the jar, of the joys of South Carolina; ing, through a swing-door on the jar, of the joys of South Carolina; for George the Fourth is not licensed for music, and he has to palter idly with the sacred truth, and pretend he doesn^t notice. And when he rewards the musician's efforts, he pretends it isn't a banjo into which he drops his coins, but some inexplicable resonant ladle, thrust in from pure greed, by a passing negro. onant ladle, thrust in from pure greed, by a passing negro. I noted these particulars this morning before the fog became too thick while I was taking my morning walk. And the young woman who is now bringing in my chop was doing the steps, and her apron strap coming off she borrowed a pin of me, and while she pinned herself up for further kneeling, she told me about the two ladies, and I stood talking to her, and thought her hand and arm like Vi Thorpe's, only for the rough work and soap and water spoiling it. No! Now that the letters are back on their shelf in the chiffonier under the book-case, and Betsy Austin, the young lady above mentioned, is bringing me in a probably underdone chop and potatoes in their skins with buttons on them in done chop and potatoes in their skins with buttons on them in recesses like armchair cushions, -- (for am I not in England?) -there really is absolutely nothing in the room to bring back that there really is absolutely nothing in the room to bring back that remote time. And I am sadly in want of landmarks during the latter period of my schooldays. It is rather like a voyage on a calm sea out of sight of land. St. Withold, I suppose, was too busy with the new boys to make my life very detestable to me, or perhaps my inveterate studiousness procured immunities. I was expected to do the school credit, and had peace. In my holiday times I gave a good deal of instruction to J oey Thorpe, and found him a good pupil -- in fact, a clever one. I had no fault with him on that score. He developed a taste for literature; and had a marked faculty for clever flippant writing, prose and verse, which led to his becoming very vain. It was singular that a boy who had had so very little schooling should have matured so early. I mean by this that his intelligence matured, and he read continually, and remembered what he read. But this did not seem to tinually, and remembered what he read. But this did not seem to interfere with his remaining (the phrase was Lossie's) as great a baby as ever. If he did not get what he wanted, he would become very irritable, and almost cry with vexation. I suppose it was this seeming childishness that made us hope he did not fully understand his own literary propensities. I am sure Lossie for one derstand his own literary propensities. I am sure Lossie for one did not believe that he understood half the expressions he made use of in the verse he wrote (even at fifteen or sixteen). I recollect his father saying to me once, " I wish J oey wouldn't be so Anglo* JOSEPH VANCE Saxon," and I remarked I supposed it was the modern tendency in poetry to discard Latin derivatives, and that Tennyson had set the example. don't mean that," said the Doctor. ''Pm referring to a practice our Anglo-Saxon ancestors had of always calling spades spades, and rarely talking about anything else. Poor Loss said to me yesterday after he read us his last new verses that it was embarrassingly Scriptural, but of course the darling child hardly barrassingly Scriptural, but of course the darling child hardly understood what he had written, so it would be a pity to say anything to him about it and make him think. ' Oh, don't you know. thing to him about it and make him think. ' Oh, don't you know. Papa,' says she, ^ when it's reading the Bible, and you don't know which way to look ! ' If it wasn't for Lossie I should read Master Joey a lecture -- ^but she seems so very sure that he doesn't realize the meaning of a lot of what he writes, and only uses expressions that have acquired a standard picturesqueness, and are now known to be right in Poetry, that I really feel I might put my foot in it. Suppose he were to turn on me and ask me what that very Elizabethan expression he used -- you remember ? -- really meant ! I bethan expression he used -- you remember ? -- really meant ! I should feel bound to explain, and I'm not sure I shouldn't do best to leave it alone. I keep on hoping for the development, in Joey, of the faculty of Good Taste, as we old fogies used to call it. It's a quality of the inner soul, that gives a bias to the intellect. So long as it remains dormant, I am bound to say I object to Poets. Of course I don't object to Joey altogether, but I object to his faculties growing at such a rate while he himself remains stationary." It was this remark of Dr. Thorpe that first suggested to me his view that we afterwards conversed so much about; that when we talk of the Soul, we mean the Self, and that it would be a far more logical way to talk of a Soul's Man than of a Man's Soul. If so, we ought to speak sometimes thus -- ^'That splendid soul has a little snub-nosed, squinting -- ^hunchback," instead of That little, etc., has a splendid soul." Or vice versa : -- '^That loathsome spiritual mass of pestilent meanness and depravity has a remarkably handsome man," instead of That remarkably handsome ably handsome man," instead of That remarkably handsome man's soul is, etc., etc." But I am slipping away from Joey Thorpe. Perhaps in what I have written I have scarcely done justice to his abilities. I ought to note that even before he went to the Dniversity he had already achieved a certain amount of publication, and was predicted great things of by a small circle of admirers. His father could not help being proud of the boy's cleverness, superficial and flippant as both he and I thought it. His brother Nolly had not shown any very marked tastes, except JOSEPH VANCE for Athletics, and as long as he could make record jumps and row in eights and bat in elevens, he asked nothing better. He accepted his destiny tranquilly, and went into the Law because the cepted his destiny tranquilly, and went into the Law because the way was paved for him. He would gladly have stopped out of the Law and everything else if left to himself and the cultivation of his biceps. But the Law, in the shape of Aldridge, Spencer, Spencer & Aldridge^s office, gaped for him and a monetary accompaniment, and at the end of a few years he was able to reserve companiment, and at the end of a few years he was able to reserve his opinion almost as well as Mr. Spencer himself. It is very funny to think of him now. For though I have not seen him for twenty years, I hear things; and among others I have heard that Mr. Oliver Thorpe -- (Spencer, Aldridge, Thorpe & Flowerdew) -has a residence in Surrey called The Magnolias, and that he comes has a residence in Surrey called The Magnolias, and that he comes still to Charing Cross Station, every other day, and has a cab to his clerk^s-nest in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and always gives eighteenpence, or even two shillings if he hasn't a sixpence, to the cabman -- who, to tell you the truth, was my informant on all these points. He was an observant man, who was just going to take back to its owner a card-case he had found in his cab, which at first he had thought was mine -- an incident which had led to conversation, and to a joint inspection of the contents of the cardcase, actually Nolly Thorpe's! I suspect that cabman retailed to case, actually Nolly Thorpe's! I suspect that cabman retailed to him his interview with (very probably) an Old Cock who looked surprised. -- Nolly would have looked so too, had he known what Old Cock. It is strange to think of ! But it is stranger still to me to think as I sit here and choke in the fog, and decline Betsy Austin's proposal to bring lights, because then she may see tears in my face that are not due to fog alone, but to a thought of the joy it would have been to me to see dear old Nolly's face again, and hold his hand -- it is stranger still to think that even now, at this very moment, there is living in a Villa at the foot of Fiesole Hill -about five minutes' walk along the road that goes a destra just about five minutes' walk along the road that goes a destra just before you get to the big church at San Domenico -- an old English lady who went to live there twenty years ago, and who was Lossie. -- I know all about the place although I shall never see her again, nor she me. But as I look at the white wafer behind the curling fog-reek that I know is the sun in the country, I think of the sole di marzo blazing on the roses in that Tuscan heat-trap; of the rifted trunks and dark leaves and light leaves of the olives ; of the mighty deliberation of the great white oxen that no man can make to go quicker or stop; of the scraps of song that all end in one cadence, and make one feel how very much one reaUy is in Tus160 JOSEPH VAHCE 160 JOSEPH VAHCE cany. And then I wonder if this old English lady ever thinks of me. Looked at from the point of view of common sense (whatever that means) it is clearly better that she should not. What has she to gain by it? Nothing but pain and discomfort. For one thing I have made up my mind to -- that she shall never know the truth. Much better for her to forget my existence altogether. Probably she does, for when you come to think of it, what a long long time it isl CHAPTER XIX HOW DR. THORPE TISITED JOE AT OXFORD, AND HOW THAT VISIT ENDED THE FIRST MOVEMENT OF JOE's LIFE ON A DISCORD. OF HIS PAINFUL DOUBLE IDENTITY. In the autumn of 1860 I was a young man reading at Oxford, whose friends were kind enough to expect him to do great things. He felt the burden of his responsibilities severely, and that he was bound, under penalties, to triumph in a contest in which an untimely attack of summer-complaint might render useless the scholarship of Erasmus and the mathematics of Newton and Leibnitz combined. I do not mean that my friends were exceptionally ill- judging; indeed, I think they did their best. But they were bad actors. Perhaps as safe a line to go on as any was the one adopted by my Father. ^'You^ll bring me 'ome your wooden spoon, Joe, when youVe got it," he used to say. For he was not very clear about the curricula of Oxford and Cambridge, and confused the one with the other. This was better than expressing overweening confidence with a slightest possible sense of gasp in the background. But better even than this would have been the attitude ground. But better even than this would have been the attitude of Porky Owls, who would have expressed doubts of the ability of the University to examine, and certainty of my inability to pass creditably, in the same breath. He would have enquired who the Senate was, ridin' the igh 'orse and givin' themselves airs; disparaged reading as a means of acquiring information, and prob- paraged reading as a means of acquiring information, and probably condemned knowledge itself as a useless and artificial luxury ably condemned knowledge itself as a useless and artificial luxury of stuck-uppers. He lived in a bracing atmosphere and rejoiced in its entire freedom from Rot. I suppose it was the Boats, on one morning of this particular autumn of 1860, that made me think of Porky, in his capacity of British Seaman, as I took some early sculling exercise to qualify me for a good day of undisturbed reading. I sculled upstream as far as Godstowe lock, and wondered what Porky looked like now, with open collar-bones and a richly bronzed skin, perhaps rowing at this moment in quite another style, forcing some huge yawl a JOSEPH VANCE few inches ut a time against a head wind and tide, every movement seeming more loss than gain, till the mere landsman decides ment seeming more loss than gain, till the mere landsman decides in his land-mind that they never can and never will make some point they are striving for. And decides all wrong of course, because shortly for some mysterious reason only perceived by a sea-mind, behold the end attained and the boat gliding easily along in oily waters, and never a thole-pin broken under the mighty strain! How easily 1 went slipping up the stream! It was a glorious cloudless morning at the end of August, and thinking of the tough work of the imaginary boat I had placed Porky in made my own slight work seem slighter. And just below the lock, as I allowed him and his crew to get into smoother water, there came up behind me the musical rhythm of eight oars going downstream apace, whereof the stroke called out to me firstly was that Vance of Ealliol? -- which it was, and secondly that Dr. Thorpe was up, having come by the late train last night, and something more quite ing come by the late train last night, and something more quite inaudible. For strokes of eights pass quickly out of hearing, and even at the best, when working hard, are not in good shouting form. So I had to be content with that much information, that Dr. Thorpe was in Oxford, and had come unexpectedly by the late train last night. And what became of the imaginary crew of Porky Owls's boat I do not know, for my mind set out at once to seek for a reason why the Doctor should come quite suddenly to Oxford in this abnormal way, without so much as a word of warning. It was certainly odd! I turned down the stream, and pretended I wasn't a little uneasy. I don't believe any one has had so happy a life but what there have been in it well-marked moments at which he would not sooner have stopped abruptly than go on. Had I my life to live again I would soonest, being free to choose, go no further than the moment when I arrived, a new boy, at the school at Helstaple. If I could not avoid that new experience, and were obliged to go through with it, and then face my Mother's death, I would put up an express petition to Destiny that I might get no further than the moment when I was happily dreaming, in the shade of the alders and willows, on the difference between sea and river rowing, and wondering what had become of my old friend Porky Owls. This is why I have been at some pains to describe that moment, which otherwise has no bearing whatever on my story. Mr. Possum's man at the boathouse remarked that I hadn't been long agone this morning, which was true. I held to my pretence that I was not anxious, to the extent of walking slower than I JOSEPH VANCE wanted to at first, but I forgot to keep it up, before I had got half-* way through J ericho, and broke into a brisk wallc. I was glad when 1 saw the Doctor, close by the Martyr's Memorial, in the shade for the sun was hot, evidently waiting for me. Before I saw his face clearly, I saw it had an anxiety on it. But oh no ! -- ^noth^ ing was the matter! I took his word for it, and pretended I was satisfied. But we were not quite like our two selves when all things were at their rightest. " Oh no I " said he again. " Nothing's the matter. I came over to look at a cranium. I'm writing a paper on the Missing Link -and I couldn't feel satisfied unless I saw this skull myself. It's and I couldn't feel satisfied unless I saw this skull myself. It's only a few hours, after all! Besides, I always like a visit to Oxford. Only I wish to goodness they would leave the Colleges alone -- they'll soon all be as clean and smooth as creamlaid note. Why shouldn't they peel if they like? They aren't infectious when they peel, like scarlet-fever patients -- why not let two inches of stone come off a three-foot thick wall ? " " Isn't there some notion that the front surface coming off lets the water in ? How's Lossie ? " ^^Lossie's very well. -- If they think that, I can tell them as a geologist, that they are what your Father would call etcetera fools -- we understand, eh, Joe? Because the absorbent stone comes away and leaves the hard non-absorbent. That's why they have been in statu quo such a long time. Don't you see, Joe? It isn't as if the decay could go on, on, on, through the block " I saw and acquiesced. But keenly as I should have discussed the subject another time, I felt it could wait, and indeed suspected it was being made the most of for some strategic purpose ; and this wasn't like the Doctor. I felt that he had not been quite natural when I asked after Lossie. "Very well" was very well as far as it went -- but it ought to have been much more. I asked how were Vi and Nolly and Joe? And, for that matter. Aunt Izzy? " Deafer than ever ! " said Dr. Thorpe. " Of course one doesn't wonder when she hears a dog is a Dalmatian, and thinks the speaker is swearing. Nor when Vi says she has been shopping and she says, ' But who was it said so, dear ? I'm sure I never thought you shocking ' In these cases the missing link is obvious! But when it comes to her being shouted to that Canon vious! But when it comes to her being shouted to that Canon Pennefather is in the drawing-room, and she goes downstairs and deliberately enquires after Mrs. Cox, it gets impossible -- how on earth Mrs. Cox crept in we never could make out ! " "How's Vi going on with the Bart?" ^ Oh -- ah ! -- the Bart -- yes, that's the one she has on at present. JOSEPH VANCE She may become Lady Towerstairs, or she may not I I never epeculate now about Vi." He became distrait for a moment, then said, She's six-andtwenty, you know -- going for seven-and-twenty." And I thought twenty, you know -- going for seven-and-twenty." And I thought he was going to say something about Lossie, but he became absent and thoughtful again. We had arrived at my rooms, and the navigation of a rather dark stairway supplied a satisfactory reason for silence. The Doctor had not breakfasted, but did not seem to take very cordially to doing so. He became much interested in the backs of my books. Kegiomontanug, Nicholas of Cusa, Tredgold on the Steamengine! That's a sudden jump, Joe! -- What do want with Tred- engine! That's a sudden jump, Joe! -- What do want with Tredgold on the Steam Engine? He's more in the line of that poor gold on the Steam Engine? He's more in the line of that poor gobblestick -- what's his name -- Thistlethwayte." This was an enthusiast who had invented a perpetual motion, and wanted the Doctor to get the Royal Society to grant him two thousand pounds to construct a wheel which was to rotate forever on its axis in a vacuum. The Doctor continued: "Do you know, that poor chap is still at it! He came to me only a few days ago, with his machine rotating on its axis in his poor vacuum of a brain, and I was obliged to lend him a few shillings to keep him from starvation. Don't you go doing the same, Joe. Leave the inventions tion. Don't you go doing the same, Joe. Leave the inventions alone. They're the Deuce's own delight! Once you begin, it's like dram-drinking or Monte Carlo " The effect of the introduction of vital interests was wholesome and I was glad of the new departure, although I had to confess up in respect of irregularities in reading. " Anyhow, Doctor,'^ said I, "you'll admit that if poor Thistlethwayte had begun by reading Tredgold as carefully as I've done, he wouldn't have invented the Universal Lubricant." "Well -- he might have invented his Universal Lubricant without reading Tredgold, and yet known that he couldn't abolish fric' out reading Tredgold, and yet known that he couldn't abolish fric' tion. His Lubricant is very greasy, no doubt, but he has no notion how little friction it takes to stop a wheel in a billion of years " "Hasn't his Lubricant a commercial value? -- mean without considering the Perpetual Motion idea ? " "I have no doubt it has. But he won't patent it, because that involves publication, and wicked capitalists will cut in and use it for Perpetual Motions before he can, and take the bread out of his mouth and his children's -- nine children he has, Joe, and another coming 1 " JOSEPH VANCE I hoped the anxiety on the Doctor's face was, after all, about this chap. Only it seemed so out of proportion. However, he was clearly an element of disquiet. '' I've done the best I can," continued Dr. Thorpe ; " I've told him that if a leaden peg-top as big as the sun started in vacuo at a billion revolutions per second " It would want a very carefully tempered steel peg, and a good hard piece of ground to stand on," said I. "Well -- ^yes -- it would! Anyhow, I told Mr. Thistlethwayte it must slow down in the course of a few billions of billions of years, because even if he lived to keep the peg lubricated there would be some friction." " What did he say ? " " That he had ventured to hope I should talk seriously ! And he seemed so hurt, that I offered to pay his Patent fees if he would publish. But he declined. I think he suspected me of wanting to take advantage of him! So just you be warned by him, Joe, and don't be an Inventor " "It's only a Spherical Engine with a new reciprocating movement, and I'm not going to think about it seriously till I've ment, and I'm not going to think about it seriously till I've passed. How's Joey?" "Oh -- Joey's very well -- very well!" And I was sorry that in my anxiety to leave the subject of my inventive propensity -- about which, in truth, I felt very guilty -- I had chanced back to a renewal of Dr. Thorpe's anxious aspect, which I had hoped was going to vanish. He became again thoughtful, hesitating, depressed -- seemed to be going to speak, and said nothing. At last pressed -- seemed to be going to speak, and said nothing. At last he pulled himself together in a sort of recapitulative way, as one who reports progress and declares his next step in advance, and said well now it was time for him to be off! He would go to see the cranium, and there were one or two people he wanted to speak to, and he would be back about lunch-time. Even then he did not go without a recurrence of the hesitating manner, but it came to nothing and he started off to look at the cranium. I watched him along the street and saw him stop once or twice, and stand rubbing his chin thoughtfully. I went back to Pindar, who was the bing his chin thoughtfully. I went back to Pindar, who was the classic I was engaged in assimilating at that time. But I was puzzled and uneasy, and Pindar disagreed with me -- especially when I reflected that the Doctor had hardly said a word about Lossie in all our conversation, of which of course the above only contains the salient points. He came back as he had said, and after eating very little lunch, walked out with me in the grounds. I cannot remember exactly JOSEPH VANCE how it came in, but he used the expression '^this new engagement," and I, understanding that he was speal?:ing about Vi's ment," and I, understanding that he was speal?:ing about Vi's last, made some absent-minded comment, asked about the Towerstairs family, or something of that sort -- I really forget what. My dear boy," said he. " You don't understand. I was not speaking about Vi's engagement -- I was speaking of Lossie's." sie's." Sometimes the mind opposes automatically the receipt of fatal news, from some anticipative instinct, without its owner at all knowing why it rejects it. I found myself quite unable to attach any meaning to the Doctor's words. " I was speaking of Lossie's engagement -- she has got herself engaged to be married." ^'Is Lossie engaged to be married?" I heard myself speaking quite calmly to the Doctor. He put his arm in mine -was not sure she had not written to tell you," said he, half was not sure she had not written to tell you," said he, half interrogatively. But I felt that he was saying something to gain a minute, or to gain a foothold, or to find something on which to hinge what we should say next. I did not look at him, but I knew that his eyes -- so like Lossie's! -- turned round to me at intervals; and we walked on, the triith of the position working tervals; and we walked on, the triith of the position working slowly into my mind. Concurrently, I became aware that he did see, and had seen, more clearly than I even now began to see, the bearing of the news he had to tell on my own life and its future. I should have been well pleased to be able to say to him in the interval of comparative calm in which I awaited the full truth, terval of comparative calm in which I awaited the full truth, which I knew was coming, how I lovdd his kind heart for its love and fears for me. Both of which, strange to say, I felt to know much better than their agitating cause. But I said nothing, and we walked on in silence. Some tacit compact between us made the silence a long one, but in the end it was I who spoke -- I was not in love with the sound of my own voice when it came. If Lossie has given her word she will keep it. But I have had no letter yet. -- What is his name? I mean what is the name of the " Man ? It is General Desprez. He is a very distinguished soldier -- you know the name ? " Of course." '' She went to stay for a week at the Vandeleurs'. He was there, and at the end of the week he made her an offer and she accepted him. -- I know I It was very sudden " JOSEPH VANCE ^'Yes -- that is what I was going to say." ''Very sudden, indeed. But with Lossie, very sudden means rery serious. -- She isn't Vi " " You have seen him? " " He came up with her from the Vandeleurs' on Saturday and they came direct to me. Of course formally, with his rigid ideas of duty, his position was that he had asked Lossie's leave to speak to me -- people go through these farces, but they are all gammon ! " mon ! " He stopped to take snuff -- then put his arm again in mine. " Yes," he went on, " they are all gammon. Of course the whole thing was settled past any possible unsettling. Two more undemonstrative lovers I never saw, in public, but nevertheless no demonstrative lovers I never saw, in public, but nevertheless no one could be five minutes in the room with them and not see all about it " I had interjected a direct enquiry whether Dr. Thorpe liked him, and he finished his sentence and then replied, " I have no fault to find with him, and I know I shall like him in time, but -- Good-morning ! " He stopped short, and we got through a brief interview with a casual sub-librarian, who I am sure never suspected that anything was going wrong with either of us. Then he continued: "Yes -Joe -- I know I shall like him in time. But Lossie is Lossie." Joe -- I know I shall like him in time. But Lossie is Lossie." Yes -- that was what was wrong. Lossie was Lossie -- * "I suppose Fathers are naturally a selfish class, but it can't be helped! Anthropoid Apes are selfish, I believe, and no doubt Fathers are descended from them. I shan't find it at all easy to reconcile myself to Lossie going away to India, as she no doubt will." I had not realized this contingency, but it seemed to make no difference in the calamity; at least in my share of it. -- The thing was too new, and I was too stunned to discern in this indifference any light thrown on the nature of my affection for Lossie. I see it now. " You can fancy, my dear boy," continued the Doctor, " how embarrassingly mixed any Father's feelings must be over a thing barrassingly mixed any Father's feelings must be over a thing like this. Even if I could have been inclined to quarrel with a man Lossie loved, which is absurd, how could I find any fault with this one? A splendid soldier, a cultivated man, writer, traveller, what not? There was not even the vernacular ground of difficulty-mongering of the marriage-blocker, the money consideration; for he is next heir to Stoat's-Leaze in Derbyshire and sideration; for he is next heir to Stoat's-Leaze in Derbyshire and the present owner is eighty-two and in a madhouse -- or something of the sort. Of course I know I ought to be rejoicing over the JOSEPH VANCE splendid match. But, Lossie going away to India! IPs no use, Joe, Bathers cannot help being Fathers " Nor brothers brothers," said I. And then some question stirred in some obscure corner of my mind, and asked if this remark was really germane to the matter. And when Dr. Thorpe repeated after me, Nor brothers brothers, as you say, Joe dear," it threatened to become more audible, and I was fain to silence it by an effort of will. We walked in and about the grounds and quads of the Colleges, stopping a good deal, I remember, in the quad of University, because the Doctor liked the mouldering stone (it has been made cause the Doctor liked the mouldering stone (it has been made quite neat and tidy many years ago now), before we turned back to my rooms. We talked over every aspect of Lossie's engagement except the one uppermost in both our minds, and this we scrupulously avoided. Each of us knew the otheFs thoughts, but neither communicated his own -- unless indeed a lengthened-out grasp of the hand in silence when we parted at the Bailway Station could count as a communication. I persuaded the Doctor not to stop on; or rather I should say my way of asking him to stay was unconvincing, and he decided to hold by his statement that he must be back at Poplar Villa by nine o'clock. His judgment that this was best for my sake was perfectly right. The ment that this was best for my sake was perfectly right. The light feverish attack that followed would have b^n ten times worse if he had stayed. After I had taken leave of him I went away for a long walk towards Witney, but did not go so far, although I had a vague intention of doing so. I turned back at Eynsham and got back to College long after feeding-time. But I did not want anything to eat -- I wanted to find out what had happened -- to be able to visualize or localize the event -- to make the simple fact I baH just heard, that a young lady I knew was going to make a most fortunate marriage, take its place quietly among other facts, and settle down for me to deal calmly with it. It was a most reasonable thing in itself. Why should it roar and throb in my brain, able thing in itself. Why should it roar and throb in my brain, and make my eyes and my palate dry up ? 1 was there, all right enough ! It had not hurt me. I was looking on perfectly calmly at a brain that persisted in throbbing, and at something that was swelling in the throat of an unreasonable young man -- unreasonable in being so strangely affected by something 1 had just heard -- able in being so strangely affected by something 1 had just heard -something which, if he had had a spark of real good feeling or something which, if he had had a spark of real good feeling or common sense, he would at once have seen he ought to rejoice at. I was angry with him for his selfishness, but I was so concerned for his burning palate that I got him some brandy and soda, the JOSEPH YANCE only thing he could swallow. He drank it down and lit a pipe, and the effect was thus far good that he partly perceived his identity with myself. He and I then (to pursue my attempt to picture a frame of mind that was perfectly real, and can be explained in no other way) sat smoking in the half-dark, trying to get things into order. We needed no light, for the harvest moon was very large and very golden, and meant soon when it was well up to bathe Oxford town in silver. I tried to remonstrate with him, and pointed out his absurdity in expecting that Lossie Thorpe should always remain as it were on draught, for his special behoof and satisfac- main as it were on draught, for his special behoof and satisfaction when he went up to town -- " Do you imagine," I asked, " that tion when he went up to town -- " Do you imagine," I asked, " that her father, her sister, or her brother ever contemplated that she would remain at home indefinitely for their sakes. And who are you, that you should claim what they do not? Or do you really mean, you presumptuous young ass, that your silly boyish aspirations lay claim to be considered Love -- Love with a big L, that tions lay claim to be considered Love -- Love with a big L, that produces Marriage and Jealousy and Murder and all sorts of grown-up things that boys in their second year at Oxford have really no business with? If so, I must trouble you to remember that you are between nineteen and twenty, and Lossie Thorpe is a woman of twenty-four " The other-self young man interrupted me, with more spirit than I had given him credit for : " I cannot analyze what is meant by Love, nor can I say what it is in her father^s, brother's, sister's affection that differs from mine. I only know that when she goes out of my life, a Light disappears from it that will never return, and for which no substitute is possible. And I know there is no exit from my life for her so effectual as Marriage with another man. Death would separate us less." You are a foolish young undergraduate," I replied ; I shall go to bed and try to get a little sleep." I did so, but I could not sleep a wink, or rather the other young man could not. Of course if he had not been me it would not have mattered ; but he persisted, and the fact that I was in perfect health, quite calm and collected, and not the least overworked, was allowed no weight whatever. He lay there staring into the darkness (for I had shut the moon out) and listening to the chiming of the hours, which seemed to follow each other too quickly, without the least affecting the total length of the night. His brain went on burning-- his palate got drier. Consequently I got no sleep, and when a gleam of dawn and a sound of sparrows gave me an excuse for getting up, I was just on the point of doing 1*70 JOSEPH VANCE BO when this inconsequent young man's system suddenly recog" nized the fact that it was worn out, and made me fall into a stupid sleep of unrecollectable dreams, which shortly became torpor, from which I woke slowly and painfully to find the world all alive, and the bell ringing for chapel. At first (of course) I could not tell what had happened -- I only realized that there was an awful Something that would have to be recollected soon. It was useless attempting to preserve my torpidity to avoid it. It came, without remorse! And I knew that in this next year to come what had been music in the past ten years would be silence -- what had been sunlight would be shadow. I had realized that, even if Lossie lived in England still, even if I could go to her as of old for sympathy in trouble and encouragement in work, it would not be the same thing. And in this fact ment in work, it would not be the same thing. And in this fact lay the worst sting. She, I knew, would love me with just the same love she had given to the little boy that picked the pears; but I had made a dreadful discovery about the nature of things human, and the gruesome task before me was to conceal that discovery from Lossie. Her father knew it, and I knew he knew it, covery from Lossie. Her father knew it, and I knew he knew it, but I could see in a hundred ways how entirely unconscious she herself might be. If the slightest doubt about this could have crossed my mind, it must have been dissipated by the letter, delayed in the post (or wrongly delivered at first), which I found on layed in the post (or wrongly delivered at first), which I found on my breakfast plate when I at last appeared, presenting to my scout a haggard face, which I think he ascribed to a last night's orgie : " Poplar Villa, Aug. 14, 1860. My dear little Joe ; You will be so glad, I know, to hear of the great happiness that has come to me. I am engaged to be married to General Hugh Desprez. You know all about him from the newspapers. Don't you remember how we read about the relief of Lucknow, two years ago, and you said of all the men you lief of Lucknow, two years ago, and you said of all the men you would Mike to be you would soonest be Colonel Desprez'? And he is that very same Colonel Desprez and he is as good as he is great and brave, and I am indeed a happy woman. I have told him all about you, dear Joe, and he is so anxious to know you-and you may fancy how I look forward to your knowing him. The and you may fancy how I look forward to your knowing him. The only blot on the 'scutcheon is that I shall go to India and have to leave Papa behind and my two Joes-- my little brother and my other little brother-- and the others. But I shall go, and then when I come back I know I shall find a distinguished Oxford Graduate. How I shall look forward to getting the news when JOSEPH VANCE 171 your year comes! I should like to write so much more, dear Joe, only I have so much to write. Good-bye, dear. Ever your affectionate, Lossie." I turned it over and found on the other side written "Do you know you are quite the first written to of everybody -- all but Sarry, and even her letter isn't posted." Others who know and understand women better than I do may be able to detect in this letter a consciousness of concealing the fear that the news would be unwelcome to me. I can see no sign of any feeling Lossie would not have had in writing to Joey or Nolly. Only that, had it been the latter, she might have been less affectionate. She and Nolly were not such chums as we had been, -- she and I! -The great soldier and Lossie's intense unconsciousness made me The great soldier and Lossie's intense unconsciousness made me feel so keenly the presumption of the young man with the parched throat and the throbbing temples that I compelled him to eat some breakfast to show how capable he was of going through with the part that had been forced upon him. He showed pluck to the extent of a cup of coffee and half a roll -- ^but I let him off any more, for really the food choked him. (I adhere to this young man as a figure of speech -- ^because he makes explanation so easy.) He was very anxious that I, being perfectly cool and collected, should forthwith write a letter for him to Lossie, expressing lected, should forthwith write a letter for him to Lossie, expressing his delight at the news, and carefully concealing every trace of the effect it had had upon him. He was in such a hurry for me to do this that he hardly had patience to wait till the breakfast things were cleared away. I got the letter written with some difficulty, for he was not easy to satisfy, and after it was posted ficulty, for he was not easy to satisfy, and after it was posted wandered aimlessly about, or rather, I should say, consented to his doing so. For I personally could see no reason why he should not go back to his rooms and get on with the Epinicia. By this I mean to express that I said to myself a hundred times that nothing had happened that ought to alter my life for this day, or for any day -- that I ought to be able to get on with my reading -- that although some acknowledged title or claim to misery ing -- that although some acknowledged title or claim to misery would have been a great alleviation, I had none. Only the misery itself ! I had many nights of sleep that dreaded waking from fear of the return of the spectre that was always with me in the daytime; of sleeplessness that dreaded sleep as nothing but the road to a new recognition of the spectre, happily forgotten for a moment; JOSEPH VANCE many days that it was easiest to spend out of doors, but haunted with a wish that every one else would keep in doors, and above all not speak to me when they met me; many such nights and days before Youth and Life reasserted themselves and laid claim to their rights in me. At their dictation a compromise was effected, and the black Shadow that oppressed me was bidden to disperse and scatter itself over the remainder of my earth-life, as a compensation for relinquishing its prey of the moment. My record pensation for relinquishing its prey of the moment. My record was to become legible again, but on grey papyrus. Many things of great moment to myself, and some of interest to others, have been chronicled on it since then. But however black may be the blots that have fallen on its pages, however strongly they may start out from the ground on which they have fallen, it has never been white as of old, and I have never altogether lost the consciousness of the grey. gether lost the consciousness of the grey. I wonder, if at the request of Fate a dramatist took it in hand, and schemed to work in a white sheet or two before Finis, what he would find to write upon them ! CHAPTER XX LBTTBSS OF LOSSIE, VERY IMPORTANT. GENERAL DESPREZ. HOW SHB TOLD ABOUT JOE -- HOW THE GENERAL WANTED TO MARRY LOSSIE -FULL DETAILS OF ALL HE SAID, BUT NO STAGE DIRECTIONS. HOW FULL DETAILS OF ALL HE SAID, BUT NO STAGE DIRECTIONS. HOW joe's TRAGEDY BURST SUDDENLY ON LOSSIE, AND SHE ORDERED THE GENERAL TO THE RESCUE. It is fortunate that Lossie's correspondence at this date was preserved, for it gives us what could not possibly have reached us in any other way. The following extract from a letter to Sarita Spencer (dated The Croft, Langport, Somerset, Aug. 6, 1859) is not absolutely necessary to the understanding of the next one, but it contains allusions to myself, and leads up to it, naturally; enough. . We are having a jolly time down here. I only wish you were here with us instead of in that stuffy London. The place is delicious, and what with riding in the morning, and being taken out for drives in the afternoon, and getting up extempore dances and theatrical performances in the evening, I can tell you the time passes at a great rate. I shall be so sorry for myself when I come back in a week. Lady Vandeleur says the remedy is easy -- not to go back. I'm not sure it wouldn't be kinder to London if I didn't, for my temper will be unbearable! "The Vandeleurs are perfectly delightful people, who seem to take clover for granted, and accept good fortune as a birthright. That is to say, they do so in all matters of practical detail, never hesitating to order anything on the score of expense. But when it comes to general principles, they pose as usual people, who have just the same sort of income as the persons they happen to be talking with at the moment. When one hears Rosalind (that's Lady ing with at the moment. When one hears Rosalind (that's Lady Vandeleur) talk of 'really rich people like the Poltergeists' one pities her and fears for her solvency, and it requires some little corrective like hearing her talk about 'people with only a thousand a year ' to make one feel cheerful about her. I talked about sand a year ' to make one feel cheerful about her. I talked about this way folks have to General Desprez, who is staying here (of course you know all about him), and he replied, 'I know Lord JOSEPH VANCE Poltergeist intimately, and what you tell me Rosalind said comes very funnily, because it so happens that he said to me, less than a year ago, that people who had really no responsibilities, like Jack Vandeleur and that pretty wife of his, could fling their money about as they pleased, while as for him almost every penny of his huge income was bespoke, and only just enough left to give a chop to a friend who came to see him in the Albany ! I asked if it really was a chop, that time, for I conjectured these two old bachelors were hob-nobbing at the said Albany when his Lordship (whose elors were hob-nobbing at the said Albany when his Lordship (whose name I haven^t got quite riglit -- but no matter) made his remark. "'A sort of metaphorical chop,' said the General. ^''Come now. General,' said I, 'don't be evasive! Tell me honourably, because you know you recollect perfectly well what the metaphorical chop consisted of.' " ' Grouse and Chateau Lafitte. But, my dear Miss Thorpe, if you'll take the word of a middle-aged soldier who has knocked about the world and seen a many sights, all these things are relative. The Chinaman who sleeps where he stands, works eighteen tive. The Chinaman who sleeps where he stands, works eighteen hours a day, and lives on a spoonful of rice, would consider the Italian bracciante rich on six lire a week: the Italian in his turn would consider the British workman, with six and eightpence for his ten hours' day, a regular millionaire. Of course Rosalind Vandeleur thinks Poltergeist rich, because he has eighty thousand a year and she has a miserable twelve or flfteen. I have heard her speak of eight hundred a year as poverty in the presence of young couples living on three-flfty. And what is funny is that they have considered themselves bound to sympathize ! ' " ' Because they were such Humbugs,' said I. " ' God bless me, my dear,' said he, quite paternally, ' you don't mean that they ought to have taken up their parables (never knew what that meant!) and preached a crusade against the purseproud. Besides Rosalind would have broken her heart if she had proud. Besides Rosalind would have broken her heart if she had known -- of course she thought these nicely dressed three-flfty folk were a sort of comfortable customary thousanders. According to her Sociology, you know, people have a thousand a year by nature, less by accident, and more by expectations which fructify.' " ' My father,' said I, ' has seven hundred a year and what he makes by writing scientific articles for journals. But I'm quite sure he spends two hundred at least in all sorts of benefactions outside his family. Whatever would have become of my brother Joey Vance, but for papa, I can't imagine.' " ' WTiat an unaccountable girl you are ! ' for the General and 1, let me tell you, are on very free and easy terms -- a sort of conJOSEPH VANCE 175 JOSEPH VANCE 175 siderate assurance he has does it. ^ How on earth can you have a brother named Joey Vance when you're Lucilla Thorpe?' ' I mean to have as many brothers as I please, with all sorts of names.' " ' You mean I'm inquisitive. So I am ! ' " ' Then I'll tell you. Joey Vance is a young man I take a great interest in. He's at Balliol, and is expected to set the Thames ©️n fire one of these days.' ^ Which of these days ? ' ^ What a lot of questions you are asking. General ! Are you fond of peacocks ? ' ^^^Very. But I want to know about Joey Vance.' ^ ^ Let's walk round the rose garden before we go in. I like strong tea -- it won't be too strong for me.' " ' Well -- I suppose I must risk my nervous system. However, if I do, you must tell me all about Joey Vance.' You know I am always ready enough to talk about Joey -- and when in addition to that one is catechized by a great handsome Hercules of a man with a thoughtful face -- well, what else could I do? -- of course I told him all about Joe's first appearance, and subsequent career -- and how we expected him to take a very high degree. He dropped his half-jesting tone and spoke seriously. " ^ How old was the boy when your father made him read Euclid?' ' Only eight. Wasn't it lucky Papa finding him out?' ' Indeed it was ! And how long ago was that ? ' " ^ Well -- Joe's between nineteen and twenty -- so you can do the sum! I was between fourteen and fifteen and now I'm twentyfive, nearly. I've no objection to your knowing my age.' five, nearly. I've no objection to your knowing my age.' " ' Are you really as much as that ? ' said he. ' I never should have thought it. Guess how old I am ' I told him I had been told that already -- so it wouldn't be fair to guess. . . ." Sarita Spencer ought to have torn up the following letter. Perhaps she would have done so had she lived. As it is, it has com©️ haps she would have done so had she lived. As it is, it has com©️ into my hands -- and may take its chance of being read by you. The Croft, Langport, Somerset, Aug. 9, 1859. dearest Sarry: I am feeling dreadfully embarrassed, so far as a girl whose head is going round can be said to feel anything. Especially when she is pretending that her head isn't going thing. Especially when she is pretending that her head isn't going JOSEPH VANCE round. I hope iPs all right, and that I'm awake ! I shouldn't like to wake up and find it wasn't true. Even if I'm asleep I suppose I must keep my promise to you in the dream that I made to you awake years ago, and that I've been meaning to keep ever since, as soon as there was an opening. For you see, dear, the fact is I've had an offer of marriage, and I'm bound under the terms of the compact to tell you EXACTLY what the gentleman said and did -- No! stop a minute! It was no such thing -- I only promised to tell what he said -- and I'll throw you in what I said. I can't tell you how much easier that makes it -- I can fulfil that promise honestly. "First of all. I'll tell you his name. It's not in the contract, but I'll be liberal and throw it in too. He's General Desprez, and he's the General Desprez. He's a first cousin of Rosalind Vandeleur. All these people are each other's cousins, or connections deleur. All these people are each other's cousins, or connections by marriage. If I marry him I shall be well connected and all my friends will cut me. I shall be, according to Professor Absalom, a silver-spoon person, and quite unfit for human company. "I'll make a small further concession and tell you where the affair came off -- ihat^s not in the contract either ! It was in a little square-walled garden called the Rose Garden, and there are peaches and nectarines on the very high walls, and he and I were walking round and keeping off the grass because of the dew -- at least I was. There was no one else there except a peacock. Now do admit that I'm liberal! I wasn't the least bound to tell you about the peacock! Here is the whole of the conversation, from the moment cock! Here is the whole of the conversation, from the moment we met -"'You're early this morning, Generali' "'You're early this morning, Generali' " ' Am I ? I suppose it's seven o'clock,' "'It isn't even that, if the negro hasn't turned round in the night when no one was looking, like the two S's in Skinner Street. Ry-the-bye, General, why is it that one associates negroes with sundials ? ' "'I don't think I know any but this one. He's made of lead. But tell me about the two S's in Skinner Street.' " ' It's some nonsense of Papa's. Somebody asked him what his Doctor's degree was, and why he was called Doctor. He said he didn't know, because he had two degrees -- one a German, the other Oxford. He said for anything he could do to regulate it, it might be they changed across every other day, like the two initials in Skinner Street -- which a policeman whose mind was affected complained at headquarters about.' plained at headquarters about.' JOSEPH VANCE 177 ' I suppose iPs the word German put it into my head. Why didn't your sister marry the young German ? ' ' Poor Hermann ! It's a pity she didn't -- I liked him much better than -- ^the man she's engaged to now.'* ' Whose name you told me and I've forgotten it.' ^ Sir Richard Towerstairs. She has been engaged four or five times, but I really believe she'll marry this one.' '''Does she love him?' " ' Oh dear, yes ! But she loved all the others, one down t'other come on ! ' "'You frivolous young woman! Can't you be serious on a serious subject ? On the serious subject ? ' "'Yes. But not about Vi's engagements.' "'It was serious enough with poor Hermann. Wasn't he very miserable when your unfeeling sister -- ^jilted him?' " ' You were going to say chucked him, and of course it would have been vulgar. But there's nobody here but the peacock. Oh no! Hermann wasn't hurt. I was taken in at first and tried to console him, but ^ "'But what?' "'Well, he took so very kindly to being consoled that I was obliged to " ' I understand. Poor Hermann ! And then I suppose when there was no third sister to apply for he went to look for somebody else.' body else.' " ' I gave him an introduction to a girl named Atkins. Aren't people queer? However, it was good for me, because Hermann had given me some most lovely embroidered pocket-handkerchiefs, and instead of giving them back I kept them as a commission on Sylvia Atkins. I told him I should.' "'Perfectly fair! But I want to know why you think your sister will marry this one.' " ' I hardly like to tell you, but it's difficult not to teU when you look so earnest about it. Because he's a Baronet.' " ' Is it possible that that should be really so ? ' " ' Yes. And I can tell you why. Vi is absolutely incapable of caring more about any one person (man or woman) than another. It isn't that she cannot feel affection, but that it doesn't much matter to her who she feels it for. The mere raw human creature supplies no distinctive attraction. It needs some external attribute which is not itself. -- ^If she had been Hero she would not have , welcomed Leander. He was altogether too crude and uncooked. JOSEPH VANCE Now if he had come with a coronet, or a cheque-book, or a mitre, or a pedigree, it would have been another thing.' ' But the German Leander swam ashore with a chequebook.' book.' " ' He did -- but then the moment they quarrelled there was no tie left but the cheque-book, and Vi could distinguish that mercenary motives were low. It froisse'd her self-respect. But with this nary motives were low. It froisse'd her self-respect. But with this man, if she quarrels with him about any of the things he knows enough about to feed a quarrel on -- ^horseflesh, cigars, cards, wine -there will always be the great and glorious sheet-anchor of his there will always be the great and glorious sheet-anchor of his ancient lineage to keep her steady. She will never despise herself for reverence of ancestry.' '' ^ This Leander swims ashore with a pedigree. But do you thinlv you will like your brother-in-law?' " ' I don't think about it. I am perfectly certain I shan't. Really when his formal welcome into the family was going on, and he considered it his duty to call me Lucilla and inflict a ' *^^KissV ' Eamily peck upon me I felt I could have sunk into the earth. I should like to go and live abroad to be out of his way, only I should have to leave Papa and my two Joes.' ' I wish I could persuade you to go to India.' ' Are you in such a hurry to get rid of me ? Besides, what should I do out there -- go as a nurse ? ' ' No. My idea was that you should go out as a General Officer's wife. I know of a Vacancy.' cer's wife. I know of a Vacancy.' ^ How do you know the General Officer would like it ? Why do you look so ? -- is anything the matter ? ' '''Yes -- plenty's the matter! Now do let's walk quietly round the garden, like this, and I'll explain. You see, I suspect you of being absolutely the dearest woman in the whole world, and I know I myself never saw another like you. Now you understand! No -- don't run away. You see I am the General Officer stand! No -- don't run away. You see I am the General Officer and I want you to marry me and come to India.' "'Oh, how stupid I was! I always thought it was a General Officer, like a general servant. I never realized that you were a General Officer. I thought of you only as a General or MajorGeneral. Indeed I did! And do you really expect me to say yes General. Indeed I did! And do you really expect me to say yes or no to a question like that offhand, before breakfast ? ' " ' If it's more likely to be yes by waiting till after breakfast, let's have breakfast first.' " ' Are you sure you really care which I say -- yes or no ? Oh, do take care, I'm sure there's somebody coming ! ' JOSEPH VANCE 179 only the gardener -- he's going the other way. It's all right.' ' No, indeed, he's coming this way -- do let's be a lady and gentleman taking an early walk before breakfast.' Now, Sarry darling, I've kept my promise, and more. For I've not only told you what he said, but what I said, and how the whole thing worked. You can write in the stage directions to the above little drama much as you please. The action of the Dramatis Persona3 is nearly always the same. " I don't exactly know when I accepted this soldier of mine, nor precisely whether I ever did accept him at all. We fell into rank somehow as two people entitled to paeans of congratulation; all the women (married and single) saying they wanted him for themselves, but if any one else is to have him they are so glad it's selves, but if any one else is to have him they are so glad it's Rosalind Vandeleur says she really believes all the girls did want him, only that he was always so reserved and cautious that he won't leave a single broken heart behind him. I said I shouldn't have thought him so particularly reserved and cautious -- and she said well perhaps not -- it all depended on circumstances. He says, however, we are not engaged -- oh dear, no ! -- till Papa, etc. Of course not, but as if I didn't know Papa! However, we are going up on Saturday to present ourselves at headquarters. I hope you see how military my language is becoming. . . . " My dear, I should like to tell you how happy I am -- but I can't find the words. Oh, the delight of waking in the morning and knowing half awake that as soon as one can recollect what it is there will be something indescribably glorious. . . " Aug. 16, Poplar Villa. I will go on with my story where I left ofi. Hugh and I came up on the Saturday, as I said we should, after four more most delightful days at Crofts, which I shall never forget as long as I live. I can't tell you how sweet Rosalind and her husband and all of them were. It was a sky without a cloud, and Hugh was the sun in it. That's a very bad simile, but I always get in a mess when I try to be poetical! But it's right enough on one point -- as to the chill one feels when a cloud takes the edge off one's enjoyment of it. You know what it's like, and how one says it isn't going to rain, or only a few drops ! Well, we came back from Crofts -- and all went well -- more than well! Papa was, I need hardly say, a darling -- came out to the door to meet us; and never taking the slightest notice of poor me, all but JOSEPH VANCE embraced the General in the heartiness of his welcome. It can't have been difficult, for it's simply impossible to see Hugh and not love him. Rosalind says so -- everybody says so. By-the-bye -- I don't think I have ever mentioned that he's the youngest General in Her Majesty's service. Of course it doesn't matter, but one has an idea (or I had) that Generals are all elderly. ^'^Now where's my undutiful daughter?' said Papa. 'Come and be blown up ! What do you mean by looking so blooming, eh ? I wonder who you'll get engaged to be married to next without my consent ? ' " Poor Papa ! Evidently the iron of his paternal experiences of Violet had entered into his soul, and he thought he was going to go through it all again. It would have been mere hypocrisy not to recognize the bearing of the remark. "'Violet began at sixteen,' said I. 'Never mind the snuffi -it's only my travelling things. Besides, I'm not engaged without it's only my travelling things. Besides, I'm not engaged without your consent; I'm not engaged at all, yet * " ' No,' said Hugh, indiscreetly, ' we're not engaged at all yet ^ "'Oh,' said I, interrupting him, ^ you re not engaged, aren't you? Very well -- ^go away -- I don't want you. However, you may have some tea before you go, and soon as you've done over-paying the cab we'll go in and get it. Where's Beppino ? ' " ' Who's he ? ' said the General, and I explained that it was an extra name for my blood-relation Joey -- made necessary by misunderstandings. ' Then,' said he, ' who's Beppe ? ' understandings. ' Then,' said he, ' who's Beppe ? ' " ' Why, of course, dear Goose,' said I, ' that's an extra name for Joe Vance! Joe for one and Beppino for the other works best. Come along.' " So we all came along into the drawing-room, after I had received the benediction of Sam and Anne, and for that matter of ceived the benediction of Sam and Anne, and for that matter of the cabman, whom I heard from afar sharing his views with an acquaintance named Nosey, who had helped to bring in the luggage. These were to the effect that it was in the interest of drivers gage. These were to the effect that it was in the interest of drivers that fares should be nuts, the condition so described tending to produce liberality in an otherwise stingy public. I didn't hear the exact words, but am sure of the substance. " ' But where is Beppino ? ' said I, as I grabbed my unforwarded letters. "'Joey was here a minute ago,' said Papa. "'Master Joey was here when the cab rang,' said Anne. 'I'll run and find him. Miss,' and off went Anne. Some inner susceptibility of mine whispered that it would have been better pleased if bility of mine whispered that it would have been better pleased if Beppino had received us with acclamations at the gate, and went JOSEPH VANCE the length of adding, 'As Joe Vance would have done/ It was the first little chill I had had -- ^however, I was perhaps unreasonable. As for Vi, I can't swear that I didn't feel a tiny scrap of able. As for Vi, I can't swear that I didn't feel a tiny scrap of relief on hearing that she was going to be in to tea, as I had had a misgiving that, if already in to tea, she would conspire with Aunt Izzy to give us a ceremonial reception. " However, to condense my narrative, Joey was captured by Anne and made some effort at apology based on the great interest of the work he was reading. He was rather sheepish with Hugh, I thought, or perhaps was a little frightened of him. Vi came in as promised and accepted the peck (or rather pecks) of the new member of the family, with a very much better grace than I had i-eceived her young man's with. But then just look at the difference! As Vi herself said to me in my room that night, when we ence! As Vi herself said to me in my room that night, when we had a good talk over it, kissing Sir Dick is like kissing a tobacco shop in Piccadilly. As for Hugh, his appreciation of this part of the performance was candid, to say the least. I was obliged to tell him that comparisons were odious. " Poor Aunt Izzy was all kindness, or intended to be so. The moral of the interview with her I should say was that you had better not talk Debrett to any one who can't hear a word you say. I had warned Hugh that he would have to form square to receive the Peerage, so he knew what was coming. ' But why not let the dear old lady talk about it? ' said he. ' You've no idea what pleasure it gives them I ' I saw he had a false image of Aunt Izzy ure it gives them I ' I saw he had a false image of Aunt Izzy in his mind, and tried to correct it without injustice to Aunty. ' You know,' I said, ' poor Aunty isn't exactly what one describes as a dear old lady. She's very good, you know -- as good as can be! But all the same she's an Honorary Secretary, and has the weKare of her sex at heart -- and indeed of everybody else's sex too. But then, that is her Advanced Self which has Platforms and denounces all sorts of things, and behind it all is a Superior Self enshrined in its own extraction from the Thorpes of Thorpe, and cherishing memories of people almost too well-connected to live. She doesn't talk much to her nieces about them. Indeed, I think she regards us as Eenegades, who from sheer innate Vulgarity of Soul selected a Member of the Middle Classes for a garity of Soul selected a Member of the Middle Classes for a Mother. Mamma was a School-Mistress, you know, and Papa fell in love with her -- she was very beautiful -- you'll see her portrait -at some lectures he gave on Education -- fell over his Lecture table at some lectures he gave on Education -- fell over his Lecture table he always said.' "You see, Sarry dear, I did my best to introduce the family, and prevent Hugh being taken aback. So I hope he wasn't much JOSEPH VANCE disgusted at having to shout into an ear-trumpet that he knew nothing personally about William the Conqueror, having only come to England since the He vocation of the Edict of Nantes, and that even his poor cousin Lord Fitzbroughton was only a direct descendant of a wool-broker in James the First's time who was created because he lent His Majesty money. ' Do put yourself a little further back, Hugh dear,' said L ' Just look at poor Aunty how shocked she is ! ' " However, the reason why Aunty looked shocked came out later when it became manifest that she had scarcely heard any of Hugh's communications. For after passing the evening with an evident weight on her mind, she unburdened herself to me as we were lighting bedroom candles, being I suppose afraid she might be sleepless ing bedroom candles, being I suppose afraid she might be sleepless without explanations. " ' But, Aunty dear,' said I, after mastering the point involved, 'Hugh never said he was any relation of Edith Sant's.' '' ' Well, my dear, I certainly thought he said so, and I think if you ask him you'll find I'm right.' " ' Hugh,' said I, shouting across the room, ' what relation are you of Edith Sant's?' "'Is it a conundrum?' said he. 'I don't know, I give it up.' And, indeed, we all gave it up, until by good luck we got a clue from the word conundrum, which Aunty's ear perverted terribly. " We were all talking about the Conqueror, dear, all the time. And I couldn't imagine why Edith Sant! Because she certainly has nothing to do with the Conqueror. " Perhaps, Sarry dear, as you've got it all wrote out quite plain on the last page, you'll see what it all came from. But I assure you that even with the Conqueror clue we were a long time getting to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Aunty was greatly relieved, because Edith Sant, though very nice of course, is not exactly! 'As your sister Violet says, dear,' said Aunty, 'Edith Sant is not exactly.' So I had the authority of both for this curious fact. " Nolly came in five minutes before dinner in a dust-coat over cricketing flannels, having scored seventy-two and not out. The frame of mind generated by an incident of this sort is not favourable to introduction of future brothers-in-law. In the present able to introduction of future brothers-in-law. In the present case Nolly's inattention to the question before the House, which was absolute, became warm appreciation of its merits the moment it transpired, to my surprise, that the General was an historical amateur Wicket-Keeper. The distinguished services of Colonel Desprez during the Indian Mutiny, and before that in the Crimea, JOSEPH VANCE did him no doubt great credit, but what are mere human distinctions of this sort! Let him who aspires to true Eame keep tinctions of this sort! Let him who aspires to true Eame keep wickets. I was glad of Nolly^s fervent appreciation of Hugh, although no sooner was the wicket-keeping revelation made than all though no sooner was the wicket-keeping revelation made than all conversation threatened to merge in dry wickets and wet wickets and soft wickets and hard wickets and flat wickets and even wickets. I was obliged to threaten to break it off in order to give any one else a chance. Nolly was promised another innings, and I believe had it later, after we women had carried off the bedroom candles and I was recapitulating with Violet in peace. She, I may mention, had vanished, by the time Nolly returned, to go to the Opera with her BaronePs married sister, and he was delivering her, like coals, out of a two-horse carriage and oppressive footmen just as I was thinking of getting to sleep. I called her into my room, and she came in and sat on the end of the bed in her things. Vi really does look lovely en grande tenue, twenty-seven or no! " * I didn't know, Lossie dear, that your new soldier-man knew Sir Richard.' ^''Well, now, Vi! That's a shame. You know perfectly well he's the only man I ever set up for myself, and you call him my new soldier-man.' * Oh ! ' said Vi. ' But did you know he knew Sir Richard?' ' Then those men are smoking downstairs still ! ' said I. And, Sarry dear, if you find this conversation inconsecutive, I can't help it -- I am only recording the words as they came. You see, Vi and I have conversed on these lines since childhood, and after all we are sisters. " ^ Well, Lossie dear, if he doesn't know Sir Richard what does he mean by saying to him, " So you're come to an anchor at last, Dick!"?' ' I don't remember his ever saying he didn't know him,' said I. ' And they all know each other, all this sort of people, and Christian-name each other -- I suppose they were at Etoii together. What tian-name each other -- I suppose they were at Etoii together. What did you mean by Oh " ? ' '"'Mean? Nothing. What should I mean?' And as I really could not think of anything she could have meant unless it was an allusion to Hermann when he came to me for consolation and found it not and was referred on to Sylvia Atkins, I don't know. So I let it drop as we had plenty to talk about. ^ Are you girls going to stop chattering and go to bed ? ' called out Papa an hour after from the library, where he writes ever so late. And then as Vi opened the door and floated away, I caught the sounds of a Baronet and a General and a Oricketer dispersing, JOSEPH VANCE and taking care to make no noise, on the floor below. You know what that sounds like? Then oblivion. And then I got up and wrote to Joe Vance at Balliol.'^ From same to same -- dated Poplar Villa, Aug. 22, 1859. Dearest Sarey : I am quite heart-broken ! Oh, why is it that there never can be any happiness at all for any one, without something to spoil it all? Why must there always be some gall at the thing to spoil it all? Why must there always be some gall at the bottom of the cup? I would have given worlds this should not have happened -- I almost think that if I had foreseen it I should have run away from Hugh (that^s the General) that day in the Rose Garden at Crofts and never gone near him again. I should like to be as miserable as I am afraid I have made some one else -but Pve told you nothing! I must try to get in order. Pll begin but Pve told you nothing! I must try to get in order. Pll begin at the beginning. ''I had such a nice cheerful letter from Joe in answer to mine telling him about the General, saying what fun it was, and fancy me engaged to be married ! The letter was full of all sorts of jokes, picturing me in my new character of married woman. He rallied the General on his courage, wondered whether he had any idea what a firm disciplinarian I was, how many cigars a day I should allow him, and would he be taken to church three times on Sunday, and so on. You never could have imagined to read such a letter that -well, now! I don't know how to finish the sentence -- I must just well, now! I don't know how to finish the sentence -- I must just go on with my story and you must guess ''I was beginning at breakfast to moot the point of when Joe Vance would come to London, and Nolly was disparaging hard reading, and pointing out its bad effect on mind and muscle, when Papa suddenly remembered that there was a skull at some place in Oxford he would like to see, in connection with gorillas' occiputs, and said if Hugh would undertake to keep me out of mischief he would run down and see the skull and Joe, and bring back word when he thought of coming to town. I told him Joe would come at once if I wrote for him, but there were such a lot of things to do I had left him to stand over for a week as I wanted to really see him when he did come. However, Papa seemed to prefer to go, and went away by the late train from Paddington. "The first glimmer I had of anything amiss was due to what was in itself a most reasonable action on Papa's part. Nothing could be plainer and simpler than that he should run down to Oxford to see this skull, as he was actually writing on the subject at ford to see this skull, as he was actually writing on the subject at the time. But he laid so much stress on the advisability of seeing JOSEPH VANCE it, when that advisability really went without saying, that his going set up a minute current of uneasiness in a corner of my mind, which, however, resolutely refused to acknowledge its existence. Nevertheless, it felt greatly relieved when Joe^s letter reached me on the second day after my Father's return, although it had not the candour to admit the greatness of the relief. The letter had one defect, however, in my eyes -- it did not say when Joe was coming to London. Perhaps this was only an accident. Joe was so sure to come soon that no doubt he thought unnecessary to fix any date. I thought it safe to forget about it and take his coming for granted. So when Hugh said to me, ' That's a queer boy, Beppino ! But when am I to see your other little brother ? ' I was rather glad to reply only to the first part of his speech, and neglect the last question. ' Of course Beppino is a singular child. Papa and I think it better to leave him alone. He doesn't understand above half of what he reads.' I said this because I knew Hugh had caught him reading some curious literature. ^ How do you know that ? It seems to me that he's not exactly a child, even in years. And he strikes me as being at least five years older in faculties. But when am I to see Joe Vance?' This time I was glad to answer the question, as it allowed me to pass over a consideration of another question which had often been a subject of serious and anxious discussion with Papa. ' I thought he would have been here by now. As he hasn't come, most likely next Saturday.' ^ Did he say anything in his letter ? ' ^ Well -- ^you saw his letter.' " ' Only Dr. Thorpe didn't speak as though he expected him to come up just yet.' ' As though he expected him to come up just yet ? ' I repeated the words with something of a sudden alarm. 'Why not? Is anything wrong?' "'Nothing whatever so far as I know. Joe's all right.' "'Oh dear, yes, Joe's all right -- why shouldn't he be? '.struck in Papa, coming in at this moment. ' Who said anything was the matter with Joe?' " ' Nobody said anything was the matter with Joe,' said I. 'But you and Hugh speak in such a reassuring manner you gave me quite a turn.' And you know, Sarry dear, it is very terrifying to be suddenly spoken to in a reassuring manner. 'Do say now, honour bright, that when you left him at Oxford Joe was ^ JOSEPH VANCE ''^Perfectly well? Of course he was really -- ^honour bright? And hell come up very shortly. No! he didn't name any day -but most likely Saturday or very shortly ' but most likely Saturday or very shortly ' " Saturday came and has gone -- and so, I think, has very shortly. Joe did not come up, or he would have been here on Sunday to a certainty. I was at the window every time I heard the gate swing to see if it wasn't Joe. But it never was. And on Monday afternoon came a letter from him. Here it is -- noon came a letter from him. Here it is -' My dear Lossie : I am afraid I cannot get up to London for ' My dear Lossie : I am afraid I cannot get up to London for a few days yet. I will do so as soon as I can, but I am so desperately behindhand with the programme I had sketched out for myself this long that I would rather (if I may) wait a few days before coming up. I wanted to have got through the Epinicia of Pindar before now, and really I am scarcely half-way. I am extremely well, and not ovemorking at all, and getting lots of sculling on the river. I will really come very soon. It doesn't matter, does it, my putting off a little? I feel as if I ought to apologize to General Desprez for not coming at once to be introduced to him, but you will know how to excuse me and say something nice for me, won't you ? ' Always affectionately yours, ''^JOE.' " Very little in that letter, you will say. But if you will believe me, when I came to ' I will really come very soon,' I knew the whole truth without another word. '^Hugh was with me when I got it, but did not know who it was from, as I crumpled the envelope. But I just heard him say, * Oh, my darling, what is it ? You've gone quite white,' and everything swam. Then when I came to, I just threw myself on his acre or so of chest, and cried as if my heart would break. " After I went to bed I listened for Vi to come home from seeing Kobson at the Haymarket and called to her. I threw her ing Kobson at the Haymarket and called to her. I threw her the letter which I had under the pillow, and said, ' Was that what you meant by "Oh," Vi?' And she read it and answered, 'Yes, dear, that was what I meant by " Oh." And what a simpleton you have been ! ' But she wasn't bad -- she's not bad in trouble, Vi isn't -- and she came and said what she could by way of consolation." solation." From same to same. Extract from letter of Aug. 30, 1859. JOSEPH VANCE . After turning it well over in my head I came to the conclusion that it would be better to send Hugh than to go myself. The critical difficulty ahead was really getting him and Joe self. The critical difficulty ahead was really getting him and Joe into comfortable relations, without which (I felt it necessary to explain) I should not only ^ jilt ' or ' chuck ' him, but should take Prussic Acid. He looked really terrified when he was told that I expected him to man the Life-boat and row out to the wreck. 'And then,' I added, 'when you get there you'll have to drive a coach and six through the citadel, and take it by a coup-de-main* " ' It's the worst affair I've been in yet,' said he. " ' What a silly old sweetheart I have provided myself with,' said I. ' Can't you see that what you've got to do is to walk into Joe's room and just tell him from me that you've come to fetch him.' " ' But it's such ticklish work,' he replied. ' Suppose the forlorn hope comes to grief, and I spill the apple-cart, how shall I dare to bring the coach and six back to port again ? ' However, I persuaded him to try, and he's gone down to Oxford to-day. He suaded him to try, and he's gone down to Oxford to-day. He insisted on having a letter to carry to Joe, so I wrote one for him. And now that I have shuffled off all the burden of embarrassment on to Hugh's shoulders, I am waiting with trepidation for the result. Whatever I shall do when they drive up to the door (as I am sult. Whatever I shall do when they drive up to the door (as I am convinced they will do -- for I don't believe in any one refusing Hugh anything), I don't know. If I'm too stiff and ladylike with Joe, the situation will freeze and we shall get stuck, and that won't do. And if I'm too sisterly that won't do either. It certainly is ticklish work. Stop I I know what I'll do -- I'll go to the station and meet them as they come out of the carriage. "Do you know, Sarry darling, I'm convinced I shall be of the greatest service to the General in his future campaigns. I'm sure I'm a born strategist I CHAPTER XXI HOW JOE AND HIS SELF LIVED IN GLOOM AT OXFORD AND WOULD NOl GO TO LONDON. HOW GENERAL DESPREZ CAME FOR THEM, AND JOE KEPT HIS SELF IN CHECK. HOW LOSSIE MET THEM ALL AT PADDINGTON. DINGTON. I GET accustomed to looking these letters in the face. A few weeks since when I began to read them (for I have held to a rule of taking the letters as the dates called for them) I should have flinched a great deal over some parts of the foregoing. I see now, all this length of time after, what a stupid letter my second one was. I suppose when the tension was new and I had all my natural reserve of strength at my back I was able to make believe, as my first letter was all right. But then at that time the whole of the punishment was falling on that second self, the young man of my metaphor, and I was cool and capable, and wrote his letters for him. A few days later he merged in me, and his washy identity diluted mine, palsied my judgment, and mad©️ me incapable of action. I really ought to have dragged him up to London at once, shown him to Lossie, and asked her to tell him not to be an ass. But he, poor fellow, was so sick with sleeplessness, and I had almost written so weak with loss of blood, that I gave way to his prayer to be allowed to turn himself round and think, and wrote another letter for him. He should have left me alone to do it. Perhaps it does not seem so stupid a letter to you as it does to me? I wish I had some of my old letters to Lossie here now. You would understand it easily enough then. I do not know if it would have made matters any better if I had written a less transparent excuse for not coming to London, or even if I had been courageous enough to go. I don't think I acted from any confessed fear that I should be unable to silence tliat other young man and keep him under. It was rather that I sought safety in solitude, and had above all things a terrible dread that I must hate the General. The old love of Lossie that began as she passed through the ray of sunshine from the pantry window at Poplar Villa, with a cargo of stewing pears and little Joey dow at Poplar Villa, with a cargo of stewing pears and little Joey JOSEPH VANCE (dragging at ter skirts, was still so much of a baby love that it shrank from the idea of hating anything beloved of Lossie, and did not dare to see itself revealed in its new form -- in fact, shrank from too close a definition of what that new form was. My impression is that had I had a good adviser at hand, my Mother for instance, qualified from a wider range of experience to poohpooh a grande passion for its victim's sake, pitying him all the pooh a grande passion for its victim's sake, pitying him all the while, I should have decided to go up to London in the course of the following week, and should probably have blundered into some modus vivendi. As it was I went on flinching, excruciating the position, and getting on very slowly, if at all, with the Epinicia. My cowardice might have set up a permanent gulf between me and Lossie. But that was not to happen yet (whatever came later) and that it did nbt do so then was entirely due to Lossless husband. I should have written to " General Desprez," but you must remember that I now look back at these early days through a period in which I knew him as her husband. When he died, and I need not refer now to the splendid story of his death -- everybody knows it -- I was able to be grateful that it was he and none other that Lossie had married. I have great difficulty in telling after many years exactly what occurred. After a serious attempt to rearrange my ideas, all I recollect is, that some days (I cannot say how many) after my letter to Lossie I was reading or trying to read in my college room, when a step came up the stairs to which I called out Come in" -- as I knew my outer door was open. Thinking it was some books I had ordered, I did not look up, but left my head (or shall I say that other young man's head), for it ached, on the hand that supported it, and merely said, ^'You can put them down." Then I heard a voice that was not a bookseller's nor a messenger's ask for me by name. I looked up and saw, to my thinking, the handsomest young middle-aged man I had ever set eyes on, and the very first thing that passed through my mind was that he was out of uniform. No doubt my subliminal consciousness had previously made a note of the fact that a soldier was in the neighbourhood. For other big men, Townrow of the 'Varsity Eight for instance, had come through that small door, making it look smaller, but no one ever thought about uniforms at all. I went on to a perception of a grave smile and pleasant voice and manner, a massive cheekbone showing the scar of a bad sabre cut which had also touched bone showing the scar of a bad sabre cut which had also touched the upper lip and left a hairless point in the moustache. One always remembers some very little thing more clearly than any^ JOSEPH VANCE thing else, and I now recall this scar as his hand stroking his moustache left it visible. It was a great hand with hair on the back, strong nails and square knuckles, but blue veins in a clear olive skin. My other young man shrank from taking this hand when it came out for his, for of course he knew who its owner was, but I saw the necessity for action and thrust him aside and took it myself. All I wanted to do was to avoid letting anybody know of his existence. " Hugh Desprez," said the soldier, answering an enquiry I had not made. May I come in ? " ''Of course -- ^please do ! No ! Do go on smoking -- I often have lots of fellows all smoking at once in here." "I came back through Oxford from some War Office business -I have a letter I was to give you from " He paused half a I have a letter I was to give you from " He paused half a second, almost as if he feared that the name he was about to utter would, spoken by him, grate on the other young man, of whose existence of course he knew nothing. When it came, it was spoken with great gentleness, almost apologetically: -" -- Fron^ Miss Thorpe." " -- Fron^ Miss Thorpe." " From Lossie ? " " From Lossie Thorpe," said he, and gave me the letter, which I opened at once. It ran thus : "My dear little Joe: I have been waiting from day to day expecting you, and still no Joe! Do, dear Boy, throw the books aside for a very little while and come up and see your big brotherin-law that is to be. You have no idea how badly I want a real in-law that is to be. You have no idea how badly I want a real brother to welcome him, for Nolly only regards him as the eleventh part of an eleven, and as for Beppino, his behaviour has been scandalous. He only glares suspiciously at Hugh and very seldom speaks, and you know he can talk fast enough when he chooses. So do come soon, dear, only to please your loving big sister, Lossie." " There^s a postscript on the other side," said my visitor, and so there was, to this effect: "I shall just tell Hugh to call for you on his way back through Oxford. He had better take this letter with him." What could I do? The task I saw before me was a clear one. liossie was quite unconscious of my state of mind -- why should she be otherwise? All I had to consider was whether I could keep that other young man under. Would he not become uncontrollable in his desolation, and break out? At the same time how could I oonceal his existence if I remained in Oxford to oblige him? No JOSEPH VANCE 191 --the only way of concealing anything of this sort is to behave exactly as you would have done if it had not existed. What time does your train go. General Desprez ? said I. This was what I should have said under other circumstances, so I said it now. '' You'll come back with me, then ? That's all right ! Oh, the train? There's one at one-thirty. We should have nice time for some lunch at the Hotel, and just catch it comfortably." " I'll be ready in a few minutes," said I. And as I passed into my bedroom to get ready, I saw in the dressing-glass against the wall a haggard reflection, a lad of twenty quite worn out with want of sleep, rough-headed, jaded, pallid. It was that other young man, not doing any justice in his appearance to the intrepid resolution just formed in the heart of his original, who contrasted him painfully with the reflection of the handsome face trasted him painfully with the reflection of the handsome face beyond, with no smile on it now, only a troubled gravity. I wonder whether he saw, in the youth his eyes were fixed on, something der whether he saw, in the youth his eyes were fixed on, something that brought memories of other battlefields. I was grateful to him for the way he helped me to ignore that other self, all the more grateful for the suspicion this glance at his reflection gave birth to that he was not altogether without a clue. The only other thing that favoured this idea was something that came into conversation during our journey up, when we had settled down towards the form of intercourse that was to be ours, and were chatting freely enough. I want to ask you," said he, " to forgive me for calling Miss Thorpe Lossie when I speak of her to you." Why on earth should you ? " said I. " Of course." "Well, you're very kind I But I don't know about the W course.' It might not always be felt so. It's taking your family name, you know -- what you've always called her before I came intruding in like this. You see, they have so completely made me think of you as one of the family." " It has been like that." " And I remember that when I was a young chap -- ^just got my ensigncy -- my dear sister got engaged to a fellow. And mind you, she was the dearest sister ever a boy had -- and Devil fly away with him if the very first time he saw me he didn't talk of her as Tucksey, which was our pet name for her. Oh! how I hated him ! " " Perhaps it was the way he did it ? " "If he hadn't assumed it as a right, I dare say I should only have wanted to kick him. As it was, I wanted to murder him," JOSEPH VANCE and the General's smile burst out all over his face as he added, I didn't want you to want that, you know, so I just asked leave." And did your sister go away ? " said I, for my desire to put the other yoimg man in the background was beginning to take the form of an artificial ignoring of his indifierence as to whether Lossie went away or stayed. His verdict that it couldn't matter to him where Lossie was, as he was to lose her so completely, was being set aside by me in favour of a possible conservation of some of Lossie (however little) in view of the perfect acceptability of General Desprez personally. For what Lossie said of the impossibility of refusing him anything was no mere fancy of a love- sibility of refusing him anything was no mere fancy of a lovesick girl, but a simple fact which presented itself more and more sick girl, but a simple fact which presented itself more and more clearly to me. Slight as our conversation was on this railway journey, and little as it would convey to a reader, his effect upon me in that short time was so strong, that when in answer to my question he said that his sister had died in the first year of her marriage, and then became thoughtful and silent, I began to feel annoyed with what possibly was an ungenerous feeling in the other young man, and to wish I was more entirely at liberty to feel sympathy about this sister of his. I asked what her husband's name had been. Towerstairs -- ^he was a cousin of this chap your Violet is going to marry. I haven't told Lossie anything about him. I shall have to. But he's not a pleasant subject -- ^very few people easier to hate on their merits. But you mustn't be anxious about Violet. Dick's not like him." '' How do you like Dick ? " don't dislike him, -- rather like him, in fact -- only he's not my sort. He's knocked about a good deal. But I think he's good-hearted. Don't be uneasy about Violet -- God bless my soul! Why, there's Lossie come to meet us on the platform!" So she had, and it was Paddington already. The other young man might wince, and did, but it was a stage on the way to possibility that I could stand there on the railway platform with Lossie's two dear hands in mine, and say to that other young man that her husband that was to be was, at any rate, not easy to hate on his merits. I think the bias in his favour was much the stronger owing to his frank and absolute acceptance of me as almost a member of the family. His speaking of "yo^r Violet" and referring to uneasiness about her fiance as natural to me in that position, pro- easiness about her fiance as natural to me in that position, produced its effect, and gave me substantial help in keeping the other duced its effect, and gave me substantial help in keeping the other goung man in the background. CHAPTER XXn losste's farewell injunctions to joe. his namesake is not a SOURCE OP satisfaction. A JOLLY WEDDING, AND THE CROAKING AFTER. DOSSIERS SEND-OFF. POOR JOE ! Having no means of knowing how far my mind is peculiar to myself, I cannot the least guess whether after Lossie's marriage and departure for India, where the General was on the staff, I felt as another boy of twenty would have felt under the circumstances. stances. Looking back now I am able to discern through it all a dominant feeling of unflinching love and loyalty to Lossie. This never nant feeling of unflinching love and loyalty to Lossie. This never faltered in the slightest degree. If I were writing a story about another youth, such as I conceive would be practicable for the World's stage, I should ascribe to him (at the outset at least) a tendency to resentment, to discovering some fault in Lossie, some bad faith, some neglect or omission of something -- God knows what! -- that would have put him on his guard against himself. What on earth the rigid moralist expects a poor girl to do under the like circumstances I have no idea. But I should accept the vernacular model for a stage lover if I were concocting one with a view to probability, or rather to my idea of what correct people think probable. As it is, I am constrained by the facts; and cam only record that Lossie remained to me then, as she remains to me now, one best thing that has been mine in this world. True, I have had but little of her! But what were my claims? -- my deserts? After all, was I not what those young monkeys at Penguin's christened me, a little blackguard out of the streets, whom guin's christened me, a little blackguard out of the streets, whom Lossie had picked up therefrom and been a sister to ? Why should receiving so much constitute a claim for so much more ? Or is it come to this -- that no girl shall ever be kind and sweet-hearted to a male baby outside her own family, because it is sure to grow and grow and grow, and in time become that monster, a Man, with all his confounded passions and so forth, which he will consider himself at liberty to yawn over and discard in due course ? JOSEPH VANCE Nor have I any idea whether my feeling towards General Desprez, of a kind of love for him under protest, was one that many in my position would have shared. But (and this was the odd part of it) I felt that it required his presence to keep it alive. Constant personal evidence of his acceptability was needed, to keep the querulousness of my secret self, the other young man of my Oxford fever, in abeyance. He was disconcerted while I was with the General, and retired into the background. As soon as the latter became a memory he began to reassert himself and try to convert me to his illiberal and jealous sentiments. He did not succeed because by the nature of things he was compelled to share my firm and unalterable loyalty to Lossie, which forbade dislike or mistrust of any object of her affection. Indeed, the nearest approach I had to any sympathy with him on this head was in my feeling glad that Lossie's husband would be such as to lighten the task of forgiveness. This, however, involved the corollary that the absence of Lossie's husband might make the maintenance of forgiveness less easy. I feel now a little ashamed of having given way at all to the other young man, but indeed the concession was of the slightest. I did not understand in those last days of intercourse with Lossie why she recurred so frequently to the question of my Oxford sie why she recurred so frequently to the question of my Oxford studies. Possibly it was that she knew me better than I knew myself. '' Dear, dear old Joe," she said to me once, you will remember, wonT you, how you have promised me to stick on for the degree? I don't want you to overwork, only not to let it slide because Pm gone." /. " I say, Lossie," said I, " I hope you're going to recollect that the celebrated Double-First that I am to get is only imagination." And I went on to point out that it was rather hard lines on a chap to tal^e for granted that he was going to get high Honours. " Of course, Joe, I know it's only been pretence about the ' Double-First. But it was very nice pretence while it was all such a long way off, so don't let's give it up altogether. You know you may get a Double-First for all you lecture away so gravely about a chap's responsibilities ! " " A pig may fly -- ^you know the rest." ''Stuff and nonsense, Joe! You're quite as likely as any other bird. Why are you taking a new tone all of a sudden? Suppose it was all pretence, why, let's go on pretending! Your big married sister in India will be the first to forgive you, dear boy, if ried sister in India will be the first to forgive you, dear boy, if you get no degree at all. But just think what she'll feel like when JOSEPH VANCE 195 fihe sees her other little brother's name high np in both lists. Yes, I'U ease you dovm a few places if you insist upon it." '' It wasn't India when we pretended, and my big sister wasn't going to be married," struck in the other young man of my inner consciousness, quite audibly to me, and I think not absolutely inaudibly to Lossie. However, to drown his intrusion I said, with a sudden beaming cheerfulness and confidence, that I daresayed I shouldn't make a bad show; and, anyhow, I was going to do my best. But I only put all this side on to silence his murmur -- and then I suspected myself of having overdone it. For there was grave doubt in Lossie's eyes for a few seconds, and then she suddenly changed the subject. denly changed the subject. ''I wish India was going to be half as easy in its mind about Beppino as about you, dear," she said. And as Beppino was a constant source of anxiety to me (but chiefly on her behalf) I didn't see my way to saying anything reassuring. So -- I suppose in order to say as little as possible -- I said, " He's rum ! " Then not to seem to dismiss him too briefly, I added, ^'You know, because we've talked it over so often, that I don't think anything of cause we've talked it over so often, that I don't think anything of Beppino seeming self-centred and reserved, because it will all go off when he gets older and develops." I know, dear Joe," said Lossie. " But all the same it would be rather nice if he were a little more " " Affectionate ? " ''Exactly. Of course I'm sure he's very fond of me and Vi, only one likes a little more demonstrativeness sometimes. Vi calls him a selfish little beast, and says he ought to have had his nonsense flogged out of him at school." " He would have been ten times worse -- at least, that's my belief." I said this because I knew Lossie had fits of repentance lief." I said this because I knew Lossie had fits of repentance about Joey never having been sent to a Public School, like me and Nolly. "But don't you fuss about him. Loss dear. He'll be all right as he grows older." " I know we are both saying we think so, Joe. But isn't it like what one says about the Channel boat when you feel a little unwell before she starts, and every one says it will be all right when you get into the open sea, and then when you do, it's brandy and basins. Still, Beppino may be better as he grows older -- who can tell? But I do certainly wish he would show some feeling somehow -- if he got in a rage with Hugh for taking me away, for instance ! He's so very philosophical about it." I said that when it came to going away, Beppino would be heartbroken at parting. " He must, you know," I added emphatJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE ically. How could he help it ? and that other young man felt a pleasure at the emphasis with which I spoke and tried to egg me on to say more. But I silenced him with an effort, and then had a misgiving that Lossie had seen the effort, for it appeared to me that she herself spoke with one. You and Papa,'' she said, laying her hand on mine, " must keep your spirits up, and remember that it won't be for ever. I shall come back in a year or so -- ber that it won't be for ever. I shall come back in a year or so -I)erhaps less. And you must write me plenty of letters, dear old I)erhaps less. And you must write me plenty of letters, dear old Joe; long ones, you know, so that I shall know all about everything that goes on at home -- just as if I was here! Don't get up thing that goes on at home -- just as if I was here! Don't get up and run away. It's only Hugh." And Lossie held my hand firmly, as if she was afraid I should come to no good if left alone. As soon as the General took my other hand she released it. I was rather glad he had come in, as I felt the other young man would keep out of sight and hearing now. The state of tension and mutual reserve between us, always accompanied with resolute denial of any need for either on my part (in so much as I of course affirmed to myself that Lossie was unaware of the earthquake she had occasioned in the terra firma of my inner-consciousness), existed more or less until the excruciating day of her wedding and departure. Her wedding, and her ciating day of her wedding and departure. Her wedding, and her sister's, for they were married on the same day. Is it worth the pain to rake up my memories of that day, in order to tell a very little about it in a narrative that no one will read? But truly I can remember very little, for I was not in a state to notice much or closely. Indeed, I can only record as certain that there was a monstrous aching sensation, whether headache or heartache I cannot say, somewhere in a throng of well-dressed people, and that as it could not have existed without a local habitation, it had been provided with me in that capacity and afflicted me accordingly. It was mean of it to gall me then, thwarting my efforts towards a robust and cheerful attitude of mind, which I felt would be sadly wanted for Dr. Thorpe's sake. He had said to me, "Well now, Joe, whatever happens I have made up my mind that there shall be a jolly wedding, and I'll do all my croaking after." And I had resolved to allow carte'blanche to this aching later on, if only it would leave me free for 'blanche to this aching later on, if only it would leave me free for these few hours. Very few external impressions reached me through it. One was that my Father became extremely merry with champagne, and that I heard (or was afraid that I should hear) some one saying something about a vulgar fat man who talked so loud -- I hope no one did. I doubt if I heard at the time that Vi's beauty and JOSEPH VANCE splendid get-up threw her sister quite into the shade. Probably it reached me after, but even the oppression on my mind could not close my eyes to the difference between the two bridegrooms. Shall I find, I wonder, in those unopened letters any allusion to the last sight I had of Lossie on this last day of her single life ? As I look back now what I recall is this. We -- that is to say, her father, two brothers, her aunt and myself -- ^had taken in the library a private farewell of the two brides, self -- ^had taken in the library a private farewell of the two brides, from which even the two bridegrooms were excluded. All had left the room except me. Aunt Izzy after a final effort to prevent Vi and her Bart from going to the Hotel Bristol in Paris, as a friend's cousin of hers knew a lady who caught smallpox there thirty years before. This had been a favourite reminiscence always of Aunt Izzy's, because the Hotel Bristol, although less healthy than the Morgue, was very haut-ton in those days. So she wasn't likely to forget it now. Nolly had gone, having really unbent and come down to our mortal level -- ^but then it wasn't the cricketing season ! Joey had followed his sisters, after recapitulating various orders he had given for things to be sent him from abroad during the wed- ding tour and subsequently from India, where General and Mrs. Desprez were going by Overland Route in the course of six weeks, will, my precious child," said Lossie as she went downstairs, indeed I will send you a beautiful figure of Buddha with a head and hands to waggle if I can find one." And then Dr. Thorpe had said, "Come along, Joe! You must come and see them go, you know," and I had answered, " I'm coming." And he, putting faith in that statement, went on in front. I was not so sure I would go, though! Could I not sneak off and lie perdu until the carriages rolled away and the darkness descended? But Lossie herself came running back and found me there. "Oh, Joe -- dear Joe -- dear old boy! DonH look so pale and heartbroken ! I shall come back to you. Indeed I shall." I could not say a word. And her father began calling from below, " Come, Loss, here's the General going away without you. Look alive ! " " All right. Papa, tell him to take Aunty instead." I had begun to try to say something. Heaven knows what, when Lossie, who had distinguished herself by not crying, and had thereby, as I afterwards heard, rather scandalized her sister, suddenly burst into a flood of tears, and throwing her arms round me denly burst into a flood of tears, and throwing her arms round me kissed me on both cheeks. " Dear, dear little Boy -- dear other little brother -- good-bye." JOSEPH VANCE My hand was on the library chair in which her father was sitting when he took me on his knee, a dozen years ago, to read the Euclid. The door that closed noiselessly behind her was the same door that she had come through then unheard, and I thought to myself how those same arms had come round my neck as I sat there, a small enquiring mind with all its life to come. If only I could have felt now as I felt then ! But I had become a man in the years between. I remained to her the child of the old time that was gone, and she could kiss me. But I could not kiss her back, though it might easily be we should never meet again. I did not see, or at any rate cannot recall, how she left the K>om. What 1 next remember is being alone there with Dr. Thorpe. CHAPTER XXm HOW CHRISTOPHER VANCE & OO.'s MR. MACFARREN GAVE NO SATJSFAO TION. AND HOW A SUBSTITUTE WAS FOUND FOR HIM. TO DR. THORPE FOR CONSOLATION. OF AN EMPTY WHISKEY-BOTTLE. I SUPPOSE now your Miss Lossie's gone a-soldierinV' said my Father to me one day in the spring of the following year, ''youll be able to give a little of your time to your poor old Daddy ^ " This was very unfair, but it was in my Father's peculiar style; and this style was so entirely accepted and understood by all parties from Seraphina Dowdeswell upwards, that this speech was not looked on by me as calling for refutation or comment. I accepted the implied accusation good-humouredly. Anything want doing. Dad ? " " No, Nipper dear, I don't know that there's anything particular, but if there was I'd go as far as three-and-six on this here young Allender not being able to do it ! " This referred to a young man of the name of Macfarren who had recently been engaged as a Secretary. Why he had been rechristened Allender was a problem to which Dr. Thorpe and I christened Allender was a problem to which Dr. Thorpe and I gave a good deal of attention, but entirely without success. My Father's own way of accounting for it was that he called him Allender because his name was Macfarren, and he contrived to imply that any person of sound mind, and not bribed or otherwise biassed, would naturally do the same thing. " Isn't he up to the mark ? " Yes," said my Father, in contradiction of his first indictment, '^he's up to the mark fast enough, for that matter! But he's never fine enough for his own likin's, and always tryin' to put a patch on what he's done afore. If he'd keep down to the mark instead of balloonin' up, he'd do better ! " It struck me that poor Macfarren was being found fault with for a very high quality, usually coveted in young employes. But I asked for an example, towards a better understanding of the case. Whereupon my Father informed me briefly that he had instructed his Secretary to acquaint the Local Authorities that they were at liberty to go to Hell, but that under no circumstances would ha JOSEPH VANCE comply #with an instruction received from their Surveyor. And this here young Allender, he writes a civil-like sort of letter, as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth " But, Dad, you know you didn't expect Macfarren to write exactly as you said " Perhaps not, dear Nipper. But I did expect him to tramslate (as the saying is) without losing all the taste of the spirit. Just you read his letter and see what he's washed it down to " And my Father turned over the thin pages of a copying book till he found the following letter, dated about a week since : " Gentlemen : Rat chett and FauVs Factory, New PecJcham Bye. '^With reference to your esteemed favour referring to Cupola at above factory we may take this opportunity of pointing out that you are in error in your supposition that we are in error in denying that the plans have been in any respect departed from, or that any infringement of the Building Act has been committed in the present construction. In conclusion we may say that we have no intention of suspending the work, as you suggest, and that we are quite prepared to defend our action in paying no attention to your instruction. Awaiting your early reply, " we are. Gentlemen, "Your obedient servants, Christopher Vance & Co. '^p. pr. E. M." I was unable to say a word in favour of Mr. Macfarren's style of prose composition. But it was not this that my Father thought defective. It was the omission of any rendering of his permission to the Board of Works to go further off than Purgatory. sion to the Board of Works to go further off than Purgatory. He knows all the c'rect expressions, and chucks 'em in," said his employer, but he don't work it out convincin' ! " And he certainly didn't. What was wrong with the Cupola ? " " Nothin' whatever ! But the Bricklayers refused to work on it * without a centerin', said it was dangerous and they all of 'em had families. So I altered the line of the Engineer's drawing -- ^just an inch or so -- and they was all satisfied and 'appy. But then the ' District Surveyor shoves his bottle nose in -- his name's Ditchfield (or Garstin, is it, I forget which!)-- and he says, ^ Stop off this here bricklayin',' says he -- 'you're making the hark of this here curve a good three inches less than shown on droring, and a JOSEPH VANCE hlgherin^ of it up, in course, if it's to work out the same narrowness stop' -- you understand all that, Joey hay? -- it's what they ness stop' -- you understand all that, Joey hay? -- it's what they call marthamarticks at your shop ? I understood it perfectly. Intelligibility to the Reader is not of the esseiice of the contract between us, at least until I have some assurance of his existence. So possibly he may not understand about the Cupola as clearly as I did. Never mind! stand about the Cupola as clearly as I did. Never mind! And there it was, you see," my Father continued. " Two bricklayers and three labourers eatin' their thumbs off for half-aday, and nobody to tell 'em to tell the Surveyor to 'ang himself; day, and nobody to tell 'em to tell the Surveyor to 'ang himself; because I was away, and George (that's the foreman on the job) he's a narvous customer and timorous like. So when I came back to the Works here, there was George had been waitin' an hour, after drivin' his pony like mad, and then next mornin^ comes a letter from the Surveyor's Orfice, and I told young Allender what he'd got to write, and you see what sort of a job he turns out. -- J. do hate mincin', and always did." If he had followed your dictation exactly it certainly would have read better. But he evidently thinks that it doesn't much matter what there is in a letter if you begin with a catch-word." ''What's that? -- oh, ah, I know! When you write across the top, arter dear Sir! But why ever couldn't the young beggar write Hell, with a line underneath it, and then go on -- ' Kef errin' to the above, etcetrer, etcetrer'? -- ^You may laugh, Joey, but it would have had a sort of forcibleness. Now in this here young Allender's letter, I don't see where the forcibleness comes in." " No more do I ! You had better get a man who knows how to write a better letter than that. Why, he's a fool! Look how he finishes up with ' awaiting your reply ' as if his letter was an enquiry ! " "Well now, Nipper dear, I thought that the best part of the letter -- it looks so well ! " "You must consider what a letter is meant to say. Dad. -- ^Lots of things look well in themselves, but it doesn't do to put them in other things' places." "Right you are, Joey, sure enough! -- See what a lot one lams at a 'Varsity! But this here young Allender's expressions are so conwincin' when by themselves, that there's nothing you can lay hold of to sack him by. He argue-bargues with you like a winkle that won't come out of his shell." Nevertheless, my Father, feeling himself fortified by his counsel with me, and having as it were the University of Oxford at his back, did lay hold of something to sack Mr. Macfarren by, and JOSEPH VANCE sacked him. And the young man, feeling himself injured, appealed against the judgment to me -- " I am confident, Mr. Joseph,'^ pealed against the judgment to me -- " I am confident, Mr. Joseph,'^ said he, " that could you become fully acquainted with my usual standard of correspondence that none would be more ready than yourself to admit that the letter in question was far from equal. I feel certain. Sir, that your well-known justice and impartiality I may rely on to make due allowance for a certain amount of natural disturbance amounting to upset, and due to circumstances to which I will not further refer, and I trust you will not stances to which I will not further refer, and I trust you will not press for." Considering this as an invitation to do so, and also because my curiosity was aroused, I forthwith pressed for the circumstances -- # and the pressure was responded to with alacrity. '^However reluctant I may be," said Mr. Macfarren, for whom I was beginning to anticipate a seat in Parliament, " to refer further to the circumstances I have referred to as undesirable for further reference, I feel that I should do less than justice to myself were I to shrink from communicating to you that on more self were I to shrink from communicating to you that on more than one occasion recently Mr. Vance has expressed himself with a warmth which -- and no one can be less ready than myself to impute blame. And perhaps I should hesitate to ascribe to stimulants a momentary aberration possibly due to other causes, but can refer for confirmation to Miss Dowdeswell " I cut Mr. Macfarren short, as the idea of holding a courtmartial on my Father for drunkenness, with this chap and Sera- martial on my Father for drunkenness, with this chap and Seraphina for witnesses, didn't at all recommend itself to me. But I phina for witnesses, didn't at all recommend itself to me. But I asked Pheener whether it was true that my Father had been drunk and violent and frightened the Secretary so that he couldn't write his letters, and Pheener, though she flushed with indignation against my informant, whom she described as a '^circumstantial young upstart," nevertheless admitted the truth of (I presume) his circumstances by saying, "It was only that once, after all." Pheener was a good girl, and very fond of her master, whom she would have backed up in any amount of drunkenness if the question had been under public discussion, however much she dis- tion had been under public discussion, however much she disapproved of it in private. But was it only that once, after approved of it in private. But was it only that once, after all? A new Secretary, or confidential Clerk, was soon found. An advertisement evoked one hundred and twenty-odd replies. Among others, I remember one from Penzance requiring information about exact salary, probable increase of salary, whether tion about exact salary, probable increase of salary, whether Advertiser was married, single, or a widower, what was his religious denomination, and so on, ending up with an enquiry JOSEPH VANCE whether a cat was kept, as the writer could not bear to be in a room where a cat had been. Another was prepared to concede an interview if the Advertiser was Convinced of Sin, and would write to that effect. Another was an absolute master of Short-hand, and spoke seven languages, but was starting for Shanghai in three weeks -- would be glad though of a stop-gap during that period! Luckily more than a hundred were about as practicable as the foregoing, so less than twenty remained to be dealt with. My Father suggested making a bunch of them and getting Pheener to draw one, which was done; it turned out to be from Robinson in the Old Kent Road, and no sooner was he open to view than my Father repented, and said he had hoped it would be Pattleborough, who was twenty-seven and lived at Highgate. " But, Dad dear," said I, " if you really saw one you had a fancy for, why put him in a bundle and then fish for him? LePs find him now and see what he's like." We identified the answer my Father meant, but not by hia recollection of it, which was fallacious. The name was Hickman, of 27 Loughborough Road. And Hickman was written to and gave satisfactory references to a fish-salesman and a dentist, and was installed as confidential scribe after verification. I remember how serious Dr. Thorpe looked over my narrative of this incident. "Pm afraid," said he, "we shall all go to rack and ruin now Lossie's gone. Shall you write this out to her ? " " I have written," I replied. " And I begged her to write straight to him herself, not saying that I had told her anything, but only that it was evident I was uneasy. Just as she did that time after Mother died." " It may do good, but it will be three months before he can get her letter, and it's a long time. I will try to speak to him myself if you like, but I don't feel that much good will come of it." " No more do I, Doctor, to say the truth. Of course you know, I do speak to him in a certain sense, and while I'm here it will act as a check, but it's not like Lossie." We were sitting in the half -dark of a fire-lighted room at Poplar Villa. The others had gone to bed, and I had put the moderator lamp outside to finish smoking after running down and being blown out. We sat silent as the fire flickered, and each was thinking that nothing was like Lossie. Each was a bit afraid to talk ing that nothing was like Lossie. Each was a bit afraid to talk much to the other about her. So I held on to silence, and when the Doctor spoke again he harked back on the conversation. " And what a clever man your Father would have been, if he had only had education! Fancy his knowing that a dome could be JOSEPH VANCE safely built without a centering! And standing out against the opinion of the bricklayers ! " "Yes -- for a man who says he knows nothing about building, and never did, that's not bad ! " " But I suppose his draughtsman in the Office there backed him up -- ^he wasn't alone ? " "Yes, he was -- says they were all against him to a man. And the bricklayers refused at first to go on with it, till he altered it, and then the Surveyor cut up, rough -- said he knew it would be safer, but it was an alteration." "And has your Father satisfied the requirements of the Building Act ? " " He's satisfied the Surveyor." And those who remember Prae-County-Council history in matters of London building will appreciate Dr. Thorpe's delicacy in pursuing this conversation no further. Instead of doing so he prepared to retire to his library, to do a little peaceful writing before going to bed, and I said goodnight and walked away home. night and walked away home. I had noticed the contents of the whiskey-bottle at lunch, and knew my father had taken only a very moderate allowance, before I started to walk over to Poplar Villa. I had dined there, and he had had some dinner alone, as he was expecting some one on business later. When I arrived, I found him in the large leather ness later. When I arrived, I found him in the large leather chair in the Snuggery, sound asleep and snoring heavily. The whiskey-bottle was empty on the table beside him, and I looked round hoping to see more empty glasses than one, indicating that he had been helped through quite two-thirds of the bottle. But I could see none. And in the morning I noticed that my Father was ill-tempered. CHAPTER XXIV joe's duplex gear discomforts him. justice to PINDAR. HOW JOB WENT TO LYNMOUTH WITH A READING PARTY, AND INVITED MASTER JOSEPH THORPE. THE LATTER GOES UNDER A SEA-ROCK. JOE AFTER HIM. HOW A LIFE WAS SAVED FOR ONE WHO COULD NOT USB IT FOR GOOD. When I returned seriously to reading, the first thing I did was to put the Epinicia on the shelf and go to other work. The associations of Pindar had become painful. It would have been wiser as an act of discipline to go through them at whatever cost, I put them aside to finish later in the year, and in the meanwhile, deserving, as I thought, a little real restful luxury, devoted myself to Differential and Integral Calculus. By alternating these Scientific Recreations with the Spherical Engine and its Reciprocating Movement, I contrived to wile away a good deal of time, cating Movement, I contrived to wile away a good deal of time, and to make my life endurable enough. As I have already had the originality to remark. Youth and Hope will reassert their rights even after the severest shocks. Of course I remained all right -- almost boastfully so! It was the other young man, who being as it were me against my will, would make me get up off the bed where he was passing a sleepless night, to pace monotonously about over the head of a Duke's nephew underneath, who onously about over the head of a Duke's nephew underneath, who complained to the Master, and procured for me an admonition, and for himself an apology. It was the other young man who in consequence went for long walks at night; who distracted my attention in the day from whatever I was engaged on to remind me of old days at Poplar Villa; who refused to eat the food that I provided for him; who was constantly demanding the solace of a pipe, which I was compelled to smoke on his behalf. It was cruel of him, for I had also my own anxieties to attend to, about which he did not trouble in the least. He said more than once that if my Father chose to drink too much whiskey it really was his own lookout, and he couldn't bother himself about it. There was only one thing about which he and I were agreed, and that was the pipe. His retrospects about Poplar Villa and the old unforgotten time became more forgiving and peaceful, and I grew more sanguine JOSEPH VANCE of good effects from Lossless letter from India when it should come, as he and I watched the smoke-rings travel across the room, and hang in the air and slowly vanish. Still he became so troublesome whenever I went back to the Classics I had been reading at the time of Lossie's engagement, that in order to do them justice I felt a change of scene was necessary. So when an intimate College friend suggested that I should sary. So when an intimate College friend suggested that I should accompany him and four other fellows and a Tutor to Lynmouth in Devonshire on a reading party I accepted the invitation gratefully. His name was Featherstonehaugh, but he was called fully. His name was Featherstonehaugh, but he was called Guppy for short, by his friends. -- I remember once at a place where we were playing at finding out words with ivory alphabets, I chose all the letters of Featherstonehaugh and mixed them up, and though I declared that it was a fairly well-known Scotch name, all efforts to guess it failed, and I scored accordingly. If a man could be half-a-dozen people at once and wanted to enjoy himself thoroughly, I should recommend him to be a reading party in a fine Autumn at a seaside place in Devon. I leave ing party in a fine Autumn at a seaside place in Devon. I leave other people to advocate other localities, and adhere as in dutybound to the one I got so much satisfaction from myself. It is bound to the one I got so much satisfaction from myself. It is very desirable that all danger from overwork should be avoided among young men who have only lately done growing, and the climate of Devon is a most favourable one in this respect. For if the reading-party goes out for a swim in the early morning, dressed in the most extravagantly coloured flannel shirts it can buy, and after stopping in the water too long, throws stones for quite half-an-hour at a sea-gull, who takes no notice, and then goes home to a breakfast of fish and eggs and bacon and even kidneys, and tea and coffee and marmalade and rolls and potted meat and no shrimps this morning -- this reading party, I say, by the time it has lighted its pipes and settled down to work on the beach or under the trees at Water smeet or elsewhere, will be sure to drop asleep contrary to its usual practice and to wake up and remark that it says that this will never do, it has been asleep ever so long. This is entirely due to the climate. In Scotland it is otherwise. The mountain air is so stimulating that you very soon read yourself into a brain-fever. At least so I was assured by authorities -- - self into a brain-fever. At least so I was assured by authorities -- I have never read there myself. I have never read there myself. I really believe I was the only conscientious book-worm of all that happy party. I am sure I was the only one under a cloud, or else all the others made believe very successfully. It is quite true that one of them, named Thornberry, told me that a cankerworm was gnawing at his vitals, but nobody could have guessed it. worm was gnawing at his vitals, but nobody could have guessed it. JOSEPH VANCE as he was one of the merriest of the lot, and his digestion was to all appearance perfect. The entozoid he mentioned had been placed in his system by a young lady named Emily whom he had sate on the stairs with at two dances, and once met in Hyde Park. I did not reciprocate his confidence. Even my other young man didn't want me to do this. Our Tutor had been selected with a view to non-interferenoe, and was so often required to wink at omissions that at last, at some particular wink, his eye remained shut. He had so recently graduated that the iron of the degree had not had time to enter into his soul, and he was as a new Pope intoxicated with the security of his position and flinging indulgences about without consideration for the stock. He might also be likened to the Kaffir lately inducted into the trousers of civilisation, who cannot be relied on not to pull them off suddenly and backslide into Pleathenism. He had proved a blessing to the men who coached him, Europe having come to the conclusion that the coaches who could pass J. Hall Shaw could pass anybody. And sent her sons to them to be passed accordingly. After we had been enjoying ourselves for about a week, it occurred to me that it might be well if J oey Thorpe were to pay me curred to me that it might be well if J oey Thorpe were to pay me a visit. It would give him an opportunity of enlarging his ideas, which I always supposed w'ere cramped by narrow-minded tutors, and of getting his first introduction to University life in an indirect way. For his Father's intention was that Joey should direct way. For his Father's intention was that Joey should sooner or later go to Oxford or Cambridge, according as the bias of his mind was towards Classics or Mathematics. Joey came, and I had a good opportunity of finding what the boy was really like. Of course I may be said to have had ample opportunities before, as I had known him from babyhood. But while Lossie was to the fore, I lived under a spell which forbade my seeing Joey otherwise than as she wished him to be seen. I was continually disguising him in my own mind to help her to disguise him in hers. And each of us helped the other to indulge a false view of Master Joseph, who really was, to put him plainly, one of the most selfish little beggars I ever came across. When I write of him now with some impatience, please note that it is provoked by my recollection of him at this time, and has nothing to do with his subsequent misdeeds. It was rather disgusting to me, a week after introducing him into our septemvirate as Dr. Thorpe's youngest son (the Docto^ being, of course, well known by fame), to find that he had been already christened Hhe Cub." I knew my friends were as liberal JOSEPH VANCE and generous-hearted as any average lot of University boys anywhere, and I knew also that I was popular among them. So I where, and I knew also that I was popular among them. So I felt this discovery, on Lossless account. How could I write to her in India of Joey's visit, and either conceal from her or tell her he had earned this disgraceful sobriquet? Of course I was not intended to hear it; and, equally of course, I did hear it. Then regret ensued. say, Pindar," said Featherstonehaugh, using my nickname at the time. For we had a profusion of nicknames, varying according to the particular study of the moment. Just now I was cording to the particular study of the moment. Just now I was on my Isthmian Odes again, nearing the end. '' What's the rumpus. Guppy ? " We're sorry, old chap." "What for?" '^For calling little Thorpe the Cub, and you hearing it. We didn't go to do it, old chap ! " ^'What an old Ass you are then. Gup! Of course if you lie on your back in the sea, and shout out things to friends on the top of a cliff, everybody is sure to hear what you say." " Sure to 1 " said Guppy, pulling thoughtfully at a cigar. " Sure to! But we didn't want you to, all the same." However, Joey had got his nickname, and it stuck to him. It's not so easy to undo a thing of this sort! -- So when a few days after this we were all plunging off the rocks, and Joey suddenly disappeared and didn't come up again, the cry that called my attention was, The Cub's gone under ! the Cub's gone under ! " tention was, The Cub's gone under ! the Cub's gone under ! " I was across the rock starting to swim out into the outer wash of the sea; and as I heard the cry, struck back and was landed on the rock as the incoming wave rose. Within and in the shelter of the rock lay our boat; and from the heaving green mass that surged and sank as the rock-basin filled and emptied rose the heads of three who had dived for him at once -- Featherstonehaugh, Thornberry, and Carvalho, the last a young man in whose face one saw an Arab or Negro ancestry written plainly. He shouted as he rose : He's under the rock ! It's a cave -- it's a cave," and instantly dived again. He was a splendid diver, and the surface stantly dived again. He was a splendid diver, and the surface smoothed over him, and I knew he was seeking about in the still green water below. " For God's sake, you two," I shouted, don't dive. Get to the boat." And then somehow we three were all in the boat, and I was fastening a longish rope we had with us round my waist. " Keep hold the end," I cried, and pay out clear ! " And JOSEPH VANCE down I went straight towards the rock and under the hollow of it, for the evidence of which I only had conjecture and the word of Carvalho. Had it not been as described I should have been stunned probably. -- ^As it was I felt him slip by me, rising winded from his immersion. Down I went, and turning over saw above me -- almost still -- the floating body of Beppino. It was a case for a great effort, and I made it. I got him down, got him under the rock ledge, gave him a push for the open and then felt a convulsion as the water choked me. I was just aware of the rope vulsion as the water choked me. I was just aware of the rope drag as they pulled me out. Then I became insensible and knew nothing till I found myself coming to in great misery on a bed with my friends about me. It is said by many of those rescued in this way that drowning is not a painful death. But few of them have a word in favour of resuscitation. When you went under," said Guppy to me afterwards, Tripey " (which was one of Thornberry's nicknames) was taken funky and wanted to haul you out. But I told him not to be an Idiot. Then we saw the Cub's carcass under water and Blackey fetched him out, while Tripey and I got you into the boat. The way you kept slipping was enough to put one past, as Nibs at Balliol used to say. There was no keeping hold! However, we got both your corpses on board and rowed straight for the Coastguard Station, where they put hot things to your feet and waggled guard Station, where they put hot things to your feet and waggled your arms about. The Cub came to first, and what do you think was the first thing he said ? " At this point Eeatherstonehaugh became convulsed with laughter. Cut on. Guppy ! Don't go on giggling like that." '^I couldn't help smiling. Well, the very first thing the young beggar said was -- ^you won't believe it 1 " " Do cut on, Gup ! " ' Why -- didn't -- you -- pull -- me -- out ? ' Those were his very words. And he makes a grievance of it now. Why, you heard him at dinner yesterday ! " And indeed it was true that Beppino had confessed to a belief that we all sat on the beach and smoked for aii hour or so while he was drowning. "No doubt he really thought so," said 1. "Illusion -- hallucination -- delassement of the senses -- all that sort of lusion -- hallucination -- delassement of the senses -- all that sort of thing." " You and your delassmongs" said Guppy, with an accent showing his scorn of French language and literature. " Why didn't ing his scorn of French language and literature. " Why didn't you have hallucinations? You were clear enough when you came to." JOSEPH VANCE But what did I say ? " "What did you say?-- 'Is the child safe?' I think it was-or something of that sort." or something of that sort." Then I remembered that as I caught sight of the slim form of the Cub afloat above me I thought to myself that it was actually the chubby voluble baby of ten years ago. And that if I failed to save him I could never look Lossie in the face again ! I wonder whether if Betsy Austin (who is dusting at this moment) could be told the above story, would she find it possible to ment) could be told the above story, would she find it possible to believe that the elderly studious quill-driving first-floor whom she despises, or afiects to despise, for his effeminacy and cowardly shrinking from draughts; his fussiness, or tendency to take exception to raw mutton chops and under-boiled potatoes; and chief est tion to raw mutton chops and under-boiled potatoes; and chief est of all his puerile attachment to the silly game of chess -- could Betsy Austin believe that he once shot into those ripples on that errand, never knowing the way would be clear? Betsy has never seen the sea, and does not wish to, having a low opinion of it; but that rock-ledge could be explained to her, and the grizzly doubt whether it went down straight or turned in cave-wise would suggest itself even to Betsy. However, I will not interrupt the dust- gest itself even to Betsy. However, I will not interrupt the dusting to get her views. Her standard of dusting is as low as ing to get her views. Her standard of dusting is as low as Wordsworth's standard of drunkenness; and if she gives a divided attention it will be worse still. But you, perhaps, will believe me when I say that even now I can almost hear the water in my ears of thirty-five years ago. And again I dive down, down, down, and then turn over and see my quarry above me, and it gives the slightest jerk as I seize it, and then is still. And then I use my last force to save it, and all is darkness. I have seen that rock since, for I found it when I visited Lynmouth a year ago. It was unchanged after three decades, and mouth a year ago. It was unchanged after three decades, and seemed quite content that the ocean wash should still lisp and ripple against it as it did then. There was a merry party of boys bathing from it; and one of them, to whom I tallied about the dangers of this coast, told me how the old coastguard, up at the flagstaff over there, had told him a story of how a boy had got under this very rock, and a chap had jumped in and got him out. But he added that it was an orfully long time ago, and seemed to think this a very extenuating circumstance. CHAPTER XXV HOW JOE WOULD HAVE TAKEN A BETTER DEGREE BUT FOR CHESS. HOW HE PATENTED HIS SPHERICAL ENGINE. HIS DIFFICULTIES WITH THE BRITISH ENGINEER. OF PIOW HE IS CHEATED AND HIS FATHER COMES TO THE RESCUE. I WROTE the last chapter for the sake of the bathing incident, and without any intention of showing that my application to reading was lessened at this date. But when I re-read it myself I see between the lines that this was the case, and that Lossie's misgivings were not without foundation. I did not become idle. But a powerful unconscious stimulus was removed -- a stimulus that I myself had never realized or understood. When a runner resolves to do his best in the race, the impulse of his first resolution lasts him to the end. His effort is automatic, and its uniformity will not be interrupted. A course of matic, and its uniformity will not be interrupted. A course of study to end in Academical honours is quite another thing; and effort may either he intensified by the introduction of a new motive, or chilled by the removal of an old one. Concurrent circumstance has its say in the matter. This is prosy, but true. cumstance has its say in the matter. This is prosy, but true. When I first became the proud possessor of my New Exercise Books at Penguin^s I registered a vow of strenuous effort for Miss Lossie^s sake, and the vow remained a fundamental part of my existence, without need of re-registration as long as its cause formed part of my existence too. But the cause had been tampered with, and though it still remained, its nature had been pered with, and though it still remained, its nature had been altered in some sense I had never regarded as possible, never having investigated its possibilities of change. I was not unlike the ing investigated its possibilities of change. I was not unlike the tree that blooms to the full until one day its tap-roots strike a new stratum. I was a seedling that, knowing no nourishment but one, did not even know it was nourishment until it was withdrawn. drawn. I did not become idle. That was not in the nature of the animal. But I found out that my desire for distinction was a very shadowy one when left to itself; and although it was still actuated by Lossie from afar, it was not the same thing as having her close at hand. I began to neglect studies that I only cared 23J. JOSEPH VANCE for as a means to an end -- the end being Honours. I might parody Crabbe and say that gradual each day I loved my Classics less, my Physics more; and I might even finish as in the original, that I learned to play at Chess. I did, and I really think Chess had as much to do as anything with the lowness of the place I took in Honours. It was a respectable place, but no more. So I shan't tell you what it was. You must look in the lists for '62. Poor Lossie! She was sadly cut up about it, blaming herself and exculpating me. I have her letter still in which she says that she was sure it would all have been different if things had only gone on just as they were two years ago. The change was all her selfishness. But then," she adds, what would have become of Hugh if I had not married him?" My other self, who was scotched but not killed, said unfeelingly that that was no concern of his. There was a second letter in her envelope, from the General, and when I read it to him it made that young man feel eral, and when I read it to him it made that young man feel horribly ashamed of himself : " Lossie tells me," he wrote, that I ought to condole with you for getting down on the list as low as a place which I should have been only too proud to see a real brother of mine -- get up to. So don't expect any commiseration at this shop ! I've been trying to cheer her up about it, by telling her my real opinions about competitive examinations of all sorts. I hate them myself as much as I hate War. But one has to face .both. What would become of Army Contractors without War, and Coaches without examinations ? " However, I was perfectly conscious that I could have scored much better if I had let the Spherical Engine alone, and discarded chess-boards altogether, instead of merely when playing carded chess-boards altogether, instead of merely when playing Chess. One shouldn't play without a board when one has an Exam, next day, unless it's in Divinity or something of that sort. I was aware that I had not done myself justice, and my vanity got some consolation. But I was destined to humiliation, for, coming up to London after the fight was over, I sauntered into Simpson's chess-rooms and lost game after game against professional hands at the rate of two-and-sixpence each. Indeed, I only succeeded in drawing once, and then I suspect it was because my opponent took too much brandy and soda. This opponent, however, told me a story that acted as a wholesome warning. I happened to speak of the University and my recent degree, and he remarked with a sigh that there had been a time when he too was a promising young man, at Cambridge, for whom his backers predicted a high Wranglership. But I failed," said he, << and all because of this JOSEPH VANCE confounded game! I got involved in it, and couldn^t get free. I might have been a useful member of Society -- an actuary or an average-stater or something of that sort, and here I am, a professional Chess-player, with nothing to boast of better than that sional Chess-player, with nothing to boast of better than that Steinitz cannot give me a Knight ! " I laid the warning to heart, and said check to all my chessmen. But I was not minded to say good-bye to the Spherical Engine. Have you never when in trouble felt a relief in some form of employment that precludes thought on any other? Mechanics do this, just as much as Collecting, or Cricket, or Fishing. My reciprocating movement was an absorbing delight, and all that seemed to be wanting for perfect happiness was to see it reciprocate. The more effectively an Engine reciprocates in the brain cate. The more effectively an Engine reciprocates in the brain of its inventor, the more irritated that inventor becomes at not seeing it externalized and fulfilling its destiny. As my Father was always ready to supply me with money, and as I had no scruple in asking him for it as an Endowment of Besearch, I devoted myself to development and construction. I alleged for the deception of all concerned, myself included, that I only did this while I was looking round and making choice of a profession. As I never took my eyes off cams and levers and journals and condensers and so forth except at meal-times or in bed, the fields I explored in this search were not extensive. But I must have been persuaded that it was genuine, for when I registered my first Provisional at the Patent Office I flattered myself that by the time it became necessary to complete the Patent, the Engine would be reciprocating and developing cumulative energy (I think that was what it was to do) and the profession would be chosen, and all honest demands and aspirations satisfied. How innocent I was of any suspicion of my own ignorance! I have since learned much of the difficulties in the path of the Inventor. I am afraid I fancied construction would be as easy as Patenting. However, sufficient for the day was the evil thereof ; and having registered this Provisional Specification, I had nine whole months before me in which to construct a Spherical Engine, and to look about me for a profession. As I have hinted above, I thought I was going to have an easy time, and I hadn't. You can lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. The first Practical Men I applied to, on stepping out of the region of drawing and mere theory, were deeply imbued with the spirit of my old friend Porky Owls, and bristled with stubborn resistance to the reception of new ideas, or any ideas. As they were all exactly alike, one example will do for the lot. Messrs. JOSEPH VANCE Ratchett & Paul, for whom my Father had built their great Iron Foundry and Engineer's Shops, had examined my drawings and pronounced them very ingenious and practicable (they were owing C. Vance & Co. a large balance), but excused themselves from undertaking them as not quite in their line. They introduced me to McGaskin & Flack, who were special in the construc- duced me to McGaskin & Flack, who were special in the construction of models, and would give an overpowering amount of con- tion of models, and would give an overpowering amount of concentrated attention to this one. centrated attention to this one. 'Tf you'll take the advice of a practical man, Mr. Vance, ye'll give up the idea," said Mr. McGaskin, after glancing slightly at the drawings. ''I daresay the whole thing's impracticable for some technical reason I in my ignorance know nothing about," said L '^But <;ouldn't you indicate the nature of it that I might be able correct it." rect it." wadna tak' upon mysel' to eendicate the nature of anything, wi'out a verra close exameenation." It would have been rude to say, Then why the Devil don't you make one?" So I said instead that I would leave the drawings and return when Mr. McGaskin had had more time to examine them. I couldna condescend on any parteecular defect," was that gentleman's remark when I returned a week after. " But if ye'll tak' my advice ye'll give up the idea." I won't take your advice, Mr. McGaskin. And if I take the drawings away I shall only go to some one else -- so you may as well accept the job." '^A wilful chiel maun hae his wull," said he. But he rang a bell, which procured a boy who undertook to tell Callaghan to send Bring. When Pring came he stood at bay at once. ''You'll never make that work," said he. He really can hardly be said to have looked at the drawings. " Aweel, Preeng, this gentleman's a graiduate o' the TJnivairsitee of Oxford, and ye'll try to give him every satisfaction. Ye'll no be takkin' any responsibeelitee, ye ken ! " " I'll do my best, Sir. But it won't work ! " Bring had a conviction that the really essential point was that he should be satisfied of the final success of the Engine. Also he wished everything to act the other way round, to add a sixteenth to the diameters of most things, and substitute steel for iron, iron for steel, gun-metal for brass, and anti-friction metal for gun-metal. He declined to put faith in calculation, and went so JOSEPH VANCE far as to say that figures were misleading, and that if Tredgold (for instance) had been a practical man, he would have held the same opinion. I soon found that he meant, by a practical man, a man who was ignorant of the same theoretical points as himself. If Porky Owls had been there too, I should have been crushed under their united weights. Against Pring alone I stood firm. Indeed, Pring was at best only a weak-kneed example of a Porky, as he endeavoured to justify his ipse dixit by argument, which Porky never did. Perhaps he himself would not have done so had he taken less beer. When I referred points in dispute to Mr. McGaskin, he said that "aiblins Preeng was a fule after all ! " But in his heart he evidently thought that it was my Unpractical character. However, I was paying the piper, and the pipePs account ought to have contained such items as To turning up three feet of best shafting three-sixteenths too small and polishing same according^ to nobody's instructions. Time and Materials so much," or " To providing gun-metal bearings and drilling out wrong. Providing bushes for same, to correct diam. Time and Materials so much," or To arguing with you during partial intoxication. Foreman's time at 2/ per hour so much." The last item should have been a heavy one. However, I myself raised no objection to McGaskin & Flack's charges, being deeply absorbed in the joys of construction; and the months slipped by rapidly, and would have become years, if an exorbitant statement had not attracted my Father's attention and given rise to an incident which gave me more insight into his success than I had ever had before. For his curiosity having been excited by the copious totals, he smoked reflectively for a long time over one, and then threw it across his table to Hickman, the clerk or secretary I had assisted in establishing, and who had proved a most efficient help for two years past. ^^You run your eye through that, James," said my Father; "I don't understand this sort o' thing myself." I did not catch what the reply was, as I was at the other end of the room, but it was something my Father said he thought so " to. As we sat at dinner that night -- for I continued to live with him, and indeed spent most of my evenings at home -- ^he remarked that he should be driving the two grey prads round by my Engineerin' works and he would call in and see Mr. Baxter. neerin' works and he would call in and see Mr. Baxter. I know him'' said he -- " he's that pink sort of a carackter with no eyelashes -- what's the name of those little beggars that come out o' rat-catchers' pockets and go sniffin' round?" I said ferJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE rets. " Well, this here Baxter's like them. Ever seen the daughter?" No, I hadn't. ''Well, just you see the daughter. Tell 'im ter?" No, I hadn't. ''Well, just you see the daughter. Tell 'im to ask you to dinner." I thought it would be bad feeling to ask to be asked to dinner to see a daughter of a ferret, with a view, as I inferred, to deriding her peculiarities. So I left that point alone, and only made a ing her peculiarities. So I left that point alone, and only made a slight effort to get the Engineer named correctly. CHAPTER XXVI THE FERRET IS BIBULOUS. HOW JOE WENT TO PLAT CROQUET WITH HIS DAUGHTER. OP HER GLORIOUS BEAUTY AND ITS EFFECT ON ONE OF joe's INDIVIDUALITIES. HE TALKS TO A FLAT JANE. OP A GUST OF ABBOT ANSELM, AND JOE's MEETING y^LTB. AN OLD FOE, WHO ISi FIANCE TO THE FERRET's DAUGHTER. JANE IS SOMEBODY TOO. HE GOES HOME LINKED WITH HIS FOE. Next morning the two grey prads awaited us at the door, and talked to each other about the flies. " They do to pull me about ! " said my Father, speaking as a poor old man whose sorrows had to be pitied. "Leave go of their heads and jump up behind." And Pips, the groomlet, did as he was bid, and we went off in style. The ferret was in his office, and abased himself before my Father's ample presence, his extensive black cloth, his cashmere yellow scarf and his bandana handkerchief, but especially before the glory of his Hat, that sacred Emblem of Perfect Solvency, which my Father left on his head for Public Worship until he came to anchor in the Office, when he showed his contempt for mere externals by putting it on the table with his bandana in it. ternals by putting it on the table with his bandana in it. " 'Appy to make your acquaintance, Mr. Baxter," said he. "Seen you afore, I fancy? Job down at Croydon! Or at Woolwich was it -- one or other on 'em ? " These were the merest ohifer wich was it -- one or other on 'em ? " These were the merest ohifer dicta, merely to make conversation. But Mr. McGaskin was far too conscientious a Scotchman to allow any one to glisser and n'appuyer pas. " I couldna charge my memory just preceesely," said he. " But nae doot ye'll be right." " I was drivin' round in the trap into this neighbourhood and I gave my son a lift. 'E 'azn't got too proud" -- ^here my Father, who was getting very fat, rolled about as he subsided into his jocular manner -- "to drive about with his pore old Daddy -- ^hay, Nipper? Not yet a while at least." "It's airly yet, Mr. Vance," said the ferret. "But ye'll just taste a wee drop -- ^ye won't find better whiskey than I can offer JOSEPH VANCE My Father threw into his face an expression of repudiation of whiskey, of disparagement of whiskey, of doubt of whiskey, in fact of very seldom touching it! Then he tapped himself three times in front, as though to refer to his interior as a weak point in common with all mankind, and said, as one who makes a concession, " A taste." cession, " A taste." I was sorry for the turn things had taken. But why had Mr. McGaskin never offered me whiskey ? I had been his visitor often enough in the Office. Was it the strange free-masonry that alwayi exists between people who are not me, on the subject of all con noisseurships -- the same free-masonry that makes real men witl high stiff collars talk cigars over my head -- nay, over my prostrate body? It absolutely never occurred to Mr. McGaskin to offer m". any this time, so completely was I outside the circle of Illuminati, To be sure, I anticipated him somewhat by saying I would gi. through into the shops, and did so, leaving him and my Eathei appreciating an aroma that I should not have known from any other nasty smell of spirits. " ril just have a word o' chat with Mr. Baxter, and then little Pips he'll see me safe round to 'Aydon's Lane and drive 'ome, and I'll cab to the Station. About an aitch girder they're keeping us waitin' for," added my Father by way of explanation to the gentleman he persisted in calling Mr. Baxter. I left them sympathizing over Goods Stations and their sinsThe experience of both was that Goods Stations absorbed all The experience of both was that Goods Stations absorbed all consignments into their systems, never by any chance forwarding anything to its destination. When after a day of wrangling with Pring, and altering drawings to arrive at a modus vivendi, I rejoined my Father in the ings to arrive at a modus vivendi, I rejoined my Father in the evening, he produced the statement of account of the previous day, covered with corrections in red ink. ''Three pound six and four by corrections, and two-and-a-half per cent, for cash settlement," said he. " You mustn't allow Baxter to 'ector over you, Nipper! He's been charging you through ter to 'ector over you, Nipper! He's been charging you through the nose all along. You send him round to me -- I'U square him up 'ansum ! " " I hope he's not offended," said I. "Not he! Pass the cayenne."-- My Father pronounced this word as if it consisted of two letters only. -- "This blooming fish tastes like the napking -- tastes of cold water. What's to offend him, Joey boy? It does 'em good to docket 'em down. You'll see he'll ask you to dinner -- you'll see the daughter." I took BO little interest in the daughter of the ferret, that I JOSEPH VANCE didn't even enquire liow my Father knew anything about her. The invitation to dinner came , sure enough, and I respected my Father's acumen more than ever. Of course I accepted, with the addition, made when I saw Mr. McGaskin next morning, that if I came up to Circus Eoad, St. John's Wood, earlier, I should find tea and strawberries on the lawn and a geem of Crawky, if I cared for Crawky. In the early sixties Croquet flourished -- not with its first character of a blinding, maddening, absorbing, distracting, ruinous acter of a blinding, maddening, absorbing, distracting, ruinous mania, perhaps -- but still it flourished and was to me an acceptable diversion. So I appeared as bidden at the ferret's house, which he had christened Ronaldsay, and was shown through a long greenhouse passage with shrubs in tubs; and eluding the beak of a house passage with shrubs in tubs; and eluding the beak of a sulphur-crested Cockatoo upside down, arrived uninjured in the garden and was welcomed by a young lady with the most beautiful deep auburn hair I had ever seen, and a complexion like a Titian. My other-self young man felt like being impressionne; but I snubbed him abruptly, and felt keenly for poor Miss McGaskin, to whom I thought the contrast would really be painful. However, I reflected on what I was by this time beginning to learn, the ever, I reflected on what I was by this time beginning to learn, the attraction of contrasts, especially among girls. I was taken aback -- only I hope I didn't show it -- ^when she presented me to a lady, who came out from the drawing-room, as Mr. Joseph Vance, Mamma, and the lady said she saw I had already made acquaintance with Miss McGaskin. Different people, different ways! -- ance with Miss McGaskin. Different people, different ways! -However, she called her Jeannie when she spoke to her. However, she called her Jeannie when she spoke to her. I suspected my Father at once. And my second self very nearly fell into the trap -- in fact, in the course of an hour or so of Croquet he became quite restive. He was inclined to be jealous of Tom, Phil, and Mr. Mac-something whose name I did not catch, all of whom came in to play Croquet. I did not wonder at him, for really the brown-gold hair in the sun was too overwhelming; unconditional surrender was evidently the condition of the ing; unconditional surrender was evidently the condition of the three other young fellows. But I had never felt the double personality so strong since the dreadful week of half-fever at Oxford. sonality so strong since the dreadful week of half-fever at Oxford. I am sorry I have no less cumbrous way of writing of it, as it has formed so great a part of my existence. I might certainly speak of myself as Z, and the other young man as Joe Vance. Suppose I try that way, and see how it works. I was so angry with Joe Vance, then, for his susceptibility to this beautiful Jeannie, and indeed so piqued with poor Jeannie herself for trying to plant her image in my secret garden where I cultivated Lossie's, that I collared Joe, and compelled him to talk JOSEPH VANCE to another girl who was playing, named Jane; who was, I thought, not the least likely to provoke any tender passions on anybody's part. I inventoried her in my mind as a really very nice girl that I could be friends with, and allow Joe Vance to play with, without fear of consequences. I told him distinctly that I was not out fear of consequences. I told him distinctly that I was not going to tolerate any foolery. But more than once I caught his eye sneaking round under the attraction of the lovely vision, and had to call his attention to the rather high forehead and smooth brown hair and amiable hazel eyes of the really nice girl who could be recommended as innocuous to the single. I wonder what these two girls would have really thought of me (or us), if they had known! What would Jeannie have felt for the Joe Vance who must needs presume to get in a flutter about her beauty almost before making acquaintance? Scarcely respect -probably silly hoy would have been the verdict. And what would probably silly hoy would have been the verdict. And what would Jane have thought of me for deciding that no Joe Vance would fall in love with her, at any rate? "Isn't she absolutely lovely?" said Jane, dropping her voice confidentially. I had been introduced to Jane, by Jeannie, who, forgetting my name at the moment, presented me as Mr., and her as Jane. She never mentioned her other name, as just at the moment her own hair got tangled in a wandering briar. Tom or Phil, being close by, offered rescue, and (as I thought on purpose) unsettled some tackle that restrained the masses of gold. Down came the hair, and Jane was in requisition to stick it up again. She succeeded -- though it came down again two minutes after. But I didn't get Jane's name. The Croquet proceeded. "Just look at her now, with her face in the shadow and the Bun all through her hair. I declare she's croquet'd me to the end of the lawn! It's you next -- you must get me back again, or I shall never be through my hoops." " It isn't my turn next, it's And I didn't know the name of our partner, so I left him nameless. "Mr. Macallister? Oh dear, there he goes! She's croquet'd him too." And so she had, and then she went through two hoops, taking her partners Tom and Phil with her, and put them both out, and then, missing the post herself, in a paroxysm of excitement brought all the beautiful hair down again, as aforesaid. ment brought all the beautiful hair down again, as aforesaid. And then she and Jane went in to do it up properly. But a light had broken on me ! Now I knew why Prior Anselm had mixed himself unbidden in the croquet -- ^he had been doing so all along, and I was such an idiot that I had not found out the reason. JOSEPH VANCE " Ton don't know me, old chap ! " said I, and Bony Macallister withdrew his eyes from a first-floor bedroom looking-glass back, visible through an open window, and turned round to see if he did. The warmth of the greeting that followed was such as only two boys who had nearly killed each other in old days could have compassed. "Why, you're intimate friends then," called out a soft Scotch accent from beyond the looking-glass, and I thought I heard Jane say sit quiet or it would all come undone again. " Well, you see, we were once such intimate enemies!" said Bony. " Come down and I'll tell you all about it." Whereupon Jeannie came down all curiosity, and Jane along with her. And the Homeric tale was told. And Jeannie said that we were all old friends then, and we needn't be stiff any longer, and called Mr. Macallister Archie and slipped her arm through his. And then naturally another light broke on me. It had this curious effect, that I had no further trouble with Joe Vance and his susceptibility to Jeannie's beauty. He was as undisguisedly glad as I was about her manifest relation to Bony Macallister. And Jeannie took upon herself to perceive that doubts had to be cleared up, and did it in this wise -"Noo, Janie," she said, with the very slight Scotch accent -- so "Noo, Janie," she said, with the very slight Scotch accent -- so slight that I won't try to render it in spelling. " You mustn't go telling Mr. Vance that Archie and I are engaged, because we're not." "AU right. Miss McGaskin," said I, "I won't believe Miss -Miss " Miss " " Spencer," said J eannie. " Spencer," said I, " if she does tell me. But I am so glad about it, old fellow." And I wrung his hand again, and Jeannie gave me hers to go on with. Then we went back to the lawn from which we had strayed into a bye-path -- and found the two youths, Phil and Tom, having a game to themselves. They were cousins and evidently adored Jeannie, but not to the extent of loss of appetite or sleeplessness! " And noo ye've foond your way to the hoose," said McGaskin pere when he returned from his daily round of whiskey-sips and double entry, "ye'll ken it weel anither time. It's a wee bit oot 'o' the warld, but ye'll no find better air, and ye can get on Hampstead Heath in twenty minutes." stead Heath in twenty minutes." "It only took me a quarter of an hour to drive down," said Miss Spencer. But even then I didn't put two and two together. I was always a slow-coach at this sort of thing. JOSEPH VANCE However, later in the evening I found myself sitting beside Miss Spencer on a thing like an S in the back drawing-room while Jeannie was singing at the piano in the front one. Of course," said she, " they are really engaged, whatever Jeannie chooses to say. I wonder Mr. McGaskin never mentioned it." He never said a word about it ! Why should he ? " '^How can you be so nonsensical, Mr. Vance? Only look at Jeannie! Do you suppose all men are adamant like you?" Fm not adamant," said I, with a guilty feeling about Joe Vance's recent attitude. On the contrary, if Miss McGaskin had kept a book I should have put my name down. I consider her quite irresistible, and I'm so glad about my old schoolfellow." fellow." " I wonder Mr. McGaskin never mentioned it. But perhaps he is right. I know he won't allow Jeannie to be really engaged, because, as he says, she's very young and ought to have a good look round before she settles." My dear, good old Daddy! How vividly I could now picture to myself the rest of that interview with the canny Mr. McGaskin over their abominable nectar! How my Father had heard tell that Miss Jeannie McGaskin was a screamer, and hers had admitted that she was a comely lass aneuch, but had dwelt in Scotch mitted that she was a comely lass aneuch, but had dwelt in Scotch on the anxiety lassies were to their parents. How my Father had then remarked that laddies, or their English equivalent, were the same sort o' turn out, but he hoped his would steady down to a profession, but it didn't do him any harm to look about a bit. And there were worse wild oats, as we knew, Mr. McGaskin (with his jocular roll), than making inventions. And after all, if he did spend a trifle it would all come off his own inheritance, and he had no brother or sister -- and there would be plenty. And I felt, as I sat by Miss Spencer on the S-sofa, that one or both had then closed one eye to register worldly wisdom. And Jock o' Ilazeldean came to an end in the next room, and got o'er the border and awa', and I heard Archie say, " Now Young Lochinvar," and Jeannie plead for respite. Then I recalled myself to var," and Jeannie plead for respite. Then I recalled myself to Society and answered Miss Spencer. " She evidently has settled, and she won't easily do better. I haven't seen him till now for eight -- nine -- how many years past ? " I tried to think. "Let me see! How long ago was it I went to stay for a fortnight at Bony's Governor's house in Perthshire? Why, I remembered telling Lossie I was going -- of course I did ! -JOSEPH VANCE 223 JOSEPH VANCE 223 why, of course it was when we had that talk under the Pines on Hampst " I don't really think my thoughts carried me to the second syllable. I saw it now -- I was sitting beside Sarita Spencer's sister, the little girl Janey. How I never came to see it before I can't imagine ! I was taken aback -- but then it was the second surprise that day, and I was exhausted, so to speak! However, I didn't see the occasion for an accolade, this time. So I merely said, " Well, now -- how very funny!" And Janey naturally asked what was very funny. Why, of course ! You're Miss Sarita Spencer's sister Grizzle. I came up to your house to see Lossie Thorpe -- years and years ago -- don't you recollect? We played Pope Joan " Jane turned a puzzled gaze on my face, backing slightly on her half of the S to make it good manners to stare, then vibrated her hands with a sort of wait-a-minute action, then brought them up over her eyes to think in, and said, " Oh, stop, stop, stop ! I shall have it directly. "Now I know," said she, in due course, "I remember it all! You're Lossie Thorpe's schoolboy that was to wait till she came. In the Library " I remembered it all too. I remembered the hushed Library -- the smell of the Books -- the song of the bird -- ^the little girl in the glass. And there she sate! " Well, it is very funny, isn't it ? Do tell me about your sister. You know about Loss -- I mean Mrs. Desprez. She's in India." " I ought to know about her ! Why, Sarry was her bridesmaid, and I was to have been one -- only I couldn't come back from Cheltenham. I thought it such a shame." I agreed, -- and repeated my enquiry after Sarry. peated my enquiry after Sarry. " Oh, well -- I have news to tell you there. Sarry's going to be married herself ! " I was just on the point of expressing intense surprise, when I luckily remembered manners, and began to say that I had expected to hear that long ago, and then remembered that that would pected to hear that long ago, and then remembered that that would never do either. Also I remembered Sarry had been a bridesmaid and I had not seen her -- ^nor any other bridesmaid -- nor any maid of any sort except the brides for that matter. I blundered my felicitations somehow, and sought particulars. " She's going to Ceylon ! Mrs. Earquharson she'll be. Mrs. Alison Earquharson. It will be so nice and near for Lossie Deeprez." prez." JOSEPH VANCE ''About a thousand miles from Calcutta! -- quite handy in case of illness or anything " What a shame to laugh at me so ! " said J aney, rather ruefully. And I apologized, saying I thought she had been laughing herself. We then embarked on a good steady voyage through reminisoeiices. IPs wonderful what discoveries people who really have no Very large supply in common will contrive to make if they turn to and rake up the past. It is so enjoyable to do so, and we enjoyed it. . . . "Well, you two have found plenty to talk about," said the musical voice of Jeannie, " and here's Mamma has hardly had a chance to make Mr. Vance's acquaintance. You'll have to come another time to see more of us. Some evening when J ane Spencer isn't here, Mr. Vance." "Oh, very well, then! The sooner I go the better," said Jane, and fled for her " things." "Ye'll feex anither day for Mr. Vance to deener when ther6 are no young leddies," said Mr. McGaskin to his wife. And I thought his pleasantry vulgar, whereas I had thought that of his daughter graceful and charming. See the difference beauty makes ! Jeannie may not have been exactly under any binding arrangement to marry Bony Macallister, but they were left a much ment to marry Bony Macallister, but they were left a much clearer fleld to say good-bye in than any others of the company had. Public leave-taking was in the Arcade of the cockatoo; and then Bony and I walked away down Circus Hoad in the moonlight -- will you believe me? -- ^with our arms over one another's shoulders, like schoolboys. " And how do you like my -- my fancy ders, like schoolboys. " And how do you like my -- my fancy girl?" said he, bursting out laughing. My answer was inconsecutive. secutive. " Oh, Bony, dear fellow," said I, with a half-breaking voice, ^ " she's married and gone away to India with her husband." And that was, so far as 1 can recollect, the nearest approach to confession about Lossie I had ever made to any human creature. You fession about Lossie I had ever made to any human creature. You see, after pounding Bony nearly to a jelly on the subject, I felt concealment would be mere affectation. I had some difficulty in making him understand why I didn't want to murder General Desprez. " I should, in your place," said he. "No -- ^you wouldn't," said I. "You've no idea what a splendid fellow he is when you come to know him. He's the most glorious chap! Besides, it's no fault of his." "I couldn't feel it so myself, Vance," said Bony. And Vance No. 2, in my inner citadel, who had quite given Jeannie up and JOSEPH VANCE 225 was rather sorry he had been such an ass, murmured, "No more could I." I believe a suspicion, on Bony^s part, that it was cruel to parade his own happiness, had more to do with our parting as early as 2 A. M. than any desire of either to get home to bed. It was about then or a little later that we said good-bye on Waterloo Bridge, he going north, I south. His last communication referred to his Mother, who it seemed hated Jeannie, and who always blew up about his coming in late when she knew he had been at Circus Road. " Hope I shan't wake her up," said he. " Good-night, old fellow!" I walked home in the moonlight, and thought as my latch-key turned in the door that 1 should not wake my Mother. CHAPTER XXVII HOW joe's father had been matchmaking, and how he exceeded HIS allowance, how good a daughter-in-law would be for HIM. JOE IS not in love WITH THE FLAT JANE. HOW HE WROTE WHO SHE WAS TO LOSSIE; A FOOLISH LETTER. OF THE SPHERICAL ENGINE. HOW HE MET FliAT JANE AGAIN AT THE FERRET'S. AND GOT DANGEROUSLY CONFIDENTIAL. I WAS very late next morning, naturally, and my Father was going round to the Works in a hurry, so I had no talk with him until the evening at dinner. " You ain't tellin' me about the 'ansum gal, Nipper dear," said he. You might tell your old Daddy somethin' about your goin'son." on." How did you come to know about Miss McGaskin, Dad ? " I asked. "Let me see -- ^how did I come to know about her? It must have been when I was talking to what's-his-name -- at the Foundry -- churchyard sort of a name." " Paul ? " I conjectured. And I think the guess did me credit. "Right you are, Nipper! Well, it was his Aunt or Stepmother-in-law, old Goody Scratchett, was turnin' over young gals mother-in-law, old Goody Scratchett, was turnin' over young gals at ch'ice like for her nephew, and out she lets about a very engagin' young lass -- a regular plummy one to make your mouth gagin' young lass -- a regular plummy one to make your mouth water. And it don't foller, says she, that a girl is pimply because her father is, nor yet one tooth a-stickin' out in front. And then young Churchyard he says of course everybody knows Jeannie McGaskin -- but she's engaged 1 And the old Goody she says WaUcer, and engagements don't count " "Were they talking like that in Ratchett & Paul's office in business hours ? " said I. " There can't be much doing there." " Well -- you see, the old cat happened in. And it was me set 'em all off by remarking that I didn't put much cash on any young man if he hadn't got a gurl. So we had it all round up and down. What's this here young beauty like to look at ? " I hope I did Jeannie justice. I tried to. And my Father murmured occasionally that was my sort! mured occasionally that was my sort! JOSEPH VANCE ''But she is engaged. Dad -- and really engaged." " Quite sure, J oey boy ? She ain't married yet, anyhow ! And gals are gals." My Father had got such a fixed idea (on no grounds whatever) of the desirability of Jeannie for his son, that it was cruel not to let him indulge it. But he remembered, when I told him, about Macallister, and the great turn-up, and appeared to consider that that altered the case. Nevertheless, he showed that his dear affectionate heart had built a little castle in the air for his son, in so short a time that he ought to have known as a professional man that it wouldn't stand after removing the scaffold. He seemed distinctly dejected, and exceeded his allowance fold. He seemed distinctly dejected, and exceeded his allowance of whiskey. But then I am sorry to say he often did this, and the limit laid down was a mere tribute to Temperance en passant. As in the case of crops that are always below the average, statistics had lost caste and gone mouldy. Still, I used to try to hold him to the fiction of an allowance. It had had its origin when Bessie's letter came from India in answer to mine, shortly after her sie's letter came from India in answer to mine, shortly after her departure. Miss Bessie's quite right, J oey boy," said he. We'll make it an allowance and stick to it." He called her Miss Bossie to the day of his death. What was so painful about this whiskey bane, and my Father's constant effort to keep it under, was that at the end of every year he was visibly a very little worse than at the beginning, in spite of his having turned over a new leaf every six weeks or so. However trenchant and decisive these reformations were, it seemed to ever trenchant and decisive these reformations were, it seemed to come to the same thing in the end. It reminded me of the dreadful year preceding my Mother's death, when, however many times ful year preceding my Mother's death, when, however many times her cough was better than yesterday, it was always a little worse than last month. And however much she gained flesh, she always gTew thinner. I wondered in my heart at the influence Bossie had exercised -- for from the day she wrote that letter about him to Sarita, till the champagne incident at her wedding, he had hardly sinned at all. And even now it was chiefly her influence by letter from India that produced these spasmodic reformations. I communed with myself a good deal (I discussed it with Joe Vance, so to speak) whether if I were married it would not act as a check on this propensity of my Father. Was it not possible that the great strength of Bossie's influence lay in the fact of her being a woman, and was it certain another inferior woman (that is, another woman) would not do as well, or proportionately so? Joe Vance became a convert to this view, and pointed out to me that his trifling outbreak of susceptibility to Miss McGaskin showed at least that the question was still open. " Can't you look JOSEPH VANCE about you, you booby," said he, for some girl who will do equally well for me ? " And he proceeded to give specifications. I noticed that he stipulated for a head of auburn hair, item two eyes a shade green, item two rows perfect teeth, item two white arms with ditto hands, filbert nails on same, item several other items circa sixty-seven inches long all told. And I replied to him, " You vulgar-minded blockhead, can't you see that you are not includ- ing either a heart or a mind in your specification, and if this Mrs. V. of yours has either it will be a gross unfaith to go on nursing my memory of Lossie, making disparaging comparisons, treating her in short as just a convenient helpmeet -- a sop to the mechanical demands of life. While if she has neither, what good will ical demands of life. While if she has neither, what good will she be as a whiskey check?" ^'Well, then," said Joe, "can't you make a compromise? There are other sympathetic ties than those of the heart. Be content with a mind only, and only give a mind in return. Find a pleasant reasonable sensible companion -- she and I shall get very fond of one another in time without being ever exactly in love; and she will exercise a most beneficent influence in the home circle, and all that sort of thing." fluence in the home circle, and all that sort of thing." Had I known all I know now about men and women I should have replied : " Blasphemer ! How dare you suggest a profanation of the sacred name of Love? Do you not know that none can tamper safely with a plant whose roots are in the very depths of Nature, whose branches may shoot up into the highest Heaven! Shut up, short-sighted idiot! Either be silent, or if you insist on boring me with the suggestions of your own inexperience, don't say what I know you have in contemplation, that I should do well to offer civility and friendship, coupled with the cares of a household and possible children, to that very nice and amiable and hold and possible children, to that very nice and amiable and sensible girl whom you positively refused to kiss on any terms, when neither she nor I had asked you to do so." However, I was very inexperienced myself, rather childish in some ways ; so I let him run on, and he did in point of fact make me an offer of Jane Spencer then and there, taking for granted in the most impertinent way that she would be quite ready to order her trousseau. "I say, Joe," said I, "you're not letting her have her voice in the matter." -- "Are youV said he. I wasn't hypocrite enough to make out that I was quite unconcerned about meeting Jane Spencer again, but I wasn't alto- concerned about meeting Jane Spencer again, but I wasn't altogether honest about it either. For I admitted that I shouldn't gether honest about it either. For I admitted that I shouldn't mind having another look at her on high public grounds, such as JOSEPH VANCE the possible benefit of my Father if I made a reasonable and prudent marriage, or the injustice of not letting her have another dent marriage, or the injustice of not letting her have another look at me if she wanted one. That she did so was an entirely gratuitous supposition on my part -- ^merely the result of too much self-examination. I chose to shut my eyes tight to what may have been the real cause of there being any self-examination at all, the fact that when Jeannie broke up the S-sofa seance, I felt I could easily have borne another quarter of an hour. My vanity of course suggested that Jane also felt a little nipped in the bud. I think what the Chinese call the Feng-Shui of the sofa-back had a good deal to answer for. I have since then learned that if you want a young lady and gentleman not to think about each other, you will do well not to remark that both their names begin with the same letter, or that both their heads want brushing, or that both are standing on the same paving-stone. It is safer on the whole never to say hoth or neither to them. Now if an S-sofa could speak it would certainly say something beginning with one or other of these words. All the same, had I fallen out with Mr. McGaskin over the Spherical Engine, and never met Jane at his house again, I shouldn't have given her another thought. And if I had seen her death in the papers I shouldn't have felt called on to fret about it. Am I wrong in supposing that young men are very often ready to feel navres when they hear of the engagement elsewhere of girls whose death would scarcely move them? As it turned out, every day that passed made me less sensible of the advantages of a prudent marriage, and in about a week I had decided that I wouldn't examine myself any more until I heard from Lossie in answer to a long letter I wrote her asking her advice. It contained a full and true confession of all my alarms and excursions on first seeing Jeannie, on which I laid a great deal of stress in order that Lossie should not fidget about having made me unhappy -- supposing that she ever did so. I finished with the interview with Jane Spencer. I really thinlt that my broad and bold exaggeration gave as good a version of the facts as all the rhodomontade I have been inflicting on somebody unknown. You've no idea," I wrote, what an extremely beautiful known. You've no idea," I wrote, what an extremely beautiful girl Miss McG. turned out to be in spite of her papa! And so jolly ! I was literally head over ears in love " -- and then followed an account of my recognition of Bony, and then how I had to give her up and wear the willow, and who do you suppose I consoled myself with? Why, Grizzle! ! ! We got stuck on a sofa, soled myself with? Why, Grizzle! ! ! We got stuck on a sofa, and talked all the evening. She's not half bad, considering ! " I then went on, after more particulars of my recognition of Grizzlew JOSEPH VANCE to ask Lossie whether she thought it was really necessary to married happiness to be romantically in love at first go-off. I never saw that this was the last question I ought to have asked ! All letter-writing takes a very early answer for granted. If the writer were always stopping to think how long he would have to pause for a reply, there would be an end of all free intercourse by post. I wrote to Lossie and resolved to be guided by her advice. But it was over three months before her reply came. And vice. But it was over three months before her reply came. And in the meanwhile events travelled rapidly, second class. By this I mean that their journey was a sort of respectable middle-class business, not the triumphal progress of well-to-do occurrences such as belong to a perfectly whole-hearted courtship. How fast they travelled may be inferred from the fact that when Pheener brought Lossie's letter with others into the sitting-room at my Bather's, she thought it considerate to knock. And indeed it was perfectly true that I withdrew to the other end of the sofa on which Jane Spencer and I were sitting, to call out Come in!" If this were a real story for publication, this way of telling it would spoil it. But I am so ashamed of the confession I have to make, that I don't much care how I make it. For, you see, I ^^got engaged" to Jane Spencer without really caring much about her. I cared something for her of course. I cared enough for her to be very much concerned about her future happiness; to swear to myself again and again that come what might no power should ever wring from me an admission of -- of something about my own feelings towards poor Jane that I did not care to think aloud about. Besides, it would have been just the same about any other girl! Even if it had been Jeannie McGaskin, I added -- And oh me! I never saw, in that word "even." the revelation it conveyed of the degree of my injustice to Jane Spencer. After posting my letter to Lossie I fairly forgot all about Jeannie and Janey, all about my Father's whiskey peril, all about everything, in short, except the fascinations of the reciprocating movement that was just going to reciprocate, and the cumulative energy that was just going to be developed. As the Engine approached completion, Bring began casting about for a new Plat- proached completion, Bring began casting about for a new Platform from which he might proclaim to the Universe the large form from which he might proclaim to the Universe the large share he had had in its inauguration, the care and watchfulness with which he had averted disaster during its construction, and the gracious influence he proposed to exercise on its maturity. JOSEPH VANCE " I'm going to see this job safe through," said he. Had my eye on it ever since we first got the idear, and I ain't the man to take it off now." He laid claim to having suggested a course of invention to my inexperience, and nourished originality in the soil vention to my inexperience, and nourished originality in the soil of an infant mind which but for his care would have lain fallow. The construction of the Spherical Engine may be said to have gone smoothly. It might have gone even smoother, if it had not been blocked by resolute opposition on Pring's part, and thwarted by his dexterous evasions. Tireless effort and unflinching singleness of purpose on my side were victorious in the end; and the ness of purpose on my side were victorious in the end; and the nearest approach to a belief in his own fallibility was produced in Pring's mind, when the steam was put on, and, after a snort of doubt about its own efficacy, followed by an unwarrantable buoyancy, the great machine began to reciprocate, just at the moment ancy, the great machine began to reciprocate, just at the moment when Pring uttered his last prediction of unqualified disaster. He showed himself a true disciple of Porky Owls at this point, for he retracted nothing, and showed a tendency to denounce success as merely a form of failure. " It's follerin' on what you might expect," said he, vaguely. But it don't do to drore any conclusions on that. Results are what we go by." Pring thus clusions on that. Results are what we go by." Pring thus reserved for himself an indefinite future, in which he might settle down comfortably and await the fulfilment of his prophecies. The Engine became so violently excited owing to its not being yet fitted with a governor that it had to be stopped. Congratulations followed, subject to reserves, and then Mr. McGaskin asked tions followed, subject to reserves, and then Mr. McGaskin asked the inventor to dinner. " And that ye maunna be dool, Mr. Vance," said he, "Jeannie shall ask a lassie for ye. I canna promise ye Miss Spencer. But there's aye a gude collection roond aboot, and she'll do ye justice." Could I in decency say less than that I hoped Miss Spencer would be achieved. I then concealed from myself the fact that I did so hope, lukewarmly, by remarking that she was quite an old friend. It brought a Platonic chill ing that she was quite an old friend. It brought a Platonic chill in, and I felt safer from misconception. had such a fright, Mr. Vance," said Jeannie, whose accent I continue to fight shy of spelling-- it was so very silvery and tender. ^'We thought we shouldn't get Janey Spencer! But I made Archie go up to Hampstead and tell her you were coming and come she must. There she is ! " But it wasn t Janey. It was Archie back without her. He had left a note, in the hope that at any rate she would come after dinner. Seven was dinner-time in the sixties; at Circus Road at least. And at half -past seven Mr. McGaskin thought it was time to stop waiting any longer. Ye'll have to geeve her up, Jeannie," said JOSEPH VANCE he -- and the family, Archie and myself, and two casuals all gav" her up. Joe No. 2 accused me of being disappointed ; and I denied it. But just as we prepared to go, wheels stopped at the gate and Jeannie said, There now ! there she is after all " This was correct; and a pause was conceded, to allow of showing into the drawing-room and starting fair. I had been a little afraid that Janey might prove dowdy on re-inspection, and felt distinctly better when, on coming into the room at the fag-end of a turmoil of recent haste, slightly flushed and explaining that she would have been earlier only she wasnT able to find her corals, she really did look quite nice -- almost pretty. Joe Vance No. 2 expressed so much satisfaction at this, that I was fain to remind him that neither his opinion nor mine had been asked for. ''Is that Mr. Vance again?'' said Janey. "I'm afraid we used up all our reminiscences last time. We shall have to talk about the Eoyal Academy." -- In those days people used to do so, even after the Exhibition was over, as was the case now. Eor we had got well on towards Christmas. Jeannie said she was sick and tired of Archie, and was going to have me for a change, and took me down to dinner accordingly. Archie took down the she-casual, and Miss Spencer our host. The he-casual and Mrs. McGaskin might have been forgotten and left upstairs, for any interest felt in either by the rest of the company. But they showed independence . of character ^and canae downstairs together on their own account. As all hosts know but too well, four males and four females cannot sit alternately at table with the host and hostess at each end. As soon as, after the usual wrangle, we submitted to Jeannie sitting next to her mother and Archie next to the he-casual, I found myself between Jeannie and Janey and quite unable to see either without looking round. I made some remark about the great advantages a parrot would have in this respect. " Only he wouldn't be able to use his knife and fork," said Jeannie. And then that wicked young minx went on to improve the occasion. "I tell you what would be a lot better," said she. "Have a long S-sofa and a table on each side. I mean a sofa like Janey and Mr. Vance's sofa upstairs." "Oh, how kind you are, Jeannie dear," said Janey. "Do you hear that, Mr. Vance? That's our sofa -- Jeannie's made us a present of it." I was very glad of the promptitude of this piece of intrepidity, as if a murmur of remonstrance from Mrs. Grundy, had come off it would have been embarrassing. As it was, laughJOSEPH VAHCE JOSEPH VAHCE ter prevented my catching the exact drift of some further chaff of Jeannie's, but it turned on there being another similar sofa upstairs with '' the wiggle " the other way round. You look a deal stairs with '' the wiggle " the other way round. You look a deal better on this side/^ said the incorrigible one, in an undertone across me. And if you work out the problem you will find that a true S-sofa shows its occupants' right-hand sides to each other, and that I was now on Janey's left. Of course I looked round, to confirm or contradict, and found Jane had no mark visible this way round. Instantly Jeannie pounced on me with There, you see, Mr. Vance thinks so too! " It^s wonderful what latitude is allowed to a spoiled beauty. Nobody checked Miss McGaskin's fiow of high spirits at the moment, though I think her Mother remonstrated afterwards. In ment, though I think her Mother remonstrated afterwards. In fact. Bony told me some time later that Jeannie got an awful wigging about it, but defended herself on the score of my having introduced personality by my innocent remark about the Parrot. And, later still, revealed that Jeannie had admitted that her object had been ^'just to bring them together, and give them a start." She certainly was the most nefarious young woman I have ever known, before or since. Short of insulating Miss Spencer and myself, and pointing at us, she did everything that could be done to make us feel uncomfortable. The truth was her inartificial nature disqualified her for matchmaking. She was far too frank and direct. When you wish to develop a flirtation rapidly, you will do unwisely to segregate your two quarries from the rest of the company and then go a little way off yourself and count ten. This was apparently the school Jeannie had been brought up in, and she was a novice. In these matters delicacy is half the battle. The result was that there was a stiffness, and a tendency to mix in circles as far apart as possible. But when circles are at most a room's length apart, stiffnesses are apt to die a natural death. This one came to an end owing to its subjects, victims, or proprietors (who were, I suppose, seeking other circles to mix in) happening across each other just be- ing other circles to mix in) happening across each other just behind the second S-sofa with the wiggle the other way. I caught hind the second S-sofa with the wiggle the other way. I caught Janey^s eyes, and we both burst out laughing. The position was too ridiculous, and there was nothing for it but to try this one. ^'You know we're to have whichever we like best, Mr. Vance," said my companion. Of course she was a good deal more selfpossessed over this little incident than I was. "You mustn't possessed over this little incident than I was. "You mustn't mind Jeannie's chaff, Mr. Vance. After all, she's little more than a child -- only eighteen when all's said and done!" JOSEPH VANCE " I thought you were about the same age." Oh dear, no ! years older. You can guess my age from Sarita's." I icnow. You're seven years younger than she is. You always were. So you're six years younger than Mrs. Desprez. You're exactly my age " " It's quite a coincidence. But then I was your age when you came to Plampstead all that long time ago, and I must have kept so all along." It was compulsory on both. I say, Miss Spencer ! " "What do you say, Mr. Vance?" "I should like to come and see you in the Library again. It would be so funny! Just thinly what a long time it is! " "Do come. Papa would be so glad to see you. Mr. Oliver Thorpe is in Papa's Office -- ^you know, of course! -- and we'll ask him to come too. I'll send you a note. Have you any particular days you are engaged ? " No, I hadn't. So that was all plain sailing. " And now," said Miss Spencer, "we can go and talk about the Academy. How flat you look, Mr. Vance! What's that for?" Joe No. 2 muttered under his breath that this girl was a sharp girl. I told him I found her nice and bracing, and that I should take a leaf out of her book and say exactly what I thought. He might shut up. "Because I don't want to talk about the Koyal Academy. I want to go on where we left ofl." "Where did we leave ofl? Oh, at exactly the same age! -- # Jeannie isn't there, is she?" " Oh no! She's a mile ofl. Never mind Jeannie! " " I wasn't thinking of that ! However, of course she does twist things round to stufl and nonsense. No! I meant that I was old enough to be Jeannie's mother, nearly! " "Another ten years would do it. Just about as long as from when I saw you in the Library at Hampstead "It seems a lifetime -- of course, it has been half of mine -and yours." I liked those hazel eyes when they looked grave and yours." I liked those hazel eyes when they looked grave over the lapse of time. " Shall we have another fifteen, I wonder?" der?" I wondered. Then Jane Spencer kept on looking grave, and I began to be afraid our conversation was going to spoil -- they are sensitive things, conversations! But it didn't, for my companion suddenly brought together the dispersing rivulets of chat, and made them flow in a steady stream. JOSEPH VANCE Shall I tell you what I should like ? Only you mustnH think my inquisitiveness " " Of course I won't ! What is it ? " "I should like if you would tell me something about all those ten years." Neither I nor Joe No. 2 could object to this, for we were both human, and liked talking about ourselves. So I told about St. Withold, and about Balliol, all in a very bald way, till I came to recent things, and then I found my narrative lingering for no particular reason over the reading party in Devonshire. " Isn't Lynmouth a very dangerous bathing coast ? " said Miss Spencer. I replied that it was " not worse than others. One of us was nearly drowned though." -- I forgot that I was nearly drowned myself as well as Master Joey. I saw the hazel eyes, which were very expressive (I began to notice), fixed on me with an added interest, pressive (I began to notice), fixed on me with an added interest, which I misinterpreted. "I know, Miss Spencer, you think I'm sticking over all this because I'm ashamed to tell you what a bad place I took in Honours " She made no reply, but left her eyes considering me, while her fingers did and undid some clasp or buckle at her waist. I went on: " Of course I was bound to do well in Science because that's my line, but in Classics I didn't come up to what was expected of me." "You pulled him out of the water," said Janey, with sudden inconsecutiveness. " Who? Little Joey. Oh yes! I was lucky and got hold of him. But we all dived. Carvalho dived three times. Who told you about that turn-out ? " Why, his brother of course ! He often comes to spend the evening at Hampstead. He said you were nearly drowned. I had forgotten it till you reminded me." "And I had forgotten all about Nolly. Of course you know him quite well. I'm such a slow coach. But what was I saying? Oh, about the Degree ! You know I was awfully cut up about it -because Loss -- that's Mrs. Desprez, you know -- ^had set her heart because Loss -- that's Mrs. Desprez, you know -- ^had set her heart on my doing well." " You and she have always been " "Yes. Since I was eight. But I don't know that brother and sister describes it. Because brothers are -- brothers are " " I know, Mr. Vance, of course they are! I've no patience with brothers. But I never said brothers. What I was going to say was that her going away to India must have been a great blow to her friends." 23d JOSEPH VANCE was a great blow to me," said I. At this point the conversation was interrupted by Mrs. McGaskin bringing me the he-casual for special communion. He Gaskin bringing me the he-casual for special communion. He had (I think) invented a corkscrew, and was certain I should be interested in it. I wanted to say Devil take your corkscrew ! " but only thought it. To the outside world I hope I appeared ready to cherish that corkscrew as the apple of my eye. ''I'll send you the note," said Jane Spencer. But even as I execrated that corkscrew I was also inclined to quarrel with myself for not having patience to wait until Janey should ask me naturally to her father's, of her own accord. She would have done so, and would have remained perfectly cool and detached; quite free from any responsibility; while I, as I walked home from Ronaldsay, was feeling that I had made a plunge -- ^had implied an initiative from which I could not in honour retreat. If I had not had any attraction at all towards Janey I could have asked myself to Mr. Spencer's, and felt that nothing was involved. It was because I felt a certain lukewarm entichement (was it so lukewarm, though? -- consider that corkscrew) that I regarded my action as a pledge. If I had understood girls better -- ^been more of a man of the world, as the phrase is -- I should have looked at the matter quite differently. Is no halfway house between an Egotist and a Man-about-Town possible to the unmarried mind? married mind? I felt all the while that I was doing wrong, to Janey at any rate, perhaps to myself, in cultivating what I believed then would always be a half-hearted attachment, in order that the sacred cult of Lossie in my innermost heart should not be tampered with. If I could have believed that such a feeble seedling of a passion could strike root and spread and gradually oust all other vegetation, I should not have been so wrong. But the feeble seedling tion, I should not have been so wrong. But the feeble seedling was to be allowed only a humble corner of the garden, in order that my great rose-tree in the centre should flourish undisturbed. And I had the hypocrisy to utilize my wishes for my Bather's benefit, as a justification of what I knew must be a wrong to the person by whom that benefit was to be brought about. I had no doubt that all I claimed of marriage would be provided, and I called it by a variety of plausible names -- sympathetic vided, and I called it by a variety of plausible names -- sympathetic companionship in all my aims and endeavours; friendship of a rare and choice nature not otherwise attainable; the constant solace of home life, community of interest, and so forth. But whether I talked to Joe Vance No. 2, or whether he talked to me, the word Love never came into our counsels. And I did not JOSEPH VANCE discern in my exasperation against the inventor of the corkscrew any sufficient grounds for a comparison between the feelings I was allowing to entangle me with an amiable and really very agreeable girl, and the impulse which had made the small new soul of a dozen years ago fall prostrate before the vision that burst upon it, and utter, if it spoke at all, the one word Yours, and accept its future in silence. For my verdict, if you please, about Janey Spencer as I walked home was that she was, no doubt, an amiable and very agreeable girl. CHAPTEB XXVm JOE HEARS FROM FLAT JANE. HOW HIS FATHER SMELT A RAT. HOTT JOE SPENT AN EVENING AT FLAT JANe's FATHER^S, AND TOOK A BOOK TO HER LATER. OF THE OLD LIBRARY. JANE GETS AT JOE. BUT SHE IS VERY NICE. SHE CLEARS JOE's MIND UP GREATLY. JOE IS A FOOL -- WHY NOT BE FRIENDS? HE TALKS WITH DR. THORPE, WHO RATHER LOVES JANE BY REPORT. JOE PERHAPS LOVES HER TOO, AND IS A FOOL AGAIN. Of course Nolly Thorpe was in the Office of Spencer, Aldridge, Aldridge, and Spencer, and nothing would have been more natural than for me to saunter in at Hampstead in his company. I certainly was very slow about social points, for I had completely for- tainly was very slow about social points, for I had completely forgotten the legal side of Nolly's life, and regarded him merely as a gotten the legal side of Nolly's life, and regarded him merely as a cricketer, dormant or active according to the season. If I had been a real Man of the World, I should have seen that the point was of no importance, and understood that Janey would attach no weight to a young man of my age asking to become a visitor to her family. I, who have always regarded the slightest implication of a pledge as my Act and Deed, took quite another view, and held that I had done something I was bound to " follow up." What a tight fit Life would be if all its obligations were laid down by extremely conscientious young men! The little note promised came in due course. It got burned later, but I can remember it word for word. Here it is: The Limes, Frognall, Hampstead, " Nov. 18, 1863. ** Dear Mr. Vance: Would Tuesday suit you for dinner? Papa is only at home in the evening. Seven o'clock. " I am afraid Sarry will be away all next week. She would have liked so much to see you again. She says she has always looked on you as a sort of brother of Mrs. Desprez -- ^but she can't remember you anywhere except that once. With kind regards and hop- ber you anywhere except that once. With kind regards and hoping to see you on Tuesday, believe me. ing to see you on Tuesday, believe me. Yours sincerely, Jane Spencf^r." JOSEPH VAHCE "WoPs your love-letter this morning, Nipper?^' said my Father as we sate at breakfast. '^Will I dine on Tuesday? See it if you like, Daddy! There^s nothing you want me for on Tuesday ? " And I passed the letter over to him. He was rather slow over reading, though he had improved immensely of late years. "Jane Spencer," said he, taking the name first -- "Widow lady, I presoom." "Not a bit of it! Why should she be a widow? " " Thought it looked the sort of name a Widow would have. Jane Spencer -- Jane Spencer " And my Father repeated the name as though he were trying it on a Widow and found it a good fit. She^s a very nice girl about my own age. Who's this from, I wonder? Oh, it's Guppy Featherstonehaugh -- in town till the fifteenth -- can't I dine Tuesday ? Hummums -- ^go to Opera-Faust and Mar^erite " Faust and Mar^erite " "Who's she?" interjected my Father, but I took no notice. "Little Tripey -- engaged to be married -- seems absurd! -- No, I can't! not Tuesday -- isn't the other one Tuesday?" " The very nice girl your own age ? She's Tuesday. But who's Marguerite ? " " She's nothing. She's in Faust. I'm sorry about Gup -- ^but it can't be helped. We must get another day " " Won't the very nice girl do another day -- not even for the Hoarperer?" I didn't rise to this, and my Father, after an ineffectual attempt to materialize Marguerite, gave her up, and went effectual attempt to materialize Marguerite, gave her up, and went back to a starting point. " Eespecting of this here young Widow lady " " She's not a Widow," said I, emphatically. "Well, Nipper dear, keep your hair on! Anyhow, you'd think from her name she would come in and do rooms out. Coorse I know Nothin'! I'm only a sooperannuated old Governor " " You're my dear old Dad. However, I'll tell you all about her." And I did so, and by the time I'd got to the fourth or fifth reason why I preferred to chuck the Opera and go to Hampstead, my Father was choosing Jane's wedding dress. stead, my Father was choosing Jane's wedding dress. "Sorry she ain't a beauty, Joey! Look well in a sort of grey tool, perhaps ? Does she wear mittens ? " I wasn't the least responsible for the image my Father was constructing of J ane Spencer. structing of J ane Spencer. "Not that I know of. Daddy. And she really is a very nicelooking girl, with hazel eyes and a much better figure than her looking girl, with hazel eyes and a much better figure than her JOSEPH VANCE gister. Of course she's not a Beauty, like that beastly little monkey Jeannie!" And then, as this epithet was certainly a strong one, I narrated Miss McGaskin's escapades of the other evening. I understood my Father to take exception to Jeannie's shovelling me off on a dowdy because she couldn't have me herself; this was quite an unjust summing-up of the position, and I self; this was quite an unjust summing-up of the position, and I protested that though Jeannie was awfully pretty, she was childish and a romp and a tomboy, while Janey Spencer wasn't a dowdy ish and a romp and a tomboy, while Janey Spencer wasn't a dowdy at all, if you came to that, and was particularly charming and attractive in other points than mere appearance. I liked the sound of my own voice when I praised her. I did not analyze my satisfaction. But reflecting that I might indulge it at the price of too much misconception on my Father's part, I discounted all this by alleging an entire absence of motive of any sort for preferring Hampstead to the Opera next Tuesday. My Father didn't ferring Hampstead to the Opera next Tuesday. My Father didn't seem impressed by these assurances, and said -- Oh ah! he saw. I did not pursue the subject. Nothing happened on that Tuesday visit to Hampstead, which duly came off as appointed, to make it the least necessary that I should carry Miss Austen's Pride and Prejudice " up there two or three days later. Jane had certainly mentioned that she hadn't got the book and would like to read it again -- ^but it could have waited a few days, or even gone by P. D. C. But I must needs travel up there in a snowstorm on the pretext of taking her a novel which the local Library could have supplied. The snowfall began as the bus passed the now extinct Waterworks in Hamp- fall began as the bus passed the now extinct Waterworks in Hampstead Eoad. By the time I reached The Limes I was in a white stead Eoad. By the time I reached The Limes I was in a white world. Only Miss Jane was visible -- Miss Spencer was away. Mrs. Spencer was confined to her room; and as I forget what was the matter with her I suppose I didn't care. Mr. Spencer wasn't home yet, and might be very late. I affected perplexity, but ended by deciding that under the exceptional circumstances Miss Jann would do to represent the Family. The servant might have replied, Considering that the other evening when you dined herf plied, Considering that the other evening when you dined herf you only spoke to Miss Jane and hardly looked at Miss Aldridge and Miss Kate Aldridge, who are both personable, I should rather think she would do." But she was a discreet servant, and merely asked if I would be pleased to walk into the Library. I felt that I should. A canary-bird was in the Library, perhaps a descendant of the former one -- ^but he wasn't singing. If I understood a twitter rightly, he made a remark about the snow outside, and then reJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE tired from public life. On the table was the same mirror; in the bookcase was "Peter Simple." I could have got it out and gone on reading about flapdoodle in the same armchair. But then, thought I, all would go on very nearly as before till the time came for Lossie's return; and then no knock would come at the door, and the house would not as then become suddenly all aglow with Lossie. I turned sick at heart, and forgot the years between. I turned a little physically dizzy too, for when Janey Spencer came in she found me sitting in the chair with my head in my hands and my elbows on the table. She must have opened the door and looked in without my hearing her, for the first thing I did hear was her voice outside, ing her, for the first thing I did hear was her voice outside, epeaking to the servant. "Would you please come, Eliza! Come at once -- am afraid Mr. Vance is ill." I heard Eliza hurrying up the kitchen stairs as I ran to the door. "Oh, my dear Miss Janey -- do forgive me! I^m not ill at all, not the least -- it's only a way I have of putting my face in my hands. And you came so quietly I didn't hear you." Of course it was a lie about putting my face in my hands -- but it was a case of extreme pressure. I had to prevent Eliza thinking I was drunk -- I wasn't afraid of Janey. However, I was so anxious for a perfectly clear conscience that as soon as Eliza had gone, I confessed up in that sense. fessed up in that sense. ^Something was the matter though," said Janey, and nailed me to veracity with her candid hazel eye. " Yes -- something. But I don't know that I can exactly describe it. Something connected with my having been here so long ago." "And Mrs. Desprez?" What a very stupid boy I must have been at twenty-one to think this sharpness phenomenal ! I got confused and stuttered. tered. "Yes -- no -- yes! Well, I suppose yes -- in a certain sense, yes. Well then, yes!" This last yes was a hauling down of colours in reply to an anticipated broadside. For Jane had not spoken. Neither did she speak till she had stirred the fire and made a blaze. Then she closed the door, and after a collateral remark about how nobody ever came fussing into the Library and one could chat in quiet, sat down before the fire and brought up the Bill for a second Beading. " I can remember Lossie Thorpe -- ^that is, Mrs. Desprez -- coming in here and sitting in this chair with her bonnet in her 242 JOSEPH VANCE lap and her hair loose." So could 1. " You were Very, fond of her?" "Very. But she isn't dead, you know. Now, is she?" " No ! But she's -- well ! -- she's married." "And gone to India," said I, softening it, and evading the trend of the conversation. " It is almost the same thing as dead to us, -- that is to her father, and her brothers and myself." But Janey was not to be put off with this mean shift. Her brothers, indeed! Not that she said this -- she only thought it almost audibly. I felt it necessary to improve my position. " You see, of course, it was like this. Lossie Thorpe took me up when I was the merest kid -- used to sit on her lap and that sort of thing -- and I used to spend most of my time when I wasn't at school at her father's. I almost became an inmate. And so, naturally, when we lost her, it was " I stopped dead. "Naturally it was," said Janey. "But I daresay her brothers are not inconsolable. Mr. Oliver Thorpe bears it with resignation. The young one, Joey, of course must feel the loss dreadfully -- his sister was quite a mother to him " " Joey is young. Boys are like that." " Like what ? " "Well -- they take things coolly -- sometimes " " And you have not taken things coolly ? " " Not altogether. Her father and I, don't you see, are " "No-- I don't see " "By-the-bye, Miss Spencer, I brought you up that book -' Pride and Prejudice ' -- ^you said you would like to read it again. ' Pride and Prejudice ' -- ^you said you would like to read it again. I think it far her cleverest Novel. I don't care nearly so much for ' Mansfield Park ' " Jane interrupted me. "No -- Mr. Vance -- I won't be put off with 'Pride and Prejudice ' -- nor even ' Mansfield Park.' I want to know what her dice ' -- nor even ' Mansfield Park.' I want to know what her father and you-don't-you-see are?" " Why, it's difficult ! I mean it's a difficult sort of thing to talk about. It's not Euclid. Of course her going away wasn't the same thing to her father and to me -- there could be no comparison " " And if she had stayed in England ? " "It would have made the whole difference to him. Since she has been gone it has not been like the same house. He kept up wonderfully, and said he was not going to be a damper on hie daughter's happiness. But as soon as she was gone he broke down. And he has never seemed the same since." It was curious what a relief I found it to turn the conversation in this way entirely to JOSEPH VANCE Hr. Thorpe. All I said of him I was at liberty to mean about myself, only it was so infinitely easier to say it of him. But this way of treating the matter wasn^t fair to Jane Spencer, who saw the subject being wheedled into another channel. However, she let me run on for a while, until I escaped altogether into a region of no interest. I think I made use of sleeplessness Dr. Thorpe had suffered from in the past six months as a stepping-stone to dyspepsia; an interesting subject, but not the one the candid hazel eyes had nailed me up to talk about. '^Mr. Vance," said their owner, never mind light diets and little and often. I want you to tell me something ! " " I will -- if I can." But I was frightened all the same. ^^Wby is it a man can never be, frankly and honestly, friends with a woman, and talk to her without reserve as he would to a man like himself ? " '' Can't he ? " " No -- ^he can't ! At least you can't talk to me so. Oh yes -- I know what any one would say! We've only met three times; two wiggly sofas, and one dinner up here. But then just think! 1 was the little girl Janey you saw in the glass, as you told me last week. And I found you there nine years ago waiting for Lossie Thorpe. And just now I found you again in the same place, and all so changed. And then you make reserves, and keep this back and keep that back; and I want to be so sorry for you, and you won't let me." How nice it would have been to have a sister like this to go to -- in my half-delirious time at Oxford, for instance ! " A sister or cousin or middle-aged relative of some sort," murmured Joe Vance No. 2, and then added, "whom I shouldn't have any particular tendresse for." But I put him aside, feeling thoroughly ular tendresse for." But I put him aside, feeling thoroughly ashamed of him. " Oh, do forgive me," I cried to Janey, " I won't humbug any more. Indeed, I'll tell you the whole truth. Only, as I said, it's not altogether easy to tell." " You would find it much easier to tell if you knew how easy I should find it to understand -- or any woman, for that matter. Why, I believe I could tell you the whole story without troubling you to say a word. You were and always have been, and are still, so fond of Lossie Thorpe that you cannot bear to lose her. Where is the difficulty of talking about it ? " " There is none -- to you." And J aney's free speech and direct treatment of the subject came to me almost as a kind of revelation. Also it put me on such perfectly easy terms with her that tion. Also it put me on such perfectly easy terms with her that when, as I was taking leave at the door and Mr. Spencer came (JOSEPH VANCE etruggling in through the thickening snow, and remarked that it would be quite contra yacem Domini Regis for me to think of going all the way to Clapham on such a night, I accepted the suggestion gratefully, and without mental complications, and Janey gestion gratefully, and without mental complications, and Janey said I should sleep in my old room." Why did I not accept Janey^s frank interpretation of the position? Why could I not see that her persistence in getting at the tion? Why could I not see that her persistence in getting at the truth about Lossie was due to her wish to define the terms of her friendship with me, and to preclude philandering? She was just the sort of girl to be able to be friends with a man and no more, provided he would be content to reciprocate. But I must needs sneak in a sub-intent to the effect that the position might be reconsidered, and I really only made use of the treaty as a stepping-stone to its reconsideration. Poor Janey had squared it all up with me so truthfully and courageously. Eor how could better security have been given for good behaviour than the confession of an anchorage elsewhere? Surely I was to be relied on fession of an anchorage elsewhere? Surely I was to be relied on to keep my affections to myself. But in any case of this sort, however truthful may be a girPs wish to fraternize but not to marry, the man's restless vanity is sure to be at work suggesting that her version of her sentiments is probably untrue, and that it is really quite impossible she shouldn't care for him a little more than that! So when (as may be imagined) it came to the foolish declaration, that should not then have been made, of a passion that I was tion, that should not then have been made, of a passion that I was not absolutely certain I felt, Janey threw out her hands with a sort of gesture of despair, and cried, Oh, Mr. Vance, Mr. Vance, we were so jolly and now you've spoiled it all ! " And so I had, and had done it very stupidly too. Eor a revelation of what I was pleased to call my feelings, which would have been plausible to myself, or maybe more than merely plausible, a year after my confession about Lossie, was a mistake at the end of a couple of months. My Father, who had been watching my proceedings with deep interest, was rather disgusted when I told him the widow lady said she wouldn't have me. Eor he persisted in considering Janey as essentially a relict; although by miscarriage of circumstances she had never been married. He cheered up, however, when I gave him a few more particulars. ^'It's only her 'umbug, Joe," was his conclusion. "The land warn't ripe for building! Yon turned on the water before it biled, and just spoiled all the tea. I should 'ark back to the startin'-post if I was in your stockins, JOSEPH VANCE and light a new cigar, as the sayin^ is." I did not identify the saying, but I saw that my Father's mixture of allegories contained the truth. I had half informed Dr. Thorpe of all my goings-on, and had described my visit to the McGaskins and so forth. I noticed that whenever I went on my weekly Saturday evening visit to Poplar Villa, which had become a sacred usage, the Doctor's first greeting at the gate was always: Well -- Joe -- any news?" And he expected some, anxiously -- and his disappointment was always visible when there was no news. No doubt casual intimations reached him through Nolly, who was just capable of a very languid interest in a love-match when there was no Cricketmatch on the tapis. I settled in my mind that I would take the match on the tapis. I settled in my mind that I would take the Doctor into my confidence at the next opportunity. One came quickly enough, for when I walked into his Library the first time after what I had represented to my Father as my rejection (though, indeed, it hardly amounted to that) the Doctor met me with, Come, Joe, some news this time, I hope!" I should have liked to be able to say yes, for he looked grey and old, and as if he sadly wanted a life-brightener. But I had to shake my head. " Nothing, so far. Doctor." "But something, some time -- eh, Joe? You'll tell me when there is any news, dear boy, won't you ? " "Indeed I will. Or suppose I tell you now -- ^Nolly has told about me and Janey Spencer -- isn't it?" " That's the ticket. You shall tell me about it all dinner-time. The Legal Mind and the Poet are both away and we shall have it all to ourselves." The Legal Mind, of course, was Nolly; and the Poet, Joey. He had certainly a faculty for verse-writing. But we have nothing to do with him at present. "Now, Joe, old boy!" said Dr. Thorpe, when we came to the port wine and walnut stage -- "tell me all about you and Jane Spencer." " There isn't much to tell. It comes substantially to this -- I have told Jane that I like her very much (which is perfectly true) and that I think she would be an ideal wife for any man, and that if she agrees I will try to make her an equally good husband " " Was that the way you put it? " " Well -- very nearly ! " "And what did she say?" I imitated Janey's action and manner in replying, giving her words as I have given them above. ner in replying, giving her words as I have given them above. " She must be a particularly nice girl," said the Doctor, his face rippling all over with amusement. JOSEPH VANCE Indeed she is/' said I, and broke into a panegyric of Janey with real pleasure. And you really mean, Joe," said he, when I had done, " that you felt all that and couldn't put any more steam on than what I gather you did -- from what you say ? " I put on all the steam I was capable of." " About two pounds to the inch ? " '' More than that -- say, twenty." Wliat pressure is wanted to make your other Engine, the Great Invention, reciprocate ? " ^'It works best at high pressures." '^Ah, Joe dear, that's where it is! The Human engine works best at high pressures, Janey would reciprocate, I have no doubt, at two hundred to the inch. What does your Father say -- ^you've told him?" '' Oh yes -- I've told him. He goes on the same line -- says I turned on the water before it boiled, and spoiled all the tea." "His metaphor is better than mine. We seem to run into metaphors over this job! Of course the urn ought to spit and fizzle before you turn the handle down -- also the pot ought to be warm! It's a pretty allegory. Now you'll have your smoke." And I sat and puffed before the fire. But, as all roads lead to Rome, so for me in these days all roads led to Lossie, who was my Rome. Even the allegory of the um and the tea brought back to me one of the thousand pictures of Lossie which line the walls of my gallery of Memories. I could see her plainly kissing Sarry on both sides ; as I presumed, to keep her isosceles ! -- and could again hear the urn in the breakfast-room at The Limes protesting against being left boiling so long. Now if you skipped the place where I told of this you won't know what I mean. Skip this too -"Cheer up, Joe! Don't look so sad, old man. The fly-wheel "Cheer up, Joe! Don't look so sad, old man. The fly-wheel will keep the engine running till you put the steam on again. She'll be all right ! " " Janey Spencer ? Oh yes -- ^I daresay that may come all right -one mustn't be in too great a hurry." one mustn't be in too great a hurry." But the Doctor looked unhappy and disconcerted as he stood there on the hearthrug rubbing his chin. Then he made a turn up and down the room, stopping to take snufF. Then he came back and let himself down into his armchair again with " Ah -- well ! " Each of us knew what the other was thinking of. " Leave it all in God's hands, Joey," said he. And we left it -left it alone, at any rate, until the servant having provided a tray, left it alone, at any rate, until the servant having provided a tray, JOSEPH VANCE and a kettle and lemons ed altri generi, as Italian shops say, wanted to know if there was ansrthing else. Being informed that with that exception (whatever it was) the Universe was empty, and there was nothing else, she retired with benedictions. Then I returned to the subject. " But the question is, is it right ? " " Is what right ? " Going hammering on at Janey Spencer, when she's said flatly that she would much rather not think of marriage at all, that she does not believe that she would be happy nor make me happy, and that for all that she doesn't want to lose me -- ^^says why can't she have me without marrying me ? " " That sounds like an Advanced American idea ! But of course I know what the girl means -- ^bless her heart ! " ** Of course. Well, is it right ? " The question is -- are we really fond enough of Janey Spencer? Well -- are we?" I couldn't answer. I felt that Joe Vance No. 2 was trying to get his word in, but I snubbed him, as I did not approve of his tone of thought on the subject. The Doctor continued: " It does seem to me very odd, Joe, that any young man should speak as you do of a girl and not be able to marry her; twice over, for that matter." I broke into a perfectly genuine laugh. Marry Jane Spencer ! " I cried ; why, I'd marry her to-morrow ! Any fellow cer ! " I cried ; why, I'd marry her to-morrow ! Any fellow would." Then what's the botheration ? " said the Doctor, looking amused again. I felt I must clinch my meaning. " I know she will never marry me unless I can give her some satisfactory assurance that I -- well! some kind of satisfactory credentials " Perhaps," answered he, very gravely, " if you were to tell her all about yourself -- all, I mean, about things of this sort -- ^how would that be ? " " I have told her everything," said I. Dr. Thorpe's puzzled look came back again worse than before. He took more snuff, and in the sound of his taking it I almost thought I heard a kind of a sob. Then he said again, ''Ah -well ! " and after a pause, " You must leave it all in God's hands, well ! " and after a pause, " You must leave it all in God's hands, Joe." He got up and took another turn about the room, and then resumed his chair and his speech at the same time. " When I say that, Joe, you know what I mean. We can't take anything out of God's hands -- not the biggest among us. But JOSEPH VANCE we can all do our best in patience, and be ready to accept the end when it comes. ThaPs my meaning, or most of it.^' ''You were afraid I should get into a Capstickian Complicated Mixture over it?" said 1. For really, it seemed to me we were on the edge of a Metaphysical morass. " That sort of thing certainly ! " said he. And we both laughed, with a little tribute to old times, somehow, in our laugh. " But I donT see the use of Anthropomorphism at all, unless it stands by us at a crisis! However, if I can't get a gleam, I shall just be patient in the dark. But it would have been very nice, dear boy, to know that you were happy -- No! I wasn't building on it. And you mustn't allow a wish to make my mind easy influence you. It would be wrong to Miss Spencer. If you try again, after what she has said, she will probably believe what you say -- which she evidently didn't, last try! -- Joe!" -- My name came from the Doctor by itself, in serious appeal. He laid his foreflnger on my hand, that held my empty pipe on the table beside me. "Yes -Doctor ! " said I. Doctor ! " said I. " Are you quite sure you know how much you care about her ? " " I'm sure I could " " Marry her ? Yes -- of course ! But, I mean, are you sure you don't care more than you think ? " " No," said I, after a moment's reflection. " I'm not." And I wasn't. And I tried again, and Janey believed what I said. So did L OHAPTER XXIX HOW TWO FIANCES READ MRS. LUCILLA DESPREZ^S ANSWER TO JOETfc* LETTER. OF PERTURBATION THEREAT. OP HOW JOE's FATHER FOUND AND READ IT TOO. HE WILL NOT BE AN ENCUMBRANCE. OF ANOTHER LETTER FROM JANE. JOE IS BROKEN QUITE OFF. When, therefore, Pheener knocked at the door of the sittingroom at my Father's (as per my disjointed statement some chap- room at my Father's (as per my disjointed statement some chapters ago) it was an Engaged Couple that called out Come in," ters ago) it was an Engaged Couple that called out Come in," after establishing a respectable distance between its moieties. And Pheener came in and brought many letters, on one of which I pounced. I had reasons for wishing to read it before I showed it to Janey. But Janey was too sharp. Oh, J oseph -- that's not fair ! After reading all my letters the other day, and me letting you ! I know who it's from -- it's Lossie Desprez. However, keep it -- keep it, I shall see all her letters to Sarry, and it will do just as well. So go your own way. Master Joseph." The exact reason why Janey was at Clapham is not indispensable, but I may as well give it. She had been to pay a Christmas sable, but I may as well give it. She had been to pay a Christmas visit to an Aunt at Streatham, and I had been all day at work on Engineering Drawings in a little sanctum I had made for myself at my Father's. This Aunt was peculiar. She objected to nieces being engaged, and after much discussion it had been decided that it would be on the whole safer not to take me to see her. " She'll be all right when we're married, Joseph," said Janey. Can any one explain why it is that Aunts have always to be treated with such tact and discretion? It is certainly my own experience that the Human Race appears to be always taking care not to give olfence to its Aunts, and avoiding subjects which are likely to hi;rt the feelings of its Aunts, and wondering what Aunt This will say when she hears of That, or Aunt That will think when she sees T'other -- and generally entrenching itself against serried ranks of Aunts, paternal and maternal. Is not each man's Mother some other man's Aunt? and many men's Aunts (however painful the fact may be) several other persons' Mothers ? I should like to pursue this curious subject some other time -- at present I have to get on with my narrative. JOSEPH VANCE This particular Aunt of Janey's then, being bristly, and difficult of approach by half -fledged nephews, had thrown obstacles in ficult of approach by half -fledged nephews, had thrown obstacles in the way of my calling for Janey to take her back to Hampstead, but at the same time had been keenly alive to the perils of the wilds of suburbs, and had graciously provided the carriage to give her a lift to my Father's. We were teaing together greatly to our satisfaction when Pheener knocked. And that brings me back to the letter again. ^'No, dear girl -- ^you shall have the letter all to yourself and read it first if you like." "I was only joking, dear Joseph. Be a good boy and come back here and we'll read it together." And I have no doubt if you could have looked in at the window you would have remarked that we were a nice-looking young couple of spooneys on a settee reading a letter. As our last letters had contained plenty to answer there was not much about India. There was a good deal about my Father, and I was a little sorry Janey should see it. Then I saw, glancing ahead of our deciphering, that the letter went on to answer my question about being romantically in love." I was apprehensive that something might easily grate on the existing order of things, which had all come about since my letter was written. I established a firmer hold on Janey's loose hand, to provide against lished a firmer hold on Janey's loose hand, to provide against contingencies. On went the letter: '^Hugh and I were so amused with your visit to the Scotch Engineer's. Can't your friend Bony be induced to give up the lovely Jeannie? You seem to have been in a very serious plight about her. But fancy you happening on the other Jane at the same house. The idea of its being Grizzle all the while, and your not knowing it! But 'not half bad, considering'! Let me tell you, you are a most impertinent young man, and Janey is quite one of the most charming and delightful creatures I know " "Very well, Master Joseph," said Janey, sternly, withdrawing her hand from mine. " You shan't have it back again -- ^you don't deserve it! 'Not half bad, considering!' Well, I like that! And then you have the impudence to ask me to marry you -- after saying I wasn't half bad, considering ! " " Please, it wasn't me," said I. " Please, it was a clerical error. Please, it was a lapsus calami. " Yes, that's all very fine ! But considering That's what I want to know! Now do you deserve it back? -- ^'Of course not.^ JOSEPH VANCE 251 -- Well I'm glad you plead guilty! Now leave alone and let me get on with the letter." ''And now, dear Joe, you ask me whether it is 'really necessary to married happiness to be romantically in love at first go off.' Ho try and think of what I write as if I were speaking to you, and speaking very seriously. My idea is this: that happiness may result from any marriage however incongruous, and however little the parties deserve it! But no one has a right to run any risks. Another human creature's happiness is too serious to tamper with, even if you have a right (and I don't believe it) to make ducks and drakes of your own. If what you say points to an intention to apply for Grizzle, and means that you don't feel quite sure you care about her, wait till you do! You are only a boy of twenty-two -- what do you want with marrying ! Go to the Zoological Gardens with Grizzle -- go to the Play -- go to Henley-on- cal Gardens with Grizzle -- go to the Play -- go to Henley-onThames -- go anywhere, but don't go to the altar of Hymen. When Thames -- go anywhere, but don't go to the altar of Hymen. When I think of what a dear boy you are and what a dear girl Grizzle is, I shudder at the idea of your imperilling each other's happiness by rushing into a stupid undertaking, with possibly horrible consequences. Why can't you be contented as you are?" sequences. Why can't you be contented as you are?" "Why can't you?" said Janey, stopping short and turning the letter over on her knees. " Never mind -- I can't. That's enough for now. Business is business. Go on with the letter ! " "Yes -- but I want to know why you can't." "Why I can't what?" " Be contented as you are " "I am contented. I've got you here, and what more do I want ? " "Joseph! Be good enough not to prevaricate." But there was a certain tone of satisfaction in her voice, and I felt that I had made a hit. But why do I put it in that way ? Why should there have been any question of scoring? " Cut along. Grizzle darling ! Fire away with the letter." " Now, my dear old boy, I don't think I should write so earnestly about it, only that I suspect from other things you say that you have another motive in wanting to marry. You always let cats out of bags when you write letters, although you do know how to keep your mouth shut in " JOSEPH VAHCE " -- ^WhaPs that word?" '''In Nature/ That man that painted Vi, you know, said the mouth was small ' in Nature ^ " " -- 'in Nature,' and I can't help thinking you have got an idea that a daughter-in-law and a household would be good for your Father, and would keep him from the Whiskey-bottle " "Grizzle dearest -- Lossie has quite misunderstood something I said. Oh, do -- oh, don't -- I mean don't go on reading, because Lossie can't have meant any one hut me to read it " Janey folded up the letter and flat turning it over with the free hand. The other lay very limp in mine -- and she said not a word. " Oh, my dearest -- don't you misunderstand me too ! -- I know quite well what gave Lossie that notion -- it was in a letter I wrote before -- you know I began sending off letters soon after she went. It was before ever we met at Circus Road -- indeed, it was!" But Janey only turned the letter over, and her hand was very cold in mine. "Never mind, dear Joseph," said she at last. "It was right and good of you to think about your Father. But " But Janey's lips clenched and her face wrinkled up as though a burst of tears were coming. It stopped in an early stage before reaching the sob or gasp, and only spoiled her face for a second or so. " Never mind," said she, courageously. "We must be off -- we shall never get to Hampstead in time for dinner." Janey's face wasn't at its best when she began to cry, and I was glad when she cleared up. She did not quite clear up though -- there was a chill all the way to Hampstead, a something uncomfortable. She was sweet and nice, as she always was; but warmth and comfort had gone. , I could see that Mr. Spencer's legal acumen perceived that something was wrong, but his professional reserve forbade his asking thing was wrong, but his professional reserve forbade his asking questions. As for Mrs. Spencer, I don't know whether she ever perceived anything at all on this or any other subject. Besides, there were guests. I did not stay the night, as my room was bespoken by a country cousin. I found my way back through a gale and sleet to Clapham about two in the morning, and went to bed discouraged. ham about two in the morning, and went to bed discouraged. I had arranged to stay at home next evening and dine with my Father. I had been neglecting the old boy lately, and whenever I did this I fancy he took a little extra, to balance. He seemed to JOSEPH VANCE me peevish and sleepy. He made an unusual parade of allowancing himself two small glasses of whiskey, and even directed ancing himself two small glasses of whiskey, and even directed Pheener to take away the dam bottle. If I do go the length of another 'arf-a-glass," said he, it ^11 be quite independent of this here allowance -- acrost another bar as you might say, hay, Nipper?" This was his favourite method of combining a clear conscience with the profits of transgression, and the smile under Pheener's skin came through to the surface. WhaPs little Clementina a-grinnin' at ? " said he. At this the smile became a giggle or splutter, and vanished into the passage with Pheener and a tray. Provided with more cheerfulness of tone by this little incident, my Father went on: fulness of tone by this little incident, my Father went on: But you havenT any call to fret, dear Nipper. Your old Dad isnT going to be a burden on two young folk starting in life. You'll be all right." Daddy!" "Nipper! Just precisely as I say, so I stick to! You and this here nice young lady, Mrs. Nipper as is to be, are going to start fair without encumbrances. You'll have to provide your own encumbrances," here came in a trace of jocularity, which expanded cumbrances," here came in a trace of jocularity, which expanded as my Father proceeded to rough-sketch an advertisement, announcing the arrival of an early grandson. nouncing the arrival of an early grandson. " But, Daddy, it would spoil it all, if you were not there." "Would it, Joey? But I expect Miss Lossie's right. She mostly is. She's right about the dam bottle, and I expect she's right about you." He put on a pair of gold-rimmed spectacles, which had served two purposes, one to give a finishing touch to solvency and respectability, the other to nourish a fiction that the wearer had always had a turn for reading, but had been baffled by short sight. He then pulled out a massive pocketbook, in which he had actually learned to write very fair memoranda, and drew from a side slip a letter which I at once identified as Lossie's letter of yesterday ! I had looked for it when I returned, there being ter of yesterday ! I had looked for it when I returned, there being a remainder unread, and had been upset at not finding it, but had thought possibly Janey had taken it, and forgotten to give it back. Here was a nice mess! "Well -- I declare -- ^Dad! There's my letter, after all! I hunted for it all last night." " Nippers shouldn't leave their letters about. When they do, their Dads finds 'em and reads 'em. When they reads 'em thein conclusions are (push over the 'baccy to my side) -- as follows."-- < This resource of rhetoric favoured the lighting of a pipe beforcS continuing. -- "Are as follows -- you shut up, Joey, and let me da. JOSEPH VANCE Ihe poll-parrotting -- are as follows: When Nippers^ Dads are addicted to anything (whiskey, for instance) it don^t do ^em any barm to be well blown up -- especially if Miss Lossie. So I say nothing about that. But I do say this, Joey,^' and my Father^s manner changed as he forsook the ohliqua oratio, I do say a young gaFs entitled to be consulted and have her finger in the pie, and not to have her boozy old father-in-law chucked round her neck like a millstone from behind.'^ know what you mean. Daddy dear! But though I have never said anything to Janey about it, I told Mr. Spencer what you said about there being enough and more than enough, even if I didn't succeed in my profession, and that you said there would be always this house, anyhow -- of course he understood you wouldn't be turned into the street " ^'How do you know that, Nipper? Didn't the Prodigal Son heave his Grandfather out of a fourth story, or something ? iMaybe I've got it wrong -- or the Reverend Capstick had? But it all comes round to the same thing in the end. Instead of offering your 'and and 'art to Miss J aney, you should have said, ^ I ing your 'and and 'art to Miss J aney, you should have said, ^ I am your devoted lover. Will you come (after Church, of course) and live with me and my sickenin' old guv'nor, and lock up the whiskey-bottle when he's visibly had too much ? ' " Oh, Dad, Dad, Dad, dear old Dad -- I believe you're laughing all the while! Why, one of the very first things Janey said to me was that I never could leave my Father. There now ! " " On which account matrimony be blowed ! That was what Miss Janey hadn't quite the 'art to say, or she'd have said it, 'cos she meant it. But it's all right, Nipper dear! As I said afore, sootes of Chambers are sootes of Chambers -- or if not, there's any number of eligible residences within a radius. There's the Post." ber of eligible residences within a radius. There's the Post." Whenever the Post is heard conversation suspends itself naturally, until the said Post, or what it has unburdened its conscience of, is brought in. Weakness and Impatience sometimes science of, is brought in. Weakness and Impatience sometimes run out to meet it, and sometimes come back crestfallen on finding it was only for the cook; or a circular. In this case, during ing it was only for the cook; or a circular. In this case, during the pause, I picked up Lossie's letter, and read the remainder. " -- would be good for your Father, and would keep him from the Whiskey-bottle. Dear Joe, I know how hard it must seem to you to place any feeling above your love for your Father, for I know how you love him. But ask yourself what you owe to the woman who gives herself and her life away to you without reserve -Ihink of the risks she runs for your sake -- ^think how her whole Ihink of the risks she runs for your sake -- ^think how her whole JOSEPH VANCE future depends on it. According to my idea the slightest taint of bargain-making on the part of either is wrong even when prompted by love for a parent. Such a motive, of course, is better than property-mongering -- it is without the vulgarities of hard cash and titledom -- but it's wrong in principle and fact, and noth' ing can make it right. Eemember, I write all this wondering how on earth, if you love Janey at all, you can stop short of loving her outright It must be like trying to stop running down a steep hill. . . . could go on writing ever so long about it, but one must draw a line. Do think of what I say. I know you will be a dear boy anyhow, even if you do get a bit puzzled. -- Only space on the paper for Hugh's love with mine. " Your affect. Lossie."^ Two letters for you," said my Father, analyzing the Post *^Four for me. One for 'Ickman. One for Clementina -- ^here's your young man wrote round to say he's got another gurl and don't want you. Catch it! Yours looks like Miss Spencer's 'and. You catch it !" -- and my Father threw the letter across the table to me. " Hullo ! " said I. Why, I saw her at eleven o'clock last night." I opened the letter in trepidation, feeling things had gone wrong. The first two words made me think I must be mistaken, and then reading on I saw I wasn't. ^'Dearest Joseph: I feel I ought to lose no time in telling you the conclusion I have come to about our engagement. No marriage ought to take place when either party doubts its being for the happiness of both. Are you confident of yours and mine? I am confident of neither. It seems to me that we have been mistaken, and that all we can do now is to let bygones be bygones. I cannot tell you how I blame myself -- for I feel I am the one to blame -nor how humbly I ask your forgiveness. nor how humbly I ask your forgiveness. '^Do not suppose that it is only Mrs. Desprez's letter that has done this -- least of all that I should be hurt by thinking that your affection for your Father, and your wish to add to his comforts, had had an influence over you. I should only love you the better for your love of him. But it is impossible for me to write exactly the reasons why I feel I am right in breaking faith with you actly the reasons why I feel I am right in breaking faith with you i<md refusing to become your wife. I am not sure that I really JOSEPH VANCE know them myself. I do know that I am acting with a thought for your welfare, as well as mine. "I will not justify myself lest you should answer me with arguments, and persuade me to marry you against my own conviction ments, and persuade me to marry you against my own conviction of what is best for us both. Do not come to see me. Although I am forced to behave in this way, I hope and pray that you will always think of me as your most affectionate friend, "Jane Spencer." "Anything disagreed, Joey?" said my Father, looking up from a letter he was anticipating Hickman over, with occasional grunts. "Got the stummick-ache ? Have a little drop of the Objectionable? Put that dam bottle back on the table, Celestina." able? Put that dam bottle back on the table, Celestina." " Oh no ! It's all right -- at least it will be all right. It's nothing." On which my Father, after looking attentively at me for a ing." On which my Father, after looking attentively at me for a few seconds, poured out a glass from the recovered bottle. I took it, partly with a vain idea of preventing his drinking it himself; whereupon he poured himself out another, and what I took of mine certainly did me no good -- it never did. I wanted very much to conceal things from him; at any rate until I had seen Janey. But it was no use, for next day came another letter manifestly directed by Janey; and it was impossible to hide the facts, as it came by registered post and my Father ble to hide the facts, as it came by registered post and my Father signed for it. It contained the engagement ring I had given Janey, enclosed in a paper on which was written "With the love of a dear Friend." Nothing else. ' I did not feel on the receipt of this letter anything resembling what I had felt when Dr. Thorpe told me Lossie was engaged. I absolutely retained self-command, and was more piqued and angry than anything else; but more with myself than with Janey. It was Joe No. 2 who perceived that Janey was not the only single girl in creation, and that there were more fish in the sea than ever came out of it. I resented this piece of irritability though I forgave Joe No. 2 for expressing his feelings on the ground of his gave Joe No. 2 for expressing his feelings on the ground of his having been taken by surprise. I found this quite consistent with loving Janey more than ever, and even allowing that she was perfectly right. I refused to myself to give up seeing her again with a view to her conversion. I did succeed in doing so after importunity. But poor Janey, though she went as white as a sheet, refused concession. And when I broke into a final appeal in which I exhausted all my powers of persuasion, she gave way to a flood of tears and cried mtf "Oh, Mr. Vance, Mr. Vance, you have no right to press me JOSEPH VANCE so -- ^you have no right." And then hearing her Father's footstep outside at this moment she called to him. '^Papa -- Papa! Do come in and help me 1 " and in reply to his What is it, dear ? -tell me what's the matter," threw herself into his arms and be- tell me what's the matter," threw herself into his arms and between her sobs said, " Help me to tell him I cannot marry him, tween her sobs said, " Help me to tell him I cannot marry him, and make him believe it." "If ever Janey changes," said Mr. Spencer, "or seems to, I will let you know. But she seems to me quite in earnest. My poor boy," added he kindly, " I can't tell you how sorry I am about it all. I think we had better say good-bye now." And I walked home all the way from Hampstead to Clapham -in fact, I went a long way round quite needlessly. And all in fact, I went a long way round quite needlessly. And all through that long walk my mind went on concocting and reciting the account of all these things that I meant to write out by the next mail -- to Lossiel CHAPTER XXX JOE COULD BEAR TO LOSE JANEY. OF THE SPHERICAL ENGINE AND HIS NEW PROVISIONAL. AND PRING. HOW JOE^S FATHER WILL BUILD HIM AN ENGINEERING WORKSHOP. THE MACALLISTER REPEATER, AND JOE^S PARTNERSHIP WITH BONY. MRS. BONY's BABY. MR. BONY ON ENGAGEMENTS, AND HOW HE DID IT. OF A CONFESSION OF PHEENER's. AND HOW OLD VANCE GOT VERY DRUNK. EHEU ! JOE GOES TO SEEK SOLACE FROM DR. THORPE. I FELT dreadfully -- dreadfully -- ashamed of myself in the days that followed. I began slowly to see that I had really never considered Janey at all, all through! I was still too young to know sidered Janey at all, all through! I was still too young to know that my fellow-vermin very rarely show any consideration whatever for their females under like circumstances. ever for their females under like circumstances. It was very odd that I had gone on for so many years considering Lossie everything, and my Self only a casual Planetoid or ing Lossie everything, and my Self only a casual Planetoid or Satellite of no importance ; and here in a little three months, I had mustered the presumption to ask Janey Spencer for what I should hardly have dared to think of asking of Lossie. For indeed, Janey's own description of my attitude of mind about Lossie was the true one; I simply "could not bear'' to lose her. Now, I found it very hard, at first, to lose Janey -- ^but still, I could bear it. I speculated on these points until I became quite alive to the fact that Janey was getting dim. Just as when one leaves behind the lights of another ship that for the moment have obscured the lighthouse that saw us out of port, just so Janey died away and Lossie's illumination beamed out steadily into the darkness. Memories of Lossie came back to me and found me a sadder and a wiser man. However, I consoled myself with the Spherical Engine, and writing letters to Lossie. By the time my Provisional had expired, and I had to render a complete specification to go with the pired, and I had to render a complete specification to go with the application for a full Patent, I had added many improvements, and it was necessary to make an application for each of them separately or for all together, but under no circumstances could they be included as a portion of the original invention in the Patent. I was, however, at liberty to make a new Provisional JOSEPH VANCE Application for the whole thing. There was a disadvantage. If any one else had by accident himself invented my machine during the Provisional period and registered it, his Provisional would be held to have antedated mine, and I should lose everything. I decided to run the risk involved. I got by this procedure nine months clear to incorporate my fresh developments. According to Pring, these were all his own suggestion, and indeed I must say he showed an alacrity in claiming paternity that was almost as good as the real thing. ing paternity that was almost as good as the real thing. ^'Just my idear!^' was his invariable remark whenever I announced any new and important variation. "Wot Pve been say- nounced any new and important variation. "Wot Pve been saying all along.'^ And I am certain that Pring was honestly unable ing all along.'^ And I am certain that Pring was honestly unable to distinguish between the reception of a new idea and the revival of an old one. He was like the boy Socrates converted to a vival of an old one. He was like the boy Socrates converted to a belief in his own pre-knowledge of Geometry. Not that he adhered to his claims of paternity when the birth turned out an abortive one. He then asked what did he tell me all along? And hadnT he said there was sure to be a back -lash? And it wasnT his fault if after all we got Ting up by overheating in that bearing. He'd made himself 'oarse talking about it, -- and so forth. But the net outcome of it all was that the Engine made progress. What did not make progress was my selection of a profession. The obvious thing would have been for me to become a partner in my Father's business. But I was very lukewarm about this, and he positively objected to it. " The Nipper would spoil it all," said he, " with his ideas and notions." He looked upon invention and origination as likely to be fatal to the construction of buildings. According to him any builder who tried anything un- ings. According to him any builder who tried anything uncommon was already due in bankruptcy. " Becos, see what common was already due in bankruptcy. " Becos, see what happens if you so much as ask a carpenter to put in an extra brad. You're a thousand pounds outside your contract that minute, afore ever you know where you are. In buildin' never you let any man do any job he hasn't done before -- he'll make a 'ash of it! Any man presoomin' to do anything for the first time in his life ought to go before the Beak and be bound over." And of course my Father thought my ideas and notions would foster such presumption. In reply to my remonstrance that there must be a first sumption. In reply to my remonstrance that there must be a first time to everything, he merely remarked, " On another Job " -- and seemed satisfied with his position. One evening when my father and I were sitting with Dr. Thorpe, after dining at Poplar Villa, the latter spoke plainly out about his own views on the subject of my profession. " Why JOSEPH VAHOE can't you go in, in earnest, Joe, for the thing you're always dabbling in, and spending your Father's money on? Take up Engineering and hammer away at it like mad." ^'Well -- of course that's what I should like to do. Only I thought a Profession ought to be a Bore -- not a Pleasure." Greatest mistake in the world, Joe." Then there's another difficulty. Doctor -- I can't get any one to teach me anything." Can't they teach you anything at McGaskin and Flack's ? " ^^McGaskin and Flack's," I echoed with tremendous scorn -- **why, they know nothing themselves. I have to tell them every- thing, and then they do it wrong." I proceeded to give a sketch of this Firm, to which I ascribed abnormal ignorance and very inferior plant. I had been in collision with Pring that morning on the subject of screwing lathes: on whom I had discharged aU the knowledge I had lately got from a paper read before the Institute by a very advanced German, who, if I remember rightly, could tute by a very advanced German, who, if I remember rightly, could make a screw that only travelled one way, rendering lock-nuts things of the past. " Couldn't you find him out and get him to take a pupil ? " said the Doctor. " Howsomever, Joe, if nobody can teach you anything until he knows how to make a screw like that, you must be thing until he knows how to make a screw like that, you must be pretty well informed. Now, why can't you do this way? Most likely there's some corner at the works your Father could spare room in " My Father was adjusting a bandana handkerchief over his head to go to sleep under. " There isn't," said he, elbow-room for a one-armed man to blow his nose in at present." Dr. Thorpe looked thwarted. ^'But I might make an 'andy shop for you," went on my Father, "by jackin' up the roof on the main buildin', and addin' a story. There wouldn't be any great trouble go with that." Dr. Thorpe looked greatly relieved, and my Father drew the bandana over his head and went balmily to sleep. "There, you see, Joe! And your Father was saying he'd got more Power than he could use. So you would have nothing to do but find a clever foreman, who would understand about paying wages." " I could pay wages." "You can do Differential Calculus, Joe, I've no doubt. But don't run away with the idea that you can pay men wages. It's the last acquisition of human experience." And my Father murmured in his sleep, " Never you do anything yourself." mured in his sleep, " Never you do anything yourself." The foregoing fragment of after-dinner chat at the Doctor's JOSEPH VANCE sketches out very nearly what did happen. In fact, my Father provided me with all the means of starting Mechanical Engineering on my own account, and though I spent a great deal of money ing on my own account, and though I spent a great deal of money on inventions, still with my Father's shrewdness to back me I was able to make a fair show of covering the outlay and even clearing a small profit. But these were merely inventions-by-the-way, as they may be called. They belonged to a contemptible class of contrivances, and their objects were to sift and grind, to produce trivances, and their objects were to sift and grind, to produce cleanness and comfort, or to save needless labour. A new device was on the road having a nobler object, that of destroying human life at a small expense and a great distance. This was the source of a good deal of emolument, and the development of it to the highest degree of perfection that any Repeating Rifle had then attained gave the keenest pleasure to its joint Inventors, neither of whom was capable of murder, though each felt satisfaction at the existence of foreigners as raisons-d* etre for arms of precision, without whom we should have had to resort to Civil War, a shocking expedient. ing expedient. Did I mention that Bony Macallister was also in the Engineering line, or was I too busy with other matters when I wrote of ing line, or was I too busy with other matters when I wrote of him ? I think the latter. Anyhow, Bony and I were great chums, and ended by going into partnership over the Macallister Repeater -- as I insisted on its being called, after him. It is for- peater -- as I insisted on its being called, after him. It is forgotten now, and a living sentinel can be sniped, and his thoughts gotten now, and a living sentinel can be sniped, and his thoughts about his home cut short, nearly two miles farther off. For we live in a great Age. But while it lasted the run on the Macallister Repeater was phenomenal. The first of these horrors was completed by us on my twentyfourth birthday. It was not brought to the notice (or, at least, fourth birthday. It was not brought to the notice (or, at least, driven home to the notice) of the War Office till General Desprez's return from India some time after. But there it was, a highly finished and perfect instrument, for us to gloat over, as NoUy used to gloat over his bat. And there was I, one November afternoon I remember well, gloating over it in a rocking-chair in my Father's Snuggery, while Bony poured out the tea. " When's that tea coming. Bony?" said I. ''Look alive!" " Stop a minute," said Bony. " Fly in the milk." " I tell you what. Bony. I'm sure that oval ought to be decimal point nought one less on the short diameter " " He will kick so confoundedly, or I could get him out. Isn't that a good deal ? " "Well_say ought nine nine. Why don't you take the handle of the spoon ? JOSEPH VANCE IVe got him ! But he's brought a long striggle of cream out with him -- he's tied up in it. I don't see that we can tell anything about it until it's been properly tested at the Butts. I'll put a little lukewarm water over him, and that 'll get him clear." Not too hot, you booby. When can Rawlings meet us at the Scrubs ? " " There's a letter from him -- ^you open it. I say, look here ! The beggar's all free except one leg " "Hm -- hm -- hm! Not before Thursday -- what a bore! When's that tea coming, Bony ? " Don't be in a hurry ! You're such a hard-hearted chap. Give the poor beggar time to get his leg out." "You've no need to stick there looking at him. You pour the tea -- I'll see he's all right." And two young men drank two cups of tea as they watched with animation the return of that fly to the active duties of life. As soon as the convalescent had drunk the milk off his person, and flown away clear, their attention was undividedly given to the implement of Hell which had absorbed it for more than a year. But even that flagged, and another topic dawned. " What are you going to christen that Baby, Bony ? " "Mrs. Macallister's Baby?" For Bony was married! His very long engagement had terminated some months before, and the young couple had availed themselves of their power to add to their number like a Committee, and the new member was expected very shortly. Bony had the meanness to try to shuffle the whole responsibility on his wife, always speaking of the expected article sponsibility on his wife, always speaking of the expected article as Mrs. Macallister's Baby. "7 want it to be Jeannie," said he. "Jeannie wants it to be Archie " " You'll have to make some concession about the sex." " That's where it is ! We don't want the same sex. She wants a he -- I want a her. I expect she'll get her way. Women always do ! " I contributed a remark that Time would show, and felt sagacious. " I say, Joseph," said Bony, with the tone of one who is really approaching a subject, "whatever possessed you to make such a fool of yourself about J aney Spencer two years ago ? " " I didn't make a fool of myself, my dear boy. My Creator had anticipated me. You see I was left in his hands (as the Doctor says) when I was non-existent and couldn't speak for myseK. Besides, is one a fool for asking such a nice girl as Janey to marry sides, is one a fool for asking such a nice girl as Janey to marry one? " JOSEPH VANCE " You know perfectly well what I mean." '' No -- Archibald. I do not. I haven't the slightest idea what you mean." May I take away, Sir ? " This of course was Pheener for the tea-things. Nemine contradicente, she culminated and subsided, closing the door on more or less tobacco smoke as she sided, closing the door on more or less tobacco smoke as she retired. ^^Yes -- you have," resumed Archibald. ''You know I mean why on earth did you make such a muddle of the whole thing! Because you did. A most disgraceful muddle. You know quite well you were very sorry when she chucked you." " How do you know anything about it ? " "Wliy, of course, Janey told Jeannie, and Jeannie told me. Of course I promised not to tell." "And of course you've told! But what does your wife think was Miss Spencer's reason for breaking it off ! " " Because you didn't go about it the right way." " Which is the right way ? Wkat did you say ? " "What did I say? Nothing at all! That's just the point. I expect you palavered too much.'^ "But, Bony! You must have said something -- or perhaps you wrote a letter ? " " The idea ! A letter, indeed ! However, if you want to know, I'll tell you. We'd been having great fun at her Father's that evening -- ^you came at the end of September, wasn't it? Well! This was Midsummer full moon I know. Jeannie came down the garden path to see me off the premises -- ^you know the path outside that conservatory passage place -- and when we got to the gate Jeannie gathered a rose to stick in my buttonhole and got rather close because it didn't work in easy, and I " The narrative hitched very slightly and I supplied the hiatus. "You'd better confess it all while you're about it, old chap. Now, on your honour! How often did you kiss Jeannie?" " I didn't count 'em, old boy," said Bony, looking rather guilty. "P'Faps Jeannie recollects. We heard my present Mother-inlaw coming after us, and I got away. But it established a mutual law coming after us, and I got away. But it established a mutual understanding, and made explanations only necessary to bystanders. Old Mac was rather in a rage and said he couldn't bear standers. Old Mac was rather in a rage and said he couldn't bear anything underhand. I can't see that there was anything underhand about it. Jeannie was there, and I was there, and what hand about it. Jeannie was there, and I was there, and what more could you want ? " " What, indeed ! But you know, Bony dear, people are different. For one thing Janey was twenty, and Jeannie was " JOSEPH VANCE " Seventeen. But I don^t believe it was that, Joseph. I don't believe you were quite in earnest." " I think I was though," said I, weakly. And Bony riposted incisively -- " Stuff and nonsense ! No one thinks he's in earnest. He knows he is, or he knows he isn't." ^You think that I ought to have gone about it the way you did." I don't know that. But I do think you ought to have been quite unable to help going about it that way under the same circumstances, and I'm afraid you weren't. Hookey, how late it is! Jeannie expects me home early to dress for dinner at Phillipses." I sat in the half-dark when Bony had gone, wondering how far his belief was right. I could picture to myself the summer night, the leafy hush of the still garden, the smell of the roses, and the lovely face that the crying need for one in his buttonhole had brought so near to his own -- and the natural consequences! How could it have been otherwise? But change the characters! It seemed disloyal -- in feeling -- to try such an experiment of imagination on poor Janey. But how should I have behaved? Let agination on poor Janey. But how should I have behaved? Let me shut my eyes and think -- ^Well! honestly now, I believe, as a matter of fact, I might have done the very selfsame thing. But," cried Joe No. 2, breaking a long silence, could you not have shaken hands decorously, like a well-behaved young gentleman ? If you had tried, mind you, if you had tried ? " I owned I man ? If you had tried, mind you, if you had tried ? " I owned I thought I might, with self-restraint. " But then," cried he again, and I flinched at what was coming, " how if it had been Lossie ? " Yes, that was the question! How if it had been Lossie? I sat on in the twilight, forgetting everything, even the Macallister Bepeater, dreaming of a past that for the moment became allister Bepeater, dreaming of a past that for the moment became more real than my surroundings -- more real than myself, for that matter. I was brought to by a recrudescence of Pheener with the lamp. I was not grateful, for though I was aware of the necessity for the existence of a sad young man in the dark (to do the recollecting), still the things he remembered were happiness such as he ing), still the things he remembered were happiness such as he could not make Hope beckon out of the future; and for the moment the whole of the present had slipped away. '^Cook says. Sir," said Pheener, when she had established the Lamp, shall she put the soles down to do, or wait any longer for If aster ? " JOSEPH VANCE I remembered that my Father had said something about being late because he was on an Arbitration job and he was acting jointly with a couple of other charackters in the Building line, and he couldn't be sure how long they mightn't go on fooling. He implied that, if alone, he would make short work of any decision as plied that, if alone, he would make short work of any decision as dinner-time approached. In fact, he had an infallible guide for all Beferees. " Be as unfair as you can to 'em all ! Make 'em swear at you, one same as t'other! In six weeks they'll be saying give me Wance for an Arbitrator! " Let's see what o'clock it is now, Pheener," said I. And it had actually gone eight. " I had no idea it was so late. But there's nothing that will spoil ? " Oh law, no. Master Joseph. It's only soles and rumpsteak." Suppose we wait till half -past and give him a chance." And Pheener departed to tell the cook. We gave him the chance, and as he did not return I devoured one of the soles, and disfigured the rumpsteak, under the inspection of Pheener. Nothing is more hateful than gormandizing tion of Pheener. Nothing is more hateful than gormandizing under a supervision which you know is taking stock of your generosity or stinginess, in grabbing the best bits for yourself or leaving them for later comers. Of course one hopes they have another piece of steak all to themselves in the kitchen -- but the principle is the same. I tried to keep down the Socialisms that boiled up within me, urging me to ask Pheener to share the banquet, by chatting amiably with her about the state of trade and so forth. It softened the invidious inequality. hope the Soles are cheaper than they were, Pheener?" For, with nobody to countenance me, I felt I was Lucullus. ^'Indeed they're not. Master Joseph. These were two and three." I thought I would change the subject. '' What's become of that chap that had to be taken to the Police Station very carefully because he'd cut his throat and they were afraid the bandages wouldn't hold ? " Oh -- that Henderson chap ? The magistrate cautioned him, and he promised not to do it again. But he was back at the Court three days after for feloniously intermarrying Mrs. Henderson, his first wife being still alive." Gracious, Pheener ! You don't mean to say he went and got married with his throat in that state ! " "Law no. Master Joseph, of course not! He's been married twenty-two years and got fourteen children. And the first party she turned up intoxicated, and said she'd have his liver out. So he tried to cut his throat." JOSEPH VANCE '' I don't see that any other course was open to him." ''Beg pardon. Master Joseph?" "Don't see what else the poor chap could do. But there was a Henderson who did plumber's work for the Governor -- is he a relation ? " " Oh yes -- ^he's his brother. But that's no rule ! " And then Pheener went on without solving an enigma that forced itseK into my mind. "/ call it all a fuss about nothing -- I should lock her up ! " I let the enigma alone in favour of a question I wanted to ask Pheener. I was convinced my Father had dined out somewhere, and would be late, and I thought it a good opportunity. where, and would be late, and I thought it a good opportunity. " I say, Pheener ! The other day -- ^you know what I mean -- was your Master ? " I hesitated. "Yes, Master Joseph -- Pm afraid he was. Not much, you know, but a little." " I know. But, Pheener, do tell me ! What was it making you all laugh in the kitchen ? " Pheener's manner changed, and she stood looking at the pattern on the carpet, and winding and unwinding an apron-tape on her finger. " Did you hear us. Master J oseph ? " " Yes, Pheener -- do tell me ! " "You mustn't be angry " " Angry with you ? Indeed I won't ! " " I didn't mean me. I meant the Master." "With my Father? I promise you I won't. Only tell me!" Pheener hesitated still a little, and then said : " He had only said what he's said before -- once or twice. -- Whenever he gets -- like that, you know, he wants me to marry him. Do please not bo angry. Master Joseph." I won't disguise that I was a little shocked -- but I do hope I didn't show it too plainly. " What did you say to him, Pheener ? " said I after a pause -rather a long one. rather a long one. " I said he wasn't sober, and he said he was all right, as far as that went. But he wasn't, and he never is when he says things. And then he wanted to know what I should have said if he had been sober." I really could hardly keep back a smile. My poor dear old Dad ! " I say, Pheener," said I. " Tell me the truth now and I won't be angry. What would you have said ? " "Oh, Master Joseph, do only think how I nursed the Missis-and how I've seen to his linen all these years -- and how I've tried and how I've seen to his linen all these years -- and how I've tried JOSEPH VANCE (and I have tried) to put away the Whiskey -bottle " and Pheener burst into tears. ner burst into tears. Bubbubut/' said she, through her sobs, I wouwouldn't say yes, and I wowon't say yes, as long as he's the least -- like that! And he'll never say it when he's sober," said she, clearing up. So where's the use of talking ? " And Pheener wiped her eyes and brought the pudding. I couldn't see the use of talking either. So I merely said a word or two of absolution to the poor girl -- it was no fault of hers! -- and lit a cigar as she brought in the coffee. I was so near having to dry my own eyes once or twice as I sat there thinking, that I should not have been sorry for a visitor. However, none came, so there I sate, and to take my mind off more painful themes, wondered what Mrs. Macallister's Baby would be like! I also wondered rather timorously what Lossie's little boy was like, for Lossie had one, now a year and a half old. She had written of him, at the date of his debut. He is so exactly like Hugh -- he really only wants a uniform to be put on the staff at once. Only the Eegulations are so strict about size ! " and later that his likeness to his Father had gone off and he was getting like his Uncle Joey. Then I made myself quite needlessly uncomfortable by thinking, suppose I am ever given the Baby to play with, and accidentally drop it into a sewer, or sit upon it a long time without finding it out and smother it, how shall I face Bony ? I got so wretched over this gratuitous effort of self-torture that to shake it off I went out and finished my cigar in the street. As I returned from a short saunter I saw a hansom cab coming in the opposite direction. The Fare was communicating through his lid, and the driver accepting his suggestions after eliciting confirmation; as his last remark, Not if you don't speak plain," seemed to show. He then added that he wasn't drunk, for one! This seemed to carry an implication, and I quickened my steps. I was just in time to help my Father up, for his foot appeared tp catch as he got out, and he stumbled on the pavement. He's all right," said the cabby, with a kind of gratified air, as one who had acquired an interest in a patient. And then added in explanation that another half -pint would do it, showing that by all right " he really meant all wrong. If he had been a cabman of good feeling he would have driven away on receipt of a shilling too much, instead of standing at the door as if his part was to begin again soon, like the drum in an orchestra. I got my Father into the house, and heard 2002 and his horse, and a policeman and his bull's-eye, comparing notes for several JOSEPH VANCE minutes after. Then they dispersed with raised voices of farewell, and wheels rolled one way and boots tramped the other. well, and wheels rolled one way and boots tramped the other. My poor Dad was very nearly (if not quite) quite drunk -- ^he was, in fact, worse than I remembered seeing him since one or two horrible recollections of babyhood. He evidently did not believe he had tumbled down, but he thought somebody else had, lieve he had tumbled down, but he thought somebody else had, and wanted to go back and pick them up. With his usual candour he admitted his shameful condition, but seemed consoled by reflecting that his fellow Arbitrators, with whom he had dined, flecting that his fellow Arbitrators, with whom he had dined, were a something sight worse than he. He said I should have seen them, and was really sorry I had lost the opportunity. I got him to bed and locked him into his room, and went to rest myself humiliated and heartbroken. Whether I was wise to talk about it to Pheener next day, I don^t know. But I felt so lonesome that I could not resist seeking for sympathy; especially in a quarter where the ice was already broken, and no further harm seemed likely to be done. She made me much more cheerful by making light of the occurrence. I take it to be a mark of the tacit respect men really have for women^s idea of right and wrong, that whenever a man feels ashamed of himself or others, nothing is so consolatory to him as to be pooh-poohed by female authority. Only think now,^^ said she, of the Master tumbling down on the pavement and never knowing it. But they never will believe it, not if it^s ever so ! '' And I thought I remembered more than one exactly similar occurrence in fiction. There was something soothing to me about PheenePs analysis of drunkenness; although I have no idea why I deferred to a kind of claim on her part, of knowing more about it than I did myself. Was it akin to Fringes parade of his mathematical ignorance as a vantage ground for the refutation of scientific conclusions? I don't believe she knew more about drunkenness from personal experience than Pring did about mathematics. But both took a superior tone with me. I had also another motive than want of sympathy in talking to Pheener. She had gone up very high in my estimation from her resolution not to accept my Father unless he offered her a sober hand and heart. How many young women in her position would have surrendered at discretion! Consider the worldly improvement to a girl like Pheener! And yet, solely from her regard for ment to a girl like Pheener! And yet, solely from her regard for him and his dead wife, she refused to jump at an offer made in an irre^onsible condition, although she knew perfectly well that offer JOSEPH VANCE would be held binding. Do many women resist temptation on those lines? Do any men? I felt I was making some return for this good conduct of Pheener, by showing my confidence in her, and talking freely on the subject that interested us both. ''I shan't stop and see him, Pheener," said I; "Pd better not. I should go out, anyhow; so I shall go out. Pm not going to Church -- I shall go for a walk." Which looks as if my birthday fell on a Saturday. I suppose it did, for, drunk or sober overnight, my Father would not have lain in bed late any day but night, my Father would not have lain in bed late any day but Sunday. " I shall go for a walk, and just you do as I tell you -I know I can trust you. Don't give him the Whiskey when he I know I can trust you. Don't give him the Whiskey when he asks for it, and say I've taken it away. I shan't take it away, because it wouldn't be any use. He'd get more. But I want him to know what I think." All right. Master Joseph," said Pheener. And I went for a walk towards Wimbledon Common, and after a refreshing couple of hours came back through Upper Tooting and stopped at Poplar ViUa. CHAPTEE XXXI fiU\ DR. THORPE WAS IN TROUBLE HIMSELF, FOR THAT BEPPINO IS HT i*, SGRACE. Nolly's opinion about beppino's friends, how bepPINO WAS thrashed. A PASSIONATE ADMIRATION. BEP REALLY PINO WAS thrashed. A PASSIONATE ADMIRATION. BEP REALLY VAIN OF IT. HOW JOE WAS UNFEELING TO HIM. HOW PHEENER TOOK AWAY THE BOTTLE. When one goes to a friend for sympathy, it is always safer to hear a little about his affairs before one begins to air one's own grievance, as he may be worse off than oneself. Luckily, I kept mine back when I first entered the Library at Poplar Villa, where I found Nolly and his father evidently very much depressed; and then, when I had heard the cause of their depression, decided that I would keep my Jeremiads about my own miseries for a future occasion. I selected a genial manner to say Nothing wrong, I hope ? " in ; and felt that it was successful, as far as concealment of my own ^'something wrong" went. Nolly and the Doctor looked at one another, and gave a variety of doubtful hums and grunts, mostly interrogative. The latter postponed a pinch of snuff, and waited for responses from Nolly, who scratched his left temple slowly, and replied with a question. What ought we to say ? " shouldn't say anything, only it's Joe," said the Doctor. Being Joe, perhaps the fairest thing to say is that Joey has been, making an ass of himself. No! I don't think it's worse than that." This was in reply to anticipated exception taken by Nolly, who thereon evidently locked up an opinion that, whatever it was, it was worse; but was none the less not sorry to lock it up, as his father took the responsibility. What's the Poet been doing ? '^ I asked. '^Making love to his friends^ wives," grunted Nolly. And I gave a very short whew, with a very long gamut. " Only one, Nolly, only one ! " said his father. Let's he fair, even to Parnassus." ''Only one at a time," said Nolly. "We shall have more anon ! " " No, no, Noll ! You're too hard on your brother. Let's be fair I JOSEPH VANCE 271 Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof, and I presume the wiggings also. Mrs. Tripey may be exceptional.^^ By this time the dialogue had told me the whole story, being helped by previous information. Beppino, as I always called him because his sister called him so, had been constantly at the house of Thornberry, with whom he had been on intimate terms since the bathing adventure at Lynmouth. Thornberry had married; but not the young lady of the entozoid, which his vitals had survived. The Poet had been a constant visitor at his friend's house, almost an inmate; and I understood was writing a poem which was to be a kind of diary of Helen of Troy, in Spenserian Stanzas. It was necessary to have recourse to a model for Helen, to stimulate his ideal. As long as the mode^ didn't try to be like the original, this was no doubt all right enough; but a little too much dramatic fervour might evidently create a dangerous position. I have never been very fond of saying ''I told you so," because every one else always does, and has spoken first; but on this occasion I did so, just for once. ^^What on earth did you expect?" I asked. Hr. Thorpe took his long-postponed pinch of snulf, and Nolly said, Exactly ! " " Why," I continued, there was Beppino going about with that silly, pretty goose (she's pretty enough, but she is a goose), taking her to the play and Marshall & Snelgrove's, and all the time making believe she was Helen of Troy! What was Menelaus about ing believe she was Helen of Troy! What was Menelaus about all the while ? " ^^What was he about at Sparta? However, thank God the imitation of the original stopped short in time. Helen still adorns the hearth of Menelaus." And then Hr. Thorpe got a welldeserved sneeze, which it would have been rude to talk into, so we deserved sneeze, which it would have been rude to talk into, so we left him to resume his observations. ^^No -- the real truth is simply that Joey has been an Ass, and the girl has been a goose." Nolly looked incredulous. '^If so," said he, "I don't see how you justify Thornberry -- there could have been no sufficient ground for thrashing an old friend " I interjected, ^'Hid Thornberry thrash Bep ? " and Nolly nodded briefly, and went on -- * ^^an old friend whom he was allowing his wife to go about with like this, unless " And Nolly pulled up sharp. "Unless Paris?" said his father expressively. And Nolly again said, " Exactly." I began asking what was Beppino's own version of the facts; but stopped, as the Hoctor's next remarks seemed to me to cover the ground. "I think, Noll, some weight ought to be attached to Joey's own. JOSEPH VANCE statement. I think you are inclined to he hard upon him. Kemember that he indignantly resents any accusation -- of a Parisian member that he indignantly resents any accusation -- of a Parisian nature " And I thought I discerned, in the tone of the speaker, satisfaction at the discovery of a telling adjective. I daresay. But then in the same breath he says that even were it true, it would be his duty to resent it indignantly." So it would. But when we recollect that Helen and Menelaus are still at Dulwich (it was Sparta -- now it's Dulwich) I think we ought to be satisfied. We have practically the word of all three. That should exonerate." And the Doctor walked about the Library uneasily. I could see he was very miserable and uncomfortable, and I resolved I would say nothing to him about my misdemeanant. It would do equally well another time. Besides, it was only for consolation to myseK -- I did not anticipate his being able to give any direct help in my own difficulty. After one or two turns up and down the room, during which I endeavoured to give an exculpatory and hopeful tone to the conversation, he stopped and asked if Beppino was in his den. Yes, he was. Very well, then! He would go up and have a look at him; and presently we heard his voice and the delinquent's from afar. If the Governor gives him a good blowing up, it may do him good, even at his present age. But it's a pity he hasn't done it oftener, to my thinking." Thus Nolly, who then went on to improve the occasion in the sense which some rather one-sided views inspired. "You see what comes of Music and Poetry. They're all alike. He's got in with a gang of artists, as they call themselves. I should call some of them Authors and Musicians; but they all talk of themselves as Artists, and say they mustn't be interfered with. It's no use telling them they're fools." " About the same use as telling other men they are focls, isn't it?" " Oh no ! Much less. They are connected with the Press. When they are told they're fools, they get a friend to insert a paragraph in a newspaper to say they're not." "But haven't they plenty of enemies who write opposition paragraphs, to say they are ? " " That's exactly what they want ! As long as the shuttlecock is struck at both ends, it keeps up. It's as I say -- Painters and Poets and Musicians are all alike." And Nolly growled indignantly and lit a cigar. nantly and lit a cigar. "Come, I say now, Nolly, all Painters and Musicians don't make love to their friends' wives." Nolly wasn't quite prepared t<* JOSEPH YANCE admit this, but when pressed allowed that there were occasional exceptions. Even then he wouldn't let them off altogether. " Some of them," said he, behave themselves with common decency because it's good taste, but none because it's right." I know a lot of most hard-working men, whom I should myself call great painters and sculptors, whose lives are blameless enough to please Mrs. Grundy herself." Ah yes -- but these chaps of Beppino's are Artists -- real Artists -- ^who do precious little work. When they do it's inspired, and nobody can see the beauty of it outside their own circle. The chaps you mean are always pegging away, and aren't inspired at all." spired at all." ''Well -- never mind them! Tell me more about this business.'' " I expected it all, you know, and wasn't surprised. You wouldn't have been if you'd seen them at Thornberry's. I went there once -- twice. There was Beppino playing and singing old songs to Mrs. Tripey and her sisters. Ugh ! " " Well -- but that was no harm, anyhow." "Not if they hadn't spooned and fawned over the cub as they did. And then they made him read his Poems! Faugh!" " What did he read ? " "Don't you know his beastly poem, 'A Trilogy of Fair Women,' -- Jezebel, Messalina, and Mary Magdalen, I think they were? He might at least have softened some of the Scriptural expressions." From which it will be seen that Nolly objected to Anglo-Saxon authorized versions of Oriental ideas, as much as Lossie had done. " But," I asked him, " what brought about the split between Menelaus and Paris? And how did it get to thrashing point?" " Weill All we know is that yesterday we came back from -- I had called at the Museum in Jermyn Street for the Governor -- and when we got to the house we heard a great row going on; and the Governor said, 'Why, that's Joey's friend Thornberry's voice.' And so it was. His voice and my precious little brother's, in great trepidation." "What was Tripey saying?" "As near as I caught it, it was, 'You miserable little sneak! If you dare to say that. I'll thrash you again.' -- ' Say what ? ' says Joey, -- 'Say Emily encouraged you,' says Thornberry. 'You know it's a lie as well as I do.'-- ' I did-- didn't mean to say that,' says Joey, humbly, 'I only m-raeant to say it's wasn't all me.' -' That's every bit as bad,' says Tripey, flashing out at him.-- ' Oh ' That's every bit as bad,' says Tripey, flashing out at him.-- ' Oh no -- please, no,' says Joey. We heard all this on the other side 2Y4 JOSEPH VANCE of the fence -- involuntary eavesdroppers. Then we came in, and I sang out, ^ WhaPs the row ? ' " " And what was the row ? At least, what was the explanation ? " Joey gave his to the Governor, who took him away, into the house. I walked away with Thornberry. I quite sympathized with him, and I think in his position I should have done exactly what he did." understand that he chastised Master Joey, who of course couldnT do anything in the w'ay of self-defence. Wasn't that it? " ''Well! It was, rather. I'm sorry to say. It wasn't like that at my school. Nor yours?" " Far from it ! Too far, I should say. No matter how small you were, ' Hit back first, and think about it after ' was the rule at St. Withold's. We accepted the injunction to offer the other cheek to the smiter, as meaning that we ought to give him another opportunity of provoking us behind the Cloisters where the fights portunity of provoking us behind the Cloisters where the fights were. But what was Tripey's account of the business?" " Much what you might suppose ! His wife came to him and complained of Bep having ' forgotten himself,' whatever that means, and said it was his duty to speak seriously. Of course Tripey wouldn't allow that Helen had been leading ]?aris on. Oh dear, no! " "I like him for that." "So do I. Not a bad boy, Tripey! All the same she had led him on, keeping herself quite within the letter of the law, of course. And then the stupid little idiot -- I'm half sorry for him all the while -- ^being human myself " " And then the stupid little idiot ?" " Well! As he expressed it to his father -- he gets ' overtaken by a passionate admiration' for the minx -- that's not the governor's expression, of course -- and then the Apsley Packets suddenly entered au fond du theatre, and there was a tableau ! " " If the Apsley Packets had come in five minutes sooner Bep would have been sitting on a chair at a respectful distance nursing his hat and cane, and being a real visitor. If they hadn't come in at all Mrs. T. wouldn't have rushed away to complain." " I don't think we can wonder at her. Old Mrs. Apsley Packet was there. It wasn't only the young ones. The old lady was Mrs. Candour in this performance. But I tell you seriously, Joe, that I think it was a good job Mrs. Candour came in -- Bep's weakness itself in this direction. However, he shouldn't have said that about ' encouragement ' to the lady's husband. That was what made Tripey flare up. I must be off! I shall be late at JOSEPH VANCE Hampstead." And Nolly departed, begging that I would soften things for his father as much as possible. I thought he might have done so more himself. But had he a still worse view of the imbroglio than he had actually admitted? As I said nothing to Dr. Thorpe about my own affairs on the top of the Beppino scandal, and fortunately he had had no time to notice my own depression before he told me the cause of his, he remained quite ignorant of my Father's serious lapse; and when I parted from him late in the evening, I had, I hope, made his Sunday afternoon less miserable than it would otherwise have been. Nolly went away to the Spencers' at Hampstead, to say good-bye to the Alison Farquharsons. They had been back from his coffee plantations for a holiday, and were just starting again for Ceylon. You remember perhaps that this was Sarita Spencer's married name? As for Master Beppino, he kept out of the cer's married name? As for Master Beppino, he kept out of the way. Ann reported that he was writing in his room -- writing a few lines on to Helen of Troy, I suppose! What do you make of the Poet, Doctor ? " said I, as we sat in the Library together after lunch. ''Pm not happy about him, Joe. Can't pretend I am. He doesn't seem to me properly ashamed of himself. He disclaims any real offence with indignation; but constantly lets out an implication that a man does no real wrong if he makes love te his friends' wives under reservation. I can't make out quite whether he considers this sort of thing as a privilege to which poets and artists and persons of geist are to be admitted, on the ground that good taste would never break the seventh commandment. Perhaps he does." ment. Perhaps he does." " I'm not a person of geist, so I'm no judge. If I had been the little brother of a child I found weeping in the street this morning, I should have done exactly what he did. He had been lent a halfsucked pear-drop on condition that he should only take one suck sucked pear-drop on condition that he should only take one suck and give it back, and as soon as he'd fairly got it in his mouth he ran away. But then I don't want other little boys' pear-drops." ''I see the application of the story. Let us hope Joey will get a new pear-drop all to himself. I find a sort of satisfaction in talking as if he was a baby. In fact, I'm grateful for your comparison." The Doctor dwelt a good deal on this idea ; and then we chatted of other matters. He never alluded now to the termination of my engagement to Jane Spencer. I had, of course, talked of it to him at the time; but we had both steered clear of the real underlying reason, though each saw the other's mind. All the same, I knew tie JOSEPH VANCE perfectly well that in his heart he had hoped for a new pear-drop for me, all to myself, as well as for the Poet. I asked him whether he thought Nolly was in the way to anything of that sort, and he replied, ^'Well -- I shouldn't like to say -- things are always going on. Nothing at this moment though, I fancy." So I did not catechize him, and presently he said he had got the wrong spectacles, and would go and get the others. He could find them best himself. I heard a furtive footstep outside. It was Master Beppino, who had seized the opportunity of his father's absence -- not being, I suppose, very keen for publicity -- to come and gather the opinions of Europe about his escapade. I shouldn't word it this way; only that I found before he had been two minutes in the room with me, that he was really very vain of it. ''Come in and show your face, Bep," said I; "I hear you've been distinguishing yourself ? " "Oh no, Joe Vance," said he. I can't pretend to spell or describe his mincing and drawling accent; but it may give some clue to it that he distinctly called me Juvence. "You mustn't quite say that! You shouldn't be so severe on a poor chap -- not for this sawt of thing ! " I expressed uncertainty about what the sort of thing was, and found that the " poor chap " was deriving much satisfaction from leaving it in doubt. He evidently was hanging longingly on the outskirts of Don Juan, so to speak, and was reluctant to give up such honours as he felt entitled to. "When a gyairl like Emily Thornberry " said Beppino, and then went off at a tangent. " However, I'm reely not qualified to say anything about Tripey. He's an excellent fellow and all that sort of thing. But a gyairl like Emily asks for more " " Y ou didn't ask for more yesterday when you had your licking, anyhow, Bep?" "Oo -- Juvence! How can you be so -- hrootle!^^ " Well ! " said I, " perhaps I am rather brutal. Why, he's double your size ! " It really was impossible to wash one's mind of the idea of the extreme youth of the delinquent. His further apologies (or self-gratulations) were cut short by Dr. Thorpe's return. gies (or self-gratulations) were cut short by Dr. Thorpe's return. "I stayed to put my boots on, Joe," said he. "I'll walk back a bit of the way with you." And he accompanied me as far as Clapham Common, and then turned back, putting up his umbrella in a drizzle that had begun. I made my way home chilled and dejected. My Father had not gone to bed. He was in a heavy snoring sleep in the big leather armchair in the Snuggery, with his silk JOSEPH VANCE handkerchief over his head as usual. There was no bottle on the table beside him, and I inferred that the faithful Pheener had been more than true to her trust. I thought it best to rouse the sleeper. "IPs all right, Nipper dear," said he, "it's all right. I'm ashamed of myself -- don't you fret ! " I could have cried outright like a child. " Oh, Daddy, Daddy," said I, " don't talk of it -- ^let it alone. What does it matter ? " But my Father was not going to accept assistance from prevarication. " P'r'aps nothing matters," said he. " But it seems to cation. " P'r'aps nothing matters," said he. " But it seems to me this matters as much as anything else. Fm not going to occur again, though -- not if I can help it! I've made a beginning straight off. Little Clementina's took away the bottle ! " ning straight off. Little Clementina's took away the bottle ! " I couldn't help laughing at this and felt almost cheerful -- the first time that day. "Never mind. Dad," said I, "we'll get it all right somehow." He evidently thought that he had made enough confession to justify a review of extenuating circumstances. " Champagne," said he, "is pison, even Voove Click-what, and a man can't check what he swallers. I wasn't singin' though, Nipper, was I?" -- I said certainly not! " Not ^ a Landlady of France she loved an Officer, 'tis said,' nor ^ stick 'em up again in the middle of a three-cent pie' ? " " Neither of them -- quite certain." My Father seemed reassured. " That's something, anyhow," said he. " The other Arbitrators was singin' both. Likewise ' Rule Britannia.' Weak-headed cards, the two on 'em ! " "I'm afraid you won't get any change out of that. Dad," said I, "because you never do sing." My Father ignored the elenchus. " One of these cards," pursued he, apparently with a view of showing the unmusical character of his companion, " was a shipbuilder -- Pother's a housebreaker!" I made a comment. "Not builder -- Pother's a housebreaker!" I made a comment. "Not a professional 'and. It's a business, is housebreaking, and a paying one at that. He gives you a estimate and pulls you down ing one at that. He gives you a estimate and pulls you down and carts you away off the ground at so much a load, or pays you so much down for your carcase. Then when you rebuild he sells you your stock brick back at a pound a thousand took as they rise bats and all, and you charges them on as noo if the Clerk of Works don't cut in or won't take a fiver to hold his tongue." " That doesn't sound honest -- to an outsider." "IPs honest if you saj^s as I do to the customers, 'Here's me and Coxeter & Bulstrode (that's his firm -- his name's Sims) -- are going to lie and cheat and ewade our obligations as hard as ever w©️ JOSEPH VANCE can -- so just you see that it's allowed for in the schedule or contract, as the case may be " tract, as the case may be " These revelations paused on the entrance of Pheener with a tray on which I perceived a whiskey-bottle with hot water and lemons. " I did just like you said, Master Joseph," said she. I wasn't going to let him have it, and he didn't have it. But I told him I'd bring it in when you came back. They do say it's best not to cut 'em off altogether." Pheener said this as one who had been in the way of good authorities; so I took her word for it, especially as I thought I had somewhere heard the same thing myself, and mixed a reasonable nightcap for my Father. Pheener removed the bottle able nightcap for my Father. Pheener removed the bottle religiously as soon as ever I had poured out a wineglassful. My poor Daddy sat looking on, with a rather ridiculous half-rueful expression on his face. All right," said he, you carry it off and lock it up. I won't marry you if you don't," which was a funny way of landing such an important subject suddenly on the tapis. Pheener's way of receiving it was original, and did her credit, to my thinking. If," she said, I have to carry away the whiskey from all the gentlemen that ain't going to marry me, I shall have my hands full. Master Joseph," and disappeared with it, wishing us good-night with perfect gravity. "Little Clementina's a nice girl," said my Father, hanging over his grog as there was no more coming, and making the most of it. " What's your opinion, Nipper ? " My opinion was favourable as far as it went; but awaited development of the subject. It came. "I shouldn't 'ave the 'art to marry again, after your mother, Joey -- I'm a sort of male widder by nature. But if I wasn't I might do worse than little Clementina," and my Father lighted his pipe and paused for encouragement -- which was not forthcoming. The fact is, I had gone to Dr. Thorpe hoping for coming. The fact is, I had gone to Dr. Thorpe hoping for guidance on this very point, which was impending; and now felt so sick with the difficulties of life, that I let him smoke his pipe out without saying anything, and then announced that I had a headache and should go to bed. It was past one o'clock before I turned in, after four-and-twenty of the most unsatisfactory hours I ever spent in my life. The subject may be said to have remained on the tapis by common consent, without any one pursuing it, or embarking on it, or trenching on it, or doing anything one does with subjects except avoiding it. Next Sunday I went again to Dr. Thorpe and found JOSEPH VANCE Lim alone. Nolly had vanished to a great cricket match somewhere in the country, and Beppino had shown a judicious delicacy; where in the country, and Beppino had shown a judicious delicacy; going away to his rooms at Oxford. " He's somewhere else, at any rate," said the Doctor, and for the present I can't say I'm sorry. How's your father ? " " I wanted to talk about him, Doctor. He's been giving trouble again. Poor old Dad ! " '^Poor old Joe," said the Doctor, looking at me wistfully. *^Walk round the garden and tell me all about it." The pears were a poor and late crop this year. For to-day must have been the twenty-sixth, as my birthday was the eighteenth, and the fruit was not near picking yet. We noticed this eenth, and the fruit was not near picking yet. We noticed this with a common consciousness of old memories, and then I went back to my Father. I narrated the occurrence of yesterday week. But," said I, it is 'possible that he was really mistaken about how much champagne he could safely take, as he rarely drinks anything but whiskey. He was upset at Vi's wedding, but was very good for a long time after." I always spoke of it as Vi's wedding -- never Lossie's. Let's make the most we can of it, anyhow -- give good fortune the benefit of the doubt. But you say Seraphina Dowdeswell (it tickles me so that name, that I always say it when I can) -Seraphina Dow'deswell beards the lion in his den and carries away Seraphina Dow'deswell beards the lion in his den and carries away his whiskey-bottle ? " This led naturally to a narrative of my conversation with Pheener on the Saturday at dinner, and of how my Father had angled for my sanction since. " I shouldn't like," said I, to say anything to influence, one way or the other, unless " " Unless what ? " " Unless you advised me to." Go along with you, Joe! Putting the responsibility ofi on me! However, I'll think about it." We said nothing further then, but when we were sitting together that evening he resumed the subject. " I've been thinking it well over, J oe, and I'm of opinion -- now you mustn't be shocked -- " I said I wouldn't, and he took a very long pinch of snuff before proceeding -- ^'I've come to the conclusion -- that-they'd-better-be-married." The middle of this re- clusion -- that-they'd-better-be-married." The middle of this remark was filled with a sneeze worthy of its provocation, and the mark was filled with a sneeze worthy of its provocation, and the last words came with a run. The Doctor then shut down the lid of his snuffbox rather as if he had married the couple and shut them both in, and gave two taps on the lid to record the number inside. JOSEPH VANCE I^m only thinking of my Mother," said I. " ril be answerable for that. Your Mother would be certain to think first of your Father's welfare. Besides, you may be pretty sure there's a satisfactory arrangement on the other side. You may safely leave it all in God's hands." His spontaneous confidence in a hereafter was so strong that it often bubbled up like this, and could not be kept down. But he would then defer slightly to what he called Orthodoubt, apologizing as it were to some supposititious Mrs. Grundy in whose eyes ing as it were to some supposititious Mrs. Grundy in whose eyes such confidence counted as indecency. Of course," he continued, I shouldn't say so if Vi was here. But when it's only you and me we may be as improper as we like. It's a very funny thing, though, when you come to think of it, that one should have one's mouth shut on this subject by the Family Representative of Religion! It's a curious Nemesis of the Correctitudes " When I'm with you. Doctor, I always think as you do. When I'm alone I get frightened." " Why should you be frightened, my dear boy ? After all, it's a question of one's sense of humour. If I were to catch myself non-existing after death, I should simply die of laughter. It would really be too absurd if the thing that did the knowing stopped, and the known was left entirely to its own devices. But you always say you don't understand that idea. So let's talk about your Father and let Metaphysics alone. What do you really think yourself, putting your Mother out of the question till we all get across ? " ^'I think my Father's chances of fighting his enemy would be greater with an ally." '^And you thinlc Clementina -- ^no ! Seraphina -- ^Dowdeswell would be a good ally?" "She's the only one that offers. Perhaps it isn't fair to say she's offered. But she would accept." "You see, my boy, it is in God's hands. Just you leave it there." I don't know how far I was taking it out of the hands of the Almighty by saying to Pheener, as I did at the next opportunity, that next time my Father wanted to marry her she needn't ask my leave. -- Pheener merely said, "Yes, Master Joseph, thank you!" and the household went on as usual. But I felt raw and cold and thin, and that all the past I had known was sliding away from me, and no future was coming to take its place. Consolation had to be extracted from the activities of life; and I really believe that my; JOSEPH VANCE Guardian Angel, or some other beneficent unseen agency, often staved off a too great oppression of melancholy which might have ended in a razor, by some sudden sweet suggestion of composite differential interchanging movements of axes of vibration -- or some such thing. I haven't the slightest idea what this one means, having put it together at random; but mechanisms of an equally bracing nature were often shot down from the blue to occupy my mind and avert suicide. I know of nothing like invention to make life palatable. But even in this field unpleasantness cropped up. For one day running my eyes through the advertisements in the Engineer I came suddenly on one with a beautiful picture that struck my mind as very familiar. And the text described it as McGaskin & Flack's Spherical Engine with Double Reciprocity Movement! And annexed to that text were testimonials to the effect that it developed a circus-full of horses' power on the brake more than was promised; that it had run a thousand hours without heating and would evidently have run a thousand more only for the Strike ; that its consumption of oil was so small that your little bottle you sent with it was still nearly full and so forth. I must say I was in a great rage, and it certainly did me good. "What do you think of that. Bony?" said I, throwing him the journal. And Bony gave one of his longest whistles on record. "Think," said he. "What did I tell you, Joe Vance? That's the man that called me underhand! I should like to know why it's underhand to kiss an engineer's daughter when she likes it. Anyhow, it's much more underhand to pirate an invention," " Of course I could institute proceedings," said I. " I'll see a solicitor about it." " No, you won't, old chap, I know you too well." And then something occurred to me. " Why, of course," I said, " because o:f Mrs. Macallister and Mrs. Macallister's baby. No, of course i shouldn't -- I didn't recollect she was the old humbug's daughter.'* "Now, you see what a double-dyed old sneak my respectable Father-in-law is. He knows perfectly well you won't act, because of upsetting Jeannie. And he called me underhand, because I kissed, etc.," and Bony enlarged at some length on his grievance, pointing out that if he had asked Jeannie to promise to marry him it would have been different. "But," said I, ^^ou considered yourself bound to her?" He replied of course he did, adding, " But then it was I did the kissing ! If she'd kissed me I should have considered it a promise." JOSEPH VANCE " Whenever is that blessed baby coming. Bony ? It's been due ever so long. And the nurse has another engagement next month. So if it doesn't arrive in a fortnight there'll ment next month. So if it doesn't arrive in a fortnight there'll be the Doose's own Delight." Satan missed this little gratification, for Archie junior appeared four days after the conversation. He in due course an- peared four days after the conversation. He in due course announced, through his agents, his desire to enter the Christian nounced, through his agents, his desire to enter the Christian Church as Archibald Stephenson Macallister, and invited me to be present on the occasion of his induction. I wasn't at all sorry to have something to look forward to, as the plot continued to thicken at home -- if there was a plot. I should have said that the author of the drama -- if it was a drama ! * -- was very unskilful, and lacked constructive power. For the approach of the climax was only shown by an increase of my Dad's effrontery in representing Miss Dowdeswell as yearning for wedlock. ^^You keep your eyes on them boots, little Clementina, and see Cook doesn't put 'em too near the fire, or I won't marry you," and " You tell Cook the soup was all pepper -- and blow her up sky-high, or I won't marry you," and " Shut that door when you go out, or I won't marry you, little Clementina," are examples of the way in which he strove to envelop himself and Pheener in a sort of halo of Matrimony, with a view, as T thought, to make me the originator of a serious discussion on the subject. This conjecture proved true, for on my saying to him one day after dinner that I should really like to know how far he was merely joking, and whether he was not a little in earnest, he replied with a much nearer approach to seriousness, that she was a nice girl and one might do much worse than little Clementina. Very easily," said I, ^'but would you be more comfortable if you were to marry her ? " ^^Well, Nipper dear," said he, after smoking a long time beside his allowance, conceded from a bottle Pheener had carried away, I won't marry little Clementina nor anybody else " He stopped without a full stop -- perhaps with a comma -- and waited for me to supply something he might contradict. I supplied it rather too late for dramatic effect, as I was watching a beautiful smoke ring I had despatched across the table. When it died away I merely said, Well, Daddy dear, I shan't run away from here till you do " Don't you be in such a hurry, Nipper," said he. I was going to say (only you must be interrupting) that I wouldn't marry little Clementina or any one else, not without first consulting the tle Clementina or any one else, not without first consulting the Doctor." JOSEPH VANCE ^ Good Gracious, Dad/^ said I. Are you afraid of your lungs or your heart, or what^s the matter ? '' A certain placid satisfaction on my Father^s face showed me that he would soon find materials for a distinct statement in the opportunities for contradiction he was creating for himself. Nothin^ whatever,'^ said he. Never was better in my life!" Then I asked him why on earth did he want to consult the Doctor ? He replied with another question, and an air of injury. Did I ever know him consult a Doctor about his health ? If he had anything wrong with his witals, wasn't a doctor the very last person he thing wrong with his witals, wasn't a doctor the very last person he should consult -- if I came to that, the only person in the world he shouldn't consult? A light broke upon me, and I perceived that Dr. Thorpe was the intended arbiter. Why, of course, Nipper ! And I was tellin' you so, only you interrupted me. The idea of me consultin' a doctorin' doctor ! " But it struck me very strongly that, however complimentary such a reference might be, it would hardly be fair, after my late conversation with Dr. Thorpe, to throw such a responsibility on him. My Father cogitated a little, and admitted it. "Maybe you're right," said he. And he remained silent and reflective through a whole pipe. I never was surprised at anything my Father did. So when Pheener came in with the accustomed question -- was there anything else? -- I was scarcely taken aback at his replying, "Yes, thing else? -- I was scarcely taken aback at his replying, "Yes, little Clementina. You can marry me if you like," and going on lighting a new pipe. Pheener stood half in the doorway as one who was waiting to hear what else there was, and said, " What does Master Joseph say? " Master Joseph interposed no obstacles. " I think. Master," said the young lady, " I should like to speak to Cook, and tell you to-morrow." I got away early to-morrow, leaving matters to arrange themselves. On my return I found that Cook, a person of great selves. On my return I found that Cook, a person of great delicacy of feeling, had advised Pheener that if she accepted Master, she was bound at once to fly the house and join her relations in the country until the wedding-day. Accordingly, she tions in the country until the wedding-day. Accordingly, she packed her box, got a four-wheeler, and looked in at my Father at breakfast. " I shall be very happy to, Master," said she. " All right, little Clementina," said he. "Tell Cook another boiled egg," which Pheener did, and then drove away before my Father realized the position. "I suppose it's all right," said he, when Cook appeared with the egg and an explanation, "but 1 call it 'umbuggin'." JOSEPH VANCE When I returned, finding that the matter might be regarded as settled, I arranged my own plans -- and wrote to Lossie, of course -a very long letter this time. I thought I would defer sending it a a very long letter this time. I thought I would defer sending it a little for fear of having to counter-write it all later. There might be slips between the cup and the lip. CHAPTEK XXXn How JOE MKT JAITBT AGAIN. HE IS LEFT ALONE WITH HER AND FEELS QUEER. HOW HE WILL WRITE IT ALL TO LOSSIE. MATCHMAKING JEANNIE. THEY ARE ALONE SOME MORE. A RAPPROCHEMENT ON BONY-JEANNIE LINES. HOW JOE's WALK HOME WAS HAPPY. Archibald Stephenson Macallister's wishes must have been misrepresented, for he crumpled himself up and turned purple when presented for the sacred rite of Baptism. He raised a powerful voice in protest, and ended by sneezing violently, after which he gave it up as a bad job, and consoled himself with the bottle. I did not witness this personally, as there was some difficulty about his Father and myself both being absent from the Works at the same time. But I had a graphic account of it from Miss Jane Spencer. Master Archibald, in fact, served to pave the way to an easier relation between me and Janey. There had naturally been a certain stiffness, since our disruption. It could not well have been otherwise. But we had met occasionally by accident, and had had to accept the position as it stood, and do as much as possible to exempt bystanders from having to include us among their embarrassments. Appointments suddenly recollected by the one or the other had done great service in enabling us to bear our own. I think this Christening party, which I joined later in the day, was the first time she and I had met for nearly two years without possibility of retreat for either. She was just coming out of the tea-encumbered reception room as I went in, and we shook hands with a routine smile. And I know that Maisie Maxey, sixteen, who was standing by, made a mental note of our demeanour as probably the correct one for a couple that had " broken it off," and thought she was really seeing the world. I saw this fact in Miss Maxey^s large blue eyes, which stood wide-open like street doors. Then I went in and had tea, and went upstairs. There I came upon Master Macallister, who after a deep sleep following exhaustion from renouncing the Devil and all his works, had waked up and was being carried round to be shown to Society, select members of which were permitted to kiss him, but with caution and reserve. I was one of mitted to kiss him, but with caution and reserve. I was one of JOSEPH VANCE the privileged few -- ^my relations with his father at St. Withold^s settled that! -- and was told by Jeannie that it was ridiculous to complain (as I had done) that his cheek was too small to kiss! What could I expect at six weeks? -- Wasn't it absurd, Janey? Miss Spencer assented indignantly, and kissed him herself; it was the other cheek, so it did not prejudice our relations in any way. But it would have been stiff not to chat^ after such a narrow escape of kissing the same one. And thus it was that I came to have such a full account of the rebellious Paganism of Master Archie. Having given me these particulars on the subject of public interest -- just as strangers converse freely and unbend at a Fire or a really satisfactory Accident, with loss of life, -- it seemed to be only the natural course of things for Janey to say, " I hope old Mr. Vance keeps well." " Oh yes, very well. You know he's going to be married? " No -- indeed I didn't ! " And the valedictory atmosphere that hung about her last remark dispersed and interest awakened. But Janey evidently felt that discussion between us, with interest, would be a new departure ; and thought it belonged to the position not to embark on it without an apology. The hazel eyes looked straight at me. " I may ask, mayn't I ? " said she ; " I should so like to hear about it. You know I used to like your Father so much." Used to! And no signalman on the railway of Life came out of a box and showed a red flag, as he should have done. If he was there, he was asleep. But not content with her mistake in referring to a closed chapter of our volume, Janey proceeded to make matters worse by calling special attention to the fact that there were passages that need not be forgotten, thereby isolating and emphasizing w^hat it was better to forget. " I don't mean," she went on, that I don't -- that I shouldn't -that I don't like him now. Well -- ^you know what I mean! Any- that I don't like him now. Well -- ^you know what I mean! Anyhow, do please tell me about his marriage " And Janey got how, do please tell me about his marriage " And Janey got out of the dangerous ground, as one escapes from sinking in a morass by a sudden rush for a hard island. I told her all about the domestic event, ungrudgingly enough. For I rejected with scorn the idea that such excessive caution was necessary. Was it not a want of confidence in Janey, almost a disrespectful one, to consider it so ? As for myself, it came to the same thing whatever happened. If (for Joey No. 2 was getting uneasy on the subject) there should be any recrudescence of Janey -- well! so much the better! If not, it really wasn't a hanging matter. JOSEPH VANCE Ought it not to have been one? Had I any right to dismiss, as I did, the possibility of a stronger interest than my own, under what may have been the pretext that it was a point of honour to show confidence in Janey by doing so? I hope I deceived myself. I gave then a complete account of my Father's eccentric second courtship, and Janey laughed a good deal thereat; so much so, in fact, that it was necessary to wdpe her ej'-es. When she had done this I think we both felt that a let's-be-serious wave was due, and we settled dowm to it without going back to a society tone, which showed that we were comfortabler. ''It's all very fine to laugh," said she, "but I'm afraid it's no laughing matter to you. Shall you go on living with your Father?" "Oh, no! It's too rum! You have no idea how queer and uncomfortable it is -- and all without any of us wanting to make any discomfort, or show any little tempers in the matter. It does seem hard that when there are so few people to consult, and none of the Regulation sources of misery, that human nature should be unable to take advantage of it and be happy. Of course if there was to be a settlement one would clear the decks for action. But there won't be one." Janey looked very grave. "There ought to be a settlement," said she. I did not enter into any discussion of this point, as Janey's remark was one I have always heard made under the same circum- mark was one I have always heard made under the same circumstances, apparently automatically. I have always classified it as stances, apparently automatically. I have always classified it as an involuntary decision of well-regulated intellects, a sort of Judicial Sneeze on their part, and have, so to speak, waited until they had put away their pocket-handkerchiefs. "But after all," Janey continued, "the happiness of the parties is the first consideration -- almost more than the settlement. As Papa isn't here sideration -- almost more than the settlement. As Papa isn't here I may say so. You really think Seraphina Dowdeswell with the impossible name will make your Father a good wife? " "Yes, at least Seraphina Vance will. One thing I'm certain of -- Pheener will carry away the whiskey-bottle." No sooner had the words passed my lips than I felt I had made a mistake. " What I was to have done," was certainly what J aney did not say; yet she stood there visibly abstaining from saying it, with the most creditable resolution. I saw it as plain as words could speak, in a smile that, being firmly restrained at the mouth, forced its way into the eyes, and would not be denied. I coneidered it best to go on. eidered it best to go on. "But she'll never be cured of calling me Master Joseph-288 JOSEPH VANCE 288 JOSEPH VANCE mor altogether cured of waiting at table. Naturam expellas fut^ if " I don^t know what that means. -- Never mind ! Tell me what your own plans are, if you don't go on living at home ? " Can't say, exactly. I may take lodgings near here for a while -- ^perhaps go away in the spring and try to induce Franco or Germany to take up the Macallister Repeater. You know about it." ''I know. Hideous thing! You can kill seven people seveu miles off in seventy seconds. Isn't that it ? " That's about it." '^And if fifteen persons are interested" in the lives of each you can make seven times fifteen -- seven times ten, seventy, seven times five thirty-five -- seventy and thirty is one hundred and five is five -- ^you can actually make one hundred and five people unhappy all at once in seventy seconds. Oh, Mr. Vance, I do con- happy all at once in seventy seconds. Oh, Mr. Vance, I do congratulate you from the bottom of my heart ! " gratulate you from the bottom of my heart ! " '^Yes, and if it were a hundred and five thousand perhaps nations would think twice before rushing into war." tions would think twice before rushing into war." "I think I see your idea. Perhaps you're right." We were in the large front drawing-room nearly alone. Something in human form was waiting till its carriage was announced, thing in human form was waiting till its carriage was announced, and airing its skirts at a fire in the back drawing-room. Jeannie and her husband were seeing guests out down below, with an amount of shouting and riot that seemed quite out of proportion to the actual size of the ostensible cause of the gathering; on whose behalf I heard appeals for silence, lest he should be waked. But no sooner had the noise subsided than alarums were heard as of a six-weeks-old baby in a violent passion -- possibly the result of the sudden silence. Then of a rush of succour and apology from below. Then of a belated carriage arriving in a hurry for the human creature, who (never having been introduced to Janey or me) expressed by a graceful movement the great sweetness she would have shown us had we not been separated by an impassable gulf, and vanished from our lives forever. As soon as she was gone we got a little stiffer, because we were alone. Although not introduced she had served as a sort of buffer state, through whom no contraband could pass. Less metaphorically, there could be neither reminiscence nor recrimination while she was so near at hand. I can assure you it is a very odd sensation to be left alone with a young lady who two years before you had made certain would be your wife. One effect it had on me was to make me recite to JOSEPH VANCE myself that portion of a letter I should shortly write which would describe the oddness of that sensation to -- ^Lossie! (This simultaneous arrangement of a letter to Lossie occurred alongside all neous arrangement of a letter to Lossie occurred alongside all notable events.) A perceptibly awkward silence followed. It was a mistake in me to stay after the exit of the human carriage-owner. And every minute of irresolution made a bolt more difficult. I felt it necessary to say something about something, and decided on weather. At the end of November it was safe to say we should soon have Christmas round again, and I committed myself so far. Janey looked at a newspaper and wondered if it was to-day's. I wished Jeannie or Bony would desert their treasure and come to the rescue; but neither came. I felt that absolute silence wouldn't do and to break it told a deliberate lie without a particle of foundation. dation. " There's very little in the newspapers nowadays." Do you think so ? " I felt it was unfair of J aney to resort to .the Daily News, because it gave her an appearance of tranquillity end self-command as she stood pretending to read it, and I had no counter-resource. I evaded the point, and hoped nothing was the matter with Baby. Perhaps I ought to go up and see," said Janey. I thought of saying please don't, and contrasted it with please do; but neither seemed good, on reflection. Janey turned her eyes offi the paper to hear better, and apparently thinking that silence was suspicious, decided on going up. But when she got to the door she shook off all disguises, and quite suddenly coming out of ambush with, '' Come, Mr. Vance, I told you you had spoiled a good friendship, and so you had. But there's no reason why we shouldn't have a good acquaintanceship -- so shake hands on it and really forget and forgive all round," -- held out her hand to me and met mine with a cordial shake, running away upstairs before I had time to do more than acquiesce. I sat arranging the relation of all this to Lossie, and awaiting the reappearance of Bony or Jeannie. The part of the letter I found most troublesome was the proof of my certainty of what Miss Spencer had thought when I mentioned the whiskey-bottle. I could exactly picture Lossie to myseK saying, " Silly boy ! How can he be so fanciful ! " and then I wondered whether she had kept her complexion in the hot climate, and would she come back thin and dry? I worded some enquiries on these points for the letter. But I want you to tell me more about Janey Spencer," said the image in my mind. " Never mind whether I'm thick or thin -- ^you'll see some day ! " So I filled out the unwritten letter with particulars of how unliappy it made me to think of the JOSEPH VANCE motive Janey appeared to ascribe to me. " I know I shall say something about it to her and break up all the old ground again [so the letter was to run] if I see much of her/' and the image of Lossie brushed back its hair in the old way, and the blue-grey eyes looked at me in the old way from under the same long eyelashes, and it said in the old voice, "You silly Joe Vance! Make lashes, and it said in the old voice, "You silly Joe Vance! Make up your mind one way or the other. If you don't love Janey Spencer at least half as much as you love me, keep out of her way and make an end of it." So I resolved to follow a previously declared intention, and go back home to dinner, and as I chose to consider that I should be acting unselfishly in going away without disturbing any one, I went down alone, and found my coat and hat and umbrella. But I was reckoning without my host, for Bony came running down, having heard me on the stairs. Did I make a noise on purpose, I wonder ? "I say, old chap, you must stop to dinner -- ^you really must/* then in a lower tone, "You know, Janey will be very uncomfortable if you don't. She'll think you haven't forgiven her." able if you don't. She'll think you haven't forgiven her." "Oh, but indeed -- it's nothing to do with Janey. It's only because I must get a letter off to etc., etc., and I've got to post a cause I must get a letter off to etc., etc., and I've got to post a cheque to etc., etc., and I've got to meet etc., etc., at half -past six to-morrow morning," and more to the same effect. " Yes, but Janey's sure to think it's her. And the poor girl has been doing the best she can to make things comfortable. And just consider how uncomfortable it will be if she marries Oliver Thorpe, and you don't feel on an easy footing." " Ho ! " said I. " Janey's going to marry Nolly 1 " "Well! 1 don't know. I say nothing. Only Jeannie says he admires her very much." " It's not up to congratulation point, anyhow ? " "Better ask Jeannie-- remember, I know nothing-- perhaps it's only an idea of hers. You'd better stop and then she'll tell you." My two identities decided to stop to dinner on two different grounds. I, because I felt securer against any possible revival of an old story, and also because I felt glad to hear of the new one for Nolly's sake; and Joe No. 2 because he felt hurt and didn't know why, and because he had an unreasonable objection to Janey marrying any one else. " How can you have one ? " said I to him. " Remember the life you led me at Oxford four years ago ! " " Anyhow, he should stop to dinner," so he said. What followed convinces me now that if it is rash to reckon without one's host, it is still rasher to reckon without one's hostess. You see, a young lady who has married her first lovo JOSEPH VANCE with no greater hardships than are involved in a two years' engagement, spent in looking at premises (which as long as you gagement, spent in looking at premises (which as long as you are not obliged to come to conclusions is the greatest joy on earth), going to dances, and unpacking the wedding presents to look at them -- such a young lady, I say, if all goes well in her first year of matrimony, is sure to want all her single friends to be as happy as herself. Therefore Jeannie, who at seventeen was already an inveterate matchmaker, was no sooner married than she ready an inveterate matchmaker, was no sooner married than she turned to, and almost pushed all the eligibles into one another's arms. She thought nothing of asking early twenties to lunch with late teens, in carelessly selected couples, and comparing the colour of their eyes and hair across the table. If they were nearly the same length, she would measure them back to back. The pretences she would make in order that they should be left alone in the garden or drawing-room really rose to the height of a Fine Art. A panic-stricken couple so entrapped had been known to seek refuge in a mutual confession of plighted troth elsewhere. But Jeannie scored, for in six months they were both faithless, and, as she triumphantly said, had made it up after all! Therefore for any two unmarried persons of opposite sexes to remain to dinner at Mrs. Jeannie's was really to put their heads in the lioness's mouth. Of course Janey and I, who were in a sense the two Protomartyrs of her system of persecution, were on our guards. But this only made Mrs. Macallister more unscrupulous. scrupulous. Whether she said to her husband, " There now ! He's going away -- he's running away from Janey! I told you he would! Do run down and say she's engaged to Mr. Thorpe," I don't know, but if she did it was clever. For it made my image of Lossie in India say, " You see, you silly Goose, it's all been settled for you. So now you needn't fuss." And I joined the trio at dinner in a spirit of honest acquiescence in the ^'good acquaintanceship." We chatted in full familiarity over my Father's intended marriage. Jeannie and Bony each rotated on the axis of Duty in riage. Jeannie and Bony each rotated on the axis of Duty in connection with settlements, which came forward somehow, unsought by me. There ought to be a settlement," said both sought by me. There ought to be a settlement," said both solemnly. That's what Nolly and I are always quarrelling about," said I ; " he's getting quite a great authority on these matters, I understand." derstand." I never saw more perfect unconsciousness and candour in two hazel eyes in my life than in the pair that looked at me across the table. JOSEPH VANCE I haven't seen Mr. Oliver Thorpe for ever so long," said their owner. " How is he ? " I don't thinlc the glance that crossed the other diameter of the table was nearly so unconscious -- it was equally guilty each way, I suspect. I was surprised -- agreeably, Joe No. 2 said, but I denied it viciously, and felt I could kick him. Janey looked at me for an answer to her question, with added enquiry about my surprise. Jeannie showed presence of mind, and dragged Janey prise. Jeannie showed presence of mind, and dragged Janey away upstairs abruptly, before I could answer either enquiry. I realized that I should hear more about that, before the evening was over. There were alarums and excursions upstairs while we smoked our cigars; causing Bony to take his out of his mouth to listen -but it was evidently too good to desert. Besides, the household but it was evidently too good to desert. Besides, the household was always fermenting about its new member. We smoked to scorch-point and then found Janey alone in the drawing-room. "Jeannie's just gone up again," said she. ''But I'm sure Baby's all right -- I was up there just now." But the anxious Eather (now there was no cigar to finish) would not be soothed with such testimony, and thought he had better go up and see. So there we were alone again -- and the protection of the alleged engagement to Nolly much more than doubtful. Janey never let the grass of uncertainty grow under her feet. "What did you mean, Mr. Vance, by looking so scared when I asked after Mr. Oliver Thorpe ? " When evasion is impossible one decides on confession, and makes a merit of it. I confessed, and continued apologetically: " It was only a word from Bony a few minutes before we went to dinner. I daresay I made too much of it. When one would be very glad to hear news if it were true, one is apt to think it is true -- one doesn't enquire too closely." And Joe No. 2 protested against being included in my profession of gladness. " In the present case I may allow myself to say that I thought my old friend a most fortunate man." And in order to avert difficult personal metaphysics, I endeavoured to throw into my remark an ingredient of the polished Man of the World who deems a tribute to your charming sex necessary. It was a failure. Janey caught the weak point instantly -- she was a true solicitor's daughter. "I hope you thought me an equally fortunate woman?" " But was there any truth in it ? " " None whatever. But did you ? " " Hid I what ? " "Think me an equally fortunate woman!" JOSEPH VANCE I thought of trying the polished Man of the World again, and beginning with, " Far below your deserts, etc." But I had failed so before that I gave it up. I was very stupid not to answer naturally that indeed I did, and Nolly was the dearest and truest of friends, and would make the best of husbands. But an uncalled-for candour made my thoughts come to the surface. called-for candour made my thoughts come to the surface. Much more fortunate," I said, " than on a pre " and stuck in the middle of the word. " Previous occasion," said Janey with decision, but then her decision seemed to fail her and she turned rather pale, I thought. " Oh dear," said she, " I do wish you wouldn't. It makes it so difficult, and it doesnt do any good." And she entrenched herself behind an illustrated paper. I looked at the fire and forecast some more of my letter to Lossie. It employed, I am sorry to say, a most uncongenial simile, likening myself and Janey to two passengers in mid-channel pretending all was well with them, but saddened by a well-founded tending all was well with them, but saddened by a well-founded anxiety about the unexpired half of the passage. I was afraid that, if I renewed the conversation. Bony and Jeannie (who stood for Calais pier) would be too late to avert whatever the painful consequences anticipated were an analogue of. The image of Lossie looked at me in my mind, and said, Don't be a nasty pig, Joe! Bemember what I said before." And then I said to myself, ''I'm sure I do love Janey quite half as much -- a little more, perhaps -- ^yes, decidedly a little more ! " And then the image said, "It's more than that, Joe, and you know it, or you would do as I said and keep out of her way and make an end of it." And I think Joe No. 2 felt grateful to the image. The analogy of Calais was a good one in one respect -- we were very like the two passengers in our way of resorting to silence. We felt it was the best chance, and sat with our mental eyes shut, waiting for the sound of Jeannie or Bony on the stairs; just as they would have shut their practical ones and waited to hear that the harbour lights were in view. No voice of relief came and I could stand it no longer. I burst out suddenly, just as though the reciprocal consciousness and misgiving of the last two hours had been spoken conversation. "You may say what you like, Janey, but you know it wasn*t to carry away my poor old Dad's whiskey-bottle that I wanted you for my wife." She turned a little paler and said, "But I said nothing ! " No," said I, " but I heard you think it was, and I can't bear that you should think so." She turned paler still. JOSEPH VANCE Oh, how much better to let bygones be bygones ! " She appealed to me beseechingly. pealed to me beseechingly. "They shall directly. But I must make you know that it wasn't." " I do know it. I do believe it -- indeed I do ! You don't suppose it was that that made me " pose it was that that made me " " Well, yes -- I did ! I thought it was -- partly, at least. Of course I thought most of it was something else." "It was something else," and Janey went very white indeed. " It was that you were so very fond of Lucilla Desprez. Let me go," for she was making for the door. "But I was very -- very fond of you." Janey shook her head slowly, and smiled. " And you were very -- very -- very fond of Mrs. Desprez," said she. " It was three verys to my two. Much better let the bygones begin to be bygones, Mr. Vance." "I can't -- I won't!" I cried. "Oh, Janey -- dearest Janey -what could I say without an untruth ? " what could I say without an untruth ? " "Nothing! It was as it was. But it is a woman's way to ask what she feels prepared to give, and I " I caught her in my arms and burst into a passionate entreaty to her to forgive me and take me back. Whatever else was true I said it was true that I loved her better than any other woman I could possibly marry. " Recollect," I said, " that if you turn me away again it is to no happiness elsewhere -- only a black, dry fruitless world -- and we may meet again in the desert, as we have met to-day, each wandering about alone." She did not shrink from me, but was as white as a sheet. I caught her up closer; I could feel how her heart beat, and still she did not shrink. But passionately as I spoke and felt, one of my inner selves was still speculating on how the other would finish that letter to Lossie ; while the other was dimly conscious of an outside satisfaction, sie ; while the other was dimly conscious of an outside satisfaction, to come hereafter, at the happiness Lossie would have in reading it. I doubt this being the least intelligible to any one else -- but then I am not writing any one else's life. Janey showed no reaction against a status-quo that was distinctly founded on the school of Bony and Jeannie, until a foot- tinctly founded on the school of Bony and Jeannie, until a footstep, or four footsteps, came on the stairs, and the anxious parents step, or four footsteps, came on the stairs, and the anxious parents entered full of the frightful symptoms Baby was showing. It was Calais harbour too late. But they were too preoccupied to notice our preoccupation; and that pending the arrival of a General Practitioner, we discussed Gastro-Enteritis, Bubonic Plague, and BO forth in an absent manner that scarcely rose to the imporJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE tance of the occasion. After a verdict of wind, when the doctor had departed, execrating one general practice, to wit, that of going into panics about nothing, I went away with Bony for a final smoke. Just as we were settling down we heard a great laughing and talking in a remote upper region. " I say," said Bony, " that won't do, they'll wake Baby ! I wonder what all the rumpus is about, though," and he put the door on der what all the rumpus is about, though," and he put the door on the jar to listen through it. I know what it is about," I said. Bony turned sharply round and looked full at me. ^'No?" said he -- and no print could express the ore roiundo character of the word. No f You don*t mean that?" Yes, I do, old chap." Well," said he, " I am glad ! " He said this three times at least before enquiring, " How did you manage it, old fellow ? " and then added, "I expect you took a leaf out of my book." I was not prepared to deny this. I walked home through a mild early Spring night, happier than I had been for a long time, and wondering at the few words that had been spent on the whole of this transaction. I arranged comment on this for my letter to Lossia, ment on this for my letter to Lossia, CHAPTER XXXni BUT HE didn't write THE LETTER TO LOSSIE. MR. VANCE's DISGUST AT THE RECRUDESCENCE OF THE WIDOW. HOW HE TOLD DR. THORPE, AND THERE WAS SOMETHING AFTER ALL ! BUT JEANNIE WILL PROVIDE FOR NOLLY. JOE's WANT OF LITERARY SKILL JERKS HIS TALE VIDE FOR NOLLY. JOE's WANT OF LITERARY SKILL JERKS HIS TALE OUT OF GEAR. I WAS far too sleepy when I reached home even to write the letter to Lossie. Nevertheless, I was up and had breakfasted before my Father appeared, and had gone straight away to Chelsea. fore my Father appeared, and had gone straight away to Chelsea. There I found J aney reading letters. " Back again so soon ? " said she. " Yes," said I, come to see you don't change yoc.: mind." "How do you know anything about my mind? I never said anything. Come now, Master Joseph!" This had been picked up from Pheener during our previous engagement. " That doesn't matter 1 Least said soonest mended. Miss Janey." From which it may be inferred that the stage directions of this little drama had been fully complied with, and that they were such as to leave no doubt of the sentiments of the performers. " I couldn't find it in my heart to go all through two years ago again," said she. " I daresay I ought to have done it. But I was so lonesome after, that I couldn't screw myself up to doing it again. You can't have had any breakfast, it's so early? "Yes, I have, but I can manage some more." For I had run away in a hurry, not feeling quite certain it hadn't all been a dream. I checked Joe No. 2 for remarking that though I had ar- ranged my letter to Lossie, I wasn't writing it. And when Mr. and Mrs. Macallister appeared they found Miss Spencer pouring out Mr. Vance's coffee! "Well," said Jeannie, "you do look like a comfortable couple." And I suppose ticked off one more to her score of successes. I wanted to tell my Hadd^ (as well as to write my letter), so I went back again after just seeing Janey to some friends at Cadogan Gardens. On the way we just turned into the Hospital Gar- gan Gardens. On the way we just turned into the Hospital Gardens out of Queen's Road, and just sat down a few minutes in the dens out of Queen's Road, and just sat down a few minutes in the Avenue. A few quarters of an hour would have been more accurate. When they were over I saw Janey to her friends, who curate. When they were over I saw Janey to her friends, who JOSEPH yANOE lived at a house inside a Square. I went there six months ago, and it was gone. And the Chelsea of ^64 had gone too, and some rare old slums had gone with it. And some rare new slums have taken their place, in which I am told the servants sleep in the bath, to use no bolder expression. This is neither here nor there. After just waiting a minute or two to shake hands with Mrs. Something, Janey's friend, I had to make a bolt unexplained; and was so late that I only just arrived in time to catch my Father returning to the works, having finished lunch. Well, Nipper," was his greeting, what's the news of Pimpleses grandchild ? What did Pimples drink his health in ? He then went, on to recall with pleasure untoward incidents that might happen at Christenings, greatly to^ the satisfaction of outsiders not in sympathy with any religious body. ^^You mustn't siders not in sympathy with any religious body. ^^You mustn't jolt 'em over the font," said he, or there's no knowin' ! I heard tell they jolted your elder sister Elizabeth that died in teething. I wasn't there myself. Your Mother told me." And my Father paused and became thoughtful. Poor old Dad! You're not asking so many questions as you might, Daddy," said I. He pondered a little to find a new question, and decided on asking who were the Godfathers and Godmother of Master Archie. It appeared to occur to him as singular and rather scandalous that this lady and these gentlemen were not joined in dalous that this lady and these gentlemen were not joined in lawful wedlock, and that a good opportunity for making them respectable had been lost. " They might have put the halter over them then and there," said he, evidently confusing between the stable and the fane. I did not stop to clear this up, but again urged further enquiries. He said he was no good at guessing conundrums, and gave it up. Cook was sharper, for coming in at this moment with my lunch, she caught his last words and exclaimed, -- ''Law, Master, can't you see? It's a young lady?" And I admitted that this was the case. " Well done the Nipper I " And my Father, who was just packing his scarf round his throat to face the outer air, undid it again ing his scarf round his throat to face the outer air, undid it again to sit down and enjoy a good laugh over the event. "Well -done -- the -- ^Nipper! And this time it ain't a widder?" done -- the -- ^Nipper! And this time it ain't a widder?" "No, it certainly is not.'^ But my Father fixed a suspicious eye on me, and shook the head of the unconvinced. " The Nipper is at some game," said he. " He's gammoning his old Dad." " No, Dad, honour bright ! She isn't a widow, whatever she is." But the use of the expression honour bright convinced him that I was, as he put it, prequivocating. JOSEPH VANCE " Spit it out, Nipper dear/' said he. Whereon I admitted that though she wasn't a widow, she was the same young lady that hadn't been a widow before. It was a sad come-down. Cook, though, tried to put the best face she could on the matter, and said, well she declared now, think of that! But the gilt was evidently off her gingerbread. As for my Eather, he really looked dently off her gingerbread. As for my Eather, he really looked seriously concerned on my behalf, and strove to console me. "Never mind, Joey dear! Cheer up! We'll put it she ain't a widder, and start fair accordin'. But you might have told me and Cook, instead of keeping of it back. Hay, Cook ? " The extraction of this small amount of grievance made him happy and nasal, tion of this small amount of grievance made him happy and nasal, but Cook was evidently inwardly depressed, as I judged from the way in w'hich she said, "And the partridge a-getting cold too," showing that she likened my engagement to a lunch that has been "kept warm," which is equivalent to being brought back cool. I felt sorry for Cook. I have discovered by this time of my life that families are almost always disappointed with the Persons of their Choice, the immediate Choosers alone excepted. They may be generous and conceal it, or they may gather themselves up for a good collective tiger-spring, and go straight for the throat of the innocent intruder. But they will only have a true heartfelt welcome for him truder. But they will only have a true heartfelt welcome for him or her when they don't want the other party for themselves. Then they will acknowledge the kindness of Miss Jones in taking their little brother Cain or Judas or Caracalla off their hands, and will hope Miss Jones will have a steadying effect. Or vice versa. Knowing this, I was not surprised at my Dad's immediate dissatisfaction with the name of Jane Spencer, when we were first satisfaction with the name of Jane Spencer, when we were first engaged. He had formed an ideal on my behalf and the name of it had several syllables, say Iphigenia in Tauris or Clytsemnestra. Having expressed his low opinion of Janey, by imputing essential widowhood to her, and the attributes of a laundress, I sential widowhood to her, and the attributes of a laundress, I knew him too well to suppose he would retract. He would acknowledge that he had been drunk, with perfect candour, but he never admitted that he had made a mistake. So I' was not astonished at his looking rather blank over the recrudescence of tonished at his looking rather blank over the recrudescence of Janey -- on the contrary, I thought it a concession on his part to surrender her widowhood and start fair. But I was painfully conscious, when I broke my agreeable news to Dr. Thorpe, that there was something behind his otherwise most cordial reception of it-- something that made me feel that I had been too confident. It was so slight that a moment after I thought that I must have been mistaken and the unpleasant feelJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE ing went off. But I felt it again when I told Nolly, who had come, aa I did, on a usual Sunday. Pie put too much side on in his congratulations and spoke, I thought, with a certain amount of effort, and an artificially exhilarated tone. I suddenly recollected Bony^s allegation about Nolly and Janey. There must have been something in it! There could be no concealments between me and Dr. Thorpe. That would have been contrary to nature. So I spoke straight to him about it after Nolly had departed when we were together in the Library after lunch. Why -- there was something," said he, '' but I don't know if one could fairly describe it as anything between Nolly and Miss Spencer; for Nolly made the mistake of not taking the lady into his confidence -- not enough, that is. He spoke to her Father and asked his leave to speak to Janey -- and her Father took upon himself to say she would be unpropitious. It struck me as an unusually rash act in Spencer to vouch for anything! But I suppose he had his reasons. I could have understood his merely discouraging an engagement on the ground of derstood his merely discouraging an engagement on the ground of the incautiousness of marriage. But he went further and took the responsibility of heading Nolly off altogether. Nolly couldn't very well run counter to his principal; so he kept away and consoled himself with cricket. This was more than six months soled himself with cricket. This was more than six months ago." ^'Do you know. Doctor, I can't suppose Janey 'ever knew anything about it -- indeed, I'm sure she didn't, from a lot of things." " Do you think she ought to be told, and given her choice ? -- all go back and make a fresh start? I shouldn't recommend it, even if you thought it would be easy to negotiate. I don't. Moreover, I suspect that her Father knew what he was about." I thought so too, as I knew how devoted she was to him. I got an opportunity of sounding Mrs. Macallister as to how she came by her information about Nolly, as I was perfectly certain Janey was absolutely unconscious. But Jeannie was quite unable to quote any authorities -- had only seen the parties together once. Was he very empresse in his manner? I asked. " Spooney, do you mean ? No -- not particularly. Bqjt anybody could tell -- any girl, I mean. The way he spoke of her as Miss Spencer, and kept at the other end of the room. Heaps of things ! As for Janey, she's just a born goose with no eyes at all. Never sees anything." She knows nothing about it now ? " ''Nothing whatever, and I shan't tell her. Oh yes! of cours®️ JOSEPH VANCE IVe talked to her about him -- chaffed her a little -- ^but she only said she wished he was a little more talkative. Please touch that bell near you, Mr. Vance. I want to know if Baby's asleep." Baby was, according to Nurse's testimony; and Jeannie resumed, looking thoughtfully at the fire : -There must be somebody now that would do nicely for your There must be somebody now that would do nicely for your cousin " ^'He's not my cousin -- ^he's no relation." '^Well! Your whatever he is! There now! Pd just thought of somebody, and you put her out of my head. Oh, I know! -Priscilla Middleton. Oh no -- by-the-bye! -- she's going to marry a Priscilla Middleton. Oh no -- by-the-bye! -- she's going to marry a man with a bottle nose and check trousers. What a silly I am! Well, but Pll tell you who there is -- of course -- there's Maisie Maxey -- the very thing! Why, she's seen him already, at Lord's, 4ind said how nice he looked in his flannels ! " But that child ! Come, I say, Mrs. Bony, draw it mild I " " Child indeed ! She's nearly seventeen, and he's twenty-seven. It's quite ideal." And Jeannie's beautiful face beamed with joy in the flicker of the firelight. And little did Mr. Prentice Maxey, her papa, and Lady Sarah Maxey, her mamma, dream of the snares that were being laid for their daughter by that pretty Engineer's wife Maisie was so thick with. It's so long ago now that I can't recall why I have an impression that these parents had misgivings * over the acquaintances Miss Maisie had picked up. But I had one, and keep it still; and have now a version of it which murmurs that the Oliver Thorpes give themselves airs because Maisie Thorpe, the one that was so like her Aunt Lucilla, married her cousin the present Earl. However, this is antipication with a vengeance! -- * tion with a vengeance! -- * Jeannie had an easy job this time. For really she contributed very little to the result. Beyond getting me to bring Nolly over one evening, and exposing him to the large blue eyes of the Earl's ^anddaughter, like a photographic sensitized surface, she hardly did a hand's turn. However, she was too honourable to make a parade of her achievement, and admitted that it was Maisie's own doing entirely. She described the position in terms that would have done honour to my Mother. " When a girl," said she, jams her head down a man's throat, he naturally takes up the gauntlet!" let!" Nolly certainly took up the gauntlet, and the tournament came off about two years later at St. George's, Hanover Square. The girl's Mother made a great fight, on social grounds, no one of her family having ever fallen so low as a Solicitor. But she was outJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE flanked and routed by the Earl, her father, on whom it suddenly dawned that Oliver Thorpe was the son of the Dr. Thorpe, whereupon he descended on Poplar Villa one day, to the Doctor's sur- upon he descended on Poplar Villa one day, to the Doctor's surprise, to express the unbounded satisfaction that he felt at his prise, to express the unbounded satisfaction that he felt at his granddaughter marrying the son of so illustrious a man. He was a Biological or Ethnological or Psychological Earl -- I really forget which ! get which ! Nolly was therefore married about twelve months after Janey and myself. His wife is living still, as I happen to know. I saw her name recently in the Morning Post, and learned that she was a Primrose Dame. Perhaps if they ever speculate about me, they wonder if I am still in Brazil, or what has become of me; strange, isn't it, if this should be true? -- seeing what narrative my last paragraph was the end of. If it isn't true, something equally strange is. For, consider the meaning of thirty years! When I am writing of the past, it comes back so vividly, each recovered incident constantly supplying recollection of something else, that I can almost hear the voices that even now, some of them, may sometimes speak of me. I can see Jeannie's glorious auburn hair glowing in the firelight, as she hatches her little scheme for entrapping Nolly and the Primrose Dame above mentioned! I can hear muffled cab-wheels on the snow outside, and Jeannie says. That's Janey -- I was afraid she wouldn't come." And then I meet Janey in the passage, coming warm and living out of the snow, and shaking it off her sealskin, and in want of half-a-crown for the Hansom -And I can almost hear the words! And then it all dies away And I can almost hear the words! And then it all dies away and I am alone in St., Bloomsbury, on a blank and featureless Saturday night -- not even a thick fog, only a thin one -- with less Saturday night -- not even a thick fog, only a thin one -- with a piano-organ playing the tune I know as Carmen in this street, and a band of a harp and cornet at the George the Fourth round the corner. The comet plays a note at a time, with Geological periods between, and I discern that this style lends itself to Patriotic music, and am stirred accordingly. But I shall be glad when Midnight comes and closes George, and scatters the Band as though it was marauders, and goes away refreshed by a gratuitous half -pint George has bestowed upon it. itous half -pint George has bestowed upon it. And then I sit and think of that dear wife of mine that I lost a quarter of a century ago -- I think of the happy weeks we passed after our happy wedding, in the Summer of '64, chiefly at old French towns, on the coast or inland; of happy wanderings on the endless sands, and wallowing in them in the sun after stop** JOSEPH VANCE ping much too long in the water ; of equally happy tramps or rides through endless avenues of stripped tree-trunks, and round interminable obsolete fortifications where my imagination heard the minable obsolete fortifications where my imagination heard the Macallister Repeater destroying fathers of families at distances undreamed of by the men who built them. And as something always stands out clear, the most vivid thing of all is one particular rosy fat fishwife, and the sweet candour with which she asked ular rosy fat fishwife, and the sweet candour with which she asked when Janey expected her /iZs? No such party was in sight, but Marie Favre, or whatever her name was, took him for granted, sex and all -And then I recollect that it was after a long, long talk on the And then I recollect that it was after a long, long talk on the sands, that we chatted with Madame Favre. The tide was flowing and made us jump up and go higher at intervals, but we had time for half of our talk before we were driven up into a pleasant smell of crab-shells baking in the sun, and unto crackly colourless dead seaweed and flotsam and jetsam, where we had the other half. And the subject of all this talk was; -- ^Lossie! For we very often talked of Lossie. And of this I am certain, -- that this dear wife of mine, whom I lost so long ago, was the only creature in this mortal world to whom I ever spoke on the subject without reserve. To Lossie I wrote (without reserve) on every other subject. To her father I never spoke directly at all, although each of us knew the other saw into his mind. But even though I write this record now, as one who strives to show his whole soul faithfully and truly, and does it with full deliberation and forethought as a kind of self-imposed exercise that, while it tries him, helps him on in facing the lonely time, yet I shall never succeed in being one-half as intelligible to you (assuming your existence), as I was to Janey that morning on the beach at Fecamp. If I could do that, I believe I should have your pity and sympathy, as I had hers. '^But, Jack darling," she had said, -- we called each other Jack and Jill, she having christened me Jack, -- "what a goose you were not to say, ^ Miss Lucilla dear,' or whatever you called her, ^ I'm so fond of you that if ever I lose you I shall go mad or die,' or something of that sort! Just think how happy you might have been 1 It does seem such a pity." " Because I didn't know it myself. If you were to pull all ray hair out by the roots " " Am I pulling too hard ? " "No, darling, pull away -- it's merely an illustration! If you were to pull it all out by the roots, and scratch my eyes out, I couidn^t say otherwise. I no more knew what a thunderbolt there JOSEPH VANCE was in the bush a minute before Hr. Thorpe spoke of her engagement to me at Oxford than a babe unborn.'' ment to me at Oxford than a babe unborn.'' '' Thunderbolts don't live in bushes -- ^never mind ! But do tell me, Jacky darling, quite seriously what you suppose would have happened -- if for instance it had turned out after the thunderbolt came out of the bush, that Dr. Thorpe didn't mean engaged to be married, but engaged -- say -- as leading lady at the Haymarket. Surely you would have known what was wrong then? " "Of course 1 should, dearest Jilly! And I should have gone straight to Lossie, and taken her into my confidence." " And what do you suppose she would have done -- or said ? " " I know exactly. She would have pushed her loose hair back and looked at me with her eyelids just dropped a little and her mouth open -- not like the hippopotamus at the Zoo -- but her lips just parted." " And she would have said ? " " She would have said quite suddenly, ' Oh, you dear silly boy, do you suppose you are the only little brother that ever was sorry to lose his big sister ? ' And I should no more have known how to explain than the man in the moon." "Is he such a bad hand at an explanation? But she would have understood at once. All women do " " She wouldn't have, dearest Jill. She would have supposed I was asking for something she could not give, and I should only have been asking to keep what I had got." " x d keeping what you had got was incompatible with Lucilla Thorpe marrying anybody else?" Whereon Joey No. 2, in my inner consciousness, where he had been getting restive, became riotous and shouted, "It was -- you know it was! Don't be a hypocrite and deny it." So I said feebly, " I'm afraid that was the case." "Very well, then. Master Jack," said Janey, "now we come to the point. (Be quiet -- it's only a sandhopper!) Now we come to the point. You expected everything to remain in statu quo till you woke up. Wasn't that it?" "Yes -- I think it might be truer to say I didn't expect it not to remain so. But we won't quarrel about a phrase. Perhaps I had sometimes been just conscious enough of an idea that Lossie might marry knocking at the door of my mind, to shut the door in its face. But when I shut the door I never looked out of the window to see who knocked." "You dear self -deceiving Jack! You never looked out because you knew what you would see." And Joe No. 2, whose eye was JOSEPH VANCE fixed on me as a caPs on a mouse, and to whom I knew I should fall a prey, said, "Now, Joe Vance, what do you make of that?" I could make nothing against the two of them, so I gave it up. Also at this moment a long crested wave rose out of the blue far away, and the sea-birds must have told it that the tide was coming in very slowly at Fecamp, for it came steadily on to the shore, pooh-poohing the little presumptuous splashes and ripples that had been making believe in the sunshine, and poured its two miles of crest on the sheet of glass before it, and rushed straight over it with a musical roar. And when it retired after charging up the sloping sands at the population, it did so with every reason to be proud of its success in wetting fugitives to the skin. And as soon as they were audible again, the gulls could be heard egging ( "n another, even bigger, to go and do likewise. Janey and I escaped with very small casualties, and retired to a plateau of little clear pebbles, all one bigness. I can remember running my hands through them as we settled down. "What were we talking of -- oh! Lossie Desprez. Well, Jacky dearest, whatever you may say to the contrary, I cannot help thinking something might have been done. If you had only sounded a note of warning, who knows but what she would never have fallen in love with Sir Hugh. And then think how jolly it might have been!" I was just going to assent to this, when I I)erceived that Joe No. 2 was sneering cynically, and this suggested another view of the case. gested another view of the case. "But, Jill darling-- stop a minute! If it had come out like that, I should never have been sitting here with you -- that would never do at all ! " "No," said Janey, thoughtfully, "iPs a bad fix! But then," she added, as one on whom a light breaks, " don^t you see? I shouldnH have been in it at all ! You would have been nothing to me but Miss Lossie's schoolboy that I could only just recollect." "I don't look with satisfaction at would-have-beening anything of the sort," said I.-- " Well," said Janey, " I don't subscribe to the idea exactly, but I was struck by that loophole and grasped at it." " And then you to sniff at thunderbolts and bushes ! I'm glad we haven't got to translate our conversation to that nice poisSonnier e up there that's looking at us in such a motherly way. Sonnier e up there that's looking at us in such a motherly way. Yow ! -- Here's another wave ! " And our next rush brought us up to the zone of dried crabshells and big stones, where one sits down cautiously for a variety shells and big stones, where one sits down cautiously for a variety JOSEPH VANCE of reasons. And there was Marie Eavre aforesaid, and in a very few minutes we knew the names of all her family. And I lay down my pen, and the beach and the blue sea hare vanished. I am back again, and the organ has played through all its tunes and has come round to Carmen once more; when it appears to be suddenly struck with a sense of tautology, and refusing a da capo abruptly decamps into the night. I wish it fusing a da capo abruptly decamps into the night. I wish it would go on, for even Carmen was company. I would have given it a penny if it had been within range. But it was too far off, and all the noises have gone. No! There is a feeble flageolet in the back street, which comes out into the silence now there is nothing to drown it. I have got the penny. I have nerved myself to part with it. I know the very old man who plays that self to part with it. I know the very old man who plays that flageolet, and I will interrupt 'Life let us cherish,' which is his tune, to give him that penny, and I will take a little walk round to make myself sleep when I return, and perhaps I shall see a drunken man being taken to the station. And then I wiU come back and think more over the old time, until sleep comes and allows me to go back into the past and live it through again without a tear. I much prefer the sleeping dream to the waking one. out a tear. I much prefer the sleeping dream to the waking one. Nothing in one's head splits, and one can speak without choking. CHAPTEE XXXIV and, after all, LOSSIE's letter passed her in mid-ocean ! OF HOW JOE AND JANEY READ HIS FATHER^S LETTER AT POPLAR VILLA, AND HOW LOSSIE CAME UNEXPECTEDLY ON TWO HAPPY LOVERS IN THE TWILIGHT. IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE ELDEST MISS FLOWERDEW ! DR. THORPE JOINS THEM; BUT HOW ABOUT HIS HEART? HOW JOE AND JANEY WERE MARRIED. BUT NO ONE CAN PLAY JANEY'S PIANO NOW. It is very fortunate that I never took it into my head to be an Author. What a nice hash I should have made of it! For see what I have done! Here, in what I think of to myself as a consecutive narrative, I have contrived to plunge into my honeymoon before I was married ! Had I really put my pen down before it led me into this excursion (just at the time they closed the " George " public) I should have gone on reasonably and told the things that came about before my marriage in the summer. They belong to an intensely happy passage in my life -- although I absolutely despair of explaining (to any one but myself) the way; in which one of them contributed to that happiness. I am speaking of Lossie's return to England. ing of Lossie's return to England. I fancy I have indicated that this was expected, but very likely, not. We were all expecting her some time or other, but I remember distinctly that no time was settled, when the rapproche- member distinctly that no time was settled, when the rapprochement took place between Janey and myself, as narrated in the last ment took place between Janey and myself, as narrated in the last chapter. Nevertheless, my letters had kept Lossie au fait of everything, and the long letter I wrote to her a day or two after my reconciliation .interview with Janey would have brought her information up to date, had it reached her. It was an interesting letter, giving every detail, and had in addition a sort of commentary, written in red ink by Janey; a rubric -- part information, tary, written in red ink by Janey; a rubric -- part information, part contradiction of my narrative. I can recollect buying a little bottle of red ink, at Janey's request, and how the sealingwax chipped off the cork and went on the carpet, and had to be wax chipped off the cork and went on the carpet, and had to be swept up. This shows (me) it was at Hampstead that I gave her my letter to read, as in no other house I frequented at the time was the standard of tidiness so high. But this letter passed LoS'r sie at some unsuspected point in the Red Sea or Persian Gulf, an4 JOSEPH VANCE was opened and read by the General at about the time of the little incident which will inaugurate a new quire of foolscap (here in Bloomsbury, thirty years later), if I am detained in this world I long enough to complete and despatch an article on cantilever I bridge-building, which I have promised the printer early to-morj TOW morning. j TOW morning. j This little incident was a trifle perhaps in itself, and might be I given in a dozen words thus: Lossie came home sooner than was expected, and took Janey and me by surprise. But it was a sort of epoch-making trifle, and stands out clear in my memory of unforgotten things. Lossie, with her little boy, about a year and a half old now, was due at Marseilles early in April. But there came bad storms and a cold snap, and a delay to the boat ; not quite without anxiety to us at home. A welcome telegram dissipated this, but ended shall not come just yet -- too cold." For the rough weather and the change of climate had been trying, and the letter that followed seemed to point to an anchorage in the Eiviera until a little real warmth came. I suppose we in England were misled by our huge fires and thick greatcoats in a murderous east wind, or else Lossie was made too confident by a sudden Mediterranean sun, for she and the babies and an ayah and a French maid came quite a week earlier than our earliest expectation, having through some postal delay overtalcen their own premonitory letter. Janey and I were at Poplar Villa. We were consoling the Doctor on alternate days with Nolly. He had been very anxious about Lossie all by herself on the journey, although he had been making believe that he was quite at ease. So Nolly and I arranged that he should never be left alone in the evening, or as ranged that he should never be left alone in the evening, or as little as possible. I frequently borrowed Janey, greatly to the DoctoFs satisfaction; as he was as good as in love with her, to use his own phrase. Nolly would gladly have negotiated a loan of Miss Maxey, on the alternate evenings; but this was in the days before the Earl had realized Nolly's parentage, and the battle was still raging over the adaptability of Solicitors to Earl's Nests. And Maisie would hardly have been the same as Janey in any case. The Doctor liked her very well afterwards, but looked on her as a kissable version of a china shepherdess. On this occasion Janey and I chartered a Hansom all the way from Hampstead. The wind had fallen and we were having one of those early spring days the east wind sometimes leaves as a compensating legacy to the Londoner -- one of those days that slip in unnoticed between the death of Eurus and the birth of Zephyrus 308 JOSEPH VANCE or Auster; whichever it is that comes to wet us through after our ehiverings ! ''If this goes on, Joe," said Janey to me, as we got out of our cab -- she had not at that time christened me Jacky -- " if this goes on we shall have all the trees out in a month." "Yes," I said, "and then all the blossoms, and then skating, and everything killed!" "Peter Grievous!" said Janey, laconically. "Here's my bag. Carry it in. No -- here's Sam. Put it up in my room, Sam, please ! Is the Doctor back ? " No -- ^he wasn't. He and Professor Absalom had gone for a walk. We never-minded, and went into the Library, having acquiesced in tea, though late -- I had a letter I wanted to show Janey, and I had been saving it up till we got a little peace and quiet. We got both in the Library, away from the noise of traffic, with the red sunset streaming in that showed that whatever it was now, it meant to rain to-morrow. "No," said Janey, "I shan't take my bonnet off till I've had my tea; so you'll have to put up with it, Master Joseph. Where's the letter? -- No, tea first, letter after -- because then we shall really get a little peace and quiet ! " Anybody would have thought to hear the way we cherished the expression, that riding through a well-policed district in a wellbred Hansom was the Battle of Prague, or the Walpurgisnacht, or bred Hansom was the Battle of Prague, or the Walpurgisnacht, or a Typhoon. Even the tranquillity of tea in the Library alone didn't come up to our ideal, and it was only when everything had been taken away that Janey decided the letter might be considered. But we would not have the lamp, and there would be plenty of light near the window for ever so long yet. We would sit on the ottoman, towards the light, and turn the letter back, like that, and should do capitally. The letter was from my Father -- ^but in his wife's handwriting,, from his dictation. It was written from a farmhouse in Worcestershire to which he and Pheener had gone for their honey- cestershire to which he and Pheener had gone for their honeymoon, or part of it. It was Pheener's ancestral home. My Father moon, or part of it. It was Pheener's ancestral home. My Father had insisted on going there, and being properly introduced to his wife's family. I think he was haunted with an idea that if he did not they w^ould come up to town looking like illustrations to Thomson's Seasons or the Vicar of Wakefield, and would be sure to abase themselves and treat him respectfully. This was more than he could bear. " It's bad enough," he said to me, once, " to be touched people's hats to when they're expectin' an early settlement. But when it comes to bein' a Squire -- ! I don't care a ment. But when it comes to bein' a Squire -- ! I don't care a dam twopence about the whole turn-out, Beadles, stocks and all. JOSEPH VANCE myself. So what I say is, make it easy accordin'." His experiences had been almost exclusively London and Suburban, and his ences had been almost exclusively London and Suburban, and his ideas of rural life might perhaps have been traced to playhouses in his early youth. I fancy I derived from him an idea of my own boyhood -- that all countryfolk were either Good or Villains. This hard and fast classification must have come from some penny-gaff melodrama. I have not got the letter nOw -- ^but I can remember enough of it to show that my Father's early faith in bucolic virtue had received a shock. It began with an assurance that "my dissolute parent" continued sober, and went on to say that "the deserving young tinued sober, and went on to say that "the deserving young woman w'ho had undertaken to ^act as a Man You Ensis to the above ' was acquitting herself well in the situation to which it had pleased God to call her." " Oh, I see ! " said J aney. " Amanuensis, of course ! I couldn't make out what he meant. I suppose he said it a syllable at a time, and she wrote it down." " That was it. He knows the word from Hickman. He's rather fond of long words now and then -- regards them as 'andy when parties are inquisitive. He relies on words he doesn't know the meaning of, as a means of withholding information." mation." "I see -- but it's risky. Let's have more of the letter. Whatever does he mean by what comes next ? ' I am particularly ever does he mean by what comes next ? ' I am particularly well pleased, myself, and Mrs. V. she shares our sentiments, as in duty bound.' What does he mean by our? Is it like Royalty ? " " Let's have a look -- stop a bit ! I see now -- ^but I'm glad Violet isn't here." Janey examined the text again, and broke into a laugh; she saw too ! " He really is too ridiculous for anything," she said. And we went on deciphering the letter in the growing darkness. It dwelt on the self-denying character of Pheener's guardianship of the whiskey-bottle, in view of the fact that consistency dictated total abstinence. "Not a nip for her poor self!" said the letter. ^'Otherwise contrairiness," meaning thereby that nips and supervision would be inconsistent. It then described the depraved con- vision would be inconsistent. It then described the depraved condition of the rural population. " As this leaves me at present the dition of the rural population. " As this leaves me at present the population is drunk." The Parson and the Doctor seemed sober, but this he ascribed to successful dissimulation, the result of better training. Owing chiefly to the Parson the morality of the villagers was low. "The offsprings are fat but illegitimate, having whit©️ hair and blue eyes -- and as red as lobsters." At this point Janey; JOSEPH VANCE said I wasn't to put my eyes out any longer -- I suggested ringing for the lamp. But sitting in the half-dark, looking out at a new moon and an evening star, was too nice to spoil, so we put the letter away and enjoyed the peace and quiet. If we hadn't got both now we were hard to satisfy. However, there is a serpent in every Eden, and in this one it was my ridiculous con- pent in every Eden, and in this one it was my ridiculous consciousness. sciousness. "What nonsense, you silly old Joe," said Janey. "If any one does come into the room, what does it matter? It isn't as if people were bom yesterday ! I was just enjoying the light so, and you spoiled it all by jumping up. It isn't anybody I " Wasn't it? Well, at any rate, I wasn't responsible now, if anybody did come in. So I readjusted the status-quo and went on body did come in. So I readjusted the status-quo and went on helping to enjoy the light. It faded, as its way is, and then we enjoyed the twilight. I don't precisely know how it happened. There may have been some trace of obstinacy on my part; aware of a newcomer in the room, but reluctant to be convicted again of ridiculous consciousness; and hence the development of events. Of this I am certain, ness; and hence the development of events. Of this I am certain, that neither Janey nor I stirred a finger or spoke a word until we were startled by a hand that came round the neck of each of us and a voice that said, " Oh, do say it's Grizzle ! " And it was Lossie. It was actually Lossie herself! If she wasn't absolutely and precisely the same Lossie that went away through the door she had just come in at, four years ago, she was near enough -- nearer far than I had ever hoped. Eor I had conjured up many images of altered Lossies. There were two in particular I rather shuddered to anticipate; a fat overpowering Lossie with a redundant dictatorial manner, and a flavour of Commanders-in-chief dant dictatorial manner, and a flavour of Commanders-in-chief and Durbars, and a dried Lossie, a slice of human toast as it were, incapable of doing anything for itself and peevish with the servants, but hung all over with very large diamonds which had belonged to Moguls. In those days some of us still formed our ideas of India from the " Surgeon's Daughter " and Macaulay's "Lord Clive and Warren Hastings," helped a little by Thackeray, and in my case a dash of a Lascar who swept a crossing somewhere near Golden Square. But this newcomer who broke into our peace and quiet was no distempered imagination of mine, but a Lossie so like herself, at any rate in a half-dark room, that the four years seemed to have vanished. She brought with her problems that would hardly wait till after an extravagant outburst of welcome for solution. An JOSEPH VANCE exact verbal record of what followed may explain itself. Let it try. " Weil, but then it really is Grizzle, after all! You foolish boy, why couldn^t you say so ? " ''But -- how did you get upstairs?" This was Janey, but she had to wait. " Of course it is," I said. " But who ever said It wasn't ? " "Nobody said it wasn't, Joe dear. But you never said who it was. Wait till you see your own letter!" "But how did you get upstairs?" said Janey, returning to the charge. " Anyhow, it is you. Grizzle dear -- and I am so delighted I can't tell you. But when did it come all right ? I am in such a bewilderment -- I can't make head or tail of it. Your letter, dear old Joe! -- all about her, and she, and how was I to tell?" "But we never heard any cab," said Janey again. But Lossie was much too keen after her own mystification to attend to Janey 's. And Janey knew she was herself, so that no explanation seemed necessary. A fait-accompU has leisure to planation seemed necessary. A fait-accompU has leisure to wait for an official raison-d^etre. But the cab, or its absence, called aloud for elucidation, and I thought it shorter to talie Janey's part. Whereon Lossie made concession -- but in a parenthesis : -- enthesis : -" (Because we had a stupid cabman, and his wheel came off -- " (Because we had a stupid cabman, and his wheel came off -at least it would have, only a policeman told him. It's all right! at least it would have, only a policeman told him. It's all right! Anne and Sam have gone out to see to it. We were all but here.) You know, dear Joe, for anything there was in your letter, it might have been the eldest Miss Flowerdew." This speech contained (to me, who knew the ground) an aspersion on this young lady -- a hint that she was a monument of uncoveted singleness. I waived the eldest Miss Flowerdew, and kept to the point. " But Janey wrote a red-ink letter all over mine. Loss. And signed her name to it. Yours very affectionately, Jane Spencer. Didn't you, J aney dear ? " " Of course, J oe ! And there was no room. And you said it didn't matter if I couldn't get the r in, because Lossie Desprez would be sharp enough to guess." " Bed ink ! " exclaimed Lossie. But sounds without arrested explanation: one sound of a small, very voluble boy, talking to a Hindoo ayah in her own language; another of an indignant and injured baby, who, however, accepted a composition; others of JOSEPH VANCE hirelings who were being exhorted to take care of the lamp what" ever they did, and to be very careful of the walls. They and their hoarseness, and their flavour, were shut out, and the others let in. But the babies were (unjustly, it seemed to me) classified as unfit for society owing to fatigue. The little boy said to me. You're not grandpapa," which seemed to me reasonable. I thought it a good remark, but Lossie condemned it as below par, >3 saying I had no idea how shrewd and apposite her son's remarks # ' were when he wasn't half asleep. Both he and Baby were too sleepy to be countenanced, and their removal was just giving an opening for renewed elucidations, when Lossie started ing an opening for renewed elucidations, when Lossie started up, crying out that there was darling Papa -- she knew his step -- and ran downstairs to meet him. I did not immediately follow. I don't know what other people's experience is, but I myself have never known a home-coming that was not spoiled -- or the edge taken off it -- ^by the reluctance of cabmen, or intruders whom they aid and abet, to accept any sum of money whatever for their services, and to go away without a grievance. I am sure the daughters of the horse-leech (though it is difficult to imagine them being required to go more than four miles an hour or lending a ^and up with anything too hea"y for you) would not have been so exacting as this class of persons. Anyhow, poor Lossie's longlooked-forward-to hug of her father was not enjoyed as thor- looked-forward-to hug of her father was not enjoyed as thoroughly as it might have been. She ran out into the front garden oughly as it might have been. She ran out into the front garden to meet him, and as a background was aware of two injured, but of course civil and sober, instances of neglect of washing, who were begging pardon, but it was rather hard. They were surprised and hurt that a world they had hitherto had confidence in should offer them eightpence for carryin' all them boxes from over agin' the Kobin 'Ood Tavern and then upstairs. The job was worth 'arf-a- crown. And the sum in their outstretched hands, reminding one of pictures of St. Francis, was eighteeni)ence ! There was ing one of pictures of St. Francis, was eighteeni)ence ! There was nothing for it but largesse -- and then Lossie and the Doctor got away and escaped into the house. Botheration take the Men," said Lossie. " Why didn't Anne give them heaps of money and get them out of the way ? " They would only have asked for more, dear," said the Doctor. ''It's their nature to. -- No, dear! I'm all right! " Because he had turned pale, and drawn in his breath sharply; and if he had not answered the question before it became words, Lossie would have asked what the matter was. How very odd that I remember this now, and it was forgotten in a moment at the time ! " I've had a JOSEPH VANCE long walk with the Professor," said he, " and I didn^t expect you, don't you see ? " Then we went in steadily for a good explanation. never got any red ink, Joe," said Lossie, sitting on her father's knee like a little girl, and caressing his head. Only a stupid little letter to Marseilles, saying I should see her so soon myself you wouldn't write anything more. How was I to know who her was ? It might have been altogether a new her. But it isn't, and I'm so glad 1 " And Lossie came off her father's knee expressly to kiss Janey again, and then went back. It was all clear enough now. Lossie had never had a hint of the renewed treaty -- as we should have seen she couldn't had we thought it out. But one gets very foolish over letter-dates. She had seen from my Marseilles letter that there was a her of importance who had slipped into my life; and had come on, perhaps portance who had slipped into my life; and had come on, perhaps all the quicker. All had gone well till about a hundred yards from the gate, when the cab-wheel incident occurred. Impatience was too strong to be endured, and Lossie forsook the cab and her offspring to run on to the house and get assistance. Kapid explanations despatched Anne and Sam to the rescue of the cab, planations despatched Anne and Sam to the rescue of the cab, and Lossie was left confronted with a new girl -- one bom yesterday, as it were! The new girl could testify that Dr. Thorpe had day, as it were! The new girl could testify that Dr. Thorpe had gone for a walk with a Professor, that Mr. Joseph Thorpe was in Somersetshire, but that the other Mr. Joseph was in the Library with his cousin. This last needless complication was only owinj^ to the new girl's intense delicacy, and desire not to create gossip! She was a very nice new girl, I'm sure almost too nice for this rough and wicked world ! But no ! She didn't know the cousin's name. So then, Master J oe," said Lossie, " I only waited long enough to find that there was a letter from Hugh -- here it is with all right written outside -- and then I came up as quietly as I could and sneaked into the room. And I couldn't see who it was till I looked round Grizzle's bonnet. And I was so glad ! " " I should have heard you coming, dear Mrs. Despr -- well, Lossie then! Only for my bonnet." And Janey removes that obstruction and stands, half-leaning on the table, swinging it by the ribbons. And the new girl brings the lights. And as I sit here, thirty years later, I can see them still -- I have only to close my eyes on my new quire of foolscap, and there is the Doctor in his writing-chair of old days, beaming with happiness and all the colour back in his cheeks again -- of course it was ness and all the colour back in his cheeks again -- of course it was JOSEPH VANCE only the excitement, or at that time we thought so. And there is Lossie, incredibly like herself, running her fingers through his hair, and patting and petting his cheeks. And there is Janey, who cannot take her eyes off Lossie, whom every new passage of my old story has made more and more a wonder to her. And there am I, quite a third person to my now self, a young man who gets happier and happier at every visible interchange, every cross-current of word or feeling, that passes between the two women whom he does not speak of to himself as his old love and his new -- but that is the right language for the passer-by, nevertheless. Remember that it is my own life I am writing, and that I cannot analyze myself as other than I was. I daresay it was all wrong. But if Lossie, who is still living (as I have said before), could come to me now, my first word to her would be about Janey. We were married about eight weeks after Lossie's return and went away to Normandy. I am not so clear about any part of that eight weeks as I am about the foregoing. Salient important facts are: that Lossie was just in time to help Janey with her things; that vain attempts were made by legal minds to engineer a marriage settlement so as to procure a broil; that Violet, though she did not refuse to come to our wedding at the church in Essex Street, High Holborn -- (Janey was a Unitarian if she was anything, and what I was Heaven only knows!), nevertheless made a thing, and what I was Heaven only knows!), nevertheless made a merit of doing so, and I know attended a service at Margaret Street, Regent Street, in the afternoon to get assoilzied, as it were. Also that she was very anxious to give us a wedding present that would be really useful, which was not intended as an insinuation that Janey was unsuited for decoration, but was akin to it, and showed that her mind was classifying us involuntarily. We were people of our sort -- she was a person of hers. It was so true too, when you come to think of it! A good many of our friends were needlessly desirous of giving us really serviceable things, and avoiding gewgaws and fal-lals, but I fancy a change of motive came into that movement of our Wedding March when Janey's Streatham aunt wanted to give something really useful, and spend say twenty pounds; and Janey begged for twenty silk umbrellas, which would last her lifetime, and keep for ever in those nice shiny oilskins. Our great present was Janey's father's splendid Broadwood grand. " And there ! " said she, I can only play tunes on it." No one can play tunes on it now; nor could it be put in order again after all these years in a Pantechnicon -- so they tell me. JOSEPH VANCE I wonder whether that is true, or whether it is only that if old works could be replaced no one would ever want new cases. I always think the reverse is true of me; and that if I could get a new case, the old works would do as they stand. Wlien I went to choose out a few oddments from that Pantechnicon on my return from Brazil, I found the same guardian in nicon on my return from Brazil, I found the same guardian in charge that had received them twenty years ago. He was just married when I went -- so he had told me. This time, he had been married again, fifteen years. He was looking forward to the wedding of the first wife's son, a good-looking young man; on the top of whom, when his father pointed him out to me, was an escritoire weighing two or three hundredweight, which he seemed to make light of. " That boy's a good boy," said his father, " but you might say he killed his mother, in startin' himself." And all that boy's life I had been in Brazil. Was it really as long as that! Then his father added, "That was his mother you knew" -- # although of course I didn't, and he knew I didn't; but there was a little link with the past, and he claimed it. I was not unfeeling enough to contradict him. I chose out some small article from among my leavings and, crossing it off the list, asked his father to give it to him as a wedding present. I thought Janey would like me to. But how come I to have wandered away to the Pantechnicon? T remember. It was the Broadwood. Well! -- that Piano, and all the things they gave us, and all the things we bought, went as appointed to our house that was to be, in Cheyne Row, Chelsea. But pointed to our house that was to be, in Cheyne Row, Chelsea. But I am using the word " things " in the Dictionary sense, not in its more reserved and exalted one. In that sense, Janey's "things" that Lossie helped her to buy, mostly travelled out to Normandy with us, and were a great satisfaction to the Douane, so heavily was it tipped to avoid turning them all out, and rumpling them, and creasing them, and suspecting them to be lined with tobacco. "I know they'll spoil that fichu we were so long choosing,'^ said Janey. And I can't expect you to understand why "we" gave me so much pleasure. But it did! As I think now of that two months before my wedding, and how Lossie threw herself into all our arrangements, and how Janey encouraged her to do so, it presents itself to me as one of the happiest times of my life. If I put my writing aside now and smoke a pipe before I go to bed I shall thinly of nothing else. It has quite cancelled the cantilevers, which are in the printer's hands by this time. Yes! that was thirty years ago. And what a narrow escape I JOSEPH YANCE had had of having all my affection for Lossie turned to gall and wormwood. It might have been, but for her and her husband, and the way they could understand a boy just out of his teens. It never has been, for all that has come to pass since, and never will be now, in the short speU that has still to be. But I wish what has come to pass could have been otherwise. CHAPTEE XXXV OP THE NEW FACTORY IN CHELSEA. OF THE BACKSLIDING OF OLD Wt. VANCE. HOW JOE DREAMED A STRANGE DREAM, AND ITS INTERRUPTION. OF THE GREAT FIRE, AND HOW MR. VANCE WAS RESCUED. TION. OF THE GREAT FIRE, AND HOW MR. VANCE WAS RESCUED. BUT SPRAINED. SO FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED, FULLY COVERED bV INSURANCE. AN OLD BURNED BOARD, WITH WRITING ON IT. On our return we settled at our house in Cheyne Row, Chelsea. We were very near the Macallisters, who were facing the river in an old house close to the old bridge beyond the Church. Bony and I could walk over in half an hour to my Father's house at Clapham, behind which we were still carrying on the engineering ham, behind which we were still carrying on the engineering business, although very much cramped for space. At this date the useful word ructions had not appeared in the language, so I presume the complications that occurred between the workmen of the two separate concerns were spoken of as dissensions or collisions, or rows or shindies, when they were discussed by the office lisions, or rows or shindies, when they were discussed by the office or the workshop respectively. My Father never described difficulties of this sort in detail; but, with a true instinct, based on ficulties of this sort in detail; but, with a true instinct, based on long experience and keen personal sympathy, went straight to the vera causa, Smith and Gilfillan," he would say, for instance, '^had both on 'em 'ad a drop, and was unaccommodatin'," or Phipps he's a peppery card, and when the worse it's trying to the temper." But he avoided secondary or apparent causes, as in the first of these cases, in which the respective carmen in charge of the carts of Vance pere and Vance fils, had contrived to get their vehicles locked in the yard entry because neither would wait until the other was clear, and both had been guilty of bad packing. We 'ad the best of it," said my Father. My man he walked into yours to the toon of forty pound odd; and yours, he only smashed a window frame or two. Fifteen shillins ! " Both the window frames and the piece of shafting that smashed it were projecting unduly; but then the shafting formed part of a lath'e warranted to make everything in the universe to within a twothousandth of an inch, while window frames went by the dozen^j ^ thousandth of an inch, while window frames went by the dozen^j ^ and you put 'em down at so much. However, this incident and many like it showed the necessity 312 J, BIS JOSEPH VANCE new premises for one or both, and as my Father clung to the old place from association, it was decided that a new Engineering Works, superseding all previous undertakings, should be erected in Chelsea not far from the houses of the heads of the concern. You see, Nipper dear," said he to me, I can't be cut adrift from your Mother." And so closely did he adhere to this plan of life, that when I asked Pheener (as I prefer to go on calling her) when she was going to finish hanging the pictures in the drawingroom she replied that she had spoken to Mr. Vance, and thought room she replied that she had spoken to Mr. Vance, and thought he would prefer that they should remain as they were. " Because of Missis, you know. Master Joseph," added she, forgetful of a eolemn promise to drop the "Master." I let it stand this time! Also I left unmolested against the wall the two " Proofs before Letters." However, it was not until the third year of my marriage that the new Factory became a reality. This was the time of the zenith of my Father's prosperity. Had it not been for this, very likely the works in Chelsea would not have been on so grand a scale. But when your builder accepts all your directions, and carries them out free of charge, you are apt to run into extravagance, even if he is not constantly urging you on not to be stingyin' yourself down for the sake of a shillin' or so. It is because this is only a domestic history, of indefinite purpose, that I do not enter at length into the details of the engineer- pose, that I do not enter at length into the details of the engineering business. The Spherical Engine came into my domestic recor<i ing business. The Spherical Engine came into my domestic recor<i naturally; so did the Macallister Repeater. But the various devices of sawing, shaping, and planing machines for which we were vices of sawing, shaping, and planing machines for which we were known have nothing whatever to do with it. Therefore I omit a technical history whose purpose would be even more indefinite, and for doing so I claim (should you ever happen to exist) your gratitude. The delay in the completion of the Chelsea Works was responsible for my being still in harness at Clapham at the date of the sible for my being still in harness at Clapham at the date of the occurrence I have now to describe, and for all the incidents that my being on the spot involved. I will give the narrative as it comes to my recollection. I had been feeling uneasiness about my Father on the old Whiskey question. During the first six months of his married life his wife had been most exemplary, carrying away the bottle, after I an allowance, with Spartan fortitude. I date a certain relaxation of discipline from my own wedding-breakfast, when it was imj possible to cast a damper on my dear old Daddy's innocent en- j possible to cast a damper on my dear old Daddy's innocent en'^joyment of my happiness by reminding him of his own short- '^joyment of my happiness by reminding him of his own shortJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE comings in the past. How would you have had me set about it? We did all we could in the way of hypnotic suggestion and jocular interdict; but, as you may imagine, the ^^only this once" concession was too popular for resistance, and its justice was so obvious sion was too popular for resistance, and its justice was so obvious to the concessionaire that he took advantage of it after the feeblest protest. He failed altogether to carry out a promise to pretend he was sober, and to make a short story shorter still, he got drunk. This unfortunate incident, which could only have been prevented (as I think) by keeping him away from my wedding, made vented (as I think) by keeping him away from my wedding, made a break in the continuity of his wife's wholesome discipline. It discouraged her, and made an unfortunate precedent. For was it not clear as daylight that next day the delinquent was as right as a trivet? Well, then -- the day after, at any rate! You couldn't say fairer than that. You couldn't say much about it, if you were me, as in this case you were; and therefore you held your tongue. When we returned from our honeymoon, with a honey fortnight extra to make it up to six weeks, my first enquiry of my stepmother was how had he been? He had been very good and mother was how had he been? He had been very good and manageable. But the more apprivoise he was, the greater was the tendency to reward him by concessions. It is difficult. Master Joseph," said Pheener, '^to say he shan't have only half a glass more when he says he won't ask for it. If he was to grab for the bottle I should just run away with it and there an end." I could see that docility was fatal. Another difficulty that had to be met was a practice of anticipating his allowance under a solemn promise to forego it later. ting his allowance under a solemn promise to forego it later. When later came, it found bygones quite ready to be bygones, if only you wouldn't bother. And it was always only that once ! How intensely once everything is, if you only look at it at the time ! All the subsequent lapses occurred once and once only; but then each occurred once, and exhausted its individual powers of mischief. The dipsomaniac, in spite of the many syllables that palliate him, is no better than the sot in his forlorn brevity. The former, obtains access to stimulants whenever he is able to elude the watchfulness of his guardians; the latter gets nips when you ain't lookin'. The former endeavours to conceal the symptoms of intoxication; the latter tries to 'umbug you into thinking him sober. toxication; the latter tries to 'umbug you into thinking him sober. The former suffers agonies of remorse after each relapse, and follows it with good resolutions, which he breaks. The latter does it again. That is the only traceable difference. For both go to the bad. JOSEPH VANCE My Father might have gone to the bad, had he lived long enough. For when I look back on his relations to the whiskey-bottle I am able to divide their history into three distinct chapters. The first begins at my Mother's death. The second at Lossie Thorpe's wedding. The third at my own. This last is a short chapter, but is a record of a steady degringolade. The fact is that Pheener, left alone, was not strong enough for the position. And I could see at once when I came back from my visit to Normandy that Pheener's expression " good and manageable " was a tribute to my Father's moral nature, rather than an affirmation of her success. It was not, however, fair to expect Pheener to combat her husband's unhappy propensity, and check it except when he was well band's unhappy propensity, and check it except when he was well within range. Had he been always under her eye, I believe matters might have gone better. But unfortunately, the growth of ters might have gone better. But unfortunately, the growth of the business involved constant additions of premises, and one of these, a City Office of a most convincing nature, redolent of polished mahogany compartments, and classification and solvency, demanded my Father's almost daily presence. I don't exactly know what he did there, but then I don't exactly know what any one did. For even Mr. Hickman, now a most august functionary, and understood to be liable to break out into a partnership at any moment, as Vesuvius into an eruption, never seemed to be doing anything. Some work must have been done some time, or it would have been impossible to be referred by folio 387 to folio 2, and by folio 2 to folio 763 P. L., whatever that meant, with any result but discomfiture and despair. Certainly my Father didn't do it. It would have been contrary to his great principle of never doing anything with his own hands. But it appeared to be necessary to the business that he should spend half the day in the very sary to the business that he should spend half the day in the very luxurious inner sanctum he had provided for himself. And there was nothing in the world to hinder the secretion of whiskey in any of the responsible safes and cupboards that made such a parade of candid labels describing their contents. I dwell on this point for the exoneration of Pheener, who I really believe did her best under the circumstances. It was in the middle of a six weeks' frost, towards the end of January. Everybody was miserable, except the skating public, which enjoyed itself all the more on that account. Its attitude of patronage towards the frozen and choked majority was insufferable. I record this on the authority of my wife, as I myself ferable. I record this on the authority of my wife, as I myself was one of the minority, always getting a good morning's skating before lunch and departing afterwards to attend to business ati JOSEPH VANCE Clapham. Luckily trade was paralyzed and things were flat, or it would have been the worse for business. Vehicles were quite out of the question. So after nearly three hours' skating on the Serpentine, a walk home to refresh, and then another to the works, I was beginning to acknowledge fatigue. I found my Father just going back after a late lunch. He recognized the fact that if he had been taking an abnormal glass of nized the fact that if he had been taking an abnormal glass of whiskey the weather would have justified it, and seized the opportunity to apologize for his usual excess. " The fog sticks in portunity to apologize for his usual excess. " The fog sticks in the toobs," he said, and tapped the pit of his stomach to explain their locality. We walked to the Works together. ^'Nobody could see to walk straight, in such a fog," he said. He did not try to make the fog responsible for anybody's thick articulation, so no doubt he was unaware of his own. I cannot recall that I observed anything out of the common in his condition; but I fear this only shows how very much in the first three years of my married life I had to come to accept as being within the common. One of the most insidious features of alcohol poisoning is the way it imposes on bystanders, who go into a conspiracy to assist each other in self-deception about its existence. The gate porter Caplin touched his hat to me, and looked in another direction, lest we should betray a mutual consciousness that the Governor was drunk. The men who were loading up planl^ing for that job of Pettigrew's {teste Caplin) changed an attitude of lazy unconsciousness about worldly things and perfect content with status- sciousness about worldly things and perfect content with statusquo's for an ostentatious parade of ignorance that the Governor quo's for an ostentatious parade of ignorance that the Governor was drunk. The yard-foreman Shaw's manner said, almost audibly, that whoever else was drunk, the Governor wasn't. But his tongue only said we wanted a little wind to blow the fog away. The yard dog Nelson alone had the candour to express a doubt, for he smelt my Father suspiciously, and retired dissatisfied. He followed his tail twice round to get its opinion; but it shirked giving any; so Nelson heaved a deep sigh and went to sleep. Or rather pretended to, for I saw his eye fixed on my Father when he thought no one was looking. I fell in with the general imposture, and pretended there was not the slightest reason why I should not depart to my own portion of the Works. So I left my poor Daddy giving perfectly intelligent instructions about points awaiting his decision, in a very ligent instructions about points awaiting his decision, in a very thick and husky tone of voice. "Do I ever make a mistake, Nipper? Come now!" he would say to me, when I endeavoured to read him a Whiskey-lecture -- and I was always obliged to confess that it was almost never, at any rate. But the worst part of fess that it was almost never, at any rate. But the worst part of JOSEPH VANCE this excessive clearness of mind in some such cases is its production of overweening confidence up to the moment of some tremen- tion of overweening confidence up to the moment of some tremendous betrayal, when its victim is involved in a catastrophe that dous betrayal, when its victim is involved in a catastrophe that might have been avoided if a few lesser blunders had occurred to give warning. My Father's mistake was a cruel instance, for though it was one that he would never have committed when perfectly sober, it was also one committed every day by persons of fectly sober, it was also one committed every day by persons of less judgment than his, even with a small allowance of upset from drinlc. On this occasion no doubt he was affected rather more than usual. I passed up into my floor of the factory, where all the lathes were busily at work, though it was, as the shop-foreman said, mighty hard to see the tip of your own nose. The gas burned wretchedly, as it always does in thick fogs. Demand does not create supply at an hour's notice, unless it has been anticipated and provided for; a reservation which rather takes the edge off that great truth of Political Economy, and leaves the demander making use of strong language ineffectually. In the present case the supply was even worse than usual in a bad fog. "It's not often as bad as this," said Willis, the shop-foreman. " It might have been in the main, only I see nothing wrong with the street lamps." Willis was astute and far-sighted, and a great consolation to me. I told him to go down to the meters, and take the tion to me. I told him to go down to the meters, and take the pressure as near as possible to ours. For I saw the light in their building was better, and of course each had its own meter. Presently Willis came back in haste. " There's an escape somewhere in the building," said he. "The pressure's a lot better at where in the building," said he. "The pressure's a lot better at the meter." " Smell enough to knock your head off down the passage over agen the wash'us crossing over by the Stores." The speaker was a young man at a lathe, who did not take his eyes off his work or show any interest in his own speech, which he appeared to have deputed to his tongue to say, and washed his mind of. I told Willis to go down and see about it, and went into my little office. There I found a heap of letters to grapple with -- one manifestly from India which ought to have gone to the house. I put it in my pocket to read later, and gazed blankly at the stack that remained. I was very tired, and I knew well that ten minutes' sleep would reinstate me completely -- it always did. Yes! I would have my ten minutes' sleep and then tackle the correspondence. No sooner had I sat down in the visitor's chair near the fire than I began to dream. I was in no time the Mayor or Syndic of a glorious old town at the foot of a precipice; and on the edge of JOSEPH VANCE that precipice was a huge projecting rock big enough to accommodate what I had known from my earliest boyhood as the modate what I had known from my earliest boyhood as the Schloss. For in that dream I recalled endless memories of early youth -- as in dreams one does! But the great dread and terror of all the inhabitants (I think I knew most of them by name, and had done so for years) was that the Rock of the Schloss was slowly, slowly detaching itself and must some day come down, Schloss and all, one thundering mass of destruction and ruin, on the old beloved streets where I had played as a boy; on the stately townhall, with its tower full of bells whose carillon seemed never to hall, with its tower full of bells whose carillon seemed never to cease sounding; on the twin spires of a cathedral all Europe came to see and wonder at. How harrowed was I (and the town-council) at the impending inevitable fate. And quite suddenly it oc- cil) at the impending inevitable fate. And quite suddenly it occurred to me (after so many years of quiescence!) that engineer- curred to me (after so many years of quiescence!) that engineering might have a voice in the matter. A scheme was devised (I ing might have a voice in the matter. A scheme was devised (I can recollect scientific details even now) for diverting the water that was wearing channels in the neck of the rock, for buttressing from below and so forth; and it was all arranged and we made ready to start when, with a deafening crash, down comes the Schloss bodily -- and no doubt converted the whole place to a heap of ruins I did not sleep long enough to see, for I only heard the first half of the dream-crash. I was awake in time to catch the last half of a tremendous concussion in the basement, to know at once the meaning of the rattle of broken glass that followed, the shouts and trampling in the black darkness (for not a light was left burning in our part of the building) and the voice of Willis, the foreman, saying, IPs the gas ! " We felt our way through the darkness till the still burning gaslamps in the other works enabled us to run for the scene of the lamps in the other works enabled us to run for the scene of the explosion. If you can imagine a catastrophe in Hell, and an army of terrified men shouting to one another that they said so all along, and they could have told you what would happen, and that anybody might have known it, and that they supposed nobody had body might have known it, and that they supposed nobody had gone for the engines now, -- if you can imagine this, and yourself waked suddenly, from a dream, you will know what I felt like within a minute of the collapse of that Schloss. I heard one man shout to another through the fog, where was the Guv^nor? -- The other replied that Christopher was inside, but that Joseph wasn^t there. I knew that the men among themselves distinguished us by our Christian names, but it was unusual to me tinguished us by our Christian names, but it was unusual to me to overhear them. Perhaps this was why I did not realize their meaning. I ran on through the yard towards the Stores, and just as I arrived the flame was breaking out of the upper windows. JOSEPH VANCE Before me was the passage over agen the wash'us where the smell had been enough to knock your head off. A boy who was inexplicably called Mary Aime by the workmen pulled my sleeve and shouted something I could not catch. Caplin, the gate porter, shouted to him, ''You shut up, young Polly, he ain't.'^ But ter, shouted to him, ''You shut up, young Polly, he ain't.'^ But Polly was not to be put off, and shrieked again what I now heard was " The Guv'noPs in there," and pointed along the passage. And at this moment Shaw, the yard-foreman, and another came running out of the entry pursued by smoke, having ventured in in search of the Governor. It was a back-puff of smoke, such as comes from a first-lighted fire; and I saw the fag end of it caught back by the returning draught. I dashed in at once, followed by others. To he in that long passage in such smoke (the denser for the fog) would mean suffocation. What if it did? My Father was inside. The dog Nelson, anxious to be of real service, bolted in and went ahead of us, nearly tripping me up. On we went till Caplin called out to me from behind, " I hear the Guv'nor," and ran down a side passage. I and the others followed. There, in a reflected gleam sage. I and the others followed. There, in a reflected gleam from above somewhere, was the Guv^nor, but I am sorry to say very drunk. It had developed, perhaps been helped, since I saw him. " If shome of you young men," said he, reproachfully, " inshtead of makin^ all that hollerin' outside, was to come in here and try to find out what'sh afire, you might make shelf shumyewsh." '' Catch hold ! " said I. And four of us seized him and dragged him with unscrupulous violence into the outer passage. Here he became so anxious to explain to us that something was on fire, that we made even shorter work of him, laying him out and each taking a limb. "It's me. Daddy," I thundered in his ear. And I think it was his hazy appreciation of the fact that he was in charge of the Nipper that made removal possible. He was a strong man and weighed nineteen stone, and action had to be very prompt. As it was, the last dozen steps of our exit were through another puff of smoke that followed us along the passage and half choked all four bearers, whose heads, being high, got the worst of it. He himself was no more inarticulate than before when we all fell in a heap at the entrance. " I shaid shum'fn wash afire," said he, triumphantly, and then with an extraordinary presence of mind added, " See to getting the horshesh out." " Jump up. Daddy," said I, for he still remained flat on his back. " There's the engines ! " And in little more time than it takes to JOSEPH VANCE tell, the whole of the yards were teeming with brazen helmets, fire escapes, coils of piping -- everything, in fact, except the one thing needful, water. But my Father still lay flat on his back; and the developing blaze, now constantly working through at unexpected points, made the heat insupportable. " Jump up. Dad," I cried again, and tried to get him up. But he could not move, and when I tried again, he gave a cry of pain. So terrible was the heat that there was nothing for it but to drag him, pain or no. I shouted this into the ear of a brazen helmet, whose undisturbed face showed immediate apprehension and nodded. A litter appeared by magic, out of chaos, and two more undisturbed helmets somehow got him under weigh for the gate, and I followed with the how got him under weigh for the gate, and I followed with the world turning round. I had had a rather sharp shake myself in leaving the passage, and I was so confused that I did not realize at first that he was being carried into a neighbours house, not into his own. The brass helmet which accompanied the two volunteer bearers explained, "No water, all froze. What wind there is dead on the plained, "No water, all froze. What wind there is dead on the house. Have to be moved again in an hour," and departed without emotion. From which I gathered that we might look forward out emotion. From which I gathered that we might look forward to the complete destruction not only of the Works but of the house, and probably several of the neighbours' houses. I felt sorry for the neighbours, but hoped that they were as well insured as we were I My Father's mind was struggling with his overdose of whiskey. His half -articulate speech (which I find no pleasure in trying to spell phonetically) referred chiefly to the safety of the horses; most of which, as a concession to the almost impassable state of the roads, were in the stable. But he had understood quite clearly what the fireman had said about the danger to the house, and was very anxious about a certain packet which was in what he called his shaving drawer. The moment he had with some difficulty explained this and given me his keys, I left him in charge of the plained this and given me his keys, I left him in charge of the terrified strangers to whom the house belonged, and struggled through the crowd until I reached the cordon of police that was guarding the area of destruction including the house. I had some trouble to get passed through. The roar of the conflagration, for it had seized the timber-stacks in the yard, and was rejoicing at the capture and leaping up into the fog overhead, and the arrival of fresh engines, and the shouts of the mob that had sprung from nowhere within twenty minutes, all combined to make verbal communication difficult. I got through by showing my visiting card to a Sergeant of Police, and got into the house just as the JOSEPH VANCE Salvage Corps took possession -- a tranquil-minded body of men, steeped I should say in philosophical reflection, and quite independent of externals. I ran upstairs to the dressing-room, but dependent of externals. I ran upstairs to the dressing-room, but found the door locked. A Salvage Corps man was close behind me. Who might you be ? " said he, reflectively, but did not seem interested in the answer. Can you open this door ? " said I. He remarked that he might try, and stepping back for impetus drove an iron boot-heel like a battering-ram true on to the keyhole. The screws of the lock gave way with a crash, and I followed him into the room. There's more ways than one," said he, placidly, " of getting a door open." Every pane of glass in the window was broken, and the awful fog-lurid glare from the burning timber-yard less than fifty yards away showed what terrible progress the fire was making. I went straight to my Father's dressing-table. The Salvage man demurred to my interfering with anything, saying those were his murred to my interfering with anything, saying those were his instructions; but my production of the keys and my card was accepted as evidence of my status, and I soon found the packet. Almost before I had done this, he had closed the shutters to keep out the spark-drift, and made a bundle of a feather-bed and all the valuable tailor's work in the cupboards. I saw why. No water was expected and all the salvage would be goods carried out. I was useless evidently; so I left the position in the hands of experience, and fought my way back to the neighbour's house where perience, and fought my way back to the neighbour's house where I had left my Father. In all this time no enquiry had crossed my mind about where my stepmother and the household were. But all this time " had been so very little, counted by minutes. It takes long to tell, but, from when the Schloss came down in the dream, on that ancient city that I remembered every nook of, to the moment of my return with the rescued packet to my Father at the Philip Slacks' turn with the rescued packet to my Father at the Philip Slacks' three doors off opposite, was certainly not more than thirty-five minutes all told. When I escaped out of the roar and confusion of the street into my Father's harbour of refuge I found the terrified womankind beside him, having been persuaded to clear out fied womankind beside him, having been persuaded to clear out of the threatened house by the Police. In order, however, to facilitate salvage operations, Pheener had carefully locked all the lockable doors and brought the keys away. My Father was indignant. "Whash yewsh-lockin' dam-locks?" said he in three dignant. "Whash yewsh-lockin' dam-locks?" said he in three words. I consoled him by producing the packet he wanted. He handed it to his wife with a caution that come what might she should never let it go out of her keeping. But he never raised JOSEPH VANCE himself up off the sofa he had been laid on, and I could see plainly that he was suffering from some shake or strain, encountered when he fell as we brought him out of the smoke. Those who have never been in a fire or shipwreck can form no idea of the overwhelming power of the unfettered elements, and the utter helplessness of the human unit against them. I knew that I could avert nothing that it was still possible to avert, and could save nothing that it was still possible to save, one-half as well as the highly trained skill that had now the task in hand. So I remained by my Father. He was getting very sleepy and stupid, and when in the course of another hour of glare and roar of fire, and shouting of human throats, and trampling of men and horses, there came a great crash followed by a greater roar and a new blaze, he only remarked (quite correctly) that the roof had fallen in. " Schnomatter," he added, " shorance covers all risks,^^ and dropped off into a balmy slumber. It was then that Shaw, the yard-foreman, came in and gave me an insight into what had happened. His loyalty to the fiction that my Father was not drunk was beautiful and touching. " It was just like this, Mr. Joseph -- ^you see, Mr. Vance was just enquiring whether the architect on that job of Pettigrew's was a fool, or what he was, for to go and stick up a bressumer made of a quarter-inch flitch and a couple of battens; when it orter have been a proper wrot-iron girder to carry that four story of ware'uses of heavy goods -- and o' course the guv'nor was right, and any 'uses of heavy goods -- and o' course the guv'nor was right, and any child might have known " Get along, Shaw ! Never mind the girder." Well, Sir, I says to the Guv'nor, I says, ^ I'm only cartin' 'em off what's on the order, wrote plain, and it ain't for me to judge. If they was to order pickles I should have to send 'em, if they was in the yard.' " " And then my Father said ? -- Cut on, Shaw " " He said nothing. Sir. But I says, ^ If the order's countersigned by the storekeeper, wot then ? ' I says. And then, he says, signed by the storekeeper, wot then ? ' I says. And then, he says, ' Where's that fool Kiley ? ' -- he's that noo storekeeper came when Gabriel went -- hashmatic chap -- ^you know?" Of course. Get along, etc." I was obliged to urge Shaw forward. And thus urged he became more concise and told how my Father went to look for Kiley in the stores, and he wasn't there. And there was a strong smell of gas in the passage -- a most noticeable strong smell, Mr. Vance said. And Mr. Vance, half asleep, corrected the adjective noticeable, and laid claim to having used one which I suppose Shaw's delicacy had suppressed. JOSEPH VANCE It was the one I had occasion to record once or twice at the beginning of this narrative. My Father had practically abolished its ning of this narrative. My Father had practically abolished its nse -- but when by any chance he harked back to it, he was too honourable to shirk acknowledgment. Shaw had then left my Father in the passage, and gone to examine the upper building. He passed Willis just coming down after having seen me, and was coming out of the upper story to report that the place was choked with gas (no lights were lighted there, of course) when the explosion came, breaking every window and flinging him into the yard. He was up in an instant and back in the lower passage searching for my Father. He had been beaten back twice by the smoke when I came down. I am glad now to think that my Father was never conscious that he was the cause of the explosion. For when he told me his version afterwards it was clear that he had lighted a wax Vesta match on the wall, the box-side being worn smooth; and he cited this match as a proof that the air (where he was) was inexplosive. " Besides," said he, " it wasn't alight in the sense of burning at all -- for a puff of wind came sharp out of a crack in the wall and blew it out a'most before it was lighted." It was only too clear to me what had happened. My Father's power of observation had not been equal to seeing that the puff of air was an explosive mixture, coming through from a magazine ready to take a hint, and ture, coming through from a magazine ready to take a hint, and become an exploding mixture elsewhere. A sober man would have seen that the puff was the birth of the explosion, which came of age on the other side of an eighteen-inch wall, luckily for him. No doubt the atmosphere, where he was, was sorry, and envied that in the next room for being able to blow up and cut such a figure. I left my poor Dad under his delusion. But the reason w^hy Vance & Co.'s works at Clapham were burned to the ground in three hours was that Vance was drunk, and Co. was somewhere else. The Philip Slacks, whose front parlour we had made such an extraordinary invasion of, were very civil; Mr. Slack having himself suggested the arrangement when the firemen were hesitating self suggested the arrangement when the firemen were hesitating about taking my Father into his own house. Mrs. Philip Slack certainly had to be convinced that fire was not communicable, like Leprosy, before admitting us. Once convinced, she was really very hospitable and gave us tea and bread and butter to console us. But she knew my Father had married his housemaid. So it was the kitchen tea in a black Rockingham pot. And the bread and butter was not cut off the Frehch loaf, but a household halfJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE quartern. Pheener told me all this later. I didnH see it myself at the time, but was grateful for the tea. Perhaps it wasn^t true. How the delayed advent of fhe water came about I do not know -- I suppose the heat melted the icy stopper of a frozen mainpipe. Anyhow, it came too late to save the house, though it was pipe. Anyhow, it came too late to save the house, though it was in time to stave off a visit of the Sappers and Miners, and the knocking down of a street or two. Just as Bony arrived, having been detained as a witness by a Committee of the House of Commons, the first benevolent torrents of water were beginning to hiss mons, the first benevolent torrents of water were beginning to hiss on the ruins of the great bonfire that had given such keen pleasure to the inhabitants of Clapham and Battersea. But the works were a heap of blazing or smouldering ruins, and the house on the way to become so. And my Father was on his back unable to move. And the Philip Slacks were going out to dinner if the coachman thought he could manage in the fog. And I was glad when the fog lifted and the coachman thought he could, for the Philip Slacks had been very amiable, Bockingham or no, and I have still a hazy impression that I overheard Mrs. Philip say that Pheener was really almost (only-she-hated-the-expression-and wouldn^t-use-it-only-she-didnH-know-any-other) a lady. Whether she knew my poor Daddy was drunk, I don't know. Cheer up, old man. He'll be all right with rest in a day or two. Doctor says so." ' " Don't be down-hearted. Jack darling. He got right before -long ago -- and he'll do it again. You see if he doesn't! " long ago -- and he'll do it again. You see if he doesn't! " And as for the Factory and the House, Insurance covers everything -- interruption to business -- doctor's bills -- everything ! " thing -- interruption to business -- doctor's bills -- everything ! " "Yes, dearest! And think what a satisfaction it is that so many things can be burned and no one lose anything. Because if you hadn't been burned somebody else would, to make up the average. Papa's told me about it heaps of times." The speakers were Bony and my wife, alternately. The scene was our Cheyne-Kow drawing-room, before a blazing fire. The time was the end of toddy-time, and the time to come a most welcome bedtime. For we had somehow contrived to transport my Father in an ambulance through the fog (which had thickened again as soon as the Philip Slacks' coachman had committed himself) and had followed in its wake -- a melancholy procession of six self) and had followed in its wake -- a melancholy procession of six persons -- Bony, my stepmother. Cook, the housemaid, houseparlourmaid, and myself. The boy Nips was known to be safe parlourmaid, and myself. The boy Nips was known to be safe from the flames, but preferred to remain behind to impede the firemen, so far as opportunity should be vouchsafed to him; to JOSEPH VANCE misinform the inquisitive, and in short to enjoy thoroughly ua occasion not likely to come twice in a life. There was fortunately, no difficulty about finding room for the outcasts in our two households. So we were looking forward to sleeping in comfort, after holds. So we were looking forward to sleeping in comfort, after just a few minutes more of recapitulation. I felt I ought to do my share of the cheering up, and shook off some vague misgiving of further evil that I had kept on feeling at intervals. I wasn't thinking about that," said I. I was thinking about that jolly old place I told you of at dinner -- ^what the Schloss came down on." "Poor, dear, silly Jack! And you were the Syndic?" " Yes, and there was such a nice family, the Schneiders -- who lived on the Lindenstrasse -- three such pretty girls. Hedwig was the youngest -- they might have let me sleep a little longer." Just at this point Jeannie came back putting things on to go back home. She became so interested about Hedwig that I had to assure her I was married already in the dream and had five daughters myself, all as ugly as their mother and as worthy. Her sympathies were so excited that Bony had to drag her away ! ' "And oh, you poor, dear, darling Jack," said Janey, when we were left alone. " How you did look when you came in, black all over! And if I hadn't seen you before I saw the ambulance, I don't know what wouldn't have happened! Where ever did you get it ? " "I don't know -- it came! They are to come for it. Who are iheyf I haven't the remotest idea. I have no idea of anything -I only know I have a letter from Lossie in my pocket I haven't I only know I have a letter from Lossie in my pocket I haven't read, and you must read it to me at breakfast." " Give it to me. Nothing from Hedwig, I suppose ? " "Nothing, so far. I'm afraid they're all squashed. It's very Bad. What's that ? " " It's a ring at the front-door bell. What can it be at this time of night ? " It was an officer of the Fire-Brigade, who left other brass helmets outside, in an atmosphere of lamp glare and horse-steam mets outside, in an atmosphere of lamp glare and horse-steam and hoof-stamps, and came in to confer. He was quite fresh and tappy, an image of contentment emerging from a fog. " Sorry to trouble you again, Sir. Mr. Joseph Vance, I think? On account of particulars for report. Christopher Vance and Son, Builders -- ?" "And Co.," said I, "not Son. And Vance and Macallister, Engineers." " Quite right, Sir," said he, referring to a pocketbook as though JOSEPH VANCE confirming an accurate guess, that did me credit. Building of five stories in use as Workshops, Out-buildings, and Timber-yard. Detached Kesidence of two stories, occupied by Mr. C. Vance, Cause fire due Gas Explosion in basement. Owing to water-supply -- ^hum -- hm -- impeded by frost -- ^found impossible -- save any ply -- ^hum -- hm -- impeded by frost -- ^found impossible -- save any portion of buildings. Loss falls on ? Can you kindly supply Insurance Offices, Mr. Vance? Pm afraid I canT. My Father attended to all that. Stop a minute! If he's awake I'll ask him." And I ran upstairs to do so, but Pheener, who had remained with him all the evening, and had now gone to bed herself, told me through the door that he was quite sound, and it would be a pity to wake him. I agreed, and went back. Janey had been chatting with the officer. " Oh, Jack dear," said she, it is so sad -- poor Nelson -- the rough dog you know that lived in the yard? You know? Well, he was found dead in the basement -- not burned, but choked by the smoke." ) ''Just under the first explosion, Mr. Vance. Flame didn't reach -- but smoke and heat to kill a dozen dogs. Must have got in at the first go-off. Otherwise no casualty. With reference to ' the Insurance, Mr. Vance?" " My Father's asleep, and I don't want to wake him. Can't you say merely that the premises were fully insured ? " " So far as can be ascertained, fully covered by insurance -naming no office." Thus the fireman, who then took his leave, naming no office." Thus the fireman, who then took his leave, declining refreshment, and hoping he hadn't put us out. " WTiat an odd hope for a fireman ! " said J aney. " But think of that poor dog ! " Poor Nelson! He had seen clearly that my Father was not able to take care of himself, and had run in to help. He overshot his mark in the passage, and no doubt went searching about in the smoke until he met his death. The young person who does me out, and sees to me and lights my fire too late, and makes my bed without tucking it in at the end -- so that spectres would get hold of my toes if I didn't always religiously tuck it in myself -- this young person could not get the fire to burn this morning of March, 1895. I am not surprised. If I had been a fire laid like that I would not have burned, myself. But the young person, Betsy Austin, driven to lawlessness self. But the young person, Betsy Austin, driven to lawlessness by failure, appropriated a portion of a broken drawer of an old desk I was patching up, and forcing it in upwards and sideways and downwards into the incombustible matrix she was blowing the smoke out of into her eyes and the room, decided that it had JOSEPH VANCE caught and would do now, and devoted herself to laying the breakfast. I was just in time to snatch the bit of mahogany from the fire and put it in my bath-water. It fibzzed and went out, and then tried to pretend it wasn't spoiled, ineffectually. And it made the whole place smell strong of extinguished burning wood. And the smell thereof brought back to me the day of ing wood. And the smell thereof brought back to me the day of my last chapter, as nothing but a smell can bring things back. It brought back my ride down with Bony to the cinder heap that had been the works, and the Hansom Cabman, who, when he was told where to drive, said, I know -- close by where the fire was last night." His respect for us went up enormously when he found that we were in a sort of way The Eire " ourselves, or near relations. Oh, the ghastliness of the ruin and destruction! It was heartsickening to think of the contents of that dreadful heap of sickening to think of the contents of that dreadful heap of smouldering rubbish that choked up what had been the lowest story of the main building. It was still rebellious, but was being pumped on by a dispassionate engine, which was so sure it would beat in the end that it never lost its temper, or said an angry word. I knew that heap contained the caput mortuum of all my drawings of machinery inventions for years past, and all the costly plant that was soon to have been carefully removed to the new Chelsea buildings, and half-completed contracts by the ton. And I knew the worst of it would be -- that everything in that heap would be just quite spoiled, but no more. There would be lathes that would still do to stand outside a second-hand dealer's in Southwark, but that would never turn true again; planing machines with bed-plates like beds on which angular people have had chines with bed-plates like beds on which angular people have had sleepless nights; drilling-machines that wagged their drills as dogs their tails; things with eccentric movements whose eccentricities had become ungovernable. In that heap were those letters that I had seen on my desk, all but the one from Lossie. That was something saved, at any rate. Eiremen with small nozzles were putting finishing touches on the extinction, after the coarse work done by the big water- jets, just as painters use small sables after hog-hair has done its worst. Every now and then came a crash of falling timber or wall -tenacious bits that had remained behind when the roof fell in. tenacious bits that had remained behind when the roof fell in. Daring helmeted climbers with axes were helping down these stragglers, and as it seemed to me running needless risks to this end. I thought all hands would be best employed shoring up the front of the high building, and said so to the head fireman. He evidently doubted our statement that we were Vance & Macallister, JOSEPH VANCE and held a kind of court of identification under the wall we had thought dangerous. Having reluctantly conceded that we had an interest in the property, he looked up at the overhanging wall (the fall of which would have killed all three) and expressed confidence in its stability, but to indulge our whim remarked that you might shore up most walls. There were any number of men available, so I had a temporary affair rigged up at once. I was gratified to hear from the same fireman later in the day, that if it hadnT been for that bit of timber '^we'^ thought of putting up, that wall would have come down on some of us. He must have been a brother of Pring. If a burned-out factory is sad, a burned-out home is sadder still. One half-burned is perhaps the worst of all. The roof of my Father's house and the upper floors were completely wrecked by the fire. The lower ones were scorched by the burning ceilings, but the deluge of water that came at last had done its best to finish the job. Some of the furniture and pictures had been got away; but a good deal remained, the Salvage Corps having dealt with the lower rooms last, believing that the water would be in time to save them. I saw my Father's leather armchair in the snuggery, in a stack covered with tarpaulins to shelter it from the expected deluge. There also I found his writing-table, which I was glad of, but it was tight in the stack, and the building was not safe, so for the present I made no effort to extract it. On the chimneypiece stood an empty whiskey-bottle looking jaunty. How it must have chuckled over its handiwork! Two refrains ran continuously through the whole -- one cheerful, Two refrains ran continuously through the whole -- one cheerful, the other depressing. The first was the universal conviction that Insurance covered everything, the second the equally universal, all-pervading stench of the water on the burned wood. No wonder the same smell brought it all back to me so vividly this morn- der the same smell brought it all back to me so vividly this morning! It drove me away at last from a place where I could be of ing! It drove me away at last from a place where I could be of no further use. I merely arranged with the Salvages in charge for the delivery of some goods (which I specified) at the house in Chelsea, and told my partner I should go home, whether he did or not. I wanted to see my Father, who was probably awake by now. ''Just take one more turn round," said Bony, "in case there's I anything." j We took one more turn round, and there was nothing. Only, I just as we were leaving what had been the Office at the Works, my I eye was caught by something that struck me as familiar. It was a burned piece of board, some two feet long, with an inscription JOSEPH VANCE on it. And enough was still visible to show me, who knew it of old, that it ran, " C. Vance -- Builder -- Repairs -- Drains promptly attended to." No wonder the smell of my burnt desk brought it back. I will not replace that bit of broken drawer (for I know it will smell), though Betsy Austin expresses contempt for my ^'finicking" precision, and alleges that I am making a fuss about nothing. " Just cision, and alleges that I am making a fuss about nothing. " Just as good as ever it was," is her verdict. She does not seem to see that an isolated escape from her destroying hand will do little to counteract her defects as a maid-of-all-work. She will speak of me downstairs as a sort of precise old maid, bent on interrupting the well-organized routine of what she calls her Work. rupting the well-organized routine of what she calls her Work. This presents itself to me as a whirlwind. And no slight one either, for Betsy's arms are not only fine arms, but strong ones, and she can just as soon smash the furniture as tidy it up, which is an accomplishment she claims perfection in. Am I sure I am not writing this with the intention of leaving it open on my desk that Betsy may read it, and be wounded by my poignant sarcasms? I am, because I know that Betsy would be adamant, and would include it in the broad category she describes as my nonsense. But I have nothing to do with Betsy now. I have to get back to my sheep -- ^my sheep that are memories, browsing in the memories of pastures of thirty years ago ! ories of pastures of thirty years ago ! CHAPTER XXXVI OF A BRAIN-WAVE THAT WENT TO INDIA. AND OF AN OPTICAL DELUSION. HOW JOE TOOK THE NEWS TO DR. THORPE, AND BEPPINO WAS A BORE. AUNT IZZY TOO DEAF FOR ANYTHING. DR. THORPE AND JOE WALK TO CHELSEA. I WONDER what Lady Desprez meant, J ack ? " said J aney that afternoon. She and I and my stepmother were at tea in the drawing-room. ^^Lady who?" said I. For I was always forgetting ing-room. ^^Lady who?" said I. For I was always forgetting that now that her husband was Sir Hugh, Lossie was a Lady. Vv^ell -- Lossie, then!" replied Janey. "What we read in her letter at breakfast. Give me her letter and I'll read it again. Or stop a minute, till I send your Father his tea. If you're sure neither of you will have another cup, I can send the pot up." We were sure, so, as I had not seen very much of my Dad, who remained on his back by the Doctor's orders, I carried him up his mained on his back by the Doctor's orders, I carried him up his tea on a baby tray, to which concessions of tea-components were made by the parent tray; the more readily as the fog, which was nearly as bad as yesterday, made visitors very improbable. If he had not been ordered to remain still by a Doctor, he would never have tried to move. Indeed, he had only done so once or twice in order to upset the diagnosis, and in doing so had suffered great pain. But it made him feel happier, and he was now fered great pain. But it made him feel happier, and he was now deriving great satisfaction from pretending he could move if he was allowed, and ascribing interested motives to the third person plural, who was scheming, he said, to keep him on the flat list. "If they was to let me get up and walk about a bit, Nipper," said he, "I should soon be right enough. But they always was at that game, and always will be. Makin' a job! Just like 'em! *'Tea? That's good. Nothin' like a Nipper, after all! Oh yes, I can sit up, Joey dear, right enough." But he couldn't, without me to raise him. And what a difficult job it is to manipulate nineteen stone, that can't help itself ! ficult job it is to manipulate nineteen stone, that can't help itself ! " P'r'aps little Clementina will toast me a big bit of thick toast herself, soft inside. This stuff ain't toast at all, not as I look at it, I should consider it match-boxes " So I went down again, and the drawing-room fire being superb, the toasting-fork was rung m JOSEPH VANCE for. ** Give it me, Mast -- " said Pheener, and I fixed her with my eye. Give it me, Joseph," said she, correcting herself, and I handed her the fork. It is very curious," said J aney, going hack to our former conversation. And as I stood waiting for the toast, she read again from Lossless letter: "I am making myself very uncomfortable about your father, and I have no idea why. There is nothing in your last letter to point to any disaster. I dare say it is only imagination. I hope so. But whenever I think of him it is always on precipices, and he is always going to put his foot down in the wrong place, and no one is there to stop him. If I commit myself thoroughly to being thought superstitious and morbid, perhaps it will be the best way to avert the omen. Papa used always to say that vaticinations after the fact were the only ones that came true. So I will tions after the fact were the only ones that came true. So I will get myself thoroughly involved, in the interest of yourself and your Daddy, and place my presentiment boldly on record, so that it may turn out false. It is just a fortnight since that I said to Hugh that I was sure something was going wrong, and that was the time I felt it most strongly. I shall be so glad, dear J oe, when I get your next letter, and find, as I hope I shall, no bad news. I can't get your letter covering that date for more than a month. What nuisances time and space are ! " "Then the letter goes on about the children," said Janey. " But isn't it odd. Jack? " " I thought it was odd when we read it at breakfast. But, anyhow, you see, it was a false presentiment, because the date of the how, you see, it was a false presentiment, because the date of the letter is November the third, and Dad was quite well all through October. You know the Chinese proverb, ^ Cherish the false Prophet who predicts disaster, and the true one who foresees health.' -- Isn't that toast done ? " It was, and I carried it upstairs. " There's two beggars with a wan at the gate," said my Father. I looked out. It was the salvaged goods I had told them to send on. "They'll want a formal receipt for them, I expect. They'll be credited to the Globe Insurance on the house, being Salvage -at least, I suppose so. What was there ? " at least, I suppose so. What was there ? " There were some pictures from the drawing-room, the writing table from the Snuggery, and so forth. I mentioned all I recollected. lected. "I shouldn't mind," said my Father, with a sadder note in his JOSEPH VANCE voice than I had so far heard, if them two picters of Stags before Letters was put up here for me to look at. I shouldn't feel fore Letters was put up here for me to look at. I shouldn't feel so cut adrift from your Mother, dear Nipper." I said they should come. And that's a knee-hole table, and comes in four. Two sides, top, and pigeonholes to stand on. They might carry that up too. There's papers in it." I promised this also, and went to give directions. The pictures and the table were soon brought up. My Father seemed more interested about the pictures than the table, and lay looking at them. Never mind looking at the desk now. We'll do him to-morrow. There's no hurry for anything now, not till 'Ickman's commoonicated with the Insurance." cated with the Insurance." Hickman had called in the morning, but I was away at the new Works, and my Father was asleep. He slept a good deal. Hickman had left word that he would call to-morrow afternoon. My man had left word that he would call to-morrow afternoon. My Father lit his pipe. '^Your Mother never saw those two," said he. ''What's their names? Stags without Words, or something? Miss Dowdeswell had better dust the frames of them." He called his wife Miss Dowdeswell, having never once called her so, until to oblige him she gave up being Miss Dow'deswell. She said he was that contradictious! As for the last new picture title, it was due to tradictious! As for the last new picture title, it was due to Jeannie having played some Mendelssohn, and his having asked the name of that toon. " No -- ^your Mother she was to have come down and seen 'em, and she never came. Never having seen 'em, I mix 'em up with her, natural like, and it's less by way of being cut adrift. I can only see the reflection of the winder in that one. Give him a tilt. There ain't much light to see anything by." He smoked awhile peacefully, and then began, "I say, Nipper dear " "What, Dad?" "Was I very drunk?" I felt it was a case for prequivocation, and that I was on dangerous ground. So I asked why? "But was I ? " said he. " That depends, Daddy dear, on what you call drunk. You might have had less. It doesn't matter now. Let's talk about the Stags." " Got anything partick'lar to say about the Stags ? " " Nothing very particular." " Then let's talk about the drink. You see, that's what it turnf on." I asked what it was that turned on it. JOSEPH VANCE Only -- ^what do you call those games they have at Scientific Lectors -- not conjuring, but red and green lines, and vertical and horizontal ? When you always get took in whether or no ? I got a clue and suggested Optical Delusions. "To be sure," said he, and then after a pufi or two went on: " Now the question is, was this here an Optical Delusion ? When they brought me across to whaPs-their-names -- ^Placket Hole's or something like it -- on that portable hammock turn-out -I was thinking of nothing but getting the horses out of the stables I was thinking of nothing but getting the horses out of the stables before they was redooced to ashes." " Of course they were got out first thing," I interjected. " Of course. But when you're in a stage of intoxication, you're mostly muddled, whatever the stage may be. Anyhow, I wasn't thinking of your Mother. And she says. to me quite sharp and sudden like " " Hullo," said I, under my breath, for I thought he was delirious and began feeling his pulse. "Feel away, Nipper dear," said he. "I'm just as normal as usual, and fairer than that I can't say. When you've put your watch up, we'll get along ! " As he was, if anything, less normal than usual (admitting the expression), I put my watch up, and felt I cut a therapeutic figure. He continued: " -- quite sharp and sudden like, 'Recollect Pheener's packet ' " " Do you mean you heard her, or only thought you heard her ? " " Well, dear boy, you see they're so dam like if you only think hard enough. It was one or the other. But was it an Optical Delusion? Or was it doo to Alcohol? Or what? I heard it, anyhow -- that clear that if it had crossed my mind that the Insurance would cover that like anything else, I should have spoke surance would cover that like anything else, I should have spoke out plain to your Mother not to fret about it, and it would have been put down to the score of the Alcohol. Becaiise to speak fair, Nipper dear, your disgustin' old Daddy had been, what with the cold and the taste of the fog, giving himself a sort of" -- ^he hesitated a moment -- "a sort of alcoholiday, in the manner of speaking." " Dear old Dad ! You'll never be disgusting, not if you were as drunk as a Lord." "But suppose I was as drunk as the House of Lords -- ^hay, boy?" And my Father laughed and rolled about in his old manner. But I think it hurt him, for his breath caught, and he stopped short with, " All right, J oey, it's nothing ! " " But what was the packet ? " I asked. JOSEPH VANCE A bit of knick-knack little Clementina gave me to take care of for her. It was a trifle I gave her before she^ packed her boxes. And she gave it me back to take care of, of her own free will. And she ain't to look at it now. So we'll just say nothing about it. The man in the shop where I bought it called it a Tiarrhoea." " A what ? " "A Tiarrhoea. Like before taking, shake the bottle. A wineglassful after every " glassful after every " But the entry of Miss Dowdeswell herself made it impossible to pursue the subject. Next day I went over to Dr. Thorpe's early. I thought the chances were very large that, that Library Beggar (as my Father had called him) being immersed in his books, and only glancing very slightly at the paper, would know nothing about the fire until I went to tell him. I was quite right. "Good God!" he exclaimed. "What, Joe! All burned, house and all." " A few scraps saved from the house. Otherwise all converted into oxides, with evolution of caloric." "But, Joe -- Joe dear -- don't make chemical jokes! Tell me. How did it happen ? When did it begin? Was it any one's fault? Will the Insurance cover it? " " Oh yes -- fully covered by Insurance." But why did I feel conscious that I was mechanically repeating the fireman's words, not speaking from my own knowledge? " Well ! That's a good job, anyhow ! " and the Doctor looked relieved. "And how is every one? How's your Father?" " That's the worst of it. I'm afraid he's had a bad shake in the back -- a recrudescence of an old accident -- a thing that happened ages ago. Just before you set me going in life. Doctor ! " And I gave the Doctor the whole story of the fire, finishing with the passage in Lossie's letter, which I had brought to show him, and my sage in Lossie's letter, which I had brought to show him, and my Father's fancy about my Mother's voice. " Two eerie incidents in one day ! " said he. " I always think these things should be put on record. But Loss was evidently at fault, because it has all come about later. I should of course like the other thing to be what it seemed. You know my ideas? " I knew them and should have liked to talk about them. But we were interrupted by the appearance of Beppino. Perhaps if ever you read this -- (and recollect! If you don't read this you won't be in existence. So look out for squalls) -- ^you will notice that I scarcely describe any of my memories of people. This is because I am not a real author. If I were, I would tell all JOSEPH VANCE about their exact shape, size, weight, colour, and manner before ever they said a single word in dialect, which of course they would do. I would finish up a description of a character (for instance) by saying that a pair of leather leggings the worse for wear, and shooting-boots down at heel that had been cut on the top to accommodate gouty swellings, completed the description of good old Isaac as I recollected him, and only at the end of my page or two of description allow him to say to his wife, Be you gwine to zimmer they ta'aties ? or "Kick 'em in t' stummuck if they wean't budge," or something similar. But even if I were a real author I couldn't describe Beppino at this time, for he was never the same six months together, and I used only to see him at about that interval. As I seem to have committed myself to an interpolation, terval. As I seem to have committed myself to an interpolation, I may as well indulge in it. Beppino's variations were owing to his modelling his manner for the time being on that of the last meteor of Art or Literature he had been introduced to. For Beppino had a social status and was very much introduced. He was even spoken of familiarly as Messalina Thorpe, his poem about that reprobate being the most admired of the celebrated Trilogy. At the date of these memories he was founding himself on a great dramatist and a great sculptor, neither of whom had yet got tired of him. Now the great sculptor rejoiced in (or, at any rate, never docked) a magnificent crop of red hair, and usually wore a brown velveteen coat when out of the studio. Beppino was therefore spoiling the collar of an expensive piece of tailoring by as large a hair bustle as nature allowed on the nape of his neck. And the great dramatist (apparently) never said a brilliant thing without beginning with " My dear fellow " in a sort of drawl I can't easily reproduce. But if you will say the three words, "Medea. Fill. Awe," quite deliberately with full stops, you will not be far from Beppino's reproduction. I never saw ***** myself, so I can't say how far the original resembled it. A few months later the fashion changed, and the only bled it. A few months later the fashion changed, and the only way of spelling the next pronunciation quite exactly would be " Deiphila." Try them both, and see if they sound plausible. I believe his poems had clever passages in them, but really I never read them. A great poet of the time, whom he was said to imitate, expressed a guarded opinion about the Trilogy, namely that " it held out promise of original work." When pressed as to whether it contained any, he gave an evasive answer. Beppino thought he was jealous, but added that of course he should never eay so to any one but you, whoever you were. He was musical and sang old French songs and Italian siornelU JOSEPH VANCE with real taste and feeling. He was very popular with young ladies of an artistic and non-sporting turn. The sporting ones said they couldn't stand that sort of thing, without making it clear what sort. One, so the story went, knocked Master Beppino off the end of a rout-seat at a ball with the sweep of a powerful elbow, and said by way of apology, " Well, Mr. Joseph Thorpe, I never asked you to sit in my pocket ! " However, I have digressed enough, and Beppino must go on coming in at the Library door, where Dr. Thorpe and I are talking about what are now called Psychical Researches. thought it was you, Joe Vance." He certainly pronounced me Juvence, quite distinctly. "All goin' on well, in your part of the world ? I came to borrow Arcadia, Pater." He had come from his room upstairs, the nursery of old times, where he employed himself on various literary work. He got enough to do, I believe. "What are you at now, Joey?" said the Doctor. "Writing Eescennine verses and Bowdlerizing them down to publication point, I suppose? You'll find the book over the door." And we waited in silence till he had come down the ladder with the book, for neither of us would have thought of taking a Poet into our confidence. When he landed, he blew the dust off the book-top and slapped it to, and then said, "He's such an uncherrytable Pater mine is ! " adding with a gush that was distasteful to me, " But he's a good Pater, and a dear Pater ! " as if I was likely to dispute it. " Only there's one thing he does not understand, and that's Art." " I suppose I don't, Joey," murmured the Doctor, meekly. " Shut the door when you go out." Beppino replaced the ladder, and was outside when the Doctor resumed the conversation. " Naturally any one like me, to whom the idea of extinction at death is absolutely indigestible, would wish or hope for the survival of our affections on the other side. But no change is vival of our affections on the other side. But no change is inconceivable to me, only cessation. Still it does seem the most obvious and probable thing that such an incident as this fire, even if we become over there insensible to matter as we are here to spirit, would be seen reflected in the minds of Spirits in the flesh by -- shut the door, Joe, and either come in or out! " The Poet came in, "Eh say," said he. "Thet's intrasting! Who's been on fire ? " " The factory was burned down two days ago -- both factories -- * my Father's works and mine." JOSEPH VANCE ^*By Jove -- thet's serious -- anybody killed?" Nobody but a dog." Beppino's face fell. ^'But my Father had a nasty fall, and is laid up." "By Jove -- thePs bad!" He distinctly brightened. "Any chance of incendiarism ? " he enquired, anxiously. " None whatever, Joey," said his Father. " Nothing the least tragic or poetical. Just a big bonfire and nothing else. Nobody's even ruined, as insurance covers everything." " Pater's always hard on me," said he. And I am confident that he utilized the genuine dejection he felt at the prosaic nature of the disaster as a means of expressing sympathy. "But I say -you know -- it's no laughing matter." We admitted that it was you know -- it's no laughing matter." We admitted that it was not, and he then revived his drooping spirits by admiring the Fire Brigade. "By Jove, they're fine!" he exclaimed. "It's grand! It's grand ! I'd have given something to be there to see it." " We didn't enjoy it particularly. I'm sorry you weren't there." " By Jove! Ha -- ^ha! that's not bad! But you're always seveah on me, Juvence -- ^you really are ! " " I say, Joe," said the Doctor, " I'll walk over with you when we've had some lunch, and see your Father. I don't like the account of him." It was Beppino's misfortune to rub inartistic count of him." It was Beppino's misfortune to rub inartistic people the wrong way^ and he had done so in this instance. We were not sorry to hear that if he did not run at once he would be late to lunch somewhere else, so we lauded punctuality and gave him a cordial send-off. We had only Aunt Izzy for company. Before we started for Chelsea it transpired that our communications to Aunt Izzy about the Fire had failed to reach her under- tions to Aunt Izzy about the Fire had failed to reach her understanding. She had conceived them to relate to the library fire. standing. She had conceived them to relate to the library fire. Getting it out had become letting it out, and the blow-up of the gas been referred to the bellows. These errors were discovered and set right when she remarked that she didn't think it " ought to surprise " anybody ; and this was traced back to " London Water Supplies." As soon as she realized the conflagration, she became so anxious that the new Apopempsopyrotechnicon Fire-Extinguisher should be used to extinguish it pyrotechnicon Fire-Extinguisher should be used to extinguish it that she ignored the fact that it was out already. I promised to have one at hand next time, and said I hoped I should soon have an opportunity of testing its merits. Aunt Izzy got quite cheerful over this prospect, and augured great success. She was a good-hearted old lady, but wanted to have her finger in every pie. I don't thi nk I've remembered the apparatus right, but it doesn't matter. The Doctor and I walked over to Chelsea talking of the subject Beppino had interrupted. The fog had lifted and a thaw was JOSEPH VANCE setting in. The wind was thinking of coming from the southwest, and a little came as we crossed Clapham Conunon. When a sudden mild fit of this sort comes in midwinter, people are ungrateful and call it unseasonable, and pretend they like frost. They are liars and hypocrites, as they enjoy it thoroughly. We did, on this walk, but we paid our tribute to orthodox views nevertheless. CHAPTEK XXXVn A CONFERENCE AND A GROWING ALARM. HOW THE WHISKEY-BOTTLB HAD CAUSE TO CHUCKLE. THE CHEQUE-BOOKS DID IT, OF COURSE -WANTED THIRTY-THOUSAND POUNDS. ALSO HOW A BANK SMASHED -- WANTED THIRTY-THOUSAND POUNDS. ALSO HOW A BANK SMASHED -AND HOW A BIG BAD DEBTOR OWED A BIG BAD DEBT. CHRISTOPHER AND HOW A BIG BAD DEBTOR OWED A BIG BAD DEBT. CHRISTOPHER YANCE & CO. INSOLVENT. We arrived, Dr. Thorpe and I, almost at the same moment as Hickman in a Hansom, from the other direction. He was evidently appreciating the change, but he too paid his tribute to dently appreciating the change, but he too paid his tribute to public opinion and said it was unhealthy and relaxing and so forth. Missis was out, and Mrs. Christopher was out, but Mr. Vance could get at the bell quite easy. The connection of ideas was quite clear to me. I hope no one will ever be puzzled by it. We all went straight up to my Father^s room; I only going in first cautiously to make sure he was awake. He was. ''Who have you got outside ? he asked. " Is that Tckman ? " "It^s Hickman," I said. "And it^s the Doctor come to have a look at you. Not that sort of Doctor, Dad! It^s Dr. Thorpe." A look of apprehension vanished, and his face lighted up with pleasure. " There^s Doctors and Doctors," said he as he stretched out a hand of welcome- "You^re my sort! None of your dam prescriptions! Come in, Tckman. You all right? See you directly ! " The Doctor said don't let him interrupt business and was told Hickman would do any time. " This is a bad job, Vance," said he, sitting down. " What you might call a pretty how-do-you-do " said my Father. " But Lord, this ain't nothing ! Soon shove this to rights." This seemed to assign less force to a favourite phrase of his than I had always ascribed to it. Dr. Thorpe laughed, and said he was glad it wasn't an ugly how-do-you-do. " I wouldn't go so far, for one," said my Father. " Suppose we say an unpleasant circumstance, and let it go at that ? " This was carried nem. con. " If it wasn't for this here sprained ankle I've got in my back, we should be all clear for a start. It's what they call a cash-you-ality -- nowise worse than that! It might have been a smashuality, hay. Doctor ? " JOSEPH VANCE " That's the right way to look at it, Vance, anyhow." Let's ring the bell for tea," said my Father. Tea and a pipe I That's my soothin' mixture." He reached for the bell-puU, but the sprained ankle was too predominant in his back, and he was glad to leave the bell-pulling to Dr. Thorpe, who volunteered. " I suppose," said the latter, " you'll soon have all your, men at work again, and rebuilding started." That's just the advantageous p'int," said my Father. " You ask any Architect (that is an Architect, and not an armatoor) which is the best, a built buildin' or a rebuilt buildin', and he'll speak up for the last. Because he'll know he's been detected and convicted of a thousand blunders in the first building that he could have just as well as not kept off of, and the parties won't stand 'em a second time. Excepting he has a 'igh feeling of professional dignity, and can't be lectured." And what do you do with him then, Vance? " ** Then you chucks him, or dispenses with his services. If by letter, the latter. But of course that's 'Ickman's department. He walks into 'em 'ansum, and remains their obedient servant per pro. Don't you, 'Ickman ? " " Certainly, Sir. And no doubt the new buildings will be a great improvement. There's nothing like experience. But the first thing will be to " But Hickman was interrupted by the arrival of the tea, and also of Janey and my stepmother. Oh, we're not fretting, Dr. Thorpe," said my wife, in response to enquiry and expression of sympathy. The whole thing is covered by Insurance, and it's merely a question of time. Jack was saying he knew of no reason why they shouldn't start next week." I glanced at Hickman. " Oh yes, of course," said he, no reason whatever! At least none that I know of." Was there a note of hesitation? I decided that there was none. It was only that I was fanciful. After all, my nerves had been very much shaken in these three last days. Janey went on talking to Dr. Thorpe. " Now, wasn't that odd. Doctor, that presentiment your daughter in India had? Of course it was a long time before. But ter in India had? Of course it was a long time before. But then they all say that time doesn't count." Who say ? " *'Well -- the proper people. I don't exactly know who they are." ^'No more do I. Shall I pass your cup for some more tea, JOSEPH VANCE Vance?" My Father had drunk his straight off, contrary to precedent, and said decidedly, " No, thank you -- not another cup." The two ladies looked surprised, and Pheener said, Now, think of that." What was Tclanan saying just now ? " he continued. Yes -just now -- saying to the Nipper?" just now -- saying to the Nipper?" '^Hickman said nothing to me, dear Dad, except that he knew of no reason why the rebuilding shouldn't begin next week." No more there ain't any reason. There's some 'umbuggin' forms to be what they call complied with at the Insurance Offices -- * but that's nothin'. We can begin to-morrow. As for the Offices, blest if I know what the forms are! You show 'em the receipts, 'Ickman -- they'll square the rest." I understood," said Hickman, visibly uncomfortable, that the receipts were with you, Mr. Vance. If so, they are no doubt burned." And pumpin' on 'em now," rejoined my Father, would only be wastin' good water. Nobody wants 'em! If the cash had been sent 'em in coppers, they could put their 'ands in their pockets and say they never had 'em. But a cheque's a cheque, and there you are I " " Oh, certainly. Sir," said Hickman. " Your recollection of writing the cheques would be quite enough in practice. Only when one malces a formal claim one likes to have the documents." Dr. Thorpe, whose voice sounded cheerful and reassuring on the top of a sense of misgiving that had crept in, remarked on the admirable service the crossed cheque rendered to business men. '^In this case, you see," said he, payment of cheque makes the whole thing secure without more formality. I'm sure we needn't feel uneasy," addressing my wife, who was looking blank and apprehensive. prehensive. But the semi-tension, that had come into the conversation, no one could say exactly when or how, had got to reassurance point. It was like pretending a toothache isn't coming. It showed in my Father's raised voice when he next spoke. " All I know is," said he, " that I wrote the cheque for all three Offices, and if they haven't sent the receipts it's their lookout!" He said it quite easily and confidently. Besides, if they didn't receive 'em, how could they cash 'em? You look in the Pass-book -- in the pigeonhole of that table. We've got to overhaul that table, Nipper." The Pass-book was got out and searched. No such cheques were entered. My Father gave a short low whistle, but did not JOSEPH VAHCE lose his head. ''You look again," said he. "You^ll find ^em! All the cheques are in order in the second dror' on the right. I put 'em to their numbers myself and none was missin'. You 'unt in my pocket for the keys." Hickman, whose voice showed his alarm plainly, began speaking. "You shut up a minute, 'Ickman," said my Father. "Let's have them keys." And the keys were found, and the presented cheques, all in order -- ^but no Insurance cheques! The suspense was trying. "What v'us Mr. Hickman going to say just now?" asked Hr. Thorpe. " I was saying. Sir," said Hickman, who may have been a little hurt at being shut up, "'that probably Mr. Vance would remember there was a delay in payment. The last day of grace had passed -that was October the fourteenth -- and two of the offices wrote to that was October the fourteenth -- and two of the offices wrote to ask if you wished to discontinue, and a gentleman called from the Globe to see if it was an oversight. And when I told you, you said you would send at once." " Then it's all a fuss about nothin'," said my Father. " I wrote the cheques in the big cheque-book at the Orfice. You wrote 'em and I signed 'em." "No, Sir, no," said Hickman, who had become quite tremulous. " If you remember that book had been written full up for you to sign, and it was too late then for you to get another. It was six o'clock. And your cheque-book you carry was just used up tool We noticed the coincidence. I wanted you to make the drafts on office paper and not wait for a cheque-book, but you said you would be sure to recollect." "Stop a bit," said my Father. "I remember something about that." Hickman had a gleam of hope. He went on speaking. "You'll remember too, Sir, remarking that you had two new cheque-books in the desk at home and you'd post them off that evening. I knew the money would be accepted really any time as long as the place wasn't burned -- and I asked you and you said you had sent it -- and of course I thought you had the receipts." ceipts." I had seen Pheener's hand catching convulsively on the arm of the chair she sat in. As Hiclonan finished she gave a cry. " Oh, Master, Master I It was that book the bottle was spilt on! " " Perhaps," I struck in -- a light breaking on me, " you spilt ink over the cheques, and meant to write them again and forgot it. You say. Had, you remember actually writing the cheques?" "Ac-tu-ally writin' of 'em, Nipper dear! And putting of 'em JOSEPH VANCE in envelopes, and lickin' of 'em to, and putting on the di-rectiona. IQuite like 'Ickman. I can't say I remember forgetting to post 'em, but then some one else may have forgotten. Only Miss Oowdeswell didn't say I spilt the ink. Speak up, little Clementina, and say what it was I spilt ! " Oh, Master ! You know it was the Whiskey. And you said what a good job it was there was so little left in the bottle! And then you finished what little was left. But I do remember the cheques were all written by then, and safe in the envelopes. I don't know where you put them -- went away to bed." " You see, Nipper dear," said he, turning to me with a ridiculous mixed expression of contrition and candour, ^'you see what it was? It was my intemperate 'abits. Your Daddy was in a state of beastly intoxication. Entirely doo to his 'abits I I'd wrote the cheques though ! " ''Come, Vance," said Dr. Thorpe, "you can't have been so very bad, or you couldn't have written them." " If I'd only drunk a little more the bottle wouldn't have slopped over and spoiled that cheque-book. I remember it now. Fifty to order and three wrote. Three and eleven pence. What's Mrs. Nipper grubbed out of the desk 'ole ? " "WTiat on earth are these?" cried Janey at this moment. She had been fishing about in the pigeonholes of the desk-table. " Three letters and all directed to Fire Insurance O^ces I " And turned as white as a sheet. It was too true! And the explanation, so far as the unposted letters went, was easy. My Father had put them in a safe place, so as to be sure not to forget them. Which of us has not done this, even in our lowest stages of intoxication? But I almost wished the letters had perished in the fire -- it would have taken so much blame ofP my Father's shoulders. It would not have mattered if we had never known how the non-payment escaped detection. What had exactly happened was this. My Father, as he was consuming rather more than his allowance of whiskey after dinner, on the day of the occurrence described by Hickman, had got out the two new cheque-books mentioned and baptized one of them (so he said) with three premiums payable to the three offices. Having done so, he unfortunately baptized it still further by spilling the whiskey-bottle over it. Now whiskey on certain paper ing the whiskey-bottle over it. Now whiskey on certain paper produces a fine purple stain, and my Father noticed the splendour of the tint; and inferring that any one who got a cheque so ptained would ascribe Bacchus to the drawer, had put this cheque* JOSEPH VANCE book aside to reclaim the price of the stamps if ever he should withdraw his account. We found it in a drawer of the table. Having done this he inaugurated his other cheque-book, which was intact, and by the time he had his pass-book again had forgotten all about it. He satisfied himself that all his cheques had been presented by putting them in order, without examining the passbook. " Whereas the good," he said afterwards, " when the entries book. " Whereas the good," he said afterwards, " when the entries are all eligiblef" And he showed me an illegible entry in proof. It was (as near as I recollect) Dry -- PS40. 0. 0 " and was supposed to commemorate a payment of forty pounds to Rebekah and John Zimmerman, Dry-salters! With respect to the other point, the way the non-appearance_ of the receipts was acquiesced in, it was clear that the Works had imputed them to the Office, and vice versa. Hickman had supposed my Father had got them. And he, not receiving them, naturally inferred they had been sent to Jobchurch Lane, which was his usual designation of the town offices. To complete this part of the story now. Some attempt was made to get a concession from the Fire Offices on the ground that the written cheques were actually an instruction to Vance & Co.'s bankers to pay the premiums, and that the position was virtually the same as if the cheques had been posted and had not reached. In such a case I believe most offices would have treated the payment as effected. But the legal advisers in our case pointed out ment as effected. But the legal advisers in our case pointed out that there was nothing but my Father's word to show that these cheques were not written after the fire broke out! If such a precedent were created, said they, it would invalidate the whole principle of Insurance, of which the essence is that the Policyholder shall risk the loss of his premium; which Vance & Co. had holder shall risk the loss of his premium; which Vance & Co. had certainly not done while the cheques remained in their possession. Even then I believe one or two of the Directors were in favour of sending my Father the cash (a mere trifle of PS30,000 or so) ; partly because of the glory of such action to the Offices, and partly because Vance & Co. was alleged to have been drunk -- chiefly the cause Vance & Co. was alleged to have been drunk -- chiefly the latter. Some one thing (I have said this before somewhere) always starts out clear in one's memory, and throws its kin into the background. This time it is Dr. Thorpe's eyes, as I part from him ground. This time it is Dr. Thorpe's eyes, as I part from him at the gate -- full of sympathy, and so like Lossie's. " It's not the money^ Doctor," I say to him. That's bad -- but it's not that." And he replies, '^7 know, dear Joe! I see. But keep a good heart, and leave it in God's hands." And he walks away into the thaw, by this time in full swing. JOSEPH VANCE And then I go up to the drawing-room and find Janey. And 1 am in time for her to cry upon, just as the relief of tears comes. And she says, '^Oh! Jack, Jack -- your poor old Daddy! And he is so sorry. It makes one cry to see him." And she has a good cry, and is the better for it. And then as she comes back to dry land out of a sea of tears, she says, " But wasn't it strange, Jack? " I ask what, and she says what Lossie Desprez wrote in her letter, and that it must have been just when the cheque-muddle came off. And I say coincidence, and all the proper things, and we go upstairs together to get and give consolation. And then Bony comes stairs together to get and give consolation. And then Bony comes in and has to be overwhelmed in his turn. It need not be supposed that an annulled Insurance, or rather a neglected one, was the cause of the Insolvency of Christopher Vance & Co. It was a contributary cause doubtless, and if it had not existed, very likely Vance & Co. would have tided over the other difficulties that came upon them. For misfortunes never come singly, and scarcely was the reconstruction of the burnt Workshops put in hand than another calamity followed. The draft on shops put in hand than another calamity followed. The draft on the Surburban and Metropolitan J oint-Stock Bank, which provided the first weekly screw of the workmen on the job, was the last cheque cashed across the counter of the Clapham and West Brixton Branch of that great and prosperous concern. Next day's morning papers announced its suspension, and in a few weeks any one ing papers announced its suspension, and in a few weeks any one who was of a sanguine disposition was at liberty to believe that its assets exceeded Golconda, while, on the other hand, incredulity itself was silent when its liabilities were quoted at very little less. One of the causes of failure was ascribed by the Co. to its inability to withstand the temptation to make advances, though it ability to withstand the temptation to make advances, though it could not exonerate the other parties. Like Browning's young man, whom the young lady never should have looked at so, had she meant he should not love her, the Bank complained that the numerous Firms to which it had lent money, "r allowed to overdraw, never should have misled them by depositing such seeming draw, never should have misled them by depositing such seeming valuable securities, which turned out worthless. Among the overdrawers, C. Vance & Co. was a conspicuous instance, figuring for a good round sum among the Debtors. But, to do my Father justice, his Firm had never made eyes at the Bank, or any Bank. It was merely that no one ever dreamed of questioning his Solvency. But now the luck had turned, and myriads of persons, it seemed, had said so all along. Even if the Bank had been able, by a great effort of imagination, to realize its assets, Vance & Co. would have been none the better. JOSEPH VANCE as at least the account would have had to be balanced, before new overdraws could be indulged in. But the worst was to come. My Father had undertaken, as a sub-contract from an eminent firm of Eailway Contractors, the construction of a great Hotel at a Terminus. It was to be paid for when completed, at the opening of the Railway. But everything, as my Father said, went contrairy. The building-site proved to be a spongy morass, which trairy. The building-site proved to be a spongy morass, which had indurated itself spitefully at all the points which were tested, and which had to be turned into a huge block of concrete before a footing could be laid. This cost within ten thousand pounds of the contract sum. Nevertheless, the whole thing was completed in spite of difficulties, and payment was due, when crash went the great Contractors! There is no better investment now, in this last year but four of the century, than shares in that Railway, if you can get them! Many a prosperous family has been reared and educated on them, many a luxurious country-house built. Quotation of them at a premium has become a mechanical habit with Brokers, who mostly believe that if they fell the sky would. But the men who fought with unexpected torrents in the tunnels, with malignant hillsides that waited for passing trains and then developed as landslips, with huge seas that came in the night and swept away Cyclopean walls as Betsy Austin sweeps away the crumbs -- these men died in poverty or small prosperity, or lived, some of them, to furnish illustrations of the advantages of marriage settlements, and of their own wicked improvidence, from the consequences of which the greater foresight of everybody else had saved them. For those who fail get scant quarter from those who never try, and those who see no farther than the stock-market know of no success outside the Balance-Sheet. side the Balance-Sheet. My Father got a good deal of public absolution. For, though the Bankrupt did not ascribe any of his failure to that whiskeybottle that I saw chuckling in triumph over the ruin of his home, bottle that I saw chuckling in triumph over the ruin of his home, yet it leaked out, through the men, that Christopher had undeniably been concerned, on the day of the fire, in liquor, and that he bly been concerned, on the day of the fire, in liquor, and that he was liable at other times to be concerned in other liquor. And nobody could deny that he was a jolly good fellow. So, even as the rank and file of an army that has been led to slaughter by a tipsy General forgives him with its dying breath, so the workman whose employment was gone spoke leniently of my poor old Dad; and forgiveness got into the atmosphere, and excuse-making was the rule and censure the exception. But his blame of himself and his weight of sadness were pitiful to see, as be lay helpless on his JOSEPH VANCE back, the Tictim a second time of the same injury, and a second time being forcibly weaned from his old bad habit. That was my consolation, and, though none of us ever by any chance spoke about it, our consolation. Each knew what the others thought. I go on to a time -- it was well on in the late summer -- when all the business matters were wound up, not unsatisfactorily on the whole. In winding up a concern of this sort, the final settlement turns on the common interest of the creditors, and in this case there was no doubt about the interest common to all, namely the success of Vance & Macallister, who figured as debtors to Christopher Vance & Co. But the terms of their building contract had pher Vance & Co. But the terms of their building contract had been cash payment on completion. Bony and I were therefore able to demand completion, and the Firm, now represented by its Creditors and an Official Beceiver, carried out the building as per contract. Easy terms of payment were granted, the good-will of the business being accepted as a sufficient security; and a friendly mortgage of the buildings started us on our way, and though somewhat handicapped we could fairly look forward to prosperity. I what handicapped we could fairly look forward to prosperity. I feel this is all prolix, but when no one reads, an author may be as prolix as he Ekes. CHAPTER XXXVm joe's father does not improve much, but he is his old self STILL, AND ENJOYS A SURPRISE HE HAS TREASURED FOR HIS FAMILY. HOW HE HAD BOUGHT A TRINKET IN BOND STREET. THE NEW LIMITED CO. IT STARTS ILL; BUT GOOD FORTUNE BRINGS BACK AN OLD BOARD TO HELP THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. My memory, then, travels on satisfied to late in ah evening in August, 1870, when I was sitting with my Father in the drawingroom at Chelsea, looking out at the moonlight on the river. For room at Chelsea, looking out at the moonlight on the river. For great ingenuities had provided ways to move and carry him without pain. " Progress," said his enemy, the Medical Man, " was out pain. " Progress," said his enemy, the Medical Man, " was slow but sure." " Then why don't he get out o' the way," said the patient, " and let me get ahead a little quicker ? " An eminent surgeon had examined him, but said there was nothing for it but patience. No, Mr. Vance," said he to me as we parted at the street door. can't take a fee for telling a man to lie on his back. You take an interest in bullets, of course? I'm just going to take one out of a man. Too old-fashioned a one for you to care about. It's been thirty years in his carcase ! " And ran away to avoid my thanks. "How long was I getting round, that time, Joey?" said my Father to me on this evening. " That time after poor Peter Gunn got the glass in his eye." You mustn't suppose these words brought that event back to me then nearly as clearly as it does to you now. You have, I presume, recently read it. I remember it vividly now, fifty years after! It was rather hazy after twenty. "I think Mother said two months," said I. "All I recollect is that day you came out in front and we talked to the little man with the board." "Just such another day as this has been! More by token it was the Nipper's birthday! What's to-day, Joe?" "Nineteenth. I say, Janey, yesterday was my birthday and we forgot it!" Janey was writing a letter within calling distance. "Many happy returns," said she, "but to-day's the eighteenth." JOSEPH VANCE Well, then," said I, " it's to-day ! " And Janey came in and gave me a kiss, for confirmation, and went back to her writing. " I remember," said I. You gave me a top to play Peg-in-theKing with Porky." King with Porky." " And your Mother a pair o' storkins," said he. Your feet are larger now than they was in them days, Joey." Who did you say you played Peg-in-the-King with ? " intermitted Janey from afar, without stopping writing. mitted Janey from afar, without stopping writing. "Porky Owls," answered I. And Janey said "What a name! " and soaked back into her letter. " Well, Joey," said my Father, resuming. " It was two months, anyhow -- maybe a bit more! And how long have we been goin' on over this job? 'Tain't a twelvemonth yet, if we speak the truth." He had evidently begun his comparisons of the two nursings hoping for better results, but was not going to acknowledge defeat. It was discouraging to think how long he had been on his back. "Can't be helped, Nipper, can it?" He effaced the unpleasant view of the case, and took a more cheerful one. " One good thing, at any rate -- it's out of the question gratifyin' one's unfortunate propensities. Or if it ain't out of the question it's out of the answer, when one's domestic circle grabs the bottles and bolts." " Never mind. Had ! It's my birthday to-day, so you shall have extra toddy." And I promised to compound a nightcap secundum artem -- feeling rather as if I was compounding a felony. I felt guilty and apologized to Mrs. Christopher, who appeared at this moment. "It's your lookout, M' Joseph," said she. " I w^ash my hands." Her difficulties in addressing me often ended as if I were a Basuto. " Comes of her having been a young gal," was my Dad's explanation. It is intelligible to me -- perhaps to you also? Bony and Jeannie often looked in late, and did so now. They had been out dissipating, and Jeannie looked like a Titian portrait of a grand duchess. Janey arranged her beautifully for us to look at, with the full moon over the river behind her. She was a glorious spectacle sitting there in the clash of the moonlight and lamplight. " Not bad ! " said her husband, in the tone of a satisfied proprietor of a travelling circus. We settled down to a fied proprietor of a travelling circus. We settled down to a general chat over things, telling Jeannie she might move now if she liked. And Janey said we might talk business, if we wanted to, and of course we immediately did so. " Well, Bony," said I. " It's really all done now ! " " Are you sure ? " said he. " It's been really all done at least three times in the last three months ! " JOSEPH VANCE ''Anyhow, I can see the Bankrupt's certificate sticking out of his pocket," said I. And my Father, perceiving that this was the case, buttoned it in. It had been a great satisfaction to him to read it at intervals, and it seemed not improbable that he would always retain it in his pocket. He had been greatly pleased to know that he had made a full discovery of his estate and effects. I think he felt like Christopher Columbus, or Cortez. " Now are you quite sure you haven't concealed property to the amount of ten pounds ? " I asked. " Quite sure," he answered. " The property I concealed was a considerably bigger amount than ten pounds. Besides, it wasn't my property, it was Miss Dowdeswell's." We all stared at him and each other. He continued. " They never asked me if I had concealed any one else's property." " What are you driving at. Daddy dear ? " " You get Miss Dowdeswell to show you that fancy article I gave her afore ever she suggested Matrimony. You tell truth and shame the Devil, Mrs. V. Cut upstairs and fetch it down. I should like to see some of you gals try it on." It dawned upon me that he was referring to the parcel he had given liis wife when I brought it from the burning house. It had slipped my memory in all the confusion and anxiety, and it was now eight months ago. I made a remark to this effect, and he said, " Yes -- it was that parcel I had the Optical Delusion about." His wife returned with it, and handed it to him. " Now, Mrs. Christopher Vance, as I said before, you tell truth and shame the Devil. How did you come by this here parcel ? " " You gave it me, dear, at the fire -- in Slack's front parlour." " And how did I come by it ? " His wife reflected, and said, "Why -- I suppose -- I gave it to you to take care of, after you gave it to me the first time." " Of your own free will ? " " Yes. Because you said, ' You do as I tell you, little Clementina, and give me back that parcel of your own free will, for entina, and give me back that parcel of your own free will, for me to take care of for you.' So I gave it you of my own free will." " Good girl ! If you'd given it me under compulsion it would have spiled the performance." While this conversation W'as going on, my Father undid the parcel. All our eyes were fixed on it. Out of cotton-wool came an inner parcel of pinlt tissue paper, and out of that a casket of red morocco leather. JOSEPH VANCE " That's all right ! " said he. Suppose now we put it away to be safe." But a chorus of indignant exclamation followed. " IPs your property, Mrs. Christopher," said Bony. " You take it from him." And she did so. And opened it. As I sit here writing this, much disturbed because Upstairs is moving out to-day, and a sort of beery persons who come out of the rain and smell damp and stuffy are hoarsely percolating through the house, engaged in the removal of Upstairs' furniture, and a wardrobe (which gives the impression of being also a wardbugs) is giving a practical illustration of the maxim that wot's been got in can be got out, and she'll come if you keep her round easy. You don't, it seems, for she comes with a smash against my door. But she is got out, with one of her four feet off, and she dies away into a van in a drizzle, and her foot is carried down after and stuffed inside her. What were the memories this accursed and useless article of furniture interrupted? A memory of a flood of reflected light from a jewel-cluster in the satin lining of a leather box, a miniature constellation of a thousand reflected moons and a thousand ture constellation of a thousand reflected moons and a thousand reflected lamps. A memory of the cry of joy of the voices I knew so well, so many years ago. A cry of sheer joy at the splendour. A memory of my Father rolling about with laughter at the great surprise, till he hurt himself, and had to stop. I shall pick up the thread of my narrative now, provided always that Upstairs subsides. I think I hear those beery ones in the street spreading, if not their sheeny van for flight, at any rate their sheeny tarpaulins over it. ... Yes! And the carman has said wup to awaken the horse from his reverie, and they are off! "Stick it on your head. Miss Dowdeswell," said my Father. "You won't know yourself, you'll look such a beauty." "There now," said Jeannie, "that's just the way you men talk about your wives." "Nobody else has any wives, or they might tallc about 'em sim'lar," said he. " You give her a lift, Mrs. Nipper. She ain't a dab!" And after Mrs. Christopher had tried it on, Mrs. Nipper did. But these were really only civilities, the public anxiety to see it on Mrs. Macallister being ill-concealed. The result, when it came, was stupendous, and the wearer kept it on, with a not unmixed j)hilanthropy. # JOSEPH VANCE " They can^t be real, of course/^ said Janey. Of course not " said my Father, placidly. Just a lot o' bits of stinkin' glass." But this statement immediately aroused suspicion. ''Then some of them are -- really real!" said Janey. Solely because of the statement that none of them were so! "Why, they cause of the statement that none of them were so! "Why, they may be worth hundreds! What's that big one in the middle worth ? " " Couldn't say. But they're worth more than ten pounds, all told. So the Lord Chancellor can keep his hair on." "They must be worth a good deal, Mr. V.," said his wife. " Wouldn't it be better to sell 'em and have the money? It would be something, anyhow -- and we could pay our fair share of the bills then, perhaps.'^ " How much should you take it they might be worth ? " asked my Father with the air of one who could be persuaded to part with it if a twenty-pound purchaser could be found. We guessed that amount, some of us, and our guess was disallowed. W^e guessed double with the same result. We knocked allowed. W^e guessed double with the same result. We knocked off a third, and then my Father said we were getting colder. Then we doubled again. Same result. Then again. And so on till the guess was two thousand five hundred and odd! Then in order to put an end to the possibility of another rebuff, I exclaimed, " Come now, Daddy ! I'll do it this time. Ten thousand pounds ! " "Very likely you're right, Nipper," said my Father, meekly. " Like enough they're only worth that. Always been bein' takin in, all my life, I have! But I gave fifteen thousand. You needn't look so scared. I haven't cheated the Lord Chancellor out of twopence." pence." I suppose we continued looking uneasy, for he went on in a more serious tone of voice. " They didn't belong to me -- they belonged to Miss Dowdeswell. She hadn't so much as mentioned matrimony at that time, much less committed of it. You see this was just how it happened. I was passing by a Jeweller's shop, in Bond Street, and I saw some pretty things in the window, priced various at so much -- two hundred this, two hundred that -- and I went to look at 'em. And on dred this, two hundred that -- and I went to look at 'em. And on my remarkin' they went to a pretty penny for Shop-window goods, the shopman says they don't count them expensive, and he shows me two or three that ran to more. This was one. They was askin' fifteen thousand eight 'underd. And I told 'em I'd fifteen thousand in my pocket and if they were agreeable we'd deal at that. sand in my pocket and if they were agreeable we'd deal at that. So I brought it away and put it in my shavin' drawer." JOSEPH VANCE But how on earth," said I, " did you come to have fifteen thousand in your pocket ? " sand in your pocket ? " "It was a cheque Margosian & Mavropoulos had just paid me for that new block of offices we rebuilt in the City -- all the cash in a lump. And I was in funds at the time, and it seemed a good investment. I asked ^em not to put hen hen upon it. So it was as good as a Bank of England note. I wrote across the back in the shop and they wrote a receipt. There it is, tumbled out of the parcel ! Let's have hold of it ! " I passed it to him, and he lit a pipe with it. " Well, now, Pheener," said Janey, " you're quite a rich woman -- isn't it nice ? " " It isn't mine ! That's only Mr. V.'s nonsense. Of course it's just as much his as ever." "Don't you go sayin' that in the bearin' of the Lord Chancellor," said my Father. " He'll ree-scind the certificate, and make lor," said my Father. " He'll ree-scind the certificate, and make use of it to square off that odd four shillins in the pound. Besides sendin' me to prison for concealing valuable assets. It 'll bring you in a nice little penny, and you'll be able to afford your elderly encumbrance a trifle of barker. Dear -- dear! What a many times I've said to myself that we need never go to the work'us as long as we'd got the Tiarrhoea Well! You may laugh as much as you like -- but that's what the shopman called it -- a Tiarrhoea ! " I remember all the above scene, with perfect clearness. Then follows a hazy period in which I recollect facts, without images or visible incident to confirm them. The fact, for instance, that most of the creditors of C. Vance & Co. became shareholders 'in C. Vance & Co. Ltd., Managing Director, Mr. William Hickman. Also that my Father bought shares therein in his wife's name with a good deal, I forget how much, of the eighteen thousand poun Is for which he sold the tiara to the Duchess of Playbridge, whot^e second husband (I can't remember his name) negotiated the sale and accepted a commission of ten per cent, and lost it all next day on the turf. It is extraordinary how much one does forget! I can recollect nothing particular of the Limited Co.'s beginnings (although I must have known all about them at the time) until more than a year after the sale of the tiara. Hickman came to see my Father, and was "glad to say matters were looking much better." His recent visits had been penitential as to his own mishaps and censorious of other people's. As I was seeing him downstairs I sorious of other people's. As I was seeing him downstairs I JOSEPH VAHCE remember his saying to me, "Oh, by-the-bye, Mr. Joseph, I forgot to tell Mr. Vance that! You remember Shaw, our old gate- got to tell Mr. Vance that! You remember Shaw, our old gateoffice man? He called last week for a chance, and of course I office man? He called last week for a chance, and of course I put him on. That was a very good place Mr. Vance got him, but he fell out with them because they sacked a man for being drunk in his overtime -- the overtime having been unexpected. It was rather a shame! Well! Shaw came off the job, on principle, and came back to us. And he brought me round, to show me, a relic he saved out of the old fire! You^ll recollect the board that stood inside the Gate-office? With your Father's name on it, and Drains Attended To? Shaw said he wouldn't part with it on any terms, and I had to go to two pounds ten to get him to give it up. But I've got it now in the Office in Abchurch Lane, and it's a good d"al thought of." CHAPTER XXXIX joe's father slips downhill, peter GUNN CROPS UP. AND AT LAST OLD VANCE KNOWS THE STORY OP THE BOTTLE-END. HE REACHES THE BOTTOM OF THE HILL, AND GOES ELSEWHERE. BUT THE BOARD IS STRONG AND PHEENER IS DESERVEDLY RICH, AND ALL IS WELL. SO JOE HAS TIME FOR REMINISCENCE, AND REMEMBERS HOW HE MET PORKY OWLS AGAIN, AND DIDN't KNOW HIM. Hy Father cannot be said to have ever really rallied. The occasion I described in the previous chapter is one of the last I can casion I described in the previous chapter is one of the last I can call to mind when he seemed quite like his dear old contradictious self. So said his wife. He had light fluctuations, as when for instance his Doctor announced that complication with Kidneys was to be feared. " As if," said he indignantly, I was a beefsteak puddin' ! " steak puddin' ! " But whether it was liver or kidne5'^s or heart or lungs, or that refuge of destitute Diagnosis, a complication, was never determined. All that was quite clear was that the injury to the spine mined. All that was quite clear was that the injury to the spine had come to stay. Diagnosis would have it that something else was responsible, but never made up its mind to say exactly what. Treatment seemed to have only one instinct -- namely, to head him ofl from any nourishment he felt a special wish for. As the effect of interdicting anything whatever was to make him refuse food till he got it, the only chance of diet was for every one else to adopt it as well as the patient. Unfortunately, he soon saw through this, and refused tea unless it had, in addition to its own natural sugar, all the sugar there ought to have been in that beastly plain pudd'n at lunch. The moment he found out that we were living on triumphs of insipidity with an eye to his welfare, he revolted, and underwent agonies of starvation until we surrendered at discretion. " What's under this here cover now ? " he would say. " Is cretion. " What's under this here cover now ? " he would say. " Is it nutritious diet? Because if so, you may give it to the cat. If it's food which would be fatal in my case, you may take the cover off." And off came the cover accordingly. As for how many lumps o' sugar in the toddy, how many has the Doctor strictly limited 'em to? One? Is that all? We'll go two better than that and strictly limit 'em to three, and then if that don't satisfy him, JOSEPH VANCE nothing But examples of skilful perversion of this sort became fewer and farther between, until at last, the Doctor having admitted that nothing was to be gained by fidgeting him ing admitted that nothing was to be gained by fidgeting him about diet, it ceased to be a bone of contention. And as vdry few or no other bones presented themselves, there ensued a calm, of which we all knew the meaning, and we felt that the end was in sight. It may have been some months before his death that he said that about the three lumps of sugar. I was concocting his toddy at about midnight, the beginning of the only time when he was at all wakeful -- for even in this he was contradictious, sleeping all day and getting restive between twelve and one in the morning. I had given in, and allowed the three lumps, and was just going to leave the tumbler in his hands, when it slipped and was broken on the floor. Don't cut your fingers pickin' of it up, Nipper," said he. The mishap was soon remedied, and he lay back sipping the second concoction. '' I wonder," said he, what's become of poor Peter Gunn." I should have thought this had come into his mind out of the blue, only that Peter had come into mine too. It was the broken glass. " Ah -- I wonder ! " said I. And I wonder what's become of Porky Owls and Gummy Harbuttle." " I don't wonder about them. Because they was young, and likely to go on by nature. But poor Peter was gettin' on, and he might be either a Corpse or a Ghost, accordin' as you look at it." I really had never credited my Daddy with thinking on this subject, and this speech of his presented very strongly to me his ject, and this speech of his presented very strongly to me his singular faculty for boiling down a subject and wrapping it up. I am borrowing his own expression, used once long ago over a specification. " Of course," I replied. " Peter may have been dead years ago." Which should you suppose Peter was now -- a Corpse or a Ghost ? " I inclined to the latter, with reservations. Which would you soonest be, Nipper?" " What's your own idea. Dad '? " '' A Ghost, of course ! Think how you could go about frightenin' timid females. I'd sooner be one or t'other, square and fair, than a Ghost in a Corpse, which is my feelins at present. If I was a Ghost, at any rate I could go and frighten Peter Gunn, if still livin'. I'd like to be even with him. But p'r'aps it would be 'eapin' up, as the poor beggar lost his eye." I recollected that my Father had never known what boy threw 362 JOSEPH VANCE the bottle-end. It would please him to know now. ^ I say. Daddy," said I. What, Nipper? " " Guess who threw that glass at Peter Gunn." That Police-Orficer -- ^his> name was Parrish or Purvis, or Ricketts -- some such a name -- said it was two young customers with no boots out of Trapp's Rents -- a little this way of the Canal Bridge. Said he saw them aim the glass and hook it." He saw them hook it, but he didn't see them aim the glass. 1 saw them hook it. Let me fill you up the pipe." He puffed at his pipe, looking dreamily at the "Stags without Words" (the name had caught on), which had been hung handily for him to see. I thought he was forgetting about Gunn. But he wasn't, he was only guessing. Presently he said: " Your Mother she made out it was match-factory or soap-bilin' boys from Garrett Green way. But fancy the Nipper seeing 'em -- poor little Nipper his bad old Dad ran off and left! Why, Joey koy? you wasn't up to my hand 1 " " I was big enough to throw a bottle-end, and I did it. And I hit Mr. Gunn, and you should have heard him howl. And then I was afraid to tell of it, till I forgot all about it." Anything like the dumb amazement of my Father I have never seen. It made him gasp and feel for words without finding them. At last he got at his voice. " My Nipper," said he, " my Nipper-the little Nipper! " And for some minutes he found nothing else the little Nipper! " And for some minutes he found nothing else to say. "Yes," I said, "I hit him, and I wasn't sorry. Only I was afraid he'd crack me like the insect, so I never told anybody -- not even Mother ! " "Not even Mother! Oh, Joey boy, I shall die even with poor Peter Gunn -- and your Mother never knew it! Oh, Joey, Joey! " And the tears ran down his face, as he repeated again and again. "Oh, Joey, Joey! Your dear Mother!" It was entirely on her behalf that he felt it so keenly. After a while he said, speaking as one reverting to his own view of the case. " It don't so much matter on my account, in the manner of speaking. I'm very sorry for poor Peter. All the same if one could be awenged on one's enemies without occasioning of 'em personal inconwenience, it would be a satisfaction ! But when it comes to eyes ! " And then he said again, " Poor Peter," and presently fell asleep. It was not the last time we spoke of Peter, for he more than once made me tell him all I could recollect of the story over again. He had completely forgotten a number of things that seemed to JOSEPH VANCE me vital to the histoiy. For instance, about the insect in the quart-pot! To me it seemed, and still seems, the pivot on which the whole thing centred. All the babies round us now are taking like impressions of little things we do not notice, and will keep them to their dying day. He slept a good deal, rousing himself a little when we borrowed Jeannie's children to brighten him up a bit. Happily or unliappily, as the case may be (for I have thought both ways, and liappily, as the case may be (for I have thought both ways, and cannot pronounce), there was no progeny whatever in our establishment. He himself used to regard Jeannie in the light of tablishment. He himself used to regard Jeannie in the light of Mudie's. When youVe none of your own, send to the Circulatin' Libery," was his way of putting it. They were beautiful children, and the little girls used to play at weddings and christenings dren, and the little girls used to play at weddings and christenings all in one, but prided themselves on knowing that the christenings always came after the weddings. Their families' busts came off and their insides came out and got all over everything, and their eyes glared hideously into space, and they afforded no satisfaction to a public hungry for kisses, and their mammas complained of being preferred unduly. But they were a happiness to my dear old Dad as he slid gently down the hill, and if I could see those mothers and thank them I should be glad. They are, to the best of my belief, real parents of real children now, and the girls, I conjecture, will soon be old enough for Grandmamma to make matches for. Jeannie, I believe, is very beautiful still, and I have no doubt as keen as formerly at her favourite pastime. Well, then, my dear old Dad went slowly, slowly down the hilL His wife, variously Pheener, Clementina, Miss Dowdeswell or Mrs. V., was a good woman if ever there was one! You know it is no easy matter to nurse a contradictious patient who cannot raise himself to sit up, far less walk. But she held on to the last, and then when the end came quite gave in and became almost frantic with grief. Oh, Master Joseph, Master Joseph," she cried, quite forgetting all but the past, Missis would saj I did my best. Pm sure she would. But I might have had him a little longer. It need not have been quite the end." But it was, or at least as much the end as it ever is. The long diminuendo had died down to silence, or to a pause followed by a new movement that we who were left in the silence could not hear. ******** The firm of Christopher Vance & Co. Ltd. exists no longer under that name, but I am told that at the Ofiices of the great Company of which it formed the chief constituent, there is still treasured JOSEPH VANCE the board which once was the property of the mysterious and vanished C. Dance. Original shares in this Company have doubled in value, and my stepmother, who is living still with a second husband in Worcestershire, is a rich woman and influential. She married, I believe, an old sweetheart, and has several tial. She married, I believe, an old sweetheart, and has several sons and daughters all growing up now. What a deal of room there is for incidents in a quarter of a century ! It was four years (apparently) before Pheener would listen to this old sweetheart, and she has had over twenty years of extremely family life since. She asked me to be a trustee of her marriage settlement. But I selfishly (no doubt) refused, it being a case in which I could not be bullied into consenting. For I had had a warning on the subject of Trusteeships, which I shall have to refer to later in this ject of Trusteeships, which I shall have to refer to later in this narrative. After my Father's death all went on as usual. Vance & Macallister throve, and fully justified the faith placed in them by the official assignees of C. Vance & Co. How the disappearance of the payment of fifteen thousand pounds, which ought by rights to have come in somewhere in Vance & Co.'s books, was accounted for, we never knew. But there was no doubt the concern at that time was solvent without it, and my Father had a perfect right to convert it into pocket-money and buy trinkets for any lady he chose to spend it on. I believe it was an unnecessary precaution to make a present of it to Miss Dowdeswell before he was engaged to her, but it showed the degree of his mistrust of law and lawyers. Anyhow, his creditors never raised any question about it, and accepted sixteen shillings in the pound gratefully. Bony and I discharged the principal and interest of our debt for the building rather sooner than was expected, and all went well with us. Now that I have got thus far in my story I will wait a little and think of something pleasant. I wiU light this pipe and smoke jt in my armchair before the fire, and nobody shall worry me. # I think I shall be unmolested. Unless, indeed, a German gentlemaii I sometimes play chess with has forgiven me for what he maii I sometimes play chess with has forgiven me for what he says wras the drig I played him. Most players will remember Zukertort^'-s problem which puzzled everybody, and turned on Black's last >^ove having been pawn two squares,, and White having the choic^ of taking across, which was the key-move of the ing the choic^ of taking across, which was the key-move of the problem. Of ^ 30 urse White didn't realize this, and was very angry when he had t o give it up ! My German was so indignant that he has never bee;^ near me since. He said it was the merest jezdrigo I don^t think he will forgive me, / JOSEPH VANCE What shall I think about that is only pleasant, and that I can bear to think about? Shall I try the wooden carriage-gate at Poplar Villa with five square horizontal bars and one cross-piece, and some vertical thin irons through the three lowest bars, to discourage the passing street dog? It does not hurt me to recall it as it swung to, after my Daddy and I passed through, coming away from that first visit to Poplar Villa. But my mind goes back a little more, and Lossie is running down the front-door steps with a huge piece of cake in her hand for the Boy. No ! I will not think of that; it must be something else. I must get quite, quite away -- it ought to be so easy for me to do so! I have seen so many places and so many men since those days. I will pick something at random out of my South American time -that row in the streets at Lima which began at a gambling-house that row in the streets at Lima which began at a gambling-house down the road, overnight, with savage recrimination in all languages, and rose and fell, and rose and fell, all through the tropical guages, and rose and fell, and rose and fell, all through the tropical night, and woke me from my first sleep as it burst out and filled the street with stabbings and revolver shots. And then a descent in force of the police, and my going out and penetrating the crowd because I heard so unmistakable an English voice in altercation with the officers. Its owner was explaining that he really had not been concerned in what he quite properly called the bloody row himself, being merely one of the crew of an English ship that had put in at Callao for repairs after bad weather, and who had walked over to see as much Peru as he could, while his leave lasted. I was able to get him out of his mess, and took him to the house I was lodging in, and patched him up, for he was not unscratched. And when I came to talk to him it appeared that his scratched. And when I came to talk to him it appeared that his name was Howells, and that when a boy he lived near London -down in the sou Vest, nigh to Wimbledon. And will you believe down in the sou Vest, nigh to Wimbledon. And will you believe it, it was all so long ago, and life had told so upon each of us, that neither remembered the other? For it was not till after he departed that I suddenly recollected that Stallwood's Cottages were nigh to Wimbledon, though that was not how I located them mentally, and that Porky. Owls's real name was Eobert Howells. And then I was as sure, when it was too late, that this grizzled seaman of fifty was Porky, as I was of myself having been that small boy who caught newts with him in ponds, and carried them home in pickle-bottles. Of course I was sorry we parted unrevealed, but one can't always have the dramatic and interesting -- revealed, but one can't always have the dramatic and interesting -pne has to accept the actual. As an American poet sings, Oh. pne has to accept the actual. As an American poet sings, Oh. darn those things that go and be, without consulting you and me!" I should have liked to have chatted over old times. I 366 JOSEPH VANCE . might have convinced him of the existence of equilateral triangles -- who knows? But what does my perverse memory run back to now, at his suggestion ? Not the ponds and the newts -- not the renown at pegtop he was named from -- not his contempt of Number and Magni- top he was named from -- not his contempt of Number and Magnitude. What comes back to me unbidden is the front room at tude. What comes back to me unbidden is the front room at Chelsea, looking over the river. And it is my birthday -- and Janey comes from the back room to kiss me -- my wife of all those years ago! And what brings this back is her having asked from the back room, two minutes after, for a confirmation of Porky's impossible name. Perhaps if I think of the earthquake at Lima the next night, and the mad terror of man and beast, all but the fire-flies, who seemed quite unconcerned -- ^perhaps if I think of these I shall be safe from things that come out of the past laden with useless pain. I will try. Perhaps, however, I will first see who my landlady (a most disagreeable person) is treating with contumely on the stairs. I will go out and listen over the banisters. I suspect it is Herr Pfleiderer, my German chess-friend. It is, and it seems he will vorgiff me that drig, and blay a game, if I will admit that it was a drig, and was not a broplem -- in fact, was not jez at all. I am not sorry he has come, and admit everything. And then we have a two hours' game ending in a draw -- I avail myself of a perpetual check, or neither of us might get to bed to-night. CHAPTER XL I THIS CHAPTER IS REALLY ALL DEVOTED TO DR. THORPE^S OPINIONS, AL" THOUGH IT PRETENDS NOT AT THE BEGINNING. BETTER SKIP THEM. A QUOTATION FROM TENNYSON. JANEY AND JOE MAKE EACH A PROMISE TO THE OTHER. After my Fathers death the world went on as usual. The rapid construction of infernal machines of various kinds progressed at the Factory, and pointed to a happy time in the future gressed at the Factory, and pointed to a happy time in the future I when, all the able-bodied males of all races having become ' Casualties, the blessings of peace will accrue to their fellow creatures, until a couple of them are discharged cured and ready to tures, until a couple of them are discharged cured and ready to begin again. Mrs. MacallisteFs next baby came -- or stop! Was it her next baby, or the next after that? I really cannot be positive at this length of time. Janey used to borrow a young and tive at this length of time. Janey used to borrow a young and juicy one, I know, and gloat over it for hours together. She, poor girl, did not approve of being out of it in this way, and thought Jeannie very greedy for wanting to keep so many to herself. She would gladly have appropriated this one outright. Perhaps it was well, as it turned out, that she never did so. There is nothing in all this story of any importance that I did not tell to Janey, one time or another, in very nearly the words I have used here. Even that wretched week at Oxford, after Dr. Thorpe went back home and left me to wrestle with my own confusion -- even that I told her, without reserve. I should have felt fusion -- even that I told her, without reserve. I should have felt dishonest to keep anything back; and told it all, the best I could. I put my soul in Janey's keeping, with all faults and errors of description, like fish sold by auction at Billingsgate. You could never understand it as she did, even if you existed, which you don't. Still less, I conceive, than she does if she exists now -which is at least as likely as that you ever will, maybe more so ! I which is at least as likely as that you ever will, maybe more so ! I can remember, one time at Chelsea, how I looked up from writing a letter, and saw at the other side of the table Janey with distinct tears in her hazel eyes, and her chin resting on both hands, looking at me. ing at me. "What's the matter, ducky darling?" said I, "you're getting JOSEPH VANCE low, and want cheering up. LePs go and see Terriss at the Gaiety; he'll make us laugh! " '^I'm not low! I'm very cheerful. I was only thinking about you, you poor darling silly old Jacky, all by yourseK in those rooms at Oxford, crying your eyes out about Lossie Desprez! Wouldn't it be nice now, do be honest and confess, to wake up and find it was all a dream? All, all, all! -- up to now, I mean." " That's too stiff a question to answer off-hand." "Oh no! Just think -- fancy waking up in the morning and writing it all to Lossie! (By-the-bye, you haven't forgotten to post your letter to her, I hope, and mine to the de Pembertons to say we can't come on Monday? Thafs all right!) Well, Jacky dear, what would you have said ? " " I should have said there was a young lady in the dream that I loved such a lot of veries that I wished myself asleep again." " Just like you did Hedwig? " " Why, no ! Hedwig was a dear girl, no doubt, and very pretty, but she was the age of my daughters -- ^the dowdies that they were ! Do you know, Jilly darling, I never felt quite sure that girl didn't cosset up to my girls because she was tall and they were short, and she could sing and they could only grunt, like pigs! But they're all squashed now, and it doesn't matter." "I wonder whether there's a Schloss anywhere that means to come down and squash all in this dream -- and which of us is going to do the waking." "I hope you will! No! darling. I won't be so beastly selfish, I hope I shall." "Are you quite sure you're really there?" asked Janey, with very grave eyes and mouth. "Are you?" said I, and then both agreed we felt pretty certain. " Well, then," said she, " perhaps when the Schloss comes down we shall both wake together." " Bother that Schloss ! " I exclaimed. " I declare I will not be overhung by any such abominable infliction. I'll thank that Schloss to dry up." "But it would be rather fun to wake together and talk it over. Wouldn't it now. Jack?" " Well -- it certainly would ! " " I should so like to know what Dr. Thorpe thinks about such things." " What things ? " " Bogy things -- I shall ask him and make him talk about them kext Sunday." JOSEPH VANCE Eor whatever else changed there was one thing that remained unchanged, and that was an alternate Sunday-evening visit to Poplar Villa. It had got inaugurated when we were first engaged, only it did not occur half-a-dozen times in our first engagement. When we got broken off I resumed my every Sunday, very often going to lunch and stopping all day. Since we got broken on lagain, as Janey called it, we had alternated a Sunday visit there with a Hampstead one. We used to go to her family on Saturday evening, and stay till Monday. This particular next Sunday came, and we hansomed over after tea through an alternation of deluge and sun-blaze, on what would have been a glorious April day if it had been the Saturday following, which was April Fool's Day. I remember this because I ing, which was April Fool's Day. I remember this because I remember Janey hoaxing me on the way up to Hampstead on that day. She asked me quite seriously, if I was sure I had the ticket in my pocket, and my hand went to my pocket before I remembered that the ticket was not yet taken! It had been settled membered that the ticket was not yet taken! It had been settled that we should go to Italy for a holiday, by sea if possible, and I was to enquire about the tickets on the Monday following, in Cockspur Street. Only Professor Absalom, Dr. Thorpe's old friend, was at Poplar Villa, except ourselves. The Macallisters had been asked, but had declined privately, in conference with me, unless it was guaranteed .that Beppino would not be in evidence. As I knew he would, if he heard that Jeannie was coming, I could not press them to accept the Doctor's invitation. In the course of the evening, as we all sat in the Library, Janey, determined to entamer the conversation towards the discussion of what she called Bogy things, referred to a story (I believe it is a very well-known one) of the recovery of some lost leases, which were found as indicated by a clairvoyant in the organ-loft of Exeter Cathedral, having been left there by their owner during a short stay when he ofiiciated as temporary organist. It is a very good story of the sort, and Dr. Thorpe remarked that he classed it among those testimonies which are either impudent lies or conclusive proofs. Proofs of what ? " said Professor Absalom. J clusive proofs. Proofs of what ? " said Professor Absalom. J In this case," said the Doctor, proof that a man's intelligenc<j/^ can go outside his radius. Or else that he can leave his body be^" hind him and carry his intelligence with him. I am speaking,'^ continued he, laughing, " with a painful sense that I do not ur^" derstand my own words." / A general protest followed against any one keeping silence that account. '^Man is endowed with the faculty of speech," n®️* JOSEPH VANCE s'ro marked Professor Absalom, in case any one else should be able to understand him. No reasonable Creator would require that he should be intelligible to himself. If he did he would soon be jj disillusioned. I beg your pardon for interrupting you. Miss. Thorpe -- ^you were just going to say? " For Aunt Izzy had endeavoured to make an observation. deavoured to make an observation. " I was only saying. Professor, that it surely was very wrong of { him to leave all those poor girls in the organ-loft by themselves. Of course, if there was any older or responsible person there it ; would not matter so much. But just fancy, all night in an organ- !| loft!'' The Doctor looked at me for a clue, and I looked at Janey. We : all shook our heads, as baffled solvers of an enigma. ''We must | get at it gradually," said he. " Try and elucidate it, Mrs. Joe. She hears your voice pretty well." And Janey shouted into the j ear-trumpet, " What poor girls. Miss Thorpe ? " ! " Well -- my dear -- those girls you said ! That man's nieces that | he left in the organ-loft." We were all well trained, and nobody laughed. Janey shouted the correction " leases, not nieces,'* and Aunt Izzy said, " Of | course it's not, but you didn't speak plain. I heard you perfectly i this time. Only, why did he have the Police up into the organ- ; loft ? " I pulled out a pocket pencil and wrote leases, plainly, on my shirt-cuff and showed it to her. But Aunt Izzy was navree ! and thought she would go to bed, although it was early^ and said ! good-night and did what she thought. The poor old lady would i not accept compulsory silence, and it made conversation difficult. " Now, Doctor, fire away," said J aney. " You said you would, you know." Which was untrue, but that didn't matter. " What about ? " " About souls in bodies, and general Bogyism ; you know what I mean, and I want to know what you think. No, Doctor, I'm not in joke -- I really should like to get you to talk about it -- if you don't dislike " " I don't the least mind talking about Death and what follows -which I take it is what you mean? My difficulty is to find any- which I take it is what you mean? My difficulty is to find anything to say, worth saying, that hasn't been said before." thing to say, worth saying, that hasn't been said before." He tapped on his snuffbox as if there might be something worth laying inside, and held it out to Professor Absalom standing on the hearthrug. The Professor took a pinch and sat down on the armchair opposite to enjoy it slowly and sneeze in peace. I filled a pipe and settled down on the rug with my head in Janey's lap. "You know, Joe," said the Doctor, "I really think your dear JOSEPH VANCE Father touched the root of the matter when he said that about a corpse and a ghost -- ^you remember?'^ I nodded, and lighted my pipe. "Well! I'm always speculating about why I always take Life after Death for granted, while so many people start with extinction, and throw the onus prohandi of a hereafter on the Immortalist. I always catch myself seeking for a proof of extinction, and finding none. I used to think once that it was only tinction, and finding none. I used to think once that it was only resentment against the attitude of those who see a proof of cessation of existence in the disappearance of the means by which they tion of existence in the disappearance of the means by which they have detected it in others. I mean the existence of other Egos than their own. For I never have seen, and never shall see, that the cessation of the evidence of existence is necessarily evidence of the cessation of existence. I'm very wordy, but it's difficult! -Well! In those days I was satisfied that no man ever spoke of Well! In those days I was satisfied that no man ever spoke of his Self -- sounds vulgar, doesn't it, Mrs. Joe "Very. Do go on. Doctor! Spoke of his Self?" " And meant only his Carcase -- I used to think of it this way, and thought others ought to think as I did. -- Well! I've changed my mind." " Oh, Doctor ! You never mean to say you have ceased to believe in a soul ? " lieve in a soul ? " "Devil a bit, dear Mrs. Joe! I believe in it (in my own, at any rate) more than ever. I only mean that in these latter days I refer my strong conviction on the subject to a physical fact more than to a logical sequence." "Do you discredit your earlier logic?" asked Professor Absalom. salom. "Not a bit of it ! It was all very well as far as it went, but no man ever was convinced by logic of anything so strongly as I am convinced that I am (to borrow your dear Daddy's expression, Joe) a ghost in a corpse. No -- Joe dear -- ^not even that equilateral triangles are also equiangular." Perhaps the chair on the other side of the table had reminded him. The hair of the corpse was greyer now, and the lines on its face deeper. But the ghost was the same ghost, or very nearly. The small unpuzzled boy that had sat on his knee was almost a new corpse and a new ghost since then. The Doctor continued seeing into my mind. "Don't look sad over it old Joe! All these are things we should find an immense satisfaction in, if we could only see far enough. It's our confounded short sight." " You're losing the thread of your discourse, Thorpe," said Professor Absalom. " Why are you so convinced ? " fessor Absalom. " Why are you so convinced ? " JOSEPH VANCE I am convinced by constant observation that it is not true that all people feel more or less as I did; but that there are two distinct classes of people in the world; those that feel that they themselves are in a body; and those that feel that they themselves are a body, with something working it. I feel like the contents of 1 a bottle, and am very curious to know what will happen when the bottle is uncorked. Perhaps I shall be mousseux -- who knows? j Now I know that many people feel like a strong moving engine, self -stoking, and often so anxious to keep the fire going that they # put too much fuel on, and it has to be raked out and have the bars cleared. Which do you feel like, Mrs. Joe?" ''Do you know. Dr. Thorpe, I doubt if my mind is made up. ; Of course if I had known there were people who didn't feel as I do, I should have examined myself at intervals to see if I didn't really feel as they did. It would only be fair." "Excuse me, Mrs. Joseph," said Professor Absalom, "you haven't answered the Doctor's question. Which do you feel like?" " Me ? Why, of course, like the contents of a bottle -- only with an apprehension that when they draw the cork it will hurt me. How do you feel about that. Doctor?" " Only that it doesn't matter. The cork will come out, and the materials of the bottle go back into the melting-pot. It will come out quite suddenly with me. I shall die of angina pectoris. I have received medical advice on no account to fret myself on that account, as fretting will bring on an attack. And I mustn't allow the apprehension that fretting will bring on an attack to cause me uneasiness. It's like 'je suis Cassandre, descendue dessus, pour vous faire comprendre, Mesdames et Messieurs, que je suis Cassandre,' etc. I am to keep my thoughts off all depressing subjects, especially Death, which appears to be considered in Europe jects, especially Death, which appears to be considered in Europe the most depressing subject there is. No doubt the Higher Altruism would be equally fussy about death on account of the truism would be equally fussy about death on account of the inconvenience to survivors. But when one has done a great deal of surviving oneself one feels one has a right to be selfish about that." " It seems to me," said Professor Absalom, " that we are wandering from one point to another, perhaps equally interesting to many, ing from one point to another, perhaps equally interesting to many, but not to me. I suppose it is because I am an Egotist or an Egoist (I forget which is right) that I care so Jittle about Altruism, higher or lower. What I am listening for over here is truism, higher or lower. What I am listening for over here is Thorpe's explanation of what he means by feeling like a ghost in a corpse. I always ascribe a sort of meaning to him; and in thisJOSEPH VANCE 373 JOSEPH VANCE 373 case, being quite unable to detect one, I am obliged to apply to him for enlightenment.'^ " My dear Absalom, Euclid wanders from one point to anI other. However, I'll go back to the first proposition with pleasure, I other. However, I'll go back to the first proposition with pleasure, i By-the-bye, you never told us yourself which you feel like, the j contents of the bottle, or the bottle itself." The Professor said neither one nor the other. What do you feel like then ? " asked the Doctor. " Very like me. I have always had a startling resemblance to myself, and I have no doubt should have been startled by it when it first occurred to me, only I was so young." Couldn't you ask your Self what it feels like ? Come, Professor, to oblige a young lady? Look at Janey's serious face, fessor, to oblige a young lady? Look at Janey's serious face, waiting to know." The Professor stopped to consider a minute, and then said, I agree with the poet : " Body and Spirit are twins -- God only knows which is which -The Soul squats down in the Flesh like a tinker drunk in a ditch," The Soul squats down in the Flesh like a tinker drunk in a ditch," The Doctor observed that he wished Beppino had written that. One of us remarked that it wasn't really Tennyson, but an imitation. He said he would have been glad either way. Beppino's tion. He said he would have been glad either way. Beppino's present imitations," he added, speak ill for themselves or their prototypes -- I suspect the former. That one does honour to both. But the last line is on my side. Come, Professor! And now, Joe, there you sit with your mouth shut ! What do you feel like ? " Yes, Jacky darling, what? Don't pull my wedding ring off." I'm not, I was only stroking over it. What do I feel like ? I think I still feel more like the engine with the fuel arrangement." " But why do you say still, Joe ? " "Because I feel the feeling grow less. When I was a kid, it never occurred to me that I was anything but a unit, called Joe. As I grew older it was explained to me that I was a machine that converted fuel into Force, that the steam would run down, and that I shouldn't be relighted again till the Day of Judgment, when it might be convenient that I should go to Hell to assuage the Wrath of God. That was Mr. Capstick. The other was Penny Lecturers my Mother took me to. You see it will really be years, even now, before I get quite rid of Capstick and the Penny Lecturers." "I consider," said Dr. Thorpe, "that most votes go my way. But this present quartet can hardly claim to be real people at all. If you were to poll all the men at all the Clubs, and all the women at all the Churches -- what were you going to say. Professor ? " JOSEPH VANCE I was going to ask what the second proposition was to be -- supposing we are ghosts in corpses, what do you follow on with ? " " It answers the enquiry -- ^how far do I take Life after Death for granted ? which is what we started with. I take it that a great many people -- most, perhaps -- feel that they are Spirits in the Elesh, though the physical sensation (for that^s what it is) varies in intensity. I have it very strongly -- conclusively, as I might say. So strongly that when I discuss the immortality question on regulation lines, I feel that I am a hypocrite; and am, out of deference to the correctitudes, concealing what is (as far as I am concerned) the principal datum. I am sure, too, that a large minority at least of the people that I have talked to on the subject have been strangers to the feeling.'^ Let's report progress," said Professor Absalom. " Thorpe feels like a Ghost in a Corpse, and concludes that when the Corpse dies the Ghost won't -- is that right ? No. I don't draw any conclusions. It may die for anything I know to the contrary. But I want proof of its extinction, and none is forthcoming. Of course. Professor, if you consider the withdrawal of the impressions on your senses, which have revealed to you the existence of another Ego than yourself, a proof that the revealed Ego has terminated, then the question whether we are immortal is answered as soon as it is asked. I've said a lot of that before." ''I'm not cavilling. Doctor. I'm merely eliciting -- ^give me another pinch. Don't go on again till I've sneezed." "I intend to sneeze, myself. As soon as I've sneezed -- youmay-go-on-eliciting." The sneeze all but caught the last five may-go-on-eliciting." The sneeze all but caught the last five words, quick as they went to escape it. "Do you see your way, Thorpe, to any conclusions about the hereafter itself? Anything that throws a light on what and where the Ghost is when its Corpse is insolvent, and in liquidation, with all the Capital withdrawn ? Because that's the Crux ! " " That's the Crux, of course. But beyond the physical feeling I have spoken of -- little but speculation. The tendency of it has been towards attaching weight to inferences to be drawn from what we know of the Spirit in the Elesh, the Ghost in the Corpse, rather than to those that follow from what are supposed to be communications from the other side. Some of these may be true, or may not. I have always felt on quicksands when I have been tempted (as I have once or twice) to go to Bogy Seances, as Janey calls them. The authentic story of one day is the hoax of JOSEPH VANCE the next. But what we can see in the strange phenomenon other people is safe to go upon. Consider this case, if you can admit it. A man is born incapable of thought or imagination, of a single generous impulse or noble action. Don't say no such thing can be -- after all, it would only be an extreme case. Then suppose him to live a life of perfect satisfaction, supplied with everything his physical nature can enjoy. And then suppose that physical nature suddenly withdrawn, and the miserable Ghost, despoiled of its darling Corpse, left to make the best job it can of existence without any of the things that made up what it thought its happiness on this side. He would be no better off than a baby dead at birth, so far as any growth or development goes that could take place here. But whereas the baby would be open to take new impressions and enter on new growths, our friend would have grimed into him all the worst corruptions of earth, and would have forged a hundred chains to bind him down. I picture to myself some comfortless vacuity, some Cimmerian desert, in which the miserable stunted Ghost would drag on a life of yearning for his glorious debaucheries in his happy days on the planet Tellus. It is a mere fancy, suggested by contrasting such a case with its antipodes, which I take to be that of the man who, absorbed in a world of his own mind, is absolutely independent of externals. The highest regions of mathematical thought, for instance, often cause an almost complete oblivion of physical surroundings. Imagine, to illustrate this, the difference of the meaning of solitary confinement to Isaac Newton and Beau Brummell." itary confinement to Isaac Newton and Beau Brummell." Accurate valuation of the Ghosts of these two' was difiicult, and was paused for so long that Dr. Thorpe had begun again before any one spoke. He had got wound up, and no one was going to stop him. " I expressed just now my mistrust of what is called Spiritualism -- (very absurdly, as it deprives us of a word the reverse of ism -- (very absurdly, as it deprives us of a word the reverse of materialism. I want the word Spiritualist to describe myself, and can't use it because of Mrs. Guppy and the Davenport Brothers). But I'm going to say a good word for even this sort of thing. I owe it a trifle for a message said to come from Voltaire's Ghost. It was asked ' Are you not now convinced of another world ? ' and rapped out ^ There is no other world -- Death is only an incident in Life.' He was a suggestive Ghost, at any rate. And among other things he suggests that the death of a man might be better described as the birth of a soul, and, inferentially, a parallel between the foresight into its life to come of the unborn child on the one hand and the unborn soul on the other. Who shall say JOSEPH VANCE that the unborn child in its degree does not learn as much of this world as we succeed in learning of the next ? The physiologist is satisfied that the unborn child knows nothing and can receive no impressions, but then the Physiologist is satisfied also that he himself is what your young friend, Joe -- you remember? -- called -- self is what your young friend, Joe -- you remember? -- called -what was it ? " what was it ? " A wunner at knowing things ? said I. " That was Porky Owls." And Janey said did any one ever hear such a name? -- as before. Dr. Thorpe continued: That^s it. He thinks he's a wunner at knowing things, and I suspect for my part that he knows just as little of what he doesn't know at all as he did before he was born. In fact, that the soul during gestation has only a pro-rata anticipation of what is before it. Of course the comparison suggests all sorts of parallels, some of them uncomfortable ones." For instance, Thorpe ? " '' Well -- for instance -- what is the soul-parallel of the child that dies unborn ? " " The death of the Ghost in the Corpse," we all spoke simultaneously. ously. Exactly. Do you find the notion comfortable ? I don't. But I do derive a good deal of satisfaction from its opposite -- the maturity of the Ghost in the Corpse. In fact, dear Mrs. Joe -- and I turity of the Ghost in the Corpse. In fact, dear Mrs. Joe -- and I know it's what you were fishing for -- it is the keynote of my Philosophy in this matter. The sacramental word is growth. If I am right, a long life to him is the best wish we can ofiFer any man. At any rate, he has the opportunity of growing up, though of course he may avail himself of equal opportunities of growing down or sideways -- developing as a monstrosity, in fact ! " But, Doctor," said Janey, " if you are right, what becomes of * Those the Gods love die young ' ? " Goes the way of all gammon, Mrs. Joe, if I'm right! If I'm wrong, then I go the way of all gammon-mongers. Pending settlement of that question, I busy myself keeping a close eye on the tlement of that question, I busy myself keeping a close eye on the queerest of Phenomena, Somebody Else; and what I see tends to confirm rather than unsettle my ideas. Ever since I began to look at this Phenomenon from my new point of view, I fancy I have got more and more able to discriminate and classify him -- ^he almost always presents himself to me now as a growing, decreasing, or stationary Ghost. The last class is the largest, and the ing, or stationary Ghost. The last class is the largest, and the first the smallest. Sometimes I am able to account for a nice child turning out a nasty man by supposing that his Ghost is still a baby, and has no control over his Corpse. Sometimes I am conJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE 3V7 fronted with ;?.n instance of an attractive old age following a detestable youth. I can only surmise that it is due to a maturing of the contents of the bottle." '^You are not always as mad as you seem, Thorpe," said Professor Absalom; discern redeeming features in your present fessor Absalom; discern redeeming features in your present aberration. In fact, I should say that the idea of growth being the greatest good is the natural correlative of my old notion that frustration is the greatest evil." Exactly. And I don't stop short, mind you, in my identification of growth and good, in spite of apparent discouragement from tion of growth and good, in spite of apparent discouragement from the fact that Nightshade grows as well as Peaches. I would settle that all right if it wasn't past midnight. But before the long and short hands are in a line, which ought to be twenty-seven and a half minutes to one, if the clock goes right " " Keep to the point, Thorpe ! " " Well -- before then I shall have to disclaim any idea of settling the question of the Origin of Evil. That remains exactly what it was to me before, a question not needing discussion until the Balance Sheet of the Universe is audited. As soon as we know the total evil and the total good we may think this question, which seems to us now so important, a metaphysical curiosity. Eor the logical puzzle remains the same, even if we suppose our Universe to be only one among millions, and the only evil in the whole one isolated stomach-ache. The owner of the stomach will be just as unable to see why an All- wise and All-powerful God created his ache as we are why great fleas should have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em, and little fleas have lesser fleas and so ad infinitum. He is the galled jade and winces, even as the human race winces under Leprosy and War and Medicine and Creeds and Stock- jobbing and the Daily Press. But these afflictions may not exist anywhere else in the Universe, or may be tions may not exist anywhere else in the Universe, or may be qualified down to endurance point." " I object, Thorpe," struck in Professor Absalom, to your utilizing a conversation which is not without an element of interest, for the purpose of expressing sarcastic disapprovals of favourite bugbears. Allow me to remark that none of the evils you have so sweepingly grouped together is without able and thoughtful advocates. Perhaps I should except Leprosy, the advantages of which (so far as I know) have never been pointed vantages of which (so far as I know) have never been pointed out. And as for Creeds, Ghosts in Corpses that live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones. What are you doing now but houses shouldn't throw stones. What are you doing now but creed-mongering ? " I deny it in toto, Absalom. I have been illustrating a physical S78 JOSEPH VANCE fact, and recording some impressions it has given me for what they are worth. I have, as I have often told you, no creed at all except my belief that my Cause is greater than my Self. Unless indeed you consider a belief that it caused your three Selves, as well as mine, another creed. If so, I have two; but as I regard myself as on all fours with the balance of the Universe in respect of my Causation, I'll allow the two -- provided you acknowledge yourselves part of the Universe. Perhaps you don't ? " We looked at each other to see, but decided on accepting the position of effects of the Doctor's Cause. " I see no objection," said the Professor, " we are all much of a muchness, as results. But I foresee, Thorpe, that you will have to confess to a third creed directly, the Infinity of your Cause." "It isn't a creed! It's the negation of a creed -- a disbelief in his Finity. I don't believe the Power that caused Everything Else is limited, although my amour propre is (at present) hardly sufficient to make me ascribe omnipotence to the Cause of Me, on the ficient to make me ascribe omnipotence to the Cause of Me, on the ground of that achievement only. My modesty permits me to imagine a Power capable of causing Me, but short of achieving Newton or Shakspere. It would be clever and capable, no doubt, but clearly limited." " It's all no good, Thorpe ! You are creed-mongering, and may just as well confess it. What I want is to elicit your creed -- not to quarrel over terms. What is the end of Life, and what is Death? What is the highest good, and who is the greatest man? Answer me those questions before the two clock-hands are in line, and then it will be an hour past bedtime. Put an end to this metaphysical dissipation, and give me another pinch of snuff." " The end of Life," said the Doctor, " is beyond its powers of knowledge. Death is a change that occurs at its beginning. The highest good is the growth of the Soul, and the greatest man is he who rejoices most in great fulfilments of the will of God. After that I deserve another pinch myself. Take yours. The clockhands are too near now for further loquacity." hands are too near now for further loquacity." "I wonder whet the Pater's quooting Tinnyson about," said Beppino's minced accent. He had come in unobserved. "You didn't quoote it quite right though. Pater. It should be 'He is the greatest who rejoices most in great fulfilments of the Will of God.' " "It's not Tennyson at all," said Janey, with intrepidity. Janey hated Beppino, and he for his part distinguished that she was not his sort. He tugged at his moustache and said, " Oh indeed ! " founded exactly as if some one else had said "Who indeed!*^ JOSEPH VANCE This describes his pronunciation very closely. He added that neturally Mrs. Joe Vance knew Tennyson a great deal better than he did. " I don^t know Tennyson more than every one knows Tennyson," said Janey. " That is to say, IVe read him almost all once, son," said Janey. " That is to say, IVe read him almost all once, and some of him a dozen times. But I can't remember a lot of his blank verse. It's not that that I go by. It was that I heard your father make the phrase as he went, and hang on the meaning. Come now, Mr. Beppino, if you know where it is, you can show it us." It's getting rather late," said his father. " But there's Tennyson on the shelf." And Beppino got down a volume with con- son on the shelf." And Beppino got down a volume with confidence. He could put his finger on it at once ! fidence. He could put his finger on it at once ! Is it raining, I wonder? " said Janey. " Because we can walk to a cab if it's holding up." Beppino remarked that it was beautiful moonlight and big white clouds when he came in, but had ful moonlight and big white clouds when he came in, but had been raining heavily. He spoke as one who could easily fish in Vivien and converse at the same time. ''I know it's here somewhere," said he. where," said he. " I shan't forget what you've been saying in a hurry. Doctor," said Janey. " If it's Tennyson I shall try to find some more like it. Perhaps I shall find all about Ghosts and Corpses too." Who, gracious," murmured Beppino, still searching. ^Ghosts and Corpses ! ' How very unkemfortable. It's somewhere here, t know -- who yes ! -- No, it isn't -- Whoo, I know I It's here ! " But it wasn't. The Doctor thought he would go to bed -- and went, after seeing the Professor depart. Perhaps I oughtn't to keep you," said Beppino. " But I've just got it." I saw a malicious twinkle in Janey's eye. " Oh no ! We like going to bed late, you can always get up earlier in the morning to make up for it, you know. Like Charles 6amb. Please don't hurry." Ha, ha ! That's good ! Like Charles Lamb ! " Beppino's hugh. was forced. He wasn't shining. ^^Here it is -- I've got it at last! -- oh no " It was only another mistake. ^^Go on, Mr. Beppino," said Janey, "you've very nearly found it so often, some time you're sure to find it outright. By-the-bye, Jacky darling, how does one ^ very nearly ' find a quotation ? " "What a shame, Janey," said I, for I really was getting sorryj for Beppino. His vexation was becoming painful to witness. " Oh well ! " said he, throwing the book down, " if you're going '!" be nasty I won't look for it at all." JOSEPH VANCE -- ^no! We won't be nasty; let's all sit down again comfy at the fire, and you bring the books." ! " It's hardly worth sitting down about," said he. " Because I know exactly where it is now -- what a fool I was not to think of it before." But it wasn't there ! I really never had suspected Janey of so much impishness. She tortured that miserable young man till nearly two in the morning. She would have kept him there all night, I do believe, if I had not said I should go home and leave them to settle it j their own way. As for him he was almost crying with mortifica- | tion. j Good-night, Mr. Beppino," said Janey; "I hope your admirers i will read you more carefully than you have read your Tennyson." And we walked out into the glorious moonlight and started for home. I don't mind walking," said she. " Look at those cloudmountains over there. It's slushy underfoot, but that's no mountains over there. It's slushy underfoot, but that's no matter." I say, Jilly dear," said I. " You ought to be ashamed of yourself. Just fancy!" self. Just fancy!" ''Well, Jacky darling, the more snubbing that young jackanapes gets the better for him! I never feel that I know much about him. Sometimes I fancy he is really very wicked. But I hope he's only a jackanapes. Do you know he gave me an odd impression to-night, coming in as he did on the top of our con- pression to-night, coming in as he did on the top of our conversation, of being only a Baby inside -- a Baby's Ghost in a Man's versation, of being only a Baby inside -- a Baby's Ghost in a Man's Corpse ! I wonder what he was like as a Baby." " A delightful Baby," said I, " and most comic." And then I remembered how vividly Beppino, in his vexation, had brought back the small boy of long ago, glued to Lossie's skirts. Perhaps he was still a Baby, overtaken by Manhood? " He was comic enough, just now, when he was in such a rage," pursued Janey. "He won't forgive me easily. But I've never been popular with him. I'm not a Beauty, am I, Jack? " " No, you're very ugly. But I should like to see your Ghost." "In the interests of Psychical Research? Well, I'd give anything to see yours ! " thing to see yours ! " "In the interests of Psychical Research, let's asphyxiate ourselves. Only then we couldn't publish our experiences." selves. Only then we couldn't publish our experiences." " Jacky dear, be serious! I want you to make me a promise." " All right, Jilly dear. Cut away." " Promise me, darling, if ever I'm a Bogy, and you're not, that you won't grieve, and be miserable. Because seeing you, and not being able to speak, would be the worst of all." JOSEPH VANCE 381 ** All right, love, I'll do my best. Same promise to hold good on your side, of course." Of course." And we got home at three in the morning, just escaping a heavy downpour by jumping into a cab on Clapham Common. CHAPTER XLI A CHAPTER THAT HAD TO BE WRITTEN. If you remember anything of the great wrecks of from twenty to thirty years ago you will remember the spring of 1874 -- and the news that reached London three days after the departure from Southampton of the Glascatherick of the Glass Line. It came from a Lighthouse Station on the Portuguese Coast, and told how the great ship with almost all on board had gone down in a gale, having foundered on a reef within gunshot of the coast. Whether from an error in navigation, from misapprehension of the Lighthouse, or from some failure of the engines, no one ever knew. house, or from some failure of the engines, no one ever knew. The few who survived could tell nothing, their only testimony being that the voyage had all gone well till some twelve hours before the catastrophe, when the glass fell steadily and the wind rose to a gale. Some time after midnight, when those who were sleeping were in their deepest sleep, came a sudden stoppage of the screw, shouted orders and panic of aroused alarm, then again the screw and then the hideous crash as the ship drove stem on to the rock of destruction. Then a scene utteidy indescribable, utterly inconceivable, by those who have never known the like. Husbands forsaking wives, and fathers children, in the agony of self-preservation, strong men thrusting weaker ones and women aside in the. fight for the boats; Religious Faith stricken with despair and screaming with terror of Death; and in unexpected quarters, sudden Heroism. Then forlorn hopes of departing overloaded boats, the cruel task of choice of who should be allowed to loaded boats, the cruel task of choice of who should be allowed to go, the dreadful cry of despair as they swamped before the eyes of survivors. And then the terrible word of the strong to the weak, who look to them for help to the last, that now no help is left to the powers of man. If, as may be, those that die pass beyond Death from a scene like this, it may be too that the memory of it is happily short, and even that other things we once accounted gain seem worse, a thousand times. For those who survive there is no escape from the knowledge of the past, and the memory of it is present with them till the end. Of the few survivors of the Glascatherick almost the only one who could give any coherent particulars was a young engineer who JOSEPH VANCE with his wife was on his way to Italy. He told how she and he were awaked by the sudden stoppage of the screw, followed by the roar of the steam-trumpet, and heard the shouting of orders, and strained rapid action of the rudder chains which passed close to their berths. Then the resumed movement of the machinery, which he was able to recognize as reversed. He anticipated collision with another ship, thinking that to a certainty land was lision with another ship, thinking that to a certainty land was distant. But the instant after came the crash, and he knew it was a rock. He was so prompt in snatching the life-belts from the cabin ceiling, so prompt in getting them on to himseK and his wife, that when they made for the stairway leading on to the promenade deck there were still belated sleepers coming out of their cabins to know if anything was the matter. Otherwise he could only teU that they reached the deck, forcing their way through a halfchoked passage, that the officers and the crew were even then un- choked passage, that the officers and the crew were even then unlashing the boats and slacking them down ready for those who lashing the boats and slacking them down ready for those who might prefer that slender chance of life to the certainty of death. They heard the voice of the Captain above the turmoil, -- Women and children first -- men stand back," -- and saw him knock down a man who thrust himself unduly forward. The first mate came to them and tried to persuade the lady to leave her husband and go in the first boat, but she refused. ^^We go together," said she, and they remained and saw boat after boat get clear, all but two that were swamped almost as soon as they touched the water. They stayed on somewhile, he could not say how long, after the last boat had gone, and then the ship gave a lurch and seemed to go head down -- at least, said he, it was the end towards the land. Then the first mate came again to them and said, Now is your time to go. The land is not a mile away. Good luck to both ! " And then he and she were in the cold dark water. The life-belts floated them and he swam with her left hand in his. The wind had fallen and the sea was less, and he was not without hope. He even spoke to cheer her, and she replied -- and then once more. The third time he spoke she did not answer. Still, if he could only reach the land! He himself had been drowned and revived, and that made him hope. But the great black promontory came no nearer, to all seeming. And the hand he held was lifeless. And his own senses were failing fast -- and then his power died in his own hands, and he could ing fast -- and then his power died in his own hands, and he could hold hers no longer. And it slipped away from him and the darkness closed in upon him, and he knew no more. ness closed in upon him, and he knew no more. JOSEPH VANCE Why do I write all this of this young Engineer and his wife? Because I was he, and she was Janey. And I can scarcely bear to write or think of that dreadful time; and could not bear to epeak of it, now that I cannot see Lossie, and Dr. Thorpe is gone, to any living creature. Yet it is twenty-three years this November -- twenty-three long years! -- since I passed a second time ber -- twenty-three long years! -- since I passed a second time through the shadow of Death, and was a second time dragged back to life again -- oh, how unwillingly! at a monastery on the coast of Portugal where I was washed ashore, with still a spark of Life. Why could they not have left me as I was ? Ah, mon fils," said a very old Spanish monk who could speak French, si on avait su que c'otait ta femme, on aurait su te laisser mourir." As I revived slowly my first words had been, strangely enough, '^Is the child safe?" The force of the revived sensation had. carried me back to the old days in Devon, and I was again asking after Lossie's boy. Then slowly came back the agony of life, and I began to understand that I was alone. It was a long time before I recovered more than the merest fragments of speech. It was not grief -- that was going to come later -- but a complete prostration that, perhaps happily, left no room for grief. I could only pass a dumb, stunned, unquestioning existence. I believe it was the old Padre Pablo who set going the first real revival of conscious life. When I replied to him that I should have welcomed death, he said; ^^Je le comprends bien. Moi aussi, j'ai perdu une epouse. Mais pour moi, mon fils, c^etait plus cruel " He paused a moment ; then continued : " Oui vraiment, bien plus cruel! Enfin, c'est moi-meme qui lai tuee." And then in reply to my look of surprise: "Vous ne m'avez pas tout-a-fait compris, mon fils? Je parle de moi-meme. Je kai tuee." He then went on to tell how, being a young man of twenty, he had had exactly Othello's experience, but never knew till long after how groundless his jealousy had been. He had fled, and it was supposed she had killed herself. C 'eta it encore pis pour moi, mon posed she had killed herself. C 'eta it encore pis pour moi, mon fils, que pour vous," he repeated quietly. ^^Chaque jour -- chaque heure -- j'entends le cri de ma mourante. J'ai quatre-vingt-dixneuf ans. ^a me durera jusqu'a la mort." neuf ans. ^a me durera jusqu'a la mort." Nearly eighty years! The blow had been struck in Paris, in the days, say, of the Directory. And the cry of his murdered victim, so Father Paul said, and I believed him, had never died away. tim, so Father Paul said, and I believed him, had never died away. A day elapsed before I was able to give any intelligible account of myself. I then wrote the words "On shore alone -- tell her family," land told them to write to Macallister, Chelsea, England. I felt JOSEPH VANCE that would be sufficient -- and was glad to be brief, for exertion to think was terrible, and torpor alone seemed welcome. I then charged Father Paul to give in reply to official enquiry when it came, or to newsmongers, simply my name and what I had been able to tell him of the wreck, and then resigned myself to stupefaction. With the exception of a few words with him, and now and tion. With the exception of a few words with him, and now and then thanks for some expression of sympathy in an unknown tongue, from the others, I was silent, until one early morning as I lay awaiting the dawn and listening to the long-drawn thunder of the swell on the precipice below, my ear was caught by an unwonted sound of voices that came nearer, mixed with the ring of wonted sound of voices that came nearer, mixed with the ring of hoofs upon the rock road. Was one of the voices English, or not? No, it was not! Yes -- surely it was! And it said loudly and cheerfully, as one who encourages another, "Keep up -- ^keep up -we are here at last.'' we are here at last.'' Then I remember rising from the couch with a new life, and running out to meet Archie Macallister, and then my brain swam and I tottered forward. He was just in time to catch me as I fell, and he picked me up and carried me back like a child. Then I remember lying again on the bed, having found my own weakness, and seeing on one side of me Bony, and on the other her ness, and seeing on one side of me Bony, and on the other her father. I have told enough. Man has to live, or die. If he chooses the former, he has to discover a modus vivendi after any crushing blow. According to my cover a modus vivendi after any crushing blow. According to my experience, strong natures invest their capital, so to speak, in selfdefence, but make up their minds to a long siege. I knew, even defence, but make up their minds to a long siege. I knew, even as Father Paul knew that the cry of the dying woman would last till death, that I should have to live with the touch of my darling's rings on the fingers of my left hand as hers slipped away for ever. But I had to find out a way of doing it, and I think I was as brave as most. My partner, and her father, both of whom had left the conduct of business matters in good hands, were able to stay on with mo for a while. It may seem strange, but I did not wish to get away from the sea that had engulfed her. It presented itself to me only as the scene of our last farewell. And the last words she said were still in my ears. "Now, Jacky, recollect! " and then when I next spoke, no answer came. What was it that I was to recollect ? It was a promise, repeated more than once after I made it when we walked that time from Poplar Villa after Beppino's literary collapse; repeated in the ship's cabin as I drew the life-belt on, repeated again in the water JOSEPH VAHCE that drowned her. A promise not to grieve should she go first, lest it should break her heart to see my grief. ^Tromise again," she had said, and I replied, promise, my darling." It was a promise easy to make -- but oh, how hard to keep! Which is the worst off, I wonder -- the one that is left, or the one that is gone -- the one that sees no longer or the one that still sees, or it may be sees more than ever before? If there be risk of this, how well worth the effort to hang as lightly as may be on the new-found freedom of the departed! Of what profit to oneself is the indulgence of grief at the best? Of how much less if each pang adds a new pang to other pain elsewhere. It was all such speculation, and the darkness seems so real to him who only guesses in the dark at an unseen sun. But a promise was a promise, and I fought hard and truly to keep mine. There was no fear of my succeeding too well. It was I then, and neither of my companions, who may be said to have taken the lead towards a resumption of life -- ^the life we had to finish with before each could get on to his extinction or his knowledge of the next. It took me a week of nursing and another of convalescence before I was able to look plans for the future in the face. Had it not been for my companions I might have stayed on indefinitely, wandering about and watching the great white rollers live their life and die. I had no definite expectation of any trace of the body, but I suppose some such thought made part of my motives. I was, however, distinctly relieved when I heard that, though so near the shore, the ship was in such deep water that no attempt at salvage would be made. I had dreaded and avoided details of the wreck as much as possible. It is still rather strange to me why I found it so hard to break away. But there was Bony, and there was her Father. I knew they would not go and leave me. Neither would they, either of them, begin upon the task of settling the future. So I took the matter into my own hands. " I say. Bony," said I. Jeannie will want you back." " Yes, old chap, we'll settle all that presently. What a queer old boy the old Padre is ! " You had better take care -- ^lie understands some English. Do you know, in his novitiate, or something of that sort, he passed a year at a place near London called Foolham. Do you know it?" '' I know there is now an establishment of Catholics at Fulham, but I should hardly have thought it was so old." He speaks of another at Amsmeedza. Do you know that one ? " JOSEPH VANCE The one at nammersmith may be older. But they can't be older than the century. He is." Eive-and- twenty years older. More. He was actually living in Paris, and married, in the days of the National Convention -before Napoleon -- ^before everything." before Napoleon -- ^before everything." " I didn't know Monks married." ^'He wasn't a Monk then. He became one after her death. Don't be frightened. Bony, I won't become a Monk." Poor Bony ] I could not brealt down. He could, and did. When he spoke again I could hear it in his voice. ^'Perhaps it wasn't in his novitiate he was at Fulham. It may have been later." ''Very likely! When he told me, I wasn't quite so " I understand." '' As I am now. But, Bony dear, you have got off from the point. Jeannie will want you back." ''Yes -- and you too. I know what you are driving at. Partner. You want to run away, and travel about and distract your ner. You want to run away, and travel about and distract your mind and all that sort of thing." " Nothing of the sort. Partner." We called each other " partner" by fits and starts, unreasonably. "I mean to do exactly ner" by fits and starts, unreasonably. "I mean to do exactly whatever Janey likes." Bony looked anxious. He felt my hand to see if it was hot. He felt my pulse to see if it was quick. Neither was either. He gave up diagnosis. But he couldn't accept the form of my speech without a protest. " I see what you mean, dear old chap. Exactly what J aney would like if she were here. Quite right." But the form of a hypothesis did not suit my mood. " Exactly what Janey likes if she is here," said I, obstinately; and Bony replied as one who yields to a patient's whim, " All right, old boy." He was so gently acquiescent to my every impulse, that I felt I had been dictatorial and overbearing. So I thought I would *soften it by discussing hypotheses. " Do you remember old Dr. Serocold of Magdalen ? Oh no -- of course, you were at Cambridge. How one forgets 1 " And Bony asked what about the old party, nevertheless ? " Only what we were saying made me think of the nature of an hypothesis -- and of course that made me think of old Serocold. When I told him how long it took to scull to Iffley and cold. When I told him how long it took to scull to Iffley and back, he twinkled and, said he supposed Iffley was the place whero they made the hypotheses." Another time I should have followed this on with more of old S88 JOSEPH VANCE Hr. Serocold^s absurd sayings. But now I was aware of a web of strange filaments of pain that kept my eyes dim and my lips still, and I knew I could not laugh. I plunged straight back into the heart of the conversation. Grant it's a billion to one against Janey hearing and seeing me now. It's better to catch at that chance and be mistaken than to neglect it and find my mistake after. I know what she would say, almost as if she said it. ' Think of the Lord Chancellor.' This was the name we had got into the way of calling her Father. ** That's what I shall do. Look at him out there." Poor old Spencer did not look the same man. The prosperous, responsible lawyer that had bid Janey and me Godspeed less than three weeks since had disappeared, and now a broken-down old man wandered some fifty yards from where we sate on the clifiside, looking out over the sea. He had a pocket telescope with side, looking out over the sea. He had a pocket telescope with which he scanned the horizon and the rock island some miles out, or the nearer rocks below. Whether he thought to detect a sad addition to the scraps of scattered wreck that were still left, which would have been his and mine to claim, I know not. But he spent much of his time in this way, and did not seem to care for talk. Janey had been his special daughter, and his heart was wrapped up in her. Sarry had practically vanished to Colombo, only reappearing at intervals. His wife was nil. I saw that his decadence had begun. As I finished speaking to Bony, he looked over to the grief-worn figure that made, upon a rock-eminence near us, a silhouette against the sea. " Yes," said he. The journey was awful. Too much for the old gentleman. I thought I shouldn't ever get him here ! " Oh, Bony ! What a job you must have had ! " ^^It was pretty stiff. But we got here, somehow. It will be a lot easier to go back." ''But you see what I mean. Janey would like me to keep near him." " I expect she would be right. All go back together -- eh, Joe ? " and I assented. I can well remember how desperately weak I was as Bony helped me up the steep pathway when we returned to the Monastery, not four hundred yards away. And how a thought crossed my mind, as I leaned on his strong arm, that had I not been eight months his senior it would have gone ill with me in the old days at St. Withold's. But it all seemed a dream, and I had hardly strength to think-- least of all of the great riddle of timo and change. I let the memory slip from mere fatigue. JOSEPH VANCE "You sit down a minute, Joe, while I go back and lend Mr. Spencer a hand,'^ said Bony. But just then Father PauPs voice came from behind us, saying, " Permettez, Messieurs. Je suis assez fort, malgre mon age," and offered me his arm on my right. Seeing that I had looked round to my left, as expecting him to come on that side, he added explanatorily: "Void ma main forte -- a gauche -- la mano izquierda. J'ai tou jours ete gaucher ce que nous nommons ici -- nous autres -- zurdo.*" And then my weak mind, stirring again towards its old zest for inquiry, must needs be thinking how long was it before that deadly battle at Helstaple that this other hand I leaned on had struck the life out of the helpless girl. Half a century, and more, though I could not fix the figure. Surely this old man had expiated his crime! But my mind reeled again, and fell baffled from the thought. And Father Paul himself might be as little in my memory now as any of the crowd of monks who gathered to bid us farewell a fortnight later (I could not move sooner) but that he well a fortnight later (I could not move sooner) but that he himself was not among then. Fie had got his release. And the last I saw of him was what lay on a wooden pallet under a huge crucifix in the cell to which they summoned me to see the Padre, who had died in the night. That was what had held him near upon a century; and now it seemed an effigy in alabaster, small and clear-cut, on which the hand that had struck the blow eighty years since lay moveless. The ears had heard for the last time the cry of the murdered woman, and Father Paul himself knew very much more, or verily nothing. And I said to myself, but in vain, that my own lot, matched against his, should seem happy. To go with my darling to the very gate of death, to know above all that I had shared every pang to the moment of parting, that what she had suffered I had suffered, that her last words still reached me almost like a voice from fered, that her last words still reached me almost like a voice from the other side -- was I not surely the better off of the two? At any rate, if no consolation came from thinking another worse off than I was, the pity for him took me out of myself and gave me a better courage to look back on the past and forward to the days to come. CHAPTEK Xm JOE IS A WIDOWER. A TENANTLESS OLD HOUSE. HOW HE WENT TO DR. THORPE; AND OF A CHILD THAT WAS SAVED ON THE WRECK. THE SYMPATHY OF BEPPINO. A GOOD IDEA ! WHY NOT TAKE BEPPINO TO ITALY ? One accepts a widower, as a prosaic incident among one's surroundings, with unquestioning content. Of course Mr. Smith's roundings, with unquestioning content. Of course Mr. Smith's a widower I It's a way other people have -- you are not going to be a widower yourself -- you know better! I don't think that brides feel nearly so confident of never being widows as bridegrooms that they will never be widowers. My experience is that women look the facts of life in the face better than men, not only in this but in all things. Man is a sanguine, imaginative animal -- ^perhaps necessarily so. All sorts of things have to be done by men in life that involve the use of intentional hope as a means of self-deception. Man has to obtain shareholders, and negotiate loans, and form syndicates, and do many things of the same sort which a prosaic and unimaginative animal would fight shy of. He goes into the Battle of Life confident of victory, even as the warrior on another field is confident. Perhaps tory, even as the warrior on another field is confident. Perhaps neither would go into battle at all sometimes, if he were not. And then everything would slump. So if each man had not an inner conviction that other people would lose their wives, but not he -- well! would any man dare to marry? Or would he not, if he married, seek for some mate he would be glad to be rid of? Would he not shudder at all Love except the sort that never lasts? Would he not rejoice and be merry when Mrs. Smith was not down to breakfast, and when he came home wet and tired and disheartened to find that Mrs. Smith had not waited dinner for him, but had gone to an interesting lecture, would he not hug himself and be happy and say esting lecture, would he not hug himself and be happy and say that now here was a chance of a real comfortable evening? By assiduous cultivation of this attitude of mind he would avoid a possibly overwhelming grief for himself, and by affording a Btimnlus to a reciprocal feeling on the part of his wife, would JOSEPH VANCE fortify her to endure his loss with resignation, and to look forward to it with equanimity. ward to it with equanimity. If I had to live my life over again, with the foreknowledge of what was to come, should I dare to put my head into the lion's mouth, as I did? Eor I had to acknowledge to myself with shame when it was all over that I was not more -- or say, not much more -than half in love with Janey when I first made up my mind than half in love with Janey when I first made up my mind that it would be a good thing that we should be a couple and have an establishment. A good thing for both of us, mind you! -- for my magnanimity decided on unselfishness (within reasonable limits) as being demanded by self-respect. able limits) as being demanded by self-respect. And yet I feel I am wrong to think thus bitterly of my old self. How many a young man, after such a shock as I had experienced, would have brought a much more damaged piece of goods into the market than the one I offered Janey! And if none but undamaged goods were for sale in that market, how many weddings would there be in a twelvemonth? Yet in a sense it served me right -- though it was hard measure regarded as retribution for a trivial disloyalty, a slight hesitation, that I should lose at a crash what had grown dearer to me day by day, from the beginning. What did it matter, to put it plainly, that I was still very, very fond of Lossie when I asked Janey to take over the empty tenement she could never occupy ? It went by veries, said Janey, the little girl that sucked the peppermint drop, and with Janey the woman it went very quickly by veries. Could I count them at all as we stood on the ship and watched the sun go down on that evening of the wreck -- the sun that never rose for her again? But I did put my head in a lion's mouth! I fancied -- how many boys of my age have thought the same with far less reason -- that things were at an end for me when Lossie, who son -- that things were at an end for me when Lossie, who had filled every corner of my life from the moment she kissed the Man's Boy in the pantry till that earlier shipwreck of mine at Oxford, was suddenly withdrawn and left the dilapidated house to let. And then when the new tenant took possession, and even (if the metaphor holds good) took over some of the old tenant's fixtures, and the new paper came upon the walls, and the whole place was sweet with the smell of flowers, and the song of birds in the Summer, and the fires blazed on the hearth in the Winter # -- even then I formed no image in my mind of what that house would be like next time it was in the market. The tenant left suddenly, and the house has stood undwelt in. The shutters to thq street are closed and the windows broken; but, could you see JOSEPH VANCE in, you would still see the old furniture, just as she left it-- ^ you would see too that the old tenant's fixtures remain there still. But it is dark and silent; and the gas and water are cut off, and there is no bill up to say it is To Let. Offers have come for it, chiefly from Agents, but the door has never been opened since the day of her departure, except once or twice to show old friends a picture or a piece of furniture. None knows where the tenant is gone, but I suspect the next street; -- and then my metaphor is quite at fault, for the house is my heart, and my heart goes out to seek her, and the house could not. This metaphorical house, though, supplies me with something I need. Those old tenant's fixtures still form part thing I need. Those old tenant's fixtures still form part of my life, and give me a way of thinking and speaking of my feeling towards Lossie after Janey left me, that I might fail otherwise to find. I had no heart to make new confidences, and I wrote to Lossie as freely of my loss as I had spoken to Janey of my old love for Lossie. I felt all through that they two and I should understand each other, whatever the regulation attitude in such a case made and provided might be. I can remember dimly how I began my letter to Lossie that I wrote from San Joaquim's. It was more like a wish that I could be with her to help her to bear the news I had to tell than a wish that she could be with me to comfort me. With most correspondents I have always reread every sentence to see that it was right. Generally I never read every sentence to see that it was right. Generally I never reconsidered anything with Lossie, and wrote straight off. This time I read and re-read, thinking to mvself, Will that give her the idea that I have broken down and cannot bear my unhappiness?" I did not write really to tell her news that I knew piness?" I did not write really to tell her news that I knew would have reached her already, but to do what I could to allevi- ate the blow that I knew my calamity must be to her. To Dr. Thorpe I wrote otherwise. It was an odd letter, and not one I would have cared that any but the Doctor should see. I cannot recall the words, but I have still his own letter in return, not recall the words, but I have still his own letter in return, which reached me just before leaving the Monastery. Here it is, twenty- three years old: dear old Joe: Never was a braver letter written than yours. All is right. I am sure of it. I don't believe one of us has any idea how well God is going to manage it. Leave it all in his hands. I too had a hard fight for it, and thought I must give in. But I didn't, though I had to tell two baby girls that their mother was, 118 the phrase is, no more. I know, dear boy, my trial was not to JOSEPH VANCE be compared with yours -- it was all in the day^s work, and only what comes to many. But it was hard to look those children in the face too, that day at their Granny's. Poor little Loss I I remember how she came out and looked up at me. member how she came out and looked up at me. I have to cut this down to a short line, to make sure of it catching you -- the last possible post, as I make out, is going in half-an- ing you -- the last possible post, as I make out, is going in half-anhour. Believe me, all is right, is right, is right. That story of hour. Believe me, all is right, is right, is right. That story of the Padre seems to me as terrible as anything I ever heard -- of course I shan't repeat it. ''Yours affectionately, "Kandall Thorpe." I had had a long letter from him before, which mine was a reply to. It must have been written after the Padre had told me his story. I feel in a mist about it all now. Little wonder I I am writing all this, as I have said, for myself alone, and with only a vague idea, to give it working plausibility, that you will one day read it! So I do not copy all the letters I have kept, but place some of them in the MS. uncopied. I do so with the first letter I received from Lossie after my wife's death, and also the second, which came in answer to mine announcing it. Lady Desprez's letters are more illegible than Lossie Thorpe's, and somewhat difficult to read, but worth deciphering by any one who cares at all about following this narrative. I began this chapter with some kind of notion of helping myself to realize the difference of my surroundings in Chelsea and at Poplar Villa when I came back from Portugal. I had started six weeks before in full health, in the prime of early manhood, in great spirits at an anticipated holiday trip, and by my side the dear woman whom I loved, my companion in all things. What I saw in the little mirror in the hansom in which I rode to Poplar Villa the day after my arrival late at night in Chelsea was lar Villa the day after my arrival late at night in Chelsea was a man ten years older, broken down and ill. And when I paid the cabby I saw that he remembered having driven me before, and that then there was another fare. The little mirror in the cab brought back to my mind that other young man I saw in the glass at Oxford. Was it he, come to life! He had been very much in abeyance during all my happy days in Chelsea. But here he was again, posing as a correct widower; while I knew in my innermost heart, though I dared not know it aloud, that all that was must be right, however little I could understand it. There was he straining that foolish limited mind of his to grasp something beyond the reach of our conception JOSEPH VANCE of Infinity, now and again almost crying out aloud with the pain when some happy memory reached him out of the past, destroying in the lonely silence of the night the sleep I could have slept, but for him. I pointed out to him again and again that Janey might be seeing it all, and the misery his cowardice would occa- * sion her. But it was useless. So I said to him: " Very well, then # -- ^you be a widower ! But when I am talking to Dr. Thorpe I shall be obliged to you not to intrude your vernacular ideas, and your tedious complaints of the darkness of the night, but to make way for the voice of the watchers who believe in the dawn; and then you and I can talk about it afterwards.'^ He promised to do his best, but when it came to the proof, and the Doctor's voice in the old unchanged library said, "Oh, J oey -- my poor boy -- my poor boy !" and could speak no more, he broke utterly down, and could only hide his face away in silence, still holding the Doctor's hand, till I fairly forced him to the effort, and one or two words came. I wanted him to say that he would be all right directly, and that it was only just at first. I wanted the Doctor to realize that he was misrepresenting me. We got steady in time, and then the Doctor and I were sitting tallying in the old place where we and Janey had sat and talked such a short time back. " No, Doctor. It doesn't hurt me to talk. It's good for me. What was I saying -- about the ship? Well! you know there wasn't the slightest reason for apprehension. Oh yes -- the glass had fallen, but the rough weather was nothing -- ^nobody troubles about that in a twin-screw of seven thousand tons' displacement. My opinion is they mistook the lighthouse for the one on the island | ten miles out, and thought they were steering for the channel, and ; of course it was the mainland -- no one will ever know." I " How many did reach the land ? " | "Very few. Probably I know less about that than they will | tell me at the Company's Office. I shall go over to-morrow. There | were two or three little girls saved. I particularly 'wished to know about one. The reason so little is known about the cause is that the Captain and all the officers w^ent down with the ship. The ; only men who got away were the boat's crews, and they could i tell very little." ! " What was the little girl ? " "Kosamond Fox -- oh no! Those other people were Fox. She was one of that Daniels lot. It's all just like a dream now. She was a little thing of four, and Janey had been playing with her all day. I had been playing chess-- I played six games that day - -- then it began blowing and we all went to bed." JOSEPH VANCE But the little girl -- why did you '' Want to know about her more than the others? Why, because when Janey and I came out with those cork things on us we saw the little thing in the passage. She said, 'take me,' and Janey wanted to, but we couldn't. It would have been useless. Besides it looked as if her father had left her there and meant to come back. That's the worst of a wreck, you can do nothing for any one else. No one can have any conception of what it means who has not seen it." " Stop a minute," said he ; "I can find the newspapers. I've kept them all." And he found one with a list of passengers. " Let's see -- what name did you say -- Daniels ? Dax -- ^Dannicker -- ^Duport. No -- there's no Daniels at all." " Mistake, I suppose. Is there nothing anj^here of people saved ? " " Oh yes ! It's here, only I haven't got it yet. Here it is ! Oh Joe -- how good! " "No," said I, jumping up from my chair and going to look myself. " You don't mean " " Yes, I do. It wasn't Daniels -- it was Dannicker. Rosamond Dannicker. Look here ! " And as well as I could for tremulous hurry and half-blinded eyes, I read that the little girl saved in the first boat (the only one not lost) was so named, but could not be identified at first, as she only knew herself as Rosie, and no other evidence was then forthcoming. " She was saved by the merest chance," said the paper, " if the narrative of so young a child can be trusted. It seems that her mother, who refused to go herself, preferring to remain and die with her husband, asked the chief mate to place her in the boat. This is our interpretation of the child's report of what he said, as he picked her up, ' Mother says you're to come now -- she and father will come together.' " The recollection of this baby as I forced Janey to leave it had been one of my worst nightmare memories of all. " Thank God for that, at any rate ! " said I. " It has given me one pleasant thing to think of. I shall hear more about it at the Office to-morrow." And I lit a pipe that I might sit and caress this little consolation. The Doctor looked very happy over it. It was something to breathe with, he said. Then, as I sat there smoking, more came back. I could see as in a dream Janey and myself waiting under the shelter of a bulkhead -- could hear her say, "We go together." But surely there was something else she said, and pointed through to the inner stairway, where we had left little Rosie -- ^and surely the JOSEPH VANCE officer nodded and left us, going straight for the place. We hardly saw him after, and you may wonder that we did not -- ^but I tell you again, you have no conception of what it was. I could see it all, in one sense, more plainly as I sat there smoking than I did at the time. ^'It wasn't her mother. Doctor," said I. '^It was Janey told the Mate where she was." And I told him the story, adding that of course he took us for the parents. "He easily might -- First Mates don't learn the passengers by heart." " What became of the mother ? " " Heaven knows ! I know about the father, though -- saw him try to scramble into the first boat, and the Captain caught him by the collar and flung him across the deck. He's no loss! He was a red-faced, burly man -- one of those chaps there always are on ships, who sit in the smoking-room when they're not eating, and imbibe goes of whiskey and soda. He's had his last go now, poor devil 1 " " Perhaps he wasn't a devil. Most likely only a Baby's Ghost in the Corpse of one of those chaps there are on ships ! " " In the Corpse of a boozy snob I " said I, for I was not mercifully disposed towards him. "But little Bosie was a dear little thing, and was heavy on my heart. She'll always believe it was her mother, because no one but I can tell her anything." We sat and talked, and I began to get a feeling almost of ease. The Doctor's tranquil acceptance of his own hopeful schemes for hereafter was seductive. For whenever he was not on the lines of giving them logical support he simply accepted them as a matter of course. For instance, when we spoke of Padre Pablo, he ter of course. For instance, when we spoke of Padre Pablo, he remarked that the story was an awful story certainly, but for all that the Padre might be a most fortunate man -- or at least a most fortunate soul. " A healthy birth following a long gestation," said he. "Your little lassie's worthy father was much tation," said he. "Your little lassie's worthy father was much more unfortunate. He doesn't even get any pity. Look how we speak of him ! What was the old chap like in himself ? " "How should I describe him? Perhaps as a man concealing pain and forgiving the rack -- ^that's the nearest I can manage." " And his body after death -- how did that strike you ? " "A semi-transparent shell with no fish in it. You've no idea how small and dry he looked." " I can fancy it ! -- Come in." It was a knock at the door, and the knock was Beppino. It was the first of a series of inflictions that it was his fate to impose upon me. For Beppino had never knocked at his father's JOSEPH VANCE S97 door in his life before, and now he did it because I was a wid* ower. For the same reason, when he had come in, on tiptoe, he spoke with bated breath, and asked me how I really was many; times, each time throwing doubt on my previous veracities. He even went the length of asking shouldn't he pull that blind down ? Obviously, truly considerate persons won't allow widowers' eyes I to sufi'er from sun-glare. But when I said, to help him to a rather easier footing, that I should be myself again soon, but of course I had had a stiif time, he couldn't find any words, but merely said "Oh-h," and shook his head sadly, as one who, not being a widower himself, could not talk on an equality. I would willingly have spared him the embarrassment I saw he really felt (it was one we are all familiar with) only I really did not know how to set about it. The Doctor always tried to palliate or shield Beppino, or discover graceful sub-intents in his clumsy egotisms, and I think he was now grateful that he was no worse. At any rate, he had not come hoof -down on my corns, 80 far. So as soon as he had found an anchorage outside the radius to which my position entitled me, and was fixing me with a sympathetic eye from afar, the Doctor tried again to get him a natural and easy place in the conversation. He had not so very far to seek, seeing how in his boyhood I had nearly lost my own life fishing this very same fat little poetaster out of the water. I wonder how long you were quite unconscious this time, Joe. Of course you don't know." Thus the Doctor, and I replied that I was very much in the dark, besides forgetting all they had told me. It seemed almost miraculous, I said. But then it was different from the other time. This time I was floated by the corks, and the unconsciousness was as much due to exhaustion as to drowning. The other time it was drowning pure and simple. Which other time ? " asked the Poet. He asked in perfect good faith, and had evidently completely forgotten. His father gave a little half -groan, and said, Fancy your having forgotten that. Beppino ! " " Who, good gracious -- of course," said he, with sudden acknowledgment of recollection; ^'why, Juvence pulled me out -- thet time edgment of recollection; ^'why, Juvence pulled me out -- thet time I was left in the water. Just fency my forgetting thet!" And his father repeated drily, " J ust fancy ! " I was rather sorry his tone was such as to give Beppino an insight into the figure he was cutting, for no sooner did he perceive that he was doing an injustice to the really noble character ceive that he was doing an injustice to the really noble character JOSEPH VANCE of a contributor to several leading reviews, than he proceeded to reinstate it in a way that threatened to disfranchise every other topic. I omit further attempts to spell him, except easy ^ ones. "Why, good Ged, Joe Vance, you must think me the most * beastly ungrateful fillow. Of course I didn't really forget. It was a slip of the mind, don't you know-- one of those things that ; happens, don't you know -- what Sammy Sparkler calls a mesalliance with oblivion -- don't you know." alliance with oblivion -- don't you know." " Oh yes -- we quite understand -- of course, Joey," etc., etc., from both of us. But Beppino was not going to be stroked and patted "! and subside soothed -- not he! j: W^hy, good Ged I It's only the other night I was talking to some fillows at the club, don't you know, about drowning, and I I thought to myself what a lucky fillow I was to be there at all! " ( This seemed such a painfully flat anecdote that I felt it would j only be kind to make some remark that seemed to assume a i reasonable unspoken sequel. So I said: "I was very lucky to , be able to haul you out, Joey. But you needn't be so very grateful, because you would have been got out by Carvalho, or Guppy, or -- somebody -- if I hadn't done it." ' I was just going to say Thornberry, but stopped myself in time. i Now it is a much easier thing, when gratitude you have not expressed is imputed to you, to swear that you have not said, and can never say, too much, than it is to start fair and say I how grateful you are, and always have been for anything. Beppino became quite oppressive as soon as he was supplied with a pino became quite oppressive as soon as he was supplied with a fulcrum, and my almost happy chat with the Doctor was quite broken up and spoiled. But as it was clear it was to be Beppino et praeterea nihil, I tried to calm down his hymn of grati- pino et praeterea nihil, I tried to calm down his hymn of gratitude for what he had clearly forgotten, and to get the conversa- tude for what he had clearly forgotten, and to get the conversation into another channel. tion into another channel. "I say, Bep -- (oh, of course, my dear boy, we understand. We know you wouldn't be ungrateful) -- but look here! You were not left in the water." I "I was, Joe! It must have been half-an-hour at least. I know because of the rum dream I had. It must have lasted halfan-hour, at least." an-hour, at least." " The dream about how you were out on the top of the rock, and the lady came. But dreams are like that." And I thought of the Schloss, and how Janey had wondered whether there was I a Schloss overhanging this dream. There was, and it had fallen, and she had waked, and I was dreaming still -- ^when should I wake I JOSEPH VANCE i ''You're tired, Joe," said the Doctor's voice. "Better not try ;i to talk -- you stay quiet ! " I did so, and went off in a half-drowse, ; more mere fatigue than sleep. Beppino showed consideration osf tentatiously, going out of the room like a conspirator oppressed f tentatiously, going out of the room like a conspirator oppressed ^ by sympathy. ' " Feel better, Joe? " asked the Doctor a little later. I had roused ' up and gone to the open window. It looked out over the green: house top. It was a fine early summer day ; but very chilly after : house top. It was a fine early summer day ; but very chilly after Portugal. I listened in vain for the song of Lossie's birds in the greenhouse. The scythe of Samuel the gardener rang as swath followed swath. Nothing would induce Samuel to use a lawn-cuttiug machine. He was old, he said, and his scythe was going to last him out. So his whetstone still was to be heard thinning the old scythe down, and (as I have understood) waked I Beppino too soon, and was a ground of complaint. To-day I thought how like Time Samuel looked, mowing the lawn near the old pear tree, whose blossoming had come and gone while I was watching the great white rollers following each other to death on the Atlantic. I studied Samuel mowing, and said I felt rested. The Doctor was finishing a letter at the table. " I tell you what, Joe," said he, pausing before sticking to the envelope, " that dream of the Poet's had curio^is points. He turned out on the top of the rock (you recollect) just like a very small baby, and the lady picked him up and kissed him. He couldn't understand having a pair of babies' legs on." And the Doctor stuck down his envelope and directed it. Then he continued, " I wish that baby could grow. If he were to get away for a while and get shaken out of himself a little it might give him a start. At present he consists of ill-developed artistic faculties and no moral nature to speak of. I do not think, whatever any one may say to the contrary, that living in a circle of narrow-minded voluptuaries can be good for any young man-- well! he's fiveand-twenty, that's not old." and-twenty, that's not old." " It wasn't his age I was thinking of. But are these friends of his such a lot of sweeps ? " " Oh dear, no ! I don't suppose any of them are half as grubby as they pretend they are. But they are voluptuaries for all that, i They enjoy the confidence of the Muses and can instruct others I in the ritual of their worship without initiation for themselves. They take real pleasure in the practices of painting, music, and versification, so far as they can be indulged in spontaneously. Some of them, if they were forced to take pains, would do good work in their own way. But they are voluptuaries, and prefer to JOSEPH VANCE enjoy the luxury of smatterings to any outlay of effort to attain maturity. What strikes me as oddest about them is the way in which they ignore the fact that their chief idols, the men whose names are always in their mouths, have attained their own greatness by strenuous and unstinted industry." The Doctor pulled up and took snuff. I sound," said he, " like Mr. Barlow delivering a Popular Lecture on Impostors." ing a Popular Lecture on Impostors." " Couldn't you make Joey go and see the world -- get him out into the fresh air ? " My suggestion had an element in it of a desire that Beppino should go somewhere else. I was a little morose at his having come in at all. The fact is, he was always in the way at Poplar Villa. " He's always talking about going to Italy, but he keeps putting it off because it is so important that he should not vitiate ting it off because it is so important that he should not vitiate his present inspirations until their mission has been fulfilled. I don't exactly know what they are, but he wishes to keep the Aspects of Nature homogeneous until he has finished the Enigmas of Aphrodite -- I believe that's to be the title of his great work. The unity of the poem would be impaired if an Italian influence crept into the last half. He entertains no doubt of its power over a susceptible soul like his. Besides, he has never been at sea, and is terrified at the idea of crossing the Channel." "Poor little beggar! I can understand his last reason. Seasickness is an enigma of Aphrodite no one has ever interpreted." sickness is an enigma of Aphrodite no one has ever interpreted." " Another thing is that although he is a very good French and Italian scholar, as far as writing both languages goes, he simply has not a word to throw at a native of either country. He can't understand what they say, and complains of their pronunciation. I don't believe he'll ever go unless some one collars him and takes him." This set me a-thinking, and I resolved in my own mind that however little sympathy there was between us, I would collar Beppino and take him away for the Doctor's sake. I saw it would pino and take him away for the Doctor's sake. I saw it would be a real relief to him. I was even now beginning to fidget about the business which was partly the original object of my journey to Italy that had ended so disastrously. No one but I could transact it, as it related to a partnership or alliance between my own Firm and one in Milan. It was not open to indefinite postponement -- in fact, the sooner it was carried through the better. ponement -- in fact, the sooner it was carried through the better. I told the Doctor of this idea before I left him. He thought, I really believe, that I was making a great sacrifice. I was not. For nothing made the slightest difference to me, one way or the other. JOSEPH VANCE Wlien I announced to Mr. and Mrs. Macallister my intention I of going to Milan later in the year, and taking the Poet with I me, Jeannie said, "What, that little idiot! We shall be able to ! go and see the Doctor while he^s away, Bobby,^' which was the I current name for her husband. Bony muttered something I didn^t i quite catch, but I understood it to imply a low estimate of Par' nassus. I told Jeannie that perhaps if they paid Poplar Villa ' nassus. I told Jeannie that perhaps if they paid Poplar Villa a visit now, she would have a chance of sitting for Aphrodite. "You might get a turn, for Hephiestus, Bony,^^ I added. And ' Jeannie said, listen to her jealous husband growling over there. It was " like the beasts at the Zoological Gardens." I spent an evening in every week with my poor old fatherin-law. He was slowly recovering some of his lost ground, but I in-law. He was slowly recovering some of his lost ground, but I saw he would never be himself again. I had, however, a sense of discomfort, not due to this, during my visits. His absolute cerI tainty that nothing ever could be known on the hereafter question I tainty that nothing ever could be known on the hereafter question was painful to me, and I never could get him to see that his position claimed powers of judgment just as extended as that of those tion claimed powers of judgment just as extended as that of those who held the opposite view. I talked to Dr. Thorpe about him, and he said it was only Spencer's legal caution. " I dare say," said he, " Spencer feels bottled just as much as I do, but he's afraid to commit himself and be twitted for rashness hereafter if he turns out non-existent." Lossie was to come over to England this Autumn, bringing children for European education. It was only her second ing children for European education. It was only her second I return since her marriage. It was small allowance in over eight years. But this time Sir Hugh was coming with her for a long spell -- ^perhaps not to return at all. The first time (which you may remember was during my real engagement -the second one -- with Janey) he was a very short time in his the second one -- with Janey) he was a very short time in his native land. This time they were to stop in Italy during the I Winter, to soften the severity of the change, and come on to ; England in the Spring. It was something, at any rate, to look i forward to -- in fact, " Lossie again " was almost the only anticipaI tion I dwelt on with pleasure. I had, however, misgivings that I tion I dwelt on with pleasure. I had, however, misgivings that I might build too much on it -- and that it might turn out a disappointment. Things did, very often! I must be prepared for appointment. Things did, very often! I must be prepared for change. But then it would not matter if it were only in the same direction as the change I had seen before. I don't think I can have been influenced by the chance of seeing Lossie a bit earlier, in my decision to go to Milan in the Autumn, because I made that decision when Dr. Thorpe talked about getting Beppino abroad. The first announcement of their scheme for ting Beppino abroad. The first announcement of their scheme for 402 JOSEPH VANCE pausing in Italy was in Lossie's letter replying to mine about the wreck. As to the date of my going, that of course depended on the rapidity of Beppino^s inspiration. It was certainly impossible to complete the last enigma of Aphrodite within two months; and then, we should have to wait for the end of the great heat. It was just as well not to be hurried, and we should be sure of a calm Channel, crossing towards the end of August. If it had been the Northwest Passage the Poet could not have made more fuss about it. Certainly it was very curious how a man (I had to remind myself that he was one) whose experiences had gone so far in some directions should be so childish in others. CHAPTER XLin HOW JANEY's piano was to be kept in tune. FRAU SCHMIDT. THE WALDSTEIN SONATA. THE FRAU MISLEADS BEPPINO. WHO MISS SIBYL FULLER PERCEVAL WAS. THE GOLDEN BEAD IN THE HUMAN CRUCIBLE. THE KINCARDINESHIRE JOINT-STOCK BANK. HOW ABOUT THE doctor's HEART? The conscientious thoroughness with which Janey had put her affairs in order before starting was a great relief to me in the rearrangement I had to make after my return. Even that excruciating experience, the disposal of the .wardrobe, was in a great measure spared to me. She had given away almost all the clothes left out after packing for the journey -- and what were left were chiefly new things I did not associate with her. My stepmother saw to their disposal, and I made no enquiry. I persuaded Pheener, as I continued involuntarily to call her, to occupy suaded Pheener, as I continued involuntarily to call her, to occupy the house provisionally, as I did not look favourably on the idea of letting it, and it was much too big for me. At the same time, although I liked to think of it as still tenanted, and maintaining somewhat of continuity in my connection with Chelsea, taining somewhat of continuity in my connection with Chelsea, I could not bring myself to live there, and divided my life about equally between the Macaliisters and Dr. Thorpe, and (when I could get away easily from the works) Janey's old home at Hampstead. stead. I clung to the idea of keeping the house in statu quo, or rather, perhaps I should say, shrank from the task of dispersing its contents or moving them elsewhere; hence any little thing that spoke tents or moving them elsewhere; hence any little thing that spoke of its still being in use was congenial to me. I can recall especially, on one roasting afternoon in July, as I passed my own cially, on one roasting afternoon in July, as I passed my own house on my way to the Macaliisters, what pleasure it gave me to hear the piano-tuner tuning Janey's piano by contract. If there had been the slightest neglect of that contract I should have written instantly to Broadwood that I regretted to find, etc. So my pleasure was not solicitude about the piano. It was the coming on it accidentally ; and the air of life it gave to the house that made it so agreeable to me. I let myself in with my latch-key, and talked sympathetically with the operator, treatJOSEPH VAHCE JOSEPH VAHCE ing the welfare of this piano (which no one ever played on) as the first object of human effort, whatever the next one might be. iWe recited a kind of chorus of indignant hostility to damp. We lamented that this particular piano should be so seldom played on; not because of the interest of listeners or performers, but because it lost pitch. Ovr conversation seemed to assume that the final end of music was the perfect condition of musical instruments. It sanctioned Mozart and Handel and Bach, as supply- ments. It sanctioned Mozart and Handel and Bach, as supplying them with a raison d'etre; but implied that the equilibrium ing them with a raison d'etre; but implied that the equilibrium of perfection was to be found rather in their perfect readiness for use than in any results that would accrue from it. Even the book-collector is not inore callous to the contents of a book than a truly professional piano-tuner to a Sonata. So when I dwelt with regret on the silence of the instrument, whose sweet little hammers remained for ever in rank, while each might be longing to share chords and assist in the resolution of discords, and show superhuman alacrity in response to magnificent execution -- my friend was only inclined to sympathize under reservation. Still, concession was permissible to human weakness; ervation. Still, concession was permissible to human weakness; and he went so far as to remark that it was a good pianoforte, and no doubt there were people who would like to play upon it. He had been tuning an old piano in Beaufort Street that afternoon. It was quite past use, and its owner was a lady who noon. It was quite past use, and its owner was a lady who couldn't go to expense. I don't know that he meant this for a hint; but I took it as one, and asked him to give a message to the lady, placing my piano at her disposal, subject to conditions about time. She called next morning, and Pheener made stipulations accordingly. tions accordingly. I did not want to make this lady's acquaintance, or anybody's. But I found a certain selfish satisfaction in thinking that there was a small fraction less of discontentment in the sum of human misery -- owing to J aney's piano. I remember how once when Janey had a bit of sticking plaster on a cut finger, she said : " My poor piano ! How it must be swearing at that broken wine glass ! " The evidence of her existence to the senses of the piano had been withdrawn again ; and from myself also this time. An equivalent was now supplied to the piano. There was none for me. My own love of music had never been more than negative. I liked hearing Janey play when I was smoking, but only went t©️ concerts on her account; or because a friend among the performers had sent tickets. Yet I suppose I was really just as formers had sent tickets. Yet I suppose I was really just as musical as the public, though much less numerous. The public JOSEPH VANCE [i can show its well-balanced mind -- one-half going to an entertainment, the other stopping away. I was too self-contained to do ment, the other stopping away. I was too self-contained to do that, but had I been divisible I fancy one of the halves would have I gone to every Monday Pop. For in those days there 'were Monday Pops. day Pops. Being, then, this sort of ambiguous haK-lover of music, I was arrested opposite my own house on another later, even hotter, J uly morning by the sounds that came from Jaiie/s piano. Certain canaries were in competition or anxious to accompany; and a parrot was eloquent close by, but was not speaking to the point. Street-cries made other interruptions in connection with peas and new potatoes. But the music had the best of it. When a tooth that has ached for days is suddenly touched with some effective anodyne, the incredible rest is good at the moment, even though the torment be sure to come back. When a heart has ached for months, and for sheer weariness is ready to welcome any alleviation, however small, a strain of music we might scarcely notice at another time may be a relief. This music somehow relaxed the tension of that web of pain that I spoke of before, just after the wreck. It had remained ever since -- now more, now less -- ^but always there! As I stood watching the red sail of a barge dropped to negotiate the centre span of the old wooden bridge, and saw the barge jam itself across two piers, and make up its mind to wait for the next tide, it dawned slowly in my serai-musical^ brain that the little hammers must be very glad of this new activity. How they must be rejoicing over impulses they had never felt the like of' In a few moments I was almost wondering if it was really a human hand that could do it? Had it a thousand fingers, and a heart in every finger?-- Did each little hammer say at each note, "I have recorded in a second a world of loves, aspirations, and longings; a hundred tales of skies and seas, of piled-up clouds and driving foam; of the cry of the Earth for the Dawn, and the lament of Hesperus in the flame of the sunset; and I am ready to do so again the moment Frau Schmidt says go ! -For Schmidt was the name of the lady who had borrowed For Schmidt was the name of the lady who had borrowed Janey's piano, and that was what her magic hand was doing with those little hammers. Each single note said all that ing with those little hammers. Each single note said all that could be said-- all that the most exacting could ask-- of love and life and the great interminable universe. Each one, as its chance came round to speak, said it again and again, and each as it spoke said too that the end of it all was Death. There is no life but dies, no love but ceases, no sun but shall some day JOSEPH VANCE grow cold and be left an ash in dark space. I stood and watched the dropping red sail of the boat, and my heart pleaded with the music for a respite. But the music only said again, if possible more beautifully, all it had said before, and gave no hope. Stop! What was that? A sudden voice of triumph crying out through the bewildering vortex of resonances -- a sound as though the morning stars sang together and the sons of God shouted for joy. And then again -- and then again! I stood and listened, and lived in the music. Why would it persist in Death after such a cry as that? I stood and listened and longed for it to come again. . . . There ! " And I heard what it said so plainly that its repetition made a sentence in my ears. Stop -- stop -- stop ! You're quite mistaken. Stop -- stop -- stop! I know you're wrong." And when taken. Stop -- stop -- stop! I know you're wrong." And when a day or two later (for I was due at the works that time) I sought Frau Schmidt's acquaintance, I was able to make her understand, by repeating that sentence, that it was the Waldstein Sonata I was asking for. I could tell how tall and broad Frau Schmidt was, by resorting to a yard measure, but I don't think my resources sorting to a yard measure, but I don't think my resources in language are equal to describing how ugly, nor how rude. But what did that matter? The moment she had dusted the piano-keys and cracked her fingers, one knew what was coming; and in a minute it came and the whole world was enchant- ing; and in a minute it came and the whole world was enchantment. She spoke English very fluently and without more Ger- ment. She spoke English very fluently and without more German accent than was natural; but contrived to select phrases no man accent than was natural; but contrived to select phrases no Englishwoman would use. I shall play to you a great deal very often," said she. ''And you shall find my choosings of musique to your satisfaction." I did, and I considered that I was indebted to Frau Schmidt for an introduction to Beethoven, and have ever since regarded the latter as being not so much a Composer as a Revelation. His music always seems to me to express everything that I can understand, and to supply exhaustive conclusions in all the crucial questions of life and death; and I am satisfied that, when I don't understand, it is my fault, not his. Very likely the foregoing may seem strained and exaggerated -- but wait till you have undergone such tension as mine had been, and you may judge otherwise. For my part, I merely write a recollection. Anyhow, music was a great consolation to me at this time, and I felt no sort of new trouble because I heard it in a deso^ JOSEPH VANCE 4or j lated home. So long as I could shirk getting up in the morning and coming down to a breakfast table there with no Janey, I did not so much mind the rest of the day. My courage always went bankrupt during the night, but I made up the books and was ready to face my creditors by tea-time. Then very frequent ' appointments ensued for Frau Schmidt; and Jeannie and Bony, and even more, came in. And then the Frau, after grunting at every one, and insulting selected objects of contumely, would crack her hands backwards and suddenly let Heaven loose. How often I said to myself after some perfectly convincing phrase of Beethoven, "Of course if that is so there can be no occasion to worry." It could not be translated, naturally, into vulgar Grammar and Syntax; but it left no doubt on the point, for all mar and Syntax; but it left no doubt on the point, for all that. I am very glad that I was cautious and did not give Beppino a general invitation to Frau Schmidt's recitals. For when pino a general invitation to Frau Schmidt's recitals. For when he came, his conduct left much to desire the absence of. He recognized Mozart, Bach, and Handel as friends of his boyhood whom he had outgrown; but who deserved recognition. He closed his eyes and pawed his fat hand to the tune as one who sanctions and forgives familiar simplicities in a rudimentary art. He tions and forgives familiar simplicities in a rudimentary art. He derived as keen a satisfaction from this assertion of his maturity as ever the Art-Critic did who invented primitives. Why he found it a gratification to his vanity and a means of affirming freemasonry (or trying to) with the Schmidt over our heads and to masonry (or trying to) with the Schmidt over our heads and to our exclusion, I can't imagine. But he did, and then made a merit of concession to Beethoven and Schubert. He elbowed us all into the background, and shared the whole proscenium with the German lady, who I think at first accepted Master Beppino as a reality. But a Nemesis was awaiting him ; for in his anxiety to arrive at the pinnacle of Wagner, he forgot that he was not acquainted with all the works of that composer, and laid himself open to detection. When the Frau (in whose face I saw sus- self open to detection. When the Frau (in whose face I saw suspicion) asked him if he knew the Gross gdnserichsUed my German picion) asked him if he knew the Gross gdnserichsUed my German scholarship was enough to make me smell a rat. Beppino was taken in and asked for a little, to see if he knew it. The Frau complied, though she said that without a full orchestra it could not be understood. It appeared to consist of a maelstrom of surgings and rumblings, quite in the lower half of the keyboard, and getting distinctly worse. The performer seemed to recognize this fact, and suddenly administered the top-note of the instrument, quite by itself, like a pill, and it didn't seem to act. On ment, quite by itself, like a pill, and it didn't seem to act. On ithe contrary, the symptoms became alarming, and had to be JOSEPH VANCE treated with a second dose, this time two very high notes, with no better result. Just as the time seemed to be coming round for a third, the Frau stopped and said she couldn't recollect any more. If Beppino would only have left it alone, none of us would ever have guessed. But he persisted in breaking into our subsequent enjoyment of Chopin op. 490 by introducing discussion sequent enjoyment of Chopin op. 490 by introducing discussion of the Grossgdnserichslied between the movements. His admiration of it was rapturous. He even petitioned the Frau to repeat tion of it was rapturous. He even petitioned the Frau to repeat a few bars, in contrast with some phrases in op. 490. But his amazement and disgust went almost to a burst of tears when the lady said impatiently: "I cannot repeat that stuff. It is not Wagner; I make it all myself. Tou are the ^ great Gander,' Mr. Thorpe." She would not let him off, but I don't think it was quite fair to Beppino. He was very tempersome about it, and forgot that it wasn't my fault. Even if it had been, I consider that the Poet's chain of inference was not warranted. It is not necessarily true that a person who misleads you about Wagner doesn't want you to go to Italy with him. Beppino nearly pulled his moustache out by the roots over it. Of course you think me a dim fool, Juvence," said he. But I don't want to be a baw to anybody. And I'm not sure that it's good for me to go to Italy just yet. I have to consider My Work." ^^My dear Bep," I remonstrated, ''don't be a little jackass. I was talking to Madame Schmidt about it, and she says no human creature could possibly have known that what she played wasn't a version of Wagner. No one could say anything at all with certainty about an imitation of a full orchestra on a piano." I slurred over the fact that Beppino's blunder had not been in not knowing that it wasn't Wagner, but in greeting it with acclamations due to undoubted authenticity. I assured him that clamations due to undoubted authenticity. I assured him that the lady had stated, with evident self-satisfaction, that it was a " gleffer " imitation, and she had " dried it on Makaroffsky," and he had been " dagen in." I knew I had got this name all wrong, but that it wouldn't matter, as Beppino would never question anything plausible. He was much appeased; discerning a recovery of self-respect for himself in his great fellow-victim, whom covery of self-respect for himself in his great fellow-victim, whom he accepted d houche ouverte. But I think what assuaged him too was my exaggeration of the Frau's very slight German accent. She was, after all, only a Foreigner; why should Balham fret, or Upper Tooting? "Well," said Dr. Thorpe, when I rejoined him in the library; JOSEPH VANCE after this conversation with Beppino in the old nursery, "has the Poet come to his senses -- or their substitutes ? " "He's come out of his non-senses," said I, "and I daresay won't go back. I've told Anne to pack his things for him, and I'll come down on Monday night to take him away in the morning. I hope to goodness the wind won't blow ! " ing. I hope to goodness the wind won't blow ! " I made all arrangements for Frau Schmidt to continue to enjoy her privilege of the last six weeks, sine die; said good-bye to Jeannie and Bony and the babies ; paid Hampstead a farewell visit; and went over to Poplar Villa on the Monday to get a really comfortable chat with Dr. Thorpe before starting next day. After dinner we settled down to coffee, smoke, and recapitulation in the Library, as of old. "I'm glad the Poet has gone to this farewell dinner at the Fuller Percevals," said he. "We can be snug and enjoy ourselves. I am really sorry for that boy. I keep watching for any sign of coming maturity in him, and only meet disappointment. It may come some day. Perhaps Sibyl Fuller Perceval will make him grow." " Oh, that's what it is, then ! " said I to myself. And then aloud. " Sibyl Fuller Perceval. A pretty name, anyhow ! And they live in Park Lane, I understand?" " They live extremely well in Park Lane. And equally well at Acres, which is their Somersetshire residence. And I believe they undergo very few privations at Craigsellar, which is their deer-forest in Perthshire; though it is a mere shooting-box -according to Beppino's report. Even when they have to rough it according to Beppino's report. Even when they have to rough it in Paris or Vienna they manage to come pretty well off for champagne and delicacies. But they detest the World and its vulgarities; and are distinguished from the remainder of the Court-Guide by their Arcadian simplicity and devotion to Nature and Art, especially Art. All their tastes are artistic." " Including champagne and delicacies ? " " Certainly. Beppino assures me that the old gentleman is superior to Bacchus, and that his love of dry Monopole is a Spiritual instinct. The daughter's love of dress is not due to a wish for admiration, or any personal feeling at all. It is an innate love of beauty, and its development is among the higher duties of life. Miss Sibyl doesn't neglect them, and runs into hundreds over dresses from purely Artistic motives." " Is she a beauty herself ? " " She is-- but it is a beauty of a higher type than the common sort. You and I are too banal (that's the word) to understand 410 JOSEPH VANCE it. It takes a Poet with a big P, or an Artist with a big A, to do that" " Are there any brothers ? Is she the only daughter ? " " She's the only child." " Ho!" Why did you say ^ Ho ' ? " Oh, for no particular reason." ''People don't say 'Ho' for no particular reason, Joe. However, I'll tell you why you said ' Ho.' It was because you thought ever, I'll tell you why you said ' Ho.' It was because you thought perhaps this girl loved Beppino, and that more would come of it. But I don't believe it will. If I did, I should go straight to old Gaffer Perceval and give him a hint about the young man's character. I wouldy Joe, though he's my own Son! I assure you I'm in earnest. But, good Lord ! It's as safe as the Bank. Why ! # -- the girl will have fifty thousand a year ! That sort don't marry Parnassus -- eh, Joe?" "Doesn't it? It can afford Parnassus." But the Doctor, after looking uneasy for a few seconds, said : " Oh no -- oh no -- stuff and nonsense! Thing's impossible." He then had a good pinch and a long sneeze, before he resumed the Subject, "You know, Joe, I shouldn't have liked the job of sketching Master Joey to his future father-in-laW ! " " Has there been anything since that Thomberry business ? " "I couldn't say. I am a coward, and would rather not know. I find it difficult to excuse myself, but then, look you! He's the last one here, and he's Lossie's boy ! Why, remember the ridiculous small Baby that fetched you in at that door and got under the table. And then we did the Euclid. He's little Joey still, and I can see it as plain as possible. His Corpse has overrun him, and the poor Baby Ghost has never a chance. His intellectual powers and his carcase have grown. But his Self -- no ! It's little Joey still -- that preposterous kiddy- widdy." And I saw the Doctor's face beam in the flicker of the firelight (we liked the half dark to chat in), as he thought lovingly of the baby of the years gone by. What would Lossie feel about that baby when she came to see him, this time? At any rate, she knew nothing about his follies -- and never would from me. Then I went off thinking about Lossie, and her farewell to me on her wedding-day. When she came back four years ago, I had not wanted her as sorely as I wanted her now. She had presented herself to me as a new person, but with the force of sisterhood. If I dreamed about her then, Janey came into the dream and cancelled all else. So I thought back into the older years, where celled all else. So I thought back into the older years, where JOSEPH VANCE memory lived in no terror of the awful night of the wreck. I wondered if I should really meet her in Italy. I was /temporarily at truce with pain until she should come as a reinforcement. Then I would have it out, and be victorious. Or rather I was like one who retains his breath in a long dive, and every second expects the air. Lossie would come, and I should then get at a modus vivendi, for the rest of the time. If I had known how long the time was to be, and how lonely, should I have dared to face it? All's to come right in the end, Joe, be sure of that!" And the Doctor's voice struck into my reverie like the phrase in the W aldstein Sonata. I don't mean, you know," he went on, that we shall meet corrected and improved editions of each other hereafter, in a corrected and improved place, from which all the beasts after, in a corrected and improved place, from which all the beasts and fools, who have not been corrected and improved out of all knowledge, are excluded by a Creator who might have had consideration enough for them to let them be -- doing no more harm sideration enough for them to let them be -- doing no more harm than any other beast or fool who has never come into existence! I believe I describe very fairly many people's idea of a selected hereafter. But I don't mean any such thing. I mean when I say all's to come right in the end, that it will do so in some sense absolutely inconceivable by us -- so inconceivable that the simple words I use to express it may then have ceased to mean ple words I use to express it may then have ceased to mean anything, or anything worth recording, to our expanded senses. To a mind that conceives this degree of Inconceivability, it seems merely common sense and common prudence to leave it all in God's hands." "But," said I, "there must be some residuum of the rubbish of our thoughts and perceptions that will hold good throughout for this state and the next. There must be a golden bead at the bottom of the Crucible." " Of course there is," said the Doctor. " Love is the golden bead at the bottom of the Crucible. But love isn't thought or perception or even passion, in the ordinary sense. It's God knows what 1 I give it up. But it's a breath of fresh air from the highest Heaven brought somehow into the stuffy cellar of our existence. It's the flash of light that strikes on the wall of the tunnel our train is passing through, and shows us the burst of sunshine that is coming." And again as he spoke, I heard the phrase of the Waldstein Sonata. And I thought to myself, how simple it all was, as stated by Beethoven; how complex when rendered by what my father would have called poll-parroting. Though truly Dr. Thorpe's pollparroting seemed to me to go very straight to the point. parroting seemed to me to go very straight to the point. JOSEPH VANCE ''As for Joey," continued he, going back to our penultimate^ and to his hesitating tone again, " he's had much too easy a time of it. When I say I hope Miss Fuller Perceval will make him grow, what I mean is I hope a disappointment's brewing for him in that quarter. Only I doubt his being capable of forming an attachment the frustration of which would do more than wound his vanity. That might make him worse instead of better. His best chance would be in real trouble. You see, Joe, one of my theories, about soul-growth, is that pain of one sort produces it. Perhaps I should rather say that certain circumstances produce forced growth of the soul, and we call the effect on our- duce forced growth of the soul, and we call the effect on ourselves pain. We can't the least analyze the sensations which a selves pain. We can't the least analyze the sensations which a great loss " The Doctor stopped suddenly in the middle of his sentence. " There -- there ! " said he, " I was quite forgetting. But you forgive me, my dear boy; I know." He interposed a pinch of snuff, and shied from off his topic. " What is the German lady who plays the piano? Did you ever find out more man lady who plays the piano? Did you ever find out more about her ? " "I've not asked questions -- I had just heard about her before the piano-tuner mentioned her -- or I might have been afraid to ask her round. But go on. Doctor, where you left off -- 'We can't analyze the sensations a great loss produces' -- ^Dr. Thorpe looked intuitively at me for a couple of seconds -- then decided to go straight on. " Produces, because we can't localize it. It is not our body that is suffering, nor our mind, which often remains quite collect and intact. It is, briefly, our Self. And it is in moments lect and intact. It is, briefly, our Self. And it is in moments of greatest suffering, of that sort, that we feel most keenly that we have a Self, that is neither mind nor body." He stopped, and then after a pause said, "This is vivisection," and I answered, "I prefer it." I am not cooking the conversation, but giving it word for word. The operator, however, seemed less ready than the subject. I did not want him to flinch from his analysis. So I went on with it myself. "When I began to recover consciousness-- well ! let me think -- what did I feel? I myself was perfectly free from suffering and recollection alike. I only wanted to be left unconscious. What I wanted to say to them was, "For God's sake, don't T Then I spoke, and thought it was Lynmouth over again. But I can't recollect that. I was told after. Then I had a long half-stupefaction, in which I waited for the man I should be obliged to be to tion, in which I waited for the man I should be obliged to be to remember something I dreaded. That's the nearest I can so tQ it." JOSEPH VANCE Then I began to suspect that Dr. Thorpe imagined he had touched too roughly on the subject, and believed I was making a parade of my readiness to talk of it in order that he might not blame himself. Perhaps neither of us was sorry that the post made an interruption. The Doctor opened a variety of letters and enclosures, and I filled a fresh pipe and went on smoking in silence, till the letters should be done with. " Violet and her husband are due next week in Bruton Street. You'll just miss them, Joe. Like to see her letter? -- ^Now what's this one? Will I subscribe to the Home for Indigent Well-Connected Valetudinarians and Hysterical Discharged Female Con- nected Valetudinarians and Hysterical Discharged Female Convicts? No -- I won't " victs? No -- I won't " " You made that up. Doctor." Well, my dear boy, it's very near. Now what's this ? Another letter from the Dumfries and Kincardineshire Joint-Stock Bank. Do you know, Joe, I've been pelted with letters and statements about that Bank -- it's gone smash and ruined all the shareholders. I'm sorry for them, but why did they send to me? I can't imagine. I can't help them ! " Let's have a look," said I. And the Doctor threw me over the papers. I caught them, and he opened another letter. ''Well -- that's a good joke!" said he, presently. "You remember Thistlethwayte ? " I couldn't, however. ber Thistlethwayte ? " I couldn't, however. " He was that Perfect Lubricator chap. Well ! He's got hold of a rich man who wants to found a Chair of Perpetual Motion in some University, here or in America, and he's to be the first Professor. Isn't that funny ? " fessor. Isn't that funny ? " " A -- yes. But I was looking at these Bank Failure things. Are you quite sure you never had any shares ? " " Quite sure. I never knew anything of it." He was evidently quite unconscious of any connecting link. " What about the perpetual motion man ? " said I. " Is he going to found the University as well as the Chair ? " "He'll have to. But then he can work in some other chairs of the same sort, a Professorship of Quadrature of the Circle? How would that do? Or a chair of Omniscience? One of Aerostation would be too reasonable. And one of Transmutation of station would be too reasonable. And one of Transmutation of Metals " But the Doctor stopped suddenly, and lay back in his chair drawing in long breaths and blowing them out sharply. "It's nothing," said he; "it 'll be over directly." Some whiskey was waiting to be made into toddy on the table, and I made him drink a little. It made him recover his colour^ which had gone JOSEPH VANCE rather rapidlj out of his face and hands. In about a quarter of an hour he seemed all right again. " I often have little upsets of that sort," he said. But it made me determine to say nothing more of the Bank Failure, which I could not help feeling uneasy about. I slipped the papers unnoticed into my pocket and kept the conversation to cheerful sub- noticed into my pocket and kept the conversation to cheerful subjects, such as Lossless arrival, the possibility that she might remain jects, such as Lossless arrival, the possibility that she might remain in England for good, and so forth. We chatted on very cheerfully till we were interrupted by the Poet, almost wild with panic fully till we were interrupted by the Poet, almost wild with panic because the wind was blowing a gale -- so he said! I went out to see, and came back saying that it wasn't a gale -- it was a hurricane and was just from the worst quarter. Never mind, Bep," said I, "you know you've only got to swallow a quart of salt water, and then you're sick and never feel any unpleasantness after." A further statement that people had been known to ness after." A further statement that people had been known to bring their toes up, inside out, excited his suspicion. " I believe you're humbugging, Juvence," he said -- " I really do -- Now I say, reely, aren't you?" And I admitted that it was the case, and observed that it was a balmy summer night. " There now," said he, " you're going all the other way round now. One doesn't know where to have you sort of cheps." And he went to the window and put his hands out to see if it was blowing great guns. I persuaded him to go to bed, as a good long sleep (I said) kept off seasickness. And as soon as the Doctor retired, I made a packet of the Bank Papers with a letter to my father-in-law, asking him to find out if anything concerned Dr. Thorpe. I wasn't easy about them, but could not see anything in them myself. I posted them next day at Charing Cross, when we were in course of departure. Thus it came about that Beppino and I were actually crossing from Dover to Calais. CHAPTER XLiy BEPPINO AS A MARINER. PARIS AT PARIS. THE JOURNEY TO ITALY, IDOMENEO PELLEGRINI. BUT NO JANEY NOW. BEPPINO CARRIES OFF JOE^S TRUNK TO FLORENCE; WHEREOF THE ENGRAVED NAME CAUSES MUCH APPREHENSION. Lest I should seem to write with undue irritation about my namesake, I may remind you that I now look back at him through events I have not yet related -- events not of a sort to appeal to leniency. You know nothing of them. I felt very tolerant at the time of our start. Only the childish part of him came to the fore. There were no interesting ish part of him came to the fore. There were no interesting girls in the train, whom he could have snapshotted (as the phrase is nowadays) as models for any repulsive female in History or Mythology. So his manly qualities kept in the background. He was so anxious to know about the cross-channel passage that he inquired of railway porters at stations on the way down whether the sea was rough. He tried to do it in an incidental careless way, as an old sea-salt who was above suspicion of basins. The referees replied, unfeelingly, "Can't say, I'm sure. Sir" -- except one who testified to having heard say that they was expecting a gale at Brighton. This terrified the Poet, who passed the remainder of that railway-carriage in catechizing a very stout old mainder of that railway-carriage in catechizing a very stout old lady and an intelligent spinster concerning seasickness, its cause and cure. The trying crisis of arriving quite close to the terrible ocean and not seeing it, was passed through in dumb silence, rible ocean and not seeing it, was passed through in dumb silence, and then, as the train sauntered easily into the harbour-siding, arm-in-arm (or handle-in-arm) with a row of porters it recognized on the way, peace came to the soul of the Poet, and swagger and defiance of the billows set in. For not only was the sea a sheet of glass, but expert testimony came from our particular porter that we were sure of a smooth crossing to-day; though it had been blowing hard in the morning, and he expected a bad change shortly after our arrival at Calais. This gave us the position of the most favoured nation, and seemed to call for liberality tion of the most favoured nation, and seemed to call for liberality in tips. JOSEPH VANCE Once safely on board, Beppino strutted about the deck in a plaid railway wrapper, and felt like Francis Drake or Sebastian Cabot. The tension having come to an end, he tendered retrospective recognition of former experiences of mine, and reminded spective recognition of former experiences of mine, and reminded me I was a widower by a certain considerate minor key in his voice. Of course you're used to this sort of thing, J uvence," said he. But I was not thinking on the same line as he, -- but of how Janey and I crossed from Folkestone to Boulogne to go to Normandy; and how the sea now was not so blue as then, nor the gulls so white. By the time we arrived in Paris the Poet had persuaded himseK that he was familiar with life abroad. He seemed rather dis- seK that he was familiar with life abroad. He seemed rather disconcerted at the virtuous dulness of the French metropolis, hav- concerted at the virtuous dulness of the French metropolis, having expected a city on the lines of Our Correspondent in the ing expected a city on the lines of Our Correspondent in the morning paper taken in at Poplar Villa. I forget what paper it was; but this column was redolent of chic, and can-cans, and gay and lightsome occurrences of every kind; almost always resulting in dissatisfaction to some lady's husband. We should sulting in dissatisfaction to some lady's husband. We should not have had any excitement at all, if our cocker had not got locked into a jam of vehicles in a narrow street and used very bad language. The chaos of execration and badinage that ensued was, however, only French for what you might hear any day in London, delivered more volubly. There was nothing plummy or wicked about it. Beppino was disappointed, and I think rather frightened. But he got some consolation from the many portraits of forward young women, all of them evidently no better than they or any one else should be, who threw the whole force of their fascinations into persuading you to take aperients. After dinner, at the Hotel, we strolled out and got coffee and cognac in the open, and a very pleasant fat woman with an equally pleasant fat baby put a little automatic doll to dance on the pavement for our delight, and probably remembers us with gratitude to this day. But the multitude of complete families that tude to this day. But the multitude of complete families that were having, or had had, their evening meal at marble tables in the street, seemed a shock to the Poet's sense of immorality, which he had hoped would be gratified by a visit to Paris. I explained to him that the parents never belonged to one another, however plausible they seemed. In fact," I said, " it's only by the merest chance a French lady ever marries her own husband." Beppino then distinguished that I wasn't in earnest, and we went into a cafe chantant to see some real life. An unemployed vivandiere was singing an arch song too fast for either of us, and occa< Bionally kicking a Pierrot, much taller than herself, on the head. JOSEPH VANCE apparently without difficulty. Nobody could have predicted it of her -- she was so very plump. After this it was no great surprise that she should climb up him somehow and stand on his head. I didn't like to tell my companion that I had gathered from a heard word or two that this couple were imited in lawful wedlock, and that domestic bliss was the leading idea of the per- lock, and that domestic bliss was the leading idea of the performance. It was altogether too respectable. formance. It was altogether too respectable. We had made up our minds to travel all night. But I think if I had realized how intensely sleepy a Poet could be I should have insisted on staying the night in Paris. And not only was he intensely sleepy, but he could no more sleep upright than a toy-tumbler with a weighted head. First he fell over to the right on a pair of French honeymooners who had covered themselves with one rug, and who came out to say that Monsieur was tres maladroit. Then when I had pacified them, and got them to bed again, Beppino rolled over to the left on a Baron who was harbouring a live fowl somewhere, which had puzzled me by crow- bouring a live fowl somewhere, which had puzzled me by crowing at intervals. As Beppino was only equal to saying, " Whoo -- ing at intervals. As Beppino was only equal to saying, " Whoo -I say! What's the French for 'sorry'? Je suis bien fache. I say! What's the French for 'sorry'? Je suis bien fache. Monsieur," I had to do more apologies. This sort of thing in the green-shade darkness of a veiled light, skinned at intervals, makes up the oppressive life of the nocturnal railway-carriage -always to me the worst of all between Paris and Basle. Then, always to me the worst of all between Paris and Basle. Then, as you have just won a position, and are getting a little sleep, you shoot into a sudden benighted station inhabited by a forgotten functionary with a lantern, who to annoy you asks to see gotten functionary with a lantern, who to annoy you asks to see your ticket, and shows indifference when you produce it. And you subscribe to the opinion that the Turkish system of simply keeping the victim awake is the cleverest torture man has yet hit upon. Outside, in the darkness, the endless yell of the whistle through the night, and almost before the tink-tink-tink of the testhammers on the axles has had time to report favourably on one, hammers on the axles has had time to report favourably on one, the cry of "En voiture. Messieurs, en voiture ! " Consolation comes at Basle. -- Coffee is always coffee abroad (though sometimes an appalling calamity in England) and fresh trout is a great consolation -- to those who get it. I wish you may, next time you are at Basle. We were lucky, and went ahead refreshed. Then the Poet, who was very bad about German, wanted to know what a nicht-raucher was, evidently think- man, wanted to know what a nicht-raucher was, evidently thinking it was the name of a wild beast. We felt emancipated from ing it was the name of a wild beast. We felt emancipated from the clutches of the night, and conversed cheerfully. The engine began to complain of having to go uphill ; and then towards luncheon-time three young German Frauleins, who were taking a little eon-time three young German Frauleins, who were taking a little JOSEPH VANCE refreshment to keep them going, suddenly started up shouting, Schau -- schau -- schau ! " And what we were to schau was the Alps. And Janey was not with me to see them. Beppino was on his guard against admiration, and showed such watchfulness and discipline that I hoped maturity was going to set in. The amount of cunning he exhibited in the protection of his amour-propre was equal to that of a full-grown Critic. The Jungfrau (I think he said) was greatly overestimated; which may have been the case, but I have never seen an estimate. But he made some concession to the outline of Pilatus. I forget whether the railway went beyond Lucerne in those days -- I fancy it did, but we went by the boat to see the sights. I can remember Beppino in his secundum artem suit, very tourist of very ber Beppino in his secundum artem suit, very tourist of very tourist, walking about the deck with a double-barrelled telescope and a Baedeker, and conversing affably with wandering AngloSaxons until detected and consigned to oblivion. If he had been Saxons until detected and consigned to oblivion. If he had been content not to pretend, he might have been " that interesting young man we met on the boat," in several English and American families. But he preferred to strut, and fell in their esteem accordingly. He was much more circumspect when I was in the conversation. He was dreadfully afraid of me. We stopped at Brunnen for the night, and Beppino purchased an Alpenstock. My recollection is that there were already some names of inaccessible peaks carved on the handles, which the owner would have ascended if his inclination had been greater, and that of the mountain less. I explained to him that it would be no use on the diligence across the St. Gotthard. He was really relieved when I told him the road was as clear of dangers as the lieved when I told him the road was as clear of dangers as the Old Kent Bead, and felt he could climb imaginary Matterhorns in peace. His next severe trial was sitting still on the top of the Diligence while it skidded down dreadful steeps with nothing but stone sugar-loaves to prevent its going off the road and over a precipice. But a promise of an easier time was at hand, and when the rock tunnel came that lets the traveller into a sunny Italy, the Poet felt reassured. And then we descended into Heaven, and at the end of every new solo of the skid that shrieked on the wheel the sun was warmer. And the Ticino roared and thundered along its private road that it has made for itself in all these long past ages, and called out to the coach above that it, too, was on the way to Italy and was glad. For it had had a hard, cold time on those cruel moraines up there behind us, and now the sun JOSEPH VANCE had set it free. What the Poet made of the music of the cataracts below I can't say; but I was pretty clear it was a hymn of praise to Helios, and that the rich grape clusters on the increasing vines wanted to join in it audibly, and call attention to the ing vines wanted to join in it audibly, and call attention to the benefit they too had received. But practice forbade them -- and they could not even hold their tongues, having none; even as one's partner at whist has none, and trumps. Children are precious everywhere. Even the beer-slopped midget of the beery vermin of a beery London suburb is precious, and one yearns to pick it out of the beer as a fly out of the milk. But oh how precious are the swarms of babies that come out to see the coach go by, when it goes by on a strada, and they come out of casas and quartieri that their babbo can hardly pay the appiccione of -- ^when their voices are out of all proportion to their compact minuteness, and a crowd of them bubble tion to their compact minuteness, and a crowd of them bubble out music like a grove of nightingales -- when, in short, they are bambini! Every little pair of feet seems to be carrying an irreplaceable jewel, a germ of endless possibilities in manhood, into placeable jewel, a germ of endless possibilities in manhood, into all the dangers and most of the dirt that two recently opened black eyes can see their way to; every little pair of hands to be seeking something to put together, or something else to pull to pieces. And there are such a many of them, and they seem so cheap ! * But in that land where we were they are not in the market. I Vou may, if you like, pick them up and hug them, while regret' ting their defective hygienic arrangements, but buy them you ' ting their defective hygienic arrangements, but buy them you can't, whatever may be the case farther south. I recall two especially, somewhere near Bellinzona, close to a water-mill, where cially, somewhere near Bellinzona, close to a water-mill, where we stepped a few minutes, who were engaged thoughtfully on a most beautiful mud-pie. I suppose they had seven years between the two. I was fain to pick up the smallest and kiss it. Its name, as I learned, was Idomeneo Pellegrini, and its face was solemn. It was not alarmed, and returned my attention courteously, printing off one of its hands on my forehead. I was obliged to wash ing off one of its hands on my forehead. I was obliged to wash it off when we got to Lugano in the small hours of the morning. I was sorry. He was to me the baby I should have passed on to Janey when I had done with him, had Janey been there. How she would have enjoyed Idomeneo Pellegrini. But Janey was not there, and I could only half enjoy him by myself. I left him and his friend going on with the mudpie thoughtfully in the valley of the Ticino five-and-twenty years pie thoughtfully in the valley of the Ticino five-and-twenty years ago. Perhaps a baby of his is making a mud-pie there now. We got to Lugano, as I said, and the sleepiest cameriera that JOSEPH VANCE ever was waked by an 'ostler shouting Mariuccia to her, and banging at her door, came out and got us a candle, and showed us a room and forsook us rapidly, leaving us without matches. Whereupon the candle tumbled on the ground and we were left in the dark in a silent palace, and had to shout to Mariuccia, who didn't hear. However, at last Fiammetta came and rescued us, which did just as well. I am ashamed to have to record though that Fiammetta boxed Beppino's ears for him before she left. I had to explain to him that he was no longer in England. I wonder if Fiammetta ever thinks now of that impertinent land. I wonder if Fiammetta ever thinks now of that impertinent young Signore Inglese, and how the slap resounded. Nothing of any interest occurred during the rest of the journey to Milan -- indeed, if I were asked why I have thought the foregoing worth writing I should be puzzled to say. My business going worth writing I should be puzzled to say. My business detained me in Milan; and in a day or two Beppino was bored, and as he was getting accustomed to his surroundings, and I noticed that he was keeping at a respectful distance from every ragazza, I raised no objection to his going on to Florence by himself. ^^But, I say, Juvence," said he, ^'what am I to do about that blessed portmanteau? It's all ripped open." " There's a trunk-maker just ' down by the arches," said I. ^^You can say to him, 'Mi occorre rammendare un baule rotto -- Hotel Sorrento -- Subito, subito ! ' Or suppose I come with you -- ^perhaps I'd better." " Won't the Hotel people get it done for me? " " Of course they would. But they are human, and their interesse is for you to stop on. Twig ? " " What a race of double-dyed scoundrels foreigners are ! But you're a dear good filler, Juvence, and you'll come along with me and explain, won't you ? " "With pleasure. Or, stop a minute! We can do better than that. You can take my trunk -- it's the same size as yours. And I can easily get yours mended after you're gone." " Good filler you are, J uvence I Then I can go at once." " Catch the next train -- this evening 1 You'll just have time to dine comfortably if you go now and pack your things into my box. I'll come and see your luggage booked. And I'll wire now to the Minerva at Florence to make sure they have a bed for you. Of course they will, but it's well to wire. Cut along and get packed." He did so, but presently reappeared. "I say, Juvence, there's your name, 'Vance,' written large on the portmanteau. Shan't I get in some row about that ? " "Not a bit. If any one says anything, pretend you think he JOSEPH VANCE 421 asked for una lira, and give it him. But nobody will. They don^t look at names where tickets are given for luggage." " Of coarse not ! " This was said with a pronunciation which implied, As if I didn't know that ! " "Besides you can say it isn't a name at all -- say it's a place -- name of your villa residence near Londra. They'll only put it down as another forester's eccentricity. They look on us as mere children, and quite unaccountable. But tie on a label with your proper name on it. They'll call you Torpay." Which Beppino did, and departed. I wasn't sorry to be rid of him. When he had gone I sat in the front garden at the Sorrento and made tobacco rings from the smoke of a Trabuco, and wished twopenny cigars fit to smoke could be had in England. A small boy climbed up outside the railings, and laughed with Lossie's laugh, filling the whole place. And I passed him through the rails a more substantial meal than he had for some time; Janey would have done so. And this ragazzino ate it all up as he would have eaten it then. But when he went away the song he made to dance down the street with was not what he would I then have made. It was " n signore forestiere, I II signore forestier -and had Janey been there it would have been la Signora. It did and had Janey been there it would have been la Signora. It did I not add to my sadness, or my hunger for the end, to think all this. It was as it was. Nor was my longing to see Lossio crossed by any fear of a counter-clash of two feelings. I say what I mean quickest when I say that I knew we three knew all about it, and understood. I only looked to Lossie to bring me a precious gift of tears I could not get elsewhere. Should I meet her in Italy? I went to bed and dreamed of the Baron, and the cock that crew all through the night in that miserable railway-carriage. A letter came to me at Milan about five days after, announcing the Poet's safe arrival. I did not fret about him, as I knew all about the Post-Office in Italy in those days. Probably it has improved. His letter said Tuscany had taken the matter of his name in hand, and settled it in its own way. He was Vanchay, not Torpay, and remonstrance was inefiectual. If he got chay, not Torpay, and remonstrance was inefiectual. If he got in the thin end of the wedge of explanation with the Commissioner in the ingresse of the Hotel, who spoke English, Ger- missioner in the ingresse of the Hotel, who spoke English, German, French, and Kussian equally well (or ill), the waiter in man, French, and Kussian equally well (or ill), the waiter in JOSEPH VANCE the sola da pranzo came out and undid it all by affirming th" accuracy of Yanchay against all comers. And when the unfortunate Beppino shouted, as one shouts to him who says "Ho tunate Beppino shouted, as one shouts to him who says "Ho capito'' and (as Beppino added) doesn't capito at all, and was beginning to make him see the truth of the case, a pestiferous cameriera from the landing above claimed powers of interpretation, and cut in with ^'Thus says the Signore, that one makes a tion, and cut in with ^'Thus says the Signore, that one makes a sbaglio when one calls him Torpe. He is really Vance." The idea of Beppino's convulsive efforts to obtain his name, always with a reverse result, was laughable enough. He ended his letter by saying he should have to accept Vanchay, as even an Italian lady at the Hotel had failed to procure Torpay for him, although she spoke English fluently. And then it had turned out that she herself had misunderstood, and made matters worse! It's got grimed in now," wrote he, and I can't get a chance. However, I suppose it really doesn't matter." I too supposed then that it really didn't matter. CHAPTER XLV tfOE^S RETURN HOME. MR. SPENCER AND COMTE. HIS BAD NEWS ABOUT DR. Thorpe's affairs, a forgotten trust fund, the DOCTOR BANKRUPT. LOSSIe's RETURN FROM INDIA. I RESOLVED to sauiiter about a little in the north of Italy until I should know definitely when Lossie and her husband were coming. I finished my business in Milan, and not finding anything ing. I finished my business in Milan, and not finding anything very interesting in the town, went on to Bergamo, Brescia, and Yerona, idling about void of purpose; and building on the chance of Lossie's arrival. I was afraid when she got to Italy she might be tempted to stop on into the spring. A London winter, after the sun-world of the south, is far from tempting. So I kept on hoping to see her in Italy before returning to the land of hushed speech and tied houses and All the Winners. But my hopes were dashed when I got to Venice, where I had told Bony to send letters; as it made the end of a fortnight's slow progress through the above three towns. General Desprez and his family had been detained later than was expected, and would not reach Rome, where they would stop first, till October. It would not be fair to Bony to leave the business so long. So, after a week in Venice, chiefly in a gondola, I cut my own stay short and came back. I should not have stayed so long, only I felt I ought to consider Venice, and give her my valuable company for a week; especially as she would never be able to understand that I really did cially as she would never be able to understand that I really did not care about anything a.t all. I remember thinking how nice it would be if the Fondaco dei Turchi, some fine moonlight night when I passed in a gondola, would fall over and crush me once for all and have done with it. In those days the Fondaco was on crutches and seemed on its last legs. It has been set up again since then, without the aid of all the king's horses and all the king's men, and is quite spick and span. It did not fall, and I came back a roundabout way through Trieste, Vienna, Munich, and Strasburg -- then down the Rhine to Cologne and some- nich, and Strasburg -- then down the Rhine to Cologne and somehow to Antwerp and London by a boat called, I think, the Baron how to Antwerp and London by a boat called, I think, the Baron Osy. All that wandering left little to recollect, and I was very glad when I got back and was giving the presents I brought with jne to little ^chie and Flixie, Jeannie's children. 49.3 JOSEPH VANCE I had not been away over a month, and of course I expected extraordinary changes on my return. The crowd of events in a short tour seems always to imply to the traveller an equal supply of incidents at home during his absence. And of course noth- ply of incidents at home during his absence. And of course nothing had occurred. I went the day after my arrival to Frognall, ing had occurred. I went the day after my arrival to Frognall, and turned into the library, to feel illogical surprise at its identity, Mr. Spencer wasnT back yet. Missus wasn't up. So I sat down in the old chair -- ^my first chair in that house -- but took out a book. I did not choose it, but took it up at random. When I found it was "Peter Simple" it brought back my first visit, and how full of Lossie I w^s in that schoolboy time. And, mind you! I did not remember the non-Lossie part of that visit then nearly so clearly as it has come back to me since, while writing this. Put I read on in " Peter Simple " and came to the old place and the explanation of flapdoodle. And I looked up at the little mirror on the table -- there it stood as of old, on a little base of silver-work -- ^but the room I saw in it was empty, and when I had looked before I had seen a little girl -- ^half shy, half bolc^ -- approaching circumspectly through scattered incidents of furniture. Dull and stony I sate, and dreamed through what came niture. Dull and stony I sate, and dreamed through what came back of our childish talk, till I came to the end, and my memory of the little girl used the words I remembered her using again so well -- her last words to me as hope died in my heart, as I fought the waters in vain. " Mind you recollect " Yes -- I would try hard to keep that promise. But it was so hard not to grieve. If only the tears could come, and I might feel less like a dry wood-chip, aching. As I write this for myself, not for you, I shall add now something you will not understand; an odd experience of a mind thing you will not understand; an odd experience of a mind strained by sore tension, not self-controlling, but forced to take its course by stray impulses, coming Heaven knows how! As my memory came to "Mind you recollect," Lossie's knock at the door followed, and she came in and brought again exuberance of life, and the idea that all the blinds had been drawn up and the sun had come out. I could almost hear again the stimulated singing of the bird. The effect upon me was that I broke into a torrent of tears not the very first perhaps that I had shed since, but the first of relaxation, almost of luxury. Grief had a new form that I could welcome, and I was an aching woodchip no longer. I was grateful for that memory of a girl with chip no longer. I was grateful for that memory of a girl with sunny hair blown across her brow and long lashes to gray-blue eyes that looked so seriously at the boy that once was me. And that little thing that stood there still, in my memory, finishing that JOSEPH YANCE peppermint drop, was Janey, my wife that was gone; that I could see and hear no longer; that I had lost touch of in that dark and dreadful sea. I could say none of this to my father-in-law. It would only make him talk about the Choir Invisible and how the dead were really with us still, only they weren't. He had found consolation among Positivists many years before, and had committed himself so often to the sufficiency of Comte to a well-regulated mind, during a period of happy exemption from home-thrusts of Death, that he could not well surrender at discretion because he was hard-hit in his first general engagement. He was (if a person who has not gone much into these matters may venture on such an explanation) an example of a Christian who had endeavoured to strain off the teachings of Jesus the Nazarene from the scum and the dregs of the World and the Churches, and had never been able to decide on the mesh of his strainer. He and I and Janey had often talked vaguely on the subject, and he always seemed to me to be endeavouring to find a sieve that would let Christ through, and keep the Miracles out. Do what he would the Resurrection slipped past. The stone that was rolled away from the Sepulchre broke a hole in the mesh, and the Gadarenc Swine found it out and came through with a rush, and then a new sieve had to be provided and the whole operation repeated. There was one thing clear, that due account had to be taken of what the Laws of Nature would permit. And though Mr. Spencer didn't include them in his own Legal acquisitions, it was very well known that they were pretty well loiown in Albemarle Street. But personal application (so to speak) for a ref- marle Street. But personal application (so to speak) for a reference to the original Codex of Nature having led to no produc- erence to the original Codex of Nature having led to no production of an attested copy, poor Mr. Spencer was thrown back tion of an attested copy, poor Mr. Spencer was thrown back on choosing between the interpretations of the churches (or rather an interpretation of some Church) and pure Negation, unless some form of compromise could be effected. He had seemed to find satisfaction in Comte, though I never could trace out its source. His continued adhesion under strain I felt did him credit, and I did not want to disturb it. So when he came into the library, and read my thought in my face, I gratefully accepted the way he held my hand and looked at me as sufficient recognition of the past, and let me go on to other matters. He had some- tion of the past, and let me go on to other matters. He had something on his mind to tell me. thing on his mind to tell me. ^'You've seen Dr. Thorpe, of course, Joseph," said he. No, only my partner and his family so far. I only came home yesterday evening." JOSEPH VANCE " You were good to come to us first," he said. But the Doc- '5 tor will want to see you as soon as you can go. Of course you , got my letter ? " ^'No, indeed -- no letter has come. What is it?" For I was alarmed, naturally. ''It is less serious than we anticipated," said he, leaving me still in complete ignorance, in his anxiety to minimize some evil he had to tell. " But what is ? What is ? Do for Heaven's sake, dear Padrone, tell me all about it." This is a name I used to call him by. WTien it began I forget. " I wrote a long letter to Milan to tell you all about it. You recollect those papers you sent me -- the Dumfries and Kincardineshire Bank smash? Well! It appears that poor Thorpe was ineshire Bank smash? Well! It appears that poor Thorpe was one of three Trustees for a large sum in Bank Shares. He had completely forgotten it or never knew it. The dividends were regularly paid into a Bank. The other Trustees died -- one in Stepney Workhouse infirmary ; the other I believe was a Missionary on the Niger, and a tribe he was converting dined off him. sionary on the Niger, and a tribe he was converting dined off him. Anyhow, the matter wasn't properly looked after. And so it went on for thirty years. An Archdeacon's widow, who was the party concerned, received her dividends and asked no questions. And there were the shares still standing in the names of the three, Thorpe being the only survivor, and the estates of the others niV* " But the upshot. Padrone, the upshot ? The Doctor never can he held liable for this money I " " I'm afraid ! " said Mr. Spencer. " I'm afraid 1 " And having made his communication, my father-in-law retired into his ing made his communication, my father-in-law retired into his shell of caution, and would say little more on the subject. "What's all this. Doctor, about the Dumfries Bank?" was my first question to Dr. Thorpe next day, asked as early as I could get to him to ask it, a short preliminary for greeting being discounted. counted. "Money matters, Joe, money matters," said he. "Money matters dorit matter. Don't let you and me fret about them." ters dorit matter. Don't let you and me fret about them." " But how much money is it that doesn't matter in this case ? " "Never mind, Joe. It will be all right in the end. How did you leave the Poet ? " " Oh, hang the Poet I At least, I hope he's all right. Of course I've heard nothing of him for three weeks. But how much is the money? Do tell me about it. Doctor." And thus urged he told me all about it. It was fifteen thouJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE Band pounds, neither more nor less, for which the failure of this Bank had made him legally liable. It was money held in trust for a relation, under a marriage settlement he had protested against being forced into when he was quite a young man. He had been under the impression for some twenty years past that the I Trust was wound up; and had any change in the disposition i of tlie funds been made he must have known, as his signature I would have been required. But the dividends had calmly found ' their way to Coutts's through all that long time, and the lady who I was their lawful owner had received them and promoted ChrisI tianity among the Jews with them, and restored some old churches I tianity among the Jews with them, and restored some old churches to a condition they had never been in before. For a long time past there had been (so said prophecy post actum) suspicions that the Bank was shaky; and now all that everybody would have said, had he spoken out the secrets of his prophetic heart, had come exactly as he so considerately refrained from saying it, and the Bank had suddenly gone smash. The worst of it was that the Doctor was liable as a shareholder in the Bank, and the liability was not limited. Had he only had to settle with his cestui qui trusts it would have been easier; but he and his fellow shareholders had to face the liabilities, and, to be brief, the Doctor was Bankrupt. " I don't blame anybody, Joe," said he, except my family, who took their part in flailing and thwacking and drubbing and hooting a young man of my then age, five-and-thirty years ago, into ing a young man of my then age, five-and-thirty years ago, into a position he did not understand the rights of, and for which he was totally unfitted. I simply acquiesced in what seemed to me then a mere formality, a kind of good-natured courtesy to a relative. I had no idea I was going security for anything, and I tive. I had no idea I was going security for anything, and I soon forgot all about it. I haven't, for twenty years certainly, been asked to sign any document which would remind me this Trust existed. In fact, I thought the whole thing had come to an end long ago. The last document I signed probably was a request to pay all dividends into my cousin's account at Coutts's. The other two trustees seem to have died and made no sign -probably they too had forgotten all about it. Spencer says the probably they too had forgotten all about it. Spencer says the legalities were improperly managed. Very likely! They often are. But that's no consolation. What does it matter to me whether those Joint-Stock Bank Shares were a permissible investment under the settlement? It comes to the same thing in the end. I am the sole holder of fifteen hundred ten-pound shares in a smashed Bank, and am liable for my share of its creditors' claims, and also for the fund I had in Trust to its actual owner. SpenJOSEPH VAHCE JOSEPH VAHCE cer says I shall have my claim as a shareholder as well as my liability. But that is a will-of-the-wisp ! Take your hands out of your sleeves and open your lips and donT glare, dear old Joe. It doesn't really matter. All will come right in the end." I suppose the Doctor's stage-direction to me applied to what an Italian would have called an analogous attitude on my part, as I sat facing him in his old chair that turned on its axis. I transferred each hand to its breeches pocket, suppressed the glare, and spoke. " What is the end ? The Bankruptcy Court ? " I believe I shall have to attend at that Court and make affidavits. And Poplar Villa will be put up for sale. Probably davits. And Poplar Villa will be put up for sale. Probably Nolly and Vi and Loss will buy it and its contents and let me remain on as a caretaker. I wonder if the court compels sale by Auction -- blest if I know ! " And the Doctor took a very long pinch, and seemed to enjoy both it and his prospects. But," he went on, thafs not the end I was referring to. -When that will come I don't know. Probably all will be much When that will come I don't know. Probably all will be much Tighter than anything we can im.agine within a reasonable time, say a million years. Then we can settle down comfortably to the enjoyment of Eternity." " All right, Doctor. But what do the others say about it ? " Vi lays claim to having predicted it. But she doesn't appear to be quite clear about the circumstances. She regards it as a moral lesson to people that don't have marriage settlements. Nolly looks forward with professional zest to getting me a first-class certificate, and then placing his whole income at my disposal. His wife Maisie opens her eyes as wide as Portland Place and says why not? She can always find time to sign cheques, she says, and Nolly can always go to her for money. She's given him a book full of signed cheques to anticipate demands, and is under the impression that if he overdraws he can write a cheque for the amount and send it to the Banker." ^^Bony knew nothing about this." Why should he, if he didn't happen to see Spencer ? " Isn't Aunt Izzy dreadfully upset ? " She is. I think she knows something has gone wrong about money, and is much concerned. But what she thinks it is, I don't know. Nor does Nolly. You know Nolly and his wife are coming to-night?" ing to-night?" I didn't, but they were, and came. Also Aunt Izzy appeared in due course, and we went in to dinner. Nolly's wife Maisie rather justified the way some of their friends described them JOSEPH VAHCE as Nolly and Dolly. One had an impression that, if one could devise a plausible pretext for the search, one might find the end of a wire somewhere, which would open and shut her eyes. She kept up her old intimacy with Jeannie, and was Aunt Maisie at Cheyne Row. Little Elixie had christened her most portentous daughter after her, a daughter whose legs were waxen half- tous daughter after her, a daughter whose legs were waxen halfWellingtons, pulled on to a core with a strange flavour, and Wellingtons, pulled on to a core with a strange flavour, and Bony and I used to laugh about the likeness. It was after dinner and had come to real home-grown peaches off the end wall of the garden, when Aunt Izzy became invested with her old dim genteel remote air, noticed by Lossie, and thus addressed her brother across the table. " I^m sure, Randall, you must recollect our second cousin Sarah Carmichael- Jackson, that married Archdeacon Threlfall of Haleswick in Somersetshire. Not Kate Carmichael- Jackson. She had wick in Somersetshire. Not Kate Carmichael- Jackson. She had a hare-lip and never married, but Sarah." The Doctor assented to Sarah, and Aunt Izzy proceeded. Well, dear, I'm afraid she lost a great deal of money, because I remember when I was a girl there was always a botheration about member when I was a girl there was always a botheration about her settlement money, and I remember it was all put in the Dumfries and Kincardineshire Bank, and now the newspaper says a fries and Kincardineshire Bank, and now the newspaper says a Dumfries and Kincardineshire Bank has smashed up. Sarah was a rather bony girl with a slight limp, and they say she had a short temper and led the Archdeacon a life. But her cousin Lady Penelope Carmichael- Jackson, etc., etc., etc." And Aunt Izzy broke loose among the well-connected, and had a high old time. The Doctor didn't interrupt her. ^^I'll try to explain to-morrow," said he. " I shall have to write her a letter under her eyes." Memory cheats me now, and slips away. I cannot bring her to book. This is almost twenty-five years ago, remember I Then how come I to recollect all the incidents I am narrating? The answer is that I don't, if you mean remember every word, every gesture; every thought of my own, every cough of my neighbour. No part in my tale is quite true in that sense. But then none is false. I recollect the substance by gusts, and the above visit at the Doctor's was a gust that blew steadily. After this the puffs of wind are very intermittent and only now and then raise a ripple on the surface of the puddle. The surface is but little ruffled until the return of Lossie, who with her husband got to Rome in the October following, and remained there over Christmas. They then took a villa near Sorrento, and JOSEPH VANCE being kept reassured about the Doctor's affairs by carefully writ-j ten letters, were persuaded not to risk exposure to the north and ^ to remain at Sorrento till the following April. ' Now anybody would have thought Beppino would have rushed south to meet his sister. But he didn't. He wrote her most j affectionate letters, which delighted her, many of which she sent I on to me, to show me what a darling the Poet was, and how true and affectionate. But though he was always going next week, he never went until the ensuing Easter, when he contrived to interfere with a visit of Lossie to Florence by taking it into his " head that he ought to see Rome at Easter in the interest of ] Art. He wrote to her at this time: '^For I, so I say, am a | Poet. Roman nature, behoves that I know it." And he cer- 1 tainly went to Rome, and Lossie and her husband and children | met him there, and stayed on to be with him. But it made 1 them so late that Sir Hugh could not possibly stop on for Florence; and Lossie did not care to go alone, and also was anxious to be with her F ather again as soon as the spring was warm enough for the children. This seems trivial detail, but has a bearing on my story. It is quite possible that had Lossie gone to Florence, some doings of Master Beppino's there would sie gone to Florence, some doings of Master Beppino's there would have come out which would have seriously affected the current of events. As it was, the whole party arrived early in May at Charing Cross Station, where I met them, and Lossie cried over me in the station without disguise. I can feel her arms round my neck still, and Hugh's great strong hand that took mine and trembled as he pressed it; and the same face, grayer now, ' that I had seen in the mirror at Oxford, with the same look on it. " Oh, my poor boy ! -- ^my poor boy ! " cried Lossie. All ' alone ! " But no! Now I come to think of it, she did not say the last two words. Yet she and I thought them in such unison that it came to the same thing. CHAPTER XLVI LOSSIB -- SHB HAS NO PATIENCE WITH DR. THORPE's VICTIM. BEPPINO I AND MISS FULLER PERCEVAL. A MYSTERIOUS LETTER FROM FLORj INCE. BEPPINO^S EXPLANATION. THE CENOTAPH IN PORTUGAL, j INCE. BEPPINO^S EXPLANATION. THE CENOTAPH IN PORTUGAL, JOE CARRIES THE TURK PAST THE DOCTOR'S LIBRARY DOOR. O GRAVB I I WHERE IS THY VICTORY? : That was a strong ripple of the Memory pool. The next one ibrings back a talk with Lossie in the old garden at Poplar Villa. It is a perfect evening in June, and dinner is to be ever so late, please, that we may not lose the sunset. And we are not losing it. We have been watering the plants, and the smell of !the water is sweet in the great heat, and mixes with the scent of the new-mown hay. And the rhythmic ring of the scythe of Samuel, growing ever thinner and thinner, sings the song I iknow so well, about a little boy who picked stewing pears in that tree; and about a many things that shall be, long years after, fresh in that boy's grown-up mind, and not all forgotten, as I think, by Lossie. But of course I cannot guess how much of those early days I she remembers now, in that Florence she failed to visit then, where most likely she will, as the phrase is, end her days. On that June evening she remembered a good deal and talked about it. Well now," said she, " you are an oblivious old Joe. You don't mean to say you've forgotten thatV' " Forgotten what ? " ^'Kiss your uncle Joe, Poppy, and call him an old slow-coach. Why, of course, when Nolly lost his pet snake, and you and he went all along the road asking about it at every house. And old Mr. Tremlett went round and complained to the Police." Poppy 1 was the little girl. She dutifully obeyed her mamma, and her 1 uncle Joe can still shut his eyes and thinlv of it with pleasure. I She called me an Oat-oat-oats. ' Of course I recollect that. Loss," said I. " Old Mr. Tremlett's flute wouldn't blow next day, and when he took the top joint off, the snake's head stuck out and waggled, and wouldn't hold still for him to get it on again. He came round here wild with terror, and Noll and I went back with him and captured the serpent" JOSEPH VANCE Oh, dear -- the heat ! '' said Lossie. IPs as hot as India ! " i Come I say. Loss ! Draw it mild ! " Well -- as hot as India when the thermometer's the same, j No ! It's worse. At least, it's worse in London. The air's so stuffy. ! Don't let Miss Desprez quite choke you. You dear, good, patient I uncle Joe! Leave off kissing your uncle. Poppy! it's too hot and sticky for anything. Come off ! " And Lossie rescued me from her daughter's clutches, and sat down opposite me on some of the hay-crop. She sat there, just like her old self, filled out and ; rounded, with her hands round her knees like the schoolgirl of I twenty years ago. There was the hair-bracelet just as formerly, i but fitting a little tighter. How nice it is," said she, that we've still got the V ilia. ; Just think what it might have been if we hadn't all been so I rich. Fancy an auction at Poplar Villa." It was a gruesome * idea, and we shuddered. " But that's all safe, at any rate. Hugh j says it's all right, because poor old Lord Fitzbroughton is sure ! to die long before the Bank affairs culminate. And you know when that happens Hugh will come into a lot of property, though he won't have the title. I'm glad of that, but sorry we shan't get the old place-- Stoats-Leaze, you know. It's just like Chesney Wold, and I should have liked it. But I don't imderstand the details about the Bank." The details are easy enough. Don't you see it's like this " Go on and tell -- only don't say assets and liabilities, or debit and credit, because I never know which is which. Yes, my precious pet! You shall go to sleep on Mamma, and squeeze up. Only you really ought to be in bed, ducky ! " And Poppy's mamma let her knees go, and accommodated the applicant. ^'All right. Loss! It's very simple. The creditors are to find out how much can be screwed out of the Doctor, and we four have guaranteed the amount. We shan't have to square up till the shareholders have done wrangling. Hugh wants to pay my share. But I can't be kept out of it and Maisie's father get in -- if I know it! The Doctor was always like my father -- one of my fathers, I should say." The grave gaze of Lossie's eyes as she sat there in the sunset light, with the stray uncontrollable lock of hair stirring in the sunset wind, reflected, I know, what the recollection of my own Father showed in mine. ^'Poor dear old Joe," said she, after a moment's silence. And then resumed the conversation reflectively : He was a good, creditable old Earl to behave like that. You JOSEPH VANCE 43S know I was here the day he came. Of course Papa said it was quite impossible at first. But the old boy was so urgent, saying that all his property was no use to him if he was to be made I miserable for life -- and he certainly would if Dr. Thorpe, whom he had revered all the thoughtful half of his life, was put up to auction. So, as I understand, Nolly isnT to be allowed to contribute, as a set-off. Wake up, Popsy darling! She ought to be in bed by now, it's so late. You may carry her up to Nurse, dear Joe, for a treat, if you like. She won't wake, I know. Nurse will put her to bed without waking her. She did the other night." Why not let well alone ? She's sleeping like a top. What more can you have? The others will be back soon." For the two elder ones and a couple of cousins who were staying here with Aunt Vi had gone to an afternoon party with that aunt as guardian. Let's keep her till they come back. She's such a treat." i " Yes -- they're delicious when they're asleep. But when they're awake, they're Turks." So the Turk slept on; now and then, as I judged by a movement of her lips, kissing some other Turk in a dream. Pm afraid Papa is miserable about that detestable Mrs. Threlfall and her money. Oh no, Joe, it's no use trying to make fall and her money. Oh no, Joe, it's no use trying to make me sorry for her. I've no patience with people of that sort I " I admit that she might have been nicer about it. But it was no fault of hers. The fault was in the blessed system of making every one a Trustee, whether or no. However, if the Bank pays ten shillings in the pound she'll get back half her money." '^But that won't make Papa's mind easy. He frets about it dreadfully. I'm sure that attack he had on Thursday was caused by that horrible letter of hers. ' Preying on the widow and the fatherless,' indeed! It's her own fault if she's a widow -- she worried that poor little pot-bellied Archdeacon into his grave. And ried that poor little pot-bellied Archdeacon into his grave. And as for fatherless, when one's father is seventy-three when one's born, and one is sixty-eight oneself, how old would one's father be if he hadn't swallowed a cork that blew into his throat out of a soda-water bottle at seventy-five, when one was two? Do the sum, Joe ! " Sixty and seventy's a hundred and thirty. Six and five's eleven. A hundred and forty-one. But most likely she was referring to her own children as the swindled orphans." ferring to her own children as the swindled orphans." " glie -- children ! She never had any. Couldn't have ! She might have had rocking-horses, or packing-cases ; but she couldn't have had children. My precious ! " Popsy had, I presume, kissed a Turk. JOSEPH VANCE " I wish I had been here when the Doctor had that attack on Thursday. I canT make out if it was more or less than the one I saw before I went to Italy.'' " Pm afraid he was in great pain. I only came in just as he was coming round. But that detestable woman's letter was on the table and I know it was that brought it on." 1 Then I'm afraid it was worse. I wish something very pleasant would come about to counteract." I Well, you know, if this affair of Beppino and Miss Fuller Perceval comes to anything, that will be something pleasant." For when Beppino returned with them in April, he had recommenced his attentions to Park Lane, with the additional advantage of his devotion having survived seven months' separation. He was getting a good deal of credit for this, especially with Lossie. Fancy," said she, " the dear child out there by himself pining for his love!" Fancy, indeed! It appeared (shortly after his return) that he had a year previously offered his hand and heart to the heiress, and had made official application to the father. The latter had suggested that as his daughter was young, the genuine- : ness of her sentiments should be tested by separation; and that a winter in Italy would not do the Poet any harm. This accounted for Beppino's readiness to go away with me -- ^my pro- counted for Beppino's readiness to go away with me -- ^my proposal to take him was fortuitous, rather singularly so. He had posal to take him was fortuitous, rather singularly so. He had corresponded intermittently with his adored Sibyl during the whole of his exile; but I suspect had engineered his desire to go to his sister at Sorrento as an excuse for delaying his return somewhat beyond date. There did not, however, seem to have been what beyond date. There did not, however, seem to have been any doubt in her father's mind about his constancy. Perhaps a well-grounded faith in thousands a year prospective, and a handsome allowance down, contributed to this. some allowance down, contributed to this. As this is not really a narrative, and it is an easement to me to be disjointed, I will interleave an incident of Beppino's return, before I resume my conversation with Lossie in the garden. turn, before I resume my conversation with Lossie in the garden. Just after the party started from Borne to return to London, meaning to stop a day in Paris by the way, a letter came to Poplar Villa addressed thus, and bearing the Florence postmark: Illmo: Signore Signor Giuseppe Vance Villa Thorpe Balhamm Inghilterra JOSEPH VANCE I naturally supposed this to be intended for me, and brought it away in my pocket. When I opened it, I was amazed to find a passionate love-letter, written in very Tuscan Italian, and signed *fino al tuo Bramatissimo ritorno la tua addoloratissima Annuncia- tina. It began " Adoratissimo mio Beppino," and I had only to glance at the first and last words to see that it was not meant for me. A moments further thought connected it with Beppino's involuntary adoption of my name. He had been at some folly, 1 or wickedness; and some Italian girl had been duped or victimized by him. That was clear. But a natural reluctance to timized by him. That was clear. But a natural reluctance to read another personas letter prevented my making myself master of its contents, as I might have done. I enclosed the letter back to him at once, and was free from further temptation to look ' at it. I determined, however, to speak to him about it, and tell him that (though I had not read it) what I had been unable to avoid ' seeing would reflect on him unless he could furnish some explanation. He anticipated me in this, speaking about it without em- tion. He anticipated me in this, speaking about it without embarrassment; but nevertheless (I thought I noticed) choosing a barrassment; but nevertheless (I thought I noticed) choosing a moment to do so, when we were alone, and not likely to be interrupted. His explanation was as follows: He was writing a novel, in which he had to supply love-letters in Italian, written by a girl whose husband or lover had deserted her. Although ten by a girl whose husband or lover had deserted her. Although he had acquired some Italian during his stay in Florence, still he was not able to manage the letters without help, and he asked a lady whom he had recently met, who was half English, half Italian, to write him one or two samples. He had roughed one out in English and left it with her to translate for him, and for a joke had addressed it to himself; and she for another joke had signed her own name to the translation. Annunciatina Tornabuoni was her name (but her mother had been an Englishwoman), buoni was her name (but her mother had been an Englishwoman), and she was married to an eminent Italian awocato. "You wouldn't suspect Signora Tornabuoni of writing me a real loveletter if you saw her," said Beppino. "Her daughter might -- letter if you saw her," said Beppino. "Her daughter might -only not very likely, as she's just going to be married to a man only not very likely, as she's just going to be married to a man named Draper." It appeared very plausible, especially when Beppino produced a sheet of MS. of his novel containing an English version of the Italian letter, and showed the letter itself for me to compare the two. "But I say, Juvence," said he, "I know you'll be a dear good filler, and not say a word to any one, not even to Lossie, about the novel. I do so want to keep it a secret till it's finished." This supplied a reason for his confidential way of speaking to me, and I was quite taken in at the time, and indeed felt that I had done JOSEPH VANCE Beppino injustice. I had no idea she would write off so promptly,'* said he, "or I would have taken care to impress upon her that she really must direct to me by my real name. Of course if I had been here it wouldn't have mattered. He had been saying a good deal about the absurd way in which Vance had been ing a good deal about the absurd way in which Vance had been accepted and Thorpe rejected by his Florentine friends. So this seemed plausible, too. I will now go back to Lossie, whom I have left in the garden. " That will be something nice," said she. " And he is so good, and always has been. And he seems completely devoted to her, and she to him." Lossie was looking at the sleeping Turk, luckily. So I had not to keep my countenance in check under diffi- ily. So I had not to keep my countenance in check under difficulties. Perhaps if she had looked up at me I might still have culties. Perhaps if she had looked up at me I might still have succeeded in doing so, by recalling the Lossie of old, on that very grass-patch, and little Joey just the age of the Turk, three-andtwenty years ago. The image came to me in time to hearten twenty years ago. The image came to me in time to hearten me up to say something, I forget what, in praise of the Beppino he had changed into. " But why did you say. Loss," I continued, " if it comes to anything? -- I was regarding it as settled." " Oh -- I only meant that there are so many slips between the cup and the lip. Of course it is as good as settled. They'll be disgustingly rich, like me and Hugh. I think it is too bad, dear old boy! You're the only one of us that isn't as rich as Orcesus." And Lossie looked up from the absorbing Turk, and met my eyes, that said, " What should I do with all the gold, if I had it ? " I had never a word to say, and said none. " Oh, poor J oe -- poor old J oe," said she. " How one is always in want of Papa to say it will be all right in the end ! " I recovered my voice. " It must be either all right, or we be all nothing. That won't hurt us! Just think what a lot of people are not in existence at all and never have been; and are absolutely, serenely ence at all and never have been; and are absolutely, serenely happy! They are not in a position to give three cheers for nonexistence, or I have no doubt they would." But in spite of this existence, or I have no doubt they would." But in spite of this absurd metaphysical excursion, I felt I wanted Dr. Thorpe's refrain, or the chord of the Waldstein. Lossie took no notice of frain, or the chord of the Waldstein. Lossie took no notice of my nonsense. She paused as I thought to nip tears in the hud; and then harked back, taking my unspoken speech for granted. " What would you have done with it, I wonder ? " "I've made up my mind what I shall do with Janey's settlement money-- and Mr. Spencer quite agrees. I shall give it all to lifeboats -- every penny." boats -- every penny." JOSEPH VANCE But then how about the " The thing on the promontory ? For Lossie had hung fire over a column of marble I had told her I meant to place on the coast at San Joaquim. " I can manage that well enough/^ Joe dear! Before you settle it, do think about what I said. Make it twice as big and let me pay half, and only put my name in small in a corner -- somewhere in a corner. It would make me so happy. Just think, Joe! IPs over twenty years now since you were The Boy, and I showed you and Joey the black men perishing by thousands, you remember ? " ''Bather. Especially because we never saw the black men, and Pve felt sore about it ever since.'^ "Never mind! We'll find them. They must be in the house, and Poppy shall show us them. Won't you, my precious darling? But, dear Joe, you will think about what I say, and let me in." "I don't think Janey will mind." A passing puzzle crossed Lossie's face. " No -- dear boy -- I'm sure she wouldn't have minded." But I was obstinate. " I'm sure she won't mind," said I, and I looked her full in the face. " Oh dear ! " said she, with a sort of gasp. " How happy one could be if you and Papa were right!" For Lossie knew her Father's ideas; and that I to a great extent shared them; saw (so to speak) the sea he swam in, but dared not plunge in herself. I am not sure that she believed he was really afloat. She self. I am not sure that she believed he was really afloat. She had once asked me if I didn't think his notion about the Ghost in the Corpse might not really be a mere re-echoing of the religious teaching of his childhood. " May he not have thought St. Paul really meant what he said ? " said she. " And may not that, and his own firm belief in the Kesurrection of our Lord, have produced the sort of physical impression rection of our Lord, have produced the sort of physical impression he speaks of, of being an Ego in a bottle? I think that's how he put it." And I had replied to this that the impression was still stronger in Janey, who had certainly not had a religious teaching like Dr. Thorpe's in her childhood. She had been brought ing like Dr. Thorpe's in her childhood. She had been brought up by a mother who erased whatever she thought nonsense from the Evangelists -- leaving only plain, honest, straightforward common sense -- and a father whose constant critical analysis naturally mon sense -- and a father whose constant critical analysis naturally trained his children to regard revelation as a curious open question. Yet Janey's last words to me as the darkness closed over tion. Yet Janey's last words to me as the darkness closed over us, and left me to hold an unresponsive hand with the last of my failing strength, were spoken with confidence -- not the confidence of mustered faith that rallies for a battle with doubt, fidence of mustered faith that rallies for a battle with doubt, 4S8 JOSEPH VANCE but an easy certainty of a thing to be. However, I am travelling too far away from that garden. "You know," I replied to Lossie's last remark, "I always feel the Conditional Mood is disloyal to Janey, when she herself was so clear about it. So I prefer the Indicative. I have got to think tliat way. It is she and the Doctor have made me " "Very well, dear Joe, it shall be your way. Janey won't mind if you do. So you'll let me -- let us -- go halves in the column. You've got the ground?" "I wrote to the abadia, and got a letter in Portuguese. You wouldn't be any the wiser if I showed it you. But I know what's in it. They can't give up the fee-simple of any of their land, but I may put up the column almost anywhere I choose, and it will be safe from molestation. They will take charge of it. The letter says 'nothing changes here. The sea rolls, and the ships pass, but nothing changes. The Senhor may rest secure.' So it shall be as you wish, Lossie dear! That sounds like a dinner-warning. May I carry Popsy?" I might, and I carriecj that unconscious scrap of soft, deep sleep into the house. I remember this all so well, as well I may! We go into the house up the little flight of stone steps that sticks out sideways from the wall, and Lossie says take care of her head. And I take care of her head. Then in the passage we are met by a tempest of older babies, just returning from the party. They hang on me and make me apprehensive about her head. Vi says she wouldn't trust her with me if she was Lossie. We pass the library door, as Anne, the nurse, says Master has gone to his room. But the tempest surges up the stairs, and I convey the Turk safely to her couch, still sleeping profoundly. As we pass the Doctor's dressing-room, I notice that the door is on the jar. He may have soon finished his slight preparations for dinner and be downstairs all the time. But then why did he never come out, with all that racket of excited children in the passage? It was not like him to let them pass up to bed unkissed. The two mothers are too much behind time for anything but immediate promptitude in dressing, and I don't fancy what occurs to me crosses the mind of any one else. He may be ill, in the Library. They disperse to their rooms, and then I go down to the Library to see. No sound comes from the room to allay my anxiety, and I haK lack courage to open the door. But he may be asleep. I say, "It's dinner time. Doctor," but I hear misgiving in my own voice. No answer comes, and I pass in. The Doctor is sitting in his old chair, where I sat on his JOSEPH VANCE knee and did Euclid. His head rests on his hand^ and when I speak he does not move. I touch him and feel something amiss, and still he does not move. I go out, closing the door with absurd gentleness as if he slept. A servant is within call, whom I send at once for medical assistance. Then I go upstairs again, and knock at Lossless door. She thinks it is shoes, and says put them down outside. I reply, IPs me -- J oe. I want you," and she opens the door, pulling on a dressing-gown with a scared face. She sees half of it at once. Then Papa's ill," she says. I say yes, and we go down to the Library. She goes up to the motionless figure on the chair, as I had done, and lays one hand on its shoulder, and says, " Papa." And then again, " Papa dear." But there is no movement, and she lays her free hand on the hand that I can see even in the dusk is too white -- and starts back with a cry, and I prevent her falling. There is a step behind us, and it is her husband -- am not quite unconscious of a kind of relief at the presence of the great strong man that has seen so many die. He takes Lossie from me, and I go upstairs to tell Vi -- breaking it by a fiction of a dangerous attack -- and to prevent the children knowing! Time enough gerous attack -- and to prevent the children knowing! Time enough for that next day! I remember every detail. It is too late -- even for injections of morphia -- ^but it is as well to try. Trying only confirms its uselessness, and nothing is left for us now but the miserable activities that drag so heavily on the hearts of survivors. And then we say, and try to believe, that it is good to have to exert oneself. We all do so, except Violet, who breaks down. She is not a strong character, like her sister, who after the first shock is white, but resolute. Many things have to be done, and done promptly, and I stay on till late into the night. Then at last Lossie is prevailed upon to go to bed. She dares not go to sleep, she says, for fear of waking. Hugh and I look at the sleeping children for a respite, and then I go away towards the dawn, just breaking over London. I do not care to accept the offer of a four-wheeler cab to take me, slower than I could walk, to a place I do not want to go to, for a sum the driver knows I should be ashamed to pay him at the end of the trip. I shun its damp and mouldy inner life, its incapable lurching, its windows that will neither come up nor stop up, its wqe-begone one-horse power! I walk on through the sweetness of the morning, and think if the Spirit released from the Body were given a chance to return, what choice would it make? Would it shrink, as I did from that cab, and drink in the ether of a new life, as I drank in the smell of the newJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE mown hay* And I walk on in a strange state of mind that I can only describe as wondering if my fixed belief is really true. True or false, it was Janey and the Doctor had made it. In a few days I was looking down into a new-made grave at a brass plate on which was the inscription " Kandall Thorpe -- Bom 1800, died 1874." And I said to Hugh as we walked together from the Cemetery, preferring to discard the black coaches, ''He was to me all a father could be, and more than most fathers are to any son." But the memory of my dear old Daddy was none the less in my mind, that I was able to think thus of my beloved old friend. And then as the undertakers died away to the beer-shop, and left "O Death, where is thy sting? O Grave, where is thy victory?" to speak for itself, his own words, like the Chord in the tory?" to speak for itself, his own words, like the Chord in the Waldstein, rang in my mind again and again, "Leave it all in God's hands. All will be right in the end." And when Hugh and I got home, we found that Violet had been much dissatisfied with "the way things had beeii done" and implied that such miscarriage was due to some conspiracy of Atheists, not specified by name, but rampant. CHAPTEK XLVn JOE^S ABSENCE FROM BEPPINO's WEDDING. VULQARITy. BANALITY. ANOTHER LETTER FROM FLORENCE. JEANNIE DETECTS A FAINT SMELL OTHER LETTER FROM FLORENCE. JEANNIE DETECTS A FAINT SMELL OF A DEVIL. BUT BEPPINO GETS HIS LETTER. If I were to note that Beppino married his heiress in due course, I should have done all that is needed for consecutiveness. As to why I did not go to his wedding, it was ostensibly because I was compelled to go over to Paris on business the day before; but actually for reasons which shall appear after I have stirred up my Memory puddle to see if anything comes to the surface about that expensive ceremonial. I don't know whether the intense absence of Vulgarity, or the price of the Orchids, has the first place in my recollection. The latter were at very high quotations; but I think the reason I recollect them, is because Lossie tions; but I think the reason I recollect them, is because Lossie alluded to the pain it would give to be cauterized for one if you had it on the tip of your nose. She and I sympathized over Orchids, or rather antipathized in chorus. We were in a minority, and indeed hardly accounted worthy of scorn. I realized during the period in which I looked forward to witnessing the wedding, that I was about to be inducted into a higher nessing the wedding, that I was about to be inducted into a higher and purer atmosphere. The absence of vulgarity was anticipated and insisted on with denunciatory vigor; and I always felt when this was done in my presence that I was being pointed out as a painful example. I might be improved by my incidental hoist up Olympus, but should certainly backslide when let alone. It was no small consolation that Lossie was my companion in depravity -- she being really as bad as myself. However, we could al- pravity -- she being really as bad as myself. However, we could always admire prices, so Beppino told us about them that we might ways admire prices, so Beppino told us about them that we might not be out in the cold. But he spoke over our heads to our superiors about the exquisite subtlety of the design of the Venetian lace Sibyl was to wear, adding details of date in an undertone for them, not for us. We received as little quarter in Art matters from Beppino as we did in religious ones from Violet. Beasons why, for pino as we did in religious ones from Violet. Beasons why, for this, were quite beyond my grasp. I don't know what either of us had done to provoke it. Well then I -- although I did not go to the wedding, Beppino JOSEPH VANCE and Sibyl were married. The affair came off in Somersetshire I at Parrettsdown, where Mr. Puller PercevaPs country house was, j in a Parish Church, which, though not large, is a perfect speci- j men of Tudor -- at least it was then; but it has been judiciously j restored since, I believe. They enjoyed the advantages of a full Choral Service, and of absence from Hanover Square. The wedding was implied to have scored heavily by not being at St. | ding was implied to have scored heavily by not being at St. | George's -- it was even suggested that it took place in the country in order to avoid that saint. A good deal of trouble was always I being tal^en to dodge banality. But when turned out at the door it came in at the window. I believe the Orchids were a case in point, being denounced as banal by an opposition bride, who flatly refused to have anything to say to Orchids and would have nothing but roses all through. If you search among the new varieties of Floriculture that appeared about '73, I think you will find a rose called the Barclay Bellasys, and an orchid called ! the Fuller Perceval. I saw the latter -- it was like a lobster-claw hooked by its point to a gangrene. Both were christened as results of these weddings. But Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Thorpe's orchids have nothing to do with my story? No, they haven't. But banality has, indirectly. For when Italy was proposed for their wedding-tour, Beppino arose and denounced that land of Cook's tourists as quite out of date. Good Ged," he exclaimed, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage -- Sam Rogers -- oh law ! " And Miss Sibyl had joined chorus -- ^having evidently had the proper attitude indicated to her. It did not matter to the family whether the happy turtle doves went to Florence or Avignon, which was the final choice. Mr. Fuller Perceval was not in a position, owing to his life having been passed ceval was not in a position, owing to his life having been passed at meets of hounds, and in shooting over properties, varied with the curious interlude of being a Warming Pan in the House, to dispute his daughter's authority on belles lettres, beaux Arts, and so forth. So when ho began, apropos of Florence, But I thought Ruskin " he was stopped by an appearance of amused despair on Sibyl's face; and two outstretched, out-thrown hands, surrendering all points, but appealing as it were to Heaven and the dering all points, but appealing as it were to Heaven and the public to state a case for some other court. ''Really -- dear Papa --Ruskin ! " said she. Beppino turned round appealingly to me with a smile of pity and the slightest shrug. For I was dining at the Park Lane palace by invitation -- the only time I ever was in the house, by the way! -- and had put my foot in the Arts, the Chace, and Political Life, all the evening. Beppino only gave me half his shrug, remembering in time what an Ishmael JOSEPH VANCE I was; and passed on the remainder to a poor accidental gentleman who had somehow got asked by mistake ; and who was so man who had somehow got asked by mistake ; and who was so glad to be allowed inside the conversation that he became quite vociferous. So it was decided that Florence was banal and Cook's-tourist -- a new adjective -- but that Avignon wasn't; at least not yet! It would be very soon, but we could go there for a little. Now if all this had happened in the beginning of next century (how near it is now to the end of the nineteenth!) -- it would have been quite, as I anticipated, in harmony with the accepted. Happening over twenty-five years ago, it shows how hard Beppino and his fiancee were to get abreast of. They were indeed advanced. I was living at my own house now, as I had made the effort and gone back again after taxing Bony and his wife to the utmost pitch (so it seemed to me) of human patience. My stepmother had gone to her family at the farm in Worcestershire. mother had gone to her family at the farm in Worcestershire. It would have been more convenient to me to go into chambers, but I could not bear the idea of moving anything Janey had left. Lossie and her husband and babies and her foreign retinue would have used the house readily, and I should have liked it; but then how about Poplar Villa, to which she clung as much as I did to my own home? Or rather, I should say, from dismantling which she shrank as much. I admitted to myself when mantling which she shrank as much. I admitted to myself when I had made the change, that it really mattered very little where one was -- for the rest of the time. That was the way I put it. The time has been, exactly reckoned, twenty-seven years. How long will it have been at the end of it ? When I got home from Park Lane very late that night, which was in the spring not very long before Beppino's wedding, I found a heap of letters awaiting me. I was very sleepy, and very ill-humoured as one sometimes is after an ill-chosen dining-out. I had drunk the best of champagne, had smoked a priceless cigar, had kept up a lying pretence that though I wasn't in the confidence of Pall Mall and Downing Street, there was no particular reason why I shouldn't be, and had been ungrateful and beaten my host at billiards in the small hours of the morning. But as soon as I got away, I felt I had been a round man in a square hole or vice versa; and resolved I wouldn't have any more to do with Park Lane, or Park anything. Then I called myself a curmudgeon, and acknowledged that it was no fault of my hosts. mudgeon, and acknowledged that it was no fault of my hosts. After all, they could not be worldly at heart, or they never would have consented to this marriage. Then I bolted the top and bot- *iom bolt, and put up the chain^ and carried my letters up into JOSEPH VANCE the back drawing-room, where I kept all my writing traps be- ! cause Janey had hers there; alid sat down at her own writing- | table and turned up the gas. ^ Hullo ! It was I said this to myself. " Who^s writing to | me with the Florence postmark? And why to Poplar Villa? " For . it had gone there, and been directed on by Lossie. "Why, of course," I pursued, to myself, "it's Beppino's lady-correspondent i again. Why on earth can't he send her out a directed envelope, to start her?" But I was far too sleepy to solve the problem, -and I " bothered " all the other letters, and let them stay till to- and I " bothered " all the other letters, and let them stay till tomorrow and went to bed. morrow and went to bed. When the young man who (acting in conjunction with, or defiance of, my cook) ran my household in those days came in with fiance of, my cook) ran my household in those days came in with my hot water in the morning, I was half awake listening to a j thunder-storm. " Pips," I said, " make less noise. I want to hear the thunder." For Janey used to enjoy listening to thunder; and even if I had not always been partial to it myself, I der; and even if I had not always been partial to it myself, I should have enjoyed it for that reason. Pips said, " Bight, Sir," and the clap came like a great gun followed by musketry; and the rain, which had stood civilly waiting for the thunder to finish, came down like Niagara. In a few minutes the household realized that water was coming in in an empty top room, and Pips had been shouted to by his master to clear that front gutter. I mention this incident to account to myself for not thinking of that tion this incident to account to myself for not thinking of that letter the moment I woke. In fact it never recurred to me until I was at breakfast. "Why on earth that Italian woman goes on firing away to the Poet I can't imagine." But I didn't open the letter, and as there was a post-card from Lossie saying be sure to come to dinner to-night, because Professor Absalom was coming, I didn't send it back with explanations as I might have done. It would save me writing a letter if I took it with me. Besides I could give it to Beppino personally if he was there, and avoid explanations. I couldn't explain without letting out about the Novel. "I hope you found your letter. Partner," said Bony to me at the Works that morning. " What letter ? " "Letter from an Italian lady -- ^looked as if Lady Desprez had directed it on. She'd put the wrong number." " That's Jeannie, I know ! " " What's Jeannie ? " " Taking all that notice ! You never saw it was from a lady, Bony. I know you better than that ! " JOSEPH VANCE *^Well -- you got the letter, anyhow." I had got the letter, and explained that it wasn^t for me, but Beppino. I threw what light I could on the misdirection, giving Beppino's explanation in brief; but dwelling on the fact that I had seen Beppino's MS. novel. I saw Bony again that afternoon, after lunch. I myself had limcheJ in the city. " I say, Joe," said he. " Jeannie^s not happy in her mind about that Italian girl. What Italian girl? WTiy, the Italian girl that writes letters to little Thorpe." " I think iPs all right. You see, any other supposition makes Bep out such a monstrous liar. Besides, he showed me the MS. of the novel with a blank left for the letter to come in. I read the passage. ^ With a cry of despair Wilkinson staggered back to the edge of the precipice. The letter was as follows;' And then comes the space he was going to write it into." ^^Well -- I suppose it's all right. But Jeannie don't think so. What's to be the diameter of that first mover at Wainwright's new shop -- carries twenty-five h.p. -- a hundred and sixty revs " '^Make it a sixteenth too much. But, I say. Bony dear-please ask Jeannie to say nothing about the Novel -- ^he wants it please ask Jeannie to say nothing about the Novel -- ^he wants it to be a great surprise. It's an Otto-Crossley, isn't it?" And vre plunged into engineer's details, and forgot the letter. ' I went to dinner, in response to Lossie's invitation, early enough to have a game with the children and give a clockwork bear to the Turk. She did not show the prowess of her race, for when the bear was wound up and ran about in search of prey she wept. However, she became reconciled in the end, and took the bear to bed with her. You are so good with the children, J oe," said Lossie, when I came down at six-thirty o'clock very much towzled and well splashed, for we had finished up with a bathing scene. The bear was not allowed in the bath, but was put on the shelf, too high for us to reach till we were quite dry and had said our prayers. ,We said them too quick in consequence. As I descended to rejoin Lossie I saw Beppino coming up tlie long flight of steps to the street door. He let himself in with his latch-key, and was going straight upstairs when I ran out and intercepted him. He was in an awful hurry -- ^had to be at Park Lane by eight -- ^was it anything particular ? No -- it wasn't, it was only a letter from his Florentine correspondent, Annunciatina what's-her-name. Catch hold! And he spondent, Annunciatina what's-her-name. Catch hold! And he caught hold and went upstairs. But I thought the way in which he said, '^Ha -- who -- ho! Whose handwriting's that -- ^Lossie's?^^ JOSEPH VANCE had a sound of misgiving. I ascribed it to a fear that she might prosecute enquiry, and find out about the precious Novel. So I resolved to say nothing to her. She asked no questions about why I wanted to catch Beppino, and indeed we had no further conversation, for the sound of a Turk howling was heard, and she versation, for the sound of a Turk howling was heard, and she rushed upstairs to the rescue. I heard after that the bear had tumbled out of the Turk^s bed, and she had awakened and found herself alone, like Psyche. I After a very pleasant evening I started for home with Professor Absalom. But as another storm was threatening I said good-bye to him and walked home quickly. As I crossed over the old bridge the first big warm drops of the coming torrent were spotting the pavement and drying up rapidly. They would not, soon. On arriving at Bony's house I saw a light in his Smoking-room window and was just thinking should I go in, when I heard Jeannie's dow and was just thinking should I go in, when I heard Jeannie's voice calling out Corner house." The cab, which had overshot its mark, had first to be convinced, then to surrender the point reluctantly, then to turn round deliberately and come back. " Just come from Circus-Boad," said she, as I helped her out. shall catch it from Bobby for being so late. Yes -- know half-a-crown's enough. Never mind." The hansom evidently preferred the three shillings. Jeannie turned round to me instead of making straight for the door. " That's perfectly ridiculous about Willcinson," said she. What's ridiculous ? " About Wilkinson and the precipice. Who ever reads letters on the edge of precipices ? " I felt I hadn't a strong case to meet the question flashed at me by such a beautiful face under a gas-lamp in the street with a big storm pending. So I reserved my defence until Bony opened the door. "Ho -- raining?" said he. "You'd better run, Joe. It's going to be a deluge." But Jeannie was not going to have her point spoiled. " You agreed, Bobby, you know ! " "Agreed about what?" " About Wilkinson and the precipice." " Come along in -- don't stand outside. Who's Wilkinson ? Oh-I know! Yes, it was rum." I know! Yes, it was rum." "But it was all written in with the rest of the manuscript," I said. " And a blank left for the letter to come in. And he spoke to me about it of his own accord -- almost immediately " " How immediately was it ? " "Oh -- next day -- the day after " " Time enough to write a few words in. I don't believe a word JOSEPH VANCE of it, Mr. Vance." She always called me Mr. Vance, and I called her Mrs. Mac, for short. We had never Jeannie'd and Joe'd, but I donH exactly know why. " But, my dear Mrs. Mac," I exclaimed, indignantly, you are making Beppino out such an awful character ! " ''When it's women, some men are!" quoth Jeannie, enigmatically, but none the less clearly. ically, but none the less clearly. " Here's the rain, J oe -- cut along ! Good-night ! " Thus Bony ; and I called out good-night, and ran for it. And as I closed my own street door and shut the deluge out, I repeated to myself that when it was women some men were. I could not help seeing that in this case it probably was women, and possibly Beppino was. However, I took the next opportunity of impressing on Jeannie that I wished her to say nothing to Lossie of the Novel, about which, by the way, my incredulity grew greater the more I thought about it. CHAPTEE XLVm BEPPINO'S ILLNESS. LOSSIE STARTS FOR AVIGNON. A DISTINGUISHED author's funeral, joe meets news of yet another death on HIS RETURN TO CHELSEA. HE HAS THROWN AWAY GOOD GRIEF ON BEPPINO. WHY DID BEPPINO WANT HIS CHILD CALLED CRISTOFOROl Beppino and his wife left for Avignon a day or two after the wedding. They did not, however, go straight there, because of the heat. I forget where they spent the six weeks or so before they got there. They then took so to the place that they wrote they might very likely remain till Christmas. They were quite at liberty to do what they liked and to go where they pleased. No young couple could have had less reason to anticipate a cloud in the clear horizon of their happiness. Youth, health, wealth, beauty, and fame -- at any rate, as far as their own estimate went -- what could be asked for more? But all these were as nothing; and the little cloud that was to blacken the whole vault ing; and the little cloud that was to blacken the whole vault of their heaven was there, invisible and confident. Would it have been so, I wonder, if they had gone elsewhere? Possibly. Also, possibly, the blow might have come a few weeks earlier, and poor Sibyl's widowhood might have been unalleviated by what I think turned out in her case a substantial happiness. I know there are those who say that it is better that no memorial should remain of such a calamity as hers; that oblivion should be encouraged to the utmost, and the young survivor left to build up a new life on the ruins of the past. I thought hers the more fortunate lot of the two. Her baby -- a son -- was born about eight months after his father's death. Lossie was with her more or less throughout -- from the moment when she started for Avignon on receiving the news of her brother's illness to the time after the baby's birth, when its mother, terrified at first, had passed through a stage of reconciliation, to one of rapture. And she -I mean Lossie -- thought with me that the child would be a gain I mean Lossie -- thought with me that the child would be a gain to Sibyl in the present, and no obstacle to another marriage later, iWe were right. How much do I really recollect of his illness? Not overmuch. I can remember in their honeymoon -- or rather moons -- ^many letJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE ters coming to Lossie from Sibyl, who had attached herself almost passionately to her -- the only case, by-the-bye, I ever knew of an attraction between sisters-in-law. As I was often at Poplar Villa in the evening, I heard more than one of those letters -- or choppings from them -- read aloud by Lossie. One evening when the pings from them -- read aloud by Lossie. One evening when the general had been detained (I think it was to investigate the misconduct of some young officers who had put an unpopular ensign in conduct of some young officers who had put an unpopular ensign in a sack) a letter came from Sibyl to Lossie. She read it out to me and Nolly and his wife, who were also there, in the mercilessly unintelligible way people have of reading letters; only lessly unintelligible way people have of reading letters; only giving just as much as they choose, but gloating over the concealed intervals. I noticed on the letter-back as she held it up cealed intervals. I noticed on the letter-back as she held it up that there was a postscript, rough written, but augured nothing from it. When she came to it, the cheerful voice that had been reading an account of a delightful expedition to Vaucluse ended abruptly, and was followed by a short Oh dear " and attentive reading in silence. Beppino ill,'^ she said. And then, after a moment more reading : " Oh dear -- typhoid I -- oh no, not typhoid. But what will poor Sibyl do, all alone ? " "LePs have a look," said Nolly, going across and taking the letter from her. And then as he read the postscript Lossie said, ''I shall go straight off to them at once -- ^there's a continental Bradshaw in the house," and rang the bell for the servant. Oh no," said Nolly, handing me the letter, "he'll be all right! You mustn't think of going, Lossie! It would be too absurd." And I read it too, and joined chorus to the same effect. Lossie reflected for a few seconds, and then said: flected for a few seconds, and then said: " Nolly and Joe -- you're all wrong. I'm going, that's flat. You'll keep your eye on the children, Joe, when Hugh's away. There he is -- ^now see what he says ! " And the General followed up the click of his latch-key, and was made acquainted with facts and given the postscript to read. He looked it through and then read aloud : " ' Dr. Crozat won't give an opinion about what it is -- ^hopes not typhoid -- ^temperature four degrees above normal.' Well, I should say we needn't get in a fright about that -- at least not until it's certain it is typhoid. Typhoid takes its time. No, Loss -- you mustn't think of rushing away on the strength of this. Wait a day or two ! " "My dear -- if I don't go I shall be miserable -- think of that inexperienced girl all by herself. It's only a two days' journey. And think what a lot of typhoid I saw that time at Hyderabad " But, Lossie dear, he'll be nursed all right. French doctors ara 450 JOSEPH VANCE no fools. And why should you go? Let Joe -- ^he^U go -- won^t you, Joe?" an hour-^htch the night boat at Dover, and go straight through." I jumped at it. Now, Hughie darling, are you in your senses ? It isn't only nursmg that's wanted. It's poor Sibyl, and keeping her spirits up, and forcing her to go to bed and rest, and all that sort of thing. Joe's a dear boy, but is he the proper person?" We were obliged to consider this view, at least. Then Joe must go with you," said the General. But Lossie trampled on this suggestion so vigorously that we had to surrender. ''Yes -- I rang," said Lossie to the servant. "Look in the General's dressing-room and bring down the great thick red book -- eral's dressing-room and bring down the great thick red book -you'll see it somewhere there." And when the continental Brad- you'll see it somewhere there." And when the continental Bradshaw arrived it was arranged that Lossie, accompanied by Desiree, shaw arrived it was arranged that Lossie, accompanied by Desiree, her French maid, should start early next morning for Avignon. And as the shops wouldn't be opened so early, Nolly and I went out to purchase all the Brand's beef -essence we could requisition from the neighbouring chemists. Nolly was incredulous, and thought it all a fuss about nothing. " Sibyl's been sticking a little glass thing they've got in his mouth," said he. " He'll be all right in a day or two -- ^you see if he isn't." " I don't know," said I -- " but I wish Lossie would have let me go and stayed." I didn't, afterwards; and as it turned out, neither of us went the next morning. For when Nolly and I returned, laden with Brand's Essence, there was the General at the street door in an embroidered dressing-gown Lossie had made him, smoking in the moonlight. " Come along in, boys," said he. "Loss certainly mustn't go to-morrow, nor perhaps at all. I've seen a lot of t;jphoid. That time Lossie spoke of we had half a regiment down. And we never knew for a week and more whether I it was typhoid or not." And we went in and smoked, and the # General told us consolatory stories of superhuman rallies against this disorder, which did credit to the vitality of the English Army. But for all that, in a very few days typhoid was confirmed -very serious case, and so forth. Nothing could keep Lossie back, very serious case, and so forth. Nothing could keep Lossie back, and the Brand's Essence was travelled on after all. For at that time food was not what it is now, for the railway traveller, in France or elsewhere. Then followed three weeks of bulletins -- either letters or telegrams. It was all the usual thing -- ^the ups and downs -- the strug- grams. It was all the usual thing -- ^the ups and downs -- the struggle of nature against fever -- ^the not uncommon "pronounced out gle of nature against fever -- ^the not uncommon "pronounced out of danger " and the inevitable end. Less than four months after JOSEPH VANCE the young couple had started, full of life and hope, Lossie came back into an early November fog to tell us that she had left poor Sibyl in charge of her mother at the house in Park Lane. None of us (either of her family or her husband's) had travelled out, both Sibyl and Lossie begging most earnestly that it should be so. Lossie even stipulated that no one should meet them at the station, wishing to get her charge back to her own home before she saw any one. fore she saw any one. The funeral was in England; the body being embalmed and brought over at Sibyl's desire. There was a considerable gathering at the grave, showing a literary appreciation of the deceased ering at the grave, showing a literary appreciation of the deceased quite out of proportion to what I thought the value of his works. But I was glad to be in the wrong, as I saw it would be distinctly pleasant both to his poor young widow and Lossie to hear of it as soon as the first period of grief had gone by. Lossie could never understand my coldness about Beppino's achievements. It's all nonsense, J oe," she would say, " to tell me you're ments. It's all nonsense, J oe," she would say, " to tell me you're an Engineer, and engineers can't appreciate poetry." And another time when she had been at a soiree of the Koyal Society with her husband: '^What do you think old Dean Parr Bentley said about you, Joe? Said you were the only undergraduate he ever knew that could appreciate Pindar, and that a man who could take in Pindar could assimilate everything Greek! There! And then you say you're an Engineer, and don't understand Poetry." I replied that undergraduates were bom of a low order of intelligence, and changed the subject. For I was always afraid of ligence, and changed the subject. For I was always afraid of catechism from Lossie as to why I was callous towards Beppino. She was not surprised at Nolly, who was his brother by blood, pino. She was not surprised at Nolly, who was his brother by blood, so it was natural! Cain would have had a low opinion of any contributions of Abel's to the daily Press, and vice versa. This, however, was some time before Beppino's death. Now that he was gone it gave me pleasure to look forward to repeating to Lossie the things said to me at the funeral by men really qualified sie the things said to me at the funeral by men really qualified to form a judgment. I went straight home to Chelsea after the funeral, knowing I should not find Lossie at Poplar Villa. Poor Sibyl clung to her and could hardly bear to be parted from her. So she had promised to stay with her all that day. It was a terrible day of driving sleet and ready-made snow sludge, thawing underfoot as it fell; a day to be remembered even by those who had not plodded through it to a new-made grave, over turf that combined all the worst qualities of ice and poultice. I was glad of the ehelter' even of my own lonely house. Would any one^ I wonder^ JOSEPH VANCE believe me if I told them the thought that hovered in my mind as I dwelt sadly on the poor young widow in her loneliness? It was not a well-defined thought -- more a speculation of what it would have been had I thought it. It would have been very like she has only lost Beppino, while I " I refused to think it, and to help me against it picked up the letters that awaited me and took them up to Janey's writing-table to read, telling Pips to open the shutters in front in token of leave to survivors to forget the departed if so disposed. get the departed if so disposed. What on earth was this huge black border I had to light the gas to see? Who can be writing to me from Florence to tell of a death? For that is the only meaning of a border as wide as one-third of the envelope. It was directed to the Illmo: Signore, Signor Giuseppe Vance, Cheyne Bow, Chelsea, Inghilterra, written legibly, but with an appearance of having been terra, written legibly, but with an appearance of having been copied by the writer. Did you ever see your own handwriting copied by another person ? -- it has an odd familiarity and one cannot guess why -- but one sees there is something wrong. I opened not guess why -- but one sees there is something wrong. I opened the letter, and read: " Fiesole. Gentilissimo Signor Vance, Mese addietro Le scrissi una letter a, indirizzandola come ha detto Lei, a Byder and Abbott, Tichborne Street 122, London, Inghilterra; e non avendo avuto alcuna risposta, dubito che Ella non si trovi piu la, o forse che la lettera sia andata smarrita; pero vengo a replicare il suo contenuto. "Devo dare con animo straziato la tristissima notizia della morte della mia compianta cugina, che spirava serenamente il di 16 Ottobre, munita dei conforti religiosi, tre settimane dopo la nascita d' un maschio bellissimo, avendo una somiglianza alia Sua grata persona, tanto che siamo rimasti tutti stupefatti. Fino air agonia ha dato speranze il Signor Dottore: ma che vuole? -Ogni mezzo e stato provato, ed ogni rimedio: inutile tutto! Il Ogni mezzo e stato provato, ed ogni rimedio: inutile tutto! Il bambino sta discretamente di salute; e speriamo che continui a migliorare. Anche noi siamo discretamente di salute, ma tutti profondamente commossi per la perdita della nostra carissima defunta. Tutti partecipiamo al suo immense dolore, tanto piu che Ella sia stato cosi crudelmente impedito dal ritornare alia sua amatissima moglie. tissima moglie. Gradisca, Signore, il rispettoso saluto della sua devotissima Faustina Vespucci, Via della Carrozza, No. 13, Ottobre . . , JOSEPH VANCE The day was illegible in the date -- but it was October clear enough. Then followed a postscript. Avendo paura che anche questa non giunga a Lei, ho pensato di spedire una duplicazione cosi, indirizzandola al padrone dell^ Albergo di Milano di cui rammento il nome sulla sua valigia, bergo di Milano di cui rammento il nome sulla sua valigia, sperando che per caso lui avrebbe altro indirizzo. La ringrazio ancora per il denaro. Come ho gia scritto e arrivato in buon tempo, ma per far tutto in ordine e riguardevolmente le spese montano su, e siamo stati costretti a ricorrere al mente le spese montano su, e siamo stati costretti a ricorrere al buon cuore del Padre facendoci imprestare la somma di duegento lire, ma siamo sempre per via di servircene col risparmio.'' * Along a blank margin was written " Al desiderio della Signora, fu battezzato il bambino Cristoforo Vance. Diceva anche il Signore lo voleva cosi." I did not make this out in my first reading. I don't think I ever had a more horrible sensation in my life than the clash between the softened feelings about Beppino that I had brought from his grave, and the shock this letter gave me. Not that I realized its contents properly at first. I only saw that there had been some foul play, and that it was connected with the former letter addressed to me, and meant for Beppino. Jeannie Macallister's rapid insight into an aspect of the last letter nie Macallister's rapid insight into an aspect of the last letter which I had missed had shaken my faith in Beppino's explana♦️ [A month ago I wrote you a letter directed as you told me to Ryder and Abbott, ♦️ [A month ago I wrote you a letter directed as you told me to Ryder and Abbott, Ticbborne St., and having bad no answer, I am in doubt if you are still there, or perhaps the letter may have got lost. I therefore write this to repeat its contents. I have to give yon with acute grief the most sad announcement of the death of my beloved cousin, who'breathed her last tranquilly on Oct. 16, fortified by the consolations of loved cousin, who'breathed her last tranquilly on Oct. 16, fortified by the consolations of religion, three weeks after the birth of a most beautiful boy, so closely resembling yourself as to astonish all of ns. The Doctor held out hopes up to the last moment, but what self as to astonish all of ns. The Doctor held out hopes up to the last moment, but what would you '--every means had been tried and every remedy-- all in vain I The child is going on well and we hope will continue to improve. For ourselves we are well enough as to health, but in the deepest grief for the loss of our most beloved departed. We all join in sympathy for your heavy loss, all the heavier that you have been so cruelly prevented from returning to your beloved wife. Accept. Signore, the respectful salutations of your most devoted, etc. P. S. Being afraid this also may fail to reach you, I have thought best to send it in duplicate, directing to the padrone of the Hotel at Milan, the name of whom I recollect on your luggage, in fhe hope that he will have another address. Thank yon again for the money. As T have already written, it arrived in good time, hut to do all in order and with due respect the expenses have run up, and I have been obliged to have recourse to the kindness of the Padre, and get him to lend me two hundred francs. But we have always been as economical as possible. dred francs. But we have always been as economical as possible. At the wish of the Signora the baby was christened Cristoforo Vance. She said the Signore had wished this also.] JOSEPH VANCE tion, and in my own judgment. But I had forgotten this in, the incident of the funeral. I remembered it now, and I simply felt sick to think what it was that was on the edge of elucidation. I saw the sort of thing, not the details. tion. I saw the sort of thing, not the details. I got at them gradually. First it was clear that this letter had been forwarded by the hall-porter at the Milan Hotel, where my address, written by myself, had evidently been kept; also that a correspondence had been going on with Beppino at Poplar Villa, and that the last Italian letter had reached him a month nearly before this one was posted. How long had this one been coming? About ten days from date of writing -- the postmarks were, like postmarks, illegible. Then forty days ago this poor lady, whoever or marks, illegible. Then forty days ago this poor lady, whoever or whatever she was -- for really I hardly dared to think of that part of the matter -- ^had been lying dead at Fiesole, and Beppino had either forgotten all about her in his honeymoon raptures, or letters had miscarried. Probably the latter. One thing was clear, ters had miscarried. Probably the latter. One thing was clear, pending explanation, that there was a seven-weeks-old baby in charge of some not very near relation -- that was plain from the rispettoso saluto " -- and that there was a want of money. I must ease my mind about that baby, even at the cost of a little risk. I immediately wrote a letter to Faustina Vespucci, saying that I was not the person for whom the letter was intended, but that I believed I knew who was meant, and would take upon myself to forward a little danarOy as I felt certain I should be repaid. I wrote a cheque for twenty pounds, and when I had enveloped it and directed it felt as if I had really been of some use. It was too late for the foreign post now -- but it might as well be posted. I should feel as if the poor people had got twenty pounds. I would post it as I went to tea at Bony's, at the baker's at the corner of Danvers Street. Meanwhile I should have time to think more over this letter. A person may be moderately familiar with Italian and yet may easily make mistakes in a first perusal of a letter. The practice of addressing people as she is one that requires time to become acceptable to an Englishman. The first impression I had was that Beppino had been making love to some married lady and that she was intended by some at least of the ellas and lets that puzzled me. She had had a male baby, and it had a startling likeness to her grata persona -- was very like its mother, in fact. But stop a bit. That wouldn't do! Why on earth should Beppino be sending money out to -- yes ! evidently to some nurse, or pino be sending money out to -- yes ! evidently to some nurse, or housekeeper, or perhaps well-disposed friends-- on account of either this baby or its mother? Then how about his being so cruelly JOSEPH VANCE prevented from returning to his beloved wife? I had read it iwrong, and must go through it more carefully. Slowly -- slowly -- it dawned upon me. Beppino was actually married to this Italian girl -- or at least she believed him her husband -- at the very time when he was arranging his marriage with Sibyl Fuller Perceval in England. And this ill-starred little maschio was near his entry on the scene when his father was uttering his new lies to a fresh victim. For if the first was his victim by reason of his desertion, the second was even more so in view of his deliberate mendacity. Had I known then what I have since learned about Italian marriage-law, I should have understood that no bigamy was necessarily involved in Beppino^s action. I should have known what sarily involved in Beppino^s action. I should have known what admirable facilities it gives to enterprise of this sort, and how the Church-service of espousal is a mere farce unless there is also a secular one; and that possibly Beppino was only half as bad as he seemed, having played the part of an incarnate devil to one girl only instead of two. For even if the maudlin iniquities of the laws Men make, and Women have no voice in, had backed him up in his treachery to this Italian, the knowledge that she was tied to an unclean creature would have broken (most likely) the heart that had the precious legal right to call him husband. But at that time I knew nothing of this achievement of Themis, and took for granted that the girl was really his wife according to Italian Law. ing to Italian Law. There was another thing I took for granted, and it never crossed my mind to question it until I had quite exhausted conjecture as to how the little miscreant had contrived to maintain his pretexts about his delayed return to his wife. On that point I was destined to remain in the dark. The thing I swallowed whole with- tined to remain in the dark. The thing I swallowed whole without protest was the use of my own name, and its bestowal on out protest was the use of my own name, and its bestowal on the lady. I conceived of it simply as part of the accident of the ascription of ray name to Beppino and his original acquiescence in it as a kind of joke. Such a misconception might go great lengths in Tuscany; the natives regarding forestieri as quite irresponsible, and very likely wrong about their own names; while the sponsible, and very likely wrong about their own names; while the latter would consider them in return fascinating and clever, but children for all that! I suppose if I had been less tired with the funeral, and shocked with the main fact of the letter, I should have seen the whole bearing of the case better. As it was I would go and get Jeannie to give me tea, and say nothing to any one about it till I had had time to collect myself. ing to any one about it till I had had time to collect myself. I didn^t even post the twenty pounds as I had intended, stop456 JOSEPH VANCE 456 JOSEPH VANCE ping short just as I was letter-boxing it. It would go just as soon posted to-morrow. I was really glad to forget the whole thing; although I knew I was doing so artificially, and that I should have to let it come back. I was much helped by hearing a storm of babies rush into the passage in response to my knock, and say it knew it was mine. Jeannie had five of these articles, and it was great joy to carry the two smallest and be propelled by Archie Stephenson and Elix into light and warmth and chatter of many tongues and Jeannie looking splendid, and any amount of tea preparations. " Oh dear ! " said she, I've been thinking of you all day. Such an awful day. Elixie and Posset, my dears, your uncle Joe's tired and you must let him off easy." I encouraged these two to pay no attention to their mother, and they made no concession. But a call came in connection with tea supplies which I was glad of. Parenthetically, Jeannie's soft silvery Scotch accent was always there, though I can't spell it. If you like to spell " dears " with a u and sound the r, I see no objection. Madame Schmidt, my old pianist friend, was there. She had got a foothold in Bony's family as an instructor not only in music, but in the other arts, and Science and Literature, and so forth. I knew a man once who undertook to teach Sanskrit, of which he knew nothing. " I learned," said he, " as much before breakfast as I could teach between ten and twelve. And fore breakfast as I could teach between ten and twelve. And I allowed no questions to be asked." I believe the Erau did exactly the same with the little Macallisters. I was glad to see actly the same with the little Macallisters. I was glad to see her, for her presence (as the Press would say nowadays) spelt Beethoven. However, the spelling was not going to become speech thoven. However, the spelling was not going to become speech on a piano she could only play for the children on. We must go round to my house if there was to be any Beethoven : the Erau was inflexible. So I sent instructions to Pips to have coffee ready, and I stayed on to dinner, and we all went round to my house directly after, " indigestically, but never mind!" said Jeannie. And then we had coffee, and simply wallowed in the Pathetique and the Moonlight and the Waldstein, and I had my special movement twice over. ment twice over. I had need of it, so horrible was the memory I had to slip back to. I said good-night to Jeannie and Bony and Erau Schmidt, with the phrases of the Waldstein still ringing triumphantly through every fibre of my senses. We had spoken less, and antly through every fibre of my senses. We had spoken less, and less freely, of the departed than we should have done had the letter incident not occurred. Had there been no Wilkinson and no preciJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE pice, Jeannie would have been almost sure to join in the conversation more easily, whatever she really thought. As it was, versation more easily, whatever she really thought. As it was, she spoke very little of the funeral, and in response to my goodnight only bade me, Good-night, Mr. Vance, and now do go and night only bade me, Good-night, Mr. Vance, and now do go and have a real good night^s rest, for you look half -dead." Her husband had referred to the funeral. band had referred to the funeral. However, as old Anne at Poplar Villa used to say, Half -dead never filled the churchyard." It (or he) did not even send me off into a sound sleep. For just as I was going off, I was dragged awake again by a thought. How, if Beppino had actually availed himself of the name-confusion to betray this girl, and lure her into a marriage which he could disclaim. As soon as I was fully awake, I saw he could not have done this, unless indeed Italian and English wedding-law were different. But it made me very feverish and uncomfortable, and I ferent. But it made me very feverish and uncomfortable, and I was very sorry for myself for not having got to sleep that time. Never mind, I would try again. And I had just got comfortably settled, with the clothes tucked round behind, and the pil- ably settled, with the clothes tucked round behind, and the pillow pulled a little down, when a new disturbing idea came. What low pulled a little down, when a new disturbing idea came. What was the name the child had been called? I had not read it very clearly. I dismantled all my comfort without remorse, and, jumping up, lit the candle beside my bed. I got the letter from my ing up, lit the candle beside my bed. I got the letter from my pocket as quick as I could, and got back to bed again and read it over. Where was it? Here along the blank margin of the first page: '^Fu battezzato Cristoforo Vance -- anche il Signore lo voleva cosi." Now what did that mean? Christopher Vance -- my Father^s name! Why, if I had had a boy myself, that is what I should have called him. Was it conceivable that -- but perhaps I was feverish. I would put the let- ceivable that -- but perhaps I was feverish. I would put the letter away till to-morrow. I turned in again, and this time I went ter away till to-morrow. I turned in again, and this time I went to sleep, and slept soundly. CHAPTER XLIX JOE SUBSIDIZES CRISTOFOBO. HOW HE TOOK GENERAL DESPREZ INTO HIS CONFIDENCE. THE BRAZILIAN SCHEME. ANOTHER FLORENTINE LETTER. HOW JOE RESOLVED TO GO OUT AND SEE THAT CRISTOFORO WAS PROPERLY NOURISHED. To GO tlirough all the ups and downs this Italian letter caused me would be to record the vacillations of three weeks. I did not at first see my way tc taking any one into my confidence. Nor did I post my cheque next day, as I had intended. But I sent the money out in bank notes with a letter which I dictated to one of my clerks at the works, filling in the Italian tated to one of my clerks at the works, filling in the Italian name and the address myself. It merely said twenty pounds was enclosed and please acknowledge to Mr. Vance. Another letter would follow. This gave me time to think it over. As soon as I could make up my mind what had actually happened, I would take Hugh Desprez into my confidence. I can- pened, I would take Hugh Desprez into my confidence. I cannot describe the power he had of inspiring trust in himself. I not describe the power he had of inspiring trust in himself. I always felt and thought of him as a great superior strength, and wondered at Lossie's intrepidity with him and his complete acquiescence in her influence. She once said to me, "If Hugh were escence in her influence. She once said to me, "If Hugh were angry with me I thinly I should die. I have seen him angry, and you have no idea what it was. Some of the men had illtreated a native woman -- I don't like to think of it" -- and Lossie treated a native woman -- I don't like to think of it" -- and Lossie turned pale, and I changed the topic. The question (so it seemed to me) that I had to answer was: Secrecy, or no secrecy? I wanted secrecy, but I could not be sure it was right. If the General consented to secrecy, it could not be wrong! Nothing he consented to could be -- it was a foregone conclusion. gone conclusion. At the end of the three weeks of vacillation I had decided that what had actually happened was this: After leaving me at Milan, Beppino had fallen in love -- or what he called love -- with an Italian girl, and finding he would have to marry her or give up 'the point, had chosen the former alternative. Whether he believed at the time that the use of my name would obtain the support of Authority for his treachery, I could not decide, JOSEPH VANCE I was not even sure that he had not protested against its use, and thereby created a suspicion that he wished to substitute a false Thorpe for a true Vance. He may even have intended on his return to England to allow Sibyl to lapse and to acknowledge the Italian. He would have been a scurvy beast according to my high-flown ideas had he done so; but not so bad, as the world goes! The tendency of my speculations was towards excuse-mongering. I would make the best case I could to lay before the gering. I would make the best case I could to lay before the General. As for his use of my name as a wrong to myself, I did not trouble much. What could it matter? What could anything matter ? And suppose he had tried to impute an Italian baby thing matter ? And suppose he had tried to impute an Italian baby to me, and to foster the idea by giving it my Father^s name, was it a thing to be resented by a man who (so long as he could account to himself for his own actions) did not care much what folk thought about him? Did I not remember how that day in the Ticino valley I longed to carry off Idomeneo Pellegrini from his delicious mud-pie, and appropriate him, and how I even felt sorry to wash off the compact little hand-print he had so kindly impressed on my forehead. Oh no! It was no wrong to be resented -- a scheme to make me the possessor of an Idomeneo without crime or treachery on my part. For anything I knew this little character, at present half-mummified, and only allowed chrysalis-exercise for its legs, might turn out as succulent at three as alis-exercise for its legs, might turn out as succulent at three as Idomeneo. I shut my eyes and endeavoured to picture to myself his clenched fists, trying to clear away an obstructive imiverse; his terrific voice insisting on a bottle, and his immediate preoccupation on receiving it. No ! I wasn't going to be very angry about tion on receiving it. No ! I wasn't going to be very angry about that part of the business. I would send the little party some more cash to go on with in case he should be running short. I made up my mind then that I would speak to the General as soon as an opportunity offered. We always smoked in the Library, and my chance came one evening in December, when I had dined alone with him and Lossie; and she, being tired, had announced that she should go to bed early. So we deferred cigars altogether till she went, and then adjourned to the Library for good. After we had smoked a little I spoke. I say. General, I want to put a case to you. Suppose a private soldier was to come to you and say he had something in vate soldier was to come to you and say he had something in his mind -- something affecting the welfare of the regiment -- and say he couldn't tell it unless you promised secrecy -- what would you say ? " The General considered for a few seconds -- a very few -- and then said: JOSEPH VANCE "1 should say I couldn't make a promise in the dark -- ho must either trust me in full, or carry his information elsewhere. I would promise to do my best by him if he liked to confide in me. Only, he would have to confide outright ! " We sat puffing out clouds in silence for a few minutes. Then he looked at me, and said interrogatively, Terms accepted, Joe?" "Terms accepted," I replied. "You'll have to listen to a long story. General." And I told him straight through without reserve the whole story as I have written it. I also told him what I knew of Beppino's previous life -- the affair of Thornberry's wife, and also I am sorry to say of one or two analogous events that had come to my knowledge which I have not recorded here. When I had ended, the General remarked that he was not a very good Italian scholar, but he might as well see the letter. I handed it to him. " Of course the chief thing is Lossie," said he. "We can't have her heart broken over this. Also that poor little widowlady." lady." " Of course," I repeated after him, " the chief thing is Lossie." And I felt that he had thrown in poor Sibyl in a rather perfunctory way. But I was worse, and did not include her at all. functory way. But I was worse, and did not include her at all. Neither he nor I then knew that a child was expected. Had we done so we should have seen at once how it would complicate the position. Lossie may have known; but it was early days to talk of such matters, and nothing had reached me or the General. He opened the letter, and translated to himself, referring to me once or twice for an interpretation. "What's 'vengo a replicare'? I come to reply? -- oh, I see, duplicate its contents. And what's 'siamo rimasti stupefatti ' ? " " They have remained surprised. That is, they were astonished at the likeness -- the somiglianza " To its mother ? " " No -- to Beppino. His grata persona is himself." " The bambino stands discreetly. It's too young. It can't stand at all." " It's only a way of saying it's doing very well on the whole." "I suppose the poor girl's name was Gradisca? Here it is -- * sua amatissima moglie Gradisca.' " "Oh no! It's only a way they have of winding up a letter. Heaven only knows what it means ! " "Why can't they write plain English?" However, the General got through the rest of the letter, and even admitted that having recourse to the good heart of the Padre was not a bad ex- ing recourse to the good heart of the Padre was not a bad exI JOSEPH VANCE 461 I JOSEPH VANCE 461 * . pression -- for foreigners. In spite of all his long residence in India, he had a John Bull citadel in his innermost heart. "We must send them some money, Joe," said he, at once taking the same point as myself first. " But most likely youVe done ing the same point as myself first. " But most likely youVe done that ? " I admitted that I had, and added that possibly I had sent more than was wise. "You see. General," I said, "I haven^t consulted any one, and whenever I felt anxious about that baby I relieved my mind by posting Bank of England notes to it. IPs quite a little Croesus by now. But tell me, how does the whole thing strike you ? " " Well -- Pm too old to be surprised at anything of this sort. I never remain stupefied, as our friend says, about anything with a woman in it. Besides, I took Beppino^s measure long ago. I never knew any of these stories you have told me, but of course I could give him his class after all the young officers I have known. Lossie thought of him as of an innocent young boy, a child. She would be horribly cut up if she knew the truth." "/ shan't tell her. But didn't Bep sometimes strike you as being like a child, in some respects?" "Yes, he did. But then the first thing that struck me -when I saw him first -- about fourteen he was, I think -- was that when I saw him first -- about fourteen he was, I think -- was that his intellect was so much older than himself. Now I always thought latterly that his body had got older than his mind, and run away with him, as it were. However, it's no use speculating. He wasn't good -- we must leave him to other Judgment ing. He wasn't good -- we must leave him to other Judgment than ours. We have to think what's to be done now. Let's run through the letter again -- well, look here! here we are at the first go-off ! How long did this letter take to reach you ? I can't make out the date." "Probably a week. But here's the envelope " "It's no good looking at postmarks. But it would be a week, more or less. And the writer had written a month before. And you got this the day of the funeral. The letter despatched a ; month before the funeral may be still lying at this address given in the letter. Nothing was forwarded to Avignon during his illness." "How do we know? He may have told them to direct Poste Bestante, Avignon?" And we went on discussing the numerous possibilities, but ended by deciding that it would be just as well to apply at Byder and Abbott's and claim any letter we should find. "Should we be justified in doing so?" said I. "Legally yes, because I am his executor," replied the General I had forgotten this fact. Beppino had made a will at Lossie'a JOSEPH VANCE instigation, and had made Hugh sole executor. As to the moral aspect of the case," continued he, think I may go to that responsibility." sponsibility." '' As to claiming it," said I. " But how about reading it when weVe got it?" Suppose we think it over," answered he. And as he said nothing more on this point, I left the matter alone, and we talked, ing more on this point, I left the matter alone, and we talked, I think, of a raid the children had made on their father^s photographic chemicals -- and some uncertainty there had been as to graphic chemicals -- and some uncertainty there had been as to whether the Turk had sampled the Cyanide. This was on Thursday. Next day I dined with some friends to meet some men who had a big work in hand for Brazil, and were good enough to think I should be of service to them. Thd Saturday evening I spent as usual with Mr. Spencer at Hampstead. I can remember the blank that came over his poor old stead. I can remember the blank that came over his poor old face when I told him about the Brazilian mines, and the railway that was to open up " a country about the size of Austria. way that was to open up " a country about the size of Austria. '^Joe! -- Joe!" said he, '^you'll go away to South America and we shall never see you again." I answered, Never fear, Padrone " -- ^but felt rather hypocritical about it. For I had already been thinking to myself how few ties I should have if Lossie and her husband went to live in Italy, as they often talked of doing, and Bony^s father, who was ailing, should die and leave him heir to his estates in Perthshire. Bony's elder brother. Colonel Macallister, received a charge of shot in one eye at a shooting-party, lister, received a charge of shot in one eye at a shooting-party, at the age of thirty-five, and had lost a life that seemed to enjoy deer-stalking and grouse-shooting, billiards and picquet, a funny play and a good dinner, impartially and equally, without any distinction. He was a great loss to his friends, and when he died a bachelor Bony was left sole heir to some very broad acres. The latter liked his profession well enough, but a big factory in London had no attractions that would compete with a little kingdom in the Perthshire Highlands. He would go, and then I really should hardly have a soul of the old lot to speak to. There would be Nolly, certainly; but he and I had never been close enough not to slip asunder and yet remain the best of friends whenever we met. There is very little juice in reciprocity of that sort. So when my father-in-law said to me, "We shall never see you again," the thought that crossed my mind was that "I" might have done as well as "We." He would be the only human tie with any strength in it in London, if all went as I foresaw. I relied to him that if I did go it would only be for a spell, and JOSEPH VANCE X wasn't going to desert him. I could not say to him that I never really felt happy with him, because I could not talk freely of J aney. When I referred to her he sighed, '' Ah dear -- ah dear," and seldom spoke in reply. I no more dared speak of her as I thought, as of a living something in a time I had no conception of and a space my eyes were closed on, than if he had been Violet Towerstairs. When I next day saw Hugh, on the Sunday at Poplar Villa, he and Lossie were surrounded by young officers; a small fraction, said he, of a train of worshippers whom Lossie always had tion, said he, of a train of worshippers whom Lossie always had in hand in India. You'll see," said he, " that the one she speaks to will brighten up, and all the others will look dejected." Which happened to the letter, all the evening. Such a crew of dear boys, and all for what? The only survivor of the party (when I began to write these annotations) was killed the other day. I saw his name in the list a week ago. I had to think of Dr. Thorpe and his saying. Wlien the last laugh had died away and the last good-night been gaid -- and with one at least it was a case of moriturus te salutat, for we heard of his death a month later -- the General and I turned into the Library again for a little chat, and Lossie vanished upstairs. stairs. " What do you think now," I asked, " about going to claim the letter -- or letters ? " " I've got them here somewhere," said he. " There are two. Got them next morning. Here they are ; " and he brought them out of his pocket. I still felt uneasy about opening them, and said so. '' But your scruples won't go the length of collaring them from me ? " And he settled the matter by opening one forthwith. I have not this letter here, as the General kept it, and probably destroyed it after Beppino's affairs were wound up. It was in the handwriting of the first letter (signed Annunciatina), which Beppino had given the doubtful explanation of, and the substance was that Annunciatina Vance was looking forward with rapture ' to the promised return of her darling husband. It was dated the 25th of September, after the birth of the baby, which had been christened Cristoforo, as his father had wished. It was carino ma carino -- veramente un angiolo di bellezza, e tanto somigliante al mio tesoro. There was only one macchia on the writer's pienezza di gioia, this '^crudele ritardimento del ritorno -- ah come desiderato ! -- del mio bramatissimo marito." The letter threw some light rato ! -- del mio bramatissimo marito." The letter threw some light on the excuses for this delay, as the writer dwelt on the cruelty of the military laws which dragged the husband from the wife and JOSEPH VANCE the son from the mother to serve in the army, even when little fitted by nature for such service. Beppino had evidently made representations in this sense. The letter thanked him for his enclosures of denaro sempre ben avanzato, and we would badaro that it should be ben risparmiato. There were not tanti quattrini in these days! Then followed more expressions of rapturous affection; but as I cannot recall the Italian phrases, this descrip- fection; but as I cannot recall the Italian phrases, this description of the remainder of the letter is enough. The other letter tion of the remainder of the letter is enough. The other letter was the duplicate of the one I had received.* His military service,'' said the General. " The little miscreant. I know, Joe! De mortuis nil nisi honum. But there's a limit." " I wasn't going to defend him," said I. I was only going to ask you where you found the letters ? " ^^It was his tailor's -- I really felt as if they were a sort of accomplices. But of course they were as innocent as this poor baby. They had not even heard of Beppino's death -- which was a little odd. I suppose they were very busy with their winter orders. He had told them to forward all Mr. Giuseppe Vance's letters that came there to the Hotel at Avignon, as well as letters to himself, but only till the end of October, when he expected ters to himself, but only till the end of October, when he expected to return to London. Several had come for Mr. Giuseppe Vance, but none for Mr. Thorpe. All had been forwarded as directed but these two, of which the first arrived October 31. Our Mr. Abbott, who knew about these letters, was away at the time, and only came back November 3d; and we then thought it best not to forward. We hoped we had done rightly, and I said yes." What a revelation of duplicity and lies! How did the little traitor, under the very eyes of his new-made bride, contrive to receive and answer these forwarded letters ? There must have been some awaiting him at the hotel when he arrived. " Surely Sibyl would have seen them ? " I said. Why should she not ? " said the General. Remember they were not directed to him." But Mrs. Beppino knows my name well enough, and would be sure to ask questions." " My dear boy, the letter wasn't directed to you either. Sibyl wouldn't know Giuseppe Vance from Adam." But she would have seen Beppino take the letters." * Mr. Vance, writing for an imaginary reader, chooses to imagine, among other things, that this reader understands Italian ! We have done our best, by translation and omission, to remove this obstacle from the path of the ordinary reader, tion and omission, to remove this obstacle from the path of the ordinary reader, but have thought it would damage the character of the work to cancel or alter the whole. The reader must skip. -- Editob's Note. JOSEPH VANCE ^'Yes, if he had grabbed at them in her presence. But, you see, he was no fool. Probably he waited till she was out of the way and then told the hotel man he would give them to Mr. Vance at another Hotel. There could be no difficulty five francs wouldn't cover." And so we went on discussing the ins and outs and difficulties of the matter; and I did not feel then, and never have felt, clear about how it was manipulated so as to avoid detection and exposure. But Hugh's head was cooler than mine and I accepted posure. But Hugh's head was cooler than mine and I accepted his view, which was that Beppino's crime was now a thing of the past, the victim being dead as well as himself. He took for granted that the girl had been deceived by some form of bogus marriage -- perhaps only to satisfy scruples. "You see," said he, " to suppose it otherwise would void his marriage with Sibyl. He seems to have been villain enough for anything. But villains respect property who would treat women as mere drugs in the mar- spect property who would treat women as mere drugs in the market. Think of the darling Money involved. Beppino was not rich ket. Think of the darling Money involved. Beppino was not rich enough to be indifferent to Sibyl's money -- ^nor pastoral enough ! " I assented to this then. Afterwards I saw reason to doubt it. But I now see Hugh was right. He knew more than I did of the power of the one thing sacred, the motive that outlives and supersedes all others. If in what followed after I had allowed enough sedes all others. If in what followed after I had allowed enough for the force of gold, many things in my life might have gone otherwise. "What shall we do now?" said I, when we began to feel we could get no further light on the subject by talking it over. " Suppose I go over and see after this poor little card. I hope to pose I go over and see after this poor little card. I hope to goodness he'll get proper sustenance." The General could not help smiling. My dear Joe Vance," he said, " what a regular old Mrs. Gamp you are ! " Lossie always says so ! " said I. " But I'm serious. I shall have to go to Milan in the course of the spring, I might just as well go now. I can send cash, and instructions to Faustina Vespucci, adhering to my description of myself, and to Beppino's pucci, adhering to my description of myself, and to Beppino's death. I shan't have to answer any questions as long as I produce cash." duce cash." " You'll let me stand Sam," said Hugh. " No -- I won't," said I. CHAPTER L ,1 JOE GOES TO FIESOLE. AND HEARS ALL ABOUT BEPPINO's WILD OAT. ^ HE GETS HIS LETTERS, AND ADOPTS HIS BABY. HIS MIXED TALE TO j LOSSIE. HE IS WALKING ON A TIGHT-ROPE, BUT FOR LOSSIE^S SAKE, j #1 It was well on in January before I was able to run out (as I called it) to Milan. I went by the Mont Cenis -- rather relieved to escape the route by which Beppino and I had travelled out. I j should have found Idomeneo Pellegrini blue, and his mud-pie frozen. The journey through the mountain this time was an ex- i perience of sitting in a stuify railway carriage, and wrangling with an American family about opening windows. I remember it now ] as an instance of Man's inconsequent nature that, after I had men- : tioned to the Paterfamilias that I should probably go to America ^ in the autumn, the family allowed me to have the window two j inches open at long intervals. | I was much too curious about Cristoforo Vance to get through | my Milan business before seeing him; so I went to Florence first | and took a vehicle next day to Fiesole. J I started from Maria Novella in a thick fog, which with a I sufficient supply of coal smoke would have given the Hotel Minerva j an experience of London. As the road rose towards San Do- ','i menico the fog lightened, and, when we arrived there it was ' clear enough to see the bells swing in the church-tower as well j as hear them. Then we started on the serious climb, and I pro- posed that I should walk to spare the horse. But the driver | posed that I should walk to spare the horse. But the driver | said, " Che, che ! Non si confonda ! Si accommodi ! Si accom- | modi!" and really got quite excited about it. The horse, which of course he called a havallo, was equal to any emergency: Fara | bene, lo garantisco io!" But he got down and walked himself, at the very stiff bit at the top, and I thinly it was good for him, i as his clothes were really filled out too tight to be reasonable. ^ By the time we got to the Medici villa just below this, we were in dazzling sunshine, and spread over the whole valley of the Arno was a strange fog sea, looking like a dead level plain basking in' the light, and from the centre of it shot up the towers of Flor-.; ence -- ^the Campanile and the Signoria -- and the colossal dome that' could take St. Paul's inside with only small accommodation. The 466 ' JOSEPH VANCE eun was quite warm now towards mezzogiorno, and the population of vendors of roba di paglia were enjoying it and I suppose pitying the choked and shivering Florentines below. They were indignant with me for not wanting straw workboxes and screens. I found that the Via della Carrozza was a strada running from the Piazza (where the Electric Trams stop now) along the face of the hill where the stone quarries are. It happened that it was a rather bad road, and the house some distance off; however, there was a short cut. So I left my fat driver behind in spite of his protestations about the powers of his havallo, and went on foot. I found the scorciatoiOf or short cut, and then the house, and then its primo piano. And there a lassie who opened the door, said yes, this was where the Signora Vance had lived, and if I would passare she would tell the Signorina Faustina. But the Signora Vance was morta tre mesi norina Faustina. But the Signora Vance was morta tre mesi fa " -- dead three months ago. I was fairly put to it to understand the voluble Tuscan of the Signorina Faustina when she came, which was not made more intelligible by the poor woman's overpowering joy at seeing a parente of the povero Signore. Indeed, we had not gone much beyond establishing who I was, and bringing about the production of Master Cristoforo Vance himself in the arms of an amaz- tion of Master Cristoforo Vance himself in the arms of an amazing balia, or wet-nurse (who at once set at rest all misgivings ing balia, or wet-nurse (who at once set at rest all misgivings about Cristoforo's rations), when the buon Padre appeared -- ^he, as I learned, who had advanced money for the spese. He was a great relief, as he was a very intelligent middle-aged man who spoke distinctly, more like a Homan than a Florentine; and who also knew a few words of English, having passed some of his early life in a fraternity at that well-known English town Soodongtong; which I acknowledged provisionally and identified later dongtong; which I acknowledged provisionally and identified later as Southampton. But these things take time. The earlier part of our interview was also interrupted by the chiasso di quel bambino, who certainly had strong lungs, and seemed to object to bino, who certainly had strong lungs, and seemed to object to everything. He was amiable to me though, and took steps towards tearing my beard out by the roots. He then forgot to let go, and became distrait, and hiccoughed. Then he started the chiasso and was removed. It seemed so funny to me that that little purple-brown thing was really Christopher Vance, and called so after ple-brown thing was really Christopher Vance, and called so after my dear Daddy, although his own father had scarcely a right to appropriate the name. The story of his parents' marriage, or what the priest and Signorina Faustina, who was a cousin of the bride, told me gradually rina Faustina, who was a cousin of the bride, told me gradually and disjointedly, may be condensed as follows: JOSEPH VANCE Annunziatina Vespucci was a daughter of a respectable wellto-do contadino of Castel Eiorentino. She had a very fine voice, to-do contadino of Castel Eiorentino. She had a very fine voice, and her parents, to give her a chance of educating it, placed her with a relative, an aunt, in Florence, at whose house she met Beppino, who used to go there to take Italian lessons from the aunt. pino, who used to go there to take Italian lessons from the aunt. Beppino made love to her, and the poor girl, who was barely seventeen, had fallen madly in love with him. Her parents, learning teen, had fallen madly in love with him. Her parents, learning what was going on, had withdrawn her from the aunt's, and forbidden her to have any communication with her lover. I did not then clearly understand, and have never known, what objection they had to him. Probably he crossed some other arrange- tion they had to him. Probably he crossed some other arrangements they had in view. The result was stolen interviews, and, ments they had in view. The result was stolen interviews, and, finally, that Annunziatina left her home suddenly and was married at the parish church of Gualdo Tadino in the January. The ried at the parish church of Gualdo Tadino in the January. The Priore gave me his most solemn assurance of his belief that the marriage had been strictly in ordine, and I, being perfectly ignorant of Italian usages, could not' question anything he said, nor rant of Italian usages, could not' question anything he said, nor was I inclined to do so. He admitted that it had seemed to him strange that none of the parenti of the Signore Vance had turned up -- but then, che vuole ? -- the Signora and Signore seemed all-sufficient to one another. Moreover, I was not to suppose he ficient to one another. Moreover, I was not to suppose he himself had really seen much of the Signore -- ^he had only done what he could to reassure and console the Signora after his departure. The Signora had seen nothing of her parents, who were parture. The Signora had seen nothing of her parents, who were incensed against her. But when the Signore was called away in the spring, she wrote to her cousin, the Signorina Faustina, telling her of her condition and that her husband was called away ing her of her condition and that her husband was called away to England on urgent business. She had wished to accompany him, but he had dissuaded her -- ^vedute le circostanze. Whatever Beppino supposed his position to be with respect to poor Annunziatina -- whether or not he supposed his false name or some law shufiie would back him up in betraying her -- I do not know; but I could see no object in raising doubts of his integrity in minds where none existed. I had the task, always unpleasant, of telling literal truths in such a way as to produce an entirely false impression. The task was all the easier as my audience put any discrepancy down to my faulty Italian, and substituted plausible versions of their own. I told them Beppino had left England in the autumn, none of us " knowing exactly what his plans were, and had been taken ill at a Hotel at Avignon, and died of typhoid a fortnight after his wife. I felt a horrible liar in speaking of Annunziatina without a hint of a question of her position; and wished for an equivalent of ^'ma che vuole?" in JOSEPH VANCE 461 # English, to escape my own conscience. After I had told them all I could get into bad Italian, subject to the drawbacks under which I spoke, I asked were there no letters from Avignon, and what was the date of the last? Yes, there were many letters, and the last came very shortly before the relapse which ended in Annunziatina's death. La Faustina, as the Padre called her, produced these letters; but demurred about allowing them to be read, or to go out of her possession. She had not read them, though she had heard some of them as they arrived -- was not sure she ought not to destroy them unread. I entreated her not to do so, until I had time to think over the whole thing. I saw I had a difficult position to deal with, but was anxious to get every light possible on the story, and at the same time unwilling to leave this large parcel of letters, signed with my own name, without knowing into whose hands ters, signed with my own name, without knowing into whose hands they might pass. I did not like to say destroy them at once. I said I would go away and get lunch, being aware of a table being laid in an adjoining room. But the Faustina begged me to favorire, as the Priore was staying to desinare, and I accepted the invitation. I did not take a very long time making up my mind about the course to pursue. By the time I had smoked a Trabuco after pranzo (I was glad to find that everything seemed to have been on a most comfortable footing) I had made a resolution. And the result of the proposals it prompted me to make with the Faustina was a treaty to the following effect: She for her part was to take charge of Cristoforo Vance and see that he should be copiously, even extravagantly nourished. That his legs should be released from bondage at the very earliest date Tuscan usage would sanction. That she should write to me every week for the present, and should receive by return a remittance to cover expenses and a consideration for herself. That she should also accept as a regalo after all she had done for the poor Signora the mobiglia and sundries the house contained, which indeed I should have been puzzled else to know what to do with. And lastly, that the letters should be handed over to me to give to the Signore's executors in England. These conditions being complied with, nore's executors in England. These conditions being complied with, I would charge myself with all the responsibilities of a parent towards Cristoforo. The Faustina hesitated over the letters. Would it be right to give them up? -- Eemember, she saw me for the first time! -- The Padre also considered there should be a clause in the Treaty about Oristoforo's being brought up a Christian, and not a Protestant©️, JOSEPH YAJMCJE oi Free Thinker. I was about to point out that the mother's wish decided this, when I perceived that if I made difficulties, and said the father was of the Chiesa Evangelica, the Faustina would concede the letters in exchange for a concession on my part. So it turned out, and the Treaty with some minor details was ratified. I felt a great story-teller, but then, was I not taking' over Cristof oro ? tof oro ? I have made great efforts to remember all I could of this interview, in order that I may recollect, if possible, how large a share view, in order that I may recollect, if possible, how large a share in it was taken by the only person then present who lives on into my story. I think I have recalled everything of any importance so far. Let me try and be equally accurate with the remainder. When the Treaty was, as it were, signed and sealed, and the subject of it, who was taking some refreshment, had been brought in ject of it, who was taking some refreshment, had been brought in for a final inspection, I prepared to take my leave and go back to my fly-driver. The important parts of the negotiation had been between the Faustina, the Priore, and myself, none other being present. As I exchanged my last words with them, there were present also the balia, to whom Master Christopher was attached as a limpet; and the ragazza who had admitted me to the house, and waited on us at dinner, when our conversation on the main subject had been less specific and concentrated than either before or after. As nearly as I can remember I turned to the Signorina and told her in the best Italian I could command that I intended to fulfil all the responsibilities of a father towards that child, and that although his baptismal name had been chosen without consulting me I was quite content with that of my own father, whom I ing me I was quite content with that of my own father, whom I should consider in the light of its grandfather. At this point the ragazza, who had been directed to sparecchiare our coffee-cups, contrived to spill them over on the ground and break two. She was promptly tried and convicted for staring at the Signore Inglese instead of fare attenzione, and was routed and driven away into the cucina, bearing the fragments. The Signorina apologized for her behaviour, saying she was quite insupportabile, having only been installed a week, during which she had smashed two piattini tondi, and sbocconcellato'ed the zuppiera. However, she was going to licenziare her this week, and get another, who might be better -" ma, che lo so io ? " This is the last occurrence I can recollect " ma, che lo so io ? " This is the last occurrence I can recollect as I said good-bye to the Faustina. The priest walked with me to my carrozza, and on the way pooh-poohed the idea, which I recurred to, of any possible irregularity in the marriage. Now if I had known that it was this good man's duty, as a priest, to ignore the existence of the municipal marriage and its JOSEPH YANCE indispensable character (for without it no marriage is legal), I I should have avoided a grave mistake. Strange as it may seem, I never realized this point, and went on for years under the deluj sion that the poor Annunziatina had been really legally married j sion that the poor Annunziatina had been really legally married j to Beppino; although the false version of his name might have I invalidated the marriage. I remained in the dark by accident, i The slightest spark might have illuminated it -- a trivial turn in j conversation -- a passage in a newspaper! Any knowledge of anj other Italian marriage would have cleared it up in an instant. j other Italian marriage would have cleared it up in an instant. What a many novels there must be that would have told all about it ! But no such chance occurred, and my only confidant was Hugh Hesprez, whose Indian experience was little likely to set him on iiis guard in points of Italian law. Moreover, when I told him the results of my visit to Florence, I assured him that I had made \ every enquiry " and was perfectly satisfied that so far as the marriage itself went it was valid; but that I thought Beppino had riage itself went it was valid; but that I thought Beppino had intended to shuffle out under the false name, or had relied on i securing his Italian wife's silence by threats of withdrawing sup! plies. Things of this sort are often done, and succeeded in. I ! plies. Things of this sort are often done, and succeeded in. I myself once knew a man who maintained two wives and two families in England, never excited the suspicion of either, and when ilies in England, never excited the suspicion of either, and when he was ruined in business and his friends " got him out '' to Australia, transported both his households with him on the same boat, tralia, transported both his households with him on the same boat, ! one in the first class, the other in the steerage. That was genius ! But Beppino might have bullied poor Annunziatina into silence without genius. Wlien I returned to London after transacting various business at Milan I did not find the General. He had gone to Ireland on military business. I was not in the habit of keeping secrets from Lossie, but in this case I was in for a fib or two. So I determined to do justice both to all the truth I could tell, and all the lies I was obliged to tell. My story, as it came out, was that at Florence I had come upon a six-weeks-old bambino both of whose par- ence I had come upon a six-weeks-old bambino both of whose parents were dead, and finding that it was named Cristoforo after ents were dead, and finding that it was named Cristoforo after some one I didn't know, had re-named it Cristoforo after my own Daddy, and adopted it. So it would have his name and be Christopher Vance, or Vance. I said I had not gone to the bottom topher Vance, or Vance. I said I had not gone to the bottom of the question of his parentage, and suspected that his mother, whose name was Vespucci, had not been well-treated by the father. In fact, every word I said was literally true; and had I only added that the father's name was Joseph Thorpe, and that Mr. Thorpe was a great scoundrel, would have been unimpeachable. But I felt very guilty in spite of my motives, and had to say JOSEPH VANCE over and over to myself, Oh, Lossie dear, my Lossie of the bygone times, my Lossie Janey loved as well as I, it is on your behalf I take this stain upon my conscience. You shall never know the wickedness of the brother you loved, if I can help it. Nor shall his child -- that is your own flesh and blood, dear Loss; that is your father^s grandson as much as your own boy -- ever be the worse for the loss of his name and the crime of his parent, if I can help it." And I thought to myself what a terrible thing if there had been a posthumous child of the English marriage I " For, mind you, I had then no idea that one was anticipated, and took it for granted that had there been I should have heard of it. I also accepted without question the Italian marriage as sound. But even without inheritance the shock of an eclairgissement both to Lossie and Sibyl would have been enough. So when Lossie threw a light on a certain preoccupation on her part, which seemed to me to prevent her taking enough interest in my adoption of Cristoforo, by suddenly saying to me, '' Pve never told you, Joe, but I suppose you've guessed, that there'll be a baby," I said to myself thank God for my well-intentioned suppressio veri! And had it been ten times as big I should have pressio veri! And had it been ten times as big I should have rejoiced. I suppose I in my turn looked preoccupied, for Lossie said. There, Joe, that's just like you to take no interest in Beppino's baby!" For Lossie was always half aware I loved her young brother languidly; and this time she looked quite tearful over it. Now suppose she had known whose baby Cristoforo was! I saw I should have to have some teeth out over this business. But then -- ^Lossie wouldn't ! CHAPTER LI A LETTER FROM A MAN OP THE WORLD. THE GENERAL's SATCHEL. JOS ARRANGES FOR HIS START TO BRAZIL. BUT HE GOES TO SEE CRISTOFORO AGAIN FIRST. HOW HE TOOK A WALK AT FIESOLE, WITHOUT FORO AGAIN FIRST. HOW HE TOOK A WALK AT FIESOLE, WITHOUT JANEY. AND HOW HE HEARD THE WALDSTEIN SONATA ON THE TUSCAN HILLS. HOW CRISTOFORO TICKLED. When Sir Hugh Desprez came back from Ireland a few weeks later, I took the first opportunity of showing him the packet of letters I had brought from Italy. I had not undone them. As in all our colloquies on such matters, we were alone after every one else had gone to bed. I laid the packet on the Library table, and lit my cigar. There's the letters. General," I said. Then he also lighted up and we smoked in silence. The packet remained on the table untouched. He spoke first. mained on the table untouched. He spoke first. You don't seem to want to open them, Joe?" "I donH want. Besides, I have no right to. Now, you have. You're his executor." ^'Yes -- ^but I'm not bound to read his love-letters. I don't like the job, Joe." One of us must " "Why?" "I don't know." So we smoked a little more. Then he said: " These letters would throw a light on the way he managed to delay so long without exciting her suspicion, or perhaps would show he did not succeed in doing so. It would do us little good to know either." " None at all," said 1. "We might be able to infer from them what he supposed his own legal position to be. But you were quite satisfied the wedding was regular?" ding was regular?" "Only the false name. Otherwise all right." " I admit that I should like to know this : Did he entrap this girl into a marriage he knew he could shufile out of, or did he mean to stand by it if he was unsuccessful with Sibyl? It's conceivable, I should like another opinion. But that's impossible. Nobody can be trusted." .474 JOSEPH VAHCE Nobody. My own opinion is that he believed he could disown any marriage of Giuseppe Vance's -- ^but also that he could acknowledge or claim it. The law would in every doubtful case knowledge or claim it. The law would in every doubtful case go on the principle, ^ Heads the man wins, tails the woman loses.' " " That is so. However, what we have to settle is -- Shall we read these letters, or throw them in the fire ? " Throw them in the fire. Here goes ! " Half-a-minute, Joe! Don't be rash! What do you say to looking at the last letter only, and seeing when he wrote it, and where ? " " I don't mind anything you vote for, however indecisively. But left to myself I should burn the whole kit." How one recollects little things! I can remember as Hugh cut the string of the packet of letters, that I thought to myself that that was the smallest penknife I had ever seen, and the hand that held it the largest and strongest. It comes out vividly now, fiveand- twenty years afterwards! and- twenty years afterwards! "Most likely they're in order," said he. "Yes -- at one end October of this year -- at the other, October of last. Let's look at this last one -- dated nowhere ! Is that somebody coming ? " Yes, it was. It was Lossie, come down to look for something. What an atmosphere ! How you men can sit in it, I can't imagine! Only my mother-of-pearl penknife. I left it on this table ine! Only my mother-of-pearl penknife. I left it on this table -- never mind! The servants will find it to-morrow -- lend me yours." And the General, feeling in his pocket for his own, brought out the missing article. " I must have picked it up off the table unconsciously," said he. And Lossie departed with it, enjoining me not to keep Hugh up too late. When I heard her coming, I had hurriedly picked up the letters and pushed them into a little wallet or despatch case of the General's that was standing on the table. It was an almost invariable eral's that was standing on the table. It was an almost invariable companion of his -- ^was as well known to his friends as himself. -- He had carried it about with him for years, and used to say he would be quite lost without it. "Now the letter!" said he. "You pushed them into the lining -- my satchel's got very old of late years -- ^however, it's got to last my time! Pull 'em all out " I did, and separated them on the table. We took up the letter we had been looking at, or rather he did -- and went on to read it. I watched his face as he read; the concentrating attention, the increasing grip of the strong muscles of his jaw, the veing JOSEPH VANCE swelling more and more on the temples, the greater tension of the contracting brow. I knew now what Lossie had meant when she said the General's anger was terrible, and why she turned pale when she spoke of it. When he had read through the letter he threw it over to me with an exclamation of anger very diificult to describe. " That's enough ! " said he. It was. I shall never, I hope, again see so cowardly and mean a disclaimer of a solemn obligation. It was a repudiation of his marriage, alleging that his victim had been throughout conscious that it was invalid -- ^that he had repeatedly told her that his real name was not Vance, and that he was not called Giuseppe in English. Had he ever imagined that she thought him in earnest he would have refused to make the concession he had made to her conscientious scruples. It was time to speak plain -- the play was at an end. He should always fulfil all his real obligations to her, but others which he had entered into elsewhere compelled him to say farewell. It was very English Italian, which nad made it easy for the General to read. " This was the letter the poor little thing got just before that last relapse," said he. The pity that came in his voice with the words poor little thing " was a relief to hear after the words and the sound that came before. I felt that Hugh was back again. " Of course it killed her," said I. And he nodded assent. And she never breathed a word of it to the other one -- the cousin," he went on. Not a word, apparently." I tell you what, Joe," said the General, giving himself a great shake, like a dog. "We don't want to read any more of these letters. One's enough." " One's quite enough," said 1. And we put them all on the fire together, and felt happier when we had no further choice of reading them. ing them. As we went upstairs (for I was staying on that night) Lossie was leaning over the banisters. "You ought to have been in bed long ago," said her husband. And she replied, " I thought I heard you roar, dear, some time ago -- and I was afraid something was wrong. You weren't angry with Joe, I suppose ? " pose ? " " Oh no -- I wasn't angry with Joe. I say. Loss, do remind me to get my old satchel mended -- it will all come to pieces -- and I iionldn't stand having a new one!'* JOSEPH VANCE How very strongly all the small details of this conversation come back to me! I have written down so many that are quite needless to my story. In the weeks that followed this I was conscious that our interview about the two babies, actual and prospective, had not left view about the two babies, actual and prospective, had not left matters exactly as they were before. I knew that my new character of having something to conceal, and being on the watch acter of having something to conceal, and being on the watch against enquiry, told upon my manner, and that Lossie noticed it. I did not know whether she would connect it with v/hat she had said of my indifference to her news about Sibyl. It was painful; but I was only too glad not to rake the subject up, on any ful; but I was only too glad not to rake the subject up, on any terms. I let the sleeping dog lie. Three months passed. I made my arrangements about going to Brazil. I had undertaken to investigate and report on the possibility of the great Engineering scheme to the Government, and bility of the great Engineering scheme to the Government, and if my report was favourable it was expected to carry great weight. I had given a good deal of attention to work of this class, which had rather ousted the fabrication of machines and weapons from my mind. Civil Engineering on a large scale is the most exciting work there is. If you want sleepless nights, construct bridges across torrents. But I donT think appeal was made to me because I was credited with any special knowledge or skill; but cause I was credited with any special knowledge or skill; but because if I gave a favourable report. Capital would believe I had not accepted a bribe. Capital knows a lot about that sort of thing. So I was to go to Brazil in the autumn. I looked forward to it with -- well! almost with -- pleasure. It would be a complete change, and when I came back (I was to be away over six months) I hoped I should find the current of events coursing in a tranquil stream, and all the unhappiness and disquiet of the present time forgotten. The interim was a very busy one, for Bony and I, in view of contingencies, were scheming the conversion of our business into a Limited Company, and putting it on a secure footing which the retirement of both or either would not endanger. I ing which the retirement of both or either would not endanger. I thought often of the conversation of long ago at Poplar Villa, when Dr. Thorpe suggested that I should take up Engineering seriously, and my Father undertook to jack up the roof of his works to make a top story for me. I could not bid the factory good-bye gladly, for was it not part of the old time? But that old time itself was slipping away. The slight -- oh, so slight! -- tension between me and Lossie had given me a new reminder that what was left must go in its turn. Nothing could be done ---for it was not safe to speak freely now as of old. I would JOSEPH VANCE go to South America for a spell; things would get absorbed -superseded -- somehow forgotten ! superseded -- somehow forgotten ! Meanwhile before I went away, I must just make one more; excursion to Italy. Another interview with our Milanese allies would do no harm, and I wanted very much to see whether Cristoforo was really going to be as like his father as had been toforo was really going to be as like his father as had been alleged; for I was afraid if he was I should lose interest in him. I told the General why I was going, but said as little as possible to Lossie. The fact is, I shrank from creating a position of dissimulation. simulation. So at the end of May I put myself in light marching order and took a Cook's ticket for Florence. Lossie was too preoccupied with Sibyl and the impending arrival to ask many questions. I said I was going to Milan and should try to go round by Florence and see my little protege," and she said, "Do go and come ence and see my little protege," and she said, "Do go and come back and tell us all about him -- it would be so nice to hear." But I felt she was being distracted by Cristoforo's coming cousin -- ^however, if she hadn't been she might have felt my duplicity in my voice. It was a very different Florence from the Florence of last January. The population had found its voice and was singing about uary. The population had found its voice and was singing about its amove and its cuore and its Maria. Very small boys indeed, who had no business to know anything about such matters, were singing about their cuore and their Maria in tremendous voices that their organization did not seem to warrant. They were audible hours before they became visible, and then were only just perceptible to the naked eye. But they filled the vault of heaven with particulars about their cuore, all to the same general sort of Tuscan tune that ends in its own special cadence, and suits all moods of the singer. Such was the genial influence of the sun, that even the butcher sang about his beloved as ence of the sun, that even the butcher sang about his beloved as he slit a whole ox down the middle and converted it into a hideous V, that half filled his shop. Florence was determined to enjoy the cool weather (about 80 degrees in the shade) while it lasted; because it was soon going to be really warm, and we should only be able to work in the early morning and the late evening, and should lie fast asleep on the pavement in the coolest corner we could find, as happy as if it was really bed, for an hour at least on each side of mezzogiorno. And then after that it would be hotter still, and we should be able to do very little except fan our- ter still, and we should be able to do very little except fan ourselves and pray for a thunderstorm. Meanwhile we would be selves and pray for a thunderstorm. Meanwhile we would be merry, and the frogs and the nightingales and the grasshoppers would help. JOSEPH VANCE The waiter at the Minerva lamented, apropos of the deluge of roses that flooded the whole place, that it was a pity I hadn't come three weeks ago -- the flowers had been very fine this year, lie treated the present supply as a decrepitude. I have noticed that I never get anywhere in the nick of anything; it's only other I)eople do that. I was reflecting whether I could adjust a remark to this effect in Italian, when the waiter perceived by magic that I should ultimately want a legno, and said should he call it now. I assented and he said Pst! to the hall porter, who called out fiacchere! to space; from which appeared a carriage under an awning and a driver under an umbrella to whom I suggested Fiesole, as before, if he had confidence in his havallo. And he said che! che! If Florence had altered since January, Cristoforo had altered still more. He had become as pretty a bambino as one often sees even in Italy. If he ever was like, his father the likeness had left him. A pair of magnificent black eyes, a stupendous voice, a promising head of hair and a performing pair of legs, very choice soles ising head of hair and a performing pair of legs, very choice soles to his feet and an unimpeachable nape to his neck -- that's Cristoforo as I realized him when I came to examine him in detail. toforo as I realized him when I came to examine him in detail. As to the creases in his legs, language is powerless -- this applies especially to one inside his thigh, in which the human finger vanished. He welcomed his adoptive father with an accolade, pro- ished. He welcomed his adoptive father with an accolade, professing (through his agent, the Signorina Faustina) to remember fessing (through his agent, the Signorina Faustina) to remember having met him in early boyhood. He was loquacious in his own way, but he only used words that ended in k or g, omitting all except the last letter. He laughed a good deal at his own wit, and held me firmly by one nostril during our interview. I had intended, if he had turned out like Beppino, to accept him as a duty, but avoid him as a pleasure. As he seemed so satisfactory and pulpy, and obviously going to be his poor mother's own son (as I saw from a portrait), I determined to pass a little time in his society, especially as I was going to be six months away. So I told the ragazza to pay the driver for me, and leave my valigia at the Albergo and I would stay on for a day or two. This was a new handmaid altogether-- in fact, the second since the coffee-cup smasher. I had experience of the inevitable extension into further fiction which follows any adventure in that direction, especially on the part of inexperienced persons like myself. I was not a clever liar. I had to invent a good deal to account for the absence of any communications from Beppino's executor (for whose existence I liad vouched), and to rely almost without reserve on the Faustina's JOSEPH VANCE ignorance of English customs. I fabricated an England to suit the occasion -- made it a country the like of which does not, I trust, exist anywhere. The way in which noi altri lived apart from each other and our families was, I said, a thing no Italian could understand. To me who knew them well it was a matter of no surprise that Beppino's few surviving relatives had not shown any vital interest in his marriage. I hinted that they were all Protestanti, and that feeling ran high among them against Cattolici. I did not make broad, bold statements on these lines, but tolici. I did not make broad, bold statements on these lines, but poisoned the Eaustina^s mind with hypnotic suggestions. I presently saw' my way to introducing the possibility that the famiglia ently saw' my way to introducing the possibility that the famiglia might make a descent on Cristoforo, bear him off, and educate him as a Protestant. After this the Faustina showed a marked discretion in approaching the subject of Beppino^s relatives. I told cretion in approaching the subject of Beppino^s relatives. I told her I had his executor's full permission and approval in the course 1 had taken, and that I myself should always be guided by consideration of what his mother would have wished. I therefore sideration of what his mother would have wished. I therefore hoped she would do nothing to provoke intervention on the part of his family. This she promised readily -- unless the reverend father advised otherwise. I felt I had made that safe enough! The Faustina gave me some lunch as before, and I remained through the heat of the day in the company of herself, the balia, and their charge. Towards sundown I turned out for a walk, and w'andered along the road on the hill-face, looking over the glory of the sunset light on the world of roofs and domes in the plain below; over the distant Arno, a mirror giving back the rosy gold of the sky beyond the purple Apennines of Carrara. The bells were clanging in the tower of San Domenico -- for Vespers, I suppose; but I never know -- and the bells of a mule cart toiling up pose; but I never know -- and the bells of a mule cart toiling up a road I could not see were ringing for their vespers too. And these meant, for the two mules and the supplementary donkey (probably it was a stone cart), rest in a little while; and for the human creature in charge, who sang short lengths of stornelli at long intervals, a supper of black bread and pasta and thin Chianti and a long cool night in bed. What would the magic city in its glory have been to Janey and to me, could we have seen it together? To me it was nothing now -- nothing but the city she would have seen. And the ing now -- nothing but the city she would have seen. And the purple Carrarese peak, darker and darker against the orange glow of the horizon, was nothing now, to me, but the marble mountain we should have passed, she and I, just before the railway brought iis to the city with the leaning tower, where we should have stopped. And San Domenico appealed te me in vain, and I cared not a JOSEPH VANCE straw whether the monk I could see, like a fat white maggot, in the Saint^s walled garden below, went in to Vespers or not Eor his bells were only the bells Janey would have heard but did not But the jangle of the team told of tired beasts she would have pitied, and of a tired man who worked long hours at low pay, and could, for all that, sing. So when I came across him further on, I conversed with him and asked him if he had bambini. And as he had several, I asked him to buy them some piccolezze as a present from me, and gave him, to his great surprise, something over his day's pay to buy them with. This was because thing over his day's pay to buy them with. This was because Janey would have done so ! How little the great billows that were rolling on still, to dash themselves to death against the cliffs of San Joaquim, knew of this far-off echo of their wild work of two years ago, among the hills of Tuscany! Eor the whole world had now become to me the world Janey and I should have lived in together. It had an interest for me still though -- a languid one -- on its own account. I could still speculate on why that blazing star in the gold over there seemed to me to be definitely spoken of by Beethoven, as much so as though a Sonata were a catalogue. And then the great triumphant phrase of the Waldstein sounded like a sudden trumpet-note in my memory, and a weight went off my heart and left me free. But why had my heart been weighted more than its wont? Simply because Janey would have enjoyed Cristoforo just as much as I did. I felt that that young beginner, as my Daddy would have called him, would become the baby Janey and I should have pampered and encouraged together, had she been here. And then he would wind his fat little self round my heart, and die in teething or get diphtheria, or tumble into a water-butt. Well! I should soon be in South America, anyhow! I went back to the albergo and fed, and wrote letters. Of course I wrote to Lossie and described Cristoforo, and was glad to be able (entrenched as it were behind the Post) to show a free sympathy about Sibyl's affairs, without fear of face-to-face catechism on mine. I was very sorry when the time came to say good-bye to my figlioccio, as I called him -- but I believe it was the wrong word, as I did not hold him at the font. He kissed me affectionately at parting, or his agent said he did. I should have said spluttered over -- ^however, it was well-meant, and answered all purposes. tered over -- ^however, it was well-meant, and answered all purposes. I could feel his powerful hands in my beard, tickling, all the way to the Station. CHAPTER LH HEBB PFLEIDEBER DISAPPBOVES OF BRAZIL. HOW JOE, YEABS AFTER, WENT TO LOOK FOR POPLAR VILLA, AND GRASS THEN GREW WHERE TROY TOWN STOOD. HOW BEPPINO's SECOND SON (OB THEREABOUTS) WAS BORN. THE NEED OF BROWNING. OF A VILLA FOR LOSSIE AT SORRENTO, NOT FLORENCE. HOW THE GENERAL NEVER UNDERSTOOD THE DOCTOR, MORELS THE PITY ! JOE^S LAST HAPPY EVENING IN ENGLAND. HOW HE CALLED ON AUNT IZZY. AND OF MR. SPENCER. NOLLY SEES JOE OFF AT EUSTON. THE SEA, ONCE MORE ! I AM interrupted -- ^just as I was going to get my Cook's ticket timbratoed for Milan (but this is only a fagon-de-parler ) -- by my chess-friend, Herr Pfleiderer. He is rather late, and I had given him up. But there is a half -finished game on the board, and we shall conclude shortly after midnight if all goes well. I have laid him a wager that I will draw two games out of three, in which he shall always open King's Gambit, and I shall always refuse the Gambit, checking with Queen at Rook's fifth. He is very confident he will jegmade me effry dime. Very likely. I foresee that I shall soon have to break it to the Herr that the time has come for our very last game, and that I shall be returning to Brazil. Suppose I do so, this evening! I may as well. So as soon as the clangour of Miss Austin subsides, I mention to him that I have given notice for Michaelmas, and that I shall probably clear out and start even earlier. Why the young woman cannot place a tray with bottles and glasses and sugar and lemons on the table without producing the effect of an express train passing through our station without stopping, I do not know. But ing through our station without stopping, I do not know. But I take advantage of the calm that follows to make my revelation. The Herr immediately adopts the tactics of his nation. ^'You do nod wand to go to Brazil. It is nod a blaze beople should go to. It is bankruhhed. There is a Revolution. You have no vriends in Brazil." Yes, I have -- I've an adopted son there, a fine young fellow of twenty." Then you should not gum to Europe. It is absurd to gum JOSEPH VANCE to blazes and go back. I shall dague the bawn. And you jeg with the roog. And I inderboze knide. Why haff you an adopted son? Why is he not your own son ? I do not ligue adopted jildren.'^ Herr Plleiderer always treats all other people's affairs as having been referred to him. We finished our game without his mak- ing been referred to him. We finished our game without his making any concession to Brazil. " We gannod blay again for a vord- ing any concession to Brazil. " We gannod blay again for a vordnide," says he, as he makes ready to go. " I am going to Berlin." nide," says he, as he makes ready to go. " I am going to Berlin." And he says good-bye, and I go back to my narrative. The tickling of Master Cristoforo's ridiculous fingers in my beard died away by the time I reached the railway, but the memory of it lasted me all the way to Chelsea, where a visit to Bony ory of it lasted me all the way to Chelsea, where a visit to Bony on the evening of my arrival and a collision with his numerous progeny of all ages, rather swamped Cristoforo. I had some misgivings as to telling Jeannie about him, but I had to do so; be- givings as to telling Jeannie about him, but I had to do so; because they would have heard of it in the end, and thought it cause they would have heard of it in the end, and thought it a shame I hadn't told. But I treated it as merely a good-natured act on my part, not due to any special attraction in Cristoforo himself, but only to my having come by chance on a very young orphan with my Father's prsenomen who seemed to me in need of a caretaker. I had a whim not to let the little party die of want, I said, and if I paid his piper why should he not bear my name? Then why not have him over here?" said Jeannie. Because, I replied, I didn't want him to be choked in a London fog. cause, I replied, I didn't want him to be choked in a London fog. " Shan't know what to do without you, old chap ! " said Bony as we sat on late in the evening. " How's your old governor ? " said I, skipping a few bars of the conversation. Bony tapped his head, and then shook it, which mean that old Macallister was failing rapidly (as I knew, not without aid from whiskey), and I drew my inferences. out aid from whiskey), and I drew my inferences. I shan't find you here, when I come back, Bony," said I. "Probably not. But you'll find me in Perthshire, if I'm alive and the old boy isn't. Poor old Sawney ! " For that was the namo he went by, even with his sons. " I wonder if I shall ever come to Perthshire." For I was wormeaten with sad misgivings. eaten with sad misgivings. "What's the matter, man alive?" said Bony. "Why shouldn't you come to Perthshire? Who's going to keep you in Brazil? If I didn't think that railway concern sure to come to grief I wouldn't let you go." " Oh, my dear boy, I was only thinking of the chances of Fate. 'Tilings are so untrustworthy. I shall be back in the spring." JOSEPH VANCE ^ Well, Lady Desprez won^t allow you to make a bolt, Joe. That^s one comfort, at any rate I " And one discomfort when Bony said this was my reflection that Beppino's sins had left a slur on my happiness when at Poplar Villa, which might have to be lived down. " They talk of going to live at Sorrento,'^ I said. " All but the hot months, of course. The General thinks of buying a viUa there if he can get it. They would come to London in the summer, though.'' " What's going to become of the old lady ? " asked Bony. Ho meant Aunt Izzy. My memory of his question reminds me that the poor old soul has disappeared from my narrative. And naturally enough, for the evidence of Aunt Izzy's existence to our urally enough, for the evidence of Aunt Izzy's existence to our senses had partly disappeared, and with it had developed an instalment of the Logic that was to affirm her total non-existence as ment of the Logic that was to affirm her total non-existence as soon as touch and sight ceased as well as hearing. For the old lady had given up her battle against deafness -- ^had surrendered at discretion, and seldom or never made her presence manifest. So she slips out of this story, as she had very nearly slipped out of ' our lives. All that was wanted now was that we should neither see nor touch her; and then she wouldn't be there at all, and we [ should disbelieve in her and say requiescat in pace. But I am leaving Bony's question unanswered. She'll live on at the Villa, of course. She needn't be alone. You never saw Edith Sant? Party of forty -- going deaf herself."' '' Never seen her. But I've heard of her from J eannie, and I understood she wasn't quite " She isn't quite. But she's a very old friend, and as she's getting deafer and deafer, is learning finger-language. She'll live with old Miss Thorpe, and they'll have theological discussions, and seances." Oh," said Bony, ^Ms that their game?" I said it was one of their games; and wondered whether two Bogies on the other side whose evidence on this had ceased altogether, would find a new game, or fall back on that one! As for the poor old Aunt, I heard indirectly that she only ceased to be tangible and visible on this side some four years ago. She died at a good old age at Poplar Villa, in spite of the plague-pit underneath it, having just lived lar Villa, in spite of the plague-pit underneath it, having just lived to the end of the last renewal of the lease, which she had made herself. Poplar Villa is gone now. I would have faced seeing it, however sadly, had I been in time. But shortly after my return I drove ever sadly, had I been in time. But shortly after my return I drove down our High Koad to Wimbledon, and it was all swept away; JOSEPH VANCE and on its site were accommodated a Board School and a new street that was to develop the ripe building land behind, where I remembered Nolly playing cricket. A row of so-called cottages that were not cottages at all were on their way down one side of this road, and I went into one that was to let, and found to my horror that it was two flats, and I might have the lower one for seven shillings a week. A very small boy of eight who was eating an unripe pear informed me that this house was better than Foley's (?) next door, as there was a fizzing tree in the back garden. He took me out through smells, to the back yard. And there was my tree of the years long gone. But there was no green lawn now, and the whetstone of Samuel rang no more in the early summer mornings. Did Samuel ever have a new scythe, I wonder, or did the thin blade vanish in some other hand? I gave the small boy sixpence, and he threw away his mumbled end of the pear, and ran to purchase something better; rousing the neighbourhood as he went with calls to favoured friends to come and share his luck. He was a generous boy, and I liked him. But 1 must get on with my narrative. I had of course seen no Times advertisements up at Eiesole; so I was unaware on my arrival that, on the day I left, the widow of the late lamented Joseph Randall Thorpe had had a son at the town residence of her father, Bulstrode Curzon Fuller Perceval, M. P., of Park Lane, and Parrettsdown, Somersetshire. I val, M. P., of Park Lane, and Parrettsdown, Somersetshire. I thought it very likely though, and was not surprised when Jeannie told me. She had heard it from Maisie Thorpe, and that all was well. So we had left it alone and gone on to Cristoforo. But I nursed a little flame of pleasure in my heart at knowing what a happiness this would be to Lossie. When I went over to the Villa next evening I had the luck to come on Lossie in a great state of exultation. The perfect sincerity of our rejoicing over the event on both sides had only one trifling flaw -- that one of us put more side on than was necessary; and the other, knowing this fact, accepted it as no more than normal. If we had had ing this fact, accepted it as no more than normal. If we had had a tiff, this would have been right and nice. But there had been none. It was like the case of a clean glass upside down on a shelf that you take down to drink out of. You know it's clean -oh dear, yes! But it won't be any the worse for a good rinse- oh dear, yes! But it won't be any the worse for a good rinseout. We had our good rinse-out, and removed from our hearts out. We had our good rinse-out, and removed from our hearts the slight soreness that had never been there at all. Of course not ! These niceties call for Browning, to put them shortly for us. iThe man that wrote ''strange -- the very way love began! I as JOSEPH VANCE little understand love's decay ! " at any rate understood enough to explain this little flutter of counter-consciousness, could we have employed him. Well, Joe! " said Lossie. So now we can all breathe freely; " -- over Sibyl, of course -- ^nothing else ! And now you can tell me all about young Cristoforo." Unfortunately the Turk was present, and her smallest brother. A good many difficulties arose in giving the explanations of Cristoforo that were demanded. Those who have had to confront and foro that were demanded. Those who have had to confront and outflank young children on this subject of their provenance will understand what I mean. If your imagination can supply the conversation antecedent to the Turk's home-question, Which are the Papa, then, in Italy ? " you will see how we became involved. Anthropomorphism helped us at our need, although the Turk had to be said " shish, darling " to, for questioning the skill of her Maker. " When I saw Bony to-day. Loss," I said, when quiet ensued, "he told me Phemie, the youngest but one, had adopted her elder sister's best doll, after hearing of Cristoforo. The riot was hushed down, but only by assuring them that mammas could not adopt the children of other mammas still living, and only Papas in any case. He told them Dolls had no Papas, being bought at shops." " I'm glad I haven't got to do the next explanations in that quarter," said Lossie. " But now do tell me more about Cristoforo." ter," said Lossie. " But now do tell me more about Cristoforo." So I told her a great deal more -- all quite true! And nothing false that was not mere repetition of what I had told before. I recurred to Cristoforo to the exclusion of other topics that knocked at the door, in order that I might not seem to shrink from particulars. I felt I was improving as a story-teller. ticulars. I felt I was improving as a story-teller. " I shall never see an organ-grinder now, Joe, without thinking of you. What do you mean to do with him ? " "Bring him up as an organ-grinder, naturally. We shall have plenty of time to thinlc about that when he's done teething. What is Sibyl going to call her boy ? " " She would like him to be Beppino -- ^because poor Bep was so much Beppino to her. But her father says it's un-English. No doubt it is. Most likely it will be either Joseph Curzon, or Kandall Curzon. Let's go in the garden. Come along, children. dall Curzon. Let's go in the garden. Come along, children. Come and help to water the roses." For the roses were still due at Balham, though the delugeresiduum of the Florence crop had been held a contemptible rem- residuum of the Florence crop had been held a contemptible remnant by the Albergo Minerva. We shouldn't be in our full glory nant by the Albergo Minerva. We shouldn't be in our full glory (of a few dozen blooms) for a month yet But I transplanted myj JOSEPH VANCE niiud from Fiesole to London S. W. without much difficulty; saying very little though about my recent experience of flowers, lest ing very little though about my recent experience of flowers, lest I should seem to crow over Upper Tooting. "I think Hugh's got the Sorrento Villa, Joe,'' said Lossie. '' Can't we have the garden-pump, Samuel ? " " We could have it at once," said Samuel. But it seemed it wouldn't work," though morally it was a perfect pump. '' There ain't any defect in the pump itself, only a screw's been wore, and loosened off the 'andle-plate. So when you rises, the coverin' comes up bodily. Otherwise you might say it was in fair order." I thought of the character my Father had given to pumps, long ago. So long ago! It seemed longer than it does now. " It wouldn't take above a minute, or maybe two at most, to connect up the hose, and give you any supply -- ^why. Lord, it could be done while I was a-tellin' you, only " " Only what, Samuel ? " Only it's been took away to mend. Promised back it is on Tuesday -- but there's no reliance." Lossie could'laugh still, and did it. And a new generation of birds in the greenhouse did as their forbears did twenty-odd years before, and broke out in responsive song. I knew we should have to fall back on the common watering-pot," said she. " No engineering's any use, Joe, you're all alike ! " I felt she was really the old Lossie, and was glad to be happy. For if Janey sees me now, said I to myself, she'll be glad too. It was the nicest little bit of time I had had for some while; and the children enjoyed it too, helping. The pots of water that the Turk did not tip over on the garden path, or on Desiree and a new Irish poplin she was making a tea-gown of for Lossie, and brought us out to show the braiding on, found their way either on to their mother, or their uncle Joe, or the rose-trees. It was Arcadia, and when Hugh came in, also jubilant, and announced that the Villa at Sorrento was an accomplished fact, I was quite sorry, as we had rento was an accomplished fact, I was quite sorry, as we had to go in to get ready for dinner and it was near the children's bedtime. ^'You've really settled about the villa at Sorrento?" said I to the General, as we smoked in the evening, out in the garden. " It is as good as settled. I take it for three years at a rental, with the refusal of the freehold. It's not to be sold over our heads. Perhaps I shall end my days there -- my days in this world. You see I am to all intents and purposes out of harness now, and I've seen a deal of service in my time. I'm turned sixty." JOSEPH VANCE Could you be called out again on active service ? " " Oh dear, yes I But of course it would be optional, practically. I I could excuse myself on the score of antiquity." " But should you ? " JS ot if .PS thought I could be of any use." i Any one who did not know Sir Hugh Desprez as I did might I have suspected him of affectation in talking thus of his antiquity. Turned sixty" did not prevent his seeming at the very prime of his natural life. Men have different primes. To see him as he stood there that evening in the half-light of the moon and sunset, one would have said no further maturity was possible; but that as the slight touch of coming grey in the hair was lost in the mixed. ' gleam, no present decadence was visible. He retained to the full the flavour (as it might be called) of not being in uniform, and not being on horseback. Except for the gray, and that thirteen years of absorption had told upon the lip scar, he was the same man that had looked so pityingly into that mirror at Oxford. Five years after that evening on the lawn, when at a few hours' notice ' he started for India, to join the army in Afghanistan, there was not a word of misgiving in Lossie's letter that reached me at I Rio Grande about his age; only about the reckless way in which i he exposed himself needlessly to danger. Probably you know that i he never returned from that expedition. " I'm glad about this baby of Sibyl's," said he. It won't stand in the way of her marrying again." Then some brain-wave passed between us, for I feel sure his next words came for my sake. She's quite young, you see -- and think how little she had of him ! Deduct for the six months they were separated, in which he negotiated his other marriage, and a solid twelvemonth really spans gotiated his other marriage, and a solid twelvemonth really spans the whole." I shall be uneasy," said I, about it all. Not morally, because I consider I am giving Cristoforo a new birthright in exchange for the birthwrong I am acquiescing in. I mean I shall be afraid of a big burst-up." My dear boy," said the General. " I only wish there were as little chance of some other legitimacies I know of being flawed as there is of this. Cristoforo won't find it out " He's very sharp ! " ''No doubt I But he has to attend to the Commissariat. You can't do two things at once. As for any one else, trust his motheF s family to do nothing that will stop the supplies. And even if they were ever to identify Giuseppe Vance with Joseph Randall Thorpe, the false name might invalidate the marriage." JOSEPH VANCE " But Giuseppe and Joseph are the same name -- and I thought that in England at least, the nome di famiglia " "Didn't count? It would be a doubtful point. But I don't believe any Italian contadino family would run the risk of getting their daughter's marriage, which is now held legal -- isn't ting their daughter's marriage, which is now held legal -- isn't it?" " Oh, certainly ! " " Getting it thrown into ambiguity-land to secure -- ^to secure what? They would have no object " " I see your point. Well ! -- I won't fidget about it." " And as for your own share in it ! Why, my dear boy," and the General put his arm round my shoulders, schoolboy-wise, as we walked on the lawn in the dry, warm night air, " what does your connection with the whole affair amount to? You have had the knowledge of the deed of a damned scoundrel forced upon you, and are keeping a painful silence for the sake of its victims. And you are providing the principal surviving victim with a better father than Nature had given him." " Ma che vuole ? " said I, imitating the Tuscan letter we had read together. We laughed, and Lossie said out of the old Nursery window above, " You two seem very merry down there in the moonlight. What's the joke?" I forget the reply. light. What's the joke?" I forget the reply. When Hugh said " damned scoundrel " I felt his words tighten the muscles of the arm on my shoulder. I thought of the threeyear-old little Joe looking at books with me up in that very Nur- year-old little Joe looking at books with me up in that very Nursery, and there was Lossie at the window ! sery, and there was Lossie at the window ! " I hope Bep isn't damned, sine die, for all that," said I. And the General said very gravely, " His Eather may forgive him -if he knew not what he did," and then we took a turn or two, if he knew not what he did," and then we took a turn or two, and I would fain have forgotten him. But he hung about the mind of my companion. " I never quite made him out," said he. " I know you and the Doctor accounted for him by some form of backward growth which I never rightly understood; though Thorpe often talked of it. Perhaps you and he saw Beppino the man very little. I saw him more in his man's character -- especially when we were at Sorrento, and after. Sometimes when a man goes on living a great deal at home as he did, he gets a sort of double character -- ^his home self harks back on his childhood, his other self looks ahead." "Dr. Thorpe didn't mean that. He meant that he had never grown i -- ^himself! His intellectual powers and his body had matured, but his spirit remained a baby. If that was so, an overwhelming acces of the passion of passions -- ^what he called Love -- would JOSEPH VANCE Bweep the baby will before it, and employ the mature intellect to compass its ends," But it occurred to me, as I said this, that we might find excuses for almost anything if we insisted on the existence of a soul or spirit that was neither mind nor body, and istence of a soul or spirit that was neither mind nor body, and laid all our bad actions at the door of the latter. However, I would give Beppino the benefit of the doubt, and hoped (rather chillily, I admit) that he would be able to expiate his guilt and start fair on the ground that in some sense he "knew not what he did." Perhaps the ecclesiastics of Jerusalem for whom divine forgiveness was first asked on that ground, would have behaved otherwise had their souls been better grown. But I did not say this to the General. For to him as to many another noble man I have known any reference to the events of Calvary as occurrences that actually happened, was distasteful if not painful. They rences that actually happened, was distasteful if not painful. They were not History, but Scripture, and broadly speaking might be considered to have happened on Sunday. " I never understood the Doctor," said he ; " nor he me ! I used to tell him so, and that I was just an old-fashioned Christian, and my Bible was enough for me. And he would reply, ^ Well, Hugh, Christianity is the best working hypothesis of Life, so far.' And I once wanted him -- it was only a few days before his death -- to tell me more exactly what he thought about it, and he was telling me, when unfortunately Violet came in, and he stopped short." How well I could imagine it! The General and I chatted a little longer on the lawn, as there was no Violet to silence us, and then went in and talked about the children with Lossie. I have always counted that evening my last happy evening in England. For in the two months that passed before I started for New York on my way to Kio I was desperately busy, for one thing. For another, the General's family absorbed Lossie and her children, and when not in Pall Mall (as was very much the case) the General himself. A turn at the seaside put the finishing touch on our restrictions, and though I saw Lossie to say good-bye, it was one of those unsatisfactory good-byes under protest, when a pretence is made by both that they are sure to see each other again, and they know quite well they are not, and are sorry; yet have a sneaking gladness at avoiding the pain of a real farewell. I think I must have known at heart that it was one, by well. I think I must have known at heart that it was one, by the way I hugged the children. Kandall, the eldest, a great big boy home from school, was too proud and manly to be hugged; but not to cry in a corner because Uncle Joe was going away for ever so long. He and I were great friends, though I have men490 JOSEPH VANCE 490 JOSEPH VANCE tioned him very little. The Turk wished to accompany me and defy Society. Fate was unkind also about Bony and his wife. Old Sawney might just as well have died three months later, instead of taking them away from me to witness his final adieu to the whiskey bottle, and leaving Chelsea lonely. He summoned them too on a false pretence that he was in extremis and then rallied briskly, and kept them hanging about for six weeks or more. So I saw very little of them. I think I must have disbelieved in the date of my return, or I should not have gone to Poplar Villa to say good-bye to it, when no one was there but the old Aunt. Edith Sant had come on temporarily and acted as the Medium at the seances in which I was porarily and acted as the Medium at the seances in which I was the spirit and Aunt Izzy the mortal, or vice versa. Communication was by fingers as far as Miss Thorpe went. The phenomena were unconvincing, and I wouldn't stop to lunch, thank you, and said good-bye. I walked out once more into the garden and looked at the pear-crop, said good-bye to Samuel, and came back through the door my dear old Dad and I had wiped our boots at. And then the carriage gate swung to, and its latch overpassed its mark, and hesitated to and fro as a latch that would fain avoid closing on an old friend for the last time. It did it in the end though, and I came away with the web of pain in my eyes and temples, j and vague misgiving in my heart ; thinking how when I first came f out of that gate Lossie ran down the steps and gave me cake. And now -- I was not going back to my Mother! nor to Janey in Chelsea -- only to her empty house. ; However, there was her Father, poor old boy I I went and said good-bye a good deal to him, and made a solemn promise to come ! back in six months. That promise I ranked as my great achievement in falsehood, next after my fibs about Cristoforo. Dear little | ment in falsehood, next after my fibs about Cristoforo. Dear little | Cristoforo! How I did hope he was assimilating that balia at a : great pace. But I didn't mean to be false outright-- I really meant i to come back rather later than I said -- two months or so. However, I never saw my father-in-law again. He joined the Choir ever, I never saw my father-in-law again. He joined the Choir of Invisible Solicitors some seven years later. In fact he only survived the news of the death of his eldest daughter (Lossie's great : vived the news of the death of his eldest daughter (Lossie's great : friend Sarita) a few weeks. It was after that that I heard from NoUy, who was his partner in business and his executor, that a box with Janey's name on it had come from Ceylon with other : effects of Sarita's, and that he would prefer that I should open it, : I replied to this (I quite believed it) that I should come to Eng- | land shortly, and would send for it. Thinking to save trouble I JOSEPH VANCE wrote at the time to the Pantechnicon people, enclosing a written delivery order to be signed by them and given up to Nolly, ten delivery order to be signed by them and given up to Nolly, to call for the box and keep it with my other things until my return. That reminds me that Nolly could find me now, if he wanted to, by going to the Pantechnicon for my address. He would only have to hunt up a receipt thirteen or fourteen years old ! It reminds me also to mention that it was during this lonely interval in Chelsea, before my departure, that I braced myself up to do what I knew must be done in the end, and broke up my home -- Janey's home! It was easier for me that none was there to see or speak to me. The burial of the furniture in the Pantechnicon was, however, the most I could make up my mind to ; technicon was, however, the most I could make up my mind to ; I could not pick and choose and say I will send this here and that there. So there I interred them, and there they will remain, for all I can see, until the annual payment ceases ; and then they will go to auction, to pay expenses, and persons of prey will snap them up for an old song. But the tune of that old song will be none of those that Janey played. Those are all gone now, unless indeed some echo of them mixes in the music of the seas that break for ever against the rocks of St. Joaquim, and almost reach the little cenotaph above; on which one word alone, her name, is written. I last remember, in that London of my old life, the face of Nolly, who came to see me off at Euston. He is almost the only one of all I have seen since -- ^just a minute by that chance that I told you of. Oh, how I longed to take the hand of Lossie's brother -- the hand that bade me Godspeed that day at Euston Station, twenty years ago! He would have been himself to me, as of old; for I doubt if he knew much ever of the cause of the rift between me and Lossie. He only thought I had slid away, as folk do, in life. But I should have waked a many wolves in my renewal of the past. Better to let them lie. It would all be right in the end. The sun went down on a stormy sea as I lost sight of land on the Cunarder, bound for New York. Yet I was not thinking of whether I should return or no, but of the endless rolling billows under the great cliffs of Portugal, and the lonely cenotaph upon the hilL CHAPTER Lm I WHAT JOE HAS BEEN DRIVING AT. HE HAS CRISTOFORO OUT TO HIM IN BRAZIL. HOW THE GENERAL DIED LIKE A HERO AT MAIWAND. LOSSES GOES TO FLORENCE. A PLEASANT LETTER FROM HER AT VILLA MAGONCINI. ANOTHER, WITH A PLEASANT POSTSCRIPT. JOE TAKES A RIDE CINI. ANOTHER, WITH A PLEASANT POSTSCRIPT. JOE TAKES A RIDE AND SHOOTS A HALF-BREED. ACCIDENT TO CRISTOFORO. JOE's ANSWER TO THE LETTER. MORE CORRESPONDENCE, TERRIBLE TO JOE. SWER TO THE LETTER. MORE CORRESPONDENCE, TERRIBLE TO JOE. ALL IS ENDED. " THIS IS FOR LOSSIE." I SHALL soon come to a point at which I shall account my selfimposed task finished. Before I complete what little I have left imposed task finished. Before I complete what little I have left to tell, let me try to make it clear to my imaginary reader (as it is to myself) what it was that originally I proposed to do -that 1 meant to cover a quire or two of foolscap with -- that has that 1 meant to cover a quire or two of foolscap with -- that has spread out over the best part of a ream. I have lived two distinct lives; one of thirty-odd years in Europe; one of twenty-odd in South America and the States. You rope; one of twenty-odd in South America and the States. You must realize that the latter is, or was till two years ago, my life of the present; one of excitement and strenuous activities; of contest and effort; a life sometimes in the open with hunters and test and effort; a life sometimes in the open with hunters and fishers; even of military service and peril of death among barbarians. It has nothing to do with the story, which is an effort barians. It has nothing to do with the story, which is an effort on my part to think back, now as I approach the end, into the dear old past this stormy twenty years has nearly effaced. Had I not come away from Brazil, it never would have occurred to me to make this effort. Nor would it have been possible with my surroundings to bring back to my mind all I have recalled and written. In fact, had it not been for the first clues, supplied by Lossie's letters which I got in the box from the Pantechnicon, I should have found it hard to make a start. It was those letters that brought it all back. But my intention has throughout ters that brought it all back. But my intention has throughout been to stop my narrative abruptly at the end of my European life, if only because I am coming to an end of the undertaking that brought me back to England. I think I have mentioned the history of musical instruments I am engaged on, which has caused me to frequent the British Museum reading-room for two years past. It was begun some time since in New York; and when JOSEPH VANCE three years ago a fracture of the left arm, following on a period of great strain and fatigue, made it really necessary that I should take serious repose, I took it in hand again at Rio Grande, which has been my Brazilian anchorage, and was so exasperated at my want of documents that I saw I must either give it up or come to Europe to find them. In spite of considerable losses in South American investments (notably Argentine railways) I was still well enough off to indulge myself in a long holiday, or indeed to retire from work, without withdrawing supplies from any dependent. Reasonable economy was necessary -- but no more -- and pendent. Reasonable economy was necessary -- but no more -- and the chambers I am occupying answered very well, though, had I known it would be over two years, I might have sought out some better rooms, with a better-tempered proprietor. My idea at first was to go back in a twelvemonth at most. I am very near the completion of my historical work now ; three months, I think, might I finish it. I shall then go straight back home, as soon as I have made arrangements with the Publishers. Having interposed this word of explanation, in writing which I have not seemed unreasonable to myself, I go on to the fragi ment of narrative that is wanting to complete my European life, i ment of narrative that is wanting to complete my European life, and shall add no more to it than belongs to my subsequent correspondence with Lossie and her husband ; that being the only link respondence with Lossie and her husband ; that being the only link that, after my departure to America, connects me with the events I have narrated. Of course I exchanged letters with Bony until his death, and with my father-in-law. I heard from Jeannie about seven years ago -- an account of my dear old friend's last illness, and how his mind wandered back to the old days of St. Withold's, and the great fight. I had other correspondence too, from my stepmother in Worcestershire and so forth -- ^but after about ten years it died down and I felt my Europe was a thing of the past. It should be clear from the above that my life of twenty years past forms no part of my scheme; I have only now to deal with a sequel of my European life, which overlaps it. I need not tell anything of the delays that prolonged the stay I had at first proposed to make, or of the effect that a life of great activity and excitement had on one who sadly wanted influences of the sort to counteract a growing morbidness and reserve, the fruits of past unhappiness. As a matter of fact, one undertaking followed another; each one always beginning before its predecessor lowed another; each one always beginning before its predecessor ended, in such a way that no pause for withdrawal presented itself ; and the time slid away till near a quarter of a century had somehow gone since I first projected a journey to Brazil. how gone since I first projected a journey to Brazil. JOSEPH VANCE I had, however (as will be seen) few inducements to come ba^^ during the greater half of my time there. It very soon occurred to me that if I was to have any advantage from Cristoforo while he was still young and succulent vantage from Cristoforo while he was still young and succulent he would have to come out to me. After two or three postpone^ ments I began to have misgivings about the genuineness of my proposals to return, and in the course of my second year found I was beginning, as it were mechanically, to throw out hints in my letters to the Signorina Vespucci about the advantages South America offered to Italians. The bait took, and I was not much surprised to receive from the Faustina herseK a proposal to bring Cristoforo out to his adopted parent. The Faustina, it also appeared, had become engaged to an Italian Officer, with the stipu- peared, had become engaged to an Italian Officer, with the stipulation that she should not be obliged to part from Cristoforo. If lation that she should not be obliged to part from Cristoforo. If her fidanzato could be certain of an impegno on his arrival he wouldn't mind coming too. So we were suited all round, especially as I at once got preferment beyond his wildest dreams for Cesare Nissim, which was the fidanzato's name. The Signora Nissim continued in charge of Cristoforo during his infancy, and when he tinued in charge of Cristoforo during his infancy, and when he came to schoolboy age surrendered him to me, with many tears, owing to the increase of her own family. I made new arrangements for my boy, which don't come into my story. ments for my boy, which don't come into my story. My correspondence with Lossie went steadily on, as also with Bony. The dream that I should return was seriously treated by both for many years. I can't find any hint of any other possibility until Lossie writes in '78. ^^We quite despair, dear Joe, bility until Lossie writes in '78. ^^We quite despair, dear Joe, of ever seeing you again -- do think it over seriously, and next time a contract is to be signed to tunnel the Andes, or bridge the Amazon, pause a little and think of your friends in Europe. It would zon, pause a little and think of your friends in Europe. It would be so good to see your dear old face once more, here at Sorrento. And still better to see you once again at the old home. The young people are all growing up at a great rate, but they don't forget their Uncle Joe. Kandall is quite a model Etonian; only I don't fancy he will be his father again. He's very studious -- ^he may end his days a Bishop! Fancy Papa's grandson a Bishop!" and goes on to say how all the children talk about me, even the Turk, young as she was when we parted. We generally exchanged letters two or three times in the year, till the change came. In '79 came her letter telling how Hugh had started at a week's notice to join the Army in Afghanistan. She had tried hard to persuade him to let her go too. But he was firm about this. What would she gain by being at Peshawur if he was shot at Cabul? She might just as well be at Sorrento, Then how about JOSEPH VAHCE tlie children! So she consented to remain with a heavy heart, and in time came the news of the disaster of Maiwand, and his death at Candahar. My memory serves me ill about details, and her letters give very few; of course she knew I should read the story over and over again in the newspapers. She only dwells on little personal matters I should especially recollect. Did I remember the little wallet he called his satchel, that he never would member the little wallet he called his satchel, that he never would part with if he could help it. It was that very one the bullet that killed him passed through! Of course I did. How well I now recollect pushing Beppino's wicked letters away in it. Thank Heaven ! my Cristoforo never reminded me who his father was. It was about six months after this that Lossie wrote that she was going to sell the villa at Sorrento. She wrote from Poplar Villa, where she and the children were remaining much later than for many years past, as it was mid-October. She shrank from the return to the Sorrento Villa with all its associations with her husband. But she had lived too much in Italy to be able to live anywhere else. So she should leave the sale to the Agents, and take the children to Florence to see if anything suitable could be found there. ^'You know," she wrote, "I have always had such love for Florence because my darling Joey (Beppino) had such a nice time there -- ^just before his marriage, you remember?" I remembered. "I should so like to take his boy and mine to see the Spanish chapel and the Benozzo Gozzoli frescoes he used to talk so much about." Then this letter goes on to say what a dear fellow young Beppino, Sibyl's boy, has grown, and what amazing talents he is showing, and what high moral qualities; and how fortunate this is, as he will be, when he comes of age, heir to the unentailed portion of his grandfather's property. For his grandfather had been pitched off his horse in the hunting-field, and his next-door neighbour had been unable to stop and had ridden over him and been in at the death. Meanwhile Death had been in at the mortal tenement of poor Mr. Fuller Perceval, and had taken its tenant to Another Place -- an Upper Chamber, let us hope. All his devisable property was left (subject to his widow's lifeinterest and some legacies) to his grandson Joseph Kandall interest and some legacies) to his grandson Joseph Kandall Thorpe. All the more reason, I thought, why no doubt should bo cast on Joseph Randall's legitimacy. A letter followed this one of Lossie's at a quicker interval than usual; about two months. It was written at Florence from the Hotel' Huova York; and I was not absolutely sorry it wasn't from the Minerva. The less my footsteps were trodden in the better. Remember that nothing of this sort ever passed without a little JOSEPH VANCE twist to my inner self, that it was keeping something back from Lossie. How I should have rejoiced to speak out freely, and get into the fresh air once more! The letter was all about the Villa Magoncini on the Koad under Fiesole, that turns to the right before you get to San Domenico. It was a perfect Paradise -- only wanted one or two stoves in the rooms -- had never been modernized nor Anglicized nor Americanized -- and could be bought outright with two poderi for two thousand pounds. She was just posting a cheque to the agent with direction to complete the purchase forthwith. It was too late to tell her how much of that money would with. It was too late to tell her how much of that money would go into that agent's pockets. So I only wrote congratulations and said I wished I could be there to see. The next letter is in May, and they are all settled at the Villa '' to the boundless joy of the girls, and would be to mine also, if -but you know, dear Joe, as well as it can be known, what that but you know, dear Joe, as well as it can be known, what that if means. I do wish you could be here, for I could talk to you of Hugh. There is no one here now that I can speak of him to but the babes, and they are only babes. Even when Violet comes out, it is little comfort to hear that 'we are told' this, and it is 'wrong to doubt' that. It would be such a happiness to bear Papa's voice, saying things one knew he meant." Then follows much about the villa and the chapel and the contadini and the huge white oxen. " Can any one, I wonder, make | tadini and the huge white oxen. " Can any one, I wonder, make | these glorious creatures go an atom faster than bas-reliefs or j induce them to stop when they don't want to? Your Turk (do ' you know she's nearly nine -- isn't it awful?) wanted to kiss one : of them, and he shook his head slightly, and the wind of it knocked the Turk down." And so forth. All of which gave me pleasure j to read, and to write in answer to. My next letter was not to ! be so pleasant. ! It was written in September, at the time of the Vintage. I | saw as I opened it a large P. S. on a separate sheet. Not quite ; like Lossie, I thought to myself. However, never mind now; we i should come to it in time. I settled down to read the letter. "It was a splendid Vendemmia. The whole household was at work, and Paolo was even recommending that a new tino should be obtained forthwith at any cost, as the old ones would never be big I enough. It was so funny to see Dick (the Towerstairs) trying to smoke large cigars and cut grapes at the same time. " Eeally there is nothing in the world like Tuscany, in the vintage. The great white oxen dragging the loads of botte up to the age. The great white oxen dragging the loads of botte up to the Cantina is the most majestic sight in nature, and we all felt ^ JOSEPH VANCE ashamed (except Dick) of sitting gormandizing at lunch indoors when tocco came, while all the contadini were hard at work again after black bread and the thinnest wine man ever drank/' So ran on the letter, through eight pages, ending: ^^We onlywant you here, dear old Joe, you and your Italian boy, and it want you here, dear old Joe, you and your Italian boy, and it would be perfect." A very nice letter, and I almost felt I was with them in Tuscany. But what was all this? How about the postscript? The first dozen words made me grave and attentive. The first sentence showed me a serious danger ahead. By the time I had read through it I was already feeling that I must keep cool. You know what one is when one feels one must keep cool. Here is what I read: I really do not know, dear old Joe, if I ought to repeat to you the monstrous piece of nonsense that has come round to us about you and your Italian boy. It is too bad that such rubbish should get about. Fancy it's being said, in the face of all the facts, that the boy is your own son ! Having written it, I feel so angry with myself for having done so, and as if I ought to tear it up. Of course I at once told Violet, who told me (and also what I could not believe to be true that 'everybody' was saying it), that I knew all the particulars about the boy; and that everybody's version (if he really said it) was entirely wrong. I asked her to tell sion (if he really said it) was entirely wrong. I asked her to tell me who everybody was, in this case, and how everybody came to know anything about you. Violet said the Seth-Pettigrews, who at any rate knew all about it, although I might choose to think them nobody, had told her. She said of course they knew nothing about you, but they knew the Signorina Vespucci years ago, and she had charge of ' your baby.' I cannot tell you how angry Vi made me. You know I am very fond of Vi, but you know how disagreeable she can be when she likes. As for the story itself, don't let it make you uncomfortable. I am not at all sure I hadn't better destroy this, after all. However, it's always better to be out in the stroy this, after all. However, it's always better to be out in the open, as Papa used to say. I shall call upon Mrs. Seth-Pettigrew as soon as they come back from Via Reggio, and tell her the facts, and I am sure I shall find that Vi has made the most of some chance word, jus., to vex me about you. You know she always went on those lines. It's a sort of 'parii pris with her ; though why. Heaven knows! And as for the Seth-Pettigrews, they are the biggest gossips in Florence, and that is saying a great deal. However, dear old boy, don't let their rubbish fidget you. I shouldn't ever, dear old boy, don't let their rubbish fidget you. I shouldn't JOSEPH VANCE write it, only of course it will be nice to have your letter back to enable me to squash it altogether." I read this through a dozen times -- ^but could get no forwarder in my task of keeping cool than to say over and over again that I must do so. I felt my pulse going quicker and my head growing hotter. The worst of it was there was no living creature ing hotter. The worst of it was there was no living creature I could consult. Come stai, Daddino caro ? Come stai ? Mi pari malinconico," said my boy Cristoforo, the unconscious cause of it all. I had taught him Daddy; and of course, being Tuscan-born, he made it a diminutive. I could not talk it over with the little man -- # not quite! But I could surely with Signora Nissim? Could I? No -- I couldn't. How was I to tell her, please, that the sorella of our boy^s father was in want of proof that I wasn't that father myself? Perhaps that is too bold a restatement of Lossie's concluding words -- but they seemed to me to have that meaning in cluding words -- but they seemed to me to have that meaning in the bush. No, I could not speak even to her I Oh, why -- why -- need Lossie ever go to Plorence? Was there none of the swarm of towns on the Kiviera that would have done as well, where no living soul knew aught of me or mine? And if Florence, why Fiesole? I got half mad trying to think what I could write to her, tore everything I began, and ended by postponement. Meanwhile, how to keep off a fever? I could ride ponement. Meanwhile, how to keep off a fever? I could ride over to Torviedro, where I was wanted, on business, about forty miles off. I could ride all through the tropical night. That would suit me now exactly. There was a nice full moon just climbing off the mountain edge over there. The road was bad and I could not go fast; but I waked my man I went to see in the dawn, and made him give me breakfast. I passed the day in activity and excitement, the great remedy for all trouble, went down in a mine where the miners were in mutiny, and anticipated the police by shooting a half-breed through the head. Any one under too great a strain of nervous tension finds homicide a great reliefi But I was destined to have a still greater antidote administered to my feverish symptoms. For I rode back next night ministered to my feverish symptoms. For I rode back next night under a diminished moon and arrived again at dawn to find poor Cristoforo in the hands of the doctor, with his head bound up. He and a little friend of eight had found a pointed knife, and were playing most peacefully at assassinations when he did his performance of the victim wrong, and got very badly cut. He got quite well in a few days, and he and his friend Pepito JOSEPH VANCE showed me with the paper knife how they were doing it, and why it went wrong. But I believe his mishap was good for me, and Avhen a week after Lossie^s letter came I nerved myself up to ausv/er it, I felt much better qualified for the task than when I tried before. I can recollect my reply to the postscript, but not the whole letter. Here it is: " As to your postscript, dear Loss, I hardly know what to say more than that the false gossip about me and my little man is evidently a misconstruction put upon the circumstances under which I took possession of him. Perhaps the people at the Hotel got a report of my behaviour at our first introduction, and could not ascribe it to any one short of a father. You know you used always to say, like Mrs. Crupp, I was a 'mother myself.' That is really the only theory I can formulate to account for the absurdity. This letter will take too long to reach you for anything surdity. This letter will take too long to reach you for anything I say in it to influence matters. But I am sure your judgment will have been right about what amount of contradiction is most likely to procure truth. I should say simply deny it, and leave the facts to make out their own case." Then I went on with a long undisturbed letter, telling all about my moonlight ride, and the miners' meeting and Toforino's game of murder with little Pepito, and the amazing musical genius of little Giuseppe Nissim, who at four was already a passable violinist. Lossie would sim, who at four was already a passable violinist. Lossie would remember, I said, that Madam Nissim was the Signorina Vespucci, Cristoforo's mother's cousin, whom she said the Seth-Pettigrews had known. I did not hear from Lossie again till after the new year, the last letter I ever had from her; and though she is still alive and well, I shall never have another. But in the interim, as near as I remember at the end of November, the Faustina came to me laughing, with a letter she had just received from the Signora Ledidesprez (which she treated as all one word). She had written that I was not to see it -- but that was too absurd! the thing ten that I was not to see it -- but that was too absurd! the thing was a mere joke to laugh about -- not to be taken too seriously, so I need not look so anxious about it. Che ! che 1 The letter was to ask Madame Nissim, as a special favour, to write one line to disabuse the Signori Seth-Pettigrew, whom she would remember at Fiesole seven years ago, of a foolish idea that they had -- and then followed particulars, and a reference to the persistency of the Seth-Pettigrews. But this would be silenced at once by a word from Madame Nissim, who had known Cristoforo's parents. She hoped Madame Nissim would say nothing to foro's parents. She hoped Madame Nissim would say nothing to me about it, as it would very likely seem more important to me JOSEPH VANCE than it really was; but she had no right to impose conditions. Of course she herself knew it was nonsense. But people were very difficult to convince when once they got hold of an idea. The letter was written in very fair Italian. '^But I don't know any Signori Seth-Pettigrew," said the Eaustina. And we were quite unable to identify these persons, and tina. And we were quite unable to identify these persons, and gave them up as a bad job. It occurred to me afterwards that perhaps il Signora Scappatigre, whom I had heard of from Faustina, might have something to do with them, but at the time tina, might have something to do with them, but at the time we did not connect them up. Ma non lo capisco I " said she, suddenly attacked by reflection, ^^La Signora Ledidesprez is the sister of Toforino's babbo " and looked mightily bewildered. For, relying on the gap between Kio Grande and Florence, I had spoken of Lady Desprez as Beppino's sister. pino's sister. " Cara Faustina," said I, there are some things I cannot explain to you fully, because you do not understand us English. But you know who Toforino's babbo was, and that he had the same name as myself ? Depend upon it that is how this gossip got about. Don't you write to the Signora! I'll write and make it all clear. I wish I was my boy's real Babbo." I then pointed out that though Lady Desprez knew I had adopted an Italian child, she never knew it was her own nephew. She had left the matter to her brother's executor, and thought his son was with his wife's relations. " Ma com' e strano," said the Faustina, " di lasciaf are cosi ! So fosse stato un nipotino mio ! " "You would have done differently. But you are not a Protestante, Faustina! Bemember that il povero Signore wanted his estante, Faustina! Bemember that il povero Signore wanted his son brought up a Cristiano." I wasn't sure I should not have to put a big lie on the top of all this, and swear that Beppino's family had been rabbiatoed by this wish for his son's education, which they had found dwelt upon in his letters that I carried back to London. But luckily Faustina was as wax in my hands, and made no difficulties about leaving the answer entirely to me. I told her I could clear it all up. But I did not consider it necessary to write to Lossie again about it. If she got no answer she would only conclude the letter had never reached. Any word I added to my last letter might merely stir up and renew what would otherwise die down and be forgotten. Then in time came the terrible letter to which no reply was possible, except indeed I had written the whole truth without reserve. The choice I had to make was whether I should or should JOSEPH VANOE not inflict on Lossie the knowledge that the brother she had cherished in her memory for years, making him each year more an ished in her memory for years, making him each year more an idol than the last, was a villain; and that his boy was a bastard -- the boy that she had almost made her own; that this boy would like enough lose his splendid inheritance from his grandfather, unless indeed his father's treachery to his mother could be shown to be the worst of all treacheries (almost) that men of his type gain their end by. And she herself -- the woman on whom I should throw the burden of this wrong, who would have the task of telling Beppino's widow what manner of thing her adored husband had been -- was she not my Miss Lossie? -- that same Miss Lossie that came upon my childhood in a gleam of sunlight that day long ago at Poplar Villa -- and turned my youth from what it might have been to what it was? And did not that little Joey that clung to her skirts grow to be this very Beppino? No! -- his memory should remain sweet in her mind, and hi$ wife's, and his son's -- aye! both his sons' -- for all that I would ever say to any one of them. But oh! it was hard to think of the price at which her immunity from this nightmare must be purchased. Not the prio6 munity from this nightmare must be purchased. Not the prio6 to me -- that I would pay cheerfully, and live through the rest of my time, and see my boy launched happily in life, if I could. Janey would know -- or was not there, in which case nothing mattered at all! But poor Lossie! She would have to live through tered at all! But poor Lossie! She would have to live through her days, without Hugh, and to believe that her dear other little brother had turned out foul in the end -- or at least, if not foui, a man with a mask on, capable of a new love, of some sort or other, almost while the ink was wet on the pen with which he wrote of his wife's tragic death. Well, it was better she should think that, than know the truth. As for me, I could bear it, and would. Janey would know all about it, except she was not. That would be all right. But, poor Lossie! This that follows is her letter. I have read it again, for the thousandth time, and do not see that I could have done other than I did. Villa Magoncini, Fiesole, January 16, 1881. ''My dear Joe: I must write what I have to write, although my heart breaks to write it. Oh, why could you not trust me, after all the long years we have been brother and sister? It was not a crime that you committed! Had you married another wife in Portugal, on your road back after Janey's death, it would have been no crime. Had you done so and then come to me and said, it JOSEPH VANCE might be hard for me to understand, but that you would be happier so -- I should only have said let it be so -- and taken your new pier so -- I should only have said let it be so -- and taken your new wife to my heart as I took your old. It would have been strange! but such things have been, and will be again. And you would have been to me still my other little brother -- ^my darling little Joey's namesake -- the little boy that picked the pears, and went up the chimney. Oh, do you remember? ''But that you should do this thing and conceal it -- conceal it from me! For I have been your sister, have I not? Oh, how my heart went out to you that dreadful day when I found your name in the list of passengers, and knew that Janey must be gone. And uot then only, but so often. And in all this long absence in America, how I have thought of you and your boy -- that I did not know was your own -- ^thought of you and prayed for you and longed for your face again, that we might talk of Janey and Hugh together -- for now, I thought, we should be alike -- in trouble a brother and a sister, as in our happiness in the old days. But you could conceal this that you did from me, and almost deny it; and all my trust in you that was so strong -- it is all gone, and the young folk wonder why mamma sits and cries -- for I have told them nothing and shall tell them nothing, and I hope Violet will be silent. "But it is useless for me to write on in this way -- ^useless for me -- useless for you. If ever we meet again in this world, I will be friends, dear Joe, for the sake of my father and yours, and all the long past, and above all for Jane/s sake. And I will never dream for one moment that this marriage of yours meant that you forgot or could forget Janey -- that I cannot believe! The most likely thing I can imagine is that this poor girl who died, Annunciatina Vespucci, loved you, and the thing came to your knowledge, ciatina Vespucci, loved you, and the thing came to your knowledge, and that you married her in a sort of Quixotism. But if so, why not have told mef It is that hurts me so. " I must, I suppose, tell you how I came to know of it. I think I wrote to you that I had heard some gossip to the effect that Cristoforo was your son. Of course I disbelieved it, as I said. But it foro was your son. Of course I disbelieved it, as I said. But it would have been a relief, although I did not allow myself to think so, to receive a letter from you saying plainly who the boy's father was, which you would have been surely justified in doing for his own sake when it came to ascribing him to yourself. But I got no letter from you -- of course it's a long post. And in the meanwhile the Seth-Pettigrews came back from the sea, and I called and while the Seth-Pettigrews came back from the sea, and I called and asked them what they knew. Violet's story was a little exaggerated, but not much. They had plenty to tell me of what every one els©️ JOSEPH VANCE said -- very little of what they knew. Personally they only remembered going to Signor ina Vespucci to get the character of a servant, bered going to Signor ina Vespucci to get the character of a servant, and then saw Cristoforo and were told he was the child of an English gentleman named Giuseppe Vance, and that his mother had lish gentleman named Giuseppe Vance, and that his mother had died shortly after his birth. When Violet mentioned your name incidentally they asked if that was the Mr. Vance who lost his wife so sadly. Violet of course misunderstood this, but her mistake was cleared up when they spoke about ' your baby ^ that they take was cleared up when they spoke about ' your baby ^ that they had seen up at Fiesole. She did not hear anything else at the time; but Mrs. Pettigrew said she knew where the girl was whom they had gone to ask about. She had stayed a year with them, and then went to some friends, where she was still cameriera. She was a very nice truthful girl and might be relied upon. Vi and I found her, and made her tell us all she could recollect, which seemed quite straightforward. She had never seen Cristoforo's mother, nor his father except once, when he came back after his wife's death, having been called away on business some time before his baby was born. She described you very closely, so as to convince us she was speaking truly. But she could tell us nothing about your wife, and sent us for more information to the priore, to whom we went. He was new to the place, but he referred us to his predecessor. I wrote to him asking him to tell us all he knew. I ecessor. I wrote to him asking him to tell us all he knew. I need not write this -- ^you will know that he would be accurate. But he gave us the name of the place you were married in, saying he thought we had better see the priore there, which we did. We heard from him that he recollected your wedding quite clearly -and who were your ^ testimone,' as he called them. He said they and who were your ^ testimone,' as he called them. He said they did not have many runaway matches between forestieri and Italian girls in his little out of the way village -- ^he was sure there was nothing disreputable about the business. The girl had lived in the place for a fortnight before the wedding at a casa of monache, and you had stayed at the albergo. He gave your name quite correctly. rectly. It all seems like a dreadful dream. It must be what I supposed -- the girl must have fallen in love with you, and threatened posed -- the girl must have fallen in love with you, and threatened to kill herself, or something of that sort. She was an Italian, and their girls are not like ours. Do write, dear Joe, and tell me it was this. It must have been. Oh, do write something that will make me feel happier. It is all too terrible. But whatever it was, remember all the past is with me still, and I can never be 4"nything to you but your affectionate sister Loss'f " "P. S. I have reopened this to say that I wrote to Madame NisJOSEPH VANCE JOSEPH VANCE sim some time since -- ^but had no answer. So I suppose the letter never reached. What I wanted was to spare you from hearing more than you needed, and so I asked her to tell me what she knew without worrying you about it. " Since I fastened up the letter I have been letting myself hope a little -- that you will be able to say something to make things easier to bear. If you had only not concealed -- it would have been different. I wake in the glorious morning light here, and know before I wake that some dark thing I have forgotten is waiting to come over me like a cloud. And the children ask me what is the long, long letter I am writing to Uncle Joe, and I cannot tell them." That was the end. I saw that no answer was possible, and that now Lossie Thorpe, whom I had clung to through all my troubles of boyhood and manhood ; through her marriage and mine ; she whom the wife I loved so dearly loved too, as I did -- was gone. Gone out of my life as surely as Janey herself was gone. Gone for ever, except there be, as I said to myself there needs must be (else the absurdity of it all!), some life to come where sight is clear -- where no counter stroke of Love or Hate, or speech misunderstood, can overthrow the structure of a soul, or make the light of heaven shine in vain. That life would come ; it might well be. But in the meanwhile I must tread my path alone. For I saw that Lossie had shut her eyes to the fact that I had not only concealed but denied the thing I seemed so clearly convicted of. She had certainly received my letter of November or how could she have written to la Faustina? But to write a challenge to so plain a denial of paternity, on its merits, would have left no loophole for reconciliation. Whereas, to accept it as part of the machinery of concealment left it included in the blame for that concealment, and ignored its seeming a deliberate lie. Had I not better have told a lie, and pleaded guilty to what I had not done ? Quite impossible I I never could have sustained the part. There was no way out now except the truth. Oh, for the right to speak the truth, and get Lossie back! A coward^s thought, in all conscience! To get Lossie back, at the cost of shifting the weight off my heart onto hers ! No," I said to myself, if I die with the pain of it, I will be silent! Lossie must think ill of her other little brother for a while -- just for the rest of the time! -- but she shall never know from him what that brother of her own was. Every pang I have to face in the days to come will be fraught with its own word JOSEPH VANCE of solace -- * This is for Lossie ' -- and the thought will be mine that she is spared a greater sorrow than the one that is borne by me, that I do not shrink from for her sake." So, the letter ended all. And my heart died down as I thought of the days I had before me. But I made my boy, who was the son of the cause of it all, come to me and give me consolation. And I think if it had not been for Toforino's voice, that tion. And I think if it had not been for Toforino's voice, that surely was his mother^s, and his eyes and his locks, that were none of his father's, as I could see, my heart would have broken outright. But I lived for my boy, and threw myself into my work and all its dangers and excitement. And fifteen years passed, and things chanced as I have told you and brought me here. CHAPTER LIV THE TALE IS TOLD. A FEW RECOLLECTIONS OF FOLK SEEN IN LONDON, OP NOLLY, OF HICKMAN, OF PRING, OP LADY TOWERSTAIRS. AND OF POOR OLD CAPSTICK, IN A MADHOUSE! WHEN HE HAS LOOKED THROUGH THE LETTERS AGAIN, HE WILL BURN THE WHOLE LOT; BUT ! A LONG LETTER OF LOSSIE's TO SARITA SPENCER. FINIS. And now I am at the end of my story -- the story I set out to tell. I have gone through my early life again -- the life I had tried to forget; and I have found how impracticable real oblivion ,is, for each phase of memory has revived another. Am I glad or sorry to have got to ' finis I do not know; it has been both # pleasure and pain. I will not write the word -- at least, not yet. There are still some late letters of Lossless that I have glanced at enough to see that they contain nothing of great interest. But a closer examination may detect something. Finis may stand over, at least till I am packing up to go back to my boy. He will be thinlving I am never coming back -- but there ! -- the time has slipped away by instalments. Six months has become near two years. A few weeks will be the utmost now. I shall be glad to be back. For I have not had a comfortable two years. I have been in constant fear of meeting some old friend to whom I should have had stant fear of meeting some old friend to whom I should have had to tell lies to account for my disappearance. Nolly in Lincoln's Inn Fields is much too near; but then he lives at Sydenham, and his London beat is almost limited to the streets between the Fields and the Temple. There are not many others who would recognize me, but there are a few. For instance, a very important-looking gentleman whom I saw in Walbrook. I could not think who it was at first; then I remembered Hickman, my Father's partner. Had he seen me he might have remembered me. Probably I should have got off easily, without much prequivocation." But how can I tell? Then I was recognized on a fine Saturday evening on the Bridge in St. James's Park by a man who was drunk, and was pretending to be sober. It was my old friend Pring, who, in spite of the slightness of our interview, managed to keep up his old character for contradictiousness. '^You're not Mr. Vansh," said he, acter for contradictiousness. '^You're not Mr. Vansh," said he, JOSEPH VANCE with confidence. I said: Very well, Pring, just as you like. I'm not." On which he changed his ground, and said, '' I sheed it was you." Then he took umbrage at a person unloiown who had questioned his consistency, and became loud and oratorical. " I sheed tioned his consistency, and became loud and oratorical. " I sheed Mr. Vansh minute I came onsh bridge. Shed show! Heard me say it," and then asked who the unknown was, as well he might. He repeated the question with asperity. " Who are you shezidin't-- liar yourself 1 " until I was obliged to accept the fiction, and assure him that the unknown was an inferior person, not worth his notice. This appeased Pring, who then called him a something young haberdasher. The remainder of our conversation thing young haberdasher. The remainder of our conversation was conjectural, as to what Pring said to me, but it seemed to be an indictment of Mr. McGaskin for stealing " our " invention. What invention ? " said I. " Shiprockater," said Pring. Oh, how nearly I had forgotten the great Engine! I gave Pring a sovereign, as he was out of work, and parted from him with a mind at ease. But suppose I had met some one who was pretending to be drunk and was really sober -- ^how then ? tending to be drunk and was really sober -- ^how then ? The person I was most afraid of meeting was Jeannie Macallister. My fear kept me away from West End Streets with shops allister. My fear kept me away from West End Streets with shops where ladies from Perthshire would go marketing in their London season. But I had quite made up my mind, in case the sort of thing it pictured should come to pass, what course I should pursue. If, for instance, she should suddenly recognize me from a carriage-full of daughters in the street, and call after me, I would riage-full of daughters in the street, and call after me, I would not run -- not I! I would face the music -- go home with her -take her, force her into my confidence, and beg her, in the name take her, force her into my confidence, and beg her, in the name of her dead husband and our old friendship, to say no word to any living soul. It would be the only chance -- for as to half telling a tale to Jeannie, or hoodwinking her in any way -- that ing a tale to Jeannie, or hoodwinking her in any way -- that wouldn't work! Had Lossie resembled Jeannie in her keen dramatic sympathy and insight into human life, she would have matic sympathy and insight into human life, she would have found the whole story out long ago. Fancy Jeannie in Florence with the clues Lossie had! But the two women are quite unlike in the way they see into character. Lossie sees and distinguishes truth and falsehood instantly -- but not men's motives and actions and passions. There is one person whom I have seen once at a concert, and do not care to see again. For though I met Lady Towerstairs face to face in the lobby going away, she looked me in the eyes very stonily; and yet I did not feel at all sure she did not know me quite well. How I can imagine her saying to her sister: ^'I saw your Joe Vance, dear, in town last season. He JOSEPH VANCE seems to be enjoying himself in London. I thought he had gone to Patagonia or somewhere." And then I can fancy Lossie trying to get some more information, and not succeeding. However, ing to get some more information, and not succeeding. However, she may not have recognized me, as to say the truth I did not really recognize her by her appearance. What made me identify her was probably the beautiful girl I saw beside her whom I suppose now to have been her niece, Nolly's daughter, of whose extraordinary resemblance to her aunt. Lady Desprez, I had often heard while I was still in correspondence with the latter and she herself was yet a child. I was coming out through iLe entry at St. James's Hall, where toffs and mortals jostle each other and never know it, when I saw in a mirror in front of me, following my own image, two visions of beauty whom nature and art had done their best for, who seemed to be, so far as the former went, the Lossie and Violet that I saw married more than twenty-five years ago. Behind them was a palpable mother of one or both, and around them males in bondage. I glanced at the reflected group, and I hope did not look as I felt, like a man struck dumb with a sudden incomprehensible surprise. But the girls' reflections did look startled, prehensible surprise. But the girls' reflections did look startled, and the mother fixed me with a look that either did not know me, or pretended not to. I saw that it was Violet, and that her ^ good looks had not forsaken her. I got into the street and was glad. I think that exhausts all my encounters with early recollections in my two years of British Museum research and historical scribbling. bling. No! Stop a minute! I had just one other. I had been to see a poor insane fellow at the Asylum to which his friends had removed him. He had been a reader at the Museum with whom I had had some acquaintance, but I had noticed nothing wrong about him. No one was more surprised than I when one day he went raving mad, and had to be removed. Hearing afterwards that he had recovered his reason, but that he was not considered safe to leave the Asylum, I went over to see him, and found him to all appearance quite himself. So much so that he was taking a good deal of interest in the other patients, and told me he was thinking out a novel, the events of which would take place entirely in a madhouse. He described some of the cases he had seenthat he meant to introduce -- among them a clergyman who had that he meant to introduce -- among them a clergyman who had gone stark mad over predestination and Prevenient Grace. '^He talks to himself all day long," said my friend, " and with a sort of coherence. He gets into logical fixes about the duty of sin, in order that the Lord shall pardon the Sin and Grace shall abound. JOSEPH VANCE But then every right action is an opportunity lost, and it ia obviously sinful to do it. But if it is sinful to do it, clearly that is an occasion for Grace, and it is right to do it on that account. So iPs right to do a thing because it's wrong, and therefore wrong to do the same thing because it's right." " Nothing can be clearer," said I, but I remembered the phrases, and thought I should like to see any one who reminded me of my early youth. And my friend took me through the asylum, where he seemed to be under little restraint; and there, walking in the garden, incessantly talking to himself, over and over the same thing, was a little, bent old man with the manner of a preacher. Every now and then he would throw out his hands in a kind of despair and then bury his face in them, shaking his head as he did so. And guided by the clue given me, I could see that he was the Rev. Benaiah Capstick. This going back into the past has been a very strange experience. My impression, now that I come to the end of it, is that ence. My impression, now that I come to the end of it, is that it has absorbed me more than I had meant it should. My idea was to make a summary of the main facts of my early life. No sooner had I taken up my pen than I suddenly remembered that my Father and Mother had been emphatic about that beer. And that made me remember more, and so throughout the whole story. What shall I do with it now that it is written? My feeling is in favour of destroying it But that seems so illogical! A more reasonable course would be to make a parcel of it and leave it for my boy to read after I have "got free," as Dr. Thorpe used to phrase it. The only possible reason against this would be if there was the legal flaw in his mother's marriage, and I have gathered since that this may have been the case. But my narrative shows (to my thinking) that even if this was so, his mother rative shows (to my thinking) that even if this was so, his mother was the innocent victim of diabolism supported by officialism. As for the character of his father, that won't trouble Cristoforo. In fact, I think he regards his parent as a mere meddler -- an interloper before the fact -- just as my dear Daddy looked upon C. loper before the fact -- just as my dear Daddy looked upon C. Dance, the former owner of the celebrated board. I am Toforino's hahbo; and at the most Beppino's claims upon him could only be for a mere civility -- rather an officious one, quite unsolicited by himself. No I I don't mind his reading every word of it, after I am gone. If there were any likelihood of his getting into touch with his English relatives I should burn it. Because then they too would be almost sure to come to the knowledge of the whole thing. If JOSEPH VANCE Lossie was dead, this wouldn^t matter. But if she lives to her Aunt's age, there are still forty years to reckon with. However, I don't see any prospect of Toforino coming to live in England. He is at Harvard now. Had I wished him ever to come to England, of course I should have sent him to Oxford ; he would have shown, I believe, that private tuition in Kio Grande had done justice to his abilities. But I thought England dangerous. I have still a painful task before me with all those old letters. It wouldn't do to burn them without making sure of their contents. When I have done that, and arranged about the publica- tents. When I have done that, and arranged about the publication of Music and Mechanism," as I have settled to call my tion of Music and Mechanism," as I have settled to call my work, I will if possible draw those other two games against Herr Pfleiderer, and bid a last farewell to my native fogs. When I laid down my pen two days since I did not think ever to add a word to the above. I find myself obliged to do so, having completely missed or overlooked a letter of Lossie's. I cannot the least account for my having done so. Need I account for it? The fact remains, and the letter remains. How I felt on reading it may be imagined -- if any one ever reads it. If it be you, Cristoforo, that reads, I ask you to pardon me that I have not copied it out, as I did previous letters. It must remain in the parcel, to be lost, forgotten, recovered, just as may be, when I am lost to the material world; forgotten by those I knew on it; recovered, it may be, by a wife that awaits me. It is a letter written immediately after her final letter to me, and it must have reached my sister-in-law in her last illness. It is even possible that she never read it, and was spared the pain of knowing (or rather believing) me capable of forgetting her sister in less than a year, and consoling myself for her loss with an act of treachery to another woman. It does not matter, it is all done and over now, fifteen, twenty years ago! Here is the letter : "Villa Magoncini, Eiesole, 12 February, 1881. " My dearest Sarry : I am quite broken-hearted over a big trouble, and you will have to share it and be heart-broken too. Be- ble, and you will have to share it and be heart-broken too. Because it's Janey's husband -- my dear other little brother that was -- cause it's Janey's husband -- my dear other little brother that was -and I can hardly help calling him dear still, for all this night- and I can hardly help calling him dear still, for all this nightmare that has come upon us. It is a nightmare! the thought mare that has come upon us. It is a nightmare! the thought that all that time when we were in London and it was such a pleasure to me to see what friends he and my darling Hugh had become -- all that time that he seemed to be bearing JOSEPH VANCE his loss so bravely, and used to talk of all Papa^s ideas, and bis own great hope of seeing Janey again -- that all that very time he was married to an Italian wife!! whom he had left to herself after a few weeks of marriage, expecting a baby -- this boy Cristoforo, whom he pretended to ^ adopt ^ after her death. I cannot quite make out how long it was before he deserted her in this not quite make out how long it was before he deserted her in this way, because it comes down to a matter of memory in which I have no one to help me but the children -- but it must have been very soon. Violet believes, or says she believes, that the marriage was an invalid one, and either that the girl was entrapped into it, or that both knew the ceremony was a farce, and went through it to save their faces. Because it seems that in Italy girls are cou' stantly married in churches and disowned because there has nobeen a municipio celebration also. It seems incredible that a contract accepted by a girl (who is in earnest), because she believes tract accepted by a girl (who is in earnest), because she believes the man in earnest, should be disallowed by the state on so shallow a pretext -- but there! in this marriage business the weaker party seems always to be made the victim of a conspiracy of fools and devils. However, I can't believe it was this, whatever Violet maj say. My own belief is the girl fell in love with him and told him so, and he married her from Quixotism. But why did he not tel! me? and why did he deny it when I wrote first to him? " But I am running wild in my letter and not telling you the story itself, dear! I will make amends by writing it out long, as we used when we were schoolgirls. My letters lately have got shorter and shorter. I've been so sorry -- but couldn't help it ! ! You know how in the year after Janey's death, in the autumn, Joe Vance and my dear Beppino came to Italy. I can't fix dates at this length of time, but I know they parted at Milan, and Beppino went travelling about. I don't know where Joe Vance went -- pino went travelling about. I don't know where Joe Vance went -but there are several people in Florence who remember that the but there are several people in Florence who remember that the Signore Giuseppe Vance was here at that time, though they don't agree in their description of him. At the Hotel Minerva there is some story (which I am sure is nonsense) about his wanting to be called by another name than the one painted on his boxes. Violet will believe anything against Joe -- so she pretends to believe this. The only thing I can make sure of is that he was here lieve this. The only thing I can make sure of is that he was here sometime -- and I must be mistaken in my recollection of how soon he came back to London. Things have been very misty in my memory since my darling Hugh was taken from me. "I think I'm right though that I wrote to you at the time all about how Joe came back from his second visit to Italy, after my dear Beppino died, and told me he had adopted an Italian baby. JOSEPH VANCE both of whose parents were dead, because the child had the name of Cristoforo (old Mr. Vance was Christopher) and he ' seemed in want of a caretaker.' Oh, how incredible it all seems! But you will hear. After that we bought the Sorrento Villa, and for two years never really made a stay in Florence -- only had a flying visit or two, and just saw sights -- so I had no change to hunt out this baby, as I should have done had there been time. Then Joe sent for it out to Brazil, and when he did this I began to fear he would end by remaining there. And so he has -- for the six months it was to be at first has got lengthened out and lengthened out. But he has constantly written about the boy, telling of his beauty and cleverness (for we have been constantly writing), and then that he had entered on some new work that would detain him another six months -- and so on. I do not believe that what I have to tell you had any share in producing these delays. He had always talked so freely of his adopted son, that I cannot see that ho could have had any object in remaining out, except what he said. Had he wanted to conceal him -- ^however, it is no use speculating. I will tell you just what has happened. Until we came here I had never heard a hint or suggestion that this boy Cristoforo was Joe's own son. When Violet and her husband came out to us at vintage-time last year, she heard some gossip to that effect which she thought she was bound to repeat to me. I suppose she was. Anyhow, she repeated it -- ^rather maliciously, I thought -- ^but you know Vi! I resented the idea as im- ciously, I thought -- ^but you know Vi! I resented the idea as impossible, pointing out that the child was born in Fiesole (I remem- possible, pointing out that the child was born in Fiesole (I remember when Joe came out) not more than a year and a half after ber when Joe came out) not more than a year and a half after Janey's death -- ^less, I think. The whole thing seemed perfectly ridiculous. Kecollecting as I did how broken-down my poor boy (for I can't help thinking and writing of him so) seemed when he came home alone after that terrible catastrophe, I got very angry with Vi, reproached her for listening to tattle, and for being unfeeling in passing such rubbish on to me. Very well, dear! ' said she -- and you know her irritating way of saying near instead of dear when she's patronizing -- ' Very well, near ! If you're going to make a scene about it, have it your own way ! I won't say anything. I merely repeated to you what people were saying. If you like these things to be said, and know nothing about them, by all means do so. I know nothing about your ing about them, by all means do so. I know nothing about your Joe Vance and never did, and don't want my head snapped off about him.' And then she went to sit in the loggia, and left me crying, and then when I went out and begged her pardon for calling her unfeeling and kissed her, she refused at first to tell me ing her unfeeling and kissed her, she refused at first to tell me JOSEPH VANCE any more, saying it was no concern of hers, and she didn't want to be mixed up in other people's affairs, and always made a point of keeping out of them. But she had made an exception this once, for my sake, and paid the penalty. No! she didn't want to talk any more about it, and I couldn't expect her to. However, I knew she would if I let her alone, and she did. ' I suppose, dear,' said she, half-an-hour after, ' you think Constantia Seth-Pettigrew an untruthful person. But she isn't, for stantia Seth-Pettigrew an untruthful person. But she isn't, for one thing; and for another it doesn't matter whether she is or isn't. It's not what she says, but what every one says. Of course she was living up at Eiesole at the time, so she couldn't very well be mistaken.' I asked what time, and she answered very pat, * November, seventy- three, if you want to know,' as if she had got the whole particulars. And she went on to say that ' My Joe Vance and his wife, or whatever he called her,' were up there, and that Mr. and Mrs. Seth-Pettigrew had seen them about a servant. * Of course they thought they were married,' she added. * If they hadn't Constantia would have asked for a written character for the girl.' I am giving more details than I need, or you will think so. Of course Mrs. Seth-Pettigrew's convulsive purity has nothing to do with the matter -- ^however, I had better go straight on. I couldn't recall the time clearly enough to find flaws in Violet's story. But I thought Joe (if it was Joe) must have had a very short allowance of his wife 'or whatever she was'; and I said something to this effect. " ' You don't understand men, Lossie dear,' said Violet, with equable superciliousness and the nasal tone. ' Women that marry model husbands never do. Men don't want a very long allowance. When I say men, I mean men; I don't mean Angels.' "When Vi talks like this it always makes me feel ill. I tried to keep my temper with her. " ' You mean you think I thought my dear husband an Angel. I think I did, almost. But I thought Joe a very, very good man; without being an Angel, quite good enough for this story to be a ridiculous falsehood.' " ' Very well, dear! just as you please. You can ask Constantia yourself. Only I hope you won't go with a solemn face looking as if butter wouldn't melt in your mouth, and talk as if it was an awful sin for a man to have a liaison, because it's only what happens every day in our class; and you'll frighten Constantia and put her off telling you if you shed tears and make scenes.' " ' Violet,' I said, ' I don't mean to let you make me angry. JOSEPH VANCE You know perfectly well that what I should think so shocking in this, if it were true (which I don^t believe), wouldn't be the immorality -- goodness knows one sees plenty of that in India! But morality -- goodness knows one sees plenty of that in India! But it's following so quick on such a terrible loss -- and above all his concealing it from me. Remember how I loved and trusted him, all our lives, and believed in his affection for Janey -- and then that he should be able to love this girl.' " ' My dear Loss,' said Violet, in her most offensive manner, ' you really are a downright primrose ! And after all your Indian experience! As if Love and Affection had anything to do with one another ! ' I did not answer. " I wrote at once to J oe at Rio Grande repeating the story, but making as light as I could of it. . . . * Violet says this answer of Joe's is evasive, and is worded so as to leave it open to him to say he never denied it outright. I think otherwise. If Joe wanted to produce a false impression he would tell an honest lie, without shuffling. I took it to be an absolute denial. " I did not write to J oe again immediately. I wrote to Signora Nissim on the chance of her getting a letter directed to Rio Grande (only with no other address), asking her to tell me all she knew, but say nothing to Joe, as it would annoy him, if she could do without speaking to him. I have got no answer to this letter at all. out speaking to him. I have got no answer to this letter at all. But I could not have had one, in any case, before my next letter to Joe. "As soon as Mrs. Seth-Pettigrew came home we called to see her, and I found she seemed to know much less about the matter than Violet had made out. But she suggested that we should get at Maria Zini, the girl who had been a servant in the house Joe and this girl appear to have occupied at Fiesole. She kindly found her, and sent her to us. I will write exactly our interview, and you shall judge for yourself. After thanking her for coming, I said i wanted her to tell me all she could remember of the Signore Giuseppe Vance when they were together. 'Mai ho visto loro insieme,' said she -- but perhaps I had better translate her for you. sieme,' said she -- but perhaps I had better translate her for you. ' I never saw them together. I was only there a few days before the Signore came back, after the Signora's death -- a long time, and I was licenziata (dismissed) next day after that for breaking two coffee cups. I would have paid for them myself, but the Signorina Vespucci was rabbiata (enraged).' ♦️ What follows is merely Lady Desprez's letter on page 497, with Mr. Vanco'a reply on pace 499 .-- Ep. JOSEFH VANCE ** I. -- * But you saw the Signore V ance when he returned ? ^ " She. -- ^ Sicuro ! he stayed to pranzo, and the priore was there -they talked about the child -- the Signore said it was molto carino.' they talked about the child -- the Signore said it was molto carino.' Vi. -- 'Can't she remember anything they said at dinner?' for Violet couldn't speak much Italian and I had to interpret. " She. -- ' I can't remember much at dinner -- I had to give my attention to the servizio. But when the Signore went away -- ^he had the baby in his arms, kissing it : he said : " Kemember, dear Signorina, I will do my duty as a father to Cristoforo : and though the name of his grandfather was chosen for him without consulting me, I am ben contento that he should bear it. Because I was ing me, I am ben contento that he should bear it. Because I was very fond of my Father." But just then I turned the vassoio a little to one side and the coffee cups slipped and the Signorina was rabbiata. It was only quattro soldi ' " F/. -- 'Show her Joe Vance's portrait. Where's the photograph album ? ' graph album ? ' "J. -- 'Is that like the Signore?' It was the last portrait of Joe, in a uniform of some corps he belongs to. She. -- 'I couldn't say for certain. It looks older and darker. Besides, the Signore was dressed borghese.' That is to say, in mufti. " I. -- ' Is this one like him ? ' I pointed to a photo of Nolly, alongside one of J oe, taken six years ago in London. " She. -- ' Not the least ! But that one is precise, precise I ' pointing to Joe's. " Vi. -- ' I hope you're convinced now, Lossie dear! ' " I am afraid I was convinced. But I was determined to leave no stone unturned before writing again to Joe. So I sought out the priore, only unluckily he was not the same. The priore Grimaldi, his predecessor, had gone to Sardinia, to a very out-of-the- maldi, his predecessor, had gone to Sardinia, to a very out-of-theway place. But he could write any enquiry. I asked him to way place. But he could write any enquiry. I asked him to find from Padre Grimaldi what he could, but specially the name of the wife and when the marriage took place. In course of a fortnight we heard that the marriage had been at Gualdo Tadino near night we heard that the marriage had been at Gualdo Tadino near Foligno. The other information only confirmed what we already knew. " I was very unwell when this came. I had had a slight attack of pleurisy, resulting from a chill, and the doctors said I should kill myself if I went out in the cold wind and hot ^un. But I fidgeted so to hear more about this marriage at Gualdo Tadino (for the letter said the priore there would be sure to remember it -- he was there at the time) that Vi, who is always good-natured about doing anything (though she has her faults) offered to go JOSEPH VANCE over to Gualdo to see him and hear what she could. She did this, and he remembered the affair perfectly. To confirm his words he showed Vi the register of marriages in the Church, and there was no possible doubt about it -- Giuseppe Vance and Annunciatina Vespucci -- November 9, 1873. And he also showed her a letter he had from Joe Vance about some matter relating to the wedding. ''You may fancy, dear Sarry, how ill and nervous I was when they came back, when I tell you that I disbelieved Vi when she told me this, and said so. I had got all together over-excited and feverish. Vi only said, 'Well -- ^you can ask Dick -- he was there too.' And she called him up to my room. ' Y ou saw the books with the entries, Dick ? ' said she. ' Oh, yes,' said he, ' I saw the hooiks fast enough.' And then Vi hustled him out of the room because he smelt of smoke. And I had the fidgets for hours because he didn't absolutely say, he had read the entries or seen the letter. But I saw when I came to myself, that there was no loophole to get out at. For there could be no other Joseph Vance " ♦️ * The remainder of the letter has no interest in connection with Hr. Yance's Barratire. NOTE BY THE EDITOR The bulky MS. of which the foregoing forms part came into the possession of Mr. F of Kensington under the circumstances which he describes in the following letter: 23 Dec., 1900. '^Dear Sirs: The MS. (which I forward to-day) is no doubt much too bulky to publish as it stands, but of course you have carte-hlanche to use it as you like. So long as I can recoup myself for the expense and trouble I have had I shall be satisfied. self for the expense and trouble I have had I shall be satisfied. "It is in my possession owing to a mere accident, and I think I have hunted about for the owner quite enough to justify my selling it to pay expenses. It was through my happening to notice a fragment of a letter to one J. Vance Esq., that had been used to wrap up a piece of dry bread I had bought for drawing, on my way to my Studio. It struck me as well as my wife, to whom I showed it, that it was one the receiver would probably have destroyed or kept -- certainly not one he would have wished to lie stroyed or kept -- certainly not one he would have wished to lie about. I showed it to the woman at the Baker's shop, and she agreed that this was so. She remembered that a former servant had spoken of Mr. Joseph Vance, whom she waited on in his chambers at her last place. It was near Russell Square; she had forgotten the address. I asked her to enquire and let me know; -she said she could probably find the girl again. I called a few she said she could probably find the girl again. I called a few days after, and she had found it out. " It was at . . . ., but should you print this letter I will ask you to omit it, as annoyance might be caused. " I called at the address with my wife, expecting to find Mr. Joseph Vance, but he had left two years ago. The landlady of the house (which is let in chambers) was very disobliging and illtempered, almost refusing to answer questions. But we got from tempered, almost refusing to answer questions. But we got from her this much, that Mr. Vance had lived in the house between two and three years; that he wrote a good deal; might have been any age; took the rooms with attendance, and the young person, whom she called a 'young slut,' could tell us a great deal more about him than she herself could, as she waited on him every day. However, she became a little more communicative when she rememNOTE BY THE EDITOK NOTE BY THE EDITOK V bered a grievance she had against Mr. Vance. She had asked him not to burn papers in the clean black-leaded grates, and he had begged leave to do so in the kitchen. A big parcel he put on the fire had flared up and set the kitchen chimney on fire, and she had to pay a fine, as it had not been swept. She was very angry with Mr. Vance about this; admitting, however, that Mr. Vance's sister had spoken civil about it when she came, and that all her expenses had been paid. We asked whether no address had been penses had been paid. We asked whether no address had been left and she said there was a foreign address, but she had lost it. When they went away Mr. Vance's sister said something about Italy. Our informant refused to take charge of any letters for Mr. Vance -- in fact, was very unaccommodating. "We tried to find the 'young slut,' but were unfortunate also in this. In the short interim between our enquiries she had left the place she was in and apparently disappeared altogether. It was supposed she had got employment at a theatre. " About six months after this I was in want of a model with a good pair of arms, and one was sent to me by my friend . . . Her arms were very fine, and I had a great many sittings. She of course talked incessantly in the silly way models have, and I only threw in a word or two now and then. I occasionally listened, when the stories she told grew extra silly, in order to amuse my wife with them. One such story wao to the effect that she had been a sort of lady-help once in a house where there was an author. This gentleman had made a big parcel of a lot of ' littery rubbish ' and she had taken this rubbish out of the parcel, substituting the same bulk of paper. I asked her motive for doing this, and she gave me the very unsatisfactory reason that she did it to see what an old Cure the writer would look when he found the Daily Telegraft folded close instead of his precious rubbish. Of course she graft folded close instead of his precious rubbish. Of course she meant to give it back. 'It was,' she said, 'all along of the old Cure himself she didn't.' It seemed that he, shortly before leaving the house ' where he had been staying,' had put the parcel con- ing the house ' where he had been staying,' had put the parcel containing (as he supposed) his writings on the kitchen fire ' not to taining (as he supposed) his writings on the kitchen fire ' not to mess the clean grates in the sitting-rooms.' Then she couldn't ' find the cheek ' to tell him of the trick she had intended, before he went away with his sister. "It was odd that I did not at once recognize the story. I was perhaps thrown off my guard by the image of the ' lady-help ' and the gentleman who ' stayed in the house ' -- a different entourage. When I repeated the tale to my wife she at once said : ' Why, what a goose you are ! Of course your model is the " young slut." ' Of course she was, and I should never have found it out! NOTE BY THE EDITOR " I thought it much better that the papers, whatever they were, should be in my keeping than the young woman's. So I offered to purchase the MS. of her, and after seeing it thought I might speculate to the extent of two pounds, which she accepted. As Messrs have kindly offered to cover this expense and others incurred in advertising, and have undertaken all respciisibilities in case it turns out a genuine narrative, containing names bilities in case it turns out a genuine narrative, containing names of living people, I have no hesitation in leaving it in their hands. I think I may, however, fairly ask for a presentation copy in case of publication. I am, dear Sir, Yours, etc. enclose the address of Miss Constantine the model, should you desire further information from her." Having undertaken to prepare this MS. for the Press, after necessary curtailment, I decided to find out ^^Miss Constantine," whom I recognized as the Betsy Austin " of the narrative, and to get her to tell me more of Mr. Vance, as there was no doubt she could do. In this I was not mistaken. She became very communicative, and the following is, in a condensed form, what she municative, and the following is, in a condensed form, what she told me in one or two interviews. She had attended on or " done for" Mr. Vance during the whole of his stay on " Skinnerses first floor." He was a quiet sort of oldish gentleman, who conducted himself which a many didn't. He was particular, but so might you have been," about his bathwater and empty in' regular. Used to go for walks after dark. water and empty in' regular. Used to go for walks after dark. Always gave money to organs if Italian and Piedmonteses with guinea-pigs that died when instructed to it. Very fond of chess and used to have a German round to play and often three in the morning in consequence. She had taken notes to the German often and often, and was sure of his name and address, which she gave. She quite admitted she did wrong in abstracting the MS., but it was only a practical joke in the way of describing it, and not intended to convey malice. What was his sister like? Like him? No, not a bit -- a handsome old lady -- not so very old, neither. A lock of gray hair -- grayish hair -- ^loose on her forehead. Came in a hansom the first time-- next in a carriage. She showed her up the first time -- she drove up to the next house and knocked and rang, and I was out in front and heard her ask for Mr. Vance. So says I he lives here-- first floor. Should I take her card up?" Oh no," says she, Mr. Vance's sister," and she just passed me by introdiicively, and says, Show me his door." I told her him and M r. Pfleiderer was a-playing chess; and she says Never mind," NOTE BY THE EDITOR and goes straight in. What did she say exactly? I'll tell you. She said never a word, but stood giving little gasps like as if the words wouldn't come. Herr Pfleiderer he didn't hear her -- ^he'd his back to her, and he sat looking at the Prawns and Rooks -rubbishin' nonsense -- for grown men to sit playin' at. What did rubbishin' nonsense -- for grown men to sit playin' at. What did Mr. Yance say? I'll tell you. He started up and called out something I failed to notice, and Herr Pfleiderer he looks up and says, thing I failed to notice, and Herr Pfleiderer he looks up and says, " No -- you have a goot game -- but I shall give you a check at Queen Square." Then Mr. Vance came running round to the lady, just in time to catch her. Oh yes, she'd very nearly fell ! and she'd seemed that strong too, coming up the stairs. And the Herr he says "Harsharsh -- vat is dat?" Then Mr. Yance says quite selfcontained like, We'll finish our game another time, Pfleiderer. It's contained like, We'll finish our game another time, Pfleiderer. It's my sister." And the Herr he says, "I will take my leaf." There was a little hesitation in Miss Constantine's manner at this point of the story, due to her reluctance to admit that after seeing Mr. Pfleiderer out she had returned and listened at the keyhole. When once she had yielded the point she became communi- hole. When once she had yielded the point she became communicative again, and even infused a certain amount of dramatic force cative again, and even infused a certain amount of dramatic force into her narrative of what she heard, as she warmed to her subject. She was a-crying ! " said she. Oh, cryin' she was ! And it was 'Oh, my dear Joe -- my poor Joe -- Oh, to think of it! All these years -- these years.' And there was Mr. Yance-- crying? -Oh no, he wasn't crying -- ^you could hear he wasn't -- only when Oh no, he wasn't crying -- ^you could hear he wasn't -- only when he spoke it was just as good! Only not giving away. He wasn't that sort. He held to, and kep' it in. But cried she did! no mistake." " What did Mr. Yance say ? " " ' It was for you, dear love, it was for you.' That's what he kept on saying. ' How could I bear for you to know about poor little Becky.' I think it was Becky he said. Then she cried more. Then they went down quieter, and he says, ' How came you to find out ? ' And she says, ' In Hugh's old satchel -- we opened the lining.' And Mr. Yance he says, 'My God!' and then old Skinner ing.' And Mr. Yance he says, 'My God!' and then old Skinner comes screeching up the stairs for me, and I had to go, and that was all I heard. I showed the lady out later, and the hansom had stood there all the while, and it must have mounted up. The lady she looked quieter, and said drive to Mivart's. Oh yes, Mr. Yance he came down too and said he ought to go with her, and she said nonsense ! "Next day Mr. Yance he gave notice, -- ^he had it by the three months -- any quarter day; and Skinner had correspondin' bad ternNOTE BY THE EDITOE NOTE BY THE EDITOE S21 per. And it was then she caught him up short for going to throw a burning letter in the clean grate. So Mr. Vance he says, ' Now, Mrs. Skinner, suppose you be an amiable party and let me burn all my rubbish in your kitchener. It 'll go twiced as quick.^ And she agreed, being smoothed over like. And then Mr. Vance he gets out the bundle with the old paper on it, and wrote on 'An Illwritten Autobiography ' -- ^but with nothing in it but so much Daily written Autobiography ' -- ^but with nothing in it but so much Daily Telegraft -- and brings it down and shoves it under the lid of the kitchener, tliere being no roasting and it wouldn^t burn, not till the string broke, -- then Skinner she stirred the poker in through the front bars, and flittered the leaves about. And it made a big blaze and set the sut alight in the flue, and the engines came. But it was Skinners^s own fault. What did Mr. Vance say ? ' Catch hold of the rug, Betsy Austin.' And him and me held it acrost for to stop the drarve. And Skinner she stood and used many expressions till the Engines knocked and she went upstairs for to deny 'em. But their helmets carried that weight that Skinner she was demolished like, and gave in." ner she was demolished like, and gave in." Miss Constantine meant to have her talk out about the fire, and had it. I thought it best to allow it, but I need not print the whole. I may mention, however, that Mr. Vance recognized the head fireman as having been in his service more than twenty years before. This exasperated Mrs. Skinner, as it led to Mr. Vance taking him up into his room, and talking to him for some time, and keeping the engine in attendance, " and boys climbing up the area railings." Miss C. having exhausted this story, went on to the second visit of Mr. Vance's sister, admitting that when she showed her in, she promptly listened at the keyhole, as before. " Skinner was out, and Upstairs was typewriting audible. Leaving off would have been notice, and I should have heard the street ing off would have been notice, and I should have heard the street door. What did I hear them say? Nothing at first. They just went on, talking, talking -- in very low voices. Oh no ! they never thought any one was listening. It was the subject-matter of their conversation -- they dropped their voices down to it -- as a serious tone. Then they got on to a winding-up quickness, like concluding off, when the piece is ending, and their voices rose proportionate. "'You must, dear old boy,' says she, 'you really must. It's the only way you can give me any chance of making it up to you.' And then she breaks out, betrayin' emotion. ' Oh, my dear, my dear, when I think of you alone all these years ' And I gathered, from notice taken, that she was cryin' over him substantial. What did he say? 'I had the boy, darling Lossie, I stantial. What did he say? 'I had the boy, darling Lossie, I C22 NOTE BY THE EDITOR had the boy.' ' Yes, dear fellow,' says she, ' and Belt's boy after all!' I think it was Belt, not Becky. ^ Ah,' says he, 'but you should see my boy. He shall go to Oxford now. Not but Hertford's very good for him -- but I should like Bailey,' and then they ford's very good for him -- but I should like Bailey,' and then they talked again, undertone, but I could hear it was about Janey. Nothing but Janey, Janey, Janey Then Mr. Vance give out suddenly, crying like any little girl. ' Oh no. Loss dear,' says he, ' do talk about her -- it does me good.' And then I had to go down and open the door, and it was a mistake. Only they wanted to know -- the mistake -- where was the Ophthalmic Insurance Society. And it took me ever so long to direct -- and when I got back upstairs I could hear the conversation concluding oif. Oh yes, I heard some more! She said, 'You'll see one of my letters will turn up in time.' -- ' How did you direct exactly ? ' says he. ' Simply " Joseph Vance, Esq.," at the old address,' says she. ' And then as soon as I was well enough I started to come.' -- ' We might find them in the Dead Letter Office,' says Mr. V ance, ' but they wouldn't do us any good.' And then they came out, and she says, ' Now you must come over to Molly. So mind you're ready at nine to-morrow when I come.' And next day sure enough she came in a carriage, and she and Mr. Vance and one or two trunks went away to Victoria, and that was the last of them I see. Pleased as Punch they looked." This appeared to be all the information I could get from Miss Constantine. I determined next to apply to Herr Dr. Ludwig Pfleiderer at the address she had given me. I can give the substance derer at the address she had given me. I can give the substance of his information without repeating his exact words. He met Mr. Vance a year ago at Simpson's chess-roorhs, and had played a good many games with him in his own house, but more at Mr. Vance's rooms. Mr. V. was very retired, always asking to come alone if possible, as he really disliked Society in every form. Mr. V. had given a general account of himself corresponding with that in the narrative, but had mentioned no names of friends. Dr. Pfleiderer had noticed this as peculiar; but he went to Mr. V.'s rooms to play chess, not to pry into his private affairs. Mr. V. was always going to Brazil next month, but was always detained by some new document turning up at the British Museum, which he felt bound to examine carefully. He was always very anxious to get letters from an adopted son of his who was at Harvard. Asked why the boy should not go to Oxford or Cambridge, as then he would have him near him, and he could remain longer in England, Mr. V. said the boy had relations in England he did not wish land, Mr. V. said the boy had relations in England he did not wish JXUTK UY TfiJL JLUirOK 523 ^ him to make acquaintance with. Was it a family quarrel? No, there was no quarrel -- but they were on an unusual footing. So Dr. Pfleiderer asked no more questions. I asked about the lady who came when the game of chess was going on. I will give Dr. P.'s verbal description of this. " Aha ! " said he, that was a very funny incident ! I was considering my move, and did not hear the door open. Suddenly sidering my move, and did not hear the door open. Suddenly Mr. Vance started up and shouted out 'Lost!' -- at least that was what I thought he said at the time. I looked up and said his game was not lost at all -- far from it -- and then I saw his eyes fixed on some one behind me, and I turned round and saw a very handsome lady; oldish woman, with slightly gray hair loose on the forehead, and a very soft sort of look about the eyes -- long eyelashes -- ^must have been a beauty thirty years ago. She was as lashes -- ^must have been a beauty thirty years ago. She was as white as this sheet of paper, and looked as if she would fall forward. Mr. Vance went round the table quickly, and just caught ward. Mr. Vance went round the table quickly, and just caught her in time. He got her to the sofa, and then told me it was his sister, whom he had not seen for many years, and we would finish our game another time. So, as I was in the way I said good-night. " He called on me next day, and was very full of apologies for the way he had packed me ofi. He said it was perfectly impossible to give an explanation of the circumstances under which his sible to give an explanation of the circumstances under which his sister had been separated from him for a very long term of years, or of those which had brought her back quite unexpectedly. But her coming had made a great change in his plans, and now instead of gding to Brazil he should accompany this lady back to Florence, where she lived. ' I feel rather a humbug, Herr Doctor,' said he, ' in speaking of her as my sister. We have always thought of each other as brother and sister -- but only because I was in a sense adopted into her family when I was a child of eight -- half her age.' 'I see,' said I, 'you have always thought of her as a sister -- quite always.' ' As a very dear sister,' said he. ' I see,' said I, 'and you will go to your very dear sister's house in Florence, and live there, and be her very dear brother.' ' Something ence, and live there, and be her very dear brother.' ' Something of that sort,' said he. 'And I expect my boy will go to Oxford after all.' 'You will forgive my plain speech, Mr. Vance,' said I. ' And play a game of chess into the bargain, Herr Doctor,' said he. And we played for two hours. He opened Euy Lopez, and beat me in fifty-four moves. It was a good game." " Did he not say anything farther during the game ? " " Well -- nothing much during the game. My wife came in and gave us tea and talked of what trouble she had in finding an address that morning. Mr. Vance said, ' Well, Mrs. Pfleiderer, NOTE BY THE EDITOR I hope you didn't have so much trouble to find your friend as the lady you saw, Herr Doctor, had to find me the other day.' And then he told us how she had come to London on a forlorn hope to find him without any clue at all except that he had been seen in Sloane Street. ' Not a soul of my own connection knew anything about me,' said he. ^ All thought I was still in Brazil. Her brother was laid up with gout, and couldn't help. But by a lucky chance he remembered forwarding some goods from his Office in Lincoln's Inn Fields to a Pantechnicon, for me, years and years ago -- and they managed to fish out the receipt given when the goods were sent for, and at the Pantechnicon she got my address and came straight on.' " This was all the information to be had from Herr Pfleiderer. There remained a chance of information as to Mr. Vance's whereabouts if one of Lady Desprez's letters could be recovered. I abouts if one of Lady Desprez's letters could be recovered. I applied at the Central Office, and the officials were most courteous and obliging, making every possible search and enquiry, but without result. out result. It might appear the most obvious course to make enquiry for this lady's Villa in Florence. But there is no doubt many of the names in the narrative are changed, and Desprez undoubtedly is, as there was no General of that name killed at Candahar in '79. This is not the only name whose owner could certainly be identified if it were genuine; for instance, the name of Thorpe. The name Vance itself is rather puzzling, as even if it were not Mr. Joseph Vance's real name, it is difficult to see how Lady Desprez could direct to him under that name -- a name assumed, be it noted, to ensure concealment of the bearer. But no large building firm under the name of Christopher Vance & Co. can be found in any directory. The story of the signboard makes this circumstance the more singular. The real names might certainly have been (for instance) Hobson and Jobson instead of Dance and Vance. But if the names are altered throughout it is not easy to see why Mr. Vance was so anxious to destroy the MS. In any case the Publishers and myself may claim that we have taken every possible precaution. We have advertised not only in the English press, but in that of other countries (Italy especially), without receiving any answer. I have personally gone cially), without receiving any answer. I have personally gone through a whole library of Directories of all sorts in the hope of finding some clue to some one person mentioned, but without success. The narrative is published now in the belief, on our part, cess. The narrative is published now in the belief, on our part, that if it is, after all, a genuine one, the alteration of names i" such that identification is impossible, and will remain so. POSTSCEIPT BY THE PUBLISHERS Just aa the first edition of this work is completed in the preae and ready for the binder, a most embarrassing letter has come into the Editor^s possession which establishes the identity of the Lady Desprez " of the story. We have decided, after taking legal advice, on printing this letter without the signature. It is essential to the completeness of the narrative and can in no case make matters worse than they are already. We have, however, communicated with the writer and undertaken to suppress the work if she for her part will undertake to cover expenses up to date. If no answer is received the book will issue as announced. The letter, which the Post-Office Authorities have handed to the Editor, Mr. Howden, seems to have gone to Chelsea, Boston, U. S., nearly two years since, and remained there until recently. That it has reached us is due to the shrewdness of Mr. Notley. of St. Martin's-le-Grand, who was present when Mr. Howden made his enquiry. It struck him that the same thing might have occurred that he had known in another case -- that the address Chelsea, S. W., might have been taken for Chelsea, S. U. (Stati Uniti), and the word London omitted. This was exactly what had happened, and the letter was found on application to the office at Boston. The direction, evidently written in agitation, omits the word London, and the word Inghilterra written last is a mere blot. The whole has the appearance of having been blotted on ordinary paper, the last words sufiering most. To add to this the stamps have been placed* (probably by an Italian servant) exactly on what was the word Inghilterra, -- perhaps with the view of remedying the slovenly appearance. edying the slovenly appearance. We reprint the whole letter, only omitting the signature. For other names that are mentioned we have substituted those in the MS. that correspond. Villa . . . ., Florence. "My dear, dear old Joe, is it too late? I mean is it still possible I may do something -- some little thing -- ^to make amends for sible I may do something -- some little thing -- ^to make amends for ♦️ Two stamps of ten centimes and one of fire. POSTSCEIPT BY THE PUBLISHERS all the cruel wrong I have been doing to you in these past years? Oh, my dear, if this should reach you, write, telegraph at once to i tell me where you are. I would give all I have, would give all my days that are left, only to see you for one hour and speak with you i and have the air clear between us as it used to be, and for you to i know how miserably I could allow myself to be deceived. For, my ; dear, my dear, I know it all now -- it has all come to me in this last twelve hours, and Hugh is not here to keep me calm and tell me what to do. I must act for myself as best I may. God grant me only to see your dear face once again -- the face I had the cowardice and stupidity to think deceived me. I ought to have known it was impossible, and I was a fool and knew nothing. '^Writing like this is no use! I had better stop it and try to tell you everything that has happened, as nearly as I can. But I am ill, and my head swims. If it were not so I should start at once for London, for I know you are in London somewhere. But I i can only write to your old house and hope some chance may take the letter on. "For fifteen -- no! sixteen years -- God forgive me for my folly -- * i I have believed one whom I now know to be as true a man as ever i lived to have been false in word and deed -- how I could have thought it, it bewilders me now to think! But I was deceived, my dear, so cruelly deceived. And now I have to purchase the i chance of making some amends for my wrong to you at the cost of i knowing that another brother, whose memory I was cherishing as a treasure, was one for whom I can find no name I can bear to call him by -- but I must try again to begin and tell you what has happened -- I mean, what has happened in this last day here. As for pened -- I mean, what has happened in this last day here. As for my excuses for the past, I cannot write them now. Oh, how I ! hope we shall meet that I may tell you ! "You must remember my little Cicely (the Turk, you called her). She and a young soldier, quite a boy, whom she met in the j summer in London, are in love, and want me to allow them to be engaged. He has come here on a visit, and Cicely told him that I | still keep Hughes old regimentals that he had at the time of his : death. He came to me yesterday asking as a great privilege that i he might be allowed a sight of them -- there is not a young man in I the army, said he, but would think it a privilege to see and touch | the garment Hugh .... died in. So I got it out for him, and I I thank God I did so. For as I was telling him of the little j satchel that you will I'm sure recollect -- ^he stood turning it over in his hands, and put his finger through the hole the bullet made. I had never examined it so closely -- it was too much pain -- and had I POSTSCRIPT BY THE PUBLISHERS I wrapped it up and put it away sixteen years ago. Young Lieui tenant .... said there was a piece of paper inside the lining i tenant .... said there was a piece of paper inside the lining I and it felt like an envelope. I thought it impossible, but told him to pull it out. I saw at once that it was a letter to the mother of your boy Cristoforo -- but not in your handwriting! "I opened it and saw the signature, Giuseppe Vance. But the moment I saw ' Giuseppe ' I saw it was Beppino's. And the whole thing burst suddenly on me, and I was wise too late. I fell down insensible, and am now only slowly recovering from the shock. " Oh, my dear, I see it all plainly now -- at least, I see you took Beppino^s guilt upon yourself, and made his boy your own. I remember I wrote out to Sarita that I believed it must have been some Quixotism of yours. So it was, dear Joe, but it was the Quixotism of the Angels. How the letter came to be in Hugh's old wallet quite passes my comprehension. I could only recollect that one day at Poplar Villa that lining was torn, and Hugh had it sewn up. The letter must have been slipped inside the lining and sewn in. It was before we bought Villa . . . . -- that's all I can recollect. " As to Beppino -- I dare not thinly -- in fact, I cannot. I can see nothing now except that he writes to an Italian wife whose name is not Sibyl, and signs himself with an assumed surname. As to any possible mistake about who wrote that ^ Giuseppe,' I have plenty of letters from him signed so. As to Sibyl, I shall tell her nothing. She had better not know. I daresay you remember that she married the Duke of ... . within two years of Beppino's death. I ried the Duke of ... . within two years of Beppino's death. I alw'ays say Beppino's boy is more mine than hers now. She is so much in the world. I am very confused about it all -- ^but quite clear of one thing -that Beppino deceived some girl here under your name, and you that Beppino deceived some girl here under your name, and you took all the blame on yourself after her death -- and I did wrong to believe you. I see it more in the look of your face, as I remember it then, than by any analysis I can make of the story now. ber it then, than by any analysis I can make of the story now. I see it all, my dear, I see it all! And I know you have never blamed me. " I know you are in London because some German ladies were here last week, and when I was showing them my photos, one of them pitched upon your portrait and said she had seen you in Sloane Street just before starting to come away, but that you looked much older than when she knew you. She was a Madame Schmidt, who has been a great pianist I believe. If only her little bit of information leads to your receiving this, how glad I shall be! POSTSCRIPT BY THE PUBLISHERS I ''Dear, dear other little brother, if this letter reaches you and we never meet, as may be, try and think of our past as though it had ended in those last days at ... . Never think of all these dreary years of darkness and misunderstanding. If only we might all have died then -- while the world was still sweet to us and life seemed good ! As it now is, the best to hope for is that I may get my strength again and come to find you. But I know that if you receive this yoij will come at once to me. " They tell me I must write no more, and I want this to go to-day. I shall be happier when it is posted. It is a chance -- a hope to live on. My hand shakes, but I can still write that I am your loving sister. " As soon as I am better I shall start for London to find you. Let Nolly's people in Lincoln's Inn Fields know where you are -- * and he will go to you at once. He has often asked what has become of you, and I have told him this and that. He believes yom come of you, and I have told him this and that. He believes yom still at Rio Grande, or somewhere in S. America." ZANE GREY'S NOVELS May be had wherever books are sold. Ask for Grosset & Dunlap's list THE LIGHT OF WESTERN STAR S A New York society girl buys a ranch which becomes^ the center of frontier warfare. Her loyal superintendent rescues her when she is captured by bandits. A fare. Her loyal superintendent rescues her when she is captured by bandits. A surprising climax brings the story to a delightful close. THE RAINBOW TRAIL The story of a young clergyman who becomes a wanderer in the great western uplands- until at last love and faith awake. DESERT GOLD The story describes the recent uprising along the border, and ends with the finding of the gold which two prospectors had willed to the girl who is the story's heroine. RIDERS OF THE PURPLE SAGE A picturesque romance of Utah of some forty years ago when Mormon authority ruled. The prosecution of Jane Withersteen is the theme of the story. THE LAST OF THE PLAINSMEN This is the record of a trip which the author took with Buffalo Jones, known as the preserver of the American bison, across the Arizona desert and of a hunt in "that wonderful country of deep canons and giant pines." THE HERITAGE OF THE DESERT A lovely girl, who has been reared among Mormons, learns to love a young New Englander. The Mormon religion, however, demands tl"at the girl shall become the second wife of one of the Mormons-- Well, that's tho problem of this great story. THE SHORT STOP The young hero, tiring of his factory grind, starts out to win fame and fortune as a professional ball player. His hard knocks at the start are followed by such success as dean sportsmanship, courage and honesty ought to win. BETTY ZANE This story tells of the bravery and heroism of Betty, the beautiful young sister oPS old Colonel Zane, one of the bravest pioneers. THE LONE STAR RANGER After killing a man in self defense. Buck Duane becomes an outlaw along tha Texas border. In a camp on the Mexican side of the river, he finds a young girl held prisoner, and in attempting to rescue her, brings down upon himselt the wrath of her ^ptors and henceforth is hunted on one side by honest men, on the other by outlaws. THE BORDER LEGION ' Joan Randle, in a spirit of anger, sent Jim Qeve out to a lawless Western mining camp, to prove his mettle. Then realizing that she loved him-- she followed hiin out. On her wav she is captured by a bandit band, and trouble begins when she shoots Kells the leader-- and nurses him to health again. Here enters another romance-when Joan, disguised as an outlaw, observes Jim, in the throes of di^ipation. A gold when Joan, disguised as an outlaw, observes Jim, in the throes of di^ipation. A gold strike, a thrilli ng robbery-- gambling and gun play carry you along breathlessly. THE LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUf^ By Helen Cody Wetmore and Zane Grey The life story of Colonel William F. Cody, " Buffalo Bill," as told by his sister and Zane Grey. It begins with his boyhood in Iowa and his first encounter with an Indian We '>ee "Bill" as a pony express rider, then near Fort Sumter as Chief 9! dian We '>ee "Bill" as a pony express rider, then near Fort Sumter as Chief 9! the Scouts,''and later engaged in the most dangerous I ndian ^mpaigns. There is also a very interesting: account of the travels of T.he Wild West Show. No char-* acter In public life makes a stronger appeal to the imagination of America than " Buffalo Bill," whose daring and bravery made him famous. Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York KATHLEEN NORRIS' STORIES May be had wherever books are sold. A sk for Grosset & Dunlap's list SISTERS. Frontispiece by Frank Street. The California Redwoods furnish the background for this beautiful story of sisterly-devotion and sacrifice. POOR, DEAR. MARGARET KIRBY. Frontispiece by George Gibbs. ' A collection of delightful stories, including "Bridging the Years" and " The Tide-Marsh." This story is now showii, in moving pictures. ]OSSELYN*S WIFE . F rontispiece by C. Allan Gilbert. The story of a beautiful woman who fought a bitter fight for happiness and love. MARTIE, THE UNCONQUERED. Illustrated by Charles E. Chambers. I The triumph of a dauntless spirit over adverse conditions. THE HEART OF RACHAEL. Frontispiece by Charles E. Chambers. An interesting story of divorce and the problems that come with a second marriage. THE STORY OF JULIA PAGE. Frontispiece by C. Allan Gilbert. I^'A sympathetic portrayal of the quest of a normal girl, obscure and lonely, for the happiness of life. SATURDAY'S CHILD. Frontispiece by F. Graham Cootes. Can a girl, born in rather sordid conditions, lift herself through sheer determination to the better things for which her soul . hungered ? MOTHER. Illustrated by F. C. Yohn. A story of the big mother heart that beats in the background , of every girl's life, and some dreams which came true. j4sli for Complete free list of G. & D. Popular Copyrighted Fiction Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York. k * # ^4 " I

mild gibberish

29028000

Pastoral letter of His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, archbishop of Mâlines, Belgium.

Mercier, Désiré

pastoralletterof00merc_djvu.txt

My Very Dear Brethren: ARCHBISHOP OF MALINES, BELGIUM was compelled to lock my grief within my own afflicted heart and to carry it, with the thought of you, which never left me, to the Crucifix. I craved courage and light, and sought them in such thoughts as these: NOTE. -- The document, of which this is a translation, was suppressed by the German authorities in Belgium l r D CARDINAL MERCIER*S PASTORAL LETTER January 22, 1915 [Reprinted from The New York Times] It was in Rome itself that I received the tidings -- stroke after stroke -- of the partial destruction of the Cathedral Church of Louvain, next to the burning of the library and of the scientific installations of our great university and of the devastation of the city, and next of the wholesale shooting of sity and of the devastation of the city, and next of the wholesale shooting of citizens and tortures inflicted upon women and children and upon unarmed and undefended men. And, while I was still under the shock of these calamities, the telegraph brought us news of the bombardment of our beautiful Metropolitan Church, of the Church of N6tre Dame au De la Dyle, of the Episcopal Palace, and of a great part of our dear city of Malines. Far from my diocese, without means of communication with you, I I cannot tell you how instant and how present thought of you has been to me throughout the months of suffering and of mourning through which we have passed. I had to leave abruptly on the 20th of August in order to fulfill my last duty toward the beloved and venerated Pope whom we have fill my last duty toward the beloved and venerated Pope whom we have lost, and in order to discharge an obligation of the conscience from which I could not dispense myself in the election of the successor of Pius X., the Pontiff who now directs the Church under the title, full of promise and of hope, of Benedict XV. HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL MERCIER A disaster has visited the world, and our beloved little Belgium, a nation so faithful in the great mass of her population to God, so upright in her patriotism, so noble in her King and Government, is the first sufferer. She bleeds; her sons are stricken down, within her fortresses and upon her fields, in defense of her rights and of her territory. "Why All This Sorrow?" Soon there will not be one Belgian family not in mourning. Why all this sorrow, my God? Lord, Lord, hast Thou forsaken us? Then I looked upon the Crucifix. I looked upon Jesus, most gentle and humble Lamb of God, crushed, clothed in His blood as in a garment, and I thought I heard from His own mouth the words which the psalmist uttered in His name: "Oh, God, my God, look upon me; why hast Thou forsaken me? O, my God, I shall cry, and Thou wilt not hear! " And forthwith the murmur died upon my lips, and I remembered what our Divine Saviour said in His gospel, "The disciple is not above the master, nor the servant above his Lord." The Christian is the servant of a God who became man in order to suffer and to die. < To rebel against pain, to revolt against providence, because it permits grief and bereavement, is to forget whence we came, the school in which we have been taught, the example that each of us carries graven in the name of a Christian, which each of us honors at his hearth, contemplates at the altar of his prayers, and of which he desires that his tomb, the place of his last sleep, shall bear the sign. I, my dearest brethren, I shall return by and by to the providential law of suffering, but you will agree that since it has pleased a God-made Man who was holy, innocent, without stain, to suffer and to die for us who are sinners, who are guilty, who are perhaps criminals, it ill becomes us to complain, whatever we may be called upon to endure. The truth is that no plain, whatever we may be called upon to endure. The truth is that no disaster on earth, striking creatures only, is comparable with that which our sins provoked and whereof God Himself chose to be the blameless victim. Having recalled to mind this fundamental truth, I find it easier to summon you to face what has befallen us and to speak to you simply and direct- mon you to face what has befallen us and to speak to you simply and directly of what is your duty and of what may be your hope. That duty I shall ly of what is your duty and of what may be your hope. That duty I shall express in two words: Patriotism and endurance. Gratitude to the Fighters. My dearest brethren, I desire to utter in your name and my own the gratitude of those whose age, vocation, and social conditions cause them to benefit by the heroism of others without bearing in it any active part. When, immediately upon my return from Rome, I went to Havre to greet our Belgian, French, and English wounded: when, later, at Malines, at Louvain, at Antwerp, it was given to me to take the hands of those brave men who carried a bullet in their flesh, a wound on their forehead, because they had marched to the attack of the enemy or borne the shock of his onslaught, it was a word of gratitude to, them that rose to my lips. "Oh valiant friends," I said, "it was for us, it was for each one of us, it was for me, that you risked your lives and are now in pain. I am moved to tell you of my respect, of my thankfulness, to assure you that the whole nation knows how much she is in debt to you." For in truth our soldiers are our saviors. A first time, at Liege, they saved France; a second time, in Flanders, they arrested the advance of the enemy upon Calais. France and England know it, and Belgium stands before the entire world a nation of heroes. Never before in my whole life did I feel so proud to be a Belgian as when, on the platforms of French stations, and halting a while in Paris, and visiting London, I was witness of the enthusiastic admiration our Allies feel for ing London, I was witness of the enthusiastic admiration our Allies feel for the heroism of our army. Our King is, in the esteem of all, at the very summit of the moral scale. He is doubtless the only man who does not recognize mit of the moral scale. He is doubtless the only man who does not recognize that fact, as, simple as the simplest of his soldiers, he stands in the trenches and puts new courage, by the serenity of his face, into the hearts of those of whom he requires that they shall not doubt of their country. The foremost duty of every Belgian citizen at this hour is gratitude to the army. If any man had rescued you from shipwreck or from a fire, you would assuredly hold yourselves bound to him by a debt of everlasting thankfulness. But it is not one man, it is 250,000 men who fought, who suffered, who ness. But it is not one man, it is 250,000 men who fought, who suffered, who fell for you so that you might be free, so that Belgium might keep her independence, her dynasty, her patriotic unity, so that after the vicissitudes dependence, her dynasty, her patriotic unity, so that after the vicissitudes of battle she might rise, nobler, purer, more erect, and more glorious than before. Asks Prayers for Victory. Pray daily, my brethren, for these 250,000 and for their leaders' victory; pray for our brothers in arms; pray for the fallen; pray for those who are still engaged; pray for the recruits who are making ready for the fight to come. In your name I send them the greeting of our fraternal sympathy and our assurance that not only do we pray for the success of their arms and for the eternal welfare of their souls, but that we also accept for their sake all the distress, whether physical or moral, that falls to our own share in the oppression that hourly besets us, and all that the future may have in store for us, in humiliation for a time, in anxiety, and in sorrow. In the day of final victory we shall all be in honor; it is just that today we should all be in grief. To judge by certain rumors that have reached me, I gather that from districts that have had least to suffer some bitter words have arisen toward our God, words which, if spoken with cold calculation, would not be far from blasphemous. Oh, all too easily do I remember how natural instinct rebels against the evils that have fallen upon Catholic Belgium. The spontaneous thought of mankind is ever that virtue should have its instantaneous crown and injustice its immediate retribution. "The Ways of God." But the ways of God are not our ways, the Scripture tells us. Providence gives free course, for a time measured by Divine wisdom, to human passions and the conflict of desires. God, being eternal, is patient. The last word is the word of mercy, and it belongs to those who believe in love. "Why art Thou sad, O my soul? and why dost thou disquiet me? Quare tristis es anima, et quare conturbas me? " Hope in God. Bless Him always. Is He not thy Saviour and thy God? Spera in Deo quondam ad hue confiteor." When Job, whom God presented as an example of constancy to the generations to come, had been stricken, blow upon blow, by Satan, with the loss of his children, of his goods, of his health, his enemies approached him with provocations to discouragement ; his wife urged upon him a blasphemy and a curse. "Dost thou still continue in thy simplicity? Curse God, and die." But the man of God was unshaken in his confidence. And he said to her: "Thou hast spoken like one of the foolish women. If we have received good things at the hand of God, why should we not receive evil? ceived good things at the hand of God, why should we not receive evil? Dominus dedit. Dominus abstulit: sicut Domino placuit ita factum est. Sit nomen Domini benedictum." And experience proved that saintly one to be right. It pleased the Lord to recompense, even here below. His faithful servant. "The Lord gave Job twice as much as he had before, and for his sake God pardoned his friends." Belgium's Unhappy Fate. Better than any other man, perhaps, do I know what our unhappy country has undergone. Nor will any Belgian, I trust, doubt of what I suffer in my soul as a citizen and as a Bishop, in sympathy with all this sorrow. These last four months have seemed to me an age long. By thousands have our brave ones been mowed down. Wives, mothers are weeping for those they shall not see again; hearts are desolate; dire poverty spreads, anguish increases. At Malines, at Antwerp the people of two great cities have been given over, the one for six hours, the other for thirty-four hours, to a continuous bombardment, to the throes of death. I have traversed the greater part of the districts most terribly devastated in my diocese, and the ruins I beheld, and the ashes, were more dreadful than I, prepared by the saddest of forebodings, could have imagined. Other parts of my diocese, which I have not had time to visit, have in like manner been laid waste. Churches, schools, asylums, hospitals, convents in great numbers are in ruins. Entire villages have all but disap- vents in great numbers are in ruins. Entire villages have all but disappeared. At Werchter Wackerzeel, for instance, out of 380 homes 130 peared. At Werchter Wackerzeel, for instance, out of 380 homes 130 remain. At Tremeloo -- two- thirds of the village are overthrown. At Bueken out of a hundred houses twenty are standing. At Schaffen 189 houses out of 200 are destroyed; eleven still stand. At Louvain the third part of the buildings are down; 1,074 dwellings have disappeared. On the town land and in the suburbs 1,623 houses have been burned. The Destruction at Louvain. In this dear city of Louvain, perpetually in my thoughts, the magnificent Church of St. Peter will never recover its former splendor. The ancient cent Church of St. Peter will never recover its former splendor. The ancient College of St. Ives, the art schools, the consular and commercial schools of the University, the old markets, our rich library with its collections, its unique and unpublished manuscripts, its archives, its gallery of great portraits of illustrious rectors, chancellors, professors, dating from the time of its foundation, which preserved for masters and students alike a noble tradition, and were an incitement in their studies, all this accumulation of intellectual, of historic and of artistic riches, the fruit of the labors of five centuries -- all is in the dust. Many a parish lost its pastor. There is now sounding in my ears the sorrowful voice of an old man, of whom I asked whether he had mass on Sunday in his battered church. "It is two months, ' ' he said, ' ' since we had a church." The parish priest and the curate had been interned in a concentration camp. tration camp. Thousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the prisons of Germany, to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Madgeburg. At Munsterlagen alone, 3, 100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will tell of the sterlagen alone, 3, 100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom. Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but I know that there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under pain of death, their fellow citizens were compelled to dig their graves. In the Lou vain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned. List of Some Priests Killed. In my diocese alone I know that thirteen priests were put to death. Their brothers in religion or in the priesthood will wish to know their names. Here they are: Dupierreux of the Society of Jesus, Brothers Sebastian and Allard of the Congregation of the Josephites, Brother Candide of the Congregation of the Brothers of Mercy, Father Maximin, Capuchin, and Father Vincent, Conventual; Lombaerts, parish priest at Boven-Loo; Goris, parish priest at Autgaerden; Carette, professor at the Episcopal College of Louvain; de Clerck, parish priest at Bueken; d'Argent, parish priest at Gelrode, and Wouters Jean, parish priest at Pont-Brule. We have reason to believe that the parish priest of Herenta, Van Bladel, an old man of 71, was also killed. Until now, however, his body has not been found. One of these, the parish priest of Gelrode, suffered, I believe, a veritable martyrdom. I made a pilgrimage to his grave, and amid the little flock which so lately he had been feeding with the zeal of an apostle, there did I pray to Him that from the height of heaven He would guard His parish, His diocese, His country. We can neither number our dead nor compute the measure of our ruins. And what would it be if we turned our said steps toward Liege, Namur, Audenne, Dinant, Tamines, Charleroi, and elsewhere? And there, where lives were not taken, and there, where the stones of buildings were not thrown down, what anguish unrevealed! Families hitherto living at ease now in bitter want ; all commerce at an end, all careers ruined, industry at a standstill, thousands upon thousands of working men without employment, working women, shop girls, humble servant girls without the means of earning their bread, and poor souls forlorn on the bed of sickness and fever, crying, "O Lord, how long, how long? " There is nothing to reply. The reply remains the secret of God. Yes, dearest brethren, it is the secret. (I have said that thirteen ecclesiastics had been shot within the Diocese of Malines. There were, to my own actual personal knowledge, more than thirty in the Diocese of Namur, Tournai, and Liege -- Schlogel, parish priest of Hastiree; Gille, parish priest of Couvin; Pieret, curate at Etalle; Alexandre, curate at Mussy-la-Ville; Marechal, seminarist at Maissin; the Rev. Father Gillet, Benedictine of Maredsous; the Rev. Father Nicolas, Premonstratensian of the Abbey of Leffe; two brothers of the same abbey; one brother of the Congregation of Oblates; Poskin, parish priest of Surice; Hotlet, parish priest of Les Alloux; Georges, parish priest of Tintigny; Glouden, parish priest of Latour; Zenden, retired parish priest at Latout; Jacques, a priest; Druet, parish priest of Acoz; Pollart, parish priest of Roselies; Labeye, parish priest of Biegny-Trembleur; Thielen, parish priest of Haccourt; Janssen, parish priest of Heure le Romain; Chabot, parish priest of Foret; Dossogne, parish priest of Hockay; Reusonnet, curate of Olme; Bilande, chaplain of the Institute of Deaf Mutes at Bouge; Docq, a priest, and others of God.) He is the Master of events and the Sovereign Director of the human multitude. Domini est terra et plenitudo ejus; orbis terrarum et universi qui habitant in eo. The first relation between the creature and his Creator is that of absolute dependence. The very being of the creature is dependent; dependent are his nature, his faculties, his acts, his works. ent; dependent are his nature, his faculties, his acts, his works. At every passing moment that dependence is renewed, is incessantly reasserted, inasmuch as, without the will of the Almighty, existence of the asserted, inasmuch as, without the will of the Almighty, existence of the first single instant would vanish before the next. Adoration, which is ^ the recognition of the sovereignty of God, is not therefore a fugitive act; it is the permanent state of a being conscious of his own origin. On every page of the Scriptures Jehovah affirms his sovereign dominion. "The Whole Economy of the Law." The whole economy of the old law, the whole history of the chosen people, tend to the same end -- to maintain Jehovah upon His throne and to cast idols down. " I am the first and the last. I am the Lord, and there is none else; there is no God beside me. I form the light and create darkness, I make peace and create evil. Woe to him that gainsayeth his maker, a sherd of the earthen pots. Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it, what art thou making, and thy work is without hands? Tell ye, and come, and consult together. A just God and a Saviour there is none beside Me." Ah, did the proud reason of mankind dream that it could dismiss our God? Did it smile in irony when through Christ and through His Church He pronounced the solemn words of expiation and of repentance? Vain of fugitive excesses, "O light-minded man, full of pleasure and of wealth, hast thou imagined that thou couldst suffice even to thyself?" Then was God set aside in oblivion, then was He misunderstood, then was He blasphemed with acclamation, and by those whose authority, whose influence, whose power had charged them with the duty of causing His great laws and His great order to be revered and obeyed. Anarchy then spread among the lower ranks of mankind, and many sincere consciences were troubled by the evil example. How long, O Lord, they wondered, how long wilt Thou suffer the pride of this iniquity? Or wilt Thou finally justify the impious opinion that Thou carest no more for the work of Thy hands? A shot from a thunderbolt, and behold, all human foresight is set at nought ! Europe trembles upon the brink of destruction! The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. Many are the thoughts that throng the breast to-day, and the chief of them all is this: God reveals Himself as the Master. The nations that make the attack, and the nations that are warring in self-defense, alike confess themselves to be in the hands of Him without Whom nothing is made, nothing is done. Men long unaccustomed to prayer are turning again to God. Within the army, within the civil world, in public, and within the individual conscience, there is prayer. Nor is that prayer to-day a word learnt by rote, uttered lightly by the lip ; it surges from the troubled heart, it takes the form, at the feet of God, of the very sacrifice of life. The being of man is a whole offering to God. This is worship, this is the fulfillment of the primal moral and religious law; the Lord thy God shalt thou adore, and Him only shalt thou serve. And even those who murmur, and whose courage is not sufficient for submission to the hand that smites us and saves us, even these implicitly acknowledge God to be the master, for if they blaspheme they blaspheme Him for His delay in closing with their desires. But as for us, my brethren, we will adore Him in the integrity of our souls. Not yet do we see in all its magnificence the revelation of His wisdom, but our faith trusts Him with it all. Before His justice we are humble, and in His mercy hopeful. With holy Tobias we know that because we have sinned He has chastised us, but because He is merciful He will save us. Belgium's Delinquencies. It would perhaps be cruel to dwell upon our guilt now, when we are paying so well and so nobly what we owe. But shall we not confess that we have indeed something to expiate? He who has received much, from him shall much be required. Now dare we say that the moral and religious standard of our people has risen as its economic prosperity has risen? The observance of Sunday rest, the Sunday Mass, the reverence for marriage, the restraints of modesty -- what have you made of these? What, even within Christian families, had become of the simplicity practiced by our fathers, what of the spirit of penance, what of respect for authority? And we, too, we priests, we religious, I, the Bishop, we whose great mission it is to present in our lives, yet more than in our speech, the Gospel of Christ, have we earned the right to speak to our people the word spoken by the Apostle to the nations -- "Be ye followers of me, as I also am of Christ? " We labor, indeed; we pray, indeed; but it is all too little. We should be, by the very duty of our state, the public expiators for the sins of the world. But which was the thing dominant in our lives -- expiation or our comfort and well-being as citizens? Alas! we have all had times in which we, too, fell under God's reproach to His people after the escape from Egypt: "The beloved grew fat and kicked; they have provoked me with that which was no god, and I will provoke them with that which is no people." Nevertheless, He will save us, for He wills not that our adversaries should boast that they, and not the Eternal, did these things. versaries should boast that they, and not the Eternal, did these things. "See ye that I alone am, and there is no other God beside me. I will kill and I will make to live. I will strike and I will heal." "God Will Save Belgium." God will save Belgium, my brethren, you cannot doubt it. Nay, rather, He is saving her. Across the smoke of conflagration, across the stream of blood, have you not glimpses, do you not perceive signs of His love for us? Is there a patriot among us who does not know that Belgium has grown great? Now, which of us would have the heart to cancel this last page of our national history? Which of us does not exult in the brightness of the glory of this shattered nation? When in her throes she brings forth heroes, our mother country gives her own energy to the blood of these sons of hers. Let us acknowledge that we needed a lesson in patriotism. There were Belgians and many such, who wasted their time and their talents in futile quarrels of class with class, of race with race, of passion with personal passion. Yet when, on August 2nd, a mighty foreign power, confident in its own strength, and defiant of the faith of treaties, dared to threaten us in our independence, then did all Belgians, without difference of party, or of condition, or of origin, rise up as one man, close ranged about their own King and their own Government and cry to the invader: "Thou shalt not go through!" At once, instantly, we are conscious of our own patriotism. Far down within us all is something deeper than personal interests, than personal kinships, than party feeling, and this is the need and the will to devote ourselves to that more general interest which Rome termed the public thing, res publico,. And this profound will within us is patriotism. Our country is not a mere concourse of persons, of families inhabiting the same soil, having among themselves relations more or less intimate, of business, of neighborhood, of a community, of memories happy or unhappy. Not so; it is an association of living souls subject to a social organization, to be defended and safeguarded at all costs, even the cost of blood, tion, to be defended and safeguarded at all costs, even the cost of blood, under the leadership of those presiding over its fortunes. And it is because of this general spirit that the people of a country live a common life in the present, through the past, through the aspirations, the hopes, the confidence in a life to come, which they share together. Patriotism, an internal principle of order and of unity, an organic bond of the members of a nation> was placed by the finest thinkers of Greece and Rome at the head of the natural virtues. Aristotle, the prince of philosophers of antiquity, held disinterested service of the city -- that is, the State -- to be the very ideal of human duty. Patriotism a Christian Duty. And the religion of Christ makes patriotism a positive law; there is no perfect Christian who is not also a perfect patriot. For our religion exalts the antique ideal, showing it to be realizable only in the absolute. Whence, in truth, comes this universal, this irresistible impulse which carries at once the will of the whole nation in one single effort of cohesion and of resistance in face of the hostile menace against her unity and her freedom? . Whence comes it that in an hour all interests were merged m the interests of all, and that all lives were together offered in willing immolation? Not that the State is worth more, essentially, than the individual tion? Not that the State is worth more, essentially, than the individual or the family, seeing that the good of the family and of the individual is the cause and reason of the organization of the State. Not that our country is a Moloch on whose altar lives may lawfully be sacrificed. The rigidity of antique morals and the despotism of the Caesars suggested the false principle -- and modern militarism tends to revive it -- that the State is omnipotent, and that the discretionary power of the State is the rule of right. Not so, replies Christian theology; right is peace -- that is, the interior order of a nation founded upon justice. And justice itself _ is absolute only because it formulates the essential relation of man with God and of man with man. War for War's Sake a Crime. Moreover, war for the sake of war is a crime. War is justifiable only if it is the necessary means for securing peace. St. Augustine has said: "Peace must not be a preparation for war." And war is not to be made except for the attainment of peace. In the light of this teaching, which is repeated by St. Thomas Aquinas, patriotism is seen in its religious character. Family interests, class interest, party interests, and the material good of the individual take their place, in the scale of values, below the ideal of patriotism, for that ideal is right which is absolute. Furthermore, that ideal is the public recognition of right in national matters, and of national honor. Now there is no absolute except God. God alone, by His sanctity and His sovereignty, dominates all human interests and human wills. And to affirm the absolute necessity of the subordination of all things to right, to justice, is implicitly to affirm God. When, therefore, humble soldiers whose heroism we praise answer us with characteristic simplicity, "We only did our duty," or "We were bound in honor," they express the religious character of their patriotism. Which of us does not feel that patriotism is a sacred thing, and. that a violation of national dignity is in a manner a profanation and a sacrilege? Christ Crowns the Patriot's Valor. I was asked lately by a staff officer whether a soldier falling in a righteous cause -- and our cause is such, to demonstration -- is not veritably eous cause -- and our cause is such, to demonstration -- is not veritably a martyr. Well, he is not a martyr in the rigorous theological meaning of the word, inasmuch as he dies in arms, whereas the martyr delivers himself undefended and unarmed into the hands of the executioner; but II if I am asked what I think of the eternal salvation of a brave man, who has consciously given his life in defense of his country's honor and in vindication of violated justice, I shall not hesitate to reply that, without any doubt whatever, Christ crowns his military valor, and that death, accepted in this Christian spirit, assures the safety of that man's soul. "Greater love than this no man hath," said our Saviour, "that a man lay down his life for his friends." And the soldier who dies to save his brothers, and to defend the hearths and altars of his country, reaches this highest of all degrees of charity. He may not have made a close analysis of the value of his sacrifice, but must we suppose that God requires of the plain soldier in the excitement of battle the methodical precision of the moralist or the theologian? Can we who revere his heroism doubt that his God welcomes him with love? Venerates Bereaved Mothers. Christian mothers, be proud of your sons. Of all griefs, of all human sorrows, yours is perhaps the most worthy of veneration. I think I behold you in your affliction standing at the side of the Mother of Sorrows, at the foot of the Cross. Suffer us to offer you not only our condolence, but our congratulations. Not all our heroes obtain temporal honors, but for alHwe expect the immortal crown of the elect. For this is the virtue of a single act of perfect charity -- it cancels a whole life-time of sins, it transforms a sinful man into a saint. forms a sinful man into a saint. Assuredly a great and a Christian comfort is the thought that not only among our own men, but in any belligerent army whatsoever, all who in good faith submit to the discipline of their leaders in the service of a cause they believe to be righteous are sharers in the eternal reward of the soldiers' sacrifice. And how many may there not be among these young men of 20 who, had they survived, might possibly not have had the resolution to live altogether well, and yet in the impulse of patriotism had the resolution to die so well? Is it not true, my brethren, that God has the supreme art of mingling His mercy with His wisdom and His justice? And shall we not acknowledge that if war is a scourge for this earthly life of ours, a scourge whereof we cannot easily estimate the destructive force and the extent, it is also for multitudes of souls an expiation, a purification, a force to lift them to the pure love of their country and to perfect Christian unselfishness? We may now say, my brethren, without unworthy pride, that our little Belgium has taken a foremost place in the esteem of nations. I am aware that certain onlookers, notably in Italy and in Holland, have asked how it could be necessary to expose this country to so immense a loss of wealth and of life, and whether a verbal manifesto against hostile aggression, or a single cannon shot on the frontier would not have served the purpose of protest. But assuredly all men of good feeling will be with us in our rejection of these paltry counsels. Mere utilitarianism is no sufficient rule of Christian citizenship. Germany Violated Her Oath. On the 19th of April, 1839, a treaty was signed in London by King Leopold, in the name of Belgium, on the one- part, and by the Emperor of Austria, the King of France, the Queen of England, the King of Prussia, and the Emperor of Russia on the other; and its seventh article decreed that Belgium should form a separate and perpetually neutral State, and should be held to the observance of this neutrality in regard to all other States. The co-signatories promised, for themselves and their successors, upon their oath, to fulfill and to observe that treaty in every point and every article without contravention or tolerance of contravention. Belgium was thus bound in honor to defend her own independence. She kept gium was thus bound in honor to defend her own independence. She kept her oath. The other Powers were bound to respect and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath ; England kept hers. These are the facts: The laws of conscience are sovereign laws. We should have acted unworthily had we evaded our obligation by a mere feint of resistance. And now we would not rescind our first resolution; we exult in it. Being called upon to write a most solemn page in the history of our country, we resolved that it should be also a sincere, also a glorious page. And as long as we are required to give proof of endurance, so long we shall endure. Will Not Hear of Surrender. All classes of our citizens have devoted their sons to the cause of their country, but the poorer part of the population have set the noblest example, for they have suffered also privation, cold, and famine. If I may judge of the general feeling from what I have witnessed in the humbler quarters of Malines, and in the most cruelly afflicted districts of my diocese, the people are energetic in their endurance. They look to be righted; they will not hear of surrender. Affliction, in the hand of divine Omnipotence, is a two-edged sword. It wounds the rebellious, it sanctifies him who is willing to endure. God proveth us, as St. James has told us, but He "is not a tempter of evils." All that comes from Him is good, a ray of light, a pledge of love. "But every man is tempted by his own concupiscence. Blessed is he that endureth temptation, for when he hath been proved he shall receive the crown of life, which God hath promised to them that love Him." "Resisting Unto Blood." Truce, then, my brethren, to all murmurs of complaint. Remember St. Paul's words to the Hebrews, and through them to all of Christ's flock, when referring to the bloody sacrifice of our Lord upon the cross he reminded them that they had not yet resisted unto blood. Not only to the Redeemer's example shall you look, but also to that of 30,000 -perhaps 40,000 -- men who have already shed their life blood for their perhaps 40,000 -- men who have already shed their life blood for their country. In comparison with them, what have you endured who are deprived of the daily comforts of your lives, your newspapers, your means of travel, communication with your families? Let the patriotism of our army, the heroism of our King, of our beloved Queen in her magnanimity, serve to stimulate us and support us. Let us bemoan ourselves no more. Let us deserve the coming deliverance. Let us hasten it by our virtue even more than by our practices. Courage, brethren! Suffering passes away; the crown of life for our souls, the crown of glory for our nation shall not pass! Germany's No Lawful Authority. I do not require of you to renounce any of your national desires. On the contrary, I hold it as part of the obligations of my episcopal office to instruct you as to your duty in face of the power that has invaded our soil struct you as to your duty in face of the power that has invaded our soil and now occupies the greater part of our country. The authority of that power is no lawful authority. Therefore, in soul and conscience you owe it neither respect nor attachment nor obedience. The sole lawful authority in Belgium is that of our King, of our Government, of the elected representatives of the nation. This authority alone has ment, of the elected representatives of the nation. This authority alone has a right to our affection, our submission. Thus the invaders' acts of public administration have in themselves no authority; but legitimate authority has tacitly ratified such of those acts as affect the general interest, and this ratification, and this only, gives them jurist value. Occupied provinces are not conquered provinces. Belgium is no more a German province than Galicia is a Russian province. Nevertheless, the occupied portion of our country is in a position it is compelled theless, the occupied portion of our country is in a position it is compelled to endure. The greater part of our towns, having surrendered to the enemy on conditions, are bound to observe these conditions. From the outset of military operations the civil authorities of the country urged upon all private persons the necessity of abstention from hostilities against the enemy's army. That instruction remains in force. It is our army, and our army solely, in league with the valiant troops of our Allies, that has the honor and the duty of national defense. Let us intrust the army with our final deliverance. ance. Toward the persons of those who are holding dominion among us by military force, and who assuredly can not but be sensible of the chivalrous en- itary force, and who assuredly can not but be sensible of the chivalrous energy with which we have defended and are still defending our independence, ergy with which we have defended and are still defending our independence, let us conduct ourselves with all needful forbearance. Some among them have declared themselves willing to mitigate, as far as possible, the severity of our situation and to help us to recover some minimum of regular civic ity of our situation and to help us to recover some minimum of regular civic life. Let us observe the rules they have laid upon us so long as those rules do not violate our personal liberty, nor our consciences as Christians, nor our duty to our country. Let us not take bravado for courage, nor tumult for bravery. You especially, my dearest brethren in the priesthood, be you at once the best examples of patriotism and the best supporters of public order. On the field of battle you have been magnificent. The King and the army admire the intrepidity of our military chaplains in face of death, their charity at the work of the ambulance. Your Bishops are proud of you. You have suffered greatly. You have endured much calumny. But be patient; history will do you justice. I today bear my witness for you. Priests Did Not Incite Civilians. Wherever it has been possible I have questioned our people, our clergy, and particularly a considerable number of priests who had been deported to German prisons, but whom a principle of humanity, to which I gladly render homage, has since set at liberty. Well, I affirm, upon my honor, and I am prepared to assert upon faith of my oath, that until now I have not met a single ecclesiastic, secular or regular, who had once incited civilians to bear arms against the enemy. All have loyally followed the instructions of their Bishops, given in the early days of August, to the effect that they were to use their moral influence over the civil population so that order might be preserved and military regulations observed. I exhort you to persevere in this ministry of peace, which is for you the sanest form of patriotism ; to accept with all your hearts the privations you have to endure; to simplify still further, if it is possible, your way of life. One of you who is reduced by robbery and pillage to a state bordering on total destitution, said to me lately: "I am living now as I wish I had lived always." Multiply the efforts of your charity, corporeal and spiritual. Like the great Apostle, do you endure daily the cares of your Church, so that no man shall suffer loss and you not suffer loss, and no man fall and you not burn with zeal for him. Make yourselves the champions of all those virtues enjoined upon you by civic honor as well as by the gospel of Christ. joined upon you by civic honor as well as by the gospel of Christ. "Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever modest, whatsoever just, whatsoever holy, whatsoever lovely, whatsoever of good fame, if there be any virtue, if any praise of discipline, think on these things," so that the worthiness of our lives justify us, my most dear colleagues, in repeating the noble claim of St. Paul: "The things which ye have learned and received and heard and seen in me, these do ye, and the God of peace shall be ceived and heard and seen in me, these do ye, and the God of peace shall be with you." Masses for Fallen Soldiers. Let us continue then, dearest brethren, to pray, to do penance, to attend holy mass, and to receive holy communion for the sacred intention of our dear country. I recommend parish priests to hold a funeral service on behalf of our fallen soldiers on every Saturday. Money, I know well, is scarce with you all. Nevertheless, if you have little, give of that little for the succor of those among your fellow-countrymen who are without shelter, without fuel, without sufficient bread. I men who are without shelter, without fuel, without sufficient bread. I have directed my parish priests to form for this purpose, in every parish, a relief committee. Do you second them charitably and convey to my hands such alms as you can save from your superfluity, if not from your necessities, so that I may be the distributor to the destitute who are known to me. Our distress has moved the other nations. England, Ireland, and Scotland, France, Holland, the United States, Canada, have vied with one land, France, Holland, the United States, Canada, have vied with one another in generosity for our relief. It is a spectacle at once most mournful and most noble. Here again is a revelation of the providential wisdom which draws good from evil. In your name, my brethren, and in my own, I offer the Governments and the nations that have succored us the assurance of our admiration and our gratitude. With a touching goodness, our Holy Father Benedict XV. has been the first to incline his heart toward us. When, a few moments after his election, he deigned to take me in his arms, I was bold enough then to ask that the first Pontifical benediction he spoke should be given to Belgium, already in deep distress through the war. He eagerly closed with my wish, which I knew would also be yours. Today, with delicate kindness, his Holiness has decided to renounce the annual offering of Peter's pence from Belgium. Letter from Pope Benedict. In a letter dated on the beautiful festival of the Immaculate Virgin, Dec. 8, he assures us of the part he bears in our sufferings. He prays for us, calls down upon our Belgium the protection of Heaven, and exhorts us to hail in the then approaching advent of the Prince of Peace, the dawn of better days. Here is the text of this valued message: To Our Dear Son, Desire Mercier, Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman Church, of the Title of St. Peter in Chains, Archbishop of Malines, at Malines: Our Dear Son: Health and apostolic benediction. The fatherly solicitude which we feel for all the faithful whom divine Provi- ly solicitude which we feel for all the faithful whom divine Providence has intrusted to our care causes us to share their griefs dence has intrusted to our care causes us to share their griefs even more fully than their joys. Could we, then, fail to be moved by the keenest sorrow at the sight of the Belgian Nation, which we so dearly love, reduced by a most cruel and most disastrous war to this lamentable state? We behold the King and his august family, the members of the Government, the chief persons of the country, Bishops, priests, and a whole people, enduring woes which must fill with pity all gentle hearts, and which our own soul, in the fervor of paternal love, must be the first to compassionate. Thus, under the burden of this distress and this mourning, we call, in our prayers, for an end to such misfortunes. May the God of mercy hasten the day. Meanwhile we strive to mitigate, as far as in us lies, this excessive suffering. Therefore the step taken by our dear son, Cardinal sive suffering. Therefore the step taken by our dear son, Cardinal Hartman, Archbishop of Cologne, at whose request it was arranged that French or Belgian priests detained in Germany should have the treatment of officers, gave us great satisfaction, and we have expressed our thanks to him for his action. As regards Belgium, we have been informed that the faithful of that nation, so sorely tried, did not neglect in their piety to turn toward us their thoughts, and that even under the blow of so many calamities they purposed to gather this year, as in all preceding years, the offerings to St. Peter, which supply the necessities of ing years, the offerings to St. Peter, which supply the necessities of the Apostolic See. This truly incomparable proof of piety and of attachment filled us with admiration: we accept it with all the affection that is due from a grateful heart ; but having regard to the painful position in which our dear children are placed, we cannot bring ourselves to favor the fulfillment of that project, noble though it is. If any alms are to be gathered, our wish is that the money should be entirely devoted to the benefit of the Belgian people, who are as tirely devoted to the benefit of the Belgian people, who are as illustrious by reason of their nobility and their piety as they are today worthy of all sympathy. Amid the difficulties and anxieties of the present hour we would remind the sons who are so dear to us that the arm of God is not shortened, that He is ever able to save, that His ear is not deaf to prayer. Let the hope of divine aid increase with the approach of the festival of Christmas and of the mysteries that celebrate the birth of our Lord, and recall that peace which God proclaimed to mankind by His angels. May the souls of the suffering and afflicted find comfort and consolation in the assurance of the paternal tenderness that prompts our prayers. Yes, may God take pity upon the Belgian people and grant them the abundance of all good. As a pledge of these prayers and good wishes, we now grant to all, and _ in the first place to you, our dear son, the apostolic benediction. Given in Rome, by St. Peter's on the feast of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady, in the year MCMXIV, the first of our pontificate. BENEDICT XV., Pope. Belgium Will Be Restored. _ One last word, my dearest brethren: At the outset of these troubles I said to you that in the day of the liberation of our territory we should give to the Sacred Heart and to the Blessed Virgin a public testimony of our gratitude. Since that date I have been able to consult my colleagues in the episcopate, and in agreement with them I now ask you to make, as soon as possible, a fresh effort to hasten the construction of the national basilica, promised by Belgium in honor of the Sacred Heart. As soon as the sun of peace shall shine upon our country we shall redress our ruins, we shall restore shelter to those who have none, we shall rebuild our churches, we shall reconstitute our libraries, and we shall hope to crown this work of reconciliation by raising, upon the heights of the capital of Belgium free and catholic, that national basilica of the Sacred Heart. Furthermore, every year we shall make it our duty to celebrate solemnly, on the Friday following Corpus Christi, the festival of the Sacred H>a-t. Lastly, in every region of the diocese the clergy will organize an annual pilgrimage of thanksgiving to one of the privileged sanctuaries of the Blessed Virgin, in order to pay especial honor to the protectress of our, national independence and universal mediatrix of the Christian Commonwealth. The present letter shall be read on the following dates : On the first day of the year and on the Sundays following the day on which it shall severally reach you. Accept, my dearest brethren, my wishes and prayers for you and for the happiness of your families, and receive, I pray you, my paternal benediction. D. J. CARDINAL MERCIER, Archbishop of Malines. ,13ft LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 020 933 075 1

clean

08026495

Commemorative exercises in connection with the erection of a memorial tablet to George Sewall Boutwell in Groton cemetery May fifteenth, 1908;

Thayer, William Roscoe

commemorativeexe01thay_djvu.txt

A haunt where Peace might dwell With folk who lov'd her well, But still for Duty's sake would draw the sword. Beloved State, and true! A clearing by the sea Where none should crook the knee To king or pope or other man-made lord; BOSTON, 190,8 The Memorial Tablet in the New Groton Cemetery is inscribed : Thy blessed gospel flew Throughout the West and loos'd the Old World's chains; THE HON. WINSLOW WARREN To clear a little space Where conscience should have place To worship God, and men with men be peers; Thy thoughts like lifeblood run Thro' ev'ry loyal son Who feels the stir of freedom in his veins. He was thy son ! he heard In youth thy puissant word And prov'd the obligation of thy breed; GEORGE SEWALL BOUTWELL His courage never quail'd, His counsel never fail'd, Till Discord ceas'd and Wrong was overthrown. To shine in such a strife Were crown enough for life; The newer labors to new hands belong; But when the younger brood Set bad instead of good, He rose, again a youth, and smote the wrong. Tho' Prudence bade, "Beware !" He answer'd straight, "I dare !" And swept like retribution on the foes; Put compromises by -Half-truth is still half-lie -- Half-truth is still half-lie -Nor barter'd his convictions for repose. Nor barter'd his convictions for repose. He heard but to despise The precepts worldly-wise That check the vanward impulse of the soul -The si}', corrosive doubts, The si}', corrosive doubts, The cynic sneer that flouts All virtue and denies the unseen goal. Years never palsied him With disillusions grim, Xor taught the lie that numbers most avail; He held that not to fight For Freedom and for Right -Our captains -- is the coward's way to fail. Our captains -- is the coward's way to fail. He was not overborne By ridicule or scorn, Nor daunted by the dangers of the time; He even could resist The friends whose love he missed, The comrades of the causes of his prime. To suffer and endure, To keep the spirit pure -The fortress and abode of holy Truth -- The fortress and abode of holy Truth -To serve eternal things, To serve eternal things, Whate'er the issue brings, This is not broken Age, but ageless Youth. WILLIAM EOSCOE THAYER. Address by the Hon. WINSLOW WARREN But three short years ago all that was mortal of George S. Boutwell was here laid peacefully to rest amid the surroundings he loved so well, and now in this spring time of hope we gather as relatives, friends and fellow townsmen to pay a simple, unostentatious tribute of respect and affection to that able, conscientious tious tribute of respect and affection to that able, conscientious Christian soldier whose battle was always for the right as he saw it and who ever gave of his utmost for the preservation and moral benefit of his country. Favored beyond most men in the length of his days he was also favored that to the very end he was able to influence his countrymen by words of wisdom and counsel. No pomp or ceremony, no pretentious marble would befit his simple life -- if honors came to him in double portion, they were only the reward of faithful adherence to plain duty and of natural abilities which he reinforced by constant and persistent labor. He loved public station but not unless he had won it by his own merit and for the purpose of effecting a public good. Born of the old New England stock -- he was himself a typical New Englander -- of the kind New England is most proud -- a selfmade man who in the making had availed himself to the utmost of made man who in the making had availed himself to the utmost of his opportunities and who claimed by right of birth only the brains that God had given him and the frame that shirked no bodily or mental toil. In form and appearance and manner he reminded you of the Puritan of the olden time but toned and modified and humanized by the spirit of the age in which he lived. Although a large portion of his life was spent in public office and in the whirl of public affairs he loved nothing better than to lay them all aside and enjoy the quiet life of a private citizen in this peaceful town sure of the approbation of his fellow citizens and that confidence and respect which came from the simplicity and modesty of dence and respect which came from the simplicity and modesty of his habits, his sympathetic interest in all that concerned their welfare, and the rectitude of his life. fare, and the rectitude of his life. I might well pause here, for I can pay no higher tribute and nothing that I can say can add to the appreciation of Governor Boutwell which you, his neighbors and friends, already have. The highest proof of a man's sterling worth and character is always found in the love and admiration of those who knew him best in the humbler daily walks of life and who bear him in tender memory for what he was at home among them, rather than for the more ory for what he was at home among them, rather than for the more showy and brilliant qualities which distinguished him to the outer world. I had known Governor Boutwell more or less all my life, in polities or in business, and it does not in the least diminish my high estimate of his character and attainments if I admit that I often differed from him while acknowledging the purity of his motives; the privilege of intimate acquaintance, however, came to me late in his and my life, but it was when he had reached the full fruition of a noble life -- had satisfied a laudable ambition, had left behind an honorable and distinguished career, and in his old age had grasped the opportunity yet left to increase his countrymen's indebtedness to him by devoting all his remaining strength men's indebtedness to him by devoting all his remaining strength and unimpaired intellect to rallying them to the defense of those principles of constitutional liberty for which he had always fought. His life was a singularly varied one and characteristic of our American civilization. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, Jan- ican civilization. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, January 28, 1818 -- his parents were of what Lincoln happily termed uary 28, 1818 -- his parents were of what Lincoln happily termed "the plain people" -- honest, hard working, God-fearing people of old English stock -- moderate in circumstances, and whose whole lives were a cheerful struggle against adverse conditions; but their ideas of healthy moral and physical training of youth were fortunately of the old-fashioned kind teaching industry, perseverance, nately of the old-fashioned kind teaching industry, perseverance, mental discipline and the highest regard for truth and principle. The future statesman had few of the advantages of early education, none but what the common schools afforded in the winter sea- tion, none but what the common schools afforded in the winter season, for in the summer his time was occupied in work upon his son, for in the summer his time was occupied in work upon his father's farm. When he was of the age of thirteen he left school to go into a store in Lunenberg, where his parents then resided, but he was indefatigable in reading and studying evenings, and at every leisure moment -- in 1834 he taught school for a short time in Shirley and then became a pupil himself at a small private school. In 1835 he removed to Groton and became clerk in a store for the sale of boots and shoes and later the manager and owner; but he lost no opportunity of enriching his mind by the study of the best ancient and modern writers -- he learned the Hebrew alphabet, and became familiar with the pure English of the Old Testament prophets and the masterpieces of English oratory. To poetry he was not much inclined although he read some of the older poets -fiction he read not at all and science did not appeal to him. fiction he read not at all and science did not appeal to him. The imaginative side of his nature was never greatly developed and his oratorical style was modelled upon that of the English prose writers of the 17th and 18th centuries -- giving little play to fancy and showing an utter disregard of rhetorical effect. His range of reading as described by himself shows clearly the bent of his mind as well as his intense studiousness -- he writes that between 1835 and 1841 he read the following books -- and this was a period when he was actively engaged in business and very busy in current politics -- Locke, Say's Political Economy, Smith's Wealth of Nations, Plutarch, Josephus, Herodotus, Lingard, Hume, Smollett, Cicero, Demosthenes, Homer, Pope, Byron, Shakespeare, Bos- lett, Cicero, Demosthenes, Homer, Pope, Byron, Shakespeare, Boswell's Johnson, Junius, The Tattler, The Rambler, The English well's Johnson, Junius, The Tattler, The Rambler, The English Eeviews, Text Books in French, Blair's Rhetoric, Blackstone, Story on the Constitution, The Federalist and De Lohme on the British Constitution. This is an imposing list, if a rather prosaic one, and to many would seem a somewhat strange selection, yet it points very clearly to the object he had in view, to fit himself to take part in public life as well as to lay the foundation for the law -- for during all this time he was at work studying his profession, mostly evenings after the day's labor was over, and he was also engaged to some extent in its practice. It certainly furnishes a most suggestive lesson to any who may think that success in life can be attained other than by the hardest kind of work. He took quite an active interest in town affairs and contributed articles on political topics to the press thus attracting the notice and earning the good opinion of his fellow citizens. In 1839 he was chosen upon the school committee of Groton -- in 1840 was an ardent champion of Van Buren in the Presidential campaign, and in the same year ran for the Legislature but without success. In 1841, however, he was elected by a majority of one and between 1840 and 1850 was elected seven times ity of one and between 1840 and 1850 was elected seven times though it is interesting to note that he met with defeat on several occasions because of his independent attitude on local questions. He had attached himself to the Democratic party with whose general views of a strict construction of the Constitution -- regard for the rights of the masses of the people, hard money and a low tariff he was then in full accord -- but he was frequently out of harmony with the leaders and held pronounced anti-slavery views which grew in force as his party became more and more under the domination of the slave power. After distinguished service in the Legislature and serving as Secretary of the Board of Education, in 1851 he was elected Governor of the State by a coalition of the Democrats and Free Soilers ernor of the State by a coalition of the Democrats and Free Soilers and was re-elected in 1852. Though a Democratic Governor he gave his party some anxiety by his independent course, gradually lost sympathy with it and became in 1855 one of the organizers of the new Eepublican party, with which he thenceforward acted so long as he believed it to be true to the principles of liberty. In 1862 he was elected to Congress, having previously filled many important national positions -- in 1869 he became Secretary of the Treasury under President Grant -- in 1873 Senator from Massachusetts, and upon retiring in 1877, was appointed Commissioner to setts, and upon retiring in 1877, was appointed Commissioner to revise the statutes of the United States and afterwards to many important positions requiring legal knowledge and ability. In this place I can thus only hastily sketch the course of his life, the details must be for the historian, for his distinguished services during the Civil War, through the reconstruction period, and afterwards, form an important part of the history of his country. It is enough for me to say that in all the positions to which he was called, he served with great distinction, that he was clear in thought, bold and determined in action -- thoroughly open and above board -- never paltering with his own conscience and despising those who set expediency or profit before right -- yet charitable towards honest opponents and with no malice towards those who saw not the right from his point of view. He was a partisan in the best sense of the word -- he believed in political parties as necessary though imperfect instruments to conduct the public business, but he never could become a slave to party or set the party name above the party principles. His study and practice of the law was too desultory and intermittent to allow of his attaining the high position at the bar to mittent to allow of his attaining the high position at the bar to which his abilities entitled him. He never studied law as a science nor wooed that jealous mistress with the assiduity that success ence nor wooed that jealous mistress with the assiduity that success demanded, yet he tried numerous cases with skill and ability, and in the conspicuous and important legal appointments under Government showed a broad grasp of legal principles and a wide knowledge of precedents which if used upon a broader field would undoubtedly have gained for him high honors in the legal profession. During his political career moral questions largely over- fession. During his political career moral questions largely overshadowed all others and while he had positive views upon purely shadowed all others and while he had positive views upon purely political subjects, or when Secretary of the Treasury had to deal with broad financial matters -- his great field was the moral one which involved slavery, and the efforts for reconstruction after the war. He deprecated war but was a vigorous and constant upholder of the civil war which meant to him the destruction of holder of the civil war which meant to him the destruction of African slavery which he thoroughly detested, and so far as in him lay he proposed to remove that awful stigma upon America's fair name before final peace was made. The cost of its removal was as nothing to him as compared with the curse of its existence. He knew not the meaning of compromise upon such a subject -- he fought with all his energy and drove his shafts straight to the mark, never pausing to see whether his doctrines or acts won popular favor, so sure was he that they were right. To many his views at times seemed extreme, but they were the result of careful thought with a single eye to the real benefit of his country. His faith in the glorious destiny of America was supreme try. His faith in the glorious destiny of America was supreme though it was not a blind optimism which saw no perils in the path, but an unconquerable belief in the wisdom and permanency of republican institutions. publican institutions. He stood with Lincoln and Sumner and Andrew and other great statesmen, through the war and after the war, in their determination that this country should be placed upon a sound termination that this country should be placed upon a sound moral as well as political basis. He shared all their views of constitutional liberty and all their faith in the rights of men of what- stitutional liberty and all their faith in the rights of men of whatever color -- he felt with them that no man was great enough or good ever color -- he felt with them that no man was great enough or good enough to own his fellow man -- that every people must be left to determine its own form of government -- that the best government of a people by an alien nation was worse than the worst government of a people by themselves -- that the Declaration of Independence was no generality but contained imperishable truths not to be set aside when circumstances rendered it inconvenient for us to adhere to them : -- it was not to be expected therefore that in hid later here to them : -- it was not to be expected therefore that in hid later years he could reverse these opinions of his life and he did not. He could never join the ranks of those who fancied a distinction between Americans holding slaves and an American Eepublic holding tween Americans holding slaves and an American Eepublic holding subjects -- he had read in the history of the American Eevolution that taxation without representation was tyranny and he believed it to be tyranny just as much under an American President as under England's George the Third, and worse, from the fact that George the Third had never proclaimed any doctrine to the contrary. trary. The claim that the Philippine Islands were committed to our care by Divine Providence when he had seen them unlawfully bought from Spain and then filched away from the natives in bloody strife after they had been misled by our promises or actions -- he utterly rejected as false and hypocritical. In these views he stood with many of the greatest and wisest living Americans, Republicans and Democrats -- but he never stopped to count the number or the weight of his supporters or opponents, he only recognized that principles for which he had fought all his life were at stake and his duty became clear. Party dictation or expediency he threw to the winds -- came clear. Party dictation or expediency he threw to the winds -denunciations or caustic criticisms were as nothing to him -- with denunciations or caustic criticisms were as nothing to him -- with infinite regret he severed his long-cherished connection with the Republican party and with the old fire undiminished devoted his re- publican party and with the old fire undiminished devoted his remaining years to the upholding of the same doctrines of human maining years to the upholding of the same doctrines of human liberty for which he had given his earlier ones. He was of the stuff of which martyrs are made and might have exclaimed with Martin Luther -- "Here I stand ! -- I can do no otherwise. God help me !" Men may disagree with him -- may be more willing than he to cut loose the Ship of State from its ancient firm moorings -- but no lover of his country, no believer in high ideals, can withhold from Governor Boutwell admiration for his courage, his consistency, his devotion to his own conceptions of truth, and his fearless energy, when his age had fairly entitled him to repose, in giving himself to the cause of human liberty. I have dwelt upon the characteristics of the man rather than upon the details of his career -- the emphasis upon his later years is only that they were the ripened fruit of his whole previous life. They illustrate the man of action and of thought -- a New England conscience as rugged as her native hills, an indomitable will and courage, a high sense of duty and great abilities brought to the welfare of his country. I have heard greater orators than Governor Boutwell, more profound scholars and thinkers, but no one who carried with him a found scholars and thinkers, but no one who carried with him a deeper impression of intellectual honesty and clear conviction than he did. There was something in his very manner when he rose to speak, which insensibly attracted the attention of his audience and gave the impression that here was a man who had something to say worth listening to. This effect was enhanced by a slow, earnest utterance which grew in intensity and vigor when he desired to em- terance which grew in intensity and vigor when he desired to emphasize any part of his speech, the tones of his voice manifesting the phasize any part of his speech, the tones of his voice manifesting the depth of his belief and gaining the sympathy and interest of his hearers. He never sought their applause but appealed with startling directness to their reason and conscience, seeming almost im- ling directness to their reason and conscience, seeming almost impatient of manifestations of approval as though they interrupted patient of manifestations of approval as though they interrupted the current of his thoughts and impaired the force of his words. He indulged in no glowing periods, rarely showed a tendency to humor, although he was by no means without it; but in sarcasm he mor, although he was by no means without it; but in sarcasm he was severe and trenchant, yet however pointed it never stooped to insinuation or to unfair personal attack. His language was unaffectedly simple and Ms thoughts were expressed in logical form and so clearly and cogently that they pressed in logical form and so clearly and cogently that they seldom failed to reach the understanding by their apparent frankness. He could hardly be said to have had the graces of oratory ness. He could hardly be said to have had the graces of oratory and he had none of the arts of finished speakers, yet his power over his audiences was very great and his mastery of Anglo Saxon speech gave him a success which more eminent orators might well have envied. Those who seek the lesson of his life as a guide to their own careers may well find it in his self reliance, his utter faithfulness -his untieing labor -- his integrity of character and the openness and his untieing labor -- his integrity of character and the openness and clearness of his utterances. Of course he erred at times, all men of positive convictions ever will, and no one would have been quicker to admit it than he -in fact, with his pleasant smile and that quiet humor which was in fact, with his pleasant smile and that quiet humor which was so subtle that only those who knew him best appreciated its force, I think he would have charged himself with more mistakes than he really made, for conceit or boastfulness were no part of his nature -- but whatever mistakes were his, they were always those of honest judgment and they changed not at all the grand record of his upright life. It is a common remark that a statesman is but a politician passed away, and there is truth in it, provided the politician in his life has been honest with the people, honest with himself, independent and fearless in his convictions and has brought great abilities to the defense of what he thought was right. Measured by such standards many of our politicians may be hopeless of the award of statesmanship hereafter, but not so with Governor Boutwell; he measured up to the highest standards during his life and Ins lamented death full of years and honors, could add nothing to and detract nothing from a fame already secure. I need not speak here of the beauty and simplicity of his home life -- y OU? his neighbors and friends, recognize in him the devoted husband, the fond and loving father, and the exemplary fellow citizen, interested in local affairs and always ready to give of his izen, interested in local affairs and always ready to give of his advice and co-operation to aid every good movement. Among you he dwelt for over fifty years and, although his public cares and duties compelled long absences, his heart ever turned back to the rolling hills and shady trees of his Groton home where undisturbed he could enjoy his leisure with his family and friends and forget all anxieties and troubles among the books which were the familiar and constant companions of his youth and the solace of his old age. Over his grave we have placed our estimate of the man -- no fulsome or elaborate eulogy -- but the few simple, plain words which embody his career -- words which to all who read will show that here lies buried one of nature's noblemen -- one who recognized no superior and no inferior -- one who walked among us in unaffected simplicity as a modest unassuming gentleman -- yet one who brought great honor to the Nation, the State and the Town in which he lived, by a long life of honorable and consistent devotion to duty -illustrating the enduring nature of a successful career achieved by illustrating the enduring nature of a successful career achieved by faithful endeavor and giving to those that come after him an inspiring example of the opportunities which this country affords to those who have the ability, the courage and the will to profit by the privileges of republican institutions. The Rev. Endicott Peabodv pronounced a benediction. li JUN 8 1908 For once we have listened to a funeral oration that had measure. Emerson ranks it among the highest attributes of style, of conduct, of the gentleman or the lady, to "have measure." "Shrillness has been known," he goes on to say, "to put whole drawing rooms to flight." But tho measure in this funeral eulogy was not one imposed by any considerations of literary style or personal conduct. It was the habit of the well-trained New England public conscience, inherited through long descent; and it was most befitting for the occasion of the placing of the marble headstone on the grave of this particular "grand old man." Governor Boutwell. It may have been felt, too, that the gravestone's plainness is severe in the extreme. But after the start given stone's plainness is severe in the extreme. But after the start given by the first glance at its uncompromising, sharp-edged whiteness, and the momentary chill from the measured conscientiousness of the eulogium, came flooding in the old conviction, with all its exhilaration, gium, came flooding in the old conviction, with all its exhilaration, that we have bred heroes -- cool and strong and severely good men -- in New England, and rear them still -- such single-minded, simply and truly American citizens of the ideal American Republic as Governor Boutwell and the Spartan band standing up with him to face the sneers and fury of the majority. Such men do not want, indeed cannot bear with merely eloquent and patriotic phrase-making and false "finewriting," even in eulogy. Governor Boutwell was, at the national writing," even in eulogy. Governor Boutwell was, at the national crisis which came really after the culmination of his long public service, the embodiment and personification for the time being of the New ice, the embodiment and personification for the time being of the New England conscience. Mr. Winslow Warren's weighing as in the balances of history, almost as with the scales of justice, Boutwell's long ances of history, almost as with the scales of justice, Boutwell's long political record -- begun in revolt against one party and crowned at its highest with his revolt against the other -- was simply more of this proud Puritan conscientiousness that makes us, to less earnest seekers after the highest ideals, seem cold-hearted. The truth is that nowhere burns there with steadier glow the fire of patriotism with the potentiality of mounting to the fierce outburst of consuming flame than ir_ these aame supposedly cold New England bosoms. The chosen few who surrounded Mr. Warren at the grave and in the little Groton town hall consented that their hero was great enough to bear the simple truth and would himself have permitted nothing less and nothing else could his assent have been asked. The same touching scenes ing else could his assent have been asked. The same touching scenes were enacted over again in the beautiful old historic town as at the funeral -- the apparent suspension of ordinary day's work, the old home of the veteran statesman at the end of the straight road from the "depot" again the centre of the town for the day as it had been in his life -- the headmaster, too. of the Groton school with a choir of the boys assisting loyally. -- Edward H. Clement, in the Boston Evening Transcript, May 23. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 789 031 8 LlbKHKY Ul- ^UNUKtib 013 789 031 8

mild gibberish

05036485

A home geography of New York city,

Straubenmuller, Gustave

homegeographyofn00stra_djvu.txt

GINN & COMPANY District Superintendent of Schools, New York City ALL RIGHTS RESERVED GUSTAVE STRAUBENMULLEH NEW YORK CITY GUSTAVE STRAUBENMULLER PREFACE Wholesome pride in one's home, one's immediate surroundings, and one's own city engenders not only a love for this circumscriljed area, but opens the heart for the larger love, -- the love of country and of humanity. Home geography emphasizes man's intimate connection with surrounding geographical featm-es and his dependence upon them ; it shows how man utilizes the opportunities offered by nature to establish relationships with her; it dwells upon man's expediency in turning to profitable account the resources of his environment; and it also arouses in the learner a feeling of reverence for those responsible for the great changes wa^ought, and for the institutions that helped to effect those changes. Home geography does not restrict itself to jDresent conditions alone, it concerns itself with the past. While it gives us a faithful picture of the present, it describes the local conditions of former times. In other words, it is not only an outlook into space but the starting point for history. The value of home geography lies in the fact that it enables the teacher to present concretely the geographical features of the vicinity. With these features, thus observed, as basal ideas, the learner ity. With these features, thus observed, as basal ideas, the learner can be taught by analogy to get a clear idea of such forms as do not come within his immediate experience. In short, home geography is practical geography, and should, therefore, l)e the preparatory step to geography in general. iv PREFACE As no study of geography is possible without a knowledge of maps, an attempt has been made to teach what maps are, what they stand for, and what they mean. Relief, physical, and political maps have been introduced to acquaint the learner with the system of symbols usually employed on maps, and to enaljle him to interpret them properly. As appeals to the eye are considered especially helpful, many illustrations have been introduced, and much care has been given to their selection. Bird's-eye views have Ijeen made a feature of the book because they are regarded as among the most helpful devices in teaching this suljject. Part I treats of local geography, and Part II treats of local history. The stories of the latter are so arranged as to lead the child tory. The stories of the latter are so arranged as to lead the child through the paths of historical changes in as logical a manner as possible within the limitations of this book. The stories selected are such as will prove interesting as well as instructive. The Appendix contains helpful geographical and historical information in taljular form. mation in taljular form. The writer desires to acknowledge valual)le aid from various sources. He would especially thank Professor Hermon G. Bumpus, Director of the American Museum of Natural History, and the curators, Mr. L. P. Gratacap, Professor Pranz Boas, and Mr. Harlan I. tors, Mr. L. P. Gratacap, Professor Pranz Boas, and Mr. Harlan I. Smith, for the courtesy and help extended in the preparation of parts of this book. He is also indebted to several of his colleagues for their valuable assistance in many ways. November, 1905 CONTENTS PAGE Intkohuction ............. xi PART I -- LOCAL GEOGEAPHY CHAPTER J. Plans and Maps ........... 1 II. A Relief Map of New York City ....... 17 III. A Physical Map of New York City 20 IV. A Political Map of New Y'ork City ...... 31 V. Topography ....... 37 Manhattan 37 The Bronx 41 Brooklyn 43 Queens ............ 45 Richmond ........... 47 VI. New York Harbor .......... 49 VII. Transportation .......... 55 VIII. Bridges and Tunnels 61 IX. Manufactures ........*** 65 X. New Y'ork : the Nation's Market Place ...... 67 XI. New York: the Nation's Financial Center .... 69 XII. Homes of the People ......... 72 XIII. Immigration ........... 74 XIV. Streets and Avenues .......** 76 XV. Broadway and the Bowery ........ 78 Fen-ies .......***#** "l XVI. Parks 8Central Park .... 83 Central Park .... 83 Riverside Park ......**** 8o Prospect Park 86 Ocean Parkwav ........*# 86 VI CONTENTS Pelham Bay Tark Van Cortlamlt I'ark ..... Bronx Park ....... Forest Park ....... Battery Park ....... Bowling Green Park ..... Morningside Park ...... Fort Greene Park ...... XVII. Museums and Parks that the Children ok our The American Museum of Natural History . The Metropolitan Museum of Ai-t The Aquarium ...... The New York Botanical Garden The New York Zoological Park . The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences . XVIII. Schools, Churches, and Libraries Public Schools . Private Schools and Colleges Churches and Sunday Schools Libraries XIX. The City Government The Mayor Borough President Board of Aldermen Departments Finance Department Police Department Fire Department . Department of Health Street-Cleaning Department Department of Education . Other Departments United States Officials County Officials City should Vlf PAGE . 8G . 87 . 89 . 90 ' 02 , 93 . 94 . 96 . 98 . 101 , 103 . 101 . 105 . 105 , 107 . 109 . 109 CONTENTS Vll PAET II-- STOEIES OF LOCAL HISTORY CHAPTER PAGE XX. New York City as thp: Home of the Indian .... Ill XXI. Indian Money .......... 115 XXII. The School of the Indian Boy ....... 118 Woodcraft . . . . .. . . . . .118 Indian History .......... 119 Picture Heading and AVriting ....... 120 Athletic Sports 121 Music, Singing, Dancing . . . . . . . .121 Public Speaking .......... 122 XXIII. The School of the Indian Giul ...... 123 Sewing ............ 123 Cooking ........... 123 Serving ............ 124 Housekeeping .......... 12.5 Housebuilding .......... 125 Farming ........... 126 Nursing 120 Studies ........... 126 XXIV. The Coming of the White Man ...... 127 The Coming of the Half Moon as told by a Delaware Chief to a Missionaiy . . . . . . . . . . 127 XXV. The Beginning of the Fur Trade ...... 131 Henry Hudson .......... 131 Adrian Block 134 XXVI. The Dutch in New York 135 Peter Minuit 135 XXVII. How New Amsterdam changed from a Dutch Trading Post TO A Dutch City ......... 137 XXVIII. Peter Stuyvesant 140 XXIX. Early Organization 142 City Departments of New Amsterdam ...... 142 XXX. The First New York Schools ....... 144 The First Free School in the Colonies (1652) . . . .145 Dutch Schools 146 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXXI. Life in the Dutch Settlements ...... 147 Trades and Occupations ........ 147 XXXII. Dutch Children 151 XXXIII. Under the English Flag ....... 153 Why New Amsterdam became an English City . . . . 153 XXXIV. How New York became an American City .... 155 XXXV. Xew York as an English Colony ...... 157 Growth and Prosperity under the English . . . .157 New York Schools and the Change in Language . . . 159 The First College in New York City 160 Trinity Church, -- the First English Church in New York . 161 St. Paul's Chapel 162 The First Printing Press 163 The English City Hall 164 The First Library ......... 164 XXXVI. Early Newspapers . . . . . . . . .165 Quarrels between the People and the English Officers of the Law . 165 The Second New York Newspaper ...... 167 The Freedom of the Press established in America . . . 168 Ways of Travel in 1735 ........ 169 XXXVII. Trouble with England ........ 171 The Stamp Act 171 June 4, 1776 ; the Liberty Pole 173 The Battle of Golden Hill (January 18, 1770) ... 175 Independence Day (July 4, 1776) 176 XXXVIII. New York and the Revolution ...... 179 What the Declaration of Independence meant to those who signed it .......... 179 New York during the Seven Years' War .... 179 Nathan Hale 182 The Battle of Harlem Heights 183 Evacuation Day .......... 185 XXXIX. Historic Spots .......... 188 Battery Park 188 The New Custom House 189 The Aquarium . . . . . . . . . .189 Bowling Green .......... 190 CONTENTS IX CHAPTEE PAGE XL. Stories of New York, an American City .... 195 When Washington lived in New York ..... 195 XLI. Alexander Hamilton ......... 199 The First Secretary of the Treasury ..... 199 XLII. Robert Fulton 202 XLIII. Samuel F. B. Morse 204 The Inventor of the Electric Telegraph ..... 204 XLIV. Peter Cooper 207 The Founder of Cooper Union ....... 207 Ways of Living ......... 208 Words of Peter Cooper ........ 210 The Ways of earning a Living ...... 210 How Peter Cooper helped to make a Success of Many Inventions 211 Cooper Union .......... 212 The Tom Thumb, the First American Locomotive . . 213 The New Western Trade Route to China and Japan . . 215 The Atlantic Cable 216 A Model Citizen 217 APPENDIX The Most Important Settlements in Dutch New York .... 219 Important Dates and Places of Interest in New Amsterdam -- a Dutch City 222 Important Dates and Places of Interest in New York -- an English and American City ............ 223 Important Dates and Places of Interest associated with Washington . . 225 The Meaning of a Few Geographical Names ....... 226 Dates and Landmarks of Local Interest -- Neighborhood of School . . 228 Meanings of Other Geographical Names ........ 229 INTRODUCTION FOE THE TEACHER " The map, not tlie text-book, forms the basis of study." Geikie says, " It should be, in my opinion, the teacher's main aim in the first or elementary stage of instruction to make the understanding of a map and the capabihty of adequately usmg it the great object to be kept in view, and no pupil who has not mastered this acquirement should be allowed to pass into a liigher grade." As an introduction to map study the teacher begms m the schoolroom with observations on surfaces, actual measurements by rule and pacing, the study of space relations of objects and the making and reading of simple plans. Actual boundaries and their proper representations on paper are emphasized. As most of the surfaces selected are such as can be seen by the pupil, he learns to interpret intelligently the graphic representations of them. These steps lead to the understandmg of a map. One of the main objects of tliis book is to teach map reading ; therefore, greater stress has been laid upon the readmg of plans and maps than upon the elaborate drawmg of them. Throughout the book much attention has been given to the scale and its uses. Wherever possible it should be the teacher's aim to let the pupil see the geograpliical feature in nature, then to impress upon Ms mind its various forms by models and pictures, and finally to show its representation or symbol on the map. No amount of study from books will take the place of practical knowledge in this subject. The teacher must acquaint herself thorougUy with the immediate environment of the school, in order that she may intelligently direct the study of her class. She should make an attempt to bring gently direct the study of her class. She should make an attempt to bring out the " why there " as well as the " where." Pupils are always interested in that which is near, if it be properly presented to them. xii INTRODUCTIOIS' As home geography also includes liistory, a splendid opportunity is offered in teaching this subject, to inculcate patriotism and love of home. For that reason this study should begin early and continue throughout the elementary course. In the history section of the book the stories naturally begin with the Indians, the first dwellers on our soil. As this is a home geography of New York, the Indian of the home locality has been described. He was not as high a type as his Western brother. In order to bring Indian life a little nearer to the New York boy and girl who know little or nothing of life in the woods, the Indian children's school has been introduced, with subheaelings suggestive of a modern course of study. The originals of weapons, implements, musical instruments, etc., pictured in tliis book may all be found in the cases of the American Museum of Natural History, and are representative of the New York Indian. The tomahawk shown here is the only one in America havmg the genuine Indian hawk shown here is the only one in America havmg the genuine Indian handle. The Indian chapters are followed by stories of Dutch, English, and American New York. The stories of these periods have been selected with the object of teacliing the children a few of the causes that led to the political and economic development of their city and its institutioi"is. In the American period biographical sketches of Fulton, Morse, and Cooper are used as a means to awaken interest in the epoch-makmg inventions that led to the great industrial development of the last century. tions that led to the great industrial development of the last century. Many of the chapters in both the geography and history sections are merely reading lessons. Questions are freely interspersed to fix the attention and to lead the child to think and reason. Much has been introduced in order to prompt children to visit places of interest and historic sites and thus to become acquainted with their own city. If an interest in New York city is awakened, tliis book will have accomplished its mission. The Appendix is a ready-reference table, such as a progressive class teacher would have in her notebook for use as the occasion demands. IKTRODUCTION xiii Home geography cannot be learned by the reading of books. Miss Reynolds says, " The text-book counts for little, the map for much, the teacher nolds says, " The text-book counts for little, the map for much, the teacher for more, and the pupil for most of all." Study geograpliical features of the home locahty outdoors, and then go to the book and map. Begin with the physical side, because it is easier. Geograpliical forms, even after they have been seen, should be modeled and sketched. Wherever possible the natural objects should be presented first, then they should be modeled in sand or clay, then their appearance on a rehef map should be presented, and finally their form as found on physical and poHtical maps should be made clear. If there be a spare room in your building, establish a science room. In this room you could have the large sand table, plants, insect cages, aquariums, etc. After the pupils have seen the form in nature, model it in sand. Maps should be studied Hke pictures. Sketch maps of physical features, small parks, parts of boroughs, boroughs, and the city help a child to understand scale and to read a map. Elaborate drawings of these are not so helpfid. Use a large wall map in wliich the various boroughs are so colored that they may be seen and distmguished by every pupil in the room. The topography of each borough should be studied in detail by the pupils of that borough. Special attention should at all times be given to the child's own borough. Sections of the boroughs are popularly known by certain names. These were the names of villages and towns annexed to these boroughs at various times. It is advisable to teach only such as are near the school. The study of the meaning of geograpliical names has liistorical and geographical value and sliould be continued throughout the whole course in geography. If you find out the meanings of any place names in your immediate neighborhood wliich are of interest to the cliildren, add these to the list in the book. Such meanings are a helpful device, recalling physical features that an age of improvement has obliterated. xiv INTKODUCTION The points of the compass are to be charted on a clear part of the schooh'oom floor, on the ceiling, or on any horizontal surface witliin view of the pupils. The first steps are to be observational, and the instruction is to be oral. The memory is not to be overtaxed. Cliildren are to see tilings, and know where to look for them rather than to recite about them. Many of the chapters in tliis book are intended to awaken interest and to create a desire to see tilings. Therefore they should be treated as reading lessons. It may be well for the teacher to read to the pupils occasionally. Books relating to local interests shovdd be accessible to pupils. Much material can be found in the biograpliies of noted New Yorkers. In discussing localities such as the Italian quarter, the wholesale district, the retail district, it is advisable to have an outhne map on wliich you can rouglily block out these sections with colored chalk. Color masses of tliis kind make a lasting impression. Avoid lecturing. Make use of comparisons wherever possible. Example : Compare the number of cliildren in a class room with the number in the scliool ; compare the number of cliildren in the school with the number of people living on the school block, or in the school district ; compare the number in the school district with the number in your borough ; compare the population of New trict with the number in your borough ; compare the population of New York with other cities, large and small. Tliis may be done very profitably in an arithmetic lesson. Collect bird's-eye views and pictures of physical features, buildings, industries, civic improvements, places of historic and scenic interest. Use the collections, however, only to illustrate your lesson. Do not place them permanently on the walls of the schoolroom. Take your class on the roof of the school building, if that be safe and possible, or let them get a view from a top-floor window, or from one of the giant bridges, or from any elevation in a park or elsewhere. Let them look to the north and point out what can be seen, then to the east, the south, and the west. INTKODUCTION xv Eefer frequently to the bird's-eye views. They are very helpful. Train your pupils to acquire the habit of picturing the country the map represents. Induce your pupils to form walking clubs. Personally conducted excursions are the best and the most helpful. As most of the excursions will be taken on holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays, much of the work will be done outside of school hours. days, much of the work will be done outside of school hours. Plan the trips weeks in advance of class lesson ; at first to places of interest near the school, then to places farther removed. est near the school, then to places farther removed. Teach your pupils to observe, by telling them what to look for and what you expect them to see. Gradually decrease the amount of direction and information and increase your demands upt)n them as to their observations. A teacher must speak from personal experience if she is anxious to have her pupils get personal experience. Take imagmary trips with your pupils to places of mterest. Get them to describe the exact route from the school to the place selected, mcludmg direction, names of streets, car lines to be used, fares to be paid, and noteworthy tion, names of streets, car lines to be used, fares to be paid, and noteworthy places passed. As an occasional exercise, get your pupils to act as guides on imaginary trips. Select colonial landmarks in the vicinity of school. Pay particular attention to landmarks, liistoric or otherwise, m the l)orough of the school. tion to landmarks, liistoric or otherwise, m the l)orough of the school. Teachers should note places of interest and historic sites in their own boroughs, not mentioned in tliis book, and add them to the Appendix for reference. The American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Aquarium, the Zoological Park, the Botanical Gardens, and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences should be visited. Visits to dry docks, factories, shops, etc., form a part of the study of local geography. Cliildren living in a large seaport should know sometliing about sliips. Let some of the imaginary trips include such places as will introduce a talk about vessels. A HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Part I -- Local Geography CHAPTER I PLANS AND MAPS In order to learn something about our own city, it will be convenient and at times necessary to use a map. Let us therefore learn what a map is, what it presents to view, and what story it tells. A map tells us something we ought to know. On the walls of the schoolroom we see maps. Why are they there ? Of what use are they? We see maps in newspapers and geographies. When are maps used in newspapers ? Why are maps used in geographies ? Have you not often seen your father use a map ? When phies ? Have you not often seen your father use a map ? When does he use it ? Why does he use it ? We learn from what has been said that maps are frequently used, that they must mean something, and that some people understand what they mean. Let us try to find out what they mean stand what they mean. Let us try to find out what they mean and how to read them, so that we too can learn the story they tell. It is true that we can read a map just as we can read a book. It tells us many stories about the countries of the world, its mountains, its rivers, and its cities. 2 HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY But before we can read a map, we must learn what a plan is, because a map is a kind of a plan. Let us get an idea of the difference between a picture, a plan, and a map. First, let us stand in the doorway and look into our schoolroom. We see the walls and the pictures, the blackboards and the windows, the desks and the seats, three walls and a ceiling, the floor dows, the desks and the seats, three walls and a ceiling, the floor and the aisles. If you were to take a photograph of this room, it would show the room just as it looks to any one who steps into it. This photograph would be a picture of the room. As you know, the picture would not be as large as the room, and yet you would know it as your class room. You would recognize it as you recognize your mother's picture when you see it in the large frame hanging on the wall at home, or on a small card in the album. Pictures show objects just as they appear to the eye ; they also indicate the height of an object. If, now, it were possible to look down upon this class room through a hole in the ceiling, you would see the tops of the desks, the floor, and the aisles. If we draw an object just as we see it when looking directly down upon it, we make a plan of it. A plan does not show height or thickness. It does show length and width, the shape as seen from above, and the correct distance of one object from another. Try to draw the plan of your desk by putting lines on your paper that will represent the sides and ends of the desk, or its boundaries, so that you will see the shape of its top or surface. Let us stand up on our seats and bend over, so that our eyes are directly over our desks. Each boy sees the top of his desk only. He sees its shape and size. What shape has it ? Measure its length and breadth. Now draw it. ^' But," you will say, " my desk is PLANS AND MAPS 3 2 feet long and 1 foot wide/ and my paper is not large enough to draw upon it a rectangle 2 feet long and 1 foot wide." We must, therefore, do something to get a drawing that will give ns an exact idea of the shape and size of the top of that desk, even if we must place the drawing on a small piece of paper. Well, then, let us draw the desk one half as large as it is. You find the paper still too small ? What are you going to do ? We must do something to get a drawing that will look just like the top of our desk, but it must be small enough to be placed on our paper. Take your rulers. Mark off on a piece of paper ^ of an inch. Call that 1 foot. Whenever you measm'e a foot, you will draw J of an inch on your paper. If you find that an object is 2 feet long, you will draw | of an inch for the length. If you find that an object is 3 feet long, you will draw | of an inch for the length. The desk is 2 feet long. We, therefore, draw ^ of an inch for 1 foot, and without lifting our pencils, draw another ^ of an inch. We have now drawn | of an inch to represent 2 feet. The desk is 1 foot wide. Therefore we draw | of an inch for the width. Let us now complete the rectangle. It is | of an inch long and I of an inch wide. We have drawn a plan of the top of the desk to a scale, showing its exact shape and size. We say this plan is drawn to a scale. The scale used is I of an inch to the foot. Every foot of the object drawn is represented by I of an inch in the drawing. Now, suppose there is no furniture in the room, and that you can look down into the room through a hole in the ceiling. ^ If the desk does uot measure an exact number of feet, you must assume such measurement for the present. 4 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY You see the floor, and the floor is a rectangle. This rectangle is much larger than the rectangle you saw when you looked down upon your desk. Let us measure the floor. We find it to be 20 feet long and 16 feet wide. The scale that we are using is ^ of an inch to the foot. We wish to draw a line that will represent 20 feet. If |- of an inch represents one foot, how many quarter inches will represent 2 feet, 4 feet, 8 feet, 16 feet, 20 feet? IIow many inches long resent 2 feet, 4 feet, 8 feet, 16 feet, 20 feet? IIow many inches long will a line Ije that represents 20 feet ? Draw a line representing 20 feet according to this scale. The line you have drawn represents the length of your room. What is the width of your room ? Draw a line representing the width of your room according to this scale. Draw a rectangle, with opposite sides of 5 inches and 4 inches. You now have a plan of the floor of your room drawn to the scale of I of an inch to the foot. Every foot in the length and also in the width of the room is represented by ^ of an inch in your drawing. The plan of the floor of your room is now said to have been drawn to a scale of | of an inch to the foot. Sometimes it is impossible to obtain a ruler or a tapeline for measuring. We then measure by steps. A step is called a pace. A pace for measuring purposes is fixed at 3 feet, and is measured from heel to heel. Your pace is not so long as that. How long is it, measured from heel to heel ? See how many paces you must take to measure your room. Count the number of paces of a tall boy in pacing the room ; of a small boy. Pace the school street on your way home. Pace the yard. How far is it from the school to your house ? Find out by pacing it. The distances as determined by pacing are, of course, not exact ; we say they are approximate ; sometimes that is near enough. PLANS AND MAP8 5 Let us suppose we are again looking into your class room through a hole in the ceiling, and that the room looks as it does now. The teacher's desk and your own desks are here. We can now draw a plan of the floor, showing size, shape, and location of desks and aisles. Try to do this. Remember that you are looking upon them from above. Measure the top of the teacher's desk. Find out how far it is from the walls on either side of it, and also how far it is from the wall behind it. Reduce all these measurements to the scale of | of an inch to the foot, and then draw the object in your plan. Draw the desks ; leave space for the aisles. You now have the plan of the floor of your room, with your teacher's desk and your own desks in it. The plan also shows the aisles. Read Plan I ; that is, tell from the drawing, by using the scale, how many feet long and how many feet wide the object is. Scale: \ inch ^1 foot | | | [ Plan I You should learn how to make use of a given scale because this knowledge is not only very helpful to boys and girls in reading maps, but it is also helpful in many other ways. When you understand the use of a scale, a map will tell you the exact distances stand the use of a scale, a map will tell you the exact distances between important cities and places of interest to you. Let us suppose your father is about to go to some distant city in the United States. You can tell from a good map, if you have a knowledge of the use of its scale, how many miles from home your father edge of the use of its scale, how many miles from home your father will be when he reaches his destination. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Read Plan II. Tell the exact measurement of the room and the desk. SCHOOLROOM Desk Plax II Scale : i inch = 1 foot 12 3 4 5 PLANS AND MAPS Read Plan III. Tell how many desks there are in the room, the actual size of the desks, of the teacher's desk, of the room, and the o O Teacher's Desk Plan III Scale : ^ inch = 1 foot 12 3 4;, 8 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY actual width and length of the aisles. How far is the teacher's desk from the walls on either side ? -1 ~T Door g eu o ^ -4-3 0) O si O Pv o ^ J p^ o ^ ^ i u o o PI Plan IV tScale : \ inch = 1 foot r, PLANS AND MAPS In the plans we have made we have omitted doors and windows. Let ns measure these objects, reduce the measurements to a scale, and place measurements in the plan where they belong. Read Plan IV, How wide are the doors on the plan ? How wide actually ? How wide are the windows ? there ? Plan V Scale : 10 feet = 1 inch, or 1 inch^ 10 feet How many windows are Plan VI Vestibule \ inch = 1 foot First Floor Plan HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY Read Plan V. Look at the scale. Take your rulers. Measure the length of one of the vertical lines. How long is the line? What does it stand for? Give the actual size of this figure. How many rooms on the floor on which your schoolroom is situated ? Can you draw a rough plan of this floor ? Look at Plan VI. It is the plan of a floor in a very small New York school. Can you read this plan? Study it. Find the location of the class rooms, the principal's platform, the teacher s room. On what scale is this plan drawn ? Plan YTI PLANS AND MAPS You have seen the plan of the floor and have found out something about it. Now let us look at Plan VII of the schoolhouse itself. Will it help you to draw a rough plan of your own house itself. Will it help you to draw a rough plan of your own school building? I think so. You may now be anxious to see a picture of this school building. Here it is. You have now seen the phin of the floor, the plan ing. Here it is. You have now seen the phin of the floor, the plan of the schoolhouse, and the picture of the schoolhouse. We have seen plans of desks, plans of rooms, a plan of a floor, and a plan of a small schoolhouse. Look at Plan VIII. What do you think it is ? On what scale is it drawn ? How wide are the sidewalks ? How long is the street ? How wide is the roadway ? How wide and how deep is the corner flat ? How wide and how deep is the schoolhouse ? How many houses are there in this street ? How wide and how deep are some of them ? Can you sketch a rough plan of the street on which you live ? Plan IX is a plan of a square in New York cit}^ Tell its name. Is it well known ? Where is this square ? Tell from the plan. Do you know the names of any large and important buildings on or near this square ? What is the name of the park ? ings on or near this square ? What is the name of the park ? Read from the plan the names of the streets and avenues that Public School ;31, Siatkn Jslaxd HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY School Building P o Pi Plan YITI Corner Flat Scale : ^ inch = 1 foot 6 1,0 2 3,0 4,0 5,0 inclose or bound the park. Ask your teacher the meaning of the arrow on this plan. On what scale is this plan drawn? PLANS AND MAPS Plan IX Madison Square HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Now look at the picture of this square and compare it with the plan. Only a part of the square can be seen. Point out on the plan the part of Madison square that can be seen in the picture. Now^ look at the plan or map of a section of the city on page 15. Compare it with the other plans. On what scale is this map drawn ? What have you noticed about the scales in the various plans, beginning with the desk and ending with the section of the city? Place these scales in order on a piece of paper and tell what you have noticed. We have been studying and reading plans. ing and reading plans. We have learned something about the appear- thing about the appearance and size of things ance and size of things when looked upon from Madison Square ^^^^^^^ ^y^ j^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^ plans of a desk, a room, a floor, a schoolhouse, a yard, a street, a square, and a section of the city. Now a map is also a plan, but a map is the plan of a large area or space on the surface of the earth, such as a city, a country, or an ocean. One great difference between a map and a plan is the size of the thing represented on paper: instead of a schoolroom we have a city; instead of desks we have houses; instead of aisles we have streets. We speak of the plan of a desk, the plan of a room, and the plan of a building. We speak of the map of a city, the map of a state, and the map of a country. WL liiifiil^illii "r iliiiiii f:*^-^^ l-m # \ # # # 'Ji, -^ ^^^#'r- Z^,^J^ ir^ il ^ ---...-^"^.v _....- -- .-- 2fe PLANS AND MAPS We have learned that a j)lan is not a picture because it is not a likeness; therefore a map, being a kind of a plan, is not a picture. It is not a likeness. A map is the ^:)?mi of a city or a country, showing its shape, its size, the position of places and objects, and the direction of one place or object from another. In views of larg;e surfaces from above, called bird's-eye views, we cannot tell the height of things. We must have some way of showing height on a ma^^. We have ing height on a ma^^. We have maps showing shape, size, and position, and we also have maps show- tion, and we also have maps showing, in addition, shape, size, posi- ing, in addition, shape, size, position, and the heights of hills and tion, and the heights of hills and mountains. Every map has on it certain marks or symbols that have a meaning. You have seen the Hudson and the East rivers. You have seen straits, peninsulas, bays, and islands around our city. You have modeled these forms in a lower grade. You have seen how they looked in your sand trays or boxes. Now we shall see and learn how these forms look on a map. Section of New York City By courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History Relief Map CHAPTER II A RELIEF MAP OF NEW YORK CITY Here is a nicap. Why is it called a map ? You see it is a view obtained by looking upon a surface from above. It shows how the land would appear if we looked down upon it. There are no houses, no streets, and no ships to be seen. This map shows us how the land would look if man were not living on it. It shows shape, size, and height. You can easily tell where the highlands are and where the lowlands are. This is a photograph of a relief map. On a relief map the hills and mountains are actually raised ; on the map before you that is not the case. This is only a picture of elevations. By looking at a map of this kind you can tell where the highlands and the lowlands are. Try to make a relief map with putty or clay. It is the best kind for study because it gives a good idea of the surface of a country as well as of its shape and size. A map is almost always drawn so that the north is at the top of , the page, the south is at the bottom of the page, the east is at the right hand, and the west is at the left hand. Point out the north part of the room in which you are. Where would you place that part of the room if you were to draw a plan of it on paper ? Touch on this map north, east, south, west. You see here representations of water and land. Which do you think is meant for sentations of water and land. Which do you think is meant for water ? Which for land ? The great body of water represented on the south is called the ocean. An ocean is the largest body of 18 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY water. This ocean is called the Atlantic ocean. Did you ever see it ? Where ? What can you tell about it ? The line along which the land meets the ocean, or any large body of water, is called the shore line or the coast line. Run your finger along the coast line, as shown in the map. The narrow strip of land next the shore line or coast line is called the shore or coast. A part of the coast is sometimes called a beach. Did you ever visit a beach? Notice that on this map the coast is pictured as very much cut into in places by water. We say this coast is indented ; that is, it looks as if pieces of land had been bitten out. These indentations make the coast irregular. This irregularity gives us a longer tions make the coast irregular. This irregularity gives us a longer coast line. Trace some of the indented places. Would the coast line be much shorter if there were no indentations ? The indented places, if deep, make the coast look prettier, and give ships a safe place in which to anchor. Near the southern part of the map you see represented a narrow body of water between two larger bodies of water. This is row body of water between two larger bodies of water. This is called a strait. We call this strait The Narrows. The Narrows connects two larger bodies of water and separates two bodies of land. Point out the bodies of land which it separates and the bodies of water which it connects. Are there any other straits on the map ? Point them out. You see that the two bodies of water which The Narrows connects are partly inclosed by land. The one north of the strait, nects are partly inclosed by land. The one north of the strait, called upper New York bay, is almost entirely inclosed by land. Arms of the sea partly or almost inclosed by land are called bays. South of the strait is represented another bay, called lower New York bay. Point it out. Are there any other bays on this A RELIEF MAP OF NEW YORK CITY 19 map ? Point them out. Count them. Of what use is a bay ? Tell me anything you know about a bay. In upper New York bay you see representations of portions of land entirely surrounded by water. Point out as many of these as you can. We call these islands. What are islands? Look closely and you will find many, some large and some small. When looking for islands you may have noticed in the southern part of the map a strip of land that is almost surrounded by w^ater. Of course such land cannot be called an island. It is nearly an island and is called a peninsula. This peninsula is called Sandy Hook. You will notice that there is generally a narrow strip of land joining a peninsula to a larger body of land. This strip of land is called an isthmus. Look for peninsulas and isthmuses. Draw a peninsula and its isthmus. You will notice on your map representations of points of land extending into the water. Such points of land are called capes. At the end of Sandy Hook there is a cape. Find other capes. Capes are dangerous to shipping. Lighthouses are frequently placed on capes to warn away sailors. Flowing into upper New York bay from the north you see two streams of water : the one to the west is called the Hudson river ; the one to the east, the East river. Have you ever crossed either of these rivers? How? The East river is really not a river, as we shall learn later on. Flowing into upper New York ba}' from the west there is a stream of water known as tlie Kill van Kull ; it connects upper New York Imy with Newark bay. Bodies of water that connect two larger bodies of water are called straits, sounds, channels, or kills. See how many of these you can find. Lake CHAPTER III A PHYSICAL MAP Here is another map. Point out the north, east, south, and west. Point out the land, the ocean. Pam your finger along the coast line. Point out the bays, the peninsulas, the straits, the islands, the capes, and the isthmus. Tell what each one is. Name a bay, a strait, a peninsula, a cape or point, and an island in the vicinity of New York. Maps are usually made on flat surfaces. They do not help us to picture to ourselves highlands and lowlands. We have, however, a number of ways of indicating high and low land on a map. You learned one way when studying the relief map. This map shows a second way of indicating high and low land. A PHYSICAL MAP 21 You notice that there are various colors and shades of colors in your map. All these have a meaning. They tell a story. All ma]3s do not have these colors, nor do all maps show height by means of colors. I will tell you, therefore, what the colors on this map mean. As a rule, you will find an explanation of the meaning of the colors in a corner of the map. Whenever you see any ing of the colors in a corner of the map. Whenever you see any explanation on a map you should read it. The blue color indicates bodies of water. The dark green represents land that is a little higher than the ocean level and rises as sents land that is a little higher than the ocean level and rises as high above that level as one of the sky-scrapers of New York city. The lighter green represents land higher than that. The buff represents land still higher, the light brown still higher, and the dark brown stands for the highest land. The light markings in the dark brown show that ice and snow are found on top of this highest land. This coloring indicates land more than a mile high. Can you imagine how high that is ? What is your height? What is the height of your schoolroom? How many times your height is^the sclioolroom ? How high is your school building? Think of the Flatiron Building at Broadway, 5th avenue, and 23d street, Manhattan. It looks very tall, but it is only three hundred feet high. How many times higher is the Flatiron Building than your school building? The land colored brown on the map is twenty times as high as the Flatiron ored brown on the map is twenty times as high as the Flatiron Building. Point out the highest land shown on this map; the lowest land. In what direction from the lowland is the highland ? The colors show that the land slopes or becomes gradually lower toward the ocean. Place your finger on the highland. Follow slope to coast line. HOME GEOGBAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY We often hear of people, wagons, and cars going uphill and downhill. We have hills in New York city. Do you know of any ? Hills are high land that you can climb in a short time. When land is so high that it takes us a long time -- hours -- to get to the top, we call that land a mountain. There are not many people living in the mountains. Most people live in the lower lands. Now that you know the meaning of these colors, let us look at a few other things on the map. In the southeast corner you see a small patch of blue. The blue stands for water. Can you describe this body of water ? What surrounds it ? Compare it with an island. Compare it with a peninsula. This patch of blue stands for a body of water surrounded by land. It is called a lake. Find other lakes on this map. rounded by land. It is called a lake. Find other lakes on this map. After a heavy rain in the city you can find puddles of water formed in poorly paved streets. If there were a vacant lot near you and a very large puddle formed there, so that you could skate on it in winter, you would call it a pond. There is a pond in Central Park, near 59th street. A large pond is called a lake. There are large lakes and small lakes. Do you know of any lakes in our city ? Look again at the lake in the southeast corner of your map. You see a black, winding line coming out of it. Follow this line with your Is this second lake on hisrher or A SntKAM IN Dry Weather finii;er. Where does it lead to ? lower land than the first lake? What direction does this winding A PHYSICAL MAP 9?. line take ? Is the direction towards higher land or lower land ? This black, winding line shows the location and direction of a river in this country. Where does the river begin, in what direction does it flow, and where does it end ? Point out all the rivers tion does it flow, and where does it end ? Point out all the rivers Snow-Covered Mountain on this map. See how many you can find. Where does the water in a river come from? Did you ever think of that when you were looking at the mighty Hudson ? Where does the river we were speaking about get its water ? Yes, some rivers get their water from lakes ; such rivers are the outlets of the lakes. In the southwestern part of this country you see mountains covered with snow and ice. Look closely and you will see a number of rivers flowing in different directions from this snow-covered ber of rivers flowing in different directions from this snow-covered mountain. Where do these rivers get their water ? Some rivers get their water from melting snow and ice. In the eastern part of this country you see other rivers. Do they get their waters from lakes, or from melting ice and snow ? They certainly do not get their water from lakes, for we see no lakes HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY indicated on the map. They do not get their water from melting ice and snow, for we see no snow-covered highlands indicated here. Let ns see where they do get their water. When there is a heavy rainfall in the city you notice that the water rushes through the streets, follows the slight slope of the street to the gutter, and flows down the gutters to the sewer openings. From there it flows through the sewers to the river and the ocean. If all the land were smooth or level, the rain water falling upon it would not run off, and the land would be flooded. But the land is not smooth or level. It slopes in some direction. A Stream in Rainy Weatiikr liKM^:F Map showing Dhainagp: Let US suppose that there was a heavy rainfall in the highland just spoken of. Put your finger on the highland. What becomes of the rain water ? Some of it soaks into the ground ; some of it A PHYSICAL MAP 25 runs off along the slope in rills. But what becomes of the water that soaks into the ground ? Where does it go ? Some of it gives drink and nourishment to the plants that grow in the soil. Most of it sinks into the ground until it comes to rock through which it cannot pass. It then flows along underground until it finally comes to the surface again as a spring. These springs sometimes form lakes and sometimes rills. Kills form brooks and brooks form rivers. You see that much of the rain water that falls on the earth finally finds its w^ay to rivers. Rivers flow into the ocean and thus raindrops are carried back to the ocean. drops are carried back to the ocean. The heat of the sun draws quantities of water up into the air as vapor. Vapor forms clouds and clouds give out rain, snow, hail, and sleet, which we speak of as rainfall. Rainfall furnishes the ice and snow on high mountains and the water in springs, lakes, and rivers. The place where a river rises is called its source. The place where it empties is called its mouth. Point out the source and the mouth of some of the rivers on this map. As a river flows towards the sea or ocean it grows larger and deeper. How is that shown on your map ? Look at the river flowing through the middle of this country. What do you see flowing into it from the east and the west ? These rivers are feeders to the main river. Such rivers are called tributaries. You see tributaries coming from the east and from the taries. You see tributaries coming from the east and from the west. Look at them. What can you say about the slope of the land on these two sides of the main river ? Where do the slopes meet? Point out all the tributaries you see. A river with all its tributaries is called a river system. Do you see some rivers without tributaries ? HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY All along the course of a river water flows into it from the land that forms its banks. What are the banks of a river ? Where is the right bank ? Where is the left bank ? Of what nse is a river besides draining the land ? Think of the Hudson river. Of what use are rivers to people living on or near their banks ? Of what use were rivers before people lived here ? In the eastern part of this country you will see one river flowing in a northeasterly direction, and another not far from it flowing in a southwesterly direction. westerly direction. Why is that? What can you say about the slope of the land in this place ? Most of the rivers shown in this map rise in the mountains and flow towards the plain. Where are the plains or low stretches of gently sloping land ? The source of a river is higher than its mouth. Find the mouth of each river on this map. Look at the mouth of the great river flowing through the middle of this country, and then look at the mouth of the river east of dle of this country, and then look at the mouth of the river east of it. Are they alike? One river seems to flow directly into the sea. The other river seems to have many mouths by which it reaches the sea. Let us see why this river has so many mouths. Put some sand or mud in a bottle of water. Shake it up well, and then let the water come to rest. What happens? Why does this happen? A Dam A PHYSICAL MAP Remember what you have observed ; it will help }'on to understand the next paragraph. This great river, as we know, drains the land. As it flows through the country it carries with it large quantities of sand and mud. Tiiis sand and mud are not carried out far into the ocean and scattered there; they settle down at the mouth of the river. When mud and sand settle at the mouth of a river many low islands are formed, and the river finds its way between them to the sea. Such a mouth is called a delta. In some rivers the flow of water is so swift and the tides and currents in the sea are so strong at the mouth that the mud is carried out far into the sea. The mud and sand cannot settle, and no delta is formed. Some rivers do not carry down much soil on their way to the ocean. Did you ever hear any one speak of low tide and high tide ? Now that you know something about a river and about its source, would you call the East river a river? Turn to a map of New York city. Put your finger on the river's location on the map. Follow its course. Where does it come from ? Is it a river ? If not a river, then what is it ? Look at the Harlem river. Study it in the same way. Is the Harlem a river ? Now turn again to the map we are studying. Observe it closely. Would you say that this country is mountainous? Mouutr.ins Delta in a Kiver Mouth (loukinl; Dow nstima.m j HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY are very high hills. Sometimes they are so high that the tops are always covered with snow. When many mountains are in a line or row we call them a mountain chain. Are there any such on this map ? Where are the mountain chains ? In w^hat direction do they extend ? Where are the highlands ? Where are the lowlands ? In the northwestern portion of the map you see a stretch of land marked in buft" color. It seems very high and level, almost A Mountain Chain like the top of a tal)le. It is not colored green, because it is not lowland, yet it is level like lowland. We call sucli stretches of high and almost level slopes tablelands or plateaus. We have in New York city wdiat we call a plateau. It is really not one, but from it you can get a very good idea of w^hat a tableland looks like. You can reach this plateau by climbing the stairs in Morningside Park. The new Cathedral and St. Luke's Hospital are on this plateau. Tablelands are, however, much higher than this. Look again at the mountain range in the eastern part of the map. You notice one river flowing northeast and another flowing A PHYSICAL MAP southwest. We call tliis mountain range a divide or water parting, because the rain water falling upon one side of this range of mountains flows one way, and that falling on the other side flows the tains flows one way, and that falling on the other side flows the other way. Make a mountain range of clay and pour water on top of it. Tell what happens. The two rivers you were looking at ilow down into valleys. The divide or water parting is between two valleys ; it separates them. Valleys are the low land found in hill}or mountainous coun- or mountainous countries. Water runs tries. Water runs away from hills into valleys. Rivers carry ^r soil from hills and mountains into valleys, where great farms are found. Most of the people of the earth live in valleys ; railroads are usually built there. Sometimes valleys are narrow, sometimes so broad that we cannot see any hills or mountains ; they may also be long or short. On the large river flowing through the middle of this country, near its mouth, that is, where it flows into the ocean, you see a roundish mark. Such a mark, sometimes only a dot, sometimes a small circle, indicates the location of a city. A city is a place where many people live. Find the location of other cities on this map. On what are most of them situated ? Why is this ? Do you find most of them in mountains or in the lower lands ? Why do you think they are there ? How do the people in a city make A Divide 30 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY a living ? Are there any cities on this map not situated on rivers ? Tell where they are. Do you think they are large cities ? What reason can yon give for your answer? Think about New York city. It lies in a plain, at the mouth of a great river, and is easily reached from the ocean. Do you think these facts have anything to do with the greatness of New York city? Describe the difference in occupation between the people living in the country and those living in the city. What is a farm ? Do 3'ou find large farms on the mountains or in the valleys ? What kind of water do you find in lakes, in rivers, and in the ocean ? Look at the course of the great river flowing through the middle of this country. Why is it not west of its present course ? In answering this question remember the meaning of the colors. Look at some of the other rivers and tell what you think fixed their course. By using the scale, tell the width of the isthmus in the northwestern portion of the map ; the length of the peninsula. Find the western portion of the map ; the length of the peninsula. Find the width of the strait. Find the length of the river flowing through the middle of the country. Find the length of the mountain chain in the southern part of this country. Find the length of the railroad connecting the city on the harbor with the city on the river. road connecting the city on the harbor with the city on the river. Find the length of the canal. Cities, towns, railroads, canals, forts, tunnels, lighthouses, boundaries, and names of places are the works of man. Collect as many pictures as you can of mountains, rivers, capes, seas, peninsulas, isthmuses, islands, and all other features we have been studying. Arrange them under separate headings. Study them * ask questions about them. CHAPTER IV A POLITICAL MAP OF NEW YORK CITY Now that we know what a map is, let us learn something about our own New York city, the second largest city in the world, the city of giant bridges. We are proud of it because it is our home, because of its excellent schools, parks, playgrounds, libraries, and museums, its many hospitals and dispensaries, its asylums for poor children, and its homes for aged people. In the year 1609 Henry Hudson sailed into lower New York bay. Put your finger on the bay and follow him in his journey. Use the political map and the relief map wherever necessary. Sailing past Sandy Hook, he saw on his left the hilly stretch of land cov- ing past Sandy Hook, he saw on his left the hilly stretch of land covered with trees which we now call Staten Island. On his right he ered with trees which we now call Staten Island. On his right he saw a long, white, sandy beach, with a rolling wooded country behind it. This is now known as Coney Island beach, and the wooded country l)ehind it is now Brooklyn. Did you point out these places ? Sailing on, he passed through The Narrows into upper New York bay, a large and safe harbor. As he sailed northward he saw beautiful, wooded shores on the east and west, and in the bay several small islands. At the northern end of the bay he saw a flat tongue of land that lay between two rapid currents of water. Put your finger on the tongue. Henry Hudson was looking only for a water way, and he gave little attention to this narrow strip of land. He passed it HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY and sailed up the stream to the west of the land. What is this stream now called ? He noticed that there was a gradual rising; of the land towards the north on the east shore of the river. Look at the relief map for this. This gradual rising of the land was quite suddenly ended by wooded cliffs and a silvery creek, which we now call Spuyten Duyvil creek. Find this creek on your maps. The flat tongue of land that Hudson saw was the southern end of Manhattan, and the silvery creek marked the northern end of it. The two rapid currents that swept around the southern end of Manhattan are now called the Hudson river and the East river. Henry Hudson had sailed from one end of Manhattan to the other. While sailing by he noticed that this land was covered with low hills and slopes, on which grew lofty trees and thickets of underbrush. He also saw a few brooks flowing into the Hudson river from it. These brooks showed that there ing into the Hudson river from it. These brooks showed that there were springs and ponds in the interior of the island. When opposite Spuyten Duyvil he saw on the west bank of the river a line of cliffs that rise abruptly from the shore. We now call these cliff's the Palisades. Look at your relief map. Point out Spuyten Duyvil creek, lower New York bay, The Narrows, upper New York bay, the Palisades. Palisades of the Hudson A POLITICAL MAP OF NEW YORK CITY On the east and west of Manhattan there are two streams of deep water -- the East river and the Hudson river -- which unite at the southern end of the island in upper New York bay. On the north and the east are Spuyten Duyvil creek, the Harlem ten Duyvil creek, the Harlem river, and the East river. In sailing from The Narrows through upper New rows through upper New York bay and the East river we pass the following islands : Oyster, Liberty, Ellis, Governor's, Black well's. Ward's, ernor's, Black well's. Ward's, and Randall's. Oyster island is so small that it is not shown on this map. Next to the giant bridges, what is the most striking object in the waters around New York city ? It is on an island. What island is it on ? On one of the islands named above there is a fort, and many soldiers live on this island. It can be distinctly seen from the Battery. What is its name ? There is another island in the bay on which immigrants are landed. Immigrants are people who come to our country to make it their new grants are people who come to our country to make it their new home. Did you ever hear any one speak of this island ? Perhaps some one can tell us its name. Can any one tell the nationality of some of the people who land on this island ? i i i lTr ii i j i . i iii L" 1 Copj-rightcci, 1N'.)4, by J. S. Johnston, New York Statue of Liukkty 34 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY When sailing through the East river you pass a long and narrow island ; it is very attractive in appearance. Many large build- row island ; it is very attractive in appearance. Many large buildings are on it, which shelter prisoners, blind, aged, and poor people, ings are on it, which shelter prisoners, blind, aged, and poor people, the insane and the sick poor. Its location is beautiful. Did you ever hear its name ? Do you not think it would make a beautiful park ? On Ward's island, just northeast of Blackwell's, there is a large asylum for the insane and a hospital for poor immigrants. North of Ward's island there is another island. Look at the list above. You have learned the names and location of all but this. What is its name ? On it there is an asylum for idiots, and hospitals and schools for children. The House of Refuge is also on this island. The city of New York is at the mouth of the Hudson river. It is thirty miles long and extends from Yonkers on the north to the southwest point of Staten Island. Look at your map and tell what county, what two bays, and what kill are north of New York city. What sound and county are east of it ? What ocean and what two bays are south of it ? What kill, what bay, and what river are west of it ? Since 1898 the city of New York consists of five boroughs. They are Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens, and Richmond. Point them out. Look at them and write down the name of the one you think the largest ; the smallest. Which is the second largest ; the third ; the fourth ? Which of these boroughs do you think has the greatest number of people living in it ? The order as to the number of people or population is : (1) Manhattan, (2) Brooklyn, (3) The Bronx, (4) Queens, (5) Richmond. Write on a piece of paper the names of the five boroughs, one under the other. At the side of each write one number to show its A POLITICAL MAP OF NEW YORK CITY rank in population, and another number to show its rank in size. Manhattan will look like this in your table. Borough Population Size Manhattan The city of New York has a population of about 4,000,000. How many children are there in your class ? Ask your teacher to tell you how many pupils there are in your scliool, how many people live in your school district, and how many children in the city attend the pulilic schools. Write these numbers and compare them with 4,000,000. Cui.yryhtud, VMJ. l,y .Mn^us Ki: Bii;i)'s-Eyi: View of ]\Iamiattan CHAPTER V TOPOGRAPHY Let us take up each borough and study it by itself. Let us look at the relief and the political maps while studying. Manhattan. The borough of Manhattan is an island. It is somewhat rectangular in shape and extends north and south. At the bottom of the political map you will find a scale. Find the length of the island by using this scale. Measure the narrowest part between the Hudson and the Harlem son and the Harlem rivers. Measure the width from a point opposite Randall's island to the Hudson river, and from a point opposite Blackwell's island to the Hudson river. Now measure across that part of the island opposite Brooklyn which you consider the widest. From your measurements tell how long the island is ; how wide it is. Draw a map of the island quickly and roughly without looking at the map. The southern end of the island is low ; the northern end is hig-h. Point to the southern end, then to the northern end. Throughout View looking Nouth, Many Years ago, from SCHOOLHOUSE IN 42d StREET, BETWEEN 2d AND 3d Avenues HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY the greater part of the length of Manhattan there is a central ridge of rock sloping to the west, east, and south. Look at your relief map. In what direction will the drainage be ? Broadway is a good guide as to the general direction of the ridge. There were lower ridges to the east of Broadway in early times. The ridge of rock running in the general direction of Broadway is the backbone of the island. In some places this rock rises over two hundred feet above the level of the sea. In such places we have a hill. In other places the rock is below the surface of the low the surface of the streets, where it cannot be seen. not be seen. When erecting skyscrapers in the lower scrapers in the lower section of Manhattan builders are often compelled to dig down pelled to dig down nearly one hundred feet to reach rock for A Lower Ridge East of Broadway, 2d Avenue, North of 42d Street (1861) the foundation. Can you picture to yourself a great mass of rock far below the surface of the street? You cannot see it because it is covered with soil. But let us think that you can see it. Can you then imagine this rock extending northward and coming nearer and nearer to the surface until at last it comes out of the ground ? This mass of rock begins to show itself above the surface in some places, as at Murray Hill and in Central Park. From Central Park it continues to remain in view to the end of the island. TOPOGRAPHY The highest lands of Manhattan extend from Riverside Drive to the northern end of the island. This ridge of highland is broken by two valleys, -- one at Manhattanville (125th street west), and one at Tubby Hook or In wood (Dyekman street). It is at the Manhattanville valley that the trains of the subway come Haklem .Ship Canal out of the ground and cross the valley on tracks that are far above the level of the street. Dyekman street is in the valley at Tubby Hook. Beautiful and striking views of the Hudson river may be obtained at Grant's tomb, overlooking the valley at Manhattanville, and at Fort George, overlooking the depression at Inwood. ville, and at Fort George, overlooking the depression at Inwood. The ridge is broken again at the end of the island. Here is Spuyten Duyvil creek, which separates this part of Manhattan HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY from The Bronx. The ridge is also cut through by the Harlem. ship canal. Battery Park is made land. Between this park and 23d street there were at one time many hills, consisting of sand, gravel, stones, and earth. These were cut down as the city grew nortliward. Between 23d and 120th streets many rocky hills were leveled as the land was prepared for dwelling houses. In these parts of Manhattan the uj) and down grades of Remains of Fort George (1857) +-^ i i \ i.i -c ^ ^ the streets show the lormer irregularity of the surface. Do you know of any such streets ? When you visit Columbia College, or St. Luke's Hospital you are on the top of a part of the ridge. This part of Manhattan is called Cathedral plateau, and gets its namic from the new cathedral there. Morningside Park is the sloping land on the side of Cathedral plateau. From Morningside dral plateau. From Morningside Park to the Harlem river there is a plain called the Harlem Flats. There is a ridge of rock in this plain, a part of which can be plainly seen at Mt. Morris Park. It may interest you to see and write about specimens of rocks constituting the backbone of Manhattan. They may be found in i Old View of Washington Heights: East Angle of Fort Washington TOPOGRAPHY the collection of Manhattan island rocks at the tan island rocks at the American Mnseum of Natural History. Which borough is north of Manhattan? Which borough is east of it across the river? Mention once more the islands beHarlem Flats (1812) Harlem Flats (1812) longing to Manhattan, beginning with those in npper New York bay. The Bronx. The borough of The Bronx is almost a square. On your political map measure its length and its width. Tell its boundaries. What river flows through this borough? Can you name any one of the islands in the w^aters that touch the shore line of the borough? Name one just outside of the borough that is a great pleasure resort. In this borough you will find a rolling country. There are parallel lines of rocky hills running north and south. Between Tibbett's brook and the Hudson river there is a ridge that extends from Spuy- tends from Spuyten Duyvil creek ten Duyvil creek to and beyond the city line. East of Tibbett's brook there is a plateau formed by the union of two ridges coming from the southern part if , "" 1 ^Bi.ik*^^ *'"# "' 4^^^^ ^^^^^^Bjnggmi^ fej^^j^k^j^^B ^#" IMouNT IMoiiRis Park HOME GEOGKAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY of the borough. These two ridges begin at or near Melrose and unite north of Morris Dock. Find Melrose. Find Morris Dock. You have seen the place where the ridges begin and where they unite. East of the Bronx river there is another ridge extending from Unionport to the city line. Between these parallel ridges we find the valleys of the rivers and creeks of the borough. Harlem River looking South above Washington Bridge The valleys of the Bronx river and of the other little streams are in limestone. Limestone is a rock that is more readily worn away than the harder rocks forming the higher ridges. As years passed this softer rock was carved out into lower channels. TOPOGRAPHY #$'&. Through these channels the drainage naturally pours in the general flow to the southeast. The Bronx river divides the borouifh into two nearly equal parts. The Harlem and the East rivers have limestone floorings also. stone floorings also. Brooklyn. Brooklyn is somewhat rectangular in shape. You may lar in shape. You may study on the political lmap the boundaries of map the boundaries of this borough. Measure its greatest length and width. What creek and ^^^^ Bronx : Old View fkom Valentine's Hill what borough are on the north ? What borough and what bay are ough and what bay are on the east and southeast ? What is south east ? What is south of it? What do you find on its western boundary ? Where are Gravesend, Gowanus, and Wallabout bays ? What island is south of Brooklyn ? What is this island famous for? Why do we go there ? Can you name some of the things you have seen there ? Name the beaches on this island. Old View from Gowanus Heights, Brooklyn TOPUCJKAPHY Look for another island east of Coney Island. When reading about the street-cleaning department in this book your teacher will tell you what is done on this island with some of the refuse of the city. The backbone of Brooklyn consists of a chain of low hills extending from the bay shore at Fort Hamilton in a northeasterly direction. Look at the relief map. This chain of low hills passes through Greenwood cemetery, Prospect Park, and East New York into the jjorough of Queens. Do you see the direction on the relief map? This chain of hills is not a rocky ridge, it IS made up House of Simon Aertsen de Hart on Gowanus of loose material, such ^-^^^ ^'"''^^ standing (18G7) as cobblestones, bowlders, clay, sand, and gravel. From these hills the land slopes gently towards the north. South of this chain of hills the land is low and in some places marshy. Along the shore opposite the lower point of Manhattan there is an irregular bluff known as Brooklyn Heights. Between Fort Hamilton and Evergreen cemetery much of the surface has been changed by the grading of the streets. Queens. The borough of Queens is the largest and is very irregular in shape, with deep indentations on the north. Measure its ular in shape, with deep indentations on the north. Measure its greatest length and width. Tell its boundaries. Name two bays on HOME GEOGRAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY Newtown Ckkkk 15i;idgk line. The drainage is north and south from this chain of hills. There is marshy land in the southern part of the borough. ern part of the borough. The hills of Queens are not of a rocky character, but consist of loose acter, but consist of loose material and a.re like the the northern shore. What beach is on the southern shore ? What bay is in the southern part ? The chain of hills which runs through Greenwood cemetery and Prospect Park in Brooklyn continues through Evergreen ceme- tinues through Evergreen cemetery, the Brooklyn reservoir, Forest tery, the Brooklyn reservoir, Forest Park, Richmond Hill, Maple Grove, and onward in a northeasterly direction to and beyond the city \,iff' ^ n^A tsi. : ,~^-,,'i; mm psnfldB #^ _ '#"''' w wS^ H(> #javUjjB ^jp". .J "^^^ PS^^* _ ^'#^"Tma jtatf^rflHVS H mm m # In #ii IIammel Station, Fishing Club House Hammel Station, Jamaica Bay hills of Brooklyn. They are made up of sand, gravel, and loose rocks or bowlders. In days long past this material was brought down from the north by ice sheets or glaciers. The slopes of TOPOGRAPHY these hills are abrupt and steep northward, and more gentle and gradual southward. Refer to relief map while study iug. RocKAWAY Beach Scene Richmond. The borough of Richmond is an island triangular in shape. Measure its greatest length and width. You may study its boundaries. Why do we call it an island ? Beginning at The Narrow\s, trace around it and mention all the bodies of water that touch it. Are there any popular beaches on Staten Island? Find Hoff, -p.. . , , rni Sailors' Snug Hakbor , -p.. . , , rni Sailors' Snug Hakbor man and Dix islands, ihere is a broad central range of low hills extending across the island. The range extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY from St. George to Tottenville. From St. George to Richmond, at the center of the island, this ridge is rocky in character. In the center of Staten Island there are points that reach a height of three hundred feet above sea level. At Richmond this rocky ridge sinks into the Fresh Kills meadows, which extend into the island from the west. South of these meadows the ridge is no ows the ridge is no longer rocky, but consists of stones, earth, bowlders, clay, sand, and gravel. The western slope from the central ridge is gentle; tral ridge is gentle; the eastern slope is abrupt. There are abrupt highlands in the eastern elbow of the island. South of this elbow much of the land consists of salt marshes extending along the coast to Great Kills. Along the shores of Arthur Kill ing along the coast to Great Kills. Along the shores of Arthur Kill there are salt marshes extending from Newark bay to Rossville. The gravel and sand hills of Staten Island are like those of the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. They have ]jeen formed in the same way. Glacier bringing down Sand, Gravel, Loose Rocks, AND Bowlders Note for the Teacher : The Hudson river, emptying into the harbor of New York (formerly an inland lake), passed out to sea through The Narrows, which now separates Long Island and Staten Island. The ocean level has risen, and now the tides move upward into the harbor of the city and through the East river and the Harlem river. Explain briefly how the seacoast is sinking, and how coast lines undergo change. Ask the children living near our coast line to tell you something about the tides. Uld-Timk I'ktuue ok New Yokk Bay and Tiik Nakkows View from Staten Island CHAPTER VI NEW YORK HARBOR : ITS APPROACHES AND CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS New York harbor is one of the finest and safest havens in the world. It consists of two bodies of water connected by The Narrows. Tell the name of the water south of The Narrows ; also the rows. Tell the name of the water south of The Narrows ; also the name of the water north of The Narrows. Lower New York bay is protected from the ocean by Sandy Hook. It is more open and exposed than upper New York bay and is not so safe a harbor. Upper New York bay is almost inclosed by land. Name the land that almost incloses it. HOME GEOGRAPHY OP NEW YORK CITY Excursion Bakge and Tug A safe harbor contributes to the prosperity of a city. The harbor of New Y^ork has to a great extent been responsiljle for the rapid growth of our city. Let us see how it is approached from the ocean. proached from the ocean. Take your map and trace the routes as they are named. There are tlnee approaches to upper New proaches to upper New York bay from the Atlantic ocean: one is by Long tic ocean: one is by Long Island sound through the East river, another by the lower New York bay through The Narrows, and a third by lower New York bay around Staten Island through Arthm Kill and Kill van Kull. The principal approach from the Atlantic ocean is through lower Ne^York bay and The Narrows. Almost all direct communication with the com- cation with the commercial centers of the world by means of steamship and sailing mercial centers of the world by means of steamship and sailing vessel is carried on through this approach. The Long Island route is used principally l^y pleasure craft, passenger steamboats, and Ocean Steamer NEW YORK HARBOR Copyright, I'.XIO, by Detroit Photographic Coinii:uiy Canal Boats vessels engaged in commerce along the sound and the New England coast. The route through Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull is used only by small vessels. On the waters of New York city one sees ships from every large port in the world, which bring and take away valuable cargoes. Here we may see the giant passenger vessels from European poii:s gracefully wending their way to their wharves ; the heavy freight-bearing vessels ; the tramp steamers ; the railroad barges slowly and cumbersomely threading their way through numberless craft : the stately and picturesque sailing vessel ; the beautiful private steam yacht ; the excursion boat filled with pleasure seekers ; vate steam yacht ; the excursion boat filled with pleasure seekers ; the skillfull}^ piloted ferryboat ; the heavily laden, slowly ily laden, slowly moving canal boats in tow ; occasionally a ship of war neat and trim ; and here and there scows laden with the city's refuse. Last but not least, we see the saucy, ever busy tugboat, that lends vivacity to the scene as it hurries from place to place, or arouses wonder and admiration as it puffs merrily along dragging its heavy One of the War Vessels, ok Chuiseks, iiiai aki: ALWAYS ready TO GO TO ANY PORT IN THE WoRLD TO GUARD THE COMMERCE OR OtHER INTERESTS OF THE United States HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY load, or pulls, pushes, and coaxes a giant sister ship into tlie home wharf. Where are the bow and stern of a ship ? What is a brig ? What is a schooner? What is a sloop ? When you cross our rivers and bays try to name the different kinds of boats you see. How does a boat sailing into a harbor indicate its nationality ? The situation of New York is favorable to the docking of ships of all sizes. able to the docking of ships of all sizes. In order that a city may become a great center of the shipping trade, something more is needed than a large and safe harbor. That something is many miles of water front, where piers and docks may be built for the largest vessels. Look at your map. Trace the water front around the upper bay, along both sides of Manhattan, along the Brooklyn shores, and along the shores of the borough of The Bronx and Queens. The miles of water front now in use have helped to make New York the principal city on the w^estern continent. New York still has miles of water front where there are no docks. Along the water front in the sliipping districts NEW YOKK HAEBOR there are a great number of wharves and piers jutting out into the water. In the docks thus formed the water is deep enough to allow the entrance and mooring of the heaviest and largest ships. Here they are unladen and laden. From the time of the arrival of a ship until its departure the pier presents a busy scene. Did you ever watch this scene ? Thousands of men are employed to handle the cargoes of vessels, and thousands of trucks carry the merchandise to the >,i: Y(ii;k and Ukuoklvn Binixa-; warehouses, factories, railroad stations, and other places of destination. Then begins the task of loading, and supplying them with tion. Then begins the task of loading, and supplying them with coal and provisions. When all is ready a new trip is begun. We find a great number of landing places for ships along the east and west sides of Manhattan and along the shores of Brooklyn, New Jersey, and Staten Island. Many of the ships coming to our shores carry only merchandise and others carry passengers also. The principal shipping district is below 14th street on both sides of Manhattan. In Brooklyn the great piers are found in the Erie and the Atlantic basins. Find the location of these basins on the map. 54 HOME GEOGEAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY The great ocean steamers have their landing places on the Hudson river between 12th and Canal streets, Manhattan, and on the Jersey coast opposite. A great many ferries, freight lines, railroads, and coast steamers have their piers south of 23d street on the Hudson river and on both sides of the East river. Along; the water front on the land side of Manhattan and Brooklyn there are found great warehouses where quantities of goods are stored. Here are also a great many factories. Upper New York bay can be approached by water ways from the interior of our country as well as from the Atlantic ocean. Ask your teacher to show you a map of New York state. Find where the Hudson river empties into New York bay. Follow up the Hudson river to Albany. Here is one end of the Erie canal. Trace the route of the Erie canal. To what lake does it lead? What lake and what river does this canal connect ? Boston and Philadelphia were more important cities than New York before this canal was built. The Erie canal and the Hudson river form a water way from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic ocean. This water way gives us a very large western trade. Many of the canal boats you see in our rivers and bay have come through the Erie canal. CHAPTER VII TRANSPORTATION Old View of Trinity Place, Trinity Church When New York city was small the people worked in the southern part of Manhattan and lived near their places of business. In those days a man could easily walk the short distance from his home to his tance from his home to his business. The city grew, and people were obliged to hve farther away from the business district. They could no longer walk this distance night and morning with comfort, and so ing with comfort, and so stages came into use. The city continued to grow, and the distance between the home and the place of employment became still greater. Horse came still greater. Horse cars were then introduced because they were quicker, more reliable, and more convenient than stages. The venient than stages. The cars carried people north ^ ,. ,, ^. ., and south, and east and west Uld View of V andewater bTRKET, Corner ' OF Frankfort Street to the ferries and bridges. The Katzen Map of New Yokk TK AN SrOKT ATION Old Hoppeu Housk, 2d Avenue and 83d Street As the population increased and people moved still farther nort-li, it became tiresome to the people of Manhattan to travel these lon^ distances in horse cars. It was then that many New York business men went to live in small towns in New Jersey and Long Island. These j)laces could land. These j)laces could be reached from the business center in a shorter ness center in a shorter time by cars and ferries. The city still continued to grow northward, ued to grow northward, and so many people living in Manhattan and The Bronx went south to business in the morning and again north to their homes in the evening that the cars were always overcrowded. crowded. Now the skyscraper began to scraper began to make its appearance and replaced smaller buildinors in the lower section of the city. The new buildings contained many ings contained many rooms and accommodated many more workers. This increased the number of workers modated many more workers. This increased the number of workers Old View ov Kailkoad Detut on Iru Anlme, CoKNEu OF 27th Stkeet HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY in the business sections and made it still more difficult to settle the question of transportation. The horse cars and elevated railroads no longer met the demands made upon them. The electric surface roads were then built and were soon followed by the underground railroad. You know that road. You know that at the present time all cars on the railroads of Manhattan are overcrowded at certain hours in spite of tain hours in spite of Haklem Bridge C1861') ,, c , ,i , i ^ ' the lact that we have surface railroads, elevated railroads, and an underground railroad. Why is this so ? Let us inquire into this condition more closely. Manhattan is long and narrow. The distances from avenue to avenue are long, but from street to street they are short. Look at a map. This system of planning streets, together with the narrowness of the island, gave very ness of the island, gave very few streets runninar north and south. Those who iit%^' Ferky House, Fulton Street, Brooklyn (1746) planned the streets did not give Manhattan many north and south lines of travel. The armv of workers of Manhattan and The Bronx 60 HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY go south in the morning and north in the evening. During certain morning and evening hours the travel is nearly all in one direction. These are the causes of overcrowding. If the business center of Manhattan were so situated that lines of railroads could run for miles, hattan were so situated that lines of railroads could run for miles, east, south, west, and north, there would be less overcrowding of cars. Two elevated railroad routes are on the west side of Manhattan and two are on the east side. The west side elevated railroad runs from the Battery to 155th street. The east side elevated railroad runs from the Battery into the borough of The Bronx as far as Bronx Park. Look up these terminals on your maps. The Manhattan subway runs on the west side from one end of the island to the other. At 104th street a branch turns east, then runs north again on Lenox avenue, dips under the Harlem river, enters the borough of The Bronx, and terminates at Bronx Park. The subway also connects with a tunnel passing under the East river to Brooklyn, and has stations at the Brooklyn Borough Hall, Atlantic avenue, Prospect Park, etc. Tell the different modes of travel in New York. What is meant by the third rail ? Why did the people demand rapid transit? At present there is but one great railroad station in Manhattan. It is the Grand Central station at 42d street. To this station come the trains of the New York Central and Hudson River railroad, the New York and Harlem railroad, and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad. The Long Island railroad has a station in Long Island city. Queens, and in Flatbush avenue, Brooklyn. The central station of the Staten Island rapid transit railroad is at St. George, Richmond. Here is also the terminus of a branch line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. It is a freight depot. Blackwell's Island Bridge Copyi-i-httil, V.UH, \>y Mos CHAPTER VIII BRIDGES AND TUNNELS What rivers flow through New York city ? What river separates it from New Jersey ? For many 3'ears people wishing to cross rates it from New Jersey ? For many 3'ears people wishing to cross these rivers had to use boats. At first they used rowboats, then sailboats, and finally steamboats. As the city grew in population, it was found that ferryboats could not accommodate the people wishing to cross the river at certain points, nor could the boats carry ing to cross the river at certain points, nor could the boats carry all the horses and w^agons needed for the increasing traffic. Over the narrower streams wooden bridges had been built, but people living on the opposite sides of the Hudson and East rivers had to depend on ferries. The city kept on growing, and something had to be done to accommodate the people who lived in Brooklyn and worked in Manhattan. Two things could be done to help these people : one was to build bridges, and the other was to build tunnels. It was decided to do the former. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY The beginning of the twentieth century finds the city of New York well equipped in the number and character of its bridges. No city in the world has so many giant bridges. The Harlem river is spanned by eleven bridges, among which the Washington bridge, at West 181st street, is probably the finest of its kind in the world. South of it is High bridge, which carries the old Croton aqueduct across the Harlem. It is a magnificent example of a stone bridge. The railroad bridge at Park avenue is one of the most noteworthy of its kind. The Harlem ship canal and Spuyten Duyvil creek are spanned by bridges. The East river was first spanned by the New York and Brooklyn bridge. The Manhattan termiiuis is Park Row, opposite City Hall Park. It was thought that this bridge would provide sufficient accommodation for many years, but it did so for only a short time. It soon dation for many years, but it did so for only a short time. It soon became apparent that other bridges were needed. The Williamsburg bridge was then built. It extends from Clinton and Delancey burg bridge was then built. It extends from Clinton and Delancey streets, Manhattan, to South 5th and South 6th streets, Brooklyn. Between these two bridges there is another giant bridge in course of construction, known as Manhattan bridge. A fourth one in tliis East River Subway Tunnel BRIDGES AND TUNNELS list of giant bridges crossing the East river will soon be completed. It is known as the Blackwell's Island bridge. It extends over Blackwell's island from 59th and 60th streets, Manhattan, to Long Island city, Queens. The carrying capacity of these bridges and ferries is enormous. We know now that our ferryboats and bridges will not meet the ^^:^Mm^i^m&mm^^is^., WiLLIAMSBUKCJ JjKIDGE increasing demand made upon them. A third way of connecting Manhattan with the surrounding country has been planned. The third way is by means of tunnels. The Pennsylvania railroad tunnel gives a continuous track connection between the Pennsylvania railroad depot on the New Jersey shore and the Long Island railroad in the borough of Queens. This tunnel passes under the Hudson river through Manhattan and under the East river. There is a central station in Manhattan. Passengers using the Pennsylvania railroad can enter New York city from Long Island or from New Jersey without using ferryboats. 64 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY There are two other tunnels in course of construction. One under the Hudson is now nearly completed, and the other is a part of the subway system. This subway tunnel connects the subway systems of Manhattan and Brooklyn. It will cross the East river from the Battery. There are more than four hundred bridges in New York city. Does this surprise you ? Are there any in the parks you have visited ? If you wish to get bird's-eye views of parts of the city, walk across the giant bridges on clear days. There are so many high bridges spanning the East and Harlem rivers that many different parts of the city may be studied from these bridges in turn. Take your note-books with you and write in them the parts of the city that can seen from each bridge. Locate north, east, south, and west. Look down upon the rivers and along the shores ; observe the shipping, the islands, the docks, the piers, and the factories. CHAPTER IX MANUFACTURES The city of New York is generally thought of as a commercial city only, but it is also the greatest manufacturing center of the United States. New York leads not only in commerce Ijut in the manufacture of useful articles, and of articles that add to the refinements and luxuries of ments and luxuries of life. The inhabitants of New York are not miners, not farmers, not lumbermen, not quarrymen, not fishermen. They are manufacturers and distributers. They receive raw material and ceive raw material and change it into useful articles. These articles are then sent back to the farmer, the miner, and others. The leading industry is the manufacture of clothing. This industry alone employs more than one hundred thousand persons. A great many inhabitants of the east side of Manhattan are engaged in the clothing industry. G5 NEWSI'ArKl! Kow G6 HOME GEOGRAPHY OE KEW YOUK CITY The next great industry is the refining of sugar and molasses. The sugar refineries are principally along the river front in Brooklyn. The farmers of the South send great quantities of raw sugar to these refineries, where it is manufactured into sugar such as you see on your table. A great many people are engaged in the making of newspapers, magazines, and books. papers, magazines, and books. These must be written, printed, bound, and sold. The publishing business gives employment ing business gives employment to printers, bookbinders, writers, and publishers. Other great industries are the manufacture of machinery, furniture, cigars and tobacco, and malt liquors. We also find coffee and spice-grinding mills, bakeries, slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, gas plants, and factories producing the needful articles for building. From 42d street to the Battery, Manhattan has become one huge workshop and ofiice building. In Brooklyn many of the large factories and refineries are located along the East river shore north of the Brooklyn bridge. South of this bridge is the region of commerce. There are many large warehouses and grain elevators in Brooklyn borougli. In The Bronx and in Queens are some large factories. Copynjjhtc'd, l!ll J, liy Gloh Flatikon Building CHAPTER X NEW YORK : THE NATION'S MARKET PLACE Goods manufactured here and elsewhere are sold in New York in great quantities. People come to New York from all parts of the United States to purchase goods. Merchants in one line of business generally locate close together for the convenience of buyers. ness generally locate close together for the convenience of buyers. For this reason we find similar kinds of business grouped in certain localities of the city. The wholesale business is found sale business is found largely in the lower end of Manhattan south of 14th street. The retail district is in the middle section south of 42d street. The wholesale dry-goods district is along Broadway and its side streets from Reade street to Prince street. West of this district we find the wholesale groceries. The leather district is south of the approaches to the Brooklyn bridge. The leather district is called The Swamp. The wholesale jewelry district is in and near Maiden Lane. In the neighborhood of 23d street and along otli avenue and its side streets is the book-publishing center. The great HkKAM) S(irAl!K 68 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY newspaper offices are found east of City Hall Park. These business districts contain large buildings and great stores of treasure. During the day the streets of the wholesale section are the busiest in the city. At night they are almost deserted. The shopping district is in the middle section of the city, along Broadway, 6th avenue, 14th, 23d, and 42d streets. In this section of Manhattan we find the retail stores, many of which are departs ment stores. They are colossal buildings in which the buyer can find almost any article he desires. Smaller retail stores are scattered throughout the city. In these small stores groceries, bread, milk, meat, drink, medicines, tobacco, cigars, and fancy and dry goods are sold in small quantities to those who live in the neighborhood. Men in the retail business buy from the wholesale merchant. Thus the grocer and butcher go to the markets early in the morning to buy their supplies of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. Are there any large markets near your school ? The milkman goes to the railroad stations to receive his supply of milk directly from the trains that bring the milk from distant places. In the wholesale and retail sections there are also importers. Importers sell articles manufactured in other countries. The estal^lish- porters sell articles manufactured in other countries. The estal^lishments we have mentioned give employment to a great many people. ments we have mentioned give employment to a great many people. In Brooklyn the principal stores are along Fulton street, above the City Hall, and on Broadway. A great many of the residents of Brooklyn are employed in Manhattan, or are in business there. In The Bronx, 3d avenue is one of the principal business streets. The Bronx is mainly, however, a borough of homes and parks. In the boroughs of Queens and Richmond there are many farms and market gardens and suburban homes. CHAPTER XI NEW YORK: THE NATION'S FINANCIAL CENTER New York is the financial center of the nation as well as the nation's market place. As a financial center onr city has seen many changes in the currency used, from the old- rency used, from the oldtime Indian wampum to time Indian wampum to our present Federal money. In early times people used wampum, beaver skins, grain, and the coins of many countries. As 3^ears went by tries. As 3^ears went by wampum lost its value, and beaver skins were no longer plentiful. Trade increased and more gold and silver money was used. Coins of many nations were in use and some paper money also. WhenwewereanEncrlish '^"'*' J-^^^-'an.^k colony there was more English money in use than any other kind, and it remained in use even after our country became the United States of America. We soon made our own money, however, HO.ME (niKXJRAPHV OF XEW VORK CITY and called it Federal money. This is the money we use to-day. Name the 2:old coins and the silver coins. As the money interests of New York increased, business men felt the need of a bank. The first bank was the Bank of New York, founded in 1784. It was opened in the Walton mansion on Pearl street, and is the oldest bank in New York state. A bank is a great convenience for a business man. He can put his money in a business bank daily. There it is not only safe, but when necessary he can order the bank to pay it out to some one he names. Instead of paying in cash for the goods he buys as we do in the stores, he gives an order on his bank. An order on a bank to pay out money that you have deposited is called a check. Did you ever see a check? Ask your teacher to show you one and to tell how it is used. Banks also lend money. Ask your teacher how a business man can borrow money from a bank. The banks we have been speaking of are not used as savings l)anks. Tliey are only business banks. There are also savings banks ill our city. Do you know of any in your neighborhood? We put \ ALJ, .Mi;i.K 1 NEW YUKK: TJIE NAT10N\S FINANCIAL CENTEK 71 money in a savings bank for safe-keeping and also to get interest on it. There are a great many business banks and savings banks in this city. In many of the banks there are safe-deposit vaults. These vaults are burglar proof and fire proof. Some people put their valuables in these vaults for safe-keeping. Just as New York is known as the financial center of the United States, so Wall street is known as the financial district of the city. It is one of the best known streets in the world. In this street there are many banks. The Sub-Treasury of the United States, " one of the nation's big purses," is also here. In this building there are large vaults for the storage of gold, silver, and paper money belonging to the government. Did you ever see the Sub-Treasury? ing to the government. Did you ever see the Sub-Treasury? On ^Yall street and in its neighborhood there are the exchanges also. There is the Stock Exchange, the Produce Exchange, the Coffee Exchange, and the Cotton Exchange. In the Stock Exchange public stocks and bonds are bought and sold. In the Produce Exchange merchants buy and sell grain, lard, etc., in large quantities. What do they buy and sell in large quantities in the Coffee ties. What do they buy and sell in large quantities in the Coffee Exchange? in the Cotton Exchange? Because so much money is received and paid out in the financial district. New York is called the financial center. In this district there are also many large insurance companies. CHAPTER XII HOMES OF THE PEOPLE Corlear's IIouk Park of Manhattan, along Broadway and on 3d avenue in The Bronx. We have also learned that a great many factories of all kinds are found in these sections. Now let us see where the people live who are employed in these facto- ployed in these factories and 1 jusiness places. ries and 1 jusiness places. We have learned that New York is the nation's market place, its financial center, and its greatest workshop. We know that shop. We know that the great business section of the city is in tion of the city is in the lower part of Manhattan ; that the great hattan ; that the great shopping districts are in the middle section Fulton streets in Brooklyn, and Cooper Square HOMES OF THE PEOPLE B t, "TfTSBiBKnMVSS^^^^SSli^^^ ' Manliattan is the borough of tenements. In Manhattan the most densely populated districts are on the east side of the borough. Here we find block after block of tenement houses. Almost all the working people of Manhattan live in tenement districts. A great number of people who work in Manhattan live in the other boroughs. The wealthy live along Kecheat.un Fier 5th avenue, on Riverside Drive, and around Central Park. In Brooklyn we find handsome residences on the Park Slope, Clinton avenue, lyn we find handsome residences on the Park Slope, Clinton avenue, St. Mark's avenue. Ocean avenue, and Ocean Parkway. There are a great many small and comfortable houses in Brooklyn and comparatively few large tenements. The other boroughs -- The Bronx, Queens, and Richmond -- are largely mond -- are largely inhabited by workers on Manhattan. ers on Manhattan. These boroua:hs are more desirable for homes because they are not yet overcrowded. Many people living in these boroughs own their homes. Riverside Drive axd Soldikiis' axd Sailors' Monument Ccpyntrhti'd, l;"i3, by (.^ in Immigration Dei'ot, Ellis Island CHAPTER XIII IMMIGRATION Most of the steamships going between other countries and the United States come to New York. The ships leaving New York carry away chiefly breadstuff s, provisions, cotton, petroleum, and machinery. They bring back to us chiefly tea and coffee, crude rubber, precious stones, furs, wine, tin plate, raw sugar, raw silk, leather, leather goods, cotton, silk, and woolen goods. All steamers entering our port are not freight steamers. Many carry passengers, of whom nearly all are immigrants. An immigrant is one who comes to a country to make it his home. In the grant is one who comes to a country to make it his home. In the year 1903-1904, 606,019 immigrants landed in New York. Most of the inhabitants of New York city are foreign born, or children of foreign-born parents. The reason for this is that so man}- of the immigrants remain in New York city. During the past year most of the immigrants came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, England, and Ireland. As a IMxMlGKATlON / rule these immigrants are poor. Many of them have no trade. They land at Ellis island, where the government officials write their names in record books. If the United States law says that they may live in this country, they are allowed to remain here ; if the law says they cannot live in oui- country, they are sent back. M a n y immigrants who land in New York go to some section of the city where their relatives, friends, and countrymen live. For this reason sections of New York are almost like foreign cities ; the people speak a foreign language, have foreign customs, and celebrate foreign holidays. We have Italian sections, Jewish sections, Hungarian sections ; a Russian section, a Bohemian section, an Armenian section, a Chinese section, and other foreign sections. These sections are usually overcrowded. Do you live in or near any of these sections ? What do we call that part of the steamer occupied by the poor immigrants? A Steamship that cahkiks Fkeight and Passengers ackoss the Atlantic CHAPTER XIV STREETS AND AVENUES The growth of Manhattan has been from the southern end upward, while Brooklyn has extended itself east, north, and south. When the first houses were built on Manhattan, New York was forest covered throughout. The early settlers built their houses wherever they saw fit : there was no plan followed ; there w^ere trails lowed ; there w^ere trails and cow paths, but no streets. Peter Stuyvesant made the first attempt at a street system. These streets took the general direction of the trails, and hence they are so crooked and planless. Stuyvesant laid out and named about sixteen streets. In 1660 there were about twenty-eight streets and three hundred and forty-two houses in New Amsterdam. On the east side of Manhattan south of Houston street and on the west side south of 14th street the streets are irregular, crooked, and frequently twisted. North of these streets and in most of the newer parts of Manhattan a regular city plan was followed. The avenues run parallel with the Hudson river, and the streets run Old View of what is now the Junction OF Pearl and Chatham Streets 8TKEETS AND AVENUES east and west. The avenues are known by numbers with the exception of avenues A, B, C, D, Lexington, and Madison. The cross tion of avenues A, B, C, D, Lexington, and Madison. The cross streets are also numbered, and as a rule extend from river to river. It is quite unfortunate that the distances between the avenues are so great. If we had more avenues, we would have more lines of travel running north and south. Most of the travel and traffic is north and south. There are few avenues to accommodate this travel and traffic; therefore travel on the avenues is congested. Mention some attempts to relieve this congestion. What is Park tion some attempts to relieve this congestion. What is Park avenue a continuation of ? Mention the names given to 9th, 10th, and 11th avenues west of Central Park. What is the name of the continuation of 6th avenue north of Central Park ? Before the Days of Tenements The Bowery CHAPTER XV BROADWAY AND THE BOWERY The regular plan of north and south and east and west streets and avenues is disturbed by two great thoroughfares, -- Broadway and the Bowery. Broadway, the great business street of Manhattan, extends from the Battery to the end of the island. At first its course is in a direct line from the Battery to lOtli street. At 10th street and at 14th street it takes a diagonal course, and then cuts 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, Columbus, and Amsterdam avenues. It joins West End avenue at 106th street, and from that point it takes a northerly direction to its terminus. Broadway is one of the best known streets in the world. Around Bowling Green, where Broadway begins, we find some of the great exchanges, steamship offices, and other office l)uildings. BROADWAY AND THE IJOWEKV As we walk on we pass the financial center of the city, great insurance buildings, Trinity church, Western Union Telegraph office, ance buildings, Trinity church, Western Union Telegraph office, St. Paul's chapel, and arrive at the Post Office, Astor House, and the City Hall. In this neighborhood we find the great newspaper buildings and many lawyers' offices. Passing the City Hall and continuing on our way northward, we find ourselves in the wholesale district. Here we also find many railroad offices. When we get to 10th street the retail shopping district begins. From 10th street to 23d street we pass Grace church and some fine large department, jewelry, and picture stores. elry, and picture stores. From 23d street northward to and beyond 42d ward to and beyond 42d street we find many theaters, large hotels, restaurants, and some large department stores. Farther on along Broadway and north of Long Acre square there are a great number of apartment houses, some handsome churches, the 22d Regiment Armory, and the buildings of Columbia University at 116th street. North of the university the most striking landmark is Trinity cemetery. Broadway extends to the end of Manhattan, and then runs through Kingsbridge, skirting the western side of Van Cortlandt Bowling Green HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Park, and enters Yonkers at the city boundary line. The Bowery practically begins at the Brooklyn bridge under the name of Park Row. It takes a slightly diagonal course and ends at Cooper square ; there it joins 3d avenue. Both Broadway and the Bowery were post roads in colonial times. The Bowery and 3d avenue were the Boston post 4il!filfim Cuowjj IX TAitK How road, and Broadway was the Albany post road. Strangers coming to our city find their way easily in Manhattan, but not so readily tan, but not so readily in Brooklyn. Why ? Fulton street is the principal street of Brooklyn. On or near it are large department stores, theaters, restaurants, and hotels. In the part of Brooklyn immediately west of Prospect Park and extending southwestward the streets and avenues are numbered. South of ing southwestward the streets and avenues are numbered. South of Prospect Park the avenues are known by letters. Broadway, beginning at the Broadway ferry, is also an important street. ning at the Broadway ferry, is also an important street. In The Bronx we find 3d avenue and Broadway as a continuation of those streets of Manhattan. 3d avenue is the princi- uation of those streets of Manhattan. 3d avenue is the principal business avenue. There we find many retail stores and places pal business avenue. There we find many retail stores and places of amusement. The chief streets in Queens are Jackson and Flushing avenues. Several important avenues of Brooklyn are continued in Queens. BROADWAY AND THE P.OWERY Ferries. Some of the streets in Manhattan leading to important ferries are West 42d, West 23d, Christopher, Desbrosses, Chambers, Cortland t. Liberty, Whitehall, Wall, Fulton, East 23d, East ton, East 23d, East 34th, East 42d, East 92d, and East 99th. Some of the streets in Brooklyn leading to important ferries are 3 9th, Hamilton avenue, Fulton street, JNIoDEKN Double-Deck Fekryj5oat Broadway, and Greenpoint avenue. The East 34th street ferry leads to Long Island city and the Long Island railroad depot, Queens ; the East 92d street ferry, to Astoria, Queens ; and the East 99th street ferry, to College Point, <^Hieens. The ferries from the west side of Manhattan lead to New Jersey, principally to railroad depots. The ferry from Whitehall street at the Battery leads to St. George, Richmond. Mill Kock, Hell Gate (li^ii) Liuldken's Sailing J^akk, Ckxtijal Takk CHAPTER XVI PARKS When New Amsterdam became a city in 1653 it contained about one thousand inhabitants. The residents of the little city had the country right at their doors. They had their gardens and their farms. Lakes, streams, hills, flowers, and birds were close at hand. There was an abundance of fresh and invigorating air for all. As the population increased and continued to increase, the city farms and gardens began to decrease. Farms and gardens were cut up into building lots, and houses were erected upon them. The oldtime houses were small. These small houses were soon replaced time houses were small. These small houses were soon replaced by larger ones, and at last a wilderness of tenements took the place of forest, farm, and garden. 82' PARKS Open spaces for recreation and amusement in the southern pai^t of Manhattan had disappeared. People living there had to take long walks or a ride to enjoy the sight of trees and flowers and to get the fresh air and clear sunlight of the country. This was a great hardship to the very young and the feeble old, who could not walk long distances and who could not afford to pay car fare. It was then that areas of land, large and small, were set aside for the use of the people. These areas of land are called parks. ^^^HMHHPI ^^HpH|HB|Pf^P^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ W H^^^'-^^^' /"' * , IM^. ^0^^^ ^ ^ *#)> Central Park Terrace and Bethesda Fountain In these parks the people can enjoy fresh air, and in some there are shady walks and places for picnics. Parks have become the out-ofdoor homes of the people. door homes of the people. Central Park is one of the largest as well as one of the most beautiful parks in- the world. It extends from 59th street to 110th street and has a width of half a mile. Look at the plan of Central Park. Between what avenues is it ? How can you get there from your home ? One twentieth of the whole population of the United States lives within one hour's ride of Central Park. It provides not only fresh air but other attractions for the thousands who visit it daily. HOME GEOGKAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY 1 irr 600 lOOO 2000 Feet. Plan of Cexthal Park Everybody, poor or rich, young or old, finds pleasure and health within its boundaries. In it there are hills and valleys, shrubs and trees of endless variety, lawns and flower beds, walks and promenades, statues and fountains, drives and bridle paths, lakes and bridges, archways and tunnels, tennis courts and baseball grounds, reservoirs and observatories, a menagerie, and conservatories. Can atories, a menagerie, and conservatories. Can you locate and describe some of the above points of interest ? Do you know anything about the trees and flowers that grow there ? Central Park is not only a place for health, play, and rest, but it is also a place for study. At 5th avenue and 83d street is the famous Metropolitan Museum of Art. On Manhattan square, west of the park, between 77th tan square, west of the park, between 77th and 81st streets, is the American Museum of Natural History. On the east side of Central Park, at 64th street, there is a menagerie in which animals of many varieties may be seen. There are many statues and monuments in Central Park. On a knoll near the Museum of Art stands an Egyptian obelisk, a noted monument, which is about thirty-five hundred years old. At 59th street and 8th avenue there is a statue of Columbus. PARKS Riverside Park is a long, narrow park lying between 72d street and 130th street. Its location on a ridge along the Hudson, its beautiful views, its drives, and its w^alks make it a very attractive spot. Many of the ive spot. Many of the rich have built mae'^'^^^-^t/. '^'^^^-^t/. ";* <^ *'* ^ ♦️.' *:^; ,#^ #..*#. '::if' , ;*' #' # . ' ^^^fe: p^ ^' V .%^''- V .%^''- * > #S," . "0 ^WW Jjf WW Jjf .;^( %A' -^ ^4i^f V. ' * Jk^.; -^^1 ^'.' M S9i i ^ 1^^ ^glill # ^^^Q^^ # HKf-;'' Mall, C'extkal Takk nificent homes east of the park. The tomb of General Grant at the northern end of the park is very imposing and attracts thousands of visitors. There is also a soldiers' monument at 89th street. The excellent driveway of this park is continued on a viaduct over Manhattanville valley to the heights on the north. There it joins the Lafayette boulevard. Dyckman street connects Lafayette boule- nects Lafayette boulevard with the Speed- vard with the Speedway, which is a public way, which is a public road for fast driving. The Speedway extends southward alonsr the western bank of the Obelisk. iiMKAi I'aimv Havlcm rivor from HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY 208tli street to 1 55tli street. From 155th street a driveway continues along St. Nicholas place and St. Nicholas avenue to Central Park. Prospect Park is in the center of Brooklyn. Look at the plan of Prospect Park. Bound it. The park is situated on Mount Prospect, an elevated ridge. The site of the park has great natural advantages. It contains fine wooded hills and a rolhng country. It is not as large as Central Park, but it has more natural beauty. Its woodland, its botanical gardens, its lawns, its meadow-land, its lake, its land, its botanical gardens, its lawns, its meadow-land, its lake, its Riverside Drive Extension Viaduct tennis courts, its croquet grounds, and its great parade ground, used for baseball, cricket, and polo, are some of its attractions. The soldiers' and sailors' memorial arch in the Plaza is a handsome monument. There is a magnificent view of the city and harbor some monument. There is a magnificent view of the city and harbor from the park. Ocean Parkway is a boulevard west of Coney Island avenue, running from the southern end of Prospect Park to Coney Island. It ning from the southern end of Prospect Park to Coney Island. It is one of the finest drives in New York city. Pelham Bay Park, The Bronx. The borough of The Bronx, called '* the l)orough of parks," contains the two largest parks in the city PAKKS and many small ones. Pelham Bay Park is on Long Island sound and contains many islands. It is the largest in the city and one of the most beautiful in the world. Its athletic field, its miles of water front, its islands, and its large tracts of woodland make it an attractive spot. Van Cortlandt Park, The Bronx. This is next to the largest park in the city. It lies in the northwestern part of the borough. It has popular golf links, ball Suldiek.s' and Sailors' Arch, Prospect . , , , . . 1 * 1 . Park Plaza, Brooklyn tields, tennis courts, and cricket fields. Van Cortlandt lake affords amusement to many thousands of skaters in the winter. The Van Cortlandt mansion was one of Washington's headquarters during the quarters during the Revolution. It is now an historical museum. The general appearance of eral appearance of this park has not been changed ; it is a natural park. Bronx Park is in Plan of Prospect Park the center of the lUOO 1500 2U00 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Ocean rAUKWAv borough. It is third in interest in the city of New York and is traversed throughout its entire length by the picturesque Bronx river. Within its boundaries may be found a botanical garden and a zoological park that are justly the pride of New York city. There is much ical park that are justly the pride of New York city. There is much natural scenery in the park, including several falls and cascades. Forest Park. The borough of Queens has but little of its area set aside for park purposes. Here there is less need for parks. Forest Park is a natural woodland of considerable extent. It has been set aside to provide a playground and breathing spot for the i^eople of the eastern district. Good views of the Atlantic ocean, Jamaica bay, and Long Island sound may be obtained from its high points. In the borough of Richmond there are few parks. The population is still scattered, and as the country is still close at hand to tion is still scattered, and as the country is still close at hand to everybody, there is no need for large park areas. Besides the large parks in the city there are many small parks, squares, gores, playgrounds, parkways, and recreation piers. Public comfort and health are also provided for by public baths along our river front and in other parts of the city. Ocean beaches are being acquired by the city authorities for seaside parks. Some of the small parks are of historic interest, and are so well known that we ought to learn something about them even if they are not located in the borough in which we live. PARKS Battery Park. Where is it? Find it on your map. Did you ever see this park? What can be seen from it? Although this is a small park, it is famous. Why ? Its location at the southern end of the island where the Hudson and East rivers meet brintrs it into daily view of a great many people. Why ? It is a beautiful spot, even though all the elevated railroads of Manhattan do have their IkOCKAWAv Beach terminals here. In this park there are shade trees and numerous benches and it is a cool and pleasant spot in summer. The view from the sea wall is interesting. Battery Park is nearly all made land. The building now used as an aquarium is- one of the oldest and best known buildings in our city. It was once a fort, and the spot on which it stands was once an island. The fort was changed into a place of amusement and was called Castle Garden. Later on it became a landing place for immigrants. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Copyrighted, 11)02, by Irving Underhill Cathedral Heights and Mohningside Park Bowling Green is a small park at the beginning of Broadway. It has been called the cradle of New York and, although so small, it is of great interest to us. Morningside Park is an irregular piece of land extending from 110th street to 123d street. It is situated on the eastern border and slope of a plateau. In this park there are trees, a great variety of shrubs, and benches. The section immediately west of Morning- ately west of Morningside Park is known as side Park is known as Cathedral Heights. Walks and stairways lead from the park to these heights. St. Luke's Hospital and the new cathedral are on Cathedral Heights. A short walk will take you to Columbia University, whose buildings stand on historic ground. Fort Greene Park is a beautiful small park in the borough of Brooklyn. As it is higher lyn. As it is higher than the surrounding streets, good ing streets, good views may be obtained from it. It is interesting to us because during the Revolu- tained from it. It is interesting to us because during the Revolution a fort stood there. Many soldiers who died in the British prison tion a fort stood there. Many soldiers who died in the British prison ships are buried in a tomb in this park, Fort Greene Park PAEKS 91 There are many other small parks in different parts of the city which are not so well known as those mentioned. They are the recreation grounds of the people living near them. In the daytime the reation grounds of the people living near them. In the daytime the younger children play in the sand heaps and have fun in the swings and the older ones run, jump, and play basket ball. In many of these parks there are also ladders, rings, horizontal and parallel bars, springboards, and vaulting blocks. In the evening the older people enjoy the parks in their own way. In very crowded sections of the city piers are used as playgrounds for the children in the daytime and as places of recreation for adults in the evening. time and as places of recreation for adults in the evening. Name all the small parks and recreation places in the section of the city in which you live. Describe the exact location of each one, tell its uses, and name the buildings in it. Draw a plan of it. Be sure to give its right name. Find out whether there is any place of historic interest in the park. American Museum of N^ukal IIistuky CHAPTER XVII MUSEUMS AND PARKS THAT THE CHILDREN OF OUR CITY SHOULD VISIT The American Museum of Natural History. This great institutioii occupies a part of the square inclosed by 77th and 81st streets, Central Park west, and Columbus avenue. The present building is a part of a group that will some day cover the entire square. Every one can find something to interest him here. The building itself is imposing, the exhibition halls are roomy and light, and the collections are extensive and complete. Here may be seen collections that will help the children in many of their studies. There are collections of mammals, birds, insects, shells, fossils, woods, minerals, and gems. In cases we find Indian relics, which help us to understand a little about Indian life. There are thousands of objects gathered here that show us something of the customs and domestic life of many of the different races found in North and South America, MUSEUMS AND PAKKS CHILDKEN SHOULD VISIT 1)8 and in other countries. There is a large lecture hall in which lectures are given to teachers and pupils of the public schools and also tures are given to teachers and pupils of the public schools and also to the general public. Cases containing specimens for study are sent directly to the schools. They are helpful in the study of birds, insects, corals, sponges, woods, and minerals. Children are always welcome in the museum, and the director and curators take pleasure in assisting teachers and children in their school work. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. This museum is in Central Park opposite the East 83d street entrance. It is the largest and richest art museum in America. Here may be seen the works of great sculptors and painters. Here may be found antiquities. Mkti!oi'<)litax Museum of Aut wrought-iron work and bronzes, arms and armor, vases, porcelains, old laces, musical instruments of all nations, and many other interesting things. esting things. The original paintings of many of the pictures that you have in your home and school can be seen and studied here. Do you HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY know the name of any great picture in this museum ? Do you know the name of the artist who painted the picture ? Name some of the famous pictures you have seen. Name some of the famous artists you have heard of. Do you know of any famous statue in the museum or in any part of the city ? Do you know the name of the sculptor who made the statue ? The Aquarium is in Battery Park. Both salt- and fresh-water fish may be seen in the tanks of the Aquarium. Fish from all parts of our country and from Bermuda are here placed on exhibition. The handsome tion. The handsome trout, the beautiful angel fish, and the curious moonfish are apparently quite at home in the large glass tanks. Here may also be seen seals, sea lions, and sturgeon. In a room, known as the laboratory, there are many aquariums such as can be kept in school or at tory, there are many aquariums such as can be kept in school or at home. Children are always welcome at the Aquarium, and teachers are assisted in their work whenever they desire it. It is a pleasure for the gentlemen in authority to fill the school aquariums and to help the teachers and their classes in any way they can. The New York Botanical Garden is in the northern part of Bronx Park. In what borough is Bronx Park ? The Botanical Garden is a place for recreation. It is also a place of study for the lovers and students of plant life. We find here the plants of our own climate and also many that grow in the warmer regions of our own Aquarium MUSEUMS AKD PARKS CHILDREN SHOULD VISIT Botanical Garden and Mtski .m and other countries. The garden affords us an opportunity to study this great tunity to study this great variety of plants. Hardy plants of our own climate are found here growing outdoors. The plants of warmer climates are kept in large glass houses, where the temperature is much warmer than it is outside. Along the miles of walks in the garden we can see flower borders, flowering shrubs, and many kinds of trees. There is a botanical museum here also. It contains a large collection of dried plants, roots, seeds, and fruits. Each specimen has a label. On the label you may read something about the plant and its uses. The plants in the garden are also labeled so that visitors may see what they are called and where they grow. They can afterward visit the museum ward visit the museum to learn more about the plant and its uses. There is a large lecture hall in the museum building. In Bears' Dkn IN THE New York Zoological Park thlS lecture hall teachers HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY and students attend lectures on botany. The director is always ready to help childi'en and then- teachers who visit the garden for study. The object of the Botanical Garden is to educate the people in everything pertaining to plants and their uses. The New York Zoological Park is in the southern section of Bronx Park. A visit to this section will help children who are studying about animals, because here they can see the living animal. On the ranges they can see buffaloes and antelopes. faloes and antelopes. They can watch the lion in his house and the bear in his den. They can see reptiles in the great reptile house. They can tile house. They can Pki.u A.\s AM> i-LA.MiMioEs IN THE Flying-Cage cujoy tlie prauks of the IN THE New York Zoological Park i ,i +- "j monkeys as they stand near the monkey house watching the funny little faces and listening to the chatter. Children studying about birds should visit the ing to the chatter. Children studying about birds should visit the birds' mammoth flying-cage. I am quite sure that if you visit the Zoological Park once you will wish to go again. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences has a fine museum building near the northern end of Prospect Park. In this museum there are stuffed animals of all kinds, minerals, other valuable collections, and an art gallery. Courses of interesting and instructive lections, and an art gallery. Courses of interesting and instructive lectures are given in the institute every winter. This institute is helpful to students and to young pupils. The Brooklyn Institute MUSEUMS AND PARKS OHILDKEN SHOULD VISIT supports a children's museum filled with objects interesting and instructive to the young. I wonder how many Brooklyn children make use of their privilege.^ Copyrighted, 1904, by Moses King Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences View of building when completed When visiting parks and museums remember that you cannot see everything in them in one day or during one visit. Our parks and museums contain so many objects of interest that it is impossible to see and remember them all. Ask your parents or your sible to see and remember them all. Ask your parents or your teacher to tell you what to look for and what to look at. Select beforehand what you wish to see or study about. Go to observe a few objects rather than many, and think about the few you have observed when you return home. 1 These New York museums are supported partly by the city and partly by private contributions. LOFC. "*^^gw^ ' iapj #^u.ujipu j l il C'ULLKGE OF THE ClTY OF 2SEW YoKK CHAPTER XVIII SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, AND LIBRARIES Public Schools. New York is the only city in the world that offers to all of its children a free school education beginning with the kindergarten and ending with graduation from a college. Our school system is the largest in the world. We have more than five hundred schools and more than six hundred and twenty thousand children attending them. The system includes kindergarten classes, primary and grammar schools, high schools, two colleges, and two training schools for teachers. It also includes evening schools, vacation schools, vacation playgrounds, evening recreation centers, a school ship, and truant schools. The public lectures given in the evening in many sections of our city are also a part of the New York system of education. Evening schools are intended for those who are employed during the day and wish to continue their studies. Vacation schools are for children who cannot go to the country in summer and are SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, AND LllJRAlilES anxious to occupy the mornings in a useful manner. Vacation playgrounds are in school buildings or on piers. They are cool and shady places where children can play during the hot afternoons in summer. The evening recreation centers are places of assembly, instruction, play, and recreation for working boys and girls. The ))oys on the school ship study lessons as you do ; they also learn seamanship, which means the ship, which means the duties of a seaman. Truant schools are provided for those children who refuse to dren who refuse to attend school regularly. Private Schools and Colleges. In addition to the public school system New York is well supplied with excellent plied with excellent private schools, academies, institutes, colleges, and universities. There are also many large parochial schools, corporate schools, and schools supported by various societies. Columbia University, the largest in the state, is situated on Morningside Heights. It has many departments, of which Columbia College, Barnard College, Teachers College, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the School of Law are the most important. New York University, situated on University Heights, The Bronx, is next in size and importance to Columbia. New York NoKMAI. CoLLEtiK SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, AND LIBRARIES University has a college, a law school, a medical college, and other important departments. Fordham University, with its college and its law and medical departments, is a Catholic institution. The College of the City of New York and the Normal College belong to the public school system. Churches and Sunday Schools. There are two cathedrals in New York. Both are in the borough of Manhattan. St. Patrick's New York University Cathedral is on 5th avenue, and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine is on Cathedral Heights. St. John's Cathedral is unfinished at present. In addition to these cathedrals there are many churches, chapels, and synagogues in New York city. Children receive religious K)2 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF XEW YORK CITY instruction in the Sunday schools belonging to the churches. Some of the Sunday schools are very well known even outside of New York. Libraries. Libraries are a great aid to education. In New York we have many free libraries for the use of all. The largest library in the city is the New York Public Library. The main building of this Nf.W YoKK Priil.lC LiHHAHY lil)rary is on 5th avenue between 40th and 42d streets. It is not yet completed. The New York Public Library has a great number of branch libraries throughout the city. The main branches are the Astor Library and the Lenox Library. Is there any branch of the New York Public Library near your school? Do you ever use a l)ul)lic library? What is a catalogue? City Hai.l and Park CHAPTER XIX THE CITY GOVERNMENT All the people in a city cannot assemble to make the laws. They therefore choose a certain number of men to make their laws, and others to carry them out. These men are voted for on election day, and are called city officials. They should be honest and able men. A good citizen votes only for such men. Let us see who the important city officials are. Every boy and girl sliould know something about them. thing about them. The Mayor. The chief city official is the mayor. He is elected by the citizens of the whole city. He carries out the city laws, which are called ordinances, and also the state laws. He is a very HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY busy man. The mayor cannot do everything necessary to carry out the laws. He cannot look after the policemen, the firemen, the paving of streets, etc. For this reason we have city departments. The mayor has the right to appoint the heads of the city departments. They are called commissioners. Each commissioner is ments. They are called commissioners. Each commissioner is responsible to the mayor. The mayor can remove the men he appoints if their work is not done properly. The mayor's office is in the City Hall. Borough President. Each borough has a president. He is not chosen by dent. He is not chosen by the citizens of tlie whole city as the mayor is, but is elected by the people of his borough. There are hve borough presidents. The borough president looks after the paving and repair of streets and sewers ; he keeps certain public buildings in good condition ; he gives permits to build, to alter, and to remove buildings. He has the right to appoint other men to help him do all this work properly. The office of the borough president is in the Borough Hall of his own borough. Board of Aldermen. The city is divided into many districts. Each district elects its own alderman. The president of the board of aldermen is elected by the citizens of the whole city. The board Borough Hall of Brooklyn THE CITY GOVERNMENT 105 of aldermen makes the city laws or ordinances, and the mayor, the borough presidents, and the heads of departments carry them out. The aldermen- meet in the City Hall. Departments. There are many departments in the city government. The heads of the departments, called commissioners, are ment. The heads of the departments, called commissioners, are appointed by the mayor. The commissioners govern the departments for the mayor, and they are responsible to him. ments for the mayor, and they are responsible to him. Finance Department. The head of this city department is called the comptroller. He is not appointed by the mayor. He is elected by the people of the city. The comptroller is the head of the finance department. He is the official who takes in and pays out the city's money. If the city ever needs more money than it has on hand, the comptroller borrows money for the city. His office is in the Stewart Building in Manhattan. Police Department. Every city has duties to perform just as parents and children have. We wish to live in quiet and peace, to enjoy our night's rest without fear of robbery, to know that we can pass through the streets in safety at any time of the day or night. It is the duty of the city to give us a feeling of security, to keep order, to protect the people in it from violence, to detect crime, to keep the streets clear of obstructions, and to see that all laws are obeyed. For these purposes we have a poHce department. The head of this department is called the police commissioner. Policemen have many duties to perform. They must watch day and night, in clear and stormy weather ; they must send in fire alarms and call ambulances ; they must direct strangers who ask their way ; and they lances ; they must direct strangers who ask their way ; and they must assist all the other departments in enforcing the laws. The police department is one of the most important of city departments. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY What is a precinct ? What is a station house ? What do we call tlie commanding officer in a precinct ? What is the reserve ? What is a platoon ? Fire Department. One of the great dangers in a large city where buildings stand close together is fire. Fire can destroy much property in a very short time. Many people lose their lives in fires. We must, therefore, do all we can to protect life and property against fire. The city has a' department for this purpose. The head of the department is called a commissioner. The duty of the fire department is to prevent and to put out fires. This department prevents fires by watching the storage, sale, and use of materials that burn very easily. Firemen protect property by putting out fires, and by using no more water for that purpose than is necessary. Frequently the water used destroys more than the fire itself. The department must also find out the cause of each fire. The fireman's first duty is to save the lives of the people in tlie burning building. We may well be proud of our firemen, for they are brave men. Everybody fears fire. Careless and disobedient children often set tlieir homes afire. How would you escape from your rooms in case of fire there ? Why do you have fire drills in school ? How do the firemen know where a fire is ? How should vou behave in i'll;i, lltiAi THE CITY GOVEKNME^'T case of fire ? What is the number of the engine nearest your school ? What is the engine for ? What does the hook and ladder company do ? What can you say about the horses ? Department of Health. Nothing is more important than good health. It is therefore necessary for all to try to have good health. Each one of us must do his share to keep well and must help to keep others well. The city can assist us in many ways in these efforts. Sometimes people have conta- times people have contagious diseases. It is the gious diseases. It is the duty of the city to prevent the spreading of these diseases. How is this duty eases. How is this duty performed? Whatever helps the people to keep well and strong is said to add to their physical welfare. The Avork of our fare. The Avork of our department of health is to look after the physical welfare of the people. It is the duty of this department to see that the water, the milk, and the drugs we use are pure ; that the meat, fish, fruit, and vegetables we eat are fresh ; and that no refuse or decaying substance remains in the street. It is not considered good for the health of young children to work ; therefore the department of health does not give " employment certificates " to children under fourteen years of age. I'OST OlKICK 1U8 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF KEW YOEK CITY The health department also keeps records of marriages, births, and deaths. Have you a visiting physician in your school ? Who sends him there ? What does he do ? Why ? Were you ever vaccinated ? By whom? Which two departments work together in the schools to prevent the spread of contagious diseases ? Street-Cleaning Department. Our streets must be kept clean. We cannot keep them clean unless they are swept and the dirt, ashes, and garbage are removed. To do all this we need a streetcleaning department. The head of this department is called a cleaning department. The head of this department is called a commissioner. The street-cleaning department must do more than sweep the streets. It must also remove snow and ice from the principal streets in winter. It is the duty of every one in our city to help this department in its work. It is wrong to throw paper, orange peel, banana skins, ashes, or garbage into the street. We should put all refuse into boxes, pails, or barrels. If we have untidy neighbors, we should get them to follow our good example. They will soon take pride in living in a clean street. Every neat and thoughtful boy and girl can help the city to keep its streets clean. Do you not think it worth while ? How nice it is to see a clean street ! Would you not rather live in a clean street ? Some districts in New York are not as clean as others. Why ? How about the district in which you live ? Do you ever throw anything on the sidewalk or into the street? If you are in the habit of doing so, stop it. What kind of a uniform does a street sweeper wear ? What articles does he use in cleaning the streets ? THE CITY GOVERKMENT Department of Education. An important duty of a city is to educate its children and to make good citizens of them. The board of education consists of forty-six men appointed by the mayor. These gentlemen give their services to the city. They are not paid. The board of education builds schoolhouses, appoints teachers and principals, and looks after the welfare of the people as far as education is concerned. cation is concerned. Other Departments. There are a number of other city departments, each of which has special work to do. Their names will ments, each of which has special work to do. Their names will tell you what work they do. There is the department of parks, the department of bridges, the department of water supply, gas, and electricity, the department of docks and ment of docks and ferries, the law department, and others. ment, and others. You have learned that the city has many officials who make and , *, T Customhouse carry out its ordinances. All these officials are paid by the city. There are, how- nances. All these officials are paid by the city. There are, however, laws of the state and laws of the United States that must be ever, laws of the state and laws of the United States that must be carried out in the city. The officials who carry out the state laws are state officials. The officials who carry out the laws of the United States are federal officials. United States Officials. United States judges are officers of the United States, or federal officials. Those who break the laws of no HUME (lEOCIKAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY the United States are tried in the federal courts before United States judges. Letter carriers, customhouse otticers, the soldiers in our forts, and the sailors in the navy yard are employed by the United States. County Officials. County officials are state officials. Persons breaking the laws of the state are tried in the county courthouses. Coroners, the district attorney, the surrogate, and the houses. Coroners, the district attorney, the surrogate, and the sheriff are county officers. Who is the mayor of New York ? Who is the president of your borough ? Who is the alderman of the district in which you live ? Ask your father. Who elects the mayor ? the borough presidents ? the aldermen? There are four counties of the state in New York city. The boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx are New York county, the borough of Brooklyn is Kings county, the borough of Queens is Queens county, and the l^orough of Richmond is Richmond county. FoKT Wadsworth A Manhattan Village Part II -- Stories of Local History CHAPTER XX NEW YORK CITY AS THE HOME OF THE INDIAN In the year 1609 the present city of New York was a wild and beautiful country. The people who lived here were Indians. They had red or copper-colored skin, black eyes, and black hair like the Indians seen in the West to-day. They lived in villages generally situated near the water, and supported themselves principally by hunting and fishing. When you visit the Museum of Natural History to view the various articles found on the sites of old Indian villages and in tlieir burying grounds, you will see in the cases cards on which are HOME GEOGRAPHY OP NEW YORK CITY A Bkave the words, " Algonkin Indians of New York city and vicinity." These cards show that all the Indians living here belonged to a race called the Algonkin race. The Algonkin race was divided into many tribes, and these tribes were divided again into many bands. Tlie tribes and bands were known by different names, and sometimes they took ent names, and sometimes they took their names from the places where they lived. Some writers say that the Indian name for Hell Gate meant " the whirlpool," and for Manhattan island, "place pool," and for Manhattan island, "place of the whirlpool." The tribe that lived on the island was called the ]\Ianhattans, or the people of the ''place of the whirlpool." Other writers tans, or the people of the ''place of the whirlpool." Other writers say Manhattan means " island " and that Manhattans means " people living on an island." There were also Manhattan Indians in The Bronx and on Staten Island. In each of the five boroughs, and all along the shores of the Hudson river, there were a great many Indian villages. The head man of each village was called a sachem or sagamore. Both words are Indian for the English word chief. The chief hunted for his living just as the other men of his tribe or band did. An Indian soldier was called a brave. When a brave killed his first enemy and brought home the scalp, be was permitted the honor of wearing the feather of the war eagle. The feather of the war eagle was the highest Indian Stonk Knife NEW YORK CITY AS THE HOME OF THE INDIAN 113 T decoration. As the braves, or warriors, were so highly honored among their people, every boy longed for the time when he could bring home his enemy's scalp and be decorated with the eagle feather. The women built the houses, tilled the land, and made the clothes worn by the family. " The men did nothing except hunting, fishing, and going to war against their enemies." The most important weapon of the Indian warrior was the bow and arrow. The arrowhead was a sharpened stone or piece of horn. The Indian also carried a tomahawk, a war club, and a knife, hawk, a war club, and a knife, the blade of which was made of When Indians were going on the warpath they painted their faces and bodies and iiad a war dance. The different Indian tribes were constantly at war. The Indians were revengeful and very cruel. They tortured their prisoners to death and disfigured the dead tured their prisoners to death and disfigured the dead They killed women and children as well as men, although they loved their own children and were kind parents and faithful friends. The Indians living on the opposite sides of the East and Hudson rivers and New York bay were not on friendly terms. They devoted Arrowhead Old Stone Ax or Tomahawk stone or bone. Arrowhead head Another View of the Same Ax leu, althou HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY a great deal of their time to fighting each other, l)nt they united to fight the Indians living farther north. No Indian ever cut down or destroyed a tree unless it was necessary. He protected the forest because the forest was the home sary. He protected the forest because the forest was the home of the wild animals he hunted for food, clothing, and bedding. Therefore when the white men came here they found it a forest land, although inhabited. Some white men made great fortunes in lumber as well as in fur. War Club and Boxe Crusher I CHAPTER XXI INDIAN MONEY For many centuries before the white men came to America the Indians of New York and vicinity had a currency of their own, which they called seawan and wampum. Seawan means "black money," and w^as the red man's gold ; it was worth twice as much as wampum. Wampum means "white money," and was the red man's silver. Both kinds of Indian money were called wampum by the w^hite men. Wampum was made of shell beads. These beads were made by breaking off little pieces from shells, polishing them, and then boring holes through them with a stone awl having a reed handle. The beads were then strung on strong thread made of the sinews of animals. The l)lack beads were made of the dark purple part of the inside of the clam shell ; the white beads were made from the stem of the periwinkle, -- a kind of snail. The Indians J iM "^' M Wk ^p " v%^ ^H^^^ #Eim ^^H.,:^.r. raAik vhBS^ aJ^H^^lK ' <"9Hi New Yukk Indian of the Twen hktji Centuky HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY strung these beads on threads for convenience, just as we make rolls of one-, five-, and ten-cent pieces. They used strings and belts of wampum just as we use coins and bank notes. When the Dutch began to trade with the Indians they were obliged to use the Indian money. They sold the Indians metal awls with which they could work faster. The Indians made more wampum than ever before, and with it they bought what they needed from the Dutch. This gave the Dutch quantities of Indian money. A Dutch minister once showed a Stone Awl ^higf a silver coin wortli one dollar, and told him how much he could buy with lar, and told him how much he could buy with it in the white man's country. The Indian said, " The white men are fools to value a piece of iron so highly ; if I had such money I would throw it in the river." The Dutch and English valued three small black beads and six white ones at one penny. People in Dutch and Englisli New York bought food and dress goods and paid their fare with wampum to cross the ferries. They also bought land and paid taxes and custom duties with wampum. In trading, the value of furs, grain, and Dutch and English coins was reckoned in wampum value. Wampum was used as money until the year 1700. Shells of which Indian money was made were abundant on the Long Island shores. ^^'AMPUM Belts INDIAN MONEY 117 Belts, necklaces, and bracelets were made of wampum, and clothing was trimmed with it. Strings of wampum were used for presents, for messages, and for cards of invitation. The number and color of the beads on a string had a meaning. Belts of wampum were used as presents, and also in making treaties between Indian tribes and between Indians and settlers. Treaty belts can be seen in the Museum of Natural History. Some Indians say that Hiawatha invented wampum, and that Hiawatha means " he who makes the wampum belt." Others say it means " he who seeks the wampum belt." Stoky-Telling CHAPTER XXII THE SCHOOL OF THE INDIAN BOY The Indian boy's school was the forest. His teachers were his father, grandfather, and the story-tellers of his tribe. As a very little boy he helped his mother and sisters, but as he grew older he went more and more with the men. The Indian boy's studies were woodcraft, Indian history, picture reading and writing, public speaking, music, singing, dancing, and athletic sports. Woodcraft. Craft means skill or art. A craft is a trade that requires special knowledge, skill, or art of some kind. Indian woodcraft meant the knowledge and skill necessary to keep the Indians alive and well in their woodland home without any of the helps the white men knew. THE SCHOOL OF THE INDIAN UOY 111) Woodcraft included manual training and nature study. The Indian's manual training was making weapons and canoes. His nature study was the same as yours, -- learning about trees, shrubs, flowers, animals, birds, and insects, and their uses for his purposes. The Indian boy had to learn to hunt animals for food and for clothing ; to make a fire without matches, so that he could cook his food and keep warm ; to make some kind of a shelter to protect hinxself from the cold and storms. He also had to learn how to find his way through the forests in any direction, and to travel miles and miles on foot alone in summer and winter. Indian History. Indian history was not written in books as your a Boy's Bow and history is. The Indians had no Arrow, used for ,1 -Tk , 1 i , n KILLING BiRDS books, ra rents and story-tellers taught the children history just as your teacher is teaching you ; but those boys and girls were obliged Stone Sinker ^q remember their history stories, so that when they were older they could tell them to their children. Thus Indian history was passed on for many hundreds of years from parents to children. The Indians believed and told many beautiful stories about the Great Spirit, the sun, the moon, the stars, the winds, their giants, and their heroes. They believed many fables about how the animals, birds, and insects were created. In Longfellow's " Song of Hiawatha " the poet tells us a great J Bone Fishhook hook 1:^0 HOME GEUGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY deal of Indian history, and many of the fables the Indian children learned in then* school. dren learned in then* school. Picture Reading and Writing. The Indians living in the diiferent parts of New York spoke the same language. They had a written language, but it was not like ours. It was not even like shorthand. It was picture writing, and was made up of pictures and signs. The picture of an animal or some other object stood for a word or perhaps a sentence. The obelisk in Central Park is covered wdth the picture writing of the people who hved in Egypt. In the Museum of Natural History you can see Indian picture writing drawn or painted on clothing and other objects, and also woven into wampum belts. When an Indian wished to wTite a letter to a friend he stripped a piece of birch bark from a tree, and wrote on it in his language of pictures and signs ; he then made his mark, which was the same as signing his name. The Indians left messages for each other in the woods by writing on trees and rocks in their sign language Picture Wkiting ON Wood riCTUKK WlilTINCf ON BiRCH BaRK The children learned to read this language, and to write it; they also were taught the meaning of the few Indian colors used in sending messages. THE SCHOOL OF THE INDIAN BOY TuuKKY-BoNE Whistle Athletic sports. The Indian boys had contests in athletic sports. They practiced running, jumping, and ball playing, and had champion games between the villages. Did you ^ pion games between the villages. Did you ^ know that lacrosse was an Indian game ? Music, Singing, Dancing. In his first letter to Santa Clans a white boy asks for a drum ; if he has a drum, he asks for a horn. The Indian boy, too, liked musical dian boy, too, liked musical instruments ; he learned to play Indian dance music on drums, rattles, and whistles. He could make wooden whistles just as well as the country boy of to-day, but he did not know anything about a horn. Whistles were made also of the bone of a turkey's leg. The cylinder of an Indian's drum was a hollow log, and its head was a piece of deerskin. Rattles were made of turtle shells and gourds. In the Museum of Natural History there is an interesting collection of Indian musical instruments. The pictures in this book of the drum, whistle, tures in this book of the drum, whistle, "B^'Drum a>,d JJiilm stick Drum a>,d JJiilm stick and rattles are representations of a few. With these rude instruments the Indians beat the time for singing and dancing. We would not admire their dancing, and we would call their music noise. Rattle made from a Goird HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Public Speaking. The Indians liked to listen to good speaking. The boy who had the abihty to speak well was carefully trained, so that when he was a man he could speak at meetings, and also act as a delegate for his tribe on important occasions when good speakers were needed. The Indians used beautiful and poetic language in their speeches. Turtle-Shell Rattle CHAPTER XXIII THE SCHOOL OF THE INDIAN GIRL The Indian girl's school was her home, and her teachers were her mother and grandmother. They taught her sewing, cooking, housekeeping, nursing, farming, and housebuilding. Sewing. In the Museum of Natural History you may see the Indian girl's needles, which were bone and stone awls. Her thread was made of the small sinews of animals, and her cloth was b*^ne Awl, the Indian J 1 * T i 1 i- Girl's Nkedle deerskin, instead or embroidering with pretty silk, as girls do nowadays, she broidering with pretty silk, as girls do nowadays, she ornamented her work with porcupine quills and wampum. She began her sewing les- pum. She began her sewing lessons by making for her father sons by making for her father tobacco pouches, and also bags in which he carried samp when he went hunting. Then she *; made moccasins and leggings, and felt very p proud when she could sew on the wampum in pretty patterns. She was taught to weave a kind of cloth out of vegetable fibers, and to make mats, baskets, and fishing nets. Moccasins Cooking. The Indian girl's cooking lessons were very different from yours. The housekeeper had pots of soapstone and clay, which Bag eok Pipe AND Tobacco ./% HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY were made at home, and the httle cook was taught to make them. She was also taught how to make broilers of sticks and to prepare a bed of hot ashes for baking. She learned to make Indian-meal bread, to broil, roast, and boil meat and fish, to make soup and stews, and to cook vegetables. Did you know that the Indians taught us how to make succotash? Serving. The Indians did not have tables or chairs, and their few dishes were made of wood, birch bark, and Indian Mat shells. There was no table setting taught in the wigwam, and the housekeepers never worried when their dishes were chipped or broken. At mealtime the Indians sat in a circle on the floor. Each person had a wooden bowl and a wooden or shell spoon. The food was served on a piece of wood or in the pot in which it was cooked, THE SCHOOL OF THE INDIAN GIRL aud each person helped himself to as much or as little as he wished. The men and boys ate first, and then the women and girls. The Indians' drink was water. Housekeeping. Indian housekeeping was not very hard work. As you know, they had but few dishes _ and cooking utensils and L\dian Basket no tables or chairs. The family slept on the floor or on raised platforms along the sides of the wigw^ams, and used furs and skin mats for bedding. When the family decided that the wigwam was very dirty and needed a cleaning they moved. That was the easiest way to clean house. Housebuilding. The children helped their mothers to build the new wigwam. The women made a framework of poles, which were arched over and covered with pieces of bark. This house was built so well that no rain could get into it through the bark covering. There was a door to the wigwam, also a hole in the roof, but no wdndow. The fireplace w^as a pit in the middle of the earth floor, and the smoke went out through the hole in the roof, which was the only kind of a chimney the Indians knew anything about. Light and air could enter C'lay Pot only through the doorway and smoke hole. Some wigwams were large enough for several families. Indian Ladle HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Farming. In the spring the women and children planted corn, beans, and pumpkins, and enjoyed the work. In the fall they gathered the ripe corn and other vegetables and stored them for the winter. They then had a general good time to celebrate their harvest. Nursing. In the Indian gM's nature-study lessons she learned something about Indian medicines, so that when she was a cines, so that when she was a woman she could nurse the sick. The Indian medicines were made of herbs, roots, bark, and other children living in old Manhattan were ill they did not get nice little sugar-coated pills or other medicines equally pleasant. They had to drink a big cupful of strong, ant. They had to drink a big cupful of strong, bitter tea made of herbs and roots. Studies. The girls were taught music, singing, dancing, picture writing, history stories, myths, and fables. While the girls were studjdng and learning to be good little housekeepers they played games and enjoyed themselves in their free time as little girls do nowadays. Tool used in making A SOAPSTONE ing A SOAPSTONE Pot CHAPTER XXIV THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN The Coming of the " Half Moon " as told by a Delaware Chief to a Missionary "A great many years ago, when men with white skin had never yet been seen in this land, some Indians, who were out fishing at a place where the sea widens, espied at a great distance something remarkably large floating on the water, and such as they had never seen before. " These Indians, immediately returning to the shore, apprised their countrymen of what they had observed, and pressed them to go out with them and discover what it might be. They hurried out together, and saw with astonishment the phenomenon which now appeared to their sight, but could not agree upon what it was ; some believed it to be an uncommonly large fish or animal, while others were of the opinion it must be a very big house floating on the sea. "At length the spectators concluded that this wonderful object was moving towards the land, and that it must be an animal or something else that had life in it ; it would therefore be proper to inform all the Indians on the inhabited islands of what they had seen, and put them on their guard. "Accordingly they sent off a number of runners and watermen to carry the news to their scattered chiefs, that they might send off HOME GEOGEAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY in every direction for the warriors, with a message that they should come on immediately. These arriving in numbers, and having themselves viewed the strange appearance, and observing that it was actually moving towards the entrance of the river or bay, concluded it to be a remarkably large house in which the Mannitto (the Great or Supreme Being) himself was present, and that he nitto (the Great or Supreme Being) himself was present, and that he was probably coming to visit them. " By this time the chiefs were assembled at York island and deliberat- sembled at York island and deliberating as to the manner in which they ing as to the manner in which they should receive their Mannitto on his arrival. . . . While in this situation, fresh runners arrived, declaring it to be a large house of various colors and crowded with living creatures. . . . Other runners soon after arriving declare that it is positively a house full of human beings, of quite a Descendant of an Inoian Chief ^^iffgrent color from that of the Indians, and dressed differently from them ; that, in particular, one dians, and dressed differently from them ; that, in particular, one was dressed entirely in red, who must be the Mannitto himself. " They are hailed from the vessel in a language they do not understand, yet they shout or yell in return by way of answer, according to the custom of their country. Many are for running off to the woods, but are pressed by others to stay, in order not to give offense to their visitor, who might find them out and destroy them. " The house -- some say large canoe -- at last stops, and a canoe of smaller size comes on shore with the Red Man and some otliers THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAK in it ; some stay with his canoe to guard it. The chiefs and wise men assembled in council, form themselves into a large circle, towards which the man in red clothes approaches with two others. "He salutes them with a friendly countenance, and they return the salute after their manner. They are lost in admiration ; the dress, the manners, the whole appearance of the unknown strangers is to them a subject of wonder ; but they are particularly struck with him who wore the red coat all glittering with gold lace, which they could in no manner account for. He surely must be the great Mannitto, but why should he have a white skin ? . . . " The man with red clothes gave them beads, axes, hoes, and stockings such as the white people wear. They soon became familiar with each other and began to converse by signs. The Dutch made them understand that they would not stay here, that they would return home again, but would pay them another visit the next year, when ^y they would bring them more presents and stay with #^^^ them awhile ; but as they could not live without ^^^^ eating, they should want a little land of them to Indian Baby's SOW seeds in order to raise herbs and vegetables Resting Place f^^. ^j^^-j, ^^^^^^ " They went away as they had said, and returned in the following season, when both parties w^ere much rejoiced to see each other ; ing season, when both parties w^ere much rejoiced to see each other ; but the whites laughed at the Indians, seeing that they knew not the uses of the axes and hoes they had given them the year before ; for they had these hanging to their breasts as ornaments, and the 130 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY stockings were made use of as tobacco pouches. The whites now put handles to the former for them, and cut down trees before their eyes, hoed up the ground, and put stockings on their legs. Here, they say, general laughter ensued among the Indians, that they had remained ignorant of the use of such valuable implements, and had borne the weight of such heavy metal hanging ments, and had borne the weight of such heavy metal hanging to their necks for such a length of time. . . . ^' As the whites became daily more familiar with the Indians, they at last proposed to stay with them, and asked only for so much ground for a garden spot as, they said, the hide of a bullock would cover or encompass, which hide was spread before them. The Indians readily granted this apparently reasonable request ; but the whites then took a knife and, beginning at one end of the hide, cut it up into a long rope, not thicker than a child's finger, so that by the time the whole was cut up it made a great heap. They then took the rope at one end, and drew it gently along, carefully avoiding its breaking. It was drawn out into a circular form and, being closed at the ends, encompassed a large piece of ground. The Indians were surprised at the superior wit of the whites, but did not wish to contend with them about a little land, as they still had enough for themselves." ^ ^ ^^;,,^::....... .SS^' ^ mT -' # Mt^*' #C!a #' Mt^*' #C!a #' M #;ll^" l%^wl^ ^wl^ "" /; 'S^- *WsTiSmS^^^^p ' - %' ~ '^^ ^j^^^M "## :,.; 1 f i'S0 :^^-::^B^^^ .'i^v^-:^:-. ^ , - - ^f^^:SS^--iJ a=:i^ "-^-^-= -"-. -i:^^-: = -"-. -i:^^-: Landing uk Henry Hudson CHAPTER XXV THE BEGINNING OF THE FUR TRADE Henry Hudson In 1609 the people of Europe knew very little about America. They thought it was a very narrow continent between Europe and Asia, and that there was a water way across it to the Pacific ocean. European sea captains and merchants wished to find this water way because it would give them a much shorter trade route to China and Japan. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF KEW YORK CITY A Dutch trading company hired Henry Hudson, a famous English North Pole explorer, to find this short water way across the American continent. Henry Hudson did not find this new trade route, but his account of the valuable furs that could be obtained here in exchange for cheap articles influenced the Dutch to engage in the fur trade, and gage in the fur trade, and the fur trade led to the settlement of New York. tlement of New York. Compare the bone and stone tools and weapons and the earthenware pots in the Indian rooms of the Museum of Natural History with tools, weapons, and cooking utensils made of metal, and you will realize why the Indians placed so high a value on a spade, a saw, an ax, an awl, an iron pot, or a copper kettle. The Dutch traders had manufacHenry Hudson , ^ , . , , . , , , Henry Hudson , ^ , . , , . , , , tured articles which would make life more comfortable for the Indians. The Indians had valuable furs which would make fortunes for the Dutch traders, so they exchanged or traded one for the other, and in this way the fur trade between the Dutch and Indians began. Beaver skin was the most valuable fur. HENRY HUDSON The Dutch soon found out that Manhattan had many natural trading advantages. New York bay was then, as it is now, a fine, large, and safe harbor for any number of trading vessels. Dutch ships could sail up the Hudson river for one hundred and fifty miles, through the East river, and along the shores of Long Island sound, through Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull into Newark bay, and, by using small boats and canoes, they could travel still farther on the many rivers emptying into the waters named. Manhattan was made the traders' headquarters, and Albany was made the trading center for the northern and western part of the state. Furs collected throughout the country drained by the waters named above were brought to Manhattan, and from Manhattan they were shipped directly to Europe. hattan they were shipped directly to Europe. HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY Adrian Block Adrian Block was one of the first fur traders. He and his men did not make their homes here. They lived in these houses while trading. Although it was merely a trading settlement, it was a settlement, and is considered the beginning of our city. Block's vessel, the Tiger, was burned a few days before he was ready to sail for home. The Indians helped him to build another ship and supplied him with food. Block was the first white man to build a boat on Manhattan, as well as the first white man to build a house here. THIS TABLET MARKS THE SITE OF THE FIRST HABITATION OF WHITE MEN ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN ADEIAN BLOCK COMMANDER OF THE TIGER ERECTED HERE FOUR HOUSES OR HUTS NOVEMBER, 1613 HE BUILT THE RESTLESS, THE FIRST VESSEL MADE BY EUROPEANS IN THIS COUNTRY THE RESTLESS WAS LAUNCHED IN THE SPRING OF 1614 THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK SEPTEMBER, 1890 Tablet at No. 41 BuoAinvAY NiEUW Nederlandt This view of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan is copied from an ancient engraving executed in Holland. The fort was erected in 1623, but was finished upon the above model by Governor Van T wilier in 1635 CHAPTER XXVI THE DUTCH IN NEW YORK Peter Minuit The Dutch lived in Holland, or Netherlaud. Their principal city was Amsterdam. They named the part of America discovered and explored by Henry Hudson, New Netherland, and the southern end of the present borough of Manhattan, New Amsterdam. In 1623 some families from Holland settled in New Amsterdam, some settled in Brooklyn where the Navy Yard is now, and others settled in Albany. 1.S5 136 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY In 1626 Peter Minuit, the first Dutch governor came from Holland to take charge of the new settlements. The Indians were the '' rightful owners and tenants " of the land, and it would have been wrong to have taken this land from them without paying for it. Peter Minuit's first act was to buy the land which is now the borough of Manhattan. He paid for it with manufactured articles worth 60 guilders ($120 at the present time). The Indians had no idea of the value of land. They thought they had more than they needed, and hence they were more than willing to give up some of it for things they valued highly. The Dutch knew they were paying very little for the island, but they did not realize the future value of tlie land they bought. Both parties were quite well satisfied with the bargain. Minuit made a good governor because he was a just, honorable, and sensible man. The Indians liked him and were very friendly to the Dutch settlers. When Peter Minuit was governor there was a ferry between Peck Slip, New Amsterdam, and Brooklyn. The ferryboat was a rowboat. A few years later the fare was fifteen cents' worth of wampum. The ferryman's farm was at Peck Slip, and he was a very important person. Pearl street is the oldest street in Manhattan, and was then on the river front. The road from the fort to the ferry was through Stone and Pearl streets. The land now between Pearl street and the river is made land. CHAPTER XXVII HOW NEW AMSTERDAM CHANGED FROM A DUTCH TRADING POST TO A DUTCH CITY The first settlers did not plan a city with streets and avenues running in straight lines ; they thought only of the fur trade. After a few years they found out that the lumber was valuable, and that New Netherland was a good farming country. Rich Dutch merchants came to New Netherland and invested money in land and business. The boroughs of The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond were purchased from the Indians, and also miles and miles of land along the Hudson river to Albany. The Dutch bought all this land cheap, but they gave the Indians the price they asked for it. It was paid for with cloth, tools, cooking utensils, beads, ornaments, etc. Dutch farmers came and settled in the five boroughs and along the shores of the Hudson river. Thus New Netherland became a farming as well as a commercial colony. T. Smit's Vlv in Early Times, Foot of Maiden Lane 138 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY The first settlers in the five boroughs selected the low land on the water front for their farms. It was the most desirable land for them, because the ground could be readily prepared for the planting of grains and vegetables, and because the people depended on ing of grains and vegetables, and because the people depended on boats to go from place to place, and to New Amsterdam, the business center. The lower part of Manhattan was divided into small ness center. The lower part of Manhattan was divided into small farms called " bouweries." The road that led through these farms to Stuyvesant's country home was called Bouwerie Lane. To-day that road is called the Bowery. The Dutch farmer in Manhattan built his house on any part of his land that he pleased. Pathways led from houses to barns, and lanes led from house to house, from farm to farm. Roads led to the Stadt Huys, to the ferries, to the church in the fort, and to Bowling Green, which was then a market place and a parade ground for soldiers. Bowling Green was an open field near the fort and was called The Plaine. It was the central point in Dutch New York and all roads led to it. As the city grew in size and population, the roads became streets, but they remained winding and crooked. This explains why the streets below 14tli street, Manhattan, are narrow and crooked. In the old part of Brooklyn the streets are narrow and planless for similar reasons. The people in the five boroughs of Dutch New York were not all Dutch, for English, Irish, Scotch, French, Germans, and Jews had settled here. Indian natives were still living in villages, and there were also many negroes here. Traders from many parts of the world were coming and going constantly. It is said that fifteen languages were spoken in our city when the fourth and last Dutch NEW AMSTEKDAM A DUTCH CITY 139 governor lived in New Amsterdam. So you see in early times the people of our city belonged to many different nationalities, but the great majority were Dutch and English. The Hollanders permitted people from other countries in Europe not only to live and work in New Netherland but also to buy land. The settlers were obliged to take the oath of allegiance as Dutch subjects the same as the Dutch colonists, but it was not necessary for them to be members of the Dutch Reformed Church. Dutch was the official language, and it was used in the city churches and taught in the city schools. As early as 1643 it was necessary to have an official interpreter for those who could not speak Dutch. The Indians had their own language and their own names for everything. They called the Dutch cloth workers and iron workers because they made cloth and articles of iron. CHAPTER XXVIII PETER STUYVESANT Peter Stuyvesant was the fourth and last Dutch governor of New Netherland. As soon as the Indians saw him they called him Father Wooden Leg because he had a wooden leg. Governor Stuyvesant was a soldier and had vesant was a soldier and had lost his leg while fighting. He lived in a town house near the site of South ferry. The house was afterwards called the White Hall, and the street where it stood is called Whitehall street. His country home was on his "bouwerie," which extended from about 16th street to Cooper square, and from 4tli avenue to the East river. The house was built at a point east of 3d avenue and north of 10th street. Governor Stuyvesant employed many workmen, and in a few years there was (juite a little village on his land, called Bouwerie village. There was a free school in his village. Stuyvesant gave I'l;! Ki; 8ti:vvesant PETER STUYVESANT 141 great attention to his farm and gardens. Until the year 1867 a pear tree that had been planted in his orchard stood at the corner of 13th street and 3d avenue. He built a chapel in Bouwerie village, and when he died he was buried in the family vault under the little Dutch village chapel. Years afterward the chapel was torn down, but his remains were not disturbed. St. Mark's church now stands on the site of the one Stuyvesant built, and his tombstone is fastened to the east wall. This is the oldest church site in New York now occupied by a church. The Stuyvesant High School, near Stuyvesant square, is on the northern part of Stuyvesant's farm and in the old Bouwerie village. CHAPTER XXIX EARLY ORGANIZATION City Departments of New Amsterdam Governor Stuyvesant made the little settlement look like a city by laying out some streets and by having a few paved. He compelled the people who lived in these streets to keep them clean. pelled the people who lived in these streets to keep them clean. He also had a fire department, a police department, ment, a police department, and a post-office department, and he improved the schools. The Dutch firemen were called firewardens ; instead of fire engines and long fire hose, they had only two hundred and fifty leather buckets, and ladders. Fifty of these buckets were kept in the Stadt ets were kept in the Stadt Huys ; others were kept in business places, and some in private houses. When a fire broke out the bell on the Stadt Huys was rung, and all who could ran to help extinguish the fire. The people formed a bucket brigade ; that is, they formed guish the fire. The people formed a bucket brigade ; that is, they formed in two lines from the burning house to the river. The filled buckets were passed up one line, and the empty buckets down the other. Map of New Amsterdam (1664) EAELY ORGANIZATION When the fire was out it was the duty of the firewardens to collect the buckets and see that they were placed where they belonged. The first New York policemen were called watchmen. There were very few watchmen in the New Amsterdam police department. The post-office department was also a very simple one. Three post roads started from the Government House in the fort near Bowling Green. One road led through Stone and Pearl streets to the Brookl}Ti ferry. Another road led from the fort to Bouwerie village, and from there along the Harlem post road (now 3d lem post road (now 3d avenue) to Harlem. The Harlem river was crossed in a boat. The Boston road is an old post road in The Bronx. The third road led from Bowling Green to Bouwerie village, and from there along Broadway to the end of Manhattan, where the postman crossed the ferry to Kingsbridge. The post road continued along the Hudson river from Kingsbridge to Albany. Sailboats carried the mail between Albany and New Amsterdam in summer, but in winter people depended on the " foot post." Indian mail carriers were sometimes employed in winter; this service was called the " Indian posts." The Dutch mail service was not a very regular one. Friends generally settled near one another and consequently did not need to write letters. However, they did write to their friends in Europe, and many of these old letters are still in the libraries of Europe and America. Nkw Amstekdam (10.39) CHAPTER XXX THE FIRST NEW YORK SCHOOLS A schoolmaster was sent to New Amsterdam as soon as the Hollanders thought that the settlers could pay for one. The first New landers thought that the settlers could pay for one. The first New York schoolmaster was Adam Roelantsen. He came here in 1633 and built a house in Stone street. The schoolroom was a room in his house. As he was the only schoolmaster in New Amsterdam, he expected to make a good living ; but the people did not like him, and he taught here only a few years. Then another schoolmaster was appointed. master was appointed. The Stadt Huys and as the settlements The first Dutch free school was opened in this building ffrCW larger and larger more schoolmasters were needed. There was a small private school in New Amsterdam, and those who could afford it sent their children to this school. Some parents employed private tutors and dren to this school. Some parents employed private tutors and had their children taught at home. There was not much ready money in New Netherland in those days. The Dutch did not pay the schoolmasters in cash, but in wampum, beavers' skins, and grain. THE FIKST NEW YORK SCHOOLS The First Free School in the Colonies (1652J. When Peter Stuyvesant came to New Amsterdam he was not pleased with the town school. He said that " the education of the children had been neglected." He had a schoolhouse built, and while the children were waiting for it to be finished they were taught in a room in the Stone Tavern, which was afterward used as a City Hall and called the Stadt Huys. The site of the first New York free schoolhouse -- the public school of New Amsterdam -- is 73 Pearl street. house -- the public school of New Amsterdam -- is 73 Pearl street. Dutch Cottage in jS'kw York (1079) Although Stuyvesant did so much to improve the settlement, the people did not like him. They wanted more freedom, and wrote to the authorities in Holland, asking them to make New Amsterdam a city. In 1653 a charter was granted, which changed the settlement of New Amsterdam to the city of New Amsterdam. 146 HOME GEOGKAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY The Stone Tavern became the Stadt Huys, or City Hall, and meetings of city officials were held there. The city then meant that part of ings of city officials were held there. The city then meant that part of Manhattan south of Wall street, and less than one thousand people. Now it means five boroughs and more than four million people. The birthday of om* city is February 2, 1653, and it is now more than two hundred and fifty years old. Dutch Schools. The Dutch schools are less interesting to read about than the Indian schools. The children learned to read, write, and cipher. They had readers and spellers, and usually copied their " sums " in a blank book. Steel pens had not been invented. The children were taught to make pens out of goose quills. When the Dutch girl left school she helped her mother with housework, sewing, spinning, weaving, and knitting. A boy usually worked for his father. If his father were a farmer, he learned ally worked for his father. If his father were a farmer, he learned farming and how to trade his farm products for things he needed. His bookkeeping was easy. If his father were a trader, he had to learn the market value of furs, grain, and other articles, and also the money value of many strange-looking coins brought here by the foreign traders. When he was not sure of the value of a coin he weighed it in the money scales. The Dutch people in New Netherland and their governors, officers of the law, ministers, and schoolmasters belonged to the Dutch Reformed Cliurch. All schoolmasters were members of that church. When New York became an English colony the Dutch Reformed Church Society (the oldest church society in the city) continued to support its own free schools. The school, founded by the Dutch settlers in 1633, is still in existence. It is the oldest private school in the United States and is called the Collegiate School. CHAPTER XXXI LIFE IN THE DUTCH SETTLEMENTS Tkades and Occupations A great many men settling in the five boroughs preferred farming to trading. Farming paid well for two reasons : first, land was ing to trading. Farming paid well for two reasons : first, land was plentiful and cheap, and was sold or leased on easy terms ; second, there was always a market for flour, good butter, cheese, and eggs. The flour business became so profitable that wheat was raised in large quantities. Windmills, just like those used in Holland to-day, were built on these Dutch farms. The man who could not afford to build a mill carried his grain to a mill owner, and paid for the grinding. The farmers sold their farm and dairy products in the New Amsterdam markets and stores. How would the farmers get to New Amsterdam from Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island? People living on farms and in little villages miles away from New Amsterdam depended on peddlers for many things. There were shops and stores of all kinds in the little city, where peddlers could fill their packs for customers. The peddler was a very important person in those days. There were no newspapers printed in the tant person in those days. There were no newspapers printed in the colony, and when the peddler arrived at a farmhouse the whole Dutch Windmill HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY family gathered around him to hear the latest city news, as well as to admire what he had in his pack and bargain for what they needed. Wliat would a peddler have in his pack for a father? a mother? a girl? a boy? What is the date of the first Dutch settlement in your own borough? Find the answer to this question in the book. Do you live in an old Dutch settlement? If not, how far away from fV^ ' AWff r^^u mi- { '^_ "^ V ^_ "^ V Collect Pond as it was in Olden Times Site of city prison at Centre and Leonard streets your school was the first Dutch settlement in your borough? In what direction would you travel to reach the nearest Dutch settlement that you know of ? ment that you know of ? You have learned that the Dutch were fur traders, lumber dealers, and farmers. They became very prosperous, and New Amster- ers, and farmers. They became very prosperous, and New Amsterdam was the business center of the colony. Ships were constantly dam was the business center of the colony. Ships were constantly unloading and loading along the docks and wdiarves because of its extensive commerce. What is a business center ? What did the Dutch have in abundance? What did they need that was made in LIFE IN THE DUTCH SETTLEMENTS 149 Europe? What do you think the ships brought to New Amsterdam? What do you think the ships took away? What do we call dam? What do you think the ships took away? What do we call men who buy and sell goods? What do we call a man who is in command of a ship? What do we call the men under liis command? What do we call the men who load and unload vessels? Beaver street was the center of the fur trade. On a counter of a store in Beaver street might have been seen the skin or fur of a beaver or a bear. How did it get there ? Beekman street was the principal home of the leather trade and has remained so. To whom did the leather trade give employment ? The houses were built of wood, brick, and stone. Who builds houses ? Mention the different tradesmen employed in building a house ; in furnishing it. Mention other trades that you think some men in New Amsterdam worked at. Do you think there was much work for men who had trades ? Were all men living there either tradesmen or merchants ? If not, what were they ? There were many ways of earning a living in New Amsterdam. As the Dutch settlers were industrious and very saving, every family could have a comfortable home. There were but few wealthy men in the city. In those days a man who was worth twenty thousand dollars was considered a very rich man. Some of the rich men had town houses in New Amsterdam and country houses farther north on the island. The great majority lived in town all the year round. When we speak of New Amsterdam we mean that part of Manhattan island south of Wall street. Look at 3'our maps. Find Wall street. Across Wall street there was a very strong, thick, high wall built of wood. This wall extended from Pearl street, which was then on the East river, to Greenwich street, which HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY was then on the Hudson river. It was built to defend the city on the north, and at certain places along the wall there were block houses. The city wall was guarded day and night by soldiers. At Pearl street and the East river, and at Broadway and Wall street, there were strong, heavy gates which were locked at night. The entrance to the city at the East river was called the Water Gate. The entrance at Broad- trance at Broadway was called the way was called the Land Gate. Broadway was the prin- way was the principal street and cipal street and extended from Bowling Green to the Land Gate, and then beyond to City Hall Park, which was only a pasture where cows were kept from early morning until sundown. The town herdsman took care of the people's cows. He called for them every morning at sunrise, drove them to the pasture, and looked after them during the day. A little before sunset he drove the cows back to the city, and stopped at every gate to blow liis horn and thus tell the people that then- cow was at home. The Water Gate at Pearl Street and the East River CHAPTER XXXII DUTCH CHILDREN A little boy was asked to tell something he knew thing he knew about the Dutch settlers. He answered: ''They swered: ''They lived in brick houses with high, steep, pointed roofs ; they were very clean, and had Christmas trees and crullers, and the father smoked a long pipe and liked to play ninepins on Bowling Green." ling Green." This little boy's answer gives one a good idea of the pleasant home life of the Dutch. A "high, steep, pointed roof," such as the boy described, is called a gable roof. The top floor of Dutch Women in Holland 152 HUME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY such a house is called the garret. Here the nuts were stored that the children gathered in the fall. Crullers were not the only good things the children had to eat. Food was plentiful and cheap. The mothers were good cooks and made many kinds of cakes, pies, and puddings for them. The Dutch liked holidays. In New York they celebrated the holidays of old Holland. On these holidays everybody stopped work and enjoyed himself. On Easter Monday the children played at cracking colored eggs. On May Day they had May parties and danced around the Maypole. On Pinkster Monday all went to the woods to spend the day. They took their food with them in baskets and had a regular picnic. They gathered the beautiful wild flowers and brought them home to make their rooms look pretty. The children liked the Christmas holidays best of all. They hung up their stockings and expected presents from jolly old St. Nicholas just as you do now. The fathers and big brothers went to the woods, cut down Christmas trees, and brought them home. The trees were then dressed and looked bright and pretty. On New Year's Day friends, old and young, called to wish each other a Hapjjy New Year. Everybody was welcome, even strangers, and there were crullers and New Year's cakes and all kinds of good things to eat and drink. Governor Stuyvesant, the English governors, and President Washington always had receptions on New ernors, and President Washington always had receptions on New Year's Day. Washington thought it a delightful custom, and said he hoped the people of New York would always make New Year's calls. This friendly old Dutch custom was continued in New York until a few years ago. CHAPTER XXXIII UNDER THE ENGLISH FLAG v{j\^ Why New Amsterdam became an Exglisii City When New Amsterdam 'f became a city in 1653 and there I were other officers of the law ' j as well as a governor, the people expected more liberty. But ple expected more liberty. But Stuyvesant did not believe in free government. He was very stubborn and had a very bad temper. He did what he thought was best for the colony. He would not listen to ony. He would not listen to the advice of anybody, and got angry when people disagreed with him. So the people of New Netherland considered him unjust to them and grew to dislike him. The English knew that New Netherland was a rich colony and that the people were " --<^-=- -=* ^ ^ Stuyvesant surrendering the dissatisfied with Governor to the English Fort 154 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Stuyvesant. One day in September, 1664, some English war ships appeared in New York harbor and demanded the surrender of New Netherland. Stuyvesant said he would never surrender. He wished to fight, but the people refused to help him. They thought they would have more freedom under English rule. Stuyvesant was compelled to surrender. The English changed the name of New Amsterdam to New York. The English made no effort at first to change the Dutch customs, but after a few years English was declared the official lan- toms, but after a few years English was declared the official language, and English officers of law took the places of Dutch officers. guage, and English officers of law took the places of Dutch officers. Thus the Dutch city of New Amsterdam became the English city of New York. CHAPTER XXXIV HOW NEW YORK BECAME AN AMERICAN CITY In 1776 New York was one of thirteen English colonies in America. The colonists were British subjects, but they did not enjoy the same rights and privileges as British subjects living in England. They were governed by unjust laws and were dissatisfied with English rule. Delegates from the colonies met in convention in Philadelphia to discuss ways and means of obtaining justice from King George III. At this time the majority of the people in the colonies did not wish to be independent of England ; they hoped the delegates would be able to settle the trouble. But the king was offended with the colonists and opposed all their wishes. The convention then decided that the colonies ought to be free from English rule. The Declaration of Independence was written, and adopted on July 4, 1776, and then the Seven Years' War for independence began. The Americans were victorious. When the war pendence began. The Americans were victorious. When the war was over the thirteen united colonies became thirteen free states, and New York became a free American city. In one hundred and seventy-four years New York had seen seven changes: (1) it had been the home of the Indians; (2) it was visited by Heiu-y Hudson ; (3) it was visited by fur traders ; (4) it became a Dutch trading settlement; (5) it became a Dutch city; (6) it then became an English city; and (7) when the English army left New York in 1783 it became what it has remained, -- a free American city. NEW YORK AS AN ENGLISH COLONY CHAPTER XXXV GROWTH AND PROSPERITY UNDER THE ENGLISH The English made many improvements in New York. One of the first was the cleaning of streets. Men were paid to carry away the heaps of dirt. This was the beginning of the street-cleaning department. The city wall was taken down and in its place a street was laid out. The streets were lighted at night for the first time. On every seventh house there was a lantern hung on a pole. Does not this seem a very strange way to light the streets ? On New Year's Day, in 1673, the first regular mail in the English colonies started from New York to Boston. " Each first Monday of the month he sets out from New York and is to return within the month from Boston to us again," wrote the governor to a friend. The postman rode on horseback along the old Dutch post road from Bowling Green to Harlem river. He then crossed the river to the Boston road and went along the Boston road through The Bronx. From The Bronx he rode in a northeasterly direction to Boston. He stopped at farmhouses and villages along the way to sleep and to eat. For miles and miles he rode through forests where he had to mark the trees as he went along so that he would know the path he had taken and thus find his way back. He crossed HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY the large rivers in a boat because in those days there were no bridges spanning them. The colony increased in wealth and numbers, and New York city became a gay and lively place. In the winter the wealthy class lived in the city and in summer on their country estates, just as they do try estates, just as they do now. The English governor and officers of the law and the English army officers living here with their families enjoyed many of the ilies enjoyed many of the pleasures and amusements they had had in England. A theater was opened and many people attended the plays and concerts given there. They also had afternoon teas, balls, and parties. In summer the boys had fishing, boating, ball playing, bowling, golf, and other outdoor games ; in winter, skating, sleighing, and coasting. ing, and coasting. The English always celebrated the birthdays of the king and the queen. When New York became an English colony these holidays were added to the many holidays celebrated by the Dutch. days were added to the many holidays celebrated by the Dutch. On English holidays the soldiers with their military bands paraded. In the evening the city was illuminated and there was a grand ball at the Government House. The boys could have processions of their own and light bonfires and make all the noise they wished with drums, horns, and whistles. Corner of Exchange Place and Broad Street (1690) GROWTH AND PROSPERITY UNDER THE ENGLISH 159 New York Schools and the Change in Language When the Dutch surrendered their settlements to the English there were free schools in three boroughs, -- Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. In New Amsterdam there was also one high school called a Latin school and several private schools. The Dutch language and the Dutch reformed religion were taught in these schools. guage and the Dutch reformed religion were taught in these schools. The Dutch loved their language and their church. The English governors allowed the Dutch to have their own churches and schools, but the government would not give the Dutch free schools any money. The Dutch Church Society supported as many free schools as it could. ported as many free schools as it could. The English had their own schools and churches of different denominations. People who spoke other languages had their churches also. In a few years there were in New Amsterdam Dutch schools and English schools, Dutch churches, English churches, a German church, a French man church, a French church, and a Jewish synagogue. The educated people understood Dutch and English. The English language was spoken in the City Hall and in the courts. The young Dutch people spoke English in school and with their English friends, and they began to attend the English churches. View in Manhattan: Houses and Churches (1746) 160 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY For these reasons Dutch was spoken less and less as the years went by, and English became the language of New York long before the Zenger trial. The First College in New York City. Until 1754 there were only primary schools and Latin or high schools in New York. Boys who wislied to go to college were sent to Harvard, Yale, Princeton, or to Europe. In that year some New York gentlemen decided to found a college in New York. It was called King's College. The Trinity Church Society gave the college a portion of the church lands. Some of the money necessary for the buildings was raised in England and a part was raised in New York. ings was raised in England and a part was raised in New York. Some of the books for the college were sent from England and others were given by New York gentlemen. The classes were taught in the vestry room of Trinity until a building was ready. The president and professors belonged to the Church of England. The college and grounds covered the block now bounded by West Broadway (formerly called College place), Barclay, Church, and Murray streets. This land sloped down to the river bank, which was then at Greenwich street. During the Revolution the college was used as a prison. When the war was over the name was changed to Columbia College. Pictures and other valuable articles belonging to the college were stored in the New York Library in City Hall. During the war the English soldiers stole many valuable articles belonging to the college and sold them. By the year 1857 the site of the old college had become such a business center that the trustees decided to move farther uptown. New college buildings were erected on the block between 49th and 50th streets, Madison and 4th avenues. In 1892 this part of GROWTH AND PROSPERITY UNDER THE ENGLISH IGl the city was no longer suitable, and the present historic site on Morningside Heights was selected. Columbia College, the old King's College, is now Columbia University. The story of Columbia University buildings is the story of sity buildings is the story of the growth of the west side of Manhattan northward. Trinity Church, -- the First English Church in New York The English people held their church services in a Dutch church until they had a church of thek own. Part of the money needed to build the new English church was collected in New York and part in England. The government helped the Trinity ernment helped the Trinity Church Society by giving a large farm called Queen Anne's farm. This English farm had been two Dutch farms, and it extended from Fulton street to Christopher ^kinity Chukch street, and from Broadway to the Hudson river. The first church was destroyed by the fire that occurred the night before Nathan Hale was put to death. A new church was built on the same site, 162 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY and nearly fifty years afterward it was torn down because it was unsafe. Tlien the present Trinity church was built. The Trinity Church Society gave away or sold some of its land, but it still owns a large portion of what was the old farm and is the richest church society in the United States. In colonial times the society gave some land to King's College. In 1820 it sold some of the farm to the Public School Society for a new free school at the corner of Hudson and Grove streets. That part of the city was then called Greenwich village, so Public School No. 3 now stands in the old Greenwich village, and on part of the land once known as Queen Anne's farm. Trinity churchyard is the oldest one in our city. When New York belonged to the Dutch this churchyard was many feet lower than it is at present. A great many officers and soldiers who died while in prison during the Seven Years' war for independence were buried in Trinity churchyard. The large monument that stands opposite Pine street, called the Soldiers' Monument, was erected in their honor. St. Paul's Chapel. St. Paul's chapel belongs to Trinity parish. It was built in colonial times and is the oldest and the only colonial church building in Manhattan. When the chapel was built that part of Manhattan was " the countryj" and the church members decided to have the new church face the Hudson river. For this reason the rear of the chapel now faces Broadway, which was not a very important street in those days. Standing at the principal entrance in colonial times one saw beautiful lawns and green fields sloping down to the Hudson river, and across the river the wooded shores of New Jersey. When GROWTH AND PROSPERITY UNDER THE ENGLISH 163 Washington lived in New York he attended St. Paul's chapel regularly, and no doubt enjoyed the beautiful and attractive view from larly, and no doubt enjoyed the beautiful and attractive view from the church door. Perhaps he walked under the shady trees that grew where office buildings now stand. In the chapel you can still see the pew in which he sat and also the pew of Governor De Witt Clinton, the first president of the Free School Society. The First Printing Press IN New York In 1693 William Bradford set up the first printing press in New York city. His office was at 81 Pearl street, near Hanover square, which was then called Printing House square. It was a business center and the shopping district for a great many years. The printing press of those days was only a hand press. Paper was very scarce and much dearer than it is now. Bradford did the government printing and also printed almanacs, pamphlets, and maps. ernment printing and also printed almanacs, pamphlets, and maps. In 1725 he founded the Weekly Gazette, the first New York newspaper and the fourth newspaper in the English colonies. His paper and the fourth newspaper in the English colonies. His newspaper office was on the site of the present Cotton Exchange. Newspapers were printed weekly. Each page was about one fourth CojiyrightiMl, V.m. hy (iuorgt St. Paul's Chapkl p. llall & Son HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY the size of a page of one of our daily papers. Bradford's printing press is still in existence. When Bradford died he was buried in Trinity churchyard. If you visit the churchyard you can see his grave. The English City Hall A new City Hall was built on the corner of Wall and Broad streets where the Sub-Treasury now stands. It was described as "the most magnificent building in the city." The governor of New York and his council, the lawmakers of the colony, and makers of the colony, and the city officers of the law held their meetings in the new City Hall. In the building there was a court room, afterwards the scene of the Zenger trial, and also cells for prisoners. The building cost about PS3000. City Hall in Wall Street before the Revolution The First Library The first New York Library, called the New York Society Library, was opened in a room in the English City Hall, in 1700. During the war for independence, when New York was the headquarters of the English army, many of the books and other valuable quarters of the English army, many of the books and other valuable articles of this library were sold in the streets by the English soldiers. The New York Society Library, the oldest in our city, is diers. The New York Society Library, the oldest in our city, is now in University place, Manhattan. CHAPTER XXXVI EARLY NEWSPAPERS The citizens of New Amsterdam surrendered to the English for two reasons : first, because they were not satisfied with Dutch rule ; second, because they thought the English rulers would give them more liberty. They were well pleased with the first English governor. He was a just man and tried to please the people and make them like him. As a rule, the governors did not stay here very long. A number of the royal governors tried ber of the royal governors tried to deprive the people of some of their rights and were unjust in many ways ; others were dishonest. As the years passed, the honest. As the years passed, the ruling classes were guilty of so many unjust acts toward the people that they had good cause to complain and dislike them. Quarrels between the People and the English Officers of the Law. The royal governor was appointed by the king, l)ut the lawmaking body of the colony was elected by the people. This lawmaking body made the laws to govern the colony. It had the right to tax the people for the money needed to pay the expenses of the government, Old-Timk i'i;iMix(; I'i;k: HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY and also for money for the use of the English kmgs. The people always paid the taxes that their own lawmakers ordered them to pay, either for their own nse or for the use of the king. The lawmakers paid the salary of the royal governor and decided how the public money should be spent. There were many quarrels between the governors and the lawmakers because the lawmakers Turtle Bay from 45th to 48th Streets, East River, Manhattan (Old-time view) would not give them as much money as they asked for. In these quarrels the people always sided with the lawmakers they had elected. Gradually two parties began to form, -- the people's party and the government party. The government party was made up of the governor and other English officials, some wealthy Dutch merchants, and English landowners. The people's party was made up chants, and English landowners. The people's party was made up of the wealthy Dutch landowners, the Dutch farmers, men in many different kinds of business, and foreign settlers. There were also many men who did not belong to either party. EARLY NEWSPAPERS 167 Editor Bradford belonged to the government party, and his paper, the Weekly Gazette , always sided with the government, no matter how wrong or how unjust or how dishonest it was toward the people. He never helped the people in any way, but always sided against them and in favor of the government and the ruling classes. Therefore the people called his paper the " Aristocrats' paper." The people of New York said that as they were free English citizens, they had the right to enjoy freedom of speech and the freedom of the press. That means, first, that they had the right to speak freely about what the ruling party did and said; second, they had the right to tell the truth about unjust and dishonest rulers ; thhd, they had the right to have their side of the story in all disputes published. The Second New York Newspaper and the Eighth in the English Colonies. In 1733 some rich men gave John Peter Zenger enough money to start a newspaper to help the people's party. It was called the Weekly Journal. Many of the articles in it were well written and told the readers what the people thought about the actions of the governor and other officials. The writers attacked everybody connected with the ruling party who deserved to be attacked. nected with the ruling party who deserved to be attacked. At last the governor and his friends became very angry with Editor Zenger. They said that all he had published about them was untrue. Some editions of his paper were seized and burned publicly. Zenger was put in prison in a cell in the City Hall on the charge of printing falsehoods, and kept there for six months to await trial. This trial was the first open contest of the people of the colonies for their rights. They had good cause to be very anxious HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY about the result. The colonists knew that it would be the end of their liberty if the New York governor could suppress freedom of speech and the freedom of the press by using the law to punish an editor for free speaking and free writing. The Freedom of the Press established in America. Andrew Hamilton, the greatest lawyer in the colonies, lived in Philadelphia. Some ton, the greatest lawyer in the colonies, lived in Philadelphia. Some of Zenger's friends who were leaders of the people's party went to see him and asked him to take charge of the case. He said he would gladly do so as a patriotic duty, and that he would not accept a fee or a reward of any kind for his services. Zenger's trial took place in the City Hall on Wall street, where the Sub-Treasury stands to-day. The people were surprised when Hamilton took charge of the case, for they did not know that Zenger's friends had been to see him. Hamilton read in court some of Zenger's articles that the jury knew were truthful. He pointed out to them that this case was not merely the case of an editor of a paper, nor of New York alone, but that it was a case that would affect the liberty of every citizen in the English colonies. He told the jury that their verdict would decide whether men had the right to oppose the acts of unjust rulers by speaking and writing the truth. The jury felt that Hamilton was right ing and writing the truth. The jury felt that Hamilton was right in all he said and that Zenger had done nothing wrong. They View in Manhattan : Houses and Water Front (1740) EARLY NEWSPAPEKS went out of the room for a few moments and returned with the verdict of Not Guilty. This was a great victory for the people, and we must give much credit to Andrew Hamilton. He established the freedom of the press in America in 1735 by the way he conducted the case. When he started for his home in Philadelphia he was escorted to the boat by great crowds of people. Andrew Hamil- ple. Andrew Hamilton was a hero in the ton was a hero in the fight for the freedom of the press. Ways of Travel in 1735. Hamilton was eighty years old at the time of this trial and he knew he would not enjoy the trip to New York. The journey Xew York and Boston Mail Coach (1789) was not a pleasant one. People who liked the sea could come from Philadelphia to New York by water. The sailing vessels carried freight and passengers, and if the weather were fine they made the trip in three days. The berths were not very comfortable, and the passengers supplied their own food. The journey by land was made on horseback, in a private carriage, or in the stagecoach. Travelers ate and slept at inns and taverns. All roads were bad, and very few of the inns or taverns were good ; the meals were poor, and sometimes five or six people were obliged to sleep in one room. Rivers and bays were crossed in rowboats, flatboats, or sailboats. o CHAPTER XXXVII TROUBLE WITH ENGLAND The Stamp Act In 1765 the English king, George III, needed a large sum of money, and he decided to raise this money by taxing the colonists. The surest and easiest way for a government to collect money is by means of a stamp tax, so King George had the English government pass a law called the Stamp Act. If the Stamp Act had been obeyed, the people would have been forced to pay a stamp tax on many articles bought and sold. Some stamps cost a penny and some cost ten pounds in English money. The law required all newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets to be printed on stamped paper, and also required a stamp on every kind of business paper or law paper. If a father bought a newspaper, he would have had to pay for the newspaper and also for the stamp on it. When he paid his rent he would ha\e had to pay for the stamp on the receipt. When he paid a bill he would have had to pay for the stamp on the bill. The people in the thirteen colonies united and decided that they would not obey an unjust law '" made in England," and they refused to use any of the stamps or stamped paper. They said they were willing to give the king money, and to be taxed for it by their own lawmakers ; but they felt that they would lose their liberty if they allowed the English king and his lawmakers to tax them when they pleased and how they pleased. HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY The people were so excited when the stamps for New York came from England that the governor locked up the stamps in the fort near Bowling Green. He feared the people would get them and destroy them. The stamps were to have been used for the first time on November 1st. On October 31st the merchants of New York held a meeting in a coffeehouse, and decided to buy nothing that came from England while the Stamp Act remained a law. The next day the shops and stores were closed, the flags were put at half mast, and the bells in the city tolled as if a funeral were passing. In the evening great crowds gathered in the streets and walked toward The Fields, now City Hall Park, to attend a meeting of the Sons of Liberty, a patriotic society. When the meeting was over the people formed in a torchlight procession and marched down Broadway. Some one had made a dummy and dressed it to look like the governor. The crowd ernor. The crowd broke open the governor's stable, took ernor's stable, took out his coach, and put the dummy on it. They dragged the coach around the street and then to Bowling Green. Great crowds of people surrounded the fort. They tried to get inside to destroy the stamps ; but the soldiers protected the fort without firing a shot. ^ i La V- f ^rik^nj 9i U^* Tffl f^^^^'-W^^^^I^^IJSf^ ^^^^^^^Hf^E^jv^^^BBjV^^^B^ni^w ^ -1 # t'^l I',Y=^^^ #;=a.aai|i8iiii, r >!^% AjH^^jjpj^ >ii3r'^ i^^^ ##-*^^^?^ ^I^M Fort Amstekdam and iiii. Fir.si J^hkk Dwellings erected in the City TKOUBLE WITH ENGLAND 173 and the governor refused to give up the stamps. The people then made a bonfire on Bowling Green and burned the governors coach and the dummy. Afterward the governor was obliged to hand over the stamps to the mayor and aldermen, and the stamps were locked up in the City Hall. When the news that the colonies were united against the unjust law reached the king, he felt that if he tried to force the colonists to obey it would cause a war, so the Stamp Act was repealed. The following is a stanza of one of the popular songs of the time. With the beasts of the wood we '11 ramble for food And lodge in wild deserts and caves, And live, poor as Job, on the skirts of the globe Befoi-e we '11 submit to be slaves, brave boys, Before we '11 submit to be slaves ! June 4, 1766; the Liberty Pole The repeal of the Stamp Act was a great victory for the colonists. The government party and the English soldiers were very angry about it. As the 4th of June was the king's birthday, the people of New York decided to make it a day of rejoicing because the quarrels about the Stamp Act were ended. The Sons of Liberty put up a Liberty Pole in The Fields very near the site of the post office. A flag waved from the top of the pole bearing the words, '' The King, Pitt,^ and Liberty." Bands played, and there was firing of pistols and cannon. An ox was roasted in The Fields, and there were speeches, singing, and bonfires in the evening. The city officials and military officers were present. 1 Pitt was a great English statesman who sided with the colonists. HOME GEOGFvAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY The rejoicings of the people and the sight of the flag with the word "Liberty" on it angered the soldiers. The colonists were obliged to feed the soldiers and give them houses to live in, and the soldiers gave them a great deal of trouble in many ways. One night the soldiers cut down the Liberty Pole. The Sons of Liberty at once erected a second pole. That was cut down, and the Sons of Liberty erected a third pole. They guarded this pole so 'lE\V OF (Jlu JjUILDINGS IN WiLLIAM StREKT well that the soldiers did not get a chance to cut it down until one night in March. When the Sons of Liberty found their third pole cut down they erected a fourth one and fastened it with iron braces. One night, three years later, the soldiers pulled down the fourth pole and sawed it into pieces. They piled the pieces in front of the door of the house where the Sons of Liberty held their meetings. TKOUBLK WITH ENGLAND The Battle of Golden Hill (Janttaky 18, 1770): the First Blood sued in the Wak for Independence The people were enraged the next morning when the fourth pole was found in pieces. There was great excitement in the city, and a crowd soon gathered in The Fields. The corner of John and William streets was then a hill, and in the early times wheat was planted there. When the wheat was ripe it looked like gold in the sunshine, and for this reason it was named Golden Hill. On the morning of the battle the trouble began between the Sons of Liberty and tlie GOLDKN HILL. HERE JANUARY 18, 1770, THE FIGHT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE "SONS OF LIBERTY" AND THE BRITISH REGULARS, 16th FOOT. FIRST BLOOD IN THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. ERECTED BY THE SONS OF THE REVOLUTION. soldiers. The soldiers Tablet, Northwest Corner of John and J. T T 1 1 , /-(IT William Streets tell back to Golden Hill. They then charged with their bayonets on the crowd, whose only weapons were stones, clubs, and knives. One citizen was killed and several were wounded. This was called the battle of Golden Hill. It was the first bloodshed of the American Revolution. A short time after the battle the Sons of Liberty bought a piece of land on the western border of The Fields and erected a fifth pole. It was a great high pole with a vane on top, on which was one word, -- Liberty. This pole was still standing when the Declaration of Independence was read. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Independence Day, the Birthday of the United States After the repeal of the Stamp Act the king tried in other ways to tax the people against their will, but they would not pay any kind of a tax that was not ordered by their own lawmakers. The king was very angry with them and called them rebels. As the trouble Redoubt on Valley Guove, Bkouklvn (1776) was very serious, statesmen from the colonies met in convention in Philadelphia. These statesmen hoped to find some way to end the trouble between the king and the colonists. They sent letters to the king, but he would not read them. They sent delegates to England, but the king would not see or speak to them. He said that the king was the lawmaker for the colonies and that the colonists must do as he wished. He needed a larger array than he had, so he hired foreign soldiers to come here and help his army fight the colonists. When this news reached America there was a second meeting of statesmen in Philadelphia. This meeting was called a Congress. TROUBLE WITH EKGLAND This Congress voted to declare the colonies free from England. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, and all the delegates signed it. On the 4th of July, 1776, the thirteen united colonies called themselves thirteen free states, -- the United States of America. Men on horseback were sent with copies of the Declaration to all the new states. When the messenger reached New York the soldiers marched to The Fields, then called The Common. Washino;ton and his officers were on horseback. Such a vast number of ino;ton and his officers were on horseback. Such a vast number of people had gathered on and near The Common that it looked as if everybody in New York had come there to see Washington and to hear the Declaration of Independ- tion of Independence read. ence read. When the reader had finished the soldiers and people hurried away. Some rushed to the City Hall and tore down tlie picture of the king and destroyed it. Others rushed to Bowling Green, pulled down the leaden statue of the king, broke it, and sent the pieces away to be made into bullets for the United States army. The people tore down everything in sight with the picture of the king SuYDAM House Built by Leffert on Bushwick Lane, Brooklyn, about 1700; occupied by a company of Hessians in the Revolution 178 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY * or the royal coat of arms on it. These things were broken and thrown into bonfires. The people did everything they could think of to show the joy they felt because King George III was no longer their ruler. Although the colonists had declared themselves free and independent, the mere declaration was not enough to make them so. pendent, the mere declaration was not enough to make them so. King George would not recognize their independence and said that Congress had no right to speak for people he called his subjects. When the Declaration of Independence was adopted an English fleet was near New York harbor. The English commander was told to try to restore peace on the king's terms. Lord Howe could offer pardon to all rebels who would lay down their arms, but he could not treat with any officer appointed by Congress nor recognize Congress in any way. He could not even refer to the troubles nize Congress in any way. He could not even refer to the troubles that caused the people to rebel against the English government. Lord Howe sent a letter to Washington addressed " George Washington, Esq." This address was not correct, as Washington was ington, Esq." This address was not correct, as Washington was commander in chief of the American army. Washington refused to receive any letter from Lord Howe not properly addressed. However, he received Lord Howe's messenger at No. 1 Broadway. This officer said that Lord Howe had the power to jDardon all who would lay down their arms. Washington replied that the Americans could not accept pardons, as they had done nothing wrong ; cans could not accept pardons, as they had done nothing wrong ; that they were defending what they considered their rights. As there was no one in authority to receive Lord Howe's message, it was impossible to arrange a meeting between English and American representatives. Lord Howe then began his preparations for war. CHAPTER XXXVIII NEW YORK AND THE REVOLUTION What the Declaration of Independence meant to those who signed it. As the Americans had rebelled against their government, the war for inde]3endence was a civil war. The English considered every American officer and soldier a rebel. Do you know what is done to a rebel if he is caught ? The statesmen who signed the Declaration would have lost money, projDerty, and perhaps their lives if the Americans had been defeated. One of the statesmen when signing his name made a few remarks to those standing near him ; he ended with the words, " We must hang together." " Yes," said the great Benjamin Franklin, " we must all hang together or else we shall all hang separately." New York during the Seven Years' War. When the war began the English decided to get control of New York state. Look at your map. Would it not take a very large and well-trained army to defend your city ? The American army in New York was a volunteer army ; it was not large nor yet well trained. Congress ordered teer army ; it was not large nor yet well trained. Congress ordered Washington to defend New York, so he was obliged to divide his army and do the best he could with it. Part of it was to defend Manhattan, part of it was sent to defend Brooklyn, and part of it was at Fort Lee. Washington hoped that the guns of Fort Lee and Fort Washington would prevent the English fleet passing Manhattan. The Americans also vent the English fleet passing Manhattan. The Americans also HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY used sunken ships and chains between Fort Lee and Manhattan to keep the English ships back. Washington did not have enough men to attempt to defend Staten Island. A large English army landed there, and a large English fleet anchored in the bay. The Black Horse Tavern, New Dorp, was ern, New Dorp, was the English general's headquarters. The first New York battle of the war was fought in the borough of Brooklyn ; part oi the battleground is now Prospect Park. Washington was not present at that battle. The Americans were defeated and the English took some prisoners. That night Washington saved an army of nine thousand men by retreating across the East river to Manhattan. The English were building earthworks, and the night was dark and foggy. Washington had secured enough boats to carry men, cannon, and all the ington had secured enough boats to carry men, cannon, and all the army supplies across the river. Washington knew the English would follow to the city, but he did not know whether they would surround the island with their large fleet and try to capture the Americans, or whether they would try to drive them from the island. He hurried the army from the city to the northern part of Manhattan above 125th street and made the Jumel mansion his headquarters. Fort Fish, North End of Central Park Old blacksmith shop and Washington's headquarters NEW YORK AND THE REVOLUTION A few days later the English army landed on the island. The general in command had his headquarters in a mansion at 51st street near the East river, and two other generals went to a mansion at 91st street and 9th avenue.^ The English army stretched sion at 91st street and 9th avenue.^ The English army stretched in a line across the island between these two points. The English now had Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens, and the old city of New York. The Americans still had the northern part of Manhattan, The Bronx, and the New Jersey shores opposite. The American army was small. The English army was large, and they had a strong fleet of war ships. Washington was in a very difficult position. He wished to know what the English general intended to do next. In order to find out the enemy's plans, it was necessary to send some one he could trust within their lines. Washington ordered one of his staff to call a meeting of the officers to explain the great danger facing the American army and to ask for a volunteer ^^^^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ to undertake the task of acting as a spy. Only one man stepped forward ; he said, " I will undertake it." He was Captain Nathan Hale. ward ; he said, " I will undertake it." He was Captain Nathan Hale. 1 Washington stayed at this mansion for a day or two when the army was going to Washington Heights. In that house were decided the plans tliat Xatlian Hale was to follow. Many years later this property was known as Elm Park and was a popular place for picnics. HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Nathan Hale Brave heart that beat for love and right, Brave soldier, Nathan Hale ! Nathan Hale was only twenty years old. He was a graduate of Yale College, a school teacher, and one of the first young men to enlist. His friends and brother officers begged him not to risk his life by acting as a spy. He said he considered it an honor to do anything to help his countrymen win the independence for which trymen win the independence for which they were fighting. He decided to go to New York city dressed as a Dutch school teacher. His friends helped him to change his uniform for a plain suit of brown citizen's form for a plain suit of brown citizen's clothes and a round broad-brimmed hat. He put his college diploma in his pocket, and left everything else with an officer who was his most intimate friend. On the day before the battle of Harlem Heights, Nathan Hale started from lem Heights, Nathan Hale started from Washington Heights, then called Harlem Heights, crossed the Harlem river, lem Heights, crossed the Harlem river, walked through The Bronx, and then farther on to Norwalk, Connecticut. He crossed the sound from Norwalk to Huntington, Long Island, walked through Queens and Brooklyn, and crossed the East river to New York. You see he did not go Nathan Hale NEW YOKK AND THE KEVULUTION 183 directly from Washington Heights downtown as you would do to-day because the British army was between Washington Heights and the city. He stayed in the city long enough to get the information he wished for, and was on his way back to the American lines when he was recognized and captured. He was taken to the general's headquarters at 51st street, near the East river, and hanged the next morning about eleven o'clock without a trial. As they were preparing to hang him, some one said, " What a death for an officer to die ! " " Gentlemen," said Captain Hale, " any death is honorable when a man dies in a cause like this." We do not know whether he ever sent Washington any information. We do not know exactly where he was captured. We do mation. We do not know exactly where he was captured. We do not know exactly where he was put to death, and we do not know where he was buried. But we do know that he was cruelly treated, died a sorrowful death, and that his last words were, " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." On the afternoon of the day he died Washington and Hale's brother officers heard of it. They were told that he had met death bravely, and also what his last words had been. My sole regret, that it is mine to give Only one life, that my dear land may live. Paktridge. The Battle of Harlem Heights. The battle of Harlem Heights was fought the day after Nathan Hale started on his roundabout journey to reach the city. The land on which Columbia University now stands is a part of this battleground. The Americans were victorious and retired to their camp on Washington Heights, north HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY of Manhattanville valley. The English army encamped on the heights, south of Manhattanville valley. Washington left some men at Fort Washington to defend Washington Heights. He then marched his army through The Bronx and into the country north of that borough. The Americans were defeated at Washington Heights, and the commanding officer at Fort Washington was compelled to surrender. New York city was the headquarters of the English army for seven years. The American soldiers captured in Brooklyn and Manhattan were placed in charge tan were placed in charge of the men who had put Nathan Hale to death. Prisoners caj)tured in other places were sent here. There were not enough prisons in the city for so many men, so the City Hall, Columbia College, the churches, business houses, and some worthless old ships were used as prisons. These ships were anchored less old ships were used as prisons. These ships were anchored in the East river. The most famous prison ship was the Jersey, anchored in Wallabout bay. All the prisons were filthy and overcrowded. The jailers were very cruel men. crowded. The jailers were very cruel men. Sometimes the prisoners suffered from thirst and for want of food, and very often they were given water and food unfit for human beings. Thousands of American soldiers who died from the effects of the bad food and the filthy, overcrowded prisons were West Angle of Fort Washington NEW YUKK AND THE KE VOLUTION buried in Trinity churchyard, and thousands were buried in Brooklyn, near the Navy Yard. The remains of those buried in the Navy Yard were removed to the Martyrs' tomb in Fort Greene Park. Evacuation Day After peace was declared Washington intended to disband the army in New York and then to start for his home in Mount Vernon. In November, when the American army reached Harlem from different places north of Manhattan, the English were still in the city. ent places north of Manhattan, the English were still in the city. fokts flsu am) (.linton, fortifications at McGowan's Pass While waiting for the English to leave Manhattan, Washington remained at a tavern near the corner of 125th street and 8th avenue, and the army camped in the northern part of Central Park nue, and the army camped in the northern part of Central Park where Mount St. Vincent is now. That part of the park was then called McGowan's Pass. HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY On the morning of November 25th the English sliips were ready and the English soldiers began to go on board. The American army marched down from Harlem to Union square. Here the citizens met Washington and his soldiers. Together they went down the Bowery into the city as far as Rector gether they went down the Bowery into the city as far as Rector street. Two companies proceeded to the Battery to raise the American flag on the fort. Imagine the disappointment and anger of the ican flag on the fort. Imagine the disappointment and anger of the soldiers when they found that a trick had been played on them. The English soldiers had nailed the English flag to the top of the pole. They had greased the pole to keep the Americans from climbing up to tear the flag off. The English did not wish to see the American flag waving over New York city. They hoped they would get far away before the English fore the English View at Foht Clinton, McGowan's Pass, Central Park ^^g ^^^^j^ ^^ p^^jj^^ down. But they were disappointed, as they deserved to be. A young sailor named John Van Arsdale hastily secured some cleats and filled his pockets with them. He climbed the slippery pole step by step ; first he hammered a cleat to the pole ; then he stood on it ; then he hammered another cleat to the pole, and stood on that ; and he continued to hammer and climb until he reached NEW YOKK AND THE REVOLUTION 187 the top. He then tore away the English flag, threw it down to the American soldiers watching him, and put the American flag in its place. How he was cheered by those looking on ! A salute of thirteen guns was fired while the English soldiers were near enough to the Battery to see the flag as well as to hear the American guns. For many, many years Evacuation Day was a public holiday. John Van Arsdale, then his son, and afterwards his grandson, performed the ceremony of raising the flag on the pole in Battery Park on Evacuation Day. When the parade was over Washington went to the fashionable hotel of the city, Fraunces' Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl streets. It was built when New York was an English colony, and is one of the oldest landmarks in the city. Washington made it his headquarters. On the evening of Evacuation Day Governor George Clinton, the first governor of New York state, gave a dinner there in honor of the occasion. Washington remained but a few days in New York. On December 4th he said farewell to his officers in the Long Room of the ber 4th he said farewell to his officers in the Long Room of the tavern, and returned to his home in Virginia. SOUTH FERRY New Yokk South of Wall Street in Modern Times CHAPTER XXXIX HISTORIC SPOTS Batteky Park Battery Park is made land. When New York was the home of the Indians there were rocks and water where now we have a pretty park. The Battery gets its name from a battery of guns that was set up there during Enghsh rule. In colonial times Battery Park was surrounded on the land side by the houses of wealthy people. It was the fashionable promenade of the people then and for many years afterward. X88 HISTORIC SPOTS The New Custom House The new Custom House is built on the site of the old Dutch fort. The first church on Manhattan was built inside the fort. Within its walls were also houses for the governor, the minister, and soldiers, together with a windmill and one or two other buildings. Governor Stuyvesant ings. Governor Stuyvesant lived in the fort until his house on Whitehall street was built. The Aquarium Will it surprise you to learn that the Aquarium now near the sea wall of Battery Park was at one time a fort ? It was built for the defense of the city, and stood on an island ; a drawbridg;e connected the island with Manhattan. Later the fort was changed to a place of amusement, and named Castle Garden. For thirty-five years Castle Garden was used as an opera house and concert hall. Large public meetings and receptions were also held there. THE SITE OF FORT AMSTERDAM BUILT IN 1626. WITHIN THE FORTIFICATIONS WAS ERECTED THE FIRST SUBSTANTIAL CHURCH EDIFICE ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN 1787 THE FORT WAS DEMOLISHED AND THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE BUILT UPON THIS SITE. THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. SEPTEMBER, 1890. Tablet on a Building torn down to make Room for the New Custom House HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY When places of amusement were built farther uptown Castle Garden was used as the New York state immigrant depot. It was the landing place for the immigrants until the United States took charge of immigration and established the new depot on Ellis island. liATTKlvY AM) CaSTLE GaRDEN IN OlDEN TlMES The old historic Castle Garden, a fort, a place of amusement, a landing place for immigrants, was then remodeled. It is now one of the finest aquariums in the world, where boys and girls can go and learn about the wonders of sea life. Bowling Green The southern part of the borough of Manhattan is the richest business section of the world. Do you think a stranger, walking around that part of the city, admiring the tall and attractive l^uildings, would be apt to notice our smallest park ? I tliink not. ings, would be apt to notice our smallest park ? I tliink not. Bowling Green is the most historic spot in New York to-day, and pq 192 HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY every New York boy and girl should be able to tell visitors something about its history. thing about its history. Let us stand near this little park a moment arid recall the time when the Dutch traders landed on the island. How beautiful this place must have been then ! Standing -in this field we admire the pretty flowers and the beautiful trees. We watch the traders and the Indians, and wonder how they can buy and sell when they do not understand each other's language. How wonderful to think that this fur trading was the beginning of our great commerce with the world ! In a few years a settlement grew up around The Plaine, as it was called. On the south could be seen Fort Amsterdam and the roofs of the buildings inside ; to the north, the top of the high city wall could be seen through the trees. The Plaine was a parade ground for the soldiers, a bowling green for the fathers, a playground for the children, a market place for the farmers, and the ground for the children, a market place for the farmers, and the fair grounds for cattle shows. In the old fort near by Governor Stuyvesant surrendered to the Enghsh ; some days later we might have seen the Dutch soldiers going aboard their ships to return to Europe. The days of Dutch rule are over, and an English governor now lives in the fort. English soldiers are parading -on The Plaine, and we are now an English colony. Some citizens have leased The Plaine from the city for a bowhng green. The Plaine is no longer an open field, but is fenced in as a park, and is called Bowling Green. In colonial times our little park was much larger and could boast of some fine shade trees and pretty walks. On the streets around the park were the handsome homes of wealthy people. On HISTOKIC SPOTS 193 Sundays people passed Bowling Green on their way to cliurch in the fort. There are people living in New York to-day whose ancestors went to that old church. Bowling Green was the only park in tors went to that old church. Bowling Green was the only park in the city. It was a very important little place when the Aquarium was a fort on an island and the rocky bed of most of Battery Park was covered by water. It had been a peaceful and restful place for many years. Then came the troublous times of 1765. Bowling Green again becomes the scene of an historic picture. On a certain day in this year we find the English governor and his soldiers shutting themselves up in the fort south of Bowling Green. We see an excited selves up in the fort south of Bowling Green. We see an excited people gathering at Bowling Green, anxious to get at the stamps shut up in the fort. Five years later the scene was again one of peace and harmony. A statue of King George was erected on Bowling Green by mony. A statue of King George was erected on Bowling Green by the people. It must have delighted all the boys and girls to have seen the governor and his staff and the English soldiers march out of the fort and around the park. Do you think you can see them stand in fine order while famous men are making speeches on the platform near the statue ? Now passes another scene of excitement ! The Declaration of Independence had just been read to the people on The Common. See how they rush down to Bowling Green ! Let us watch them ! They tear down the railing around the green, and pull down the statue of King George that had been erected by them only six years before. They were angry at the king and at England. And so we can go on naming many historic events that the sight of Bowling Green brings to our minds. When Washington HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY was President he lived near it. At this time the walls of the old Dutch fort had been torn down, and Washington and other famous men often walked around the park and along the old shore line enjoying the beauties of our harbor just as we do to-day. From Bowling Green one could have seen changes of another kind. When the Indians lived here one could see the graceful canoe gliding up to our shores, then the first big ship of the white man sailing up the bay, and later the great ocean greyhounds as they sped by to their docks and piers. As Bowling Green saw the Indians who built the primitive canoe, dians who built the primitive canoe, so it saw the great white men who made it possible to cross the ocean by steam power. It saw the savage Indian and it saw Fulton and EricsJoHN Ekicsson gQ^ Within a short walk, on one JoHN Ekicsson gQ^ Within a short walk, on one side of it, is the grave of Fulton, the inventor of steamships, and within a short walk, on the other side, is the statue of Ericsson, the inventor of the screw propeller. During all these changes in the ways of travel this little plot of ground has always been what it is to-day, -- an open space. STORIES OF NEW YOEK, AN AMERICAN CITY CHAPTER XL WHEN WASHINGTON LIVED IN NEW YORK The city of New York was the first capital of the state and also the first capital of the United States. When Washington was elected President he came here to live. After a long journey from his home in Mount Vernon, he landed at the foot of Wall street. There the governor and officers of the ernor and officers of the Revolutionary War met him. He refused to ride in a carriage, but walked to his new home at No. 1 Cherry street, comer of Pearl. One of the piers of the Brooklyn bridge stands ,1 ., p ,1 * 1 Federal Hall (1789) on the site oi this house. Washincrton took the oath of office as first President of the United States in City Hall. It had been enlarged and had been named Federal Hall. Federal Hall stood on the site of the Sub-Treasury in Wall street. When the ceremonies in Federal Hall were over Washington and all those present at the inauguration formed a procession ington and all those present at the inauguration formed a procession and walked to St. Paul's chapel, to attend a special service. HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Washington lived in Cherry street but a few months. His second home in New York was at No. 39 Broadway. In this house Washington entertained the government officials and his friends. Washington liked the Dutch custom of calling on New Year's Day. While he lived here he celebrated this day in the good old Dutch Inauguuation of Washington fashion. There was a theater in John street then. Washington used to go to the theater and often invited friends to his private box. When New York became the capital of the United States the city had grown northward as far as Reade street on the west side, and Grand or Catharine street on the east side. North of these limits were farms and country homes. Bouwerie village, which extended from 2d street to 16th street, was a real country village, and a country road led through farms all the way to Harlem. Collect pond was still a favorite place for fishing and skating. There were many open fields in the Washington Statue, Wall Street HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY city where the children could play outdoor games in summer and make sliding ponds in winter. Boys did not need to go miles away from their homes to find a ball field in those days. The east side of Manhattan grew more quickly than the west side and was of more importance in Washington's time ; but there were bouweries and villages on the west side also. The most important west-side villages were Greenwich, Chelsea, and Bloomingdale. Greenwich village extended along the Hudson tended along the Hudson river from about Charlton Washington's Desk in the City Hall g^^.^^^ ^^ i^^^ ^^^^^^^ Before the fighting began in 1776 Washington had his headquarters in Greenwich village. He was living there when he became interested in Hamilton. Chelsea village extended from about 19th street to 24tli street. Bloomingdale village extended along Broadway from about 66th street to 90th street. These boundaries are not exact. You may learn the exact boundaries when you are older. Greenwich was once an Indian village, then a Dutch farm, then an English settlement two miles from the city. For all these reasons we take a great deal of interest in Greenwich village. It is now only a very small part of a very large city. Abingdon square and Jefferson market are in Greenwich village. CHAPTER XLI alexander hamilton The First Secretary of the Treasury After the Stamp Act head been passed men gradually formed into two political parties : those who sided with England were called Tories ; those who were against England were called Whigs. After the war was over men were obliged to establish a new government for the United States. This caused a great deal of public discussion. There were many dif- sion. There were many different opinions about many ferent opinions about many things, so two parties were formed. They were not the same as the old political parties. Alexander Hamilton was the leader of the party called the Federalists. Washington did not belong to either of the new parties. He asked gentlemen of both parties to become members of his Cabinet. Alexander Hamilton became his Secretary of bers of his Cabinet. Alexander Hamilton became his Secretary of the Treasury. Alexander Hamilton HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY Alexander Hamilton was born in the British West Indies. There were no good schools on his island home, so his friends sent him to New York. When he reached New York he wished to enter King's College. He studied very hard, and at the end of one year he was admitted and soon became famous among the boys for his fine speeches. Hamilton, though only a boy, was a good Tory when he came here, but he soon became a Whig. When only seventeen years old he made a remarkable patriotic speech at one of the public meetings held on The Common. Many men X were surprised to hear a boy of his age make such a speech. They shook hands with him and said he would be a great man some day. When the war began Hamilton joined the army and was soon ton joined the army and was soon made captain of an artillery company. He devoted much time to pany. He devoted much time to drilling his soldiers. He was then only nineteen years old and he looked much younger. Washington saw him drilling his company and became interested in him. A short time after our army retreated from New York he made him his aidde-camp and private secretary. He was now Colonel Hamilton and de-camp and private secretary. He was now Colonel Hamilton and only twenty years of age. When the war was over Hamilton became a lawyer. He lived in Albany a short time and later in New York. When Washington became President we had a large war debt, the soldiers had not been paid, and people would not lend us money. Old-Time View in Exchange Place ALEXANDER HAMILTON 201 The long war had made both business men and farmers poor. It was Hamilton's duty to find some way to raise money to pay our debts and to pay the expenses of the government. Hamilton's plans to raise money were successful. He had great natural ability. He gave all his time, thought, and energy to his work, and became a great statesman. When he retired from the Cabinet he practiced law in New York. He bought a small country estate on Washington Heights and built there the house we now call Hamilton Grange at 141st street and Convent avenue. His estate extended from 110th street to 145th street, and from Amsterdam avenue to St. Nicholas avenue. For many years Hamilton and Aaron Burr had been political rivals. On July 11, 1804, they fought a duel in Weehawken. Hamilton was wounded and died the next day. He was buried in Trinity churchyard, where you can now see his tomb. Robert Fulton CHAPTER XLII ROBERT FULTON The City Prison at Centre and Leonard streets stands on the site of Collect pond. This pond was quite deep and extended over several of our city blocks. Collect pond had two outlets, -- one emptying into the Hudson river, and the other emptying into the East river. The pond was there for more than two hundred years after the first Dutch traders landed on Manhattan. In later years a canal was dug from Collect pond to the Hudson river. This canal ROBEKT FULTON was afterward filled in, and is now known as Canal street. The outlet to the East river was also filled in. The first steamboat in New York was built on the shores of Collect pond in 1796. The inventor was John Fitch, a soldier of the Revolution. He was poor, and being unable to obtain financial help could not make a success of his invention. Robert Fulton was a more fortunate inventor. A rich New York gentleman was interested in his inventions and they became partners. Fulton built the first steamboat that was of practical use for freight and passengers. It was built in Manhattan, and he named it The Clennont. On the morning of August 11, 1807, The Clermont started on her trial trip up the Hudson river to Albany. The trip was successful, and steamboats replaced the old sailing vessels where greater speed was necessary. Fulton's Ferryboat, " Olive Branch " Built in 183G CHAPTER XLIII samuel f. b. morse The Inventor of the Electric Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, began life as an artist. He was a professor in the New York University on Washington square. The University is now in The Bronx, but ^ a part of the building on the site of ^./#^fe^~-^ the old university is used for lecture purposes still. While teaching in the University Morse invented the electric telegraph. He and another jDrofessor were partners, but neither had the money necessary to carry out Morse's ideas. One day 4- a student named Alfred Vail happened .s^^^^'^^^^^^ to enter the professors' room when they were showing then" machine to some Samuel f. b. Morse gentlemen. Young Vail was the son of a wealthy mill owner and had worked in his father's shop. He was a good mechanic and soon understood the value of the new invention, -- the first electric telegraph stood the value of the new invention, -- the first electric telegraph in the world. He proposed to get the money necessary for the success of the wonderful invention if Professor Morse would agree to make him o HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY a partner. Morse agreed, and the young man's father gave them the money they needed, and a room in his workshop was set apart for their use. Many inventions and many new mechanical devices were necessary in order to build the first successful telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore. In 1844 the line was completed. The first message that passed over the wires was "What hath God wrought." The Morse alphabet is still in use. Morse's residence was in Manhattan, at No. 5 West 2 2d street. hattan, at No. 5 West 2 2d street. He left money to the New York University for an annual medal of scholarship. There is a bronze statue of Morse in Central Park. He was present at the unveiling of his statue in 1871, as an honored guest, and was then eighty years old. On that day he sent the following message : Greeting and thanks to the telegraph fraternity throughout tlie world. Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men. -- S. F. B. Morse. ^m ^T=f =^ yWiiiit., 1 '*' /u 1 [/#---# Morse's First Telegraph Instrument CHAPTER XLIV PETER COOPER The Founder of Cooper Union Who gives himself with his alms, feeds three, Himself, his hungering neighbor, and me. During his life Peter Cooper was known to a large number of men, women, and children of all classes, and was loved more than any citizen of New York has ever been. Whenever he drove around the busiest and most crowded parts of New York wagons and carriages were turned aside to make room for the plain, oldfashioned carriage of the man fashioned carriage of the man who was the first citizen of our city in the hearts of the people. Why was Peter Cooper loved, honored, and respected by all classes ? Because he loved his fellow-men and helped them in every low-men and helped them in every way he could to improve their condition. Because he was a good dition. Because he was a good man, an honest man, an unselfish man, and a patriotic citizen. Peter Cooper HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY Peter Cooper was born in Water street when Washington was President of the United States. The fashionable part of the city was then near the Battery. North of Chambers street there were farms and country homes. Ways of Living. The people in those days wore clothes made of homespun. Wood fires were used for cooking and for heating the houses. Matches had not been invented; flint and steel and the tinder box were used to start a fire. People knew nothing of the use of kerosene ing of the use of kerosene oil, and lamps in which it could be burned had not been invented. CuATiiAiM Square (181:2) /^ ti t p ^ Candles were used tor light. Many families burned them only on Sundays, holidays, and when they had comioany. They saved the pine knots to burn on other nights for light as well as for heat. When some of our great men were boys they studied their lessons by the light of pine knots because their parents could not afford to burn candles. During Peter Cooper's life he saw great changes in the way of living. He saw kerosene-oil lamps take the place of candles, and gaslight replace the lamps. When men found out how to use hard coal for fuel he saw grates, stoves, and furnaces introduced. Peter Cooper saw coal used for cooking and heating instead of wood, and, in later years, in heating houses he saw steam heaters take the place of stoves. PETER COOPER When Peter Cooper was a young man the people of Manhattan depended on springs and wells for the city's water supply. The city was guarded by watchmen. Each watchman served four hours every night. The hours for ''the watch" were from nine o'clock until dawn. The protection against fire was also primitive. When the fire bell rang people hurried to the fire and formed a bucket brigade. This brigade stretched from a pump or well to a small fire engine. These engines were a kind of force pump, and were drawn by hand. While the bucket brigade passed the water to the tank other men worked the handle of the pump, and so a stream of dle of the pump, and so a stream of water was thrown on the burning house. Peter Cooper not only lived to see the beginning of our Croton water supply, our police force, and our fire department, but as an alderman, or as a member of a committee, man, or as a member of a committee, he helped to form these departments. He was also a trustee of the Free School Society and later a member of the Board of Education. He was very much interested in education, and visited the public schools, the College of the City of New York, and the Normal College very frequently. Thus the school children and college students of New York learned to know and love him. No. 7 CHEKKY SrUKET First New York house lighted with gas HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOKK CITY Words of Peter Cooper. " While I have always recognized that the object of business is to make money in an honorable manner, I have endeavored to remember that the object of life is to do good." The Ways of earning a Living. In Peter Cooper's long life he saw great changes in the ways of earning a living. When he was a boy men worked in small shops. Many articles were also made in the home, and all the family, even the younger children, ily, even the younger children, did a share of the work. Before Peter Cooper was fifty years of age many im^ provements had been made in the steam engine, and machines had been invented for chines had been invented for doing many different kinds of work. In many industries steam power took the place of hand power, horse power, and water power. When steam power was used to run many of the new machines great changes took place in the ways of earning a living. Men built mills and factories, put new machinery in them, and hired people to work there. tories, put new machinery in them, and hired people to work there. So work was gradually taken out of the home and the old-fashioned shop and was done in factories. Many other changes took place in the business world. Parts of our city became business centers. People moved farther and farther away from these business centers, and men began to think of some way of reaching business quicker than on foot, in a stage, or in a horse car. Old Houses at Junction t>i< Makion AND Elm Streets (1861) Going to a fire in old times PETER COOPER The invention of the steamboat and the locomotive and the building of railroads gave them rapid transit. The steamboat, the railroad, and the invention of the electric telegraph made great changes in the ways of travel, the ways of living, and the ways of earning a living. Peter Cooper not only saw all these changes but helped to make a success of many of the new undertakings. To whom does the coal mining and the use of coal give employment ? To whom does the steam engine give employment ? the ment ? To whom does the steam engine give employment ? the steamboat ? the railroads ? the electric telegraph ? To whom does the use of lamps give employment ? the use of gas ? ployment ? the use of gas ? the use of the sewing machine ? What is made in chine ? What is made in mills ? in factories ? How can boys and girls earn a living by means of these inventions ? Tell of some other ways of earning a living in New York. How Peter Cooper helped to make a Success of Many Inventions. It would be impossible in this short story to tell all that the children would like to know about Peter Cooper's inventions, and how dren would like to know about Peter Cooper's inventions, and how much he helped other inventors. As a boy he was thoughtful and kind to his mother. He made a washing machine and other laborsaving machines for her. He also made a toy wagon and sold it saving machines for her. He also made a toy wagon and sold it for six dollars. He took an old shoe apart, learned how it was put together, and succeeded in making good shoes and slippers for all the family. Old Houses, Corner Pearl and Elm Streets HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY When learning his trade as a carriage builder he invented several little machines useful in his trade. Before he was twenty-five eral little machines useful in his trade. Before he was twenty-five years old he made some money by an invention, and soon owned his own home and a small factory. He invented a number of machines for his factory and his home. One invention would rock the baby's cradle and fan away the flies. He sold the patent to a Yankee peddler for a horse and wagon and the peddler's stock. Peter Cooper was never idle and he never wasted time. When not working he was reading, studying, or plan- ing, studying, or planning inventions. He ning inventions. He became a rich man and owned iron mines, mills, and factories. He improved old machinery proved old machinery and invented new machinery. He also helped others to make a success of their inventions by investing money in their undertakings and by giving them tions by investing money in their undertakings and by giving them good advice. Cooper Union. When Peter Cooper planned Cooper Union no one had ever heard of iron beams such as are now used in buildings. Wooden beams were used. As Peter Cooper wished to make Cooper Union as nearly fireproof as possible, he decided that iron beams should take the place of wooden ones. He found that the kind of iron beams that he was looking for were not made. He then had new machinery built to make beams according to his ideas. When Southeast and South k.->i 1'(>i;m,i;.s of Greenwich and Franklin Streets PETEE COOPER you see men working on our sky-scrapers and our new bridges, do not forget that it was Peter Cooper who made the first iron beams used in building. The Tom Thumb, the First American Locomotive. Tlie locomotive was invented in England. The first railroad company in the United Bible House, Cooper Uniox, and Tompkins ] ARKET States built a railroad in Baltimore and expected to use one of the new locomotives on it. Peter Cooper was interested in this railroad because he owned some land near it. English engineers said that no locomotive could be used on the new railroad on account of a very sharp curve. Peter Cooper went over the road. He examined HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY Old-Time Locomotive it, and then said : " I do not agree with the English engineers that no locomotive can be used on this railroad. I believe them when they say no Englisli locomotive can go around that curve ; ," but I am sure I can knock together a locomotive that will get a train around that curve." Peter Cooper hiu-ried to New York for a little brass engine he had, took it back with him to Baltimore, and made a locomotive in a coachmaker's shop. The boiler of the engine was not as large as the boiler attached to your mother's kitchen range. He could not get any iron pipes the size he needed, so he used the barrels of old guns for tubing. The locomotive was so small that he called it the Tom Thumb. The Tom Thumb was not intended for use. It was made only to show the people who owned the railroad that a locomotive such as they needed could be made. motive such as they needed could be made. When the Tom Thumb was ready it was attached to a horse car. There were thirty people in the car, and six people rode on the locomotive. The Tom Thumb did what was expected of it. It pulled the pected of it. It pulled the car around the short curve. Everybody in Baltimore was interested in the Tom Thumb, and for several weeks it was used to make trips. One day there was a race between the engine and a famous gray horse. The horse drew a car on one track and the Tom Thumb drew a car on Modern Locomotive PETEK COOPEK the other. The Tom Thumb was ahead, when something got out of order ; this caused a delay, and the horse won the race. The New Western Trade Route to China and Japan. America was discovered because the sea captains and merchants of Europe were trying to find a new trade route to China and Japan. New York was discovered because Henry Hudson came here looking for the new trade route that was talked about so much. Europeans thought there was a water way across our continent, and that this water way would give them a western trade route to China and Japan. Other parts of our country were discovered for the same reasons. covered for the same reasons. As years went by explorers found that our country was a very big try was a very big place, and that there was no water way between the Atlantic ocean and the tic ocean and the Pacific. When they learned this truth they gave up all hope of ever finding a shorter western trade route to Asia and continued to use the old trade routes. When railroads were built many new trade routes were planned. At first only English locomotives were used. The experiment with the Tom Thumb encouraged American inventors. They saw that this little locomotive was the proper kind for American railroads, and they went to work. The result was that in a few years good American locomotives were built, and we soon had railroads in many parts of our country. American iMHiB^ A Train 216 HOME GEOGRAPHY OE NEW YORK CITY locomotives can go around shorter curves than English locomotives. It required many years of hard work to build a railroad across the United States from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific. When this railroad was completed the new western trade route was ready for business. Since then tea and Chinese and Japanese goods are shipped from China and Japan to San Francisco, loaded on cars, and brought to New York. American goods are shipped to those countries from San Francisco. Thus we are now using the longlooked-for western trade route to Asia. looked-for western trade route to Asia. The new western trade route is no longer a dream. It is a trade route in daily use, but it took nearly four hundred years to make the dream a reality. It cost many lives and millions of dollars, and many wonderful inventions were necessary before it was completed. The little Tom Thumb can claim some of the honor of helping in this wonderful work. The Atlantic Cable. After men became accustomed to the convenience of steamboats, railroads, and the electric telegraph they venience of steamboats, railroads, and the electric telegraph they wished for something else to help them in business. People could cross the Atlantic ocean in a steamboat. They could travel miles and miles in our country on the railroad. Business men could send telegrams to tlie business centers in the United States, but they had still to depend on letters and steamboats in doing business with Europe. Cyrus W. Field and Peter Cooper began to think of some way of sending telegraph messages to Europe. These messages could be sent only along wires laid under water. A great many new inventions were necessary before men succeeded in laying a successful tions were necessary before men succeeded in laying a successful cable across the Atlantic ocean. They called the wire ropes they PETER COOPER used cables, and the messages they sent were called cablegrams. The first Atlantic cable was laid between Ireland and America. Mr. Cooper helped Mr. Field to make a success of his undertaking by investing money in the company, and by his friendly help ing by investing money in the company, and by his friendly help Section oh Ailamic Caulk lai:i;ied by Adams & Company's Express Wagon and advice. When the Atlantic cable proved to be a success, and men in Europe and America could send messages across the ocean, many people of those days thought nothing more wonderful could ever be invented. A Model Citizen. Peter Cooper was a model citizen. He served his city as an alderman, as a member of many important committees, as a trustee of the Public School Society, and as a commissioner of HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY the Board of Education. He gave money for patriotic purposes, and he founded Cooper Union. He was a successful man, but, above all, he was a good man. We shall finish our story with a quotation from a speech he made at a reception given in honor of his eighty-third birthday: *' If our lives be such that we shall one day receive the glad welcome of ' Well done, good and faithful servant,' we shall then know that we have not lived in vain. ..." Old Hall of Board of Education APPENDIX THE MOST IMPOKTANT SETTLEMENTS IN DUTCH NEW YORK 1613-1664 BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN Butch Settlements 1613 New Amsterdam. 1641 Harlem. English Settlements BOROUGH OF THE BRONX 1639 Jonas Bronck bought the land between the Harlem and Bronx tween the Harlem and Bronx rivers from the Indians. He built a house, a mill, and an outpost for New Amsterdam. His post for New Amsterdam. His house was in Old Morrisania. 1646 Adrian Van der Donck bought land from the Indians on the west side of The Bronx, north of Spuyten Duyvil creek. The people called him vil creek. The people called him " Jonkheer," which means " young lord." His house and land were called " de Jonkheer's landt." Cross out " de " and " landt," and you have "Jonklieer," afterward pronounced and spelled Yonkers. Throgs Neck. Pelham Manor and that part of The Bronx now known as Pelham Bay Park. The Dutch claimed all this land and objected to the English settlers, but the English settlers remained, and their names were afterward given to these places. 220 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN Dutch Settlements English Settlements 1623 Brooklyn settled at Wallal)oiit bay, 1645 Graveseud settled, where the United States Navy Yard is now. 1636 Flatlands settled. At first called New Amersfoot. This is considered the first permanent settle- ered the first permanent settlement on Long Island. ment on Long Island. 1651 Flatbush. Dutch name was Midwout. wout. 1657 New Utrecht. 1660 Bushwick. Dutch name was Boswyck. wyck. When Stuyvesant was governor these were called the five Dutch towns. BOROUGH OF QUEENS The Dutch were the first Europeans 1644 Hempstead. Part of Hempstead beto occupy any part of Long Island. longs to Nassau county. to occupy any part of Long Island. longs to Nassau county. There were Dutch settlers living in 1645 Flushing. Dutch name was Ylissthe English settlements. engen. the English settlements. engen. 1655 Newtown. Dutch name was Middleburg. dleburg. 1656 Jamaica. Dutch name was Rustdorp. BOROUGH OF RICHMOND 1630 In 1630 a rich Dutch merchant bought Staten Island, the land now known as Jersey City and Hoboken, and also many miles more of the New Jersey shore opposite Manhattan. His colony was a failure, and he sold his land. Pavonia ferry and Coinmunipaw were named for the first owner of these places. 1636 In 1636 a block house, which was also a signal station, was built on the site of Fort Wadsworth. There were huts near this fort for officials and soldiers. Fort Wadsworth stands on the site of the first Dutch trading post built on Staten Island. APPENDIX 221 1638 In 1638 some settlers built houses a little northwest of Foit Wadsworth. They called the settlement Oude Dorp, or Old Town. Oude Dorp was destroyed by 1651 the Indians. In 1651 there was a " plantation " near Clifton. Some writers say that there were Dutch settlers living on the Stapleton Flats. The earliest Dutch settlements were all on the shore near The Narrows, within a short distance of 1655 the block house, and convenient to the Brooklyn shore opposite. In 1655 there 1658 were eleven "bouweries" on Staten Island. In 1658 a settlement was made south of The Narrows at Stony Brook, now included in New Dorp. During Dutch rule Staten Island was bought and sold several times. The Indians were troublesome, and the settlements on the island were very small. Very few of the Dutch colonists cared to go so far from Fort Amsterdam. The majority preferred to live in the settlements of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. No event of historical importance took place on Staten Island in Dutch colonial times. While Stuyvesant was governor there were not enough settlers on Staten Island to pay the salary of a minister or a teacher. A minister from New Amsterdam went there every two months to preach. ister from New Amsterdam went there every two months to preach. STATEN ISLAND AS AN ENGLISH COLONY An English governor bought Staten Island from the Indians because they said the Dutch had not paid them enough for it. This pin-chase settled the disputes with the Indians about the ownership of the island. The settlements increased, 1700 and in 1700 there were more than two hundred families living in the present borough of Richmond. 1670 In 1670 the first chm'ch on Staten Island was built at Stony Brook south of The Narrows. 1776 In 1776, when the English decided to attack New York, a large English army landed on Staten Island. The Black Horse Tavern in New Dorp was the head1783 quarters of the English general. On Evacuation Day the English army went 1783 quarters of the English general. On Evacuation Day the English army went from Manhattan to Staten Island and remained there for one week. HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY IMPORTANT DATES AND PLACES OF INTEREST IN NEW AMSTERDAM -- A DUTCH CITY 1613 Nos. 39 and 41 Broadway. 1626 New Custom House. Bowling Green. Wall street. 1633 Stone street (the first street to be paved with stone). 1633 Collegiate School, 77th street, near West End avenue, Manhattan. 1642 No. 73 Pearl street, at the head of Coenties Slip. Stuyvesant's tomb. A Stuyvesant memorial. Site of first houses built and occupied by white men on Manhattan.^ From 1613 to 1623 there was a trading post only on the southern end of island. Permanent settlers arrived in New Amsterdam. Site of Fort Amsterdam, site of the first church on Manhattan, called the Church of St. Nicholas, and the site of the first governor's house on Manhattan. Then an open field and the site of the early fur trading. It was also a parade ground for soldiers, a ing. It was also a parade ground for soldiers, a general meeting place for the people, and the place where the cattle fairs were held. It was called The Plaine. A walled street, and the northern limit of New Amsterdam. The home of Adam Roelantsen, the first New York schoolmaster, was in this street. The first school in New Amsterdam was taught in Roelantsen 's house. First New York school. Site of Stone Tavern. It became the Stadt Huys, or the first City Hall, in 1653. First Dutch public school opened in the Stadt Huys, when it was called the Stone Tavern. St. Mark's church, 2d avenue and 10th street. The vault is beneath the church. The Stuyvesant High School, named in honor of Peter Stuyvesant. It is on 15th street, near Stuyvesant square. The land on wliich it stands was part of Peter Stuyvesant's " Bouwerie." 1 Let the teacher explain that our local authorities disagree about the exact locatiou of some historic sites, APPENDIX Do you live in a Dutch settlement? If not, where is the nearest Dutch settlement in your borough ? Do you know of any historic places near your school ? ment in your borough ? Do you know of any historic places near your school ? Is your school near any church or school built in Dutch colonial times? IMPOPvTANT DxVTES AND PLACES OF INTEREST IN NEW YORK -- AN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CITY 1693 Xo. 81 Pearl street. Site of first printing office in New York. 1696 Trinity church. Site of first English church in New York. 1725 Cotton Exchange. Site of first newspaper office in New York. 1754 King's College grounds, Block bounded by AVest Broadway, Barclay, Church, which then sloped down and Murray streets. Tablet at West Broadway and to the river bank. 1754 Columbia University. ]\Iurray street. First New York college. College grounds a part of Harlem Heights battlefield. Site of English City Hall, and first New York library. Freedom of the press established by Zenger's trial in the court room of the City Hall. Stamp Act stamps locked up in the City Hall, in charge of the city officials, so that they could not be used. Site of the coffeehouse where New York merchants met and decided not to buy or use anything that came from England until the Stamp Act was repealed. Oldest New York park -- site of bowling games. First regular mail carrier in the English colonies started on his journey from the Government House near Bowling Green. Scene of Stamp Act excitement and of the destruction of the statue of King George III. Some pieces of this statue may be seen in the rooms of the New York Historical Society. Battle of Golden Hill -- first bloodshed in American Revolution. Site of Liberty Pole, Scene of the mass meeting to protest against the The Common (second name). Stamp Act. Other public meetings were held on City Hall Park (third name). The Common before the Revolution. Sub-Treasury, corner Wall and Broad streets 1765 Wall and Broad streets. 1 765 C Nos. 9 and 1 1 Broadway -! or i^No. 115 Broadway. Bowling Green. 1765 Bowling Green. 1775 Bowling Green 1770 Corner of John and William streets. 1770 Post Office. The Fields (first name) HOME GEOGEAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY Do you live in an English settlement ? If not, what old English settlement is nearest your school? Do you know of any place of historic interest near your school? Is your school near any church or school built in English colonial times ? Do you know of any old post road in your borough ? 1776 The Common, now City Hall Park. In the City Hall Park. The City Hall. Completed in 1812. Contains memorials every child should see. 1776 Fort Washington. Declaration of Independence read near west wing of City Hall. Statue of Nathan Hale, student, teacher, soldier, hero, pati'iot. The statue does not mark a particular site. Authorities do not agree as to the place where Hale was executed. Painting of Stuyvesant. A picture of the famous pear tree and a section of it. Some furniture used in Federal Hall, -- the second City Hall. AVashington's eral Hall, -- the second City Hall. AVashington's portrait and desk. Hamilton's portrait. The place now called Fort Washington is the site of one of the forts that was built across the island by the Americans in 1776. At Fort Washington the Americans were obliged to surrender to the English. The fort extended from 17.5th street to 178th lish. The fort extended from 17.5th street to 178th and overlooked the Hudson river. Some say the fort extended from 181st street to 183d. The Fort Washington tablet is at 183d street and Fort Washington avenue. AVlien the Americans built Fort ington avenue. AVlien the Americans built Fort Washington and Fort Lee on the New Jersey shore opposite, they thought they could prevent British ships sailing up the Hudson river. At 183d street and Amsterdam avenue was Fort George, another of the line of forts that was built across the island from the Hudson to the Harlem rivers in 1770 to defend Washington Heights. Fort George overlooks the Harlem river. Is there any old fort near your school ? Is there any old building near your school that was used by the English or American soldiers during the war ? 1776 Fort George. APPE:f^DlX IMPOETANT DATES AND PLACES OF INTEREST ASSOCIATED WITH AVASHINGTOX 1776 Greenwich village The Common, now City Hall Park. No. 1 Broadway. Jumel mansion, Edgecombe avenue and 160th street. 1783 125th street, near 8th avenue. 1783 Fraunces' Tavern, corner of Broad and Pearl streets. 1783 Battery Park. 1783 Foot of Wall street. r Pier of Brooklyn bridge, \ No. 1 Cherry street. Sub-Treasury. Washington lived in Greenwich village before the battle of Long Island was fought. In this park the Declaration of Independence was read in the presence of Washington and his officers, soldiers, and a great multitude of people. diers, and a great multitude of people. Site of the headquarters of some of Washington's officers when the Declaration of Independence was read on The Common. In colonial times there was a garden in the rear of this house. It extended to the Hudson river. The river shore was then on Greenwich street. Washington's headquarters when the battle of Harlem Heights was fought, and when Nathan Hale was put to death. Site of the tavern where Washington remained while waiting for the English army to leave the city. Washington remained in this tavern for a few days in 178;}. When he left the city to return to his home he said farewell to his officers in the Long Room. The scene of young Van Arsdale's patriotic act on Evacuation Day. Murray's wharf, where President "NV^ashington landed when he came to New York, -- the first capital of the United States. Site of President Washington's first home in the city. Site of Federal Hall, where Washington, the first President of the United States, was inaugurated. dent of the United States, was inaugurated. The church Washington attended on the day of his inauguration, and during his residence in New York. Washington's second home in New York. This mansion was built on the site of Adrian Block's log huts. sion was built on the site of Adrian Block's log huts. Do you know of any buildings near your school that were used as headquarters for American or English officers during the Revolution ? Is there any colonial building of any kind near your school? St. Paul's chapel. No. 39 Broadway. 226 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YOEK CITY THE MEANING OF A FEW GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES Arthur Kill. The English corrupted Achter Cull into " Arthur Kill " and gave the name to the stream of water connecting Raritan bay with Newark bay. Barnegat. Barnegat is a Dutch name given by Henry Hudson. Some say the word means " burning hole." Others say it means " breaker's inlet." Bronx. Bronx was named for the Dutch settler, Jonas Bronck. He bought his land from the Indians. Brooklyn. Brooklyn is a Dutch word. The Dutch spelled it Breuckelen. It means <' broken-up land " or " marshy land." Canarsie. Canarsie is the name of a tribe of Indians that lived in Kings county. The word means " at the fenced place." Communipaw. Communipaw has two meanings : first, " the commune " of Pauw (Michael Pauw was the first owner of that land) ; second, Gemoenapa corrupted to Communipaw. rupted to Communipaw. Flatbush. Flatbush was first called Midwout by the Dutch, and afterward called Vlackebos. So named from woods that grew on the flat country. bos. So named from woods that grew on the flat country. Flushing. Flushing was called Vlissengen by the early Dutch settlers. Flushing is a corruption of Vlissengen, the name of a town in Holland. Governor's island. Governor's island was bought by a Dutch governor, and for that reason was named Governor's island. The Indian name meant " nut island." The island was once famous for its chestnuts. Hell Gate. Some writers say the name Hell Gate is derived from the Dutch word Hellegate, which means " gate of hell." Others say it is derived from Horlbjat, which means "the whirling strait." The place was named on account of the whirlpool which made navigation dangerous. Hempstead. Hempstead is derived from the Dutch word Heemstede, meaning " homestead." stead." Hoboken. Hoboken was named from the Indian word hopocan, meaning "a tobacco pipe." Jamaica. Jamaica is an Indian word and has two meanings : first, " a country abounding in springs " ; second, " land of water and wood." Another writer says that ing in springs " ; second, " land of water and wood." Another writer says that Jamaica was derived from a word that means " beaver." Kill van Kull. Kill van Kull means " the stream of the bay." Kill van Kull connects Newark bay and New York bay. Manhattan. Manhattan is an Indian word. Some writers say it means " island." They tell us that the Indians who lived on Manhattan and Staten islands were called APPENDIX 227 Manhattans, or " people who live on an island." Others think the word meana " the people of the whirlpool," and referred to the whirlpool called Hell Gate. These writers say that the Indians w'ho lived in Manhattan and in a part of The Bronx were called INIanhattans. They give a different name to the Staten Island Indians. Newark bay. Newark bay was called by the Dutch Achter Cull, or Back bay. New Dorp. Xew Dorp means " new town." The Dutch spelling was Niewve Dorp. Pelham. Pelhani bay and park were named in honor of Thomas Pell, an English settler. Raritan. Raritan is the name of an Indian tribe that lived on Staten Island. The word means " forked river." Rockaway. Rockaway is the name of a tribe of Indians that lived in Rockaway. The word means "planting land." Spuyten Duyvil. Spuyten Duyvil means " in spite of the devil." "When Stuyvesant was governor people depended on a ferry to cross the creek that connects the Harlem and Hudson rivers. One very dark, stormy night a Dutch citizen said he would swim across the creek in spite of the devil. The Dutch words wei-e sj)uyt den duyvil. The poor man was drowned, and the creek and the high land north of it have been called Spuyten Duyvil ever since. Staten Island. Staten Island means " the island of the states." It was so named in honor of the " states " that made up the country called Holland. Throgs Neck. Throgs Neck was named in honor of John Throgmorton, an English settler. Wallabout bay. Our writers do not agree about the meaning of this name, nor do they agree about the spelling of it. Here are three ways of spelling it, -- Waal-bocht, Waal-hoght, and Walehacht. The AValloons settled at Wallabout bay. They were not Dutch. They had gone from their own country to Holland, and had lived there before settling in Brooklyn. The Dutch called them foreigners. Some of our writers say Wallabout bay means " Walloons' bay," or " Bay of Foreigners." Others say it means " curving bay." Weehawken. Weehawken is an Indian word meaning '* maize-land." K 228 HOME GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY DATES AND LANDMARKS OE LOCAL INTEREST -- NEIGHBORHOOD OF SCHOOL HOOD OF SCHOOL APPENDIX 229 MEANINGS OF OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ANNOUNCEMENTS FRYE'S GEOGRAPHIES A TWO-BOOK COURSE By ALEXIS EVERETT FRYE, First Superintendent of Schools of Cuba ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. List price, 65 cents ; mailing price, So cents. GRAMMAR SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. T.ist price, $1.25 ; mailing price, $1.45. DURING the last nine years Frye's geographies have Stood the severest test ever given an American text-book, and have proved each year more satisfactory. In this country they have been for several years by far the most widely used texts on the subject, and they are to-day more popular than ever before. Abroad they have the hearty indorsement of the Royal Geographical Society of England ment of the Royal Geographical Society of England and of the Geographical Society of France. A London publisher has brought out an English edition which has met with general favor, and a special Canadian edition has been published. An edition in Spanish has been issued and is now the standard text of Cuba and Porto Rico. In every country where Frye's geographies are used they are recognized as of the highest merit. They are to-day the geographical standard for the Englishspeaking world. speaking world. President Eliot of Harvard University says of Frye's Geographies : I knew also that Mr. Frye had written the best geographies raphies : I knew also that Mr. Frye had written the best geographies used in the American schools or any other schools. GINN & COMPANY Publishers GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY By ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM Professor of Geology in Colgate University. i2mo. Cloth. 366 pages. Illustrated. List price, $1.25 ; mailing price, $1.40 IN this new book Professor Brigham has presented vividly and clearly those physiographic features of America which have been importarst in guiding the unfolding of our industrial and national life. The arrangement is mainly geographical. Among the themes receiving special treatment are : The Eastern Gateway of the United States, the Appalachian Barrier, the Great Lakes and American Commerce, the rier, the Great Lakes and American Commerce, the Civil War, and Mines and Mountain Life. ♦️ Closing chapters deal with the unity and diversity of American life and with physiography as affecting American can life and with physiography as affecting American destiny. The book will be found particularly interesting and valuable to students and teachers of geography and history, but it will also appeal to the general reader. The very large number of rare and attractive photographs and the numerous maps are of importance in graphs and the numerous maps are of importance in vivifying and explaining the text. GINN & COMPANY Publishers INUV ** '^^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS "*=*^#1 007 673 841 5 * !# 'l it ;!iiSiii3HHitiHll iikiiiiktiyMitiitiuiitiHEgfS8MPS^^MiiiMii^!^ii>Si"Hkl(^iis^ ...a! iiif

mild gibberish

08032237

Local historical and biographical notes collected by Ethan Allen Weaver,

Weaver, Ethan Allen

localhistoricalb00wea_djvu.txt

<?#. Local Historical AND Biographical Notes COLLECTED BY ETHAN ALLEN WEAVER From Files of Newspapers Published in EASTON, PENNA. Germantown, Penna. PREFACE The First Series of "Notes" appesired in the Frt^c Press of Eastoii, Pa., in lS!)f5, and bef,'an with the issue in 1799 of the first English newspaper printed in North:nnptoii County, Pa. Unfortunately no reprints were made of these contributions, and of the series contained herein, only thirty copies are issued of which tills is No. 2. a. Germantown, Pa. June 7, 1906 Gift Author (Person) 17 0'08 HISTORICAL SKETCHES RELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. The Erection of Northampton County 150 Years Ago, March 11, 1752. NEW SERIES. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. "Not to know what has been transacted in former times is always to acted in former times is always to remain a child." Having recovered from the shock which the appearance in print of my last contribution gave me by the announcement that it was my forty-elev- nouncement that it was my forty-eleventh (XLXI.), I will resume for a time enth (XLXI.), I will resume for a time in this, the sesquicentennial, year of the founding of old Northampton and its shire-town, Easton, these sketches, compiled from unpublished maunscripts, the current newspapers of the scripts, the current newspapers of the times and other authentic sources of information. The allusion above to the l-50th birthday of your county and city prompts me to begin this series of sketches with some account of the causes which led to their formation, how it was finally accomplished, with the introduction of some matter heretofore impublished. tofore impublished. That no public celebration of your twin birthday anniversary will take place is to be regretted, but there is some compensation for this omission in the fact that two educational memorials will be erected in your midst in rials will be erected in your midst in this memorable year-- a public library last contribution gave me by the announcement that it was my forty-elev- nouncement that it was my forty-eleventh (XLXI.), I will resume for a time enth (XLXI.), I will resume for a time in this, the sesquicentennial, year of the founding of old Northampton and its shire-town, Easton, these sketches, compiled from unpublished manuscripts, the current newspapers of the scripts, the current newspapers of the times and other authentic sources of information. The allusion above to the 150th (and what could there be more appropriate?) and the chime of bells which priate?) and the chime of bells which the ancient Reformed congregation will place in its historic church edifice. Why not arrange that the first service of these bells shall be to "ring out the old, ring in the new" on March 11th next-- the natal day of the county and town which are second to none in the old Keystone State in historical interest ? terest ? [Since the above was written the chimes have been put in service.-- Ed.] Pennsylvania, so called in honor of Admiral Sir William Penn, was a grant of land made by King Charles II. of England to William Penn, son of the Admiral, in payment of a claim held by the Admiral against the crown for services. The grant was made under a charter dated March 4, 1681, and in tne following year (December, 1682) the founder, with about 100 of his countrymen, all of whom belonged to the trymen, all of whom belonged to the sect known as Quakers, landed on the banks of the Delaware some distance below the present Philadelphia. The history of the troubles with the Indians with respect to the ownership of ans with respect to the ownership of the lands, and the several treaties and walking purchase under which much of it was acquired by the proprietors, Thomas and John Penn (the sons of William and grandsons of the Admiral), who were members of the Established Church and opposed to the Quakers, is too voluminous for these sketches. One of Penn's early acts was to divide his province into three counties --Philadelphia, Chester and Bucks. With the influx of the German emigrants, which began in considerable grants, which began in considerable numbers about 1708, the population in the regions bordering the Lehigh became quite a factor in the elections of came quite a factor in the elections of Bucks county, which then embraced the territory as far north as the New York State line and bordering the west shore of the Delaware. In co-operation with the Quakers the Germans wielded a political power in the Assembly in opposition to the proprietary interests. In order to break this alliance, and thereby reduce the number of representatives, the Penns (Thomas and sentatives, the Penns (Thomas and John) fathered the movement for the creation of a new county that would embrace within its limits the rapidly growing German communities. During the latter part of 1750 and commencement of 1751 petitions were circulated in the upper parts of Bucks county for the formation of a new county. The following extracts from the journal of the Colonial Assembly will show the proceedings in the matter; ter; March 11, 1751.-- A petition from a great number of inhabitants of the county of Bucks was presented to the House and read, setting forth that by the number of inhabitants and the remote extent of settlements of said mote extent of settlements of said county from the present seat of Judicature, they are extremely harassed and ture, they are extremely harassed and aggrieved whenever they have occasion to make application for obtaining justice, and often choose to lose their tice, and often choose to lose their right rather than sue for it, under such circumstances; that many knowing this are guilty of fraudulent and deceitful practices, as well as other licen- ful practices, as well as other licentious behaviour, which they durst not tious behaviour, which they durst not attempt were the petitioners erected into a county by themselves and the seat of justice more easily to be come at; that they are encouraged to hope that the same justice, equity and regard for the public good which induced gard for the public good which induced the late Assemblies to erect two new counties [Berks and Cumberland] for the relief of the inhabitants will, as their case is the same, be extended to them; that they apprehend a division line run to the southward from Tohickon creek to the line of Philadelphia on creek to the line of Philadelphia county, and from thence to the northward by a common line that divides ward by a common line that divides Philadelphia county from Bucks would be the most convenient separation from the old county of Bucks; that it is with concern for the public as well as with great detriment to themselves that they daily see the produce of that part of the province carried over at the point of the Forks of Delaware into the Jersey's, and from thence by land to sey's, and from thence by land to Brunswick, which is a private loss, by the heavy charges for carriage and a provincial loss, by so great a share of the produce going to a foreign market, but all this they conceive might be thoroughly remedied if there was a new county erected and a proper situation pitched upon for the seat of com- tion pitched upon for the seat of commerce and justice. They therefore merce and justice. They therefore being conscious that what is here offered is essentially connected with the fered is essentially connected with the good of the public in general, as well as of the inhabitants in particular, do pray this House to grant them a speedy and effectual relief in all the premises." ises." June 16, 1751. -- The petition was read a second time and referred to the consideration of the next Assembly. sideration of the next Assembly. February 5, 1752. -- The petition was read and ordered to lie on the table. February 6, 1752. -- Petition read a second time and referred for further consideration. February 11, 1752. -- A petition from the agents of the petitioners praying that the House would resume the consideration was read and ordered to lie sideration was read and ordered to lie on the table. February 13, 1752. -- The petition from the agents, &c., was read the second time and considered. "Resolved, That the said petitioners have leave to bring in a bill concerning said county. February 18, 1752.-- A bill for erecting the northwestern part of Bucks ing the northwestern part of Bucks into a separate county was read the first time. February 20,1752. -- The bill was read the second time- paragraph by para, graph, and ordered to be transcribed for a third reading. February 21, 1752. -- Was read the third time (being transcribed). "Resolved, The bill do pass." Ordered solved, The bill do pass." Ordered that Joseph Hamton and Richard Walker, of Bucks county, do carry up tne same to the Governor for his concurrence. currence. February 22, 1752. -- The gentlemen appointed to wait on the Governor with the bill for erecting the northwest part of Bucks into a separate county report that they had delivered the same according to order, and that the Governor cording to order, and that the Governor was pleased to say that he would give it all the dispatch in his power. March 6, 1752. -- The Governor, by his secretary, sent down the bill, with some amendments, which were read, agreed to by the House, and ordered to be ingrossed with the bill. March 11, 1752.-- On this day the bill [as follows] was signed by the Governor. ernor. AN ACT FOR ERECTING THE NORTHWEST PART OF BUCKS INTO A SEPARATE COUNTY. Whereas, A great number of the Inhabitants of the Upper Parts of the habitants of the Upper Parts of the County of Bucks, by their Petition, have humbly represented to the Governor and Assembly of this Province ernor and Assembly of this Province the great Hardships they lay under, by being so remote from the present Seat of Judicature, and the public Ofiices, that the necessary Means to be used for obtaining Justice is attended with to much difficulty and Expense, that many forego their Right, rather than attempt the Recovery of it under such circumstances; while others, sensible of these difficulties, commit great villainies with Impunity. For remedying lainies with Impunity. For remedying whereof, and for relief of the IrLhabitants, be it enacted by the Honourable tants, be it enacted by the Honourable James Hamilton, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor, under the Honourable Thomas ernor, under the Honourable Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, Esquires, true and absolute Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania, and of the Coun- ince of Pennsylvania, and of the Counties of New-Castle, Kent, and Sussex, ties of New-Castle, Kent, and Sussex, upon Delaware, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Representatives of the Freemen of the said Province, in General Assembly met, and by the Authority of the same. That all and singular the Lands, lying within the Province of Pennsylvania aforesaid, be erected into a County; and the same is hereby erected into a County, named, and henceforth to be called, Northami>ton; to be divided from the County of ton; to be divided from the County of Bucks by the upper or Northwestward line of Durham Tract, to the Upper comer thereof; then by a straight line to be run Southwestwardly to the Line dividing the Townships of Upper and Lower Milford; then along the said Line to the Line dividing Philadelphia and Bucks Counties, and then by that Line to the Extremity of the said Province. ince. II. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Inhabitants of the said County shall, at all tants of the said County shall, at all times hereafter, have and enjoy all and singular the Jurisdictions, Powers, Rights, Liberties and Privileges whatsoever, which the Inhabitants of any soever, which the Inhabitants of any other County within the said Province do, may, or ought to enjoy, by any Charter or Privileges, or the Laws of this Province, or bj^ any other Ways or Means whatsoever, excepting only in the Number of Representatives to serve in General Assembly of this Province; in which Case it is Provided and ince; in which Case it is Provided and fui-ther enacted by Authority aforesaid, That until it shall be otherwise oi'dered by the Governor and Assembly of this Province, the Freemen and Inhabitants of the said County, qualified by the Laws of this Province to elect, shall annually meet at or near the Place where the Court House is intended to be built for the said County, at the same Time the Inhabitants of the other Counties of this Province shall meet for like Purposes, and there proceed to choose Inspectors, and to Elect one Representative or Delegate, to serve them in assembly, in the same manner as by the Charter and Laws of this Province is directed in respect to other Counties; which said ivepresentatives, when so chosen, shall be a member of the General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, and sit and act as such, as fully and freely as any of the Representatives for the other Counties within this Province do, may, can, or ought to do. III. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That all Taxes already laid within the Bounds of the said County of Northampton, by Virtue of any Act of Assembly of this Province, which are not already paid, shall ince, which are not already paid, shall be Collected by the respective Collectors within the Bounds aforesaid, and tors within the Bounds aforesaid, and paid into the Hands of the Treasurer of Bucks County; and that all persons concerned in the levying, receiving and paying the said Taxes, shall have the same Power and Authority, and be under the same Penalties and Restric- der the same Penalties and Restrictions, for collecting and paying the tions, for collecting and paying the same, as by the said Acts, by which the said Taxes were assessed, are expressed and directed, until the Whole be ed and directed, until the Whole be collected and paid as aforesaid. I V . And, be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Justices of the Supreme Court of this Province, shall have like Powers, Jurisdictions and Authorities, within the said County Oj. Northampton, as by Law they are vested with, and entitled unto, in the other Counties within the Province aforesaid; and are hereby authorized and impowered, from Time to Time, to deliver the Gaols of the said County of capital or other Offenders, in like Manner as they are authorized to do in the other Counties aforesaid. V. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That there shall be a competant number of Justices nominated and authorized by the Governor for the Time being, by Commis- ernor for the Time being, by Commissions under the Broad Seal of the Prov- sions under the Broad Seal of the Province; which said Justices, or any three ince; which said Justices, or any three oi them, shall and may hold Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Gaol Delivery, and County Courts for holding of Pleas; and shall have all and singular the Powers, Rights, Jurisdictions and Authorities, to all Intents and Purposes, as other the Justices of Courts of General Quarter Sessions and Justices of the County Courts for holding of Pleas, in the other Counties aforesaid, may, can, or ought to have, in their respective Counties; which said Courts Shall, from and after the Publication of this Act, sit and ter the Publication of this Act, sit and be held for the said County of Northampton, on the Third day of the Week, ampton, on the Third day of the Week, commonly called Tuesday, next ensuing Bucks County Courts, in every of ing Bucks County Courts, in every of the Months called March, June, September and December, in every Year, tember and December, in every Year, at Easton. on Lehietan, in the Forks of the River Delaware, until a CourtHouse shall be built; and when the House shall be built; and when the same is built and erected in the County aforesaid, the said several Courts shall then be holden and kept at the said Court House, on the Days before mentioned. And the Election of a Repre- tioned. And the Election of a Representative to serve in General Assem- sentative to serve in General Assembly, Assessors and all other Officers of bly, Assessors and all other Officers of the said County, who are or shall be appointed to be annually elected, shall be made and elected at or near the said Court-House, at the same Time, and in the same Manner, as by the Charter of Privileges, and Laws of the Province aforesaid, is directed to be done in other Counties within this Province. And it shall be lawful for the Freemen of the said County, for the first Year, to choose three Commissioners for raising County Rates and Levies for the said County. VI. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That it shall and may be lawful to and for Thomas Craig, Hugh Wilson, John Jones, Thos. Armstrong and James Martin, or any three of them, to purchase and take Assurance to them and their Heirs of a Piece of Land, situate in some convenient Place in the said Town, in Trust, nient Place in the said Town, in Trust, and for the Use of the Inhabitants of the said County, and thereon to erect and build a Court raouse and Prison, sufScient to accommodate the public Service of the said County, and for the Ease and Conveuiency of the Inhabitants. tants. VII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That for the defraying the Charges of purchasing the fraying the Charges of purchasing the Land, building and erecting the Court House and Prison aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for the Commissioners and the Assessors of the missioners and the Assessors of the said County, or a Majority of them, to assess and levy, and they are hereby required to assess and levy, so much money as the said Trustees, or any three of them, shall judge necessary for purchasing the Land and finishing the said Court-House and Prison. Provided always, the Sum of Money, so to vided always, the Sum of Money, so to be raised, does not exceed Three Hundred Pounds, current money of this dred Pounds, current money of this Province. VIII. Provided, also, and be it further enacted by the Authority afore- ther enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That no Action or Suit, now com- said. That no Action or Suit, now commenced or depending in the County of menced or depending in the County of Bucks, against any person living within the Bounds of the said County of Northampton, or elsewhere, shall be stayed or discontinued by this Act, or by anything herein contained; but that the same Actions already commenced or depending, may be prosecuted, and Judgment thereupon rendered, as if this \ct had not been made, And it shall and raaj' be lawful for the Justices of Bucks County to issue any tices of Bucks County to issue any Judicial process, to be directed to the Sheriff of Bucks County, for carrying on and obtaining the Effect of their Suits; which Sheriff shall be and is hereby obliged to yield obediance In executing the said Writs, and make due Return thereof before the Justices of the said Court of the said County of Bucks, as if the Parties were living and residing within the same. IX. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That Daniel Craig, of the said County of Northampton, be, and hereby is appointed, Collector of the Excise of the said County, who is hereby authorized and impowered, by himself or his sufficient Deputy, duly constituted, and for whom he shall be accountable, to demand, collect, receive and recover, the Excise appointed to be paid by any Act or Acts of Assembly ol this Province, and also the Arrearages thereof, of and from all and every ages thereof, of and from all and every Person and Persons within the said County, retailing or vending any of the Liquors by the said Acts liable to pay the same; and also to recover and receive all and every the Duties, Fines ceive all and every the Duties, Fines and Forfeitures laid or imposed, or tnai shall happen to arise or become due, tor any Thing done contrary to the Intent of the said Acts. X. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the said Collector of Excise for the County of lector of Excise for the County of Northampton aforesaid, the better to enable himself to recover the Arrearages of Excise now due, or which shall ages of Excise now due, or which shall become due before the Publication of this Act, shall apply to the Collector of Excise for the County of Bucks for a List, which he is hereby enjoined and required to deliver, containing the names of each and every Person in Arrear for Excise within the said County of Northampton, and how much from each of them. XI. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That the Collector of the County of Northampton aforesaid, before he enters on the Execution said, before he enters on the Execution ot his said Office, is hereby required to give Bond, with two sufficient Sureties, to the Treasurer of this Province ties, to the Treasurer of this Province for the Time being, in the Sum of Two Hundred Pounds, lawful Money of the Province aforesaid, tor the faithful discharge of his Duty, and paying all Such charge of his Duty, and paying all Such sums of Money, as he shall from Time to Time receive by virtue of this Act. And further, the Collector of the said County of Northampton shall in all Things govern himself, and be subject to the same. Regulations, Restrictions, Fines and Forfeitures, and shall observe like Rules, Orders and Direc- serve like Rules, Orders and Directiohs, as the Collectors of other the tiohs, as the Collectors of other the Counties aforesaid, by the Laws of this Province, are Liable to. And the said Collector for the Discharge of the Duty of the said Office, within the said County of Northampton, shall have and receive like Fees, Perquisites and Rewards, for his services enjoined by this Act, as other the Collectors aforesaid, Philadelphia excepted, by the Acts aforesaid delphia excepted, by the Acts aforesaid are entitled unto, for the Services enjoined them by the Acts aforesaid. joined them by the Acts aforesaid. XII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That until a Sheriff and Coroner shall be chosen in the iff and Coroner shall be chosen in the County of Northampton, in Pursuance of this Act, it shall and may be lawful for the Sheriff and Coroner of Bucks to officiate and act in the Discharge of their respective Duties, as fully and amply as they might and ought to have done if this Act had not been made; one of whom, or his Deputy, shall attend and discharge the Duty of his tend and discharge the Duty of his Office, according to the Laws of this Province, at the next Election at Bucks; and the other of them, or his Deputy, shall attend and Discharge the Duty of his office, in like Manner, at the first Election next to be held in the County of Northampton aforesaid, in Pursuance of the Directions of this Act. XIII. And to the End of the Boundaries of the said County of Northampton ries of the said County of Northampton may be better ascertained and known. Be it further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That it shall and may be lawful to and for John Chapman, John "Vvatson, junior, and Samuel Foulke, or to and for a majority of them, and they are hereby required and firmly enjoined, within the Space of Six Months, ed, within the Space of Six Months, next after the Publication of this Act, to assemble themselves together and run, mark out and distinguish, the Boundary Line between the said Counties of Bucks and Northampton, and ties of Bucks and Northampton, and the Charges to arise for the doing thereof shall be defrayed by the said County of Northampton, and to that End levied and raised by the Inhabitants thereof, in such manner as other tants thereof, in such manner as other Public Money, for the use of the Said County, by Law ought to be raised and levied. The origin of the name of the county was not with the Assembly, for in a letter from Thomas Penn, one of the Proprietaries, to Governor Hamilton, dated London, September 8, 1751, he expressed the desire that the new town (which had been ordered to be surveyed at the Forks of the Delaware) veyed at the Forks of the Delaware) be named Easton, and whenever a new county should be erected it be called Northampton. There was a sentimental reason for this suggestion of mental reason for this suggestion of names, for Penn had just married Juliana Fermor, the daughter of Lord Pomfret, whose country seat, EastonNeston, was located in Northampton- Neston, was located in Northamptonshire, where, it is said, are located shire, where, it is said, are located more seats of the nobility and gentry than in any other county of England, and for upwards of a century there was a Fermor street, a Pomfret street, a Hamilton street, a Juliana street and a John street, which the unromantic burghers of Easton converted into Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth streets. Northampton county at the time of its erection contained an area of 5,321 square miles. This was reduced to its present limit of about 370 square miles by: it of about 370 square miles by: Erection of Northumberland county March 27, 1772--2,072 square miles. Erection of Wayne county March 21, 1798 -- 720 square miles. Erection of Schuylkill county March 11, 1811 -- 175 square miles. Erection of Lehigh county March 6, 1812--389 square miles. Erection of Columbia county March 22, 1813--25 square miles. Erection of Pike county March 26, iol4 -- 580 square miles. Erection of Monroe county April 1, 1836 -- 600 square miles. Erection of Carbon county March 13, 1843 -- 390 square miles This made a total reduction of 4,951 square miles, leaving present area of Northampton county 370 square miles. Of the 2,072 square miles taken to Northumberland county in 1772: 713 square miles were in 1786 included in the formation of Luzerne county. ed in the formation of Luzerne county. 797 square miles were in 1810 included in the formation of Susquehanna cluded in the formation of Susquehanna county. 390 square miles were in 1810 included in the formation of Bradford cluded in the formation of Bradford county. 172 square miles were in 1842 included in the formation of Wyoming cluded in the formation of Wyoming county. Of the 713 square miles taken to form Luzerne county 424 square miles were cut off in 1878 and constitutes the present county of Lackawanna, so that at the end of Northampton's first century and a half its blood courses, so to tury and a half its blood courses, so to speak, in the veins of fourteen counties, and genealogically eight counties ties, and genealogically eight counties claim her as a parent, four as grandparent and one as great-grandparent. parent and one as great-grandparent. The population of the counties which trace their ancestry, entire or in part, to old Northampton aggregate at this time 1,069,785, but only three cities located within these counties exceed the population of the shire-town (Easton) of the original and present North- ton) of the original and present Northampton county. They are Allentown, ampton county. They are Allentown, Wilkes-Barre and Scranton. The population of Northampton county and of Easton since their formation to the present time has been: mation to the present time has been: Northampton Years County Easton 1752 4,000 30 (estimated) 1760 8,800 150 1770 14,470 350 1^80 19,360 475 1V90 24,250 600 (U.S.census) 1800 30,062 1,045 1810 38,145 1,657 1820 31,765 2,370 1830 39,482 3,529 1840 40,996 4,865 1850 40,235 7,250 1860 47,904 8,944 1870 61,432 10,987 1880 70,312 11,924 1890 84,220 14,481 1900 99,687 25,238 It will be seen from the above that the population of Easton in this its sesqui-centennial year is about what the entire then existing county of JNorthampton contained in 1790 -- the first year of a government census. The population, estimated at 4,000, of the county at the time of its formation was distributed on soil now contained in the following counties and townships: ships: (1) Townships in the present county of Northampton: ty of Northampton: Easton 30 Bethlehem, including Nazareth (Upper and Lower, eth (Upper and Lower, Christian Spring and Gnadenthal -- the Moravian Settle- enthal -- the Moravian Settlements) 500 ments) 500 Allen (and East Allen, including Hanover) 220 ing Hanover) 220 Williams 150 Lower Saucon 250 Forks of Delaware, excluding Easton, including Palmer. . 50 Plainfield (including Bushkill 50 Moore 25 Lehigh 100 Mt. Bethel (Upper and Lower, and Washington) 125 (2) Townships in the present county of Lehigh: ty of Lehigh: Upper Milford 250 Upper Saucon 200 Macungie 300 Salisbury 100 Town of Northampton (Allentown) 20 town) 20 Whitehall 250 Lowhill 75 Weisenburg 150 Heidelberg 175 Lynn 200 Hanover 80 (3) Townships in the present county of Monroe: ty of Monroe: Chestnut Hill 25 Hamilton 50 Lower Smithfield 225 (4) Townships in the present county of Carbon: Penn 150 Towamensing 50 (5) Townships in the present counties of Wayne and Pike: ties of Wayne and Pike: Upper Smithfield 75 Delaware 125 The townships which had been formed and named prior to the erection of ed and named prior to the erection of Northampton were Smithfield 1742 Milford 1742 Saucon 'Upper and Lower 1743 Macungie 1743 Bethlehem 1'746 Mt. Bethel 1'74S Allen 1749 Williams 1749 The only township north of the Blue mountains was Smithfield, inhabited by Hollanders, and all beyond was an unbroken wilderness known as "Towamensing," a country practically unin- mensing," a country practically uninhabited, and on a map printed in 1749 habited, and on a map printed in 1749 called "St. Anthony's Wilderness." The act of Assembly creating the new county, designated the location of the county seat, and time for holding court, and as the first court was due in June folloving, no time was to be lost in laying out the seat of justice and providing for the county offices, etc. There was plenty of timber available not only for building purposes, able not only for building purposes, but also from which to make county officials. The first court of the county was held June 16, 1752 before Justices Thomas Craig, Timothy Horsfield, Hugh Wilson, James Martin, and William Craig (descendants of some of liam Craig (descendants of some of these are living in the county at this writing). The Craigs (Thomas and William) were two of four brothers who liam) were two of four brothers who between 1720 and 1740 located in Bucks county; of those who remained in Bucks (Daniel and James) the former was the great-great-great grand- mer was the great-great-great grandfather of President Theodore Roose- father of President Theodore Roosevelt. velt. Hugh Wilson married a sister of the four Craig brothers and was the greatgreat-great grandfather of Hon. Rob- great-great grandfather of Hon. Robert E. James, of your city, so that the ert E. James, of your city, so that the President and Mr. James had a Craig ancestor in common who probably lived in the north of Ireland at the begin- ed in the north of Ireland at the beginning of the Eighteenth century. ning of the Eighteenth century. Timothy Horsfieid, who married Mary Doughty, of Long Island, was an Englishman born 1708, died 1773. He left three children -- one of them Timothy, Jr., married William Parson's daughter. One of their descend- son's daughter. One of their descendants is Rev. Dr. William J. Holland, ants is Rev. Dr. William J. Holland, Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania. The first election in the county was held October 1, 1752, when the trouble which had so strongly manifested itself in Bucks county as to bring about self in Bucks county as to bring about the establishment of a new county -that is to say the contest between the that is to say the contest between the allied Quaker and German factions against the proprietary or Penn element -- broke out in a contest for the ment -- broke out in a contest for the Assembly, William Parsons was the proprietary candidate and was defeated by James Bunisides, a Moravian -- ed by James Bunisides, a Moravian -the Quaker-German candidate^ -- after a the Quaker-German candidate^ -- after a spirited political contest -- the first fruits of an institution which has surTived in the county to this aay. Tived in the county to this aay. The elections for the entire county and for many years, were held at Easton. ton. In the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, is a manuscript entitled "Acct. of Wages paid script entitled "Acct. of Wages paid workmen for clearing the streets in Easton at 3 shillings per Day, they finding themselves." I believe this has heretofore never been printed. It is as follows: "May the 11th, 1752 Rec'd. of Mr. Peters Seven Pounds towards defraying the charge of opening the streets in Easton. . . PS 7 ing the streets in Easton. . . PS 7 And per Mr. John Jones PS23 And in Philadelphia 20 PS50 May the 7th left Philada. in compa. with Mr. Nicholas Scull. Expenses at Abington PS0 3 Expenses at the Billet [Crooked-Billet now Hatboro, Bucks Co.] 14 boro, Bucks Co.] 14 Expenses at Alexander Poe's [Patrick Poe's at the "Sign of the Plough,' at the present Gardenville, Bucks ent Gardenville, Bucks Co. is probably meant, as no Alexander Poe was innkeeper in Bucks Co. at keeper in Bucks Co. at this time] 8 Expenses at Durham PS0 4 Expenses at ye Ferry (over the Lehigh) Expenses at John Lefevre's with Mr. Scull 2 2 Expenses at John Lefevre's after Mr. Scull left me 1 12 May 14. Paid Jacob Bess, 31/2 days..PS0 10 6 George Reimell 10 Christian Miller 11 Adam Mergell, 21/2 days... 7 6 Henry Weidner, 2 days 6 George Reimell in all, 5 days 5 Philip Reimell, 3 days 9 William Marks, 3 days 9 Albert Valtin, 6V2 days 19 6 v^onrad Valtin. 4 days 12 Melchoir Young, 2 days... 6 Elias Detrick, 3 days 9 Sebastian Keiser, 2 days ... 6 Peter Best, 2 days 6 Jacob Cough, 5 days 15 Bernhard Walter, 3 days ... 9 Mich'l Blass, 3 days 9 Conrad Menger, 3 days 9 PS8 18 6 May 21st, 1752. Christian Piper, 8 days PS1 4 Philip Piper, 6 days 18 Jacob Nierpas, 5V^ days 16 Garrett Snyder, 31/2 days... 10 6 Christian Miller, 2 days more 6 Peter Hess, 71/2 uays 12 6 Henry Hess, 5 days 15 George Koon, 8 days 1 4 Anto Ezer, 6i^ days 19 6 Melchoir Hay, 61/2 days 19 6 Wra. Fulber, 8 days 14 Philip Reimell, 1 day 3 Geo. Reimell, 1 day 3 Isaac Lefever, IV^ days 4 6 George Stengell, 7 days 110 11 11 Pd. Jacob Cough for Board.. 2 2 Paid Patterson for going express to Messrs. Brodhead, press to Messrs. Brodhead, Depue & VanAten.- 5 Paid John Chapman on account of running the coun- count of running the county line 10 ty line 10 PS23 18 Woodcutters. June -- John McMichell on Acct. of Boards 10 June 15 -- Melchoir Young.. 5 June 20th pd Anto Ezer 2 15 Aug. 13th pd ye Sawyer for boards, &c 4 6 Aug. 15 pd Anto Ezer 5 8 Pd John Finley, mason on account by order of ye trustees 5 8 Aug. 18 pd John Chapman for boards 3 4 Aug 20th pd for raising the house, George & Michael Reimell 6 12 6 John Lefevre's, where the surveyors boarded, was a public house or tavern located neai' the present borough of Stockertown. The stream which flows through the northern and eastern border of this town and joins the Bush- der of this town and joins the Bushkill, (or Tatamy's Creek, as it was kill, (or Tatamy's Creek, as it was called in olden times) near Tatamy, has for a century and a half borne the name of "Lefevre's Creek." The following letter, (without date) was doubtless written about the time the survey of Easton was completed, and the lots thrown into the market for sale. It is addressed to Richard Peters, who was the secretary of the Penns, and looked after their inter"It was about 11 o'clock yesterday "It was about 11 o'clock yesterday when your Instructions by Mr. Jones came to hand and I had but just time to read them over when Mr. James Scull came with yours of the 23rd. The weather had been so unfavorable ever since you left Easton that it was not without Difficulty that the streets were got in any tolerable order against the time appointed, and Mr. Jones staying so late that morning gave me some pain lest he would not come at all that Day, and a great number of People would be thereby disappointed but upon his appearance their apprehensions were removed. But you will hensions were removed. But you will easily imagine that I was under great Difficulties when I read over the abstract of the Proprietai-y's letter & saw the Plan agreeable to it sent me by the Surveyor Gen'l especially as I saw it absolutely necessary to make some alterations in it. It was now about one of the Clock and a multitude of People waiting in expectation to have the Lots shown them. While I was contriving how to dismiss them without giving offence. How well I succeeded those that were lookers on can but say. This I can assure you that I managed things to the best of my abilities. And about 30 had their names entered who all promised to build this Fall or at least to make large preparations for building next Spring. There are 140 appliers in all who also seem very much in earnest to build. The Persons most disappointed were such as had been most pointed were such as had been most active in obtaining the County. The greatest number of the appliers yesterday were Germans some of them terday were Germans some of them of my old acquaintance men in good circumstances. As I propose to be in Philadelphia next Monday or Tuesday shall refer the next bill I shall have the satisfaction to relate it by word of mouth. I am WILLIAM PARSONS. The summer and autumn of 1752 were doubtless busy ones at "The Forks," but by early winter, Mr. Parsons, whom the Penns had selected to sons, whom the Penns had selected to represent them on the ground, removed to Baston. I'he following letter is ed to Baston. I'he following letter is interesting in that it minutely describes the situation of affairs in the scribes the situation of affairs in the first year of your city's history. Parsons was not without faith and pinned sons was not without faith and pinned it to the new jail, the completion of which he hoped would increase the population of the infant town. Easton, December 8th, 1752. Richard Peters, Esq. Sir: Upon removing my Family to this place, my thoughts have been more engaged in considering the circumstances of this Infant Town than cumstances of this Infant Town than ever, as well with regard to its neighborhood, as the Probability there is borhood, as the Probability there is of its being furnished with Provisions from the Inhabitants near about it, and if there already is, or probably may in time be, a sufficient number of settlers to carry on any considerable Trade with the Town. For without these it is not likely that it will be improved to any great height, as well with regard to the town itself, that is to say, its Situation, as to Health, Trade and Pleasantness. Easton is situate in the tork of the River Delaware, exactly in that part of the Fork ware, exactly in that part of the Fork where the two main branches meet, and is bounded on the South by the West Branch and on the East with the main Branch of the River which runs in this place, nearly North and South, about 120 Perches to a very pleasant Brook of Water called Tattamy's Creek, which bounds the Town to the North. On the West it is bounded by a pretty high hill that runs nearly parallel to and at the distance of 130 perches from the Main Branch. The Site of the Town is pleasant and very agreeable, the Banks of all the Waters bounding it are high and clean, and if it was as large again as it is being now about 100 acres, it might be said to be a very beautiful place for a town. It is true that it is surrounded on every side by very high hills, which make it appears under some disadvantages at a Distance, and might give some occasion for suspicion of its not being very sion for suspicion of its not being very healthy. But during all the last summer, which was very dry, and the Fall mer, which was very dry, and the Fall which has been remarkably wet, I don't know that any one has been visited with the Fever or any other sick- ited with the Fever or any other sickness, notwithstanding most of the Peo- ness, notwithstanding most of the People have been much exposed to the ple have been much exposed to the night air and wet weather. FrOm whence I make no Difficulty to conclude the Place is and will continue clude the Place is and will continue very healthy, As to the external advantages or Disadvantages of the vantages or Disadvantages of the town, I am not sufficiently acquainted with the country to enumerate them all. The most conspicuous are the adjacent Rivers. The main Branch in jacent Rivers. The main Branch in some seasons of the year is navigable for small craft from near 100 miles above the town to Philadelphia, and if it were cleared in some places of the rocks which impede the Navigation in the summer season above as tion in the summer season above as well as below, the Town (and I have been told that it is practicable in some good measure to clear them), the Advantage that would accrue from the vantage that would accrue from the Trade to and from Philadelphia must be very considerable, as water carriage is much cheaper, and, in respect to several kinds of Mercht. Goods much safer than Land Carriage and in Regard to the Trade up the River that would likewise be very advantageous to the town, as well as to the coun- ous to the town, as well as to the country in general even in the single arti- try in general even in the single article of Lumber, as there is great plenty cle of Lumber, as there is great plenty of almost all kinds of Timber above the Mountains, where there is also many good conveniences for erecting Saw Mills, and several are built there already. From whence the Town might readily be supplied with Boards, Scantling, etc. The West Branch will also be of advantage to the town, as it is navigable several miles for small craft. And Tattamy's Creek being a good stream of Water to erect Mills upon, will also contribute towards the advancement of the Place. The Jersey side being at present more settled sey side being at present more settled near the River, opposite to the Forks, than the Pennsylvania Siae, and indeed the Land on that side is better deed the Land on that side is better watered and more convenient for Settlements, than it is on this Side for tlements, than it is on this Side for several miles about Easton. We have been supplied as much or more from that side, as from our own. But how, Mr. John Cox's Project of laying out a town upon his Land adjoining Mr. Martin's Land, is hard to say, and time only can obviate. But notwithstanding the advantages already men- standing the advantages already mentioned, and perhaps many have been tioned, and perhaps many have been escaped my notice, it must be confest that the town labours under several considerable disadvantages. The first that offers, I mention with Submission, is the great Tract of Land called sion, is the great Tract of Land called the dry Land, to the Westward of the Town. This with another Tract adjoining the Town to the Northward, joining the Town to the Northward, being all together about 20,000 acres, is almost the only part of the Country that, by its nearness to the 'lown, were it settled and improved, could conveniently and readily afford a constant Supply of Provisions of all kinds, stant Supply of Provisions of all kinds, especially the smaller kinds which would not be so convenient for Persons who lived more remote to fur- sons who lived more remote to furnish to the Westward and Northward nish to the Westward and Northward of the dry Lands, are the Moravian Settlements, about eleven miles from the town. These Settlements are not only of no advantage, but rather a great Disadvantage to tne town. For being an entire and separate interest by themselves, corresponding only with one another where they can possibly avoid it except where the Advan- sibly avoid it except where the Advantage is evidently in their Favour, it tage is evidently in their Favour, it can't be expected that the Town should reap any Benefit from them. Besides, as they have not hitherto raised, and as their Number is continually encreasing by the yearly in- tinually encreasing by the yearly increase of Foreigners, it is not likely crease of Foreigners, it is not likely that they will, in time to come, raise sufficient Provision for themselves, but are obliged to purchase great Quantities from their neighbours, who would ties from their neighbours, who would otherwise bring it to the Town, but this is not to be expected while they can dispose of what they have to sell so much nearer home. And this leads me to wish, for the good of Easton, if the Honourable the Proprietaries should include to have the dry Lands improved, that it may not be disposed of to the Moravians. Not because they are Moravians, but because their interest interferes so much with the Inter- est interferes so much with the Interest of the Town, ii the dry Lands est of the Town, ii the dry Lands should be settled cniefly by them, the Master Brethren would have the whole Direction and Disposal of all that should be raised there. Which would be more discouraging and worse to the Town, than if that Land were not inhabited at all. For as long as it remains uncultivated, it will serve for range for town cattle. Between the Town and the Mountains, which is about 16 miles, is mostly poor Land, and mostly thin settled. The other side of the Mountain consists chiefly of new Settlements except the Minisinks and some other Plantations near sinks and some other Plantations near the river. But very probably in time they will contribute to the Advancement and Trade of the Town. On the ment and Trade of the Town. On the South Side of the West Branch the Country is the most and best settled except near the Town where the land is very hilly and stony. Upon the whole,the Town has hitherto been very well supplied with Meal, Beef, Pork, Mutton, Butter, Turnips, etc. But how it will be supplied with Hay and Pasturage, I can't yet clearly forsee. I turage, I can't yet clearly forsee. I mean if the Town increases as I am in great hopes it will. For this Winter I think we are pretty well provided. However, this leads me to mention Out-Lots, which will be more particularly wanted here than at any of the larly wanted here than at any of the other new Country Towns, as they are all of them much better accommodated with Meadow Ground, near about them, than this Town is. If I might presume to speak my Opinion, and I know you expect I should, if I speak at all, I could wish that a sufficient Quantity of the dry Lands might be appropriated for Out-Lots, and that all the Rest ed for Out-Lots, and that all the Rest were to be settled and improved and that by Dutch People; altho' they were of the poorer sort of them. I don't mention Dutch People from any particular Regard that I have for them ticular Regard that I have for them more than for other People. But because they are generally more labor- cause they are generally more laborious and comformable to their Circum- ious and comformable to their Circumstances, than some others amongst us stances, than some others amongst us are. I need not say who they are, but it is an old Observation, that poor Gentle-Folks don't always prove the fittest to begin new Places, where Labour is chiefly wanted. I can't hear of any considerable Body of Clay for making Bricks or Potters Work, upon any of the Proprietary's Land near the Town, but upon the 500 acre Tract which was surveyed for Mr. Thomas Craig, near the Town, I am told there is very good Clay, both for a Potter and Brickmaker. The QvO acres belongs now to one Correy, in Chester county. I wrote to you about it very largely in a former Letter. There is now eleven Families inEaston, who all propose to stay here this Winter. And when our Prison is finished, ter. And when our Prison is finished, which there is Hopes it soon will be,as it is now covered in, there is great Probability that the number will encrease before the Spring. crease before the Spring. I am, Sir, Your obedient, humble servant, WM. PARSONS. The eleven families referred to by Mr. Parsons were: (1.) William Parsons,hewho "rocked Easton in her cradle and watched over her infant footsteps with paternal solicitude," was probably a native of licitude," was probably a native of England, born May 6, 1701, died at Easton December 22, 1757. He resided in Philadelphia prior to 1722, a shoemaker by trade, and a member of maker by trade, and a member of Benjamin Franklin's "Junto Club," in which he passed as "a man having a profound knowledge of mathematics." In this club he was associated with Benjamin Franklin, John Bartram, the botanist, Thomas Godfrey, mathematician and inventor of the sextant, and tician and inventor of the sextant, and others in the founding of its successor, the American Philosophical Society (still existing as America's greatest association of scholars), in which he is recorded as geographer. He was a founder of the Philadelphia Library, "the mother of all the North American Libraries," as Franklin called it. in 1731, and served as director in 1732 1733 and 1746 to 1749. He was Librarian from 1734 to 1749. He was Sur- rian from 1734 to 1749. He was Surveyor General of the Province of Penn- veyor General of the Province of Pennsylvania from August 2,1, 1741, to June sylvania from August 2,1, 1741, to June 10, 171 ##, when ill health compelled him to resign, and thereupon removed to Lancaster, from whence he was summoned to lay out the new town at "the moned to lay out the new town at "the Forks," where he successively filled the offices of prothonotary, clerk of the courts, recorder, commissioners' clerk, justice of the peace and Major of the First Battalion of Provincial Troops during the Indian troubles (1755-57) and until his death. He married in 1722 J. Christiana [Hannah] Ziedich (1699-1773). a native of Quedlinburg, Germany, who had been brought to Philadelphia in 1717 by an uncle of hers, and where she joined the Moravians. After her husband's death she vians. After her husband's death she removed to Bethlehem. They had issue: (a) Johanna Gratia [Grace] Parsons, born November 28, 1736, at Philadelphia; married July 29, 1758, Nicholas phia; married July 29, 1758, Nicholas Uarrison, Jr., whose views of the towns of Nazareth and Bethlehem, engraved between 1757 and 1784, are in quest to tills day. (b) Ann Molly Parsons, married March 31, 1756. Rev. Jacob Rogers, late a clergyman in the Church of England, but who joined the Moravians in 1752. and labored in the ministry in Philadelphia, New York and North Carolina. phia, New York and North Carolina. She died at Bethabara, N. C, in 1759. (c) Susanna Parsons died in Philadelphia October 13,1746,andwas buried delphia October 13,1746,andwas buried in the Potter's Field. (d) Juliana Parsons, the youngest daughter of William Parsons, the founder of Easton, was born in Philadelphia. In 1767 she married Timothy delphia. In 1767 she married Timothy Horsfield, Jr. (1732-1789). They had issue. A son, Joseph Horsfield, delegate issue, a son Joseph Horsfield, delegate to the Pennsylvania Convention to ratify the Federal Constitution in 1787, ify the Federal Constitution in 1787, and the first postmaster of Bethlehem, had a daughter who married Christian Jacob Wolle, of Bethlehem, well known as a botanist. Their daughter married Rev. Francis Holland, a Moravian minister, and cis Holland, a Moravian minister, and their son is Rev. William J. Holland, Ph. D., LL. D., a distinguished Presbyterian divine, and Scientist, Chancellor terian divine, and Scientist, Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania, and Director of the Carnegie vania, and Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. (2.) Lewis Gordon, the first lawyer admitted to the courts of Northampton county. Commanded a company of i rovincial troops at Easton during the Indian troubles. He entered into the Revolutionary War with every promise of remaining loyal, but in 1777, when the success of the American party seemed doubtful, he proved defective. In the following year he died, leaving at least one son and a daughter, the latter the wife of James Taylor, son of George Taylor, the Signer of the Declaration of Independence. A descendant ration of Independence. A descendant through the latter line is Capt. William Gordon McCabe, of Richmond.Va., liam Gordon McCabe, of Richmond.Va., a graduate of the University of Virginia, a Doctor of Letters from Har- ginia, a Doctor of Letters from Harvard, an officer in the Confederate vard, an officer in the Confederate Army, 1861-65, founder and for thirtyfive years Principal of the University five years Principal of the University School, Petersburg, and afterwards at Richmond, Va., and a distinguished author and speaker. (3.) Henry Allshouse, carpenter. (4.) Abraham Berlin, smith. (5.) Nathaniel Vernon, ferryman. (6.) William Craig and John Anderson, tavernkeepers. son, tavernkeepers. (7.) Paul Miller, tavernkeeper. (8.) Ernest Becker, baker. (9.) Anthony Esser, butcher. (10.) John Finley, mason. (11.) Meyer Hart, shopkeeper. Concerning the descendants of these I may refer to them in future contribuuons. uons. That Mr. Parsons, in his trials, provided himself with spiritual comfort is vided himself with spiritual comfort is manifested by the following letter: Easton, March 26th, 1753. Mr. Jasper Paine. -- Sir: I herewith send you a Cagg to be filled with new beer, that it may ferment in the Cask, there is already some Scurvy Grass and horse Raddish in the Cagg that should be fermented with the Beer for Diet Drink. Please to let me know if you expect that any waggon will come soon this way from Bethlehem, if so the Cagg may be put in it and brought here, if not I will send for it. I have also sent a Gun Lock which is out of order. It wants a screw and the Hammer is too soft. I wish it could be mer is too soft. I wish it could be maae harder or that a new one was made. The expense I will very cheerfully pay. I am, Sir, Yr very humble fully pay. I am, Sir, Yr very humble ser\^ant, WM. PARSONS. Friend Lukens showed his interest in the internal improvements of the new town, and incidentally (?) towards bettering his own financial condition, by early suggesting to Mr. Parsons, a partnership in the erection of water works : Horsham, July 30, 1753. Esteemed Friend. -- I hope These may find Thee and Thy family in health. And I should be glad to here that thou had Obtained a grant for that piece of Land adjoining your Town, that hath the Convenience of having Waterworks erected thereon. And that we could join in Partnership in erecting same thereon according to our former proposals, And as I apprehend it would be of some advantage hend it would be of some advantage to the owners in Perticuler, as well as to your Town in general if the same could be accomplished before something of the Like be erected in the thing of the Like be erected in the Jerseys nearly opposit to it. So having nothing more to add but Requesting a line or two by way of answer, I remain, thine to serve, swer, I remain, thine to serve, JOHN LUKENS. P. S. -- I have just now heard that the Merchants and others in Philada. are come to a Resolution that pieces of 8 shall pass for 8 & other silver & Gold coin accordingly. I To William Parsons.] The location of a burial place for the new town was suggested in the following letter. The site referred to as the ing letter. The site referred to as the one most desirable is the one long in use, and recently acquired as the location for the new Library building: tion for the new Library building: Easton, November the 17th, 1754. Richd. Peters, Esqr. -- Sir: By the abstract from the Honble the Proprietor's Letter of the 10th June, 1754, it tor's Letter of the 10th June, 1754, it appears that the Place proposed for a burying ground, was not described with sufficient clearness. In the Plan of Easton and the out-Lots with the Ferry Land in the Jerseys there is the Letter (A) written a little to the Westward of the Westernmost Street [Juli- ward of the Westernmost Street [Julianna, now Fifth street] of Easton and anna, now Fifth street] of Easton and about 250 feet to the Northward of Northampton Street continued Westward through the out lots towards ward through the out lots towards Bethlehem. Where this letter (A) stands and not over the Run [present Easton Cemetery is located here] is the place which Mr. Turner, when he was last at Easton, thought the most proper for a burying Ground, if it was not too stony for digging [until recently the German Reformed burial cently the German Reformed burial grounds]. In the same Plan on the North Side of the Creek is written (A is thought the most proper place for a burying ground) meaning the (A) above mentioned. The out lots shall be altered according to Directions and nothing shall be wanting, on my part, to encourage the People to take them as well as the Lots in Town. For my own Part I think the Rent easy and believe the People in general will think lieve the People in general will think so too: but in new Settlements, like this, there will ever be some disaffected Persons who out of meer pervers- ed Persons who out of meer perversness of Temper will stir up the People ness of Temper will stir up the People against the most reasonable Propositions. The Land on the North Side tions. The Land on the North Side Oi the Creek opposite to the Town is so beautifully situated tuat Doctr Graeme when he was last here called it Belle Videre. I had rather that my Lady Julianna's [Penn] Name should grace it. This place I propose should be kept entire until we shall be so happy as to see the Honble the Proprietor here. I have spent a good prietor here. I have spent a good deal of time to discover the Lines of the Lands adjacent and near to Easton and find there is a Tract of Land about 1.8414 Acres adjoining the West End of the out-Lots and the Land surveyed for Thomas Craig. This I have great reason to think has not been surveyed for any Person and that it still belongs to the Proprietaries. It is pretty rough and Hilly but about one half of it at least will do very well to lay out into out Lots when there is further occasion. Inclosed you have a Draught casion. Inclosed you have a Draught of it and if it is, as I think it is, there will be no occasion to go over the Creek for out Lots. If you can find a suitable place in your Letter when you are writing to the Honble the Proprietaries 1 lease to give my most Humble taries 1 lease to give my most Humble Compliments to them. I am, Sir, Your obedient, humble servant, WM. PARSONS. To Richard Peters, Esquire, Philadelphia. delphia. The establishment of a school early attracted the attention of the settlers in Easton. A society had been formed in England and Germany for the instruction of the children of such set- struction of the children of such settlers in Pennsylvania, and the fund tlers in Pennsylvania, and the fund was distributed by trustees, of which the Rev. William Smith, D. D., Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, was one. The following petition for aid towards erecting a school building and engaging a teacher was sent to the trustees of this fund: To the Honble the Trustees General appointed for the management of the Charitable Scheme carrying on by a Society of Noblemen and Gentlemen in London for the Relief and tlemen in London for the Relief and Instruction of poor Germans and their Descendants settled in Pennsylvania. sylvania. The Petition of divers poor Germans settled in and about Easton the County Town of Northampton in behalf of themselves and other poor half of themselves and other poor Germans. Most humbly Sheweth: That your Petitioners being of the Lutheran; Reformed and other Protestant Religious formed and other Protestant Religious Persuasions and being entirely destitute of Ministers and School Mas- titute of Ministers and School Masters are under the greatest apprehen- ters are under the greatest apprehensions and Danger of having our Chil- sions and Danger of having our Children brought up in this distinguished dren brought up in this distinguished Protestant Christian Country almost entirely without the knowledge for want of a School for their Instruction and as we are all of us new Settlers and have expended our little substance upon necessary Habitations for stance upon necessary Habitations for ourselves and Families, many of which are not yet finished and most of us behind Hand for those that are. Therefore We are not able in our present circumstances to support the charge and expense of erecting a School House and paying a School Master to officiate in teaching our Children ter to officiate in teaching our Children to read and instructing them in the Principles of the holy Christian Religion Nevertheless having much at ligion Nevertheless having much at heart the future welfare of our own and our neighbours' Children we have laid aside all Differences of Religious k^eptiments most humbly and unanimously to pray your Honours would mously to pray your Honours would be pleased to make us such an allowance towards building a suitable ance towards building a suitable School House and paying a pious sober English School Master as to you (upon a true Information of our present on a true Information of our present low circumstances) shall seem meet and we engage on our Parts that we will do, and even exceed, all that can be expected from Persons in such low Circumstances towards building a House for accomodating the School Master in Easton aforesaid And as in Duty bound shail every pray, &c. It appears from the following letter that Mr. Parsons had his own separate views of the building and conducting the intended school in a letter to Richard Peters, Esq., dated, Easton, No- ard Peters, Esq., dated, Easton, November 23, 1754. He writes as fol- vember 23, 1754. He writes as follows: lows: Sir: X am under some difficulties about the plan of a school house, but am very clear in opinion that whatever house is built it will not do e%ea ever house is built it will not do e%ea to suffer any of the people to contribute either money or labor towards it. ute either money or labor towards it. They are so perverse and quarrelsome in all their alTairs that I am sometimes ready to query with myself whether it be men or beasts that the generous benefactors are about to civilize. Upon the least difference that shall hereafter happen amongst them (and they are perpetually differing even to rage about the most minute and trifling matters), they would not fail to ing matters), they would not fail to upraid each oiner with having done more than the other towards the building and this will be carried on with so ing and this will be carried on with so much rancor on both sides that the conclusion will be that neither will suffer their children to go to school if txie children of the other go there, beeing so many and so great personages out of tneir abundant humanity ages out of tneir abundant humanity and goodness have thought fit to set about so benevolent an undertaking. I will not be negligent in assisting in whatever the trustees may desire, tnough it seems to me like attempting to wash a Blackamore white which however I must confess it is said has been effected in five or six generations in some five instances. This I am very well assured of, that whoever is in any way concerned in buiiuing and ordering the schools instead of being gratefully treated, will stead of being gratefully treated, will be exposea to perpetual abuse and insults and tne most ignominious kind sults and tne most ignominious kind of treatment from those very persons whose good they are laboring. I say this as the real sentiments of my mind, and not to discourage or to show any unwillingness to do the utmost of my abilities whatever the gentlemen trustees shall desire of me in the affair, and I think as mothers have the fair, and I think as mothers have the principal direction in bringing up young c-.ldren, it would be of little purpose that the father can taik Elnglish, if the mother speaks nothing but lish, if the mother speaks nothing but Dutch [Pennsylvania German] to them, in this case the children will speak their mother's tongue. It therefore seems to me to be quite necessary fore seems to me to be quite necessary that there should be school mistresses. as well as Masters aiid the girls should be taught the use of their needles as well as to read and write (if writing shall be thought necessary for girls). By the use of their needles the mistress will have an opportunity to make tress will have an opportunity to make uiem in love with the English dress and this will be a great point gained to their speaking the English. I need not mention how industrious young men generally are to appear to speak the language which is most agreeable to the female world in low as well as high life, for nature is the same in every station and we only differ in the manner as we are differently educated. When I was last in town, [Philadelphia,] besides Mr. Gordon [Lewis Gor- phia,] besides Mr. Gordon [Lewis Gordon], I mentioned Peter Trex- don], I mentioned Peter Trexler, Esq., and Mr. John Lefe- ler, Esq., and Mr. John Lefebre, if you think more are bre, if you think more are necessary I don't know any better than James Martin, iiisqre. Mr. [John] Chapman seems at present very desirous of moving into this county. Paul Miller ap- ing into this county. Paul Miller appears to me in all his conduct here, the pears to me in all his conduct here, the most prudent best natural understanding man in Easton whether English or ing man in Easton whether English or Dutch, but he is a professed Roman Catholic, which is, I imagine, ^n insuperable objection to him. Mr. Trex- superable objection to him. Mr. Trexler is a very sober orderly worthy Gen- ler is a very sober orderly worthy Gentleman, and as he lives in Macungie, tleman, and as he lives in Macungie, which is the best settled part of the county, will be very useful if the school be kept sometimes at Easton, and at other times in some other part *Oi. the county. Mr. Michael More lives near Easton, but there are some small objections to him. You may at any time alter or add to the number as you see cause and as suitable persons #offer. I have not mentioned any of the Moravians, supposing them to be as exceptionable as the open and professed Roman Catholics are. fessed Roman Catholics are. WM. PARSONS. Thomas Penn, under date of February 26, 1755, wrote to Governor Hamil- ary 26, 1755, wrote to Governor Hamilton on the subject of schools: ton on the subject of schools: "The accounts we have received of the success of the trustees for German schools gives us great satisfaction and we hope will be a means of opening their eyes and informing their understandings that they not be led by the standings that they not be led by the nose as they have been and I think while there is any expectation of that sort, great care should be taken not to sour them by any general reflections, etc. tions, etc. The Trustees of the Fund, through Dr. Smith, subscribed PS30, the other subscribers in money, materials and labor being as noted in the following copy of the original subscription list: We the Subscribers being truly sensible of the great Advantages our Pos- sible of the great Advantages our Posterity may reap from the excellant terity may reap from the excellant Charitable Scheme lately formed in England for the Education of Protestant youth in Pennsylvania and being ant youth in Pennsylvania and being extremely desirous to encourage and promote the same as far as in our power lies, have engaged and agreed & er lies, have engaged and agreed & hereby do engage & agree to & with Wm. Parsons, James Martin, Peter Traxler, Esqrs., John Lefever, Lewis Gordon, Peter Kechline, Deputy trustees mentioned & appointed by the tees mentioned & appointed by the Trustees General of the said CharitPS^ble Scheme, that each of us shall & PS^ble Scheme, that each of us shall & will pay the sum of money and do and perform the work. Labor & Service in the building and erecting a School House (which may occasionally be made up of as a church for any Protestant Minister) to our names here- testant Minister) to our names hereunder respectively set down & affixed. under respectively set down & affixed. iJated at Easton the 31st day of July Anno Dom: 1755. Myer Hart, 20 lbs. Nails. Paul Reeser, 1,000 Shingles. Jacob Miner, 12 days' work. Henry Rinker, 30 Bushels of Lime. Stephen Horn, 1 week's work. Henry Alshouse, 5 Days' work. John Horn, 5 Days' work. John Finly, 6 Days' Do. Barthw Hoffman, 5 Do Mason work. John Nicholas Reder, 1 Week's work. 30 Waggons stone digging by Henry Bush & John Weidman. Jno George Bush, 5 Days' carpenter work. Jacob Krotz, 5 Do. Thos. Harris, 50 Sash lights. Jno Chapman, 3 days carting stone. Robert Miller, 4 days Mason work. James Fuller, 5 days' stone digging. PS s. d. William Smith in Behalf of the Proprietor & Trustees30 Wm. Parsons 5 Lewis Gordon 3 Nicholas Scull 3 Natii. Vernon 3 Peter Kechline 2 Christn Rinker 1 Jacob Bachman 1 Jacob Miner 1 Adam Yohe 10 Ludwig Knows 10 Lewis Klotz 10 Henry Becker 7 6 George Michael Shortz 15 Jno Sevitz 15 Anthony Esor 15 Charles Reichart 15 Jno Wagle 10 George Ernst Becker 1 John Rinker 10 N. N 7 6 Daniel Geese 5 Jeremiah Condy RussqI ..... 1 1 Paul Miller 1 5 John Fricker 16 The location and description of the first school house in Easton comes to us from an authentic source. The writer of this has personally examined a manuscript written fifty years ago, by a man who was born eight years before the building was removed, and who conversed with many who had attended therein the teachings of School Master Helliek and others. A drawing of it was some years ago in possession of the Mattes family of Easton. The building was of logs, one story high, with a cellar, and contained three rooms; the front was occupied as a school room, and the two rear rooms by the teacher and his family. Religious sei-vices were held occasionally ious sei-vices were held occasionally in the school room before the completion of the stone church edifice (First tion of the stone church edifice (First Reformed) adjoining. Its site was distant a few feet east of the church, and was one of the first buildings on the present Church street. The first teacher was a Mr. Helliek, and afterwards the father of the late Philip H. Mattes of Easton, wielded the rod until or about 1794, when the school expanded into the Easton Union Academy, and the first schoolhouse in Easton after 1798 became a memory. Rupp's History of Northampton County (p. 394-5), published in 1845, describes the first school house of Easton as above, and adds "the vane which ton as above, and adds "the vane which swung over the first school house in Easton is the only relick preserved." I would like to hear from any who may remember this vane, with a description of it, and if it still exists it should have safe and permanent lodgment somewhere -- the hall of your present ( /) County Historical Society I would not consider to be such a place. In lieu of the water works proposed by friend Lukens, the proprietaries concluded to dig a public well, and the following is the expense thereof as per payments made by William Parsons and Paul Miller, who were in sons and Paul Miller, who were in charge of the construction thereof. The well was located on the "Square," and in 1807, when the pump was removed therefrom it had become such moved therefrom it had become such a nuisance, and a menace to the safely of persons, especially to straggling ly of persons, especially to straggling children, that the attention of the County Commissioners was publicly called to it. Well in Northampton Street, Easton, to William Parsons and Paul Miller. Dr. For Cash paid and Sundries supplied by Paul Miller as followeth, viz: Paid Conrad Geesey 17 Supplied a bucket 2 Paid towards a frame 7 Christian Moser &c 1 7 Supplied 5 lbs. Powder 12 Supplied Brimstone Diet for Christn Moser &c 3 Powder 3 Candles 5 Paid Henry Koonsman 2 17 Michael Summer 3 Supplied the Masons List 3 Paid Godfrey Grieber 11 7 George Stengell 5 13 Frederick Reits 17 9 Henry Rohn 15 6 George Stengell 1 8 Supplied Rum, &c., to the workmen 2 18 6 Paid Christian Moser 4 Paid Michael Summer 17 6 PS26 7 3 By William Parsons. Paid Conrad Geesey PS0 6 9 Anthony Ezer 7 6 Conrad Geesey 3 Christian Moser & Godfrey Greiber 10 10 9 Supplied a Well Bucket 2 9 Paid Abraham Goodwin 7 Conrad Geesey 3 10 John Guy 1 11 Henry Koonsman 5 5 9 the same 1 17 Michael Summer 4 7 6 George Stengell ". 1 15 Jaspar Scull 2 9 Henry Reickert 18 John Tricker, for Gunpowder 1 11 6 der 1 11 6 Nathl Vernon, for do 12 Supplied Caudles 3 Paid John Lefever for Powder 6 der 6 Blias Teeter 2 4 Frederick Reits 2 9 Henry Rohn 10 9 Paul Miller 1 6 Paid William Lawrence 12 Supplied Iron Handles, Gudge & Rings for the windless. . 12 6 A Rope of English Hemp, 10 fathom long 13 6 Paid Henry Richey for wheeling earth 9 ing earth 9 41 5 9 PS67 13 Besides the sum of PS4:10: 10 1^ which Mr. .Jaspar Scull contributed & paid in smith work wch is not brought into the above acct. Errors excepted this 1st Septr., 1775, by WM. PARSONS. By cash reed on Behalf of the Honble Propries PS20 By Do of George Michael Sohortz 2 By Do of Jeremiah Traxler 2 By Do of Ludwig Knows ... 2 By Do of Ernst Becker 1 10 By a note from Valentine Opp for 3 By cash of John Switzer. . . . 1 10 By do of Stephen Horn 1 10 By do of John Tricker 2 By do of do another lot. ... 5 By do of Mary Neise 2 By do of Henry Allshouse. . 1 10 Balance due to W. P., 8 P. M 23 13 Besides the above several small sums have since been paid towards repairing the well amounting to PS1:2:6. And several have promised to pay, viz: Nicholas Scull PS3 Jacob Miner 3 Joseph Grove 15 Which when paid shall be entered on the Credit Side of the Acct. ANNE ROYALL'S VISIT TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., IN 1828. A spicy and interesting account of a trip made from Philadelphia to Easton, and vicinity, in 1828, appears in ton, and vicinity, in 1828, appears in "Mrs. Royall's Pennsylvania," now a rare publication. It was re-printed, in part, in an Easton newspaper some years ago, but the ton newspaper some years ago, but the gossipy style and originality of description, together with references to peo- tion, together with references to people and customs of the past, warrant ple and customs of the past, warrant its entire reproduction in these annals. nals. Anne Royall, the writer, was a well known, and much shunned character at the National Capitol three quarters of a century ago, when she published on Capitol Hill, a small weekly sheet called the "Washington Paul Pry," and afterwards the "Huntress." She had a dislike for preachers and missionaries, especially those of the Presbyter- ies, especially those of the Presbyterian faith. ian faith. President John Quincy Adams described her as going about "like a scribed her as going about "like a virago-errant in enchanted armor, redeeming herself from the cramps of deeming herself from the cramps of indigence by the notoriety of her eccentricities and the forced currency centricities and the forced currency they gave to her publications." John W. Forney described her as "the horror of politicians and especially of Congressmen . I can see her now ly of Congressmen . I can see her now tramping through the hall of the Capitol, umbrella in hand, seizing upon itol, umbrella in hand, seizing upon every passer-by and offering her book for sale. Any public man who refused to buy was certain of a severe philippic in her newspaper." At last she pic in her newspaper." At last she became so unendurable that she was formally indicted by the grand jury as a common scold and was tried in the Circuit Court, and sentenced to be ducked according to the English law in force in the District of Columbia, but she was released with a fine. She died in 1854, aged eighty-five. JOURNEY TO EASTON. Upon consulting my friends respecting my tour, the principal objects be- ing my tour, the principal objects being submitted, it was determined I ing submitted, it was determined I should go direct to Easton, particularly as I obstinately refused to give up ly as I obstinately refused to give up Mauch Chunk, so famous for its wild scenery. Most of my friends said it was a remote place; rough road -- on the verge of the State -- greatly out of my way -- and what is my way if it be not to see the country ? --and Mauch Chunk, of which I had heard so much, became the pivot of my tour, in spite of the bad roads and out of the ways. Fortunately the evening preceding my departure, I met with a Mr. Hewit, whom I had often seen before, he also being a tourist. Mr. Hewit very politely furnished me with a travelling map, and other useful direction, in which the towns, distances, rection, in which the towns, distances, mountains, rivers, etc., were accurately marked. Mr. Hewit publishes a ly marked. Mr. Hewit publishes a very useful monthly journal, of roads, distances, post offices, newspapers, editors, etc., etc., and makes frequent tours through the United States for the purpose. He is also a good and professed teacher of Penmanship, and quite an intelligent, useful man. I have met with him in various parts of the United States, on this business. Thus prepared, on the evening of the 13th October, 1828, I sent my trunks to the stage office, kept at Rotterdam Hotel, 124 North Fourth street, and engaged a seat in the stage to Easton, 75 miles from Philadelphia, through in one day, fare, $3. The ensuing day, 14th, was the day appointed for the Presidential election in Philadelphia, and throughout the State (if I am not mistaken), so at six o'clock I made my escape. It was just dawning when I arrived at tlie stage office, but the door being still shut, and no stage in readiness, I took a seat with an elderly female, upon the piaza before the door. The on the piaza before the door. The lady, it appeared, was going in the same coach, and had arrived at the office a few minutes before me. I discovered she was an old maid at first covered she was an old maid at first sight, and though rather prejudiced against old maids, as we were to be fellow travellers, I struck up an acquaintance, and in about two minutes quaintance, and in about two minutes time I discovered what nine times out of ten always happens, which was that my coachmate was a missionary. Poor thing, she had a hard time of it, for of all classes. I have the least kindness for those sort of women. She would have been agreeable, had she not been a priest-lover; she had a pleasing countenance, though an ignorant woman of course. But when she said man of course. But when she said "she loved good people" -- meaning the priests, doubtless, it sickened me. What thanks .^ave we if we love one another ? We are commanded to love our enemies! The heathen; just as I had opened the battery upon her, to her great relief the stage arrived, the door opened, and my trunks being produced we rattled away up North Fourth street, into the old York road. We took in an indifferent, foppish young man at the stagerhouse, who, and our two selves, completed the number of passengers. The old maid made a shabby appearance -- no wonder, when she must support pious der, when she must support pious young men -- she an old woman! She wore an old scooped black leghorn on her head, a rusty old black horn on her head, a rusty old black cloth shawl round her shoulders, an old two parts worn bombazett, I believe though I am not acquainted with lieve though I am not acquainted with fashionable names. She was lean, crooked and stoop shouldered -- her face was long (I never saw a roundfaced missionary yet) and wrinkled -- faced missionary yet) and wrinkled -her cheek was shrunken and her com- her cheek was shrunken and her complexion yellow. The coach was open plexion yellow. The coach was open in front -- now I think of it, it must have been a stage waggon all the time. The morning was cold and raw, the wind blew a gale -- the old maid shivered with cold, and pity her I did. I ered with cold, and pity her I did. I had seen the time when I too was without a cloak. But that time is past, out a cloak. But that time is past, nor did I work for Missionaries. I was now well wrapped up with a new cloak and warm shawls, which caused me to feel the more for the old maid. She had no baggage but a bag about the size of our old go-to-mill bags, which, like herself, was threadbare. It was very white and clean, however, and was about two-thirds full of something which I took to be her clothing, though it might have been tracts. When I saw her shaking with cold [now any man that would take a cent from this poor silly woman ought to be tried for his life] I asked her if she had nothing in the bag that she could have temporary recourse to defend her from the cold ? But she fend her from the cold ? But she never agreed she was cold at all. While I was endeavoring to put priests and missionaries out of the old maid's head, and quoting a text of scripture that "he [or she] that neglects his own house is worse than an glects his own house is worse than an infidel," the driver stopped at a tavern to water, when the silly young ern to water, when the silly young man in the stage, finding I did not think him worth speaking to, took upon himself, with sermonising look, to on himself, with sermonising look, to take the lady's part and spoke rather abruptly. When the old maid found she was backed by the young man, and finding herself, as she thought, supported by the appearance of two or three good-looking men, who were walking to and fro on the porch, sh©️ spoke up pretty pert, as if to induce the people on the porch to listen: "She had never seen or heard anything like this before in her life and had never travelled with such a woman." The first time I ever knew a missionary to tell truth -- I laughed at the remark and said she had doubtless told truth for once. But as for the man, I told him, "If he addressed any of his impertinence to me I would have him ar- pertinence to me I would have him arrested upon the spot." One of the rested upon the spot." One of the men on the porch, who seemed to be the master of the tavern, addressing himself to me asked, "what was the matter," without paying the least attention at all to the other two. "Oh, tention at all to the other two. "Oh, nothing," said I, "I just happen to be travelling with a couple of Dr. Ely's church and state folks." Ah!" said the man, they come to the wrong place to complain. They and Dr. E. both ought to be hung, and all such people. None of your Sunday School Union folks for me. I hold with no such doings. I join you -- you must be one on the right side." The old maid was in the act of getting out, I suspect to warm, but when she heard how matters stood she slipped back on her seat, and looked what she was -- a poor hypocrite, who would just as soon have twisted my neck as she would that of a chicken, had she found a missionary to protect her. She would doubtless have said or sworn anything to these men had they belonged to her class. The men were plain, honest, farmer-looking Germans, whose sensible independence inspired me with sible independence inspired me with a good opinion of the country. I heard more independence from these men, and saw more of it in their countenance than I had witnessed since I left ance than I had witnessed since I left the western country. I was truly astonished, and began to love Pennsyl- tonished, and began to love Pennsylvania. The young man was complete- vania. The young man was completely frightened into silence and, with the ly frightened into silence and, with the woman, squeezed himself up m one corner of the stage as though I had been an alligator, and they were not far wrong, i am always ready to snap off the head of a missionary since their attempt to convert me in Vermont. We breakfasted at the Willow Grove -- that is, the young man and myself; but the old maid was so afraid of spending a cent, if she had one, that she would not come into the breakfast room to warm herself, but sat in the barroom in the cold. I may be mistaKen, but I thought I saw the bar- taKen, but I thought I saw the barkeeper making sling. I solicited her keeper making sling. I solicited her strongly and kindly to take breakfast, and would cheerfully have paid for it, but she steadily refused. We had an excellent breakfast, and the charge low; the people who kept the house were Quakers, and appeared to be deserving people, and the house neat and comfortable. I was much pleased with the females, of whom there were several. About 1 o'clock the old maid called to the driver to stop, and she got out in the lane, and, taking her bag under her arm, bid me good-bye, saying "I was na of her company for that time." I thanked her, and tne driver proceeded. ceeded. Meantime the young man, finding he was still alive, ventured to tell me he was "a citizen of the western part of New York; that he had no concern with tracts or missionaries; that he ^ad purchased a drove of hogs, which were to meet him a few miles further on, at which place he also was to quit the stage," which accordingly he did. The road shortly after leaving Philadelphia became rough and hilly, and delphia became rough and hilly, and the land rather thin; but the farms were well cultivated and in neat order. We crossed a handsome little stream in the forenoon, but they could not tell me the name of it. We also passed through Doylestown, a considerable Tillage or borough, as the small towns are called in Pennsylvania. Doylestown is the seat of justice for Bucks town is the seat of justice for Bucks county. I was much disappointed in passing through Bucks, being told that it was the richest county of land in the State. I saw but little good land, however, but it appears the road passes ever, but it appears the road passes through the poorest part of Bucks. We passed through several little towns, all of which had a Jackson hickory pole, with national flags flying, and the words "Jackson and Liberty" in large letters. These poles were of amazing height. These, with the tavern signs, served to enliven the coun- ern signs, served to enliven the country. Of all countries for taverns and try. Of all countries for taverns and tavern signs, it exceeds -- sometimes lions grinning frightfully at you,, and then the eagles seemed ready to pick out your eyes; bears and Turks' heads, I cannot tell how many. The great stone barns and stone houses all show comfort and independence. I was unfortunate in my last driver; he was drunk when he took possession of the stage and horses, and not content with that he stopped at every grog tent with that he stopped at every grog house and tavern to get more. I at length threatened to get out of the stage and also threatened him with prosecution. This sobered him for a while. He was very good natured.and I must say drove very well. But he would sometimes lose the command of the horses altogether, drop to sleep and drop the reins. The whole of the way almost that fell to his share was very dangerous, particularly when we reached the river Delaware, which we did some miles on this side of Easton. Narrow deflles and our heads overhung by rocks, and the road almost impassable for these rocks. There was an- able for these rocks. There was another and a much better road, I was other and a much better road, I was told afterwards, but I heard nothing of it in Philadelphia. Although I was nearly shaken to pieces, I could not help admiring the man's generosity; he seemed to know every person on the road, nor did he fail to call at every house: "Well, when are you coming to see Betsey? Come down next Sunday; we will have a turkey, shoat or something good. Come we want to see you; now be sure and come; we've got a plenty to eat and drink." The next house it would be the same thing. He appeared to be the most generous man in the world with Betsey and the turkeys. He informed me he had been a stage driver formed me he had been a stage driver fifteen years and never had any bad luck but once. We arrived in Easton precisely at sunset! The approach to the town is very handsome. The bridges -- one over the Delaware and one over the Schuylkill [Lehigh] -- appear to great advantage. The junction of two handsome rivers, the town, which stands partly on an eminence, the public buildings. Itwas a perfect treat contrasted with the rough, rocking, rolling, running, and, I might add, flying and jumping of the stage over hills, rocks and valleys from 6 o'clock in the morning, seventy-five miles, 14th of October. This was the ^.ardest day's journey I ever traveled. This day I enjoyed the novelty of woodland to a greater extent than since I left the Western States, as a great part of the land remains to be cleared of the timber. EASTON is a beautiful town northwest from Pniladelphia, enviable from its situation on the point of land which lies tion on the point of land which lies immediately at the junction of the Delaware and the Lehigh rivers, 75 miles from Philadelphia. It commands an extensive view of these rivers. A very handsome bridge over the Delaware, which appears of vast strength, and also one over the Lehigh. It contains one court house, one county house, one jail, one market house, four churches, two banks, one public library, seven merchant mills, one academy, nine storehouses for flour, &c., four oil miiiS, two saw mills, two breweries, one distillery and four thousand inhabitants. The town is supplied with excellent spring water, brought one mile through iron pipes. The court house is a very handsome stone building, and sits on a beautiful square in the centre of the town. The Ijridge over the Delaware cost $80,000, and for height, strength and beauty is a great curiosity. That over the Lehigh iS a chain bridge. The site of the town is level on the point, and for a short distance on the rivers, but rises back upon a considerable eminence, which overlooks the rivers and nence, which overlooks the rivers and the surrounding hills, by which it is nearly environed. Besides the rivers, there is a handsome little stream, "Which forms an angle with the Delaware, into which it empties. This ware, into which it empties. This stream is fringed with luxuriant willows, and also has a bridge and vari- lows, and also has a bridge and various mills. All these bridges are high ous mills. All these bridges are high from the water. Thus Easton is surrounded on three sides by water. rounded on three sides by water. The principal street is wide and straight, and running from the Delaware bridge through the heart of the ware bridge through the heart of the town mounts a lofty eminence, which affords a most delightful view, which, tnough void of fertile lands, is rich in picturesque and variegated scenery. Easton is on the edge of the State, having only the Delaware between it and New Jersey. The Delaware is about 500 feet wide at this place, very limpid and runs swift, so also does the Lehigh, 360 feet wide. The junction of the two rivers is a grand display of beauty and water scenery. Easton has every appearance of becoming one of the first commercial towns in the State, and bids fair to outstrip all her rivals. All the Lehigh coal must pass through Easton. The -Liehigh canal, by which this coal is to be transported to Philadelphia and from thence to other places, begins at Easton and extends to the mines at Mauch Chunk, 36 miles from hence. This is called the Lehigh canal, which, including the cost expended on the Lehigh river, is rising $800,000! It lias fifty locks! This was done by the enterprising Messrs. White & Hazard, Oi the "Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company," at their private expense!! xiiey have also nearly completed a canal from Easton to Bristol, 50 miles, down the Delaware. This, independently of the expense of the railroad ently of the expense of the railroad (also the work of the company), is certainly without a parallel. And these are the ignorant Germans -- something like the Yankees and their thing like the Yankees and their molasses. I begin to think these ignorant Germans have a little sound norant Germans have a little sound sense and a great deal of sound wealth and judgment with all their ignorance. This coal, called the Lehigh, has already been transported in large quan- ready been transported in large quantities to Philadelphia by the means of tities to Philadelphia by the means of boats adapted to the purpose. I saw great quantities of this coal in heaps about the river banks -- also a number of long, flat shallow boats, laden with coal, lying at the landing. These boats are like our flats or ferry boats in the western country, excepting that they are twice as long. Those ing that they are twice as long. Those I saw were heavy laden, and appeared to let in the water, as I saw much water distinctly amongst the coal. This, however, might have been rain, as the Doats were without covering. The canal, it is said, is nearly finished. This canal, communicating with the great Lehigh coal mines, which alone are (from report) of more value than a gold or silver mine,will be the means of enhancing not only real estate, but other property. Every article of commerce and merchandise will be trans- merce and merchandise will be transported with little cost upon the canal. ported with little cost upon the canal. Easton, therefore, will be the depot few lumber, grain, whiskey and whatever the farmer makes for market, and merchandise from the seaports will, for the most part, stop at this point. There is a very striking difference in the manners and appearance of the people (so far) of Pennsylvania and those States I have passed through, but I ought not (were it not my practice) to draw a comparison till I had tice) to draw a comparison till I had seen more of the State, as the best is yet to come. But for Easton and those I saw on the road, both men and women are much stouter, the females men are much stouter, the females particularly, are tall and heavily made, with round and rather large faces, but good eyes and good complexions and. very good features. The men are the same in appearance though rather darker than the women, and more, much more intelligent. This is not the case in the Eastern and Yankee States, the females are as well informed as the men. Both are entirely free ed as the men. Both are entirely free from pride, rude curiosity, or affectation, and are easy in their manners. tation, and are easy in their manners. Easton is settled by Germans, though the most of them use the EJnglish language, and are well educated. lish language, and are well educated. The professional men, particularly, are greatly superior to those of New York, and not inferior (if they do not excell) those of any other State or town. There is a plain unmoved though intelligent independence about them, similar to the people of the Western States. It would seem that good sense, good size, good manners and hospitality, which once distinguished Philadelphia, had fled for shelter to this part of the State; and nothing proves the truth of the remark more clearly than their freedom from priest-craft. I find no tracts or pious education societies here. They all seem to be of the same stamp of men I saw on the road, who disapproved of Sunday schools. These Germans I find are too wise for the priests. In religion, they are Lutherans, who do not suffer these religious ans, who do not suffer these religious pirates to come amongst them. They remind me of the French people, particularly the young men and women, ticularly the young men and women, heing very sprightly and fond of music and dancing. You hear the violin or Piana Fort, of an evening, almost in every house. "Very different from the dullness of Philadelphia. Easton is the residence of several eminent and scientific men. Rev. John P. Hecht, Hon. G. Wolf, member of congress, Hon. Judge Waggoner, Hon. Judge Cooper, Gen. Rogers, Col. Porter, Col. Peter Emory [Ihrie], Col. [C. J.] Hutter and Dr. [J. K.] Swift. I did not ter and Dr. [J. K.] Swift. I did not see Judge Waggoner, but all the rest were gentlemen of education and poKteness. Dr. S. particularly is a man Kteness. Dr. S. particularly is a man oi science and taste, and, though quite a young man, has collected an extensive and very interesting cabinet of sive and very interesting cabinet of minerals -- many specimens are from Europe and various parts of the world, and a great variety of our own country. For the time he has been engaged in the pursuit the collection is astonishing, and the whole is arranged in the ing, and the whole is arranged in the neatest possible manner. The doctor is a young man, tall and finely made, with fair, handsome features, open countenance and affable manners, and ranks high as a Physician. I have often remarked that there is something peculiar in names, and have ever found the name of Swift and goodness united in an eminent degree. ness united in an eminent degree. Hon. G. Wolf is a middle-aged, stout, heavy-made man, round face, dark complexion and black eyes; he is a lawyer plexion and black eyes; he is a lawyer by profession -- a sensible, shrewd German (I mean in descent) ; he has an man (I mean in descent) ; he has an open, honest countenance and the manners of a gentleman. In conversing ners of a gentleman. In conversing with Mr. Wolf on the shameful popularity of tracts, and the religious larity of tracts, and the religious frauds of the clergy, subsequently I observed "it was strange tnese priests served "it was strange tnese priests had never wormed themselves into the pockets and confidence of the German population." I shall never forget his reply. "Why," said he, "we put no more confidence in religious lies than we do in other lies." A volume could not have expressed more, and certainly not more to the purpose. How of- ly not more to the purpose. How often I have heard those Germans ten I have heard those Germans branded with the words ignorant and dull. But I find they are the stay of Pennsylvania. Col. Porter and Gen. Rogers, are also very amiable, gentlemanly men, and so very amiable, gentlemanly men, and of easy polished manners, remarkable for kindness and hospitality. Rev. J. P. Hecht, a Lutheran minister,is worth more than the whole host of grey or black coats in the Universe. He is- what I should call a Christian. Mr. H. is a young looking man, with a round handsome face, and very benevolent countenance. He is a small, olent countenance. He is a small, light made man and possesses every trait of a gentleman. But Gen. Rogers excels -- liberal, sociable, humble, modest and affable, I ciable, humble, modest and affable, I cannot remember of being more pleased with a stranger. Being told he was ed with a stranger. Being told he was one of the best of men, I called at his house, he was not in, but in a short time after returning to the tavern. Gen. R. came, he is low of stature, and middle-aged. I was not well pleased with Judge Cooper-- he is an aged and not a very intelligent man. Mr. E. Brown [A. E. Brown] is very amiable. But Col. Hutter, who fas well as Gen. R.) edits a ter, who fas well as Gen. R.) edits a paper, is a real nobleman, a good warm-hearted German from the very place. Instead of being unsociable, ignorant, and dull, he was learned, familiar and gay -- and as polite as a miliar and gay -- and as polite as a Frenchman. He is an elderly man, of great information, had travelled over the most of Europe, and partakes of the easy and pleasant manners of wellbred foreigners. He is a great Jack- bred foreigners. He is a great Jackson man, and had the coffin hand-bills son man, and had the coffin hand-bills stuck upon the walls of his store, also his ofiice. He said "they done more for the election of the General than his pen." I happened first, however, to fall in with an Editor of the other side; a very friendly man by the name of Mullay [founder of the "Whig" about this time] who furnished me with a plan of my route, differing, however, from those I brought on. It is needless to say, I was well pleased with Easton, with the exception of a shabby, ill-behaved man by tion of a shabby, ill-behaved man by the name of Hepburn. One Sten-n of the bank, was also a mean man. L James Stenton, Cashier of the Easton Bank.] [Hon. Hopewell Hepburn, a distinguished lawyer, afterwards a judge of Allegheny county. Pa.] The middle-aged and elderly people of Easton have a steady independence in their manners and appearance, very different from the people of Philadelphia. And the young people are what phia. And the young people are what they ought to be ; sprightly and gay, and all are sober and industrious -- so far all is well. My land-lord -- I put up at White's. The polls had just closed, and the house was full of company. Many of them were from the cities, and knew me. One only, an amiable youth, had the courage to speak to me. The landlord's daughters met me directly, and lord's daughters met me directly, and were kind and affable. Supper was soon set and I sat down with the company. Some of whom had taken a cup pany. Some of whom had taken a cup too much, upon the success of their #candidate. Most of them however were solid, sober and well behaved -nor did I, during my visit, want a nor did I, during my visit, want a Iriend. The land-lord. White, [William White, familiarly known as "Chippy White], was what is called an Englishman in Pa. It must be remembered man in Pa. It must be remembered all are called English in Pa. though American born, who are not Germans or of German descent. This distinction is used from the custom of those tion is used from the custom of those Germans, speaking the German language. And though most of the Ger- guage. And though most of the Germans understand and converse in the mans understand and converse in the German language, they also pronounce the English language with elegance and ease -- . There are a few Germans, however, though I have not yet seen them, who neither understand nor can converse in the English language. But to return to Mr. W. he is married to an Amizon German wife, and though she has the most beautiful face I ever saw, for so large and aged a woman; she is a monster in size. Were I a man, I should be afraid of her; she works in the kitchen steadily, and -slings the pots about as a boy would a top, and her daughters do the work of the house, and yet look neat and affable. In this respect I find they resemble the Yankees, having no servants. White keeps a good table, but vants. White keeps a good table, but is a sharper to charge, and is by no means a pleasant land-lord. His barkeeper was, however, polite and has keeper was, however, polite and has much more of the gentleman in him. There are five newspapers published in Easton, viz: Three English and two German papers. HISTORY. I have searched In vain for the history of Easton. The Pennsylvanians tory of Easton. The Pennsylvanians have no one to blame for this but themselves, and their Walshes. This re- selves, and their Walshes. This remissness ought to bring a blush in the missness ought to bring a blush in the face of every Pennsylvanian. I have just been apprised that a gentleman is now engaged in collecting materials lor the history of the State, but this is too late for me. I find that Easton was in existance as far back as 1758, but I always like to go back to the first letter. Having lett a book on the chimneypiece the first night of my arrival at; piece the first night of my arrival at; Easton, upon taking it down next morning I found a paper in it writtea in a very neat hand with a pencil. The writer, after paying me a very high compliment for talent, independence,, etc., as a writer, and not a few on my. manners, and address (doubtless a quiz), requested me in very polite terms "in my next work to give to the world my ideas on the tariff, and political economy, considering it as a national and not as a party question." Had the writer put a dollar in the book, with or without the paper, I should doubtless have been better pleased,, and perhaps might have presented him with the book. In the first place I would say, that the gentleman, like too many others, is willing to receive, but not willing to' confer benefits; and although he requests the matter to be discussed as a quests the matter to be discussed as a national, and not a party question, lie belongs to a party; and further, had he read my books, he would have found his note unnecessary. In the next place that the subject being one of a political nature, it is beyond my abilities; being no judge of politics, I never meddle with them, and beg leave to observe what I always have done, and that is. I leave politics to the' men. I should soon bring myself into trouble, by giving my opinion upon a matter I do not understand, or dictating to freemen, even if I were a judge, ing to freemen, even if I were a judge, as every man under our government is a sovereign and has the sole right of judging for himself. Some of the ablest men in our country, are divided in opinion upon the tariff, and I should only become a laughing stock to attempt to settle the question between tempt to settle the question between them. Nor am I able to say how it can be reconciled. For instance, there is the State of Maine,a maritime State, almost ruined by the tariff. The only fair way at least is to let the majority of the people decide. But even this is perhaps going too far, my business is with the grey coats -- I am provoked to think they have led so many females astray. NAZARETH is only about six miles from Easton. and a small carriage runs between it and Nazareth, with the mail, drove by a boy, and two horses, who carries the mail to Wilkes-Barre. I, therefore, took my departure alone,with the boy,drawn by two stout German horses. We were not long going to Nazareth. 20. The country becomes more fertile and beautiful, though uneven. The land takes a considerable rise upon leaving Easton, which affords an extensive Tiew of the rivers, hills and dales. The farms are very neat, fences good and the ploughing very different from any I had ever seen, excepting a small part ef Chester county. The Blue Mountains are also seen peeping over the tains are also seen peeping over the forest; they lie west. Nazareth is a romantic stone village, eombining the rural, the wild and delightful. The town stands upon an ele- lightful. The town stands upon an elevation,with two principal streets.which vation,with two principal streets.which erossing at right angles forms a handsome square in the centre. Upon this some square in the centre. Upon this square stands [error] Nazareth Hall, a large elegant stone building, in which the celebrated academy is kept for young genlemen. The square is 340x 200 feet. The hall is large, and contains a chapel, kitchen, diningroom and tains a chapel, kitchen, diningroom and rooms for study and lodging. On the top is a cupola, from which you have a delightful view. In front you have an extensive plain of rich meadows. In rear you have the gardens of great beauty, and at a distance the Blue iviountains. What is called the South Mountain in Maryland and the Blue Ridge in Virginia is seen from the top of the acad- ginia is seen from the top of the academy. If I were to judge of beauty emy. If I were to judge of beauty this about the right distance to place this famous mountain, and seems to have been designedly contrived. Then to the right, for the sake of variety, the land sinks into a modest vale. This vale is one of unequalled beauty. It is a narrow level strip thickly shaded -- through it runs a stream, whether by art or nature I could not tell, as the hand of taste has so cunningly woven such a variety of images that one is puzzled to tell one from the other. Here the rambling fancy meets a summer house, and there a stately stage mer house, and there a stately stage with rows of seats. These are mingled with smooth shorn box hedges and grass plats and bowers. On the other side of the vale suddenly rises a steep hill. This has also been touched with a magic wand, being divided into regular gravel walks parallel to the vale. lar gravel walks parallel to the vale. These walks, though on a sidelong hill, are perfectly level, and extend in succession to the top. Each walk is cession to the top. Each walk is shaded and fringed and adorned with rows of box neatly shorn, an the whole has the appearance of magic. How the population ever managed to perform so much work is astonishing, as the town only contains between 400 and 500. I was told at Easton upon my arrival at Nazareth to call for Dr. Steckle, who would pay to me all possible attention. 1 was, however, at no trouble to find the doctor. He was the first person I saw after the stage stopped at the door, and from the description I had had of his person and manners I knew it must be the doctor. He attended me into a parlor, attended to my baggage, and deported himself with that ease and modesty which bespoke him of high birth and breeding. Dr. Steckle is a German by birth, advanced in life, rather low of stature and a man of highly polished manners, mild and pleasant in conversation, and speaks the English language well. He forwarded a note I had written to Rev. warded a note I had written to Rev. Van V leek, the Principal of the academy, and which was a considerable walk my, and which was a considerable walk from the inn; not long afterwards he brought in an answer from Mr. V., one of the politest I ever remember tohave received -- so much for the ignorant Germans. Mr. VanVleek referred to Dr. S. in the note to attend me to the academy, and the moment I showed it to him he put on his hat and attended me first to the house of Rev. VanVleek. I had taken up the idea, from reading the tours of travelers and visitors, particularly the Duke of Rochefoucault, ticularly the Duke of Rochefoucault, that those Moravians, though mild people, were oddly dressed, bigoted, distant and uncouth -- that the men were like Roman Catholic friars, and the women like nuns, with round calico caps and calico aprons, and speaking barbarous German. Imagine my surprise to find Rev. V. fashionably prise to find Rev. V. fashionably dressed in fine broadcloth, in the style of our first gentlemen, and Mrs. V. in a fashionable but neat lace-bordered cap, and both received me with the ease and elegq^nce of people of the first fashion -- addressed me in the language of the finest belles lettres schol- guage of the finest belles lettres scholars. I was thunderstruck, and men- ars. I was thunderstruck, and mentioned my disappointment to Mr. V. tioned my disappointment to Mr. V. and the doctor. "Numbers, like yourself, said Mr. V., "are disappointed. self, said Mr. V., "are disappointed. They take us to be a gloomy, oldfashioned people, with all the hypo- fashioned people, with all the hypocritical sanctity of ignorance feigning critical sanctity of ignorance feigning religion. True, religion has been so abused that because we profess it in its purity people think we have, like too many others, banished cheerfulness and common sense from our community. No such thing. We are a people nity. No such thing. We are a people who have cultivated every branch of science, and, of course, have no such tning as bigotry or gloomy priestcraft amongst us. We think it degrading to put on a long grim face and all the forms of hypocrisy. We are cheerful because we are innocent, and polite from the conviction that it is our duty to treat every person with kindness and respect, and, oi course, we must be supposed to understand what we teach. We profess to teach and educate those youths designed for gentle- cate those youths designed for gentlemen, and it would be absurd to be one men, and it would be absurd to be one thing and teach another." "But, now, where is the heavy German language, caps, etc." "The caps," he said had only been worn by those who came from Germany, and the whole of the system had undergone a change more consistent with the government and customs of America and the manners of the people they were among. After resting a few minutes, we walked into Nazareth Hall, where the celebrated academy is kept. It is doubtless understood that as that at Bethlehem is devoted to the instruction of young ladies, this is devoted to tion of young ladies, this is devoted to the instruction of young gentlemen, and I may as well remark in this place txiat every class, of which I think there are seven, are taught in separate rooms, all of whom have a preceptor or tutor. They are taught the English, German, I.,atin and French languages, history, mathematics, music, drawing and all the useful branches. Dr. Van Vleek waited upon me himself into the academy, and beginning self into the academy, and beginning at the room of the first class took me through the whole building. If I was surprised and disappointed before I was now completely confounded. Having made the tour of all the universi- ing made the tour of all the universities, schools and colleges in the Atlan- ties, schools and colleges in the Atlantic States, and accustomed, at any tic States, and accustomed, at any time to see more or less rude, dull, stupid, impudent gawks, and not often a few that might be called civiliz- ten a few that might be called civilized. Suppose me now actually spell- ed. Suppose me now actually spellbound when the moment I entered the bound when the moment I entered the first room the whole class arose from their seats as if by inspiration. The tutor was on his feet when we entered the room, and Mr. V. introduced him to me in the first place, and then beginning at the head of the room he ginning at the head of the room he named each youth or boy (the first class being always lowest in science) by name; "Mr. So and So, from -- " always naming the residence. The mo- ways naming the residence. The moment the last word was pronounced ment the last word was pronounced the student bowed with unequalled grace. Every one waited till it came to his turn, and when we turned to come out, they bowed again (a little different from the University). This was the case through all the rooms. There certainly never was to me a more suprising or a more pleasing sight, so modest, so intelligent; all was one uniform representation of gentle impassioned sweetness. The pic- tle impassioned sweetness. The picture of one was the picture of the ture of one was the picture of the whole, so much did they resemble. Unlike all the seminaries I had visited, even Yale College, there was no ited, even Yale College, there was no silly grins, impudent stares, to say nothing of horse-laughs -- not a smile disturbed their downcast modest blushes, while they evinced the meekness and easy grace of the most erud- ness and easy grace of the most erudice gentlemen. In a word, these Mo- ice gentlemen. In a word, these Moravians are a century ahead of any ravians are a century ahead of any other people I have met with in the United States, in their system of education, and yet they are almost un- cation, and yet they are almost unknown. known. There were only eighty students, perhaps as many as could be taught at the hall. But why these Moravians are not sought for, to place at the head of other seminaries, nothing but that stupid blindness to our vital interest can account for. Doubtless they being solely actuated by a desire of ben- ing solely actuated by a desire of benefiting mankind would not object to efiting mankind would not object to leave their own establishments; and though I never inquired into their rules of civil or religious governments, I am induced to believe they would consent to so laudable a measure, as I ' sent to so laudable a measure, as I ' understand there are several of them scattered about in the towns of Pennsylvania, engaged in commerce and sylvania, engaged in commerce and other business. From what I have seen of principal, teachers and pupils, I would say this was one of the best conducted schools in the world, and in forming the manners and morals leaves all the semi- ners and morals leaves all the seminaries I have seen in the United States naries I have seen in the United States a long way behind. I could not have thought it possible that the young mind could be brought to realize such a model of perfection. What a contrast between this effusion of elegance ajid modesty, and fusion of elegance ajid modesty, and those dens of orthodox seminaries. Whoever wishes his son to be respectable or happy, I would by any spectable or happy, I would by any possible means recommend him to Nazareth Hall. areth Hall. Dr. Steckle followed me through all my windings, from the chapel in the uasement to the top of the building, and then walked with me over the pleasure grounds, gardens, and grass , plats. I was sensibly struck by one thing peculiar to this place. Though there is a tavern, several stores, and work-shops -- a death-like silence reigned throughout the whole place, no ed throughout the whole place, no whooping, rolling hoops, or noise of children in the streets or houses, a few people driving teams or walking through the streets. Nor in the hall was there the least noise or conversation, except when the boys in a short tion, except when the boys in a short recess would run down stairs. Apropos -- I forgot to notice the stairs which differ from all others, the acclivity being much less inclined than clivity being much less inclined than other stair-cases, and the steps very different. They are broad and but a few inches one from the other, being very easy to ascend. Rev. Van Vleek is a native of N. iorl<, a young man, darlv thin visage, good height, and has the blaclvest and keenest eye in a man's head. Dr. S. and myself were pretty well tired down M'hen we returned to the tavern; as Vv^e walked along he showed me the house, a large stone building, built by the Rev. Whitfield 90 years since, as every one knows, or ought to know, that Whitfield settled the place where Nazareth now stands. I had requested the landlord, previous to my walk, to have me a dish ious to my walk, to have me a dish cooked (fried cabbage) in particular for myself, and was astonished at the readiness and very polite condescension with which she accompanied her sion with which she accompanied her consent, and accordingly the dish was placed by my plate at dinner. The landlord, who was out when I arrived, now met me with a welcome smile -- he also was a Moravian (Dr. S. was not) and a most amiable man. A wealthy lady with her daughter, trom the Southern States (I think Alabama), was at Nazareth when I called. bama), was at Nazareth when I called. Here and at Bethlehem she spends her summer, being partial to the society, as well she may -- I commend ciety, as well she may -- I commend her taste and good sense. These were the most or amongst the most accomplished females I remember to have plished females I remember to have seen. The mother, as well as the daughter, had a general and personal knowledge of all the popular towns in the Union. The young lady for figure, countenance, features and complexion, was bewitching -- she had the blackest and finest hair I ever saw. In the evening several of the students came in, and some of the tutors. dents came in, and some of the tutors. I have before remarked that every house in Pennsylvania has a plana forte. Every tavern has them generally through other States, but very ally through other States, but very few (in fact none) private houses in Pa. is without a plana forte, particularly the Germans, as they all are fond larly the Germans, as they all are fond of music. But to resume. The young gentlemen, one after another, sat down to the plana, I never heard the keys touched with so much skill and sweetness; and it is universally admitted, as ness; and it is universally admitted, as I have since learned, that no people in tue world excel the young gentlemen of Nazareth and Bethlehem in the science of music. They spend all their evenings in improving them selves on different instruments, and have regular concerts once a week. The Moravians, it appears, have always been famous for their skill and ways been famous for their skill and fondness for music. An anecdote is related of the effects of their perfection in music; shortly after Bethlehem tion in music; shortly after Bethlehem was settled they were frequently interrupted by the Indians. One night terrupted by the Indians. One night when the town of Bethlehem was invaded by a large body of Indians, a vaded by a large body of Indians, a party of the Moravians ascended the balcony of one of their houses, about midnight, and began to play. The music, at that hour of the night, had such an effect on the Indians, that they concluded it could be nothing less than the Great Spirit, and immediately withdrew, without offering any injury to the Inhabitants. HISTORY. Nazareth was settled at first by Rev. G. Whitfield; he purchased a tract of land containing 5,000 acres, in 1740, and built the house already mentioned, with a view of educating the Indians; but the plan not succeeding to his wishes, he sold the land to the Moravians, two years afterwards. This land ians, two years afterwards. This land is of excellent quality, and the town of Nazareth is built in the centre of the tract, the whole of which belongs to the brethren. At first the Moravians observed some rules, with respect to matrimony, and keeping the single sisters and brethren apart. These lived in large houses, and were not allowed to meet, or marry, but under certain restrictions. But these rules are now no tions. But these rules are now no longer in force, and they marry and live in houses to themselves through the town, as others, and have also altered their mode of dressing. They tered their mode of dressing. They are a sober, industrious, ingenious, economical and benevolent people, and resemble the Episcopalians in their worship. BETHLEHEM Is 10 miles from Nazareth, and after spending one day at the latter, I proceeded to Bethlehem, through a fer- ceeded to Bethlehem, through a fertile well cultivated country. Bethle- tile well cultivated country. Bethlehem is comparatively a large town, hem is comparatively a large town, and though mostly built of stone, has handsome streets, and like Nazareth, stands on a considerable eminence. It, however, sinks in some places, and rises in others. The new buildings are showy, and built in the modern style; but the original buildings are roughly built of stone, and those where the societies lived, are hugh masses of great cieties lived, are hugh masses of great size,small windows, and stone or brick fioors, on the lower stories. The church, however, and the young ladies' academy are two of the finest buildings in the United States. Their grave yards are peculiar. Instead of putting the toombstone per- stead of putting the toombstone perpendicular it is laid horizontally loose pendicular it is laid horizontally loose on the top of the grave as an emblem of death, which levels all things. They have a house where the dead are placed and locked up till they are interred, and the friends of the deceased proceed from this house to the ceased proceed from this house to the grave yard with appropriate music. The waterworks of Bethlehem, by which water is conveyed through the town, is a great curiosity. It is forced trom a spring 100 feet high into a deep well, and a number of pipes leading off from the well under ground conveys the water wherever it is wanted. They keep large cisterns full in case of fire. Dr. Steckle, of Nazareth, recommended me to a Dr. Green, at Bethlehem, ed me to a Dr. Green, at Bethlehem, whom he said I would find at the stagehouse, kept by one Christ. Dr. Green, house, kept by one Christ. Dr. Green, though he paid me a great deal of attention, was not the gentleman his tention, was not the gentleman his friend represented him. Nor was I at all pleased with my quarters. The tavern keeper was from home, and his wife was an impertinent, disdbliging woman. Some tool, a vulgar dbliging woman. Some tool, a vulgar woman who boarded at the house, had a young child, and forsooth, she, like many other fools, had bought a small waggon for the child, and what does she do, but bring the waggon up stairs, and rolls it to and fro through the passage, upon the hard floor, which made a tremendous noise. Not being able to procure a private room, with a fire, I was lying down to keep myself warm, as well as to rest, after my walk; when lo ! I was interrupted with the thundering of the waggon. Not in a very good humor at my privation, I jumped up and silenced the wagon. The servant who had the care of the child, I suspect, told the mother, and just as I lay down the second time the thundering began again. I opened the door dering began again. I opened the door and reprimanded the girl again, when the madam (a Philadelphian, doubtless) said she would "ride the child as less) said she would "ride the child as much as she pleased." I told her "she was no lady and a fool into the bargain, and that she should quit rolling gain, and that she should quit rolling the waggon or I would quit the house." I went down stairs and complained to the landlady; she was also very impertinent, but when she saw her own time, tinent, but when she saw her own time, she went up and stopped the noise. I think it was the most audacious piece of impudence I ever knew, to be licensed in a public house, and the pro- censed in a public house, and the proprietor is unworthy the patronage of prietor is unworthy the patronage of the public. The tavern, I was told, belonged to the society of Moravians,who longed to the society of Moravians,who hired this man to keep it. They could not hire one worse qualified, and had I known it, there was another tavern kept by a very clever man, whom I had seen in Philadelphia. It is very possible the proprietors are ignorant of the unfitness of the man; and from what I saw of them, I am very sure they would not allow strangers to be annoyed so. There were several families in the house at the time, who were lies in the house at the time, who were glad enough I stopped the waggon, though they had not independence enough to do it themselves. There was one tolerably genteel woman there from Philadelphia; she had a beautiful, sensible and highly accomplished little daughter, who was going to the Bethlehem academy. She also had a house- lehem academy. She also had a housefull -- or, at least, several little children, full -- or, at least, several little children, but she kept them in her own room, and though I was pleased wim her and her children, I thought very little of her husband, a great churlish boor, who came up from Philadelphia to see her while I was there. I am the more particular in doing justice to this female, as I never, often as I have visit- male, as I never, often as I have visited Philadelphia, saw half a dozen ed Philadelphia, saw half a dozen women worth the wadding of a gun, that was reared in the place. This was a plain, sensible woman and knew her a b c's, and even how to read, though she acknowledge^ she never bought a book. (I have of late marked these Philadelphia ladies, and find them the most delphia ladies, and find them the most insignificant women of all our towns.) I was sorry my books were out, as doubtless she would have bought so choice a work (to say she had once bought a book), and particularly as she would have found some wholesome lessons upon the duties of the sex, though I am a Monawk. Besides her candor ana good sense (she did not know the latitude of Bethlehem, and I fear did not know the meaning of the word), I admire her for sending her little dauguter to the Beth-' lehem seminary. It is much to be deplored that they do not either move plored that they do not either move the young ladies' academy to Philadelphia or move Philadelphia to the acad- phia or move Philadelphia to the academy of Bethlehem. This would be emy of Bethlehem. This would be nothing, for a "Peter the Great" to do. Wonder Walsh the Great does not signalize his name at once by a bold nalize his name at once by a bold stroke of this sort, instead of piddling himself into immortality. &EMINARY. Bethlehem, as well as Nazareth, has long been distinguished for the excellence of its schools. The ^ oung Ladies'* lence of its schools. The ^ oung Ladies'* Academy at Bethlehem is so wea known throughout, not only this country, but the world, that nothing I could try, but the world, that nothing I could say would be of any advantage, to the institution, its fame having reached all parts of the Union. I have seen numbers who were educated at Bethlehem, and have often cated at Bethlehem, and have often seen the work done by the pupils, which no doubt has reached every part of the United States, and is doubtless superior to any needlework done in our country at least. I unfortunately called at Bethlehem on Saturday, and the first thing I did after my arrival was to inform the Principal, Rev. Charles F. Seidel. of my presence. He, very gentlemanlike, waited on me in a few minutes, and, after communicating my views, Mr. S. said he would rather I would postpone my visit to the academy till the next day, as the young ladies were always in an undress on Saturday, preparing themselves for the ensuing week; that Saturday was the usual day for cleaning up. This being the case, I had to ing up. This being the case, I had to submit, as I was resolved upon seeing the pupils and the interior of the academy. Mr. Seidel is a middle-aged man. emy. Mr. Seidel is a middle-aged man. heavy make, full round face and pleasing countenance. In his manners he ing countenance. In his manners he excels, if possible. Rev. VanVleek. He is a native of Germany, but has been in this country several years. No one, however, would perceive from his dialect that he was a foreigner. lect that he was a foreigner. I have never seen an American whose demeanor and manners possessed the same ease and grace of Dr. Seidel, and it would be mockery to attempt a description of the man. His conversa- scription of the man. His conversation bespoke him a man of high at- tion bespoke him a man of high attainments, and upon the whole he is tainments, and upon the whole he is one of tue most fascinating men I ever met with. The following day I went to church in the first place, as I wished to see their mode of worship, and when the sermon was over I was lo be admitted to the academy, it having been so arranged. The church is very large and ranged. The church is very large and has a handsome organ. The men and *women sit apart, the men taking off tneir hats. These sit on one side of the house and the ladies of the place on the other, face to face, and the pupils sit in the middle. The pupils, however, have a place of worship by themselves -- their seats are at right angles with the others. The daughters of the citizens (single ones) sit ters of the citizens (single ones) sit with the pupils. This was a good opportunity to see the costumes of the whole. Both men and women were fashionably dressed, excepting, as in other cases, the aged; but nothing could exceed the taste and neatness of the whole. They differ from all other people in countenance, manner, and dress. They all have a smile on their countenance, and none of that sameness of the Quakers or the Shakers in their dress, nor the sadness of the Methodists, or the fripping flounces of other sects, and still ping flounces of other sects, and still less that studied grimness of the Grey coats. Some of the citizen-ladies were dressed in white, some in lead-color, some in calico, some in bombazeen, and some in silk; their hats or bonnets (if you please) were neat, fine, and small, and those of the young ladies were trimmed with ribbon; but chiefly they excel in that art which conceals art. For although most of them are learned, the most learned amongst them approach nearest to nature. Th& congregation accompanied the organ in singing, and both men and women have books in their hands. But nothing that has gone before can give any idea of the heavenly smile which sat upon the face of the' preacher, and the beguiling ease of his gestures. If he is not perfection there is none on earth. Though I am strongly prejudiced against priests, I could ly prejudiced against priests, I could almost be brought to believe this man was a Christian -- his face was never without a smile. They have none of that silly getting up and getting down, and continual motion of other churches, and if I were to believe, what I do not, that there is any Christianity in the United States, I would say it had fled to these Moravians for protection. In saying this I wish to be understood that I have found a great deal of liberality, generosity, kindness, and good feeling, but no Christians agreeably to ing, but no Christians agreeably to the requisites of the gospel. Those who have, and are making so much noise about religion, as they call it, seem to be more upon the Jewish plan. But this is no more than opinion -to return, if there be any of the meek to return, if there be any of the meek religion of the gospel in our land it is amongst those Moravians. It was not the Rev. Seidel who preached, nor do I know his name -he was quite an orator. he was quite an orator. The only singularity I saw was that the men and women go out of the church at opposite points -- doubtless to prevent the young gentlemen from gallanting the young ladies. This was the only church in which I ever saw window curtains used. The windows are of amazing height, and width, and every one had a large, fine, white curtain before it, with lead fastened to the tain before it, with lead fastened to the bottom to keep it in its place. Otherwise the church was without ornament. wise the church was without ornament. The pulpit is very high, and the priest walks into it from another portion of the church. After church was out Mrs. Seidel accompanied me through the young la- companied me through the young ladies' academy, which like that at Naza- dies' academy, which like that at Nazareth, does not consist of one entire reth, does not consist of one entire large hall, like high schools or some academies, but every class has a hall or classroom to themselves. They dine in one great hall and sleep in another; which plan of sleeping all in one room I do not approve; for, though the room is high and airy, I am of the opinion that many human beings inhaling, as they must, each other's breath cannot be healthy. As respects this academy, nothing would be more easy than to throw this large room into chambers. The cooking department is also in the same building; this is the best constructed and in the neatest order of structed and in the neatest order of any I have visited in the Atlantic country, excepting that at the Hospital at try, excepting that at the Hospital at Boston. As it was Sunday. I lost the pleasure of hearing the yoimg ladies play, or of seeing them at work, though they were all in the rooms occupied in common for study. This was certainly the capstone of the climax, and what I had for many years back ardently longed to see, and though fancy was raised to the highest stretch, it fell short of the burst of innocence, beauty and elegance which nocence, beauty and elegance which met my eye at the opening of each door. The retiring modesty of some, the polished urbanity of others, the snowy arm. the delicate hand, the soft friendly smile, the spiral ringlet, the dimpled cheek. I lingered at each door, lost in admiration. (How different from the Golgothas, the Presbyte- ent from the Golgothas, the Presbyterian old maids!) As at Nazareth, rian old maids!) As at Nazareth, they severally rose from their seats and made a graceful courtesy as they were introduced. There were some from all parts of the United States, and some from the islands -- some were small girls and some were grown. I was much pleased to find the Miss Bibbs there from Alabama, with whose parents I had formerly a slight acquaintance. There was at this time a thin school, on account of a vacation from sickness, if I recollect -- the first time the institution was visited with sickness. There tution was visited with sickness. There are, however, more applicants than can be accommodated. This is much to be lamented, as it certainly is the best female seminary in the United States. It is wholly under the control of the United Brethren, of Germany, who, it appears, do not seek to enlarge it, though the profits go to establish other seminaries somewiiere else. The young ladies showed me their frames with the unfinished work.which surpassed beauty. They have introduced what is called ribbon-work, recently taught by a German lady. This is very ingenious, and man lady. This is very ingenious, and has still a richer appearance than the common way with floss silk. The ribbon work is shaded like the floss, very bon work is shaded like the floss, very narrow and curiously worked into flowers and figures of all sorts and shapes -- it is richer and much easier done. The ebony work is a very uselul work and a great curiosity -- every- lul work and a great curiosity -- everything almost is made of it. The wors- thing almost is made of it. The worsted work is also beautiful -- hearth rugs ted work is also beautiful -- hearth rugs or anything you fancy is made of it. But the literary part of the education is oy far the most important. The following are the branches and the prices, lowing are the branches and the prices, viz.: Board and tuition.including reading, writing, arithmetic, gram- ing, writing, arithmetic, grammar, historj', geography, the mar, historj', geography, the use of the globes, botany, plain and ornamental needlework, per quarter $28 00 Entrance money 6 00 Instruction in music, French, drawing, painting on velvet, ebony work, ribbon work and worsted work.each per quarter 3 00 Washing, per quarter 4 00 lor use of library 2 00 Age of admission, between 8 and 15, Vacation during the month of August. 2.6 Bethlehem is on the river Lehigh and a small creek called Manakes | Monocacyj, fifty-three miles from Philadel- acyj, fifty-three miles from Philadelphia. The town begins on an eminence, phia. The town begins on an eminence, and descends to the banks of the latter, a handsome stream. The prospect, however, is not so handsome as that of Nazareth, as the Lehigh Mountains approach too near the town and confines the view within too narrow lim- fines the view within too narrow limits. It is, however, a lively town, the its. It is, however, a lively town, the people pursuing a variety of business, as in other towns. It owns a great number of mills, tanneries and breweries, and contains about 3,000 inhabi- eries, and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. tants. There are also handsome flower gardens, shrubberies and pleasure grounds dens, shrubberies and pleasure grounds adjoining the academy, all of which, with pure air, fine water and a rich surrounding soil, but above all the refined and pleasing manners of the in- fined and pleasing manners of the inhabitants, renders it a delightful sum- habitants, renders it a delightful summer retreat, and to which numbers of mer retreat, and to which numbers of the Southern gentry resort during the warm months. All those who travel for amusement or curiosity ought to visit t*iose interesting towns. It was to this town Gen. Lafayette was brought for his safety and recovery when he was wounded at the battle ery when he was wounded at the battle of Brandywine, and the house was pointed out to me in which he was lodged -- it is rather a large stone house on the main street -- and, more than this, I saw the lady who nursed him at that time; she is still living, and is an active, hale woman. She said the General suffered much from the pain, but was very patient. I ought to have mentioned that Mrs. Seidel aids her husband in teaching the young ladies. She is an American, and was educated at the Moravian schools in North Carolina. She is a female of rare and high accomplishments, and has some of the most inter- ments, and has some of the most interesting children my eyes ever beheld. esting children my eyes ever beheld. Of all places to rear children this must be the best. Finally, how these people have managed, with so little noise,without tracts aged, with so little noise,without tracts and begging money, to advance so far beyond the rest of the United States in every social and mental virtue, is truly mysterious, surrounded, as they are, by those enemies to knowledge -the blacK coats, or black hearts, rather. the blacK coats, or black hearts, rather. Upon going into a parlour up stairs, at the tavern, I found the windows and tables strewed with tracts. As I always do, I hoisted the sash and, gath- ways do, I hoisted the sash and, gathering them all up, tore them to atoms ering them all up, tore them to atoms and flung them into the street. Being called away shortly afterwards (I could not have been gone more than twenty minutes), what was my surprise to find the tables and windows again replenished with this trash. There was a ished with this trash. There was a lady sitting in the room all the while, but so artful and secret are those traitors that she did not see who did it. tors that she did not see who did it. Some said it was Dr. Green. I served these the same sauce, but doubtless it would be renewed. Now, what good is to be effected by leaving these tracts here? How they grudge the success of this academy! I met with some very pleasant company at the tavern, particularly a pany at the tavern, particularly a French officer, who was quite interesting. ing. HISTORY. Bethlehem was settled about the time of Nazareth by the Moravians, who purchased the land. On Monday, before day, I took my departure for Mauch Chunk, the celebrated Lehigh coal mines, after paying brated Lehigh coal mines, after paying the highest bill for the worst accommodation I had met with, by far, in Penn- dation I had met with, by far, in Pennsylvania. It is hoped the society, if sylvania. It is hoped the society, if they own the property, will make an alteration there. One of the first objects to strangers is comfortable board jects to strangers is comfortable board while traveling. The landlord was absent the whole of the time, and perhaps sent the whole of the time, and perhaps it was still to my auvantage. But I am now about to unfold another tale of wickedness that ought to rouse the whole country. The habit people have fallen into of traveling in stages has induced contractors and proprietors to taKe the advantage of these tors to taKe the advantage of these travelers, as they are now pretty safe on the score of the traveling custom, pick up any worthless ruffian whom they can hire for little or nothing as drivers, it being no object to them how the traveler gets on after they receive the fare. -o was about 3 o'clock when we set out -- I mean the stage driver and myself, no other person being in the stage. self, no other person being in the stage. It was weil I was armed with courage, or the consequence might have been serious. I uad not been more, perhaps, than half an hour on the road before the driver began to aduress me in a very suspicious and alarming manner; first, by asking "if I were married?" (and, I chink, for I did not give him an opportunity of adding much, you are sure), "was I not afraid to travel in the night?" How dare you address yourself to me, you insolent ruffian? If you say another insolent word I will drop you from the seat m an instant. Speak, if you dare, and urive on." He had almost stopped the horses, but never did a fellow drive taster than he did; and, tae road being rough, I paid for it. He said no more till we drew near the house where we were to change horses and drivers, and, suspecting I niignt inform against him, he pecting I niignt inform against him, he endeavored to intimidate me by pretending he would have me arrested for tending he would have me arrested for threatening the "mail carrier." He was a hopeful convert -- he must have been converted by the tracts, as I saw him at the tavern during Sunday. Now, is it not shameful that lives are endangered by these contractors ? The dangered by these contractors ? The Germans are the only drivers I have seen, in the United States, who can be called civil or sober. This man was an Englishman, it being understood that both are Americans. It was about daylight when the stage stopped to change horses and drivers, to my great pleasure; and the moment I arrived, I accused the driver -- all stared, and were silent; not one under- ed, and were silent; not one understood English; girls and boys eyed me stood English; girls and boys eyed me in silence -- theman who owned the house, and a traveller, were the only exception. The traveller was standing by the fire; the landlord was out, ing by the fire; the landlord was out, attending to the horses. When the landlord came in, the stranger told him in German; and the landlord, addressing me in good English, askea me if it were true that the lish, askea me if it were true that the driver had behaved rude ? I replied in the affirmative, and added, "I had hoped the stage would have stopped at some village where I could have found officers to arrest him." The man appeared very serious; said "it was very wrong, and he should talk to the driver about it." This is nonsense; such ruffians are not to be reclaimed by talk; the fact is, they ought not to be employed. The whole of this business is falling into disrepute, and I am pleased to hear they pute, and I am pleased to hear they are canaling and railroaamg the whole country, that our lives may be no longer endangered by such lawless ruffians. er endangered by such lawless ruffians. They ought to boast of converting the heathen -- dog eat dog. The driver never showed his face; and my new driver being a German, I felt greatly relieved, 'lae young ladies who could not or would not speak dies who could not or would not speak English, were fair, handsome, and modesty itself. The road, now drawing near the Blue Ridge, became still more rough; but the driver took much pains, and was very obliging. I had gained very little, as to distance from Easton to Mauch Chunk, by tance from Easton to Mauch Chunk, by visiting Bethlehem, which was nearly as far from Mauch Chunk as Easton, from which last it was thirty-six miles distant. We arrived at the mountain about 8 o'clock, which we pass, not over, but through, at a place called the Gap. A tavern is kept at the Gap, at which we breakfast. Here the mountain scenery begins; in truth, it is often tain scenery begins; in truth, it is often seen east of this; but after passing the Gap we are fairly engulphed in streams, rocks and mountains; and never was a mountain, it would seem, without a river. The Lehigh Hills (or mountains, more properly), which commence at Easton, has kept pace with me, and still pursue the river, while the famous Blue Ridge seems to wage war with all the Atlantic rivers, and as sure to be vanquished. Here, as witn all the Eastern streams, the Lehigh bursts through ern streams, the Lehigh bursts through this untiring mountain as though it were a breastwork of cotton bags and rolls on triumphant to the Delaware. The Lehigh river and mountain meets the Blue Mountain (as it is called, and sometimes Kittatinny Mountain) at right angles. The Blue Mountain maintains the same steep cliffs of wild naked rocks in this place which it does in all others from Virginia to West Point. It is the same stubborn mountain, and exhibits a true picture of wildness. Here, also, comes in another pile of hills or mountains, which you please, on the right, the Lehigh and its mountain lying on your left; each draws up tain lying on your left; each draws up close to the river, and between these two the road passes to Mauch Chunk. A very handsome stream also comes in here, on the right of tne Lehigh, and discharges itself into the Lehigh. The tavern where we breakfasted stands between the Blue Ridge and the stream just mentioned. Over this creek there is a very handsome bridge; the stream runs very swiftly over abed of rocks, and also has its hills parallel to it. A little beyond the creek, in full view of the tavern, the canal and several of the locks appear; also, kilns ral of the locks appear; also, kilns where the cement used in constructing the wall is burnt, and likewise the mills in which it is ground. Hard by are blacksmith shops and various other cabins for the workmen. The Lehigh river runs close to the canal, and high river runs close to the canal, and a store near the tavern. While the whole is environed with wild mountains and huge rocks, some of which, tains and huge rocks, some of which, loosened from their places, have rolled down near the road. Thus we have a rich foretaste of the much extalled sceneries of Mauch Chunk, from which it appears I am still twelve miles distant. tant. The man of the tavern was not at home, but I had a good breakfast, and found the German girls kind and attentive, though they spoke very little tentive, though they spoke very little English. After breakfast I walked over the bridge, and ever delighted with swift running streams, I lingered some time upon the bridge, leaning upon the balustrade. The curling of the limpid water, and the associations of do- pid water, and the associations of domestic neatness, awakened by looking mestic neatness, awakened by looking at a woman scrubbing her churns and pails as she stood in the stream, added no little to heighten the glow of feeling set in motion upon my approach. Had the day been pleasant, I should have had a delightful walk, but it was cold and blustering. I walked on to the canal not yet walled up, and the kilns and mills for preparing the cement being mentioned, I can add nothing more, as I would not have had time to examine them before the stage would call. I saw a great dust flying out of the mills, and the men who conveyed the ground cement away, in bags, to load the ment away, in bags, to load the wagons, were covered with dust. I saw a few carpenters at work upon wood, but could not discover their object. The canal seemed to be nearly ject. The canal seemed to be nearly the size of other canals, and the workmanship of the locks seemed to be manship of the locks seemed to be skillfully done. This cement is a sort of stone which, when prepared, is used in masonry, and answers a better purpose tnan lime, so it is said. I never pose tnan lime, so it is said. I never heard of it till this day, and great quantities of it is said to lie in the neigh- tities of it is said to lie in the neighboruood. The enterprising Mr. White, boruood. The enterprising Mr. White, of the Lehigh Company, is said to have discovered the cement. I had, however, but a few minutes to satisfy curiosity, when the stage came along.and tnrough detiles and over rocks, sometimes on the brink of a high stone wall built in the river, which formed the jumping off place, we reached Mauch Cuunk. Hardly any road is more dangerous to travel at this time, from the blowing of rocks; and, at all times, it is ing of rocks; and, at all times, it is dangerous, from the narrowness of the defiles, should the horses take fright. The best way would be to travel it on horseback, or in private carriages. But the Teagues, poor fellows, they are strung along the canal, scarcely alive, stupid from drink. The poor fellows, fleeing from oppression to be free, grow rich in our country, make a short life, and merry one of it. I have been informed that they generally live about eighteen months after coming to this country, and work and drink most of the time. They care little about eating, provided they get whiskey. In many instances, on some of the canals, they die so fast, that they are thrown into the ground from four to six together, without cofiins. gether, without cofiins. You are tormented, beyond endurance, by these Patts, when you travel ance, by these Patts, when you travel along the canal in stages. They are eternally getting in and getting out, and suffocating you with the stench of drunkenness. They are, for the most part, covered with mud, where they have rolled when drunk, and never think of Inlying a little trunk, or light valise, to carry their clothes from place to place, but always have a wad of something tied up in a black greasy old pocket handkerchief, and crowd you, and grease you and stench you to aeath. If ever you see a man with a rusty crown-cracked hat, short legs, tattered clothes, and dirty face, standing before you in the road, you may ex- ing before you in the road, you may expect a pat in the stage. pect a pat in the stage. There are, however, Yankees and Germans at work on the canals. The Yankees take their money, when earned, and go home; so do the Germans, ed, and go home; so do the Germans, and both are generally steady. But the Teagues are continually going from one canal to another. Several of these got into the stage as we drew near Maucu Chunk, and though, in justice to them, they are generally harmless, there was one of these very impertinent, so much so, that I called to the driver either to put him out, or I would get out. The driver had got into another stage which overtook us, and a youth had mounted the seat of my coach, and, of course, could do nothing with Pat, I ordered him to stop, when i got out, and dered him to stop, when i got out, and walked nearly half a mile, to Mauch Chunk, over a rough road, and being then very lame, I suffered a great deal on the way. MAUCH CHUNK. Upon my arrival at the tavern, I complained that a carriage was not sent to meet me; but they had heard nothing of the accident. ing of the accident. The house stands on the side of a mountain, and I was shown into a common room. I was there but a few min- mon room. I was there but a few minutes, when the landlord, a genteel look- utes, when the landlord, a genteel looking man, came down and invited me ing man, came down and invited me up into the parlor. He had often, he said, heard of me, as he took the United States Gazette, and was pleased ted States Gazette, and was pleased with my visit; and, to crown the whole, was a Yankee. I walked up to the parlor, ordering a room at the same time. Mr. White, the principal manager, already mentioned, was absent, ager, already mentioned, was absent, but was expected home that night. Dinner would soon be ready; they were ner would soon be ready; they were only waiting for some ladies to return from the coal mines. The parlor turn from the coal mines. The parlor was large, neat, and well furnished; the Lehigh was glowing in the grate, the best part of the story, as it was very raw and drizly. Several young men walked in to look at me, and were introduced. They apeared to be boarders, and, as it appeared afterwards, ers, and, as it appeared afterwards, clerks to the company. Thus all went on well; meantime I took a view of my chamber, ordered up my baggage, and returned dered up my baggage, and returned to the parlor, and. shortly afterwards, the company arrived, three ladies and two gentlemen; they were from Philadelphia -- a great old fat woman, a lit- delphia -- a great old fat woman, a little lame, an old maid, her daughter, tle lame, an old maid, her daughter, and a younger one, also her daughter. One of the gentlemen, a right Philadelphian, was, I think, brother, nephew, phian, was, I think, brother, nephew, or something to the big woman; the other was a lad, I do not know from whence. They had been taking a ride on the railroad, and not being guarded against the change of weather or ed against the change of weather or the height of the region of the coal mines, had suffered much from the cold. It actually was enough (from what I learned afterwards) to have killed them outright, as they had nothing on but thin shawls, and the day ing on but thin shawls, and the day was very cold. The mother was tall about three yards round, and roughly hewn throughout. The old maid was tall and gaunt, long necked and long chinned, long faced, fair, handsome mouth ned, long faced, fair, handsome mouth and teeth, which she appeared to make the most of, by always grinning to show them. She had a once handsome dimple, but it was almost extinct some dimple, but it was almost extinct in her sunken cheek; her hair was red, or bordering close upon it. It is always my favorite color, when not too ways my favorite color, when not too deeply tinged, and is accompanied with a fair complexion at all times. In short, but for the length of her face, and a DOW chin, she must have been handsome when young, and would be so now, had she not been abominbly affected, and ignorant of course. The ladies ought ever to remember that knowledge is never old or ugly. The other lady was not so tall nor so old, round faced, redish haired, fair complexion, middling features, and stupid plexion, middling features, and stupid dull countenance -- both had whiteish grey eyes. The gentleman, their kinsman,whose name, if I am not mistaken, was Hare, was, as I have said, a sort of chip in porridge man, with a hard iron countenance. tenance. The lad was rather accomplished, but had more sail than ballast -- he was all in raptures to see Mrs. R. and who would not ? He was not of the Philadelphia party. The ladies lisped, and twisted, and figited, and smiled, "ma-ed," and never was so cold; and the old lady broke off in the middle, and disappeared -- presently orders came to the young ladies to come and dress for dinner. At length we were seated at the table, where my Yankee landlord took ble, where my Yankee landlord took a seat by my side, or at least placed me by his side, to pay the more attention, 'ihe other gentlemen, also, were tion, 'ihe other gentlemen, also, were very attentive, and none more so than the young gentleman whom, it strikes me, had seen me before. No one attended to the Philadelphia ladies. Here is another remark -- those who do not seek admiration, admiration will seek them; and those who tion will seek them; and those who are always seeking it, will never find it, for the best of reasons. Every one at the table could see, with half an eye, what brought this gang of females from Philadelphia; and the young men of the place taking the alarm, avoid them as carefully as though they were just so many wild cats. There was another female at the table, a pretty good match for these -- 1 guessed she was of Philadelphia also, and I guessed true -- she was dressed in the ex- ed true -- she was dressed in the extreme, black, proud, and ugly, and treme, black, proud, and ugly, and though not so silly, was just as ignorant and affected as the others; and ant and affected as the others; and whom, think ye, was this fine (they were all as fine as silk anu lace and bubbles could make them, just as though they were going to be ushered into the ball-room) dressed lady ? The landlord's wife ! ! ! ! the first time I ever saw a tavern-keeper's wife sit down at the public dinner table, or even show herself, since I have been in the Atlantic country; and the essence of it is, her husband is only a sence of it is, her husband is only a hireling, the tavern being the property of the company, so, without any further evidence, it is plain that my Yan- ther evidence, it is plain that my Yankee friend is a goose, and his wife is kee friend is a goose, and his wife is the gander. I did not, however, dream, at the time, she was the lady of the house, as my Yankee friend never introduced me. But the next day, being interrupted by the noise of chil- ing interrupted by the noise of children at my room door, I looked out, dren at my room door, I looked out, and finding a black servant at the door, who seemed to have the care of the children, I told her she must take them away; and, thinking they were doubtless the children of some lady from the less the children of some lady from the South, from their having a grown woman to attend them, I inquired whose cnildren they were, as I had never seen the mother about; she told me they were Mrs. 's (I do not remember the name). I observed I had never seen the lady -- "was she sick?" ''Why, she was at the table ever since you came!" I then apprehended, and, not recognizing the tavern hended, and, not recognizing the tavern keeper's name, I asked who the lady was and where she was from. She laughed and said, "It was the tavern keeper's wife." Now, had this simpleton, as it is clear he is one, married a ton, as it is clear he is one, married a nkee lady, instead of having a maid to attend her children and dressing in silks, laces and flounces, and sitting down at the head of the table, where gentlemen and ladies and strangers dine, she would be found in her kitchen, with her cueck apron on, attending en, with her cueck apron on, attending to her business -- she would have been a fortune to him, instead of spending one. He is sure to be a poor man while he lives. Wonder not at the number of old maids in Philadelphia. What man (though they caught this soft Yankee) would have such women ? This woman, besides neglecting her kitchen and her children had a fortune on her back, and as great an ignoramus as could be found -- she was quite a us as could be found -- she was quite a vulgar coarse woman. I should think the company poor judges of a matter so important to their interest, the tavern being a very large, expensive ern being a very large, expensive house, and doubtless does much business, as numbers visit the place dur- ness, as numbers visit the place during the summer. I am told it is like ing the summer. I am told it is like a fair. And the worst is to come yet -she is a missionary lady, and, of she is a missionary lady, and, of course, hei and I were no favorites; and her poor hen-pecked husband, when he found I exposed the conduct of missionaries in my usual open independence, he sneaked off for fear of pendence, he sneaked off for fear of his wife, and I never came in sight of him but once afterwarJs. But the old maid! It was sickening to see her airs at the table, nibbling and mincing and turning her head, first on one shoulder and then on the other, and languishing and ogling and addressing some pretty silly thing now and then to her mother. The younger one was not allowed to speak, as doubtless the old maid had put a padlock on less the old maid had put a padlock on her mouth, that she herself might receive what she did not -- the addresses ceive what she did not -- the addresses of the gentlemen -- nor will she ever, while her designs upon them is so eviuent. There is a specimen of Philadel- uent. There is a specimen of Philadelphia ladyship for you. The boor they phia ladyship for you. The boor they brought with them never offered to attend them, and, about to cross the river tend them, and, about to cross the river over the bridge, I shamed one of the young men Oi. the place into politeness and courage enough to walk with them. He set off, and seemed rather to prefer the company of the youngest, who, finding she had the advantage, resolved to ing she had the advantage, resolved to maintain it, and fairly ran off with the young man. The old lady hobbled along very slow, and in a short time the young pair was out of sight, and the old maid, to her infinite mortification, who could not leave her mother, tion, who could not leave her mother, missed the only chance she had of a beau at Mauch Chunk. I was sitting in a high porch, looking at them, and was no little amused to see the younger sister run off with the prize. The walk was a mere excuse, as it was the most absurd thing in the world for such an old overgrown, lame woman to attempt walking in such a rough country. The young man, who doubtless will never forgive me, shut himself up in his chamber and was never seen, except at meals, while they staid. Thus women defeat their own purposes -- their palpable advances disgust the men even pable advances disgust the men even to hatred. I never had so good an opportunity of observing the weak side portunity of observing the weak side of women before. "But the scenery, Mrs. R., and the coal mines" -- "ah, you shall have it." I always go on by regular climax and thought, perhaps, if I mounted my hobby before I disposed of the woman, it by before I disposed of the woman, it might run away with me, and so much would be lost forever. Which will you have first -- the scenery or the mines ? for the mines are nine miles trom the tavern and the town of Mauch Chunk. "The scenery." Then here is the scenery. Mauch Chunk is the Indian name of a small town on the Lehigh, which, at this place, winds in the form of the capital letter S. Now, if you can imagine perpendicular steps of wild mis-shapen rocks, to the height of a considerable mountain, on each side of this serpentine river; if you can imagine the steep on the opposite shore, running up to the right posite shore, running up to the right hand bend of the S, into a sharp, bold, perpendicular point, and the river, with the mountain on this side, wrapping round it; it you can fancy another ping round it; it you can fancy another steep mountain showing itselt to the left, up the river, meeting it at a right angle; and then suppose a sharp ridge sloping down to the river, on this side, on the left also, near by -- if to this you add the long string of black coal waggons on the summit of this last, all in readiness to take their eternal flight down the shoot into the river, and the shoot itself a rail-way mounted in the air, with one end on the brow of this summit, and the other end sloping to the river some hundred yards, over a considerable valley ! ! If you can imagine one of these waggons flying agine one of these waggons flying (nothing short of it) down this shoot, while another is flying up, like a witch, through the air, without even a broomstick. [The loaded waggon, running down, draws the empty one up, there being a double rail-way at the shoot.] Next fancy a large park on the side of this coal waggon mountain, facing you, filled with elk and tain, facing you, filled with elk and deer, and, as if for your gratification, appears as one end of it was lowered to show its contents; a little below (only a street between) stands a handsome white building, under a shade; some white building, under a shade; further on, toward the tavern, from the lofty portico of which you see the whole, a large store, and then a mill, and here a stream runs down, at an angle with tne Lehigh; on the bank of this stream there is a street called Broadway with two long rows of houses -- you are all this while at the base, or rather on the side of another mountain of huge moss covered rocks, which rear themselves up, rocks upon rocks of frightful wilderness behind you; the I^ehigh running nimbly at your feet, a handsome bridge thrown over it; the locks and o'ams, and the canal, all in one view. If you can imagine all this, you may form an idea agine all this, you may form an idea of the scenery of Mauch Chunk. But it is impossible for the pen to represent the novelty and wildness of the sent the novelty and wildness of the masses of stone, and the whimsical figures of the mountains, as they assume a variety of bends and shapes. sume a variety of bends and shapes. The scenery of Mauch Chunk has little beauty, the mountains approaching too near -- it only pleases from its surprise, novelty, and wildness, which is unequalled by any mountain scenery, I equalled by any mountain scenery, I ever met with, and it will forever be what it is now, as these rocky steeps aefy, alike, the hand of art and the hand of taste. Wildness, therefore, will forever reign sole monarch of Mauch Chunk, unconquered and unsubdued. subdued. The tavern, to leave room for a street between it and the river, is wedged in amongst these rocks, where, and the mass of frightfulness over your head, in one thousand acres you could not find a hand's breadth of earth. These rocks, and those I saw on the Delaware, are different from any mountain or other rocks I have visited they are of a light drab color, almost white -- all that I have seen, were redish, dark, and grey, and for the most ish, dark, and grey, and for the most part, flat, or shelvings, seemed to mingle and adhere, forming some sort of gle and adhere, forming some sort of society; but these of Mauch Chunk are great rounding lumps, loosely scattered, as though they had dropped tered, as though they had dropped from the clouds one by one. Now for the ride upon the railroad, the mines, and the ride back. Next day the ladies, old maids and young maids, old lame women and un- lame, and, to crown the whole, Mrs. Tavern-keeper, condescended to join the party -- Mr. Tavern-keeper, my young beau, the Philadelphia beau.the ladies' coachman, by far the genteelest man of the party -- he could not be est man of the party -- he could not be called a coachman, as I understood he was a relation, and brought them in his own private carriage -- two strangers, the owner of the team, and the ers, the owner of the team, and the driver, all set out to the mines. We were placed in pleasure carriages, which have seats like sleighs, riages, which have seats like sleighs, and precisely like the sleigh, but longer, and without the back and front, and er, and without the back and front, and have small iron wheels. These carriages are fastened together, as many riages are fastened together, as many as you please -- one horse to every twenty persons, which he pulls with ease, at a brisk trot -- no horse is used in returning. The distance from the town to the mines is nine miles, the mountain being an oblong; the rail road runs paral- ing an oblong; the rail road runs parallel with its length, which, resembles lel with its length, which, resembles what we call a spur. The road runs on the side of this ridge, and partly on the top, as it happens to sink or rise -the highest summit is about one thou- the highest summit is about one thousand feet, and the road rises one foot sand feet, and the road rises one foot in seventy. It was a delightful afternoon, when, seated in the front of the front carriage, supported by the two strangers riage, supported by the two strangers at my back, with my little beau next to them, the old maid, &c., &c., &c., the owner of the carriages, and driver in front of all, and off we go upon the railroad. But of all modes of travelling or sailing, it is the most pleasing; ling or sailing, it is the most pleasing; so steady, so swift; not a jolt, jar, or movement, to the right or left. To say it was delightful, would scarcely convey the idea; nor can it be conveyed, by language, to other than veyed, by language, to other than those who have travelled on one. I shall ever, after this, be th^ warm advocate of railroads! Railroads! Rail- vocate of railroads! Railroads! Railroads! give me a railroad! roads! give me a railroad! We had a romantic view of Broadway as we drove on, sunk deep as it way as we drove on, sunk deep as it was between two stupendous hills -the stream mentioned wound its spark- the stream mentioned wound its sparkling way down a deep vale, in the op- ling way down a deep vale, in the opposite course -- its serpentine figure, posite course -- its serpentine figure, though far beneath our feet, with a headlong mountain rising upon the other side, were to our left, and always in view, at our backs, the Blue mountains soon appeared, as we drew near tains soon appeared, as we drew near the summit; on our right, there was little to ue seen, as the nature of our way precluded a view. At length we lose sight of our deep vale and curling stream, and gain a considerable flat of some width -- here we have another purling stream of crystal clearness; it was sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other, and its banks thickly shaded by shrubs and brambles -- now and then a pheasant, or partridge, would start up be- ant, or partridge, would start up before us. The railroad, from its sym- fore us. The railroad, from its symmetry, was no less pleasing to the eye metry, was no less pleasing to the eye than it was delightful to travel. I ought to have observed, that these pleasure wagons never visit the mines except in the afternoon, or until the coal wagons have run down, which is always in the forenoon; and that the coal wagons run down of themselves, being all fastened together, and selves, being all fastened together, and are pulled up by mules, the mules being placed in a wooden wagon, with ing placed in a wooden wagon, with troughs before them, to eat as they go on, are fastened to the coal wagons, and ride down. There being but one road, and no chance of getting off should one carriage meet another, and such a number of these coal wagons, all made oi iron, and heavy laden, they would grind everything they met in their way to powder. It is, therefore, a strict law, that no carriage shall go up until the coal is all down; and the mule wagons going down at the same time, there is then no danger. As we drove on I happened to ask the owner of the wagon, "What would be the result were we to meet a wagon?" "We would call out to the driver to hold up," there being a sort of machine which locks the wheel, one end of which the driver, who always sits in front, holds in his hand; by this means the wagons can be made to go fast or slow, or stopped. This part of the story I can scarcely believe when applied to the coal wagons; from their great weight and velocity when running down I doubt whether any power ning down I doubt whether any power on earth could stop them. The word was scarcely uttered by the man when we saw a mule wagon meeting us. I had such confidence in the man that I felt in no way alarmed. He cried out to the man (or boy, rather) to "hold up," but he might as well have told him to hold down. The proprietor jumped off the seat and jerked up a small stick.which he had scarcely time to do before the two carriages met. He threw the stick across riages met. He threw the stick across the railroad, and whether it was of service or not I cannot tell, for in a twink- vice or not I cannot tell, for in a twinkling the mule carriage knocked the ling the mule carriage knocked the horse in our carriages down flat on his side, and he lay as though he were dead some time. This stopped the mule carriage. The whole of the party jumped out but myself. I, being lame, was afraid of a worse evil had I made the attempt, bome of the party were hurt in their eagerness to escape, but I received little or no injury. I suspect there never was a more fortunate escape -it was the first instance of the sort. it was the first instance of the sort. After some time we got the horse up and, lifting tne carriage off the road, let the other wagon go on. Our horse was put, too, and we went on again very well. As we drew near the mines we descend a little, and have a beautiful scend a little, and have a beautiful prospect of the plains and hills around us from our high situation. THE COAL MINES is matter enough to satisfy the most capacious mind and gratify the most unbounded curiosity -- one whole mountain of solid coal, which continues, it tain of solid coal, which continues, it is said, across the country to the Schuylkill. Wherever they have made the experiment they find the same unbroken mass of coal. The excavations broken mass of coal. The excavations already made comprise seven acres, to a great depth, in some places seventy or an nundred feet, and yet there is no alteration in the coal -- it lies unbroken and unmixed by the least particle of stone, earth or anything whatever. A vast many hands are employed in loosening the coal, loading the wagons and gathering them together to send to the river. These hands do not work underground. They begin on the surface and dig and haul off as they go. face and dig and haul off as they go. There is, at first, on the surface of the mountain, a few feet of earth, which is carefully removed; but when they once get to the coal the earth ceases. It is so easy to dig that one good hand can dig 100 bushels per day. The instruments used are a pick-axe and a struments used are a pick-axe and a crowbar; these are light and sharp, which the men handle with much ease. It is surprising to see how fast they can loosen and throw it out. This earth is wagoned to a precipice and thrown down, to be out of the way. It was down this precipice an Irishman recently took a merry ride. He insisted upon getting into the wagon of dirt ed upon getting into the wagon of dirt and, the wagon running at full speed, Pat went over and down to the bottom without much injury. They receive from 80 to 90 cents per day. Some of the workmen are Irish, some Germans and some Yankees. They work, drink whiskey, fight, receive their money in the fall, go home, ceive their money in the fall, go home, spend the winter and return in the spring. They have no boss (as an overlooker is called In the Atlantic country). I asked if they drew their wages by the day or the bushel. They replied that they drew the same wages whether they worked or played The whole country around seems to be one continuation of mountains, and the view from the mines is very extensive and beautiful, presenting an end- sive and beautiful, presenting an endless representation of high ridges and less representation of high ridges and deep valleys. A number of railroads run in all directions over the excavation, to facilitate the removal of the coal to the itate the removal of the coal to the railroad which is to convey it to the river. Such a number of hands, their black wagons running alone, black clothes and the black broad flat from which the coal has been removed, the vast ebony walls which surround the excavation, are a subject of much interest vation, are a subject of much interest and curiosity. There is a species of shaded coal, extremely beautiful, called the "peacock coal,'' and resembles the variegated color of that fowl precisely. This is found promiscuously amongst the other coal, and differs from it only in color. The railroad is thus described by a traveler who called nearly at the same time, and, to save trouble, I copy it from a paper, as I am aware it is correct: "A road is first cut along the side of the mountain, on which billets of wood are laid transversely (like our swamp cause-ways;) and on them, parallel with the road, the rails of pine, 6 by 4 inches thick, are placed. On the upper surface and inner edge of these per surface and inner edge of these rails, narrow bars or plates are screwed for the wheels to run on. The cost, ed for the wheels to run on. The cost, $4,500 per mile. The cars for carrying the coal are made of sheet iron, with strong wheels about two feet in diameter." eter." The bodies of the wagons are very deep, and wider at the top than the bottom. A driver or steersman always sits in front to guide the wagon ways sits in front to guide the wagon upon the road where it makes short or crooked turns. The wheels, I find, have often to be greased. It certainly must be the most interesting object at Mauch Chunk to see esting object at Mauch Chunk to see these wagons, of which there are a great number, all of one size, all tied together and running full career down the railroad. This I did not see, as they came down but once while I was there, and nothing but the neglect of the landlord to apprise me deprived me of the pleasure. The ride up is, in comparison, nothing to our ride down. The company ing to our ride down. The company and myself being again seated in the carriages the horse was again put to for a little way, when he was again taken out, and away we flew; at first slow, but soon like the wind. There are a few scattering houses near the mines, in imitation of a town, and a solitary one here and there for a little further on, also a meadow, where we saw several mules feeding. But what astonished me as much as anything else was a 70 foot Jackson pole. The mules, accustomed to the wagons paid little attention to us as we passed them. But it was different with most other things. The wheels, going up, maKe ..ctle noise, but going down they make a considerable hollow rumbling sound, whic- I presume must be heard some distance. It was no little amusement to me to see birds, cats, dogs, and cows flying for their ^^ves before us. They must have thougnt the end of the world was at hand. The birds wisely fled for it at once, but I did expect to see a cow smashed to pieces, as the foolish thing ran into danger instead of running out of it, but the cat I suppose is ning out of it, but the cat I suppose is hardly done running yet. I was till this day ignorant of the gait and fleetness of cats. We were 30 minutes ness of cats. We were 30 minutes running down. But of all the wonders of Mauch Chunk I was astonished at the rapidity of the wheels upon a road apparently level, as any person in the world, with no more knowledge of railroads than myself, would be at a loss to distinguish which way the road descended. guish which way the road descended. It has all the appearance of a perfect level. I had formed some sort of an opinion of everything except this. The air was quite cool from the swiftness of our passage, though it was a warm evening. It strikes me that this ride must be doubly grateful in the heat of summer. We pay 50 cents each for our ride. I did not expect the proprietor, as he was a very pect the proprietor, as he was a very friendly and affable man, would have charged me. Had he known his interests or the interest of humanity, he ests or the interest of humanity, he would not, particularly as he saw I was lame and had come some distance out of the way, on a rough road, to see the place. There was a meanness in it that is unaccountable, but he was a Quaker. He said "he would leave it to myself to pay what I pleased." I would have paid ten times the amount rather tnan have imitated his meanness. ness. I called at Mr. White's on my way to the tavern, and was pleased to find he had returned. This is the gentleman mentioned some pages back, one man mentioned some pages back, one of the most indefatigable men in Pennsylvania; ne is in a great measure the sylvania; ne is in a great measure the patron and proprietor of the canal and railroad, and the only one of the company who resides at Mauch Chunk. pany who resides at Mauch Chunk. He is a middle-aged, keen, sensible man, genteel and affable, and a man of extensive knowledge. His family also resides here. Mrs. White, a most ladylike woman, I had called on before; like woman, I had called on before; she very politely walked about with me, explaining and showing me the works and the wonders of the place. They were both much displeased at the mismanagement of the people of the mines for sending the mule carriage down, which occasioned the acci- riage down, which occasioned the accident, and which might have been at- dent, and which might have been attended with more serious consequences. tended with more serious consequences. He will doubtless take measures to prevent a similar accident. vent a similar accident. This extraordinary man seems to be peculiarly blessed with every thing which can render life desirable. He has the finest children I have seen in the State, particularly a very amiable, handsome and accomplished daughter, nearly grown. Their hospicality and plainness of dress were exemplary, and a very great contrast to the ladles of the tavern. Being detained at Mr. White's till after tea (.by which time it was dark), Mr. W. ,a perfect gentleman, attended me to the tavern. Next day was set for my departure; as the stage went only every other day, I was forced to take the advantage, or wart longer than my arrangements admitted. I would gladly have visited mitted. I would gladly have visited Wilkes-Barre, a few miles distant, a town on the Susquehanna, but the season was too far advanced. I therefore son was too far advanced. I therefore shaped my course to Reading, and had to retrace my steps back nearly to Bethlehem. The stages did not start till in the afternoon, and in the meantime I had the pleasure of a visit from time I had the pleasure of a visit from Miss White and several other ladies of the place. This, with other marks of respect paid to me by the citizens, I saw gave infinite pain to the Philadelphia party; but it was amusing to see their last shift to entrap a beau. They took their departure some hours before I did, and "ma must get in the carriage" (which happened to be a hack), and they wouIq walk; "oh, we could not think of riding in a carriage upon such a dangerous road -- oh, never! it is out of the question -- we will walk." All this did not take; every young man stuck close to his room. There was a Dr. Somebody, who resided there; he ran over to see, and sided there; he ran over to see, and shook hands with me, and when he found what was going on he made his escape. But such pitying long lookbacks I never saw. They walked slow, backs I never saw. They walked slow, and every now and then would look back. Thus silly women disgust men of sense, and live and die old maids. The landlord did go with them, but for nothing else, I firmly believe, but to keep out of my way. He took care, however, to make arrangements for my bill before his departure, and charged me the highest bill I ever paid in the United States-- $3,621/2 for two days! Shameful! He ought, if for nothing else, to be displaced for this barbarous act. At some distance from Mauch Chunk we met the p^entleman trudging back on foot, as he set out. I paid no more attention to him than if I had met a mastiff, and he looked as mean as he was. Now, this would have been an amiable man had it not been for his wife, who is at the head of the Tract Society at Mauch Chunk; for, if these missionaries could find people on the top of the Rocky Mountains they would go there to hunt for money. They have a considerable society at this place, of which Madam Tavernkeeper is at the head, and, of course, she rules her husband. I stopped for cue night at the band. I stopped for cue night at the Gap Tavern, being pleased with the place. I ought to have mentioned a little town on t^.s side of Mauch Chunk called Lehighton. It is quite a small place, but has a flourishing new appearance, and distrngjiished for Jack- pearance, and distrngjiished for Jackson poles, the tallest of the forest. son poles, the tallest of the forest. I found the landlord of the Gap Tavern at home, a most interesting Ger- ern at home, a most interesting German, of mild, pleasant, and enticing man, of mild, pleasant, and enticing manners, his fare good, and charges low. The German girls (his wife being dead) who performed the work of ing dead) who performed the work of the tavern, were certainly the most innocent, modest and obliging girls to nocent, modest and obliging girls to be found in any of the States -- they are the most silent of all women! Though all these spoke English well, such was their bashfulness, it was difficult to draw them into conversation; and, in neatness, they equal, but in industry, they leave the Yankee a long way behind. I admire these German girls for hind. I admire these German girls for their silence (though they find tongues, a gentleman informed me, when they marry), and above all, for their pure and primitive manners, in which they greatly excel. After resting myself by the kitchen fire, admiring the neatness and ingenuity of the cooking establishment, I uity of the cooking establishment, I walked into a large stove-room and took a silent cup of tea, after which, wanting some time of being sunset, I took a stroll about the premises. (The hearths of a German kitchen are raised above the floor some feet, so that ed above the floor some feet, so that the cooks may not have to stoop over the fire.) Stepping into the store (mentioned as I went up) I found a comical amusing clerk, and, upon asking him "of what his wares consisted," ing him "of what his wares consisted," he replied "a little of every thing," and so it appeared. The next day after breakfast, I parted with my kind landlord, whose ed with my kind landlord, whose charge was fifty cents! and pursued my way to Reading, by Allentown. There was but one Teague (a very clever man by the way) in the stage, and an old soldier of the late war, a pensioner; he had served in Canada, and had suffered much hardship in the war from marching in the cold; he had had both feet frost-bitten off and had to be helped in and out of the stage, and, to add to his misfortune, he was a confirmed drunkard. For the sake of passing off the time, as he grew a little sober, I endeavored to convince him of the fatal consequence of drinking, which he readily quence of drinking, which he readily admitted, and cried like a child. He was a man of good feeling, became much attached to me during our ride, and, turning off toward New York, parted with me with seeming regret. "I find no such friends as you are, madam," said the unfortunate man, as he took leave. The Irishman was quite a genteel, decent and sensible man, whom, it appears, was one of the contractors for pears, was one of the contractors for the canal; but he never spoke but when I spoke to him, and knew but little of the country. Upon leaving the Blue Ridge the face of the country is still uneven, but not so rough and sterile as that on the Bethlehem road. Our way hung upon the Lehigh, which, and the smooth rounding hills, fertile meadows and neat farms, gave a pleasing variety to the landscape. One place particularly was a great curiosity being a lofty conical mountain in miniature. The valleys were rich, and abounded with Indian corn, meadows, clover fields, fallow land and some buckwheat and potatoes. Now and then, a string of Irishmen, on foot,with handkerchiefs full of clothes, slung to a shillelah, from their shoulders. The land becomes richer and less uneven as we appi'oach Allentown; the even as we appi'oach Allentown; the heights are covered with chestnut, and the valleys with large black walnut, large farms, and une orchards; the largest apple trees I ever saw; fine barns and houses, large sleek cattle, few sheep, and few horses in sight, but a number of fine hogs running at large in the woods. I was delighted as I drew near Allentown, or, rather, recalled to mind for- town, or, rather, recalled to mind former days, which some call "pleasing mer days, which some call "pleasing melancholy." I am no stickler for names, but whatever reminds us of bygone days always brings with it delight. gone days always brings with it delight. The source of my delight was the rustling sound of the dry -eaves which lay ling sound of the dry -eaves which lay in great profusion on the road, the trees being divested of them by the frost. The feet of the horses made the same noise I used to do with mine when a child. We arrived in Allentown about dinnertime, which is only town about dinnertime, which is only seventeen miles from Easton and six from Bethlehem, so that Pennsylvania cannot charge me with neglect or favoring myself, encountering, as I have, rocks and rivers, by night and day, to say nothing of high hills and high bills. ALLENTOWN. The stage-house is kept by a widow Stock, if I recollect; a bad house -- disobliging, disnonest, smoky, dirty, stingy, obliging, disnonest, smoky, dirty, stingy, and I might, with propriety, add more, but this is enough to warn travelers to avoid it. i founo dinner on the table when I went in, which was set for an eiuerly, fine-looking, tall, slender man, a Lutheran priest, and his young, beautiful and accomplished wife. I would tiful and accomplished wife. I would (so would anyone) have taken her for his daughter. I should have blamed him much for marrying so far below his years, uUl for the temptation which I cannot see how he could resist, as it appears that all these priests, of whatsoever age or sect, are mere flesh and soever age or sect, are mere flesh and blood like other people. I obtained their consent to dine at the table with them, and, ordering a cup of tea, made a tolerable dinner, though mere was not enough on the table for one person. In the meantime, I sent a note to Major Hutter, the son of Col. [C. J.] xiutter, of Easton, and regretted to find he was absent, as I wished him to procure me a better house. This being cure me a better house. This being the case, I submitted, and went to my chamoer, .a which I had ordered a fire, as the coldness of the day required one. My landlady walking before me to show me the room, upon opening the door we found it filled with smoke. She poinered about, stirred the wood, and could not tell what made it smoke -"never knew it to smoke before." This "never knew it to smoke before." This was nothing more than common, as falsehood can be nad everywhere for nothing, as well as tracts and bibles; but the trutu of the story was that it always uid smoke, and to such a degree that I had to extinguish the fire. But the cream of the story is that they made a separate charge for fire, rier son, who lived with her as barkeeper, I suspect, made out the account -- as great a rogue as the world ever produced -- charged me as high as the fel- duced -- charged me as high as the fellow of Mauch Chunk, and, being the low of Mauch Chunk, and, being the agent who collects the fare from the Gap to Allentown, charged me 25 cents more than the fare, it being $1.00 only. His charge was $1.25, which I paid, not knowing any better at the time. I refused, however, to pay the extravagant bill, particularly the fire. I only vagant bill, particularly the fire. I only paid a dollar for doing penace by suffering cold and hunger. fering cold and hunger. Allentown is a very handsome town in Northampton [Lehigh] county, near the Lehigh. It stands upon an elevated site, surrounded on all sides by a vale. This, again, is surrounded by mountains and hills, forming a romantic and tains and hills, forming a romantic and picturesque appearance. It appears to be a flourishing town, and does much business. It contains between 2,000 and 3,1.00 inhabitants. The houses on the principal streets are handsome, showy buildings, but I learned little of the town, in consequence of the absence of Major x^utter. I walked a little ways over the town, and stepped into a bookstore, the proprietor of which was an editor of a prietor of which was an editor of a paper, but he was an ignorant, vulgar, unsociable man. He and the people of the tavern where I stopped were the first and only mean Germans I met with so far. I stepped into another editor's house, whose famny were polite and hospitable, but the gentleman was not in. I sat some time waiting for him, but as iL was growing late I left my card and uesired the family to request the gentleman to call on me, as I wished to learn something of the place. He did not, however, call. I do not recollect either of their names; they lived next door to each other. After canulenght two very genteel young men called on me ,which redeemed the credit of the place. These deemed the credit of the place. These were Mr. McFarlin, a lawyer, and Mr. Hecox, the principal of an academy. tiecox, for the honor of the Yankees, and the State which supports him, was a native ol New England. They both came in as well to pay their respects as to subscribe for my book. Unfortunately, I brought no books from Phila- nately, I brought no books from Philadelphia, except two or tnree, which I delphia, except two or tnree, which I left in Easton, but I promised to send each a copy from Reading, to which place I had ordered some. They offered tlje price, which I refused until they snould receive the oooks. These were very amiable young men. Mr. McFarlin was of middle size, oval face, good lin was of middle size, oval face, good features and very fair. Mr. Hecox was a tall, well-turned figure, his face oval and ixandsome, with a countenance and eye of great expression. ance and eye of great expression. I walked into a store next morning, which was directly opposite my room. In conversing with the proprietor it appeared he had heard of me, but, though he wished me success and abjured the greycoats, he did not offer to jured the greycoats, he did not offer to patronize me; but, in justice to him, he presented me with a small paper box, which I was about to purchase for the safe keeping of my caps and other finery. I sull have the box, safe and sound, wnich always reminds me of Allentown. Being told Hon. ^s^ing. Senator of the Pennsylvania Legislature, lived in Allentown (but was absent also), I called lentown (but was absent also), I called a few minutes before my departure, and, much to my gratification, found him at home. Mr. King is an attorney, and said to be a man of talents and extensive wealth. He is, however, very plain and simple in his manners and equipage. He is a tall, slender made man, with a thin oval face, and keen black eye and black hair. His manners are, as I said, perfectly divested of pride or ostentation, and vested of pride or ostentation, and very familiar. Whilst I was waiting for Mr. King, Major Hutter, who had returned home tne previous night, and having called at the tavern to see me, followed me to Mr. King's, and, without ceremony, introduced himself. This is what I like -- plain honesty seeking to unite with its kindred feeling. The Major was a plain but warm-hearted man, who would go all lengths for his friend. He had been taking a frolic, he said, the night before, upon the success of his efforts to elect General Jackson, he also being an editor. I had merely time to exchange a few words with these gentlemen, when the Easton stage arrived, in which i was to take my seat to Reading. The Irishman, who put up at another and a better house (it is hoped), was again my fellow passenger; also a very genteel stout man, of much information and very easy manners, who mation and very easy manners, who lived between Allentown and Reading; likewise, a great middle aged rough man, who proved to be a constable, from Easton. The Irishman, as usual, said but little, but was sober and very civil. The Easton man was bold and brazen, and having taken a dram, had a great deal to say about some matter of secret importance, upon which ter of secret importance, upon which he was then on a visit to the Governor. But of all the pleasant travelling companions I ever travelled with, the gen- panions I ever travelled with, the gentleman who lived in the neighborhood tleman who lived in the neighborhood was the most so. He at first addressed a few words to the Easton man, ed a few words to the Easton man, whom he slightly knew, and, by degrees, he and I fell into conversation grees, he and I fell into conversation about the country, which passed in general and common placed remarks, but his talent lay in wit, pleasant stories, and anecdotes, in which he indulged merely for the sake of render- dulged merely for the sake of rendering himself agreeable. He was a well ing himself agreeable. He was a well bred, warm-hearted German, though he pronounced the English language with purity and ease. He related more humorous Irish bulls than I ever heard or read in my life; but finding, at length, that the silent man was an Irishman, he turned in upon the Germans, and gave them no quarters. He mans, and gave them no quarters. He was the best mimic I ever heard, and kept us in convulsions during his ride. But at length he arrived at his dwelling, and a scene succeeded of no very ing, and a scene succeeded of no very pleasant nature. The Easton man called the gentleman 'squire something; which name I man 'squire something; which name I am sorry I do not recollect. After the gentleman left us there was a dead silence in the stage, and the Easton man, whose manners and looks I disliked at first, had called at all the taverns to drink, doubtless. He kept within bounds, however, till we stopped at Koutztown to dine and change horses; but, in the meantime, he eyed me with much malignity and evident design -- in short, with loolts of a thoroughbred assassin. He was pale from rage, but never spoke a word. He doubtless took offense at a sharp reproof I gave him shortly after we left proof I gave him shortly after we left AUentown, upon his addressing me in a marked speech of obscene insolence, at least what I would call such. He was further provoked that I treated him with contempt, while I conversed freely with the other gentlemen. Koutztown is about half way between Easton and Reading -- eighteen tween Easton and Reading -- eighteen miles from each. Here I dined. But the Easton man, who had been boasting of his wealth.had not money enough ing of his wealth.had not money enough to buy whiskey, but went upon credit. We had an excellent driver to this place, but the driver from Koutztown to Reading being sick, a trifling, drunken tailor took charge of the stage to en tailor took charge of the stage to drive us to Reading, i^e was a good match for the other at the bottle, and stopped at every tavern to drink on the road. He, of course, had to treat the Easton ruman, as he had no money. They would spend so much time drinking in the taverns that he had to drive ing in the taverns that he had to drive unmercifully to make up the time. I was sorry for the horses. A very genteel colored man joined us at Koutz- teel colored man joined us at Koutztown, and it is well he did, as he was a town, and it is well he did, as he was a sober, well-behaved man, and took care of the horses. We had proceeded but a short distance, however, from the dininghouse, tance, however, from the dininghouse, when the Easton ruffian could contain his rage no longer, and vented his rancor in a volley of oaths and personal cor in a volley of oaths and personal abuse -- the liquor had worked him into a perfect phrenzy. "You pretend to go about the country writing books; you are an imposter; I am in the peace; I will send you to jail; I'll see what you have in these trunks." Every now and then he would lay hold of one or other of my trunks (which were in the stage) and kick them about with his feet. "I'll let you know you shall not travel over the country; I am in the commission of the peace (he had this over an sion of the peace (he had this over an hundred times) ; I'll fix you when we get to Reading." Thus he continued the whole way, foaming at the mouth with rage. He appeared o..en upon the point of striking me -- had his fistraised over my head several times -- and, had it not been tor his cowardice and the presence of the Irish gentleman, he certainly would have committed some outrage. The Irishman (I shall always love the Pats after this) spoke to him very sharply upon the impropriety of treating passengers in that manner; said he had traveled with me two days and found me a civil, decent woman. This would silence him a while, but tae whiskey had the final command of his senses. I appealed to the driver, a palavering, drunken fellow, but he was a bird of the same feather. I think Easton must bkulfi to find it put such a ruffian in the peace, as he called it, and nothing saved him from being put where he ought to have been long since but want of time on my part. It appeared he was going to the Governor of the State with a petition for a ernor of the State with a petition for a reprieve for some woman at Easton wnom the court condemned for some crime. The road from AUentown to Reading passes over some of the finest farming land in Pennsylvania. It must be understood that from the care and skill derstood that from the care and skill of the Pennsylvania farmers the land is never suffered to lose in point of fertility. They have made farming a perfect science and pursue a regular routine in changing their crops from one thing to another, by which means land originally rich is still the same and produces as much as at first, and land originally poor (of which there appears to have been very little) has become fertilized. I have seen nothing in any of the Atlanuc States, in the ing in any of the Atlanuc States, in the farming Lne, that has any resemblance to the farming in Pennsylvania. Father and son, grandfather and so on, have become rich on the same tract of land. I see nothing like poverty in the country, whatever there may be in the try, whatever there may be in the towns. The great, massy barns, with elegant sash and glass windows, their overgrown horses and cattle, their smooth ploughed furrows, their haystacks and snug, warm houses, with stacks and snug, warm houses, with coffers full of specie, their thick, serviceable cloths, the ease and content- viceable cloths, the ease and contentment, and, above all, that noble inde- ment, and, above all, that noble independence which marks their steady pendence which marks their steady looks and movements, prove them to be a wealthy and happy people. Not a priest, or greycoat I mean, ever gets footing amongst them. But, to return, the land at first is uneven, yet rich, and increases in fertility and beauty till we arrive at Read- tility and beauty till we arrive at Reading, on the Schuylkill. Here, again, I ing, on the Schuylkill. Here, again, I must observe the fine roads and strong stone bridges, the great mills, &c. This State differs in another respect both from New York and New England. Almost every mile you see a road branching off. and as sure to see a sign board, neatly painted, with the name of the place to which the roaa leads, the index and number of miles. I have seen five of tnese indexes on one signpost. post. I had an extensive and variegated view of those great German farms (no wonder Dr. Ely wanted to get hold of them) from the nature of the country itself. Continually descending and ascending these eminences, I had a view of every alternate valley. From the delay of our drunkards, it was after sunset when we arrived at Reading. I ought to have remarked the Jackson poles everywhere to be seen on the road, with a green bough growing, as it were, out of the top, and L^e star-spangled banner flying with "Jackson and Liberty." But a little distance on this side of Koutztown we were fairly blocked up by a great hickory tree, with every limb on it as it ory tree, with every limb on it as it grew, and a great party of men, women and children, some in carriages, some in chaises, some in single chairs, some in dearborns and many on horseback. They happened to turn out to a tavern to invite their neighbors to join them doubtless and drink the health of the General or it would have been impossible to have passed them, as the bushy sible to have passed them, as the bushy top of the hickory completely filled up the road. Several hundred assemble at the raising of these trees and dance and frolick several days. The whole of these Germans appear to be for Jackson. If you happen to ask the small- son. If you happen to ask the smallest child its name the word is not al- est child its name the word is not allowed to be finished before the little lowed to be finished before the little thing sings out, "Jackson. HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Conditions Events in the '30s. and NEW SERIES-- NO. 3. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. Three score and ten years is a long time to look back to, and few are living who remember Easton in 1831, ing who remember Easton in 1831, with which year this contribution begins. gins. It is a rare instance where one finds a man who three quarters of a century ago was prominently identified with a community, and yet you have in your midst one who 78 years ago and for many years aiterwards, was actively engaged in mercantile pursuits in your city and otuerwise identified with its interests. Mr. Samuel Drinkhouse was a merchant and manufacturer in Easton as early as January, 1824 -- six ton as early as January, 1824 -- six months before Lafayette made his famous visit to the United States, and ous visit to the United States, and twelve months before the meeting in White's Tavern, which led to the founding of the college on the north side of the Bushkill. Easton was then a borough of 3,000 people, bounded on the east, south and north by the Delaware, Lehigh and Buskill respectively, and on the west by John or Sixth street, beyond which was farm land described as "the barrens." College Hill was covered by rens." College Hill was covered by farms and woodland, and the Lehigh hills were ehiefiy a wilderness, through which passed the road to Philadelphia, and toward which the villagers turned their faces when the stage coach horn announced its approach with the mail and passengers from the latter city. In 1831 Mr. Drinkhouse made the unique announcement in the columns of one of your newspapers "that he still continues the hatting business at his stand in Pomfret [Third] street, a few doors above Hackett s Tavern, and taree doors from the Public Square, where he has on hand and will constantly keep an extensive assortment stantly keep an extensive assortment of Black and Drab Gentlemen's Beaver, Castor and Roram Hats. * * *" My readers are left to determine the characteristics of the gentlemen described as black and drab, and perhaps scribed as black and drab, and perhaps some may have in their possession, stored in their garrets, hats of the vintage of 1831, belonging to the classes age of 1831, belonging to the classes called "Beaver, Castor and Roram." Other business men of the time were James Renton, proprietor of the "Eas3i> 3i> ton Boot and Shoe Store," next door to S. & N. Depue's store, in Northampton street, east of the Court House. His competitor was John Kelly, opposite the "Green Tree Inn" [Franklin House]. Opposite to the "Green Tree" was also located Michael Bush, clock and watch maicer, as well as jeweler and silversmith. George L. Gerhard was the merchant tailor of the town until the following year, when his storeroom was taken possession of by John Finley, who opened therein a barber and hairdresser shop. The locaiion was then dresser shop. The locaiion was then designated as 40i/^ Northampton street. Gerhara s competitor was Charles A. Keller, who was located a few doors west of the Washington Hotel, on Northampton street, east of the old Easton Bank building, and near him Charles G. Von Tagen, late of Miller & Von Tagen, who had been burnt out in the great fire of March, 1831, at Northampton and Sitgreaves street, resumed ampton and Sitgreaves street, resumed business as a dealer in groceries and liquors. Dr. Samuel D. Gross, afterward America's greatest surgeon, was struggling for a livelihood by trying to keep gling for a livelihood by trying to keep others alive, and occupied an office in the house of the then late Gen. Henry Spering ^Detwiler residence). Centre Square, in which building also William Ross had a law office. This building was also, I believe, the residence of Governor Wolf. The Norfhampton County Fire Insurance Company announced its readi- rance Company announced its readiness about this time to issue policies ness about this time to issue policies of insurance. Evan Rees was its secretary. retary. Henry Hammann, bookseller and stationer, announced Olney's school geog- tioner, announced Olney's school geography. raphy. N. Solomon opened a lottery office in Phillipsburg, next door to Mr. Muirhead's, foot of the Easton bridge.where head's, foot of the Easton bridge.where he sold the tickets of the New York Consolidated, Delaware and Union Canal Lotteries. Reichert & Bruce began a partnership in June, 1831, as tailors, both of ship in June, 1831, as tailors, both of men and women's wear, at the stand on Northampton street, a few doors east of the Square, where Philip Reichert had for twenty years singly attend- ert had for twenty years singly attended to these wants. ed to these wants. About this time also John Titus and McEvers Forman made their announcement in a three-quarters column that ment in a three-quarters column that they have commenced business in the store lately occupied by Eseck Howell, at the southwest corner of Northampton street and the public square. ton street and the public square. Other business men, briefly noted, were: Wagener & Hoagland, dry goods, Northampton street, near the Delaware Bridge. Peter S. Michler and John Sletor (not as partners, but as competitors) sold stone coal, as it was always tors) sold stone coal, as it was always then called, at the whar^ below the Lehigh bridge. G. S. Moore, boarding, in the threestory brick opposite the Easton Bank. story brick opposite the Easton Bank. F. L. Crane, surgeon dentist, adjoining the Easton Hotel (White's). ing the Easton Hotel (White's). Hughes & Wagner, saddlers, opposite the "Green Tree Inn." site the "Green Tree Inn." Thomas Roberts, at the old stand of John A. Everitt,26 Northampton street, began business in clock making. William G. Miller was a house, sign, carriage and ornamental painter.whilst Thomas J. Natt was somewhat more artistic with his brush, and announced himself as a "portrait and miniature painter." Philip B. Kelchner was a tailor in Northampton street, a few doors below Eichman & Deshler's store, and nearly opposite Miller & Voute's watchmaker shop. William Lorimer also engaged in this business opposite the Green Tree. George Sauerbier, hats of every description, corner of Northampton and scription, corner of Northampton and Hamilton streets, opposite the Jackson Hotel and a few doors below Shouse's "Green Tree Inn." He contested prices with Wetherill Lee. There were others, but to trace out the various business interests of Easton from year to year would be a ton from year to year would be a kaleidoscope of changes of a little more interest to your readers than has the reading of a business directory. The various associations, religious, military and others, at this period were much in evidence and contributed greatly to the social life of the town, which at this period, due to the internal improvements then begun in the direction of building canals to carry coal and various other products to the tide-water markets, was developing the town into one of considerable ing the town into one of considerable importance as a mercantile centre, by which it was becoming known to the outside world. The Northampton County Bible Society was twelve years old on April 26, ciety was twelve years old on April 26, 1831, when it was reported that 1,150 Bibles had been distributed in the county during the year, 900 of these in eighteen townships. Rev. Thomas Pomp was its president. Rev. John Gray, secretary, and Thomas McKeen, treasurer. Its associate was the Female Bible Association, of Easton, organized a year later. Its work was similar to that of the above named. Its president was Lucy Hicks, and secretary D. dent was Lucy Hicks, and secretary D. Howell. The Beneficial Society, which had a long existence in after years, had at this time J. P. Deringer as its secretary. tary. The Northampton County Temperance Society was founded in 1830, and ance Society was founded in 1830, and was active for a number of years. Among its members at this time were S. Kennedy, President; Jacob Wagener. Vice President; C. Dusenberry, ner. Vice President; C. Dusenberry, Secretary; Jesse M. Howell, Treasurer. Charles Rodenbough, F. I. Browne, er. Charles Rodenbough, F. I. Browne, S. Davis, William Hummell, F. A. Fickardt, A. Prior, Mrs. Fickardt, Miss E. ardt, A. Prior, Mrs. Fickardt, Miss E. Hunt and Miss E. Heckman, Mr. Wagener represented the Society in the ner represented the Society in the 'lemperance convention in August, held at Harrisburg. Prior to the formation of the paid fire department, the volunteer companies had long been in existence, and in ies had long been in existence, and in its ranks were to be found all classes of citizens -- if a classification of citizenship as nowadays interpreted, then zenship as nowadays interpreted, then existed at all -- and many nave been the tales told of perilous adventure and marvelous escapes. I have often regretted that your city did not preserve gretted that your city did not preserve as a remembrance of these times its oldest fire engine, one of those which was fed by water from leather buckets -- the supply of which often had to be secured from one of the streams which surrounds the old town on three sides, the filled uuckets being passed along by a "bucket line" from one person to the other until it reached the tank of the engine, around which stood those who manned the pump and directed the stream. The empty buckets were often passed back to the source of supply along a line formed of women, children and old people. The Phoenix Fire Company, whose origin dates from January 17, 1824, seems to have been the most prosperous at this period. It numbered among ous at this period. It numbered among its members James McKeen, Peter Winter, George Gross, John Sleter, Jr., Benjamin S. Shultz, John Hartzell, David Gosner, Samuel Taylor, John Osterstock, David Connor, Jacob Mettler, Samuel Adams, John Slough, ler, Samuel Adams, John Slough, Charles Worman, Charles G. Von Tagen, Christian Kisselbach, Furman M. en, Christian Kisselbach, Furman M. Campbell, L. C. Voute, Dr. Samuel Kennedy, Charles Kitchen, George Housel, Alexander Wilson, Jr., A. H. Bixler, George A. Hice, Wimam Bruce, Daniel W. bavis, George Luckenbach, Daniel Wagner, Jr., Edward Seip (olacksmith), George Kutz and Samuel Shick. The Jackson Fire Company came into existence about this time, Benjamin to existence about this time, Benjamin Ihrie was Secretary, and the latter was also during the same year the Secretary of the Easton Fire Company. retary of the Easton Fire Company. These companies seem to have later been merged with the Columbia Fire Company wnose secretaries were Benjamin i-irie, Daniel L. Bixler and J. jamin i-irie, Daniel L. Bixler and J. Laubach for the years 1831-32 and '33 respectively. The Niagara Fire Company was also in existence and its secretary in 1832 was Edward W. Barnet, who the following year was succeeded by William lowing year was succeeded by William v^arhart. In 1832 the Northampton Fire Company appears with William Hammann pany appears with William Hammann as Secretary, who was succeeded in 1832 by E. A. Reeder and in 1834 by Solon Horn. The Humane Fire Company, whose beginning dates back more than a century, was of course in existence in 1832, but the Vigilant Hose Company, instituted August 4th, 1820, appears to have gone out of existence. The militia was at this period in the zenith of its glory -- about tnirty years earlier it had assumed considerable proportions, and became quite a factor in political and social aitairs. Thirty years later, with the breaking out of the southern rebellion, the old time militia became a memory, but its usefulness was felt in the excellence of fulness was felt in the excellence of oincers and enlisted soldiers in both armies who had previously been connected with the militia. nected with the militia. Probably the leading militia organization at this period was the First <^ity zation at this period was the First <^ity Troop, of which J. R. Lattimore was captain, having recently succeeded James M. Porter. Abraham Miller was first lieutenant and Hiram Yard, who became captain the following year (1832), was second lieutenant. Other officers were Enoch T. Clark, cornet; Aaron Snyder, orderly sergeant (who was succeeded in 1832 by A. Prior) ; William Green, secretary; John Marbacher, sergeant. bacher, sergeant. The Washington Grays were also a popular company o- infantry. Among its members were Thomas Kreidler, George W. Barnet, Daniel B. Wagner, Thomas Gwinner and J. H. Keller. The Citizens' Volunteers was the senior of ^^e above, and dates from june 15, 1821. Among its members were B. b. Shultz, J. P. Hetrich, Joseph Hampton, Valentine Wagener, J. K. Wright, D. W. Butz and Sidney Down. At an election held on April 9, 1831, for lieutenant colonel of the Ninetyseventh Regiment, First Brigade, Sev- seventh Regiment, First Brigade, Seventh Division, Pennsylvania Militia, enth Division, Pennsylvania Militia, tiie following votes were polled, from which it will be perceived that Capt. Joseph Levers was elected by a majoricy of 89 votes: icy of 89 votes: First Bat. Second Bat. Easton. Levers . . . .356 Wagener . . 246 Transue .... 5 Stout 5 Butzville. Total. ut 408 73 319 43 48 40 45 June 1, 1831 (the records tell us), made its appearance in Easton "hot as a burning lover," the Liiermometer ranging from 89 to 96 degrees. The Fourth of July, 1831, was celebrated in a manner usual in those times brated in a manner usual in those times -- in true patriotic style. Athletic sports, excursions to popular resorts and other methods of passing the day, now so much indulged in, were unknown. Preparations were early be- known. Preparations were early begun, and the celebrations were appro- gun, and the celebrations were appropriate to the occasion and invariably priate to the occasion and invariably successfully carried out. FOURTH OF J ULY. [1831] Fifty-fifth Anniversary of American Independence. The committee of arrangements of the "Citizen Volunteers" have adopted the following as the order of the day: 1. The day will be ushered in by a gun at daybreak. 2. A Federal salute will be fired at sunrise and the bells rung. 3. The company will assemble at 8 o'clock a. m. at the usual place, and, after marching through the principal streets of this borough, will proceed to the first lock on the Delaware Canal, embark on board the packetboat George Wolf and proceed down the canal to the house of Daniel Raub. 4. The Declaration of Independence read by B. S. Shultz. 5. An oration by Dr. F. A. Pickardt. 6. The company will set down to dinner at 1 o'clock p. m., and at half past 4 o'clock take up the line of marcn for Easton. Those of our fellow citizens not otherwise engaged are respectfully invited to join with us in the celebration. vited to join with us in the celebration. VAL. WAGENER, B. S. SHULTZ, JOSEPH HAMPTON. FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION. The "Washington Grays" will celebrate the coming anniversary of Ameri- brate the coming anniversary of American Independence in the following can Independence in the following manner: The company will assemble for parade at 8 o'clock in the morning, at the rade at 8 o'clock in the morning, at the arsenal. At 10 o'clock a. m. they will proceed to the Stone Church [First Reformed], where the order of ceremonies will be as follows: Prayer, by the Rev'd. J. P. Hecht; Declaration of Independence read by Major Charles J. Ihrie; oration, by Rev'd. J. P. Hecht. tion, by Rev'd. J. P. Hecht. The company will partake of a dinner at the house of Mrs. Titus. Din- ner at the house of Mrs. Titus. Dinner to be on the table at 2 o'clock p. ner to be on the table at 2 o'clock p. m. precisely. The citizens are particularly invited to participate in the celebration ed to participate in the celebration and dinner. Application to be made at "the Point" or either of the committee. tee. SAMUEL YOHE, W. M. FIELD, GEO. W. BARNET. FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION. The "First Easton Troop of Cavalry" and a number of their fellow citizens will celebrate the approaching anniversary of American Independence in the sary of American Independence in the following manner: The Troop according to order, will parade in the Centre aquare at 9 o'clock a. m. precisely. At half past 10 o'clock a. m. they will proceed to the English [First] Presbyterian Church, where the order of ceremonies will be as follows: Prayer, by the Rev'd. John Gray; Declaration of Independence read by R. laration of Independence read by R. M. Brooke, Esq.; oration, by A. Prior, Esq. The whole to be interspersed with appropriate music. The Troop and such citizens as are disposed to join with them, will partake of a dinner to be prepared by take of a dinner to be prepared by Mr. William Shouse, which will be on the table at half past one o'clock p. m. The citizens generally are respectfully invited to join in the celebration fully invited to join in the celebration and dinner. Application to be made to either of the undersigned Committee of arrangement. tee of arrangement. ABRAHAM MILLER, HIRAM YARD, W. GREEN, ROBERT MAY BROOKE, ENOCH S. CLARK. The magnificent oration delivered by Dr. F. A. Fickardt, and which in print covered ten columns of the "Whig," closed as follows: "Fellow Soldiers: I have thus endeavored, however imperfectly, to dis- deavored, however imperfectly, to discharge the duty assigned me. Permit charge the duty assigned me. Permit me, in conclusion, to express the high degree of satisfaction I feel at the public testimony you have this day given lic testimony you have this day given of your generous devotion to the principles of civil liberty in paying a re- ciples of civil liberty in paying a respectful attention and affectionate spectful attention and affectionate gratitude to the surviving members of our Revolution. I love to oce the youthful soldier of 1831 on this day of freedom's festival bowing with submission and affectionate deference to the sion and affectionate deference to the superior claims of the veterans of '76. It is but a few more years thatwe shall be permitted to look upon a soldier of the American Revolution. Tliose revered remnants of our heroic predeces- vered remnants of our heroic predecessors are fast falling beneath the pres- sors are fast falling beneath the pressure of many years. And that few of sure of many years. And that few of whom, it is our pride to boast and whose presence gives a peculiar solemnity and character to this day's emnity and character to this day's celebration, will probably pass away before another similar occasion. Recollect, therefore, and appreciate the zeal, lect, therefore, and appreciate the zeal, the devotedness and the heroism of those wno achieved the glorious victory of Independence which we are this tory of Independence which we are this uay assembled to commemorate. Look upon those time-worn warriors, the last of that Spartan band, who battled for freedom against the most powerful nation tnai ever went forth to trample upon a people's rights; think of those days of toil and peril and privation through which they labored for their country and for man; bring into view those migniy deeds by which tyranny was crushed and freedom achieved; look around on the glorious effects of those achievements upon the moral and political and physical state of this mighty though youthful nation. Behold its powerful influence, too, upon hold its powerful influence, too, upon the vast continent of Europe and the islands of the sea, and then you may know how to appreciate the services of the surviving representatives of those days who fought for the blessings which we and the world enjoy; then you may kindle with that martial and patriotic ardor, that ennobling emulation, that genuine love of country and tion, that genuine love of country and that profound gratitude to the Sovereign of the Universe which this anni- eign of the Universe which this anniversary is so well calculated to pro- versary is so well calculated to produce. And may I not be permitted to duce. And may I not be permitted to say that were foreign despotism ever again to undertake its damnable crusade against the liberties of our nation sade against the liberties of our nation you would prove yourselves worthy of your Revolutionary fathers -- worthy of the proud title of citizen-soldiers of the greatest and freest country upon earth. "Soldiers of the Revolution! We this day look upon you with veneration and respect. We associate with you all that national happiness and prosperity with which we are surrounded. perity with which we are surrounded. Your brilliant deeds are to be seen and read upon our flourishing commerce and agricuiLure, arts and sciences. Liberty is now rearing temples to the perpetuation of your illustrious doings in the midst of European despotism. 11, is true that in a few years you will have followed your Revolutionary associates to the silent mansion of the ciates to the silent mansion of the grave; but, while liberty has a torch and a temple, while freedom continues to shea its glorious beams upon tue hearts of a grateful people, the memory of the ueroes of the American Rev- ory of the ueroes of the American Revolution shall remain like a precious, olution shall remain like a precious, priceless deposit in tue hearts of increasing millions of freemen." creasing millions of freemen." The citizens of this place caused minute guns to be fired on Saturday last, July y, 1831, on account of the death of James Monroe, late President Ox the United States. A procession was then lormed of the citizens, who, with music playing a solemn dirge, proceeded to the court house, where a brier and extemporaneous review of the life anu public services of this distinguished patriot was given to the tinguished patriot was given to the crowded audience by Col. James M. Porter. Our paper of today ["Whig," July 12, 1831] is almost exclusively devoted to the speeches and toasts of the different celebration of the anniversary of our National Independence. It gives us pleasure to record them. When we cease to celebrate with becoming joy and festivity the birthday of our freedom we fear we shall be out little wor- dom we fear we shall be out little worthy of a continuance of that liberty for thy of a continuance of that liberty for which so much treasure and blood was spent. The splendid company of Washington Grays proceeded to the Stone ington Grays proceeded to the Stone Church [First Reformed], where an oration was delivered by Rev. John ^ . Recht, after which they partook of a sumptuous dinner at the Point. The "First Easton Troop," CaptJohn R. Lattimore, paraded at an early hour. We were not present at their celebration, but we are told that the ceremo- tion, but we are told that the ceremonies connected with it were such as re- nies connected with it were such as reflects credit on all concerned. After flects credit on all concerned. After having escorted all our Revolutionary soldiers through some of the principal streets in an elegant carriage, prepared for that purpose, they proceeded to the tirst Presbyterian Church, where Rev. John Gray addressed the Throne of Grace in an appropriate and fervent prayer, after which the Declaration of Independence was read by Robert May Brooke, Esq., and an address delivered by A. Prior, Esq., which we have inserted in this day's paper, the whole serted in this day's paper, the whole interspersed with elegant and appropriate music. The whole performances, ate music. The whole performances, especially those connected with the church, are said to have been exceedingly interesting, as was evident from ingly interesting, as was evident from the apparent delight and profound attention they were listened to by a tention they were listened to by a large and intelligent audience. The company and a number of strangers amed at William Shouse's Green Tree Hotel [Franklin House]. The "Wiiole Hog Jackson and Wolf Men" celebrated at Capt. John Burt's Swan Tavern. CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY. The Citizen Volunteers, or "Blues" paraded according to arrangement & at 10 o'clock a. m. proceeded down the iJelaware riVer to the house of Daniel Raub, Esq. At 12 o'clock the Declaration of Independence was read by tion of Independence was read by Lieut. B. S. Shultz and an oration delivered by Dr. Fickardt, after which livered by Dr. Fickardt, after which the company sat down to an excellent dinner prepared for the occasion. After the cloth was removed Capt. V. ter the cloth was removed Capt. V. Wagener was appointed President and Lieut. B. S. Shultz and J. P. Hetrich Vice Presidents, when the following toasts were drank, accompanied by appropriate music and the discharge of propriate music and the discharge of artillery: 1. The day we celebrate -- the bright- est on the page of American history. When we cease to hail it with delight may we cease to exist. One gun and nine cheers. 2. The President of the United States. One gun and nine cheers. 3. The Governor of the State of Pennsylvania. One gun and six cheers. 4. The memory of Washington. His life was as the noonday and his death was like the setting sun in a clear sky, dispensing light to the whole world. Peace to his ashes. Drank in silence. 5. Charles Carroll of Carrollton -- the last scion of a noble work. May comfort and happiness surround him in his fort and happiness surround him in his last days. One gun and nine cheers. 6. Tne departed heroes of the Revo- lution. While we do homage to tlie living, let us not forget to honor the patriot dead. Drank in silence. 7. The memory of Robert Emmett, Esq. Soon may his country take her rank among the nations of the earth and his epitaph be written. One gun and six cheers. 8. The Poles. Their motto is to conquer or die. May the God of battles crown their efforts and add one tles crown their efforts and add one more to the list of free nations. One gun and nine cheers. 9. France. She knows how to gain her liberty and the great LaFayette can teach her how to use it. One gun and six cheers. 10. Our country- "We swear to keep thee great and free, Columbia, land of liberty." One gun and nine cheers. 11. The next Legislature. May they be men who will not refuse to take an interest in volunteers. Three cheers. 12. Military discipline. When it is not found in the general it cannot be expected in the subaltern offlcer. Three cheers. 13. Our wives and sweethearts. "Oh woman, in the hour of ease. Coy, uncertain, hard to please; When pain and sickness cloud the brow, A ministering angel thou." One gun and thirteen cheers. VOLUNTEERS. By the President -- The Volunteers of Pennsylvania. May they never want strength or courage to defend their liberty, the glorious inheritance purchased by the blood of our forefathers chased by the blood of our forefathers and transmitted to posterity. By the First Vice President -- Governor Wolf. His virtue and integrity ernor Wolf. His virtue and integrity placed him where he is, and he will never disgrace the seat. By the Second Vice President -- Domestic manufactures and internal im- mestic manufactures and internal improvements. Every patriot should ex- provements. Every patriot should extend to them his support. Their en- tend to them his support. Their encouragement is the true mode of en- couragement is the true mode of enriching our country and securing our riching our country and securing our independence. By Quartermaster Wright -- African slavery, the only degradation in the character of America. May it soon be aoolished forever. By Sergeant Hampton -- The Declaration of Independence, the master- ration of Independence, the masterpiece of numan invention. piece of numan invention. By Sergeant Mason -- The Tree of Liberty. May it flourish until its uoughs extend to the uttermost parts of the earth and all nations seek shelter under its brancnes. ter under its brancnes. By Isaac Hughes -- May the saddle seat of office never be occupied by the incompetent nor the reins of government deputed to those who require ment deputed to those who require either curb or spur. By Thomas M'Nulty -- Gen. James Montgomery, the brave ,the noble soldier. His name will be gratefully dier. His name will be gratefully remembered by every spirited soldier. By N. Snultz, of Philadelphia-- The surviving heroes of '76. Instead of rags and pauperism, they deserve wealth and honors at the hands of their country. By A. Sigman -- Governor Wolf. May he fill the office of Governor for nine years. By Peter Vougt -- The heroes and sages who engaged in the death struggle of our liberties. They are kept in gle of our liberties. They are kept in remembrance by high and holy feelings. ings. By Edward L. Garren -- The departed heroes of the Revolution. May their names be engraved on the heart of every American. By C. D. Horn -- Gen. Washington. In war unsurpassed, in peace unequalled. equalled. By D. Drinkhouse -- The Senate and House of representatives. May the interests of their constituents and not their private and political controversies engross their attention. sies engross their attention. By a guest -- Success to all the fishermen, except those who fish for office. ermen, except those who fish for office. By Capt. Mellec -- The Federal Union of the States, in peace a glory and in war a shield. By C. Grotz-- The Poles. With the brave Skrzyneck at their head we trust they may finally triumph. By Amos Rodgers -- Our country. Its government should be administered in harmony and good will; if not, we loose our standing as republicans abroad. Joseph Shepherd -- Gen. Washington. The hero of 76, the Father of our Independence. May he ever be kept in re- pendence. May he ever be kept in rememberance. memberance. By J. N. Wagener -- May the thread of life be cut from every man who tramples upon State rights. By Daniel Raub, Esq. -- The memory of Washington. By the company -- The strangers who have honored us with their presence this day. We extend to them the hand of friendship and hail them as brothers. ers. By a guest -- The Citizen Volunteers. "They shail not die, but live." By the company -- The young and eloquent orator of the day; his appro- oquent orator of the day; his appropriate address has been made a strong priate address has been made a strong impression on his hearers. By F. A. Fickardt-- The Blues, true as their own color; their splendid appearance of today reflects credit on pearance of today reflects credit on their officers and themselves, and their military appearance furnishes bond and assurance to their country, that her honor would be safe in their keeping. In peace or war, success to the ing. In peace or war, success to the Blues! By the company -- Our worthy and accommodating host, neat and tasteful arrangement and his good cheer, entitle him to our warmest thanks. title him to our warmest thanks. In 1829. "The First Easton Troop" of cavalry, then recently organized, made a tender of its services to escort Governor-elect Wolf from his home at Easton to the State Capital at Harrisburg, but which this Democrat of Dem- burg, but which this Democrat of Democrats respectfully declined, believing ocrats respectfully declined, believing as he did, that in a republican form of government it was impolitic if not dangerous for the people to "flatter the vanity of their public servants before they have been tried, by display of fore they have been tried, by display of pomp and show." Two years later, on July 11, Governor Wolf paid a visit to his old home nor Wolf paid a visit to his old home at Easton. "Whilst here," says a contemporary newspaper, "he received the temporary newspaper, "he received the calls of his numerous friends and left us with the good will of all his old neighbors and friends, save a few who had been disappointed in their expectations as to the 'loaves and fishes.' " tions as to the 'loaves and fishes.' " "He received an invitation to a public dinner from our citizens, which he lic dinner from our citizens, which he declined; a congratulatory address from the Bar, to which he replied, and the offer of an escort from the Citizen Volunteers, our oldest volunteer corps, which he also declined. We give today the correspondence in relation to day the correspondence in relation to these matters." "Mr. Wolf's tour has no doubt put him in possession of much valuable information in relation to our in- able information in relation to our internal improvements, and the develop- ternal improvements, and the developing resources of our State, which could ing resources of our State, which could not be correctly obtained except by personal observation, and we anticipate its application by him, to pur- pate its application by him, to purposes of public usefulness." poses of public usefulness." "From wnat we learn by the public prints, we would infer that the Governor has been received with marked at- nor has been received with marked attention in every part of our State tention in every part of our State which he visited, and the people of the West seem much pleased with his plain and unostentatious manners and not a little gratified at his taking the pains to satisfy himself in relation to their great interests, by p'ersonal inspection." spection." [The correspondence.] Easton, July 13, 1831. To His Excellency George Wolf, Governor of Pennsylvania. ernor of Pennsylvania. Sir: The undersigned officers of the volunteer artillery company of "Citizen Volunteers" attached to the 97th zen Volunteers" attached to the 97th Regiment of Pennsylvania Militia beg leave, on behalf of that corps, to tender to your Excellency their escort on der to your Excellency their escort on your leaving this place on Friday next for the seat of government. We are aware how averse you are to unnecessary parade, but hope that this company, composed principally of young men of this place, who have grown up under your eye, the sons of your former associates and themselves your neighbors, may thus be permitted in some measure to testify the high sense they entertain of your personal worth and of the respect due to a high and dignified station, which you fill with so much advantage to the public and credit to yourself. We are very respectfully, VALENTINE WAGENER, BENJAMIN S. SHULTZ, JOSIAH P. HETRICH. REPLY. Easton, July 14, 1831. Gentlemen: Your letter of yesterday, offering, on the part of the volunteer artillery company of "Citizen Volunteers" attached to the 97th Regiment teers" attached to the 97th Regiment of Pennsylvania Militia, a tender of their escort on my leaving this place for the seat of government, has this moment been presented to me, and I hasten to assure the company of the grateful feelings their friendly offer has inspired. The expression of sentiments of respect and approbation by so distin- spect and approbation by so distinguished a corps as the "Citizen Volun- guished a corps as the "Citizen Volunteers," composed principally of young teers," composed principally of young men who have grown up, as it were, under my own eye, sons of my former friends and associates -- themselves my neighbors -- has awakened in my breast sensations of the most grateful and pleasing character, and, whilst I regret that I cannot accept their escort, so politely tendered, for reasons which need not be here repeated, I trust they will do me the justice to believe that I am as ti'uly grateful for the offer so frankly and so generously made as I could probably feel if the act proposed had been actually accomplished. Be pleased, gentlemen, to accept for yourselves, and convey to the company you represent, assurances of my friendship and regard. ship and regard. GEORGE WOLF. Capt Valentine Wagener and Lieuts. B. S. Shultz and Josiah P. Hetrich. Tuesday, July 12, 1831. To Governor Wolf. Esteemed Sir: Permit us as friends and neighbors to tender you a hearty welcome among us and to assure you that it affords us sincere satisfaction that in directing the route of your excursion your native county has not cursion your native county has not been overlooked or forgotten. Although apprized of your desire to avoid all public manifestations of regard, yet we cannot but indulge the gard, yet we cannot but indulge the expectation that under the particular circumstances of relation between us you will afford friends and neighbors an opportunity of testifying their continued esteem and regard by accepting tinued esteem and regard by accepting an invitation to a public dinner at Mr. White's on Thursday next. Very respectfully, your friends, Thomas McKeen, C. M. Mixsell, Joseph Burke, . David D. Wagener, Valentine Wagener, A. H. Reeder, F. W. Miller, John Bowes, S. Innes, i^. Shuman, Jacob Able, Peter Ihrie, Jr., John Stewart, A. E. Brown, Samuel Shick, A. Prior, J. M. Porter, C. Heckman, Peter S. Michler, Christian J. Hutter, Jacob Hartz, John R. Lattimore, Aaaron Shnyder, Samuel Yohe, Robert M. Brooke, W. L. Sebring, P. Nungesser, J. Jones, o. Kern, E. Rees, J. binton, David Barnet, Joseph Levers, (jeorge Hess, Jr., Robert Innes, A. Miller, H. Hepburn, William Shouse, Philip Mixsell, Abraham Horn, Hiram Yard, Jacob Wagener. GOVERNOR'S REPLY. Easton, July 12, 1831. Gentlemen: Your letter of this morning inviting me to partake of a public ing inviting me to partake of a public dinner at Mr. White's on Thursday next was received at a late hour this evening, and, in reply, I beg leave to assure ing, and, in reply, I beg leave to assure you of my entire conviction that if under any circumstances a departure from the course I have prescribed myself in reference to the tender of pub- self in reference to the tender of public dinners could be justified it couid lic dinners could be justified it couid only happen in a case like the present, where the invitation emanates from friends and neighbors, between whom and myself peculiar circumstances of relation may be supposed to exist, and to whose generous partiality, in common with that of the good citizens of mon with that of the good citizens of my native county generally, I am mainly indebted for whatsoever of political ly indebted for whatsoever of political preferment I have hitherto enjoyed; but the nature of my present visit to Easton and a determination long since formed to decline all manifestations of regard, in the shape of public dinners, will constrain me to forego the acceptance of your kind invitation, not doubt- ance of your kind invitation, not doubting that the motives which have led to ing that the motives which have led to this determination will be rightly appreciated by you. preciated by you. To have overlooked or forgotten my native county in selecting the route of my recent excursion would have been altogether unpardonable in one wno owes that county so much, and I assure you that the debt of gratitude has been greatly enhanced by the kind reception you have given me on the present occasion. sion. 1 have ii^e honor to be, gentlemen, very truly your friend, GEORGE WOLF. Messrs. Thomas McKeen, Joseph Burke and others. Easton, July 12, 1831. To His Elxcellency George Wolf. The undersigned, members of the Bar of Northampton county, have learned with great pleasure that you are now on a visit to this place. Associated as we formerly were with you ciated as we formerly were with you in the same profession, the recollection of the kindness and urbanity of your deportment, while with us, and of the talents and industry evinced by your professional efforts, has revived and deepened impressions of the most affectionate and respectful character. fectionate and respectful character. We have observed the same qualities to mark your more public career and have seen their auspicious results to our Commonwealth. We beg leave, Sir, most respectfully, to tender you our best wishes for the long continuance of your public and private useful- ance of your public and private usefulness, and desire you to accept this ex- ness, and desire you to accept this expression of our sentiments as the hom- pression of our sentiments as the homage of our sincere respect and esteem. age of our sincere respect and esteem. J. M. Porter, A. Prior, Joel Jones, Wm. L. Sebring, H. Hepburn, Henry Hill Wells, R. M. Brooke, J. Hoffman, A. H. Reeder, P. Shuman, Evan Rees. REPLY. Easton, July 12, 1831. Gentlemen -- I thank you for the flattering terms in which you have ex- tering terms in which you have expressed your satisfaction with my pressed your satisfaction with my visit to this place, and most cordially reciprocate the sentiments of esteem and respect contained in your note of yesterday's date. A retrospect of our former association as members of the same profession and the urbanity and kindness I experienced during a long intercourse with my professional brethren, brings to my memory the most pleasing recollections. To have obtained the good opinion of the members of a bar proverbial for talent, honorable deportment and professional skill, cannot fail to be highly fessional skill, cannot fail to be highly gratifying to the feelings of the individual thus favored; and although so vidual thus favored; and although so far as I am individually concerned. I make no pretensions to the qualities you have been pleased to ascribe to me; yet it has, in every situation in which I have been placed, been my most anxious desire to do justice to the station I have occupied by an upright and faithful discharge of every right and faithful discharge of every duty connected with it. For your kind wishes for the long contmuance of my public and private usefulness, be pleased to accept my warmest acknowledgments, and the expression of my best wishes for your in- pression of my best wishes for your individual welfare and happiness. dividual welfare and happiness. I have the honor to be, Gentlemen, with much respect, your obedient servant, GEORGE WOLF. vant, GEORGE WOLF. James M. Porter, Joel Jones, H. Hepburn, A. Prior, Evan Rees, P. Shu- burn, A. Prior, Evan Rees, P. Shuman, A. H. Reeder, Robert May man, A. H. Reeder, Robert May Brooke, Wm. L. Sebring, J. Hoffman, and Henry Hill Wells, Esquires. Matthew S. Henry, who is known as the author of that now rare volume, "History of the Lehigh "Valley," was at this time engaged in "keeping store" and the manufacture of the old fashioned wood-burning stoves at the ioned wood-burning stoves at the "Catharine Furnace," Jacobsburg (the birthplace of the contributor of these sketches), in Busnkill township, and advertised for fifty wood-choppers, or for a contractor to chop 10,000 cords of wood. As early as 1808 his father, Judge William Henry, of Nazareth, Pa., erected this forge and on March 9, 1809, the ed this forge and on March 9, 1809, the first iron manufactured in Northampton county was made there -- the birth ton county was made there -- the birth of an industry in the Lehigh Valley that has since produced in values hundreds of millions of dollars, and has dreds of millions of dollars, and has given to the world some of its greatest iron masters -- Thomas, Jones, Drown, Gayley, Fackenthall and others. (Communicated.) "As a Senator is to be elected this fall, I would beg leave to call the attention of the electors of this Senator- tention of the electors of this Senatorial District to the name of our worthy ial District to the name of our worthy friend General Matthias Gress, for that situation. He is a man of great experience -- a soldier of the revolution, perience -- a soldier of the revolution, and although advanced in years, he retains his mental faculties in full vigor. tains his mental faculties in full vigor. We owe a debt of gratitude to the men who achieved our Independence, and we will not have many opportunities of repaying it. One now offers and we would be wanting in our duty not to embrace it. "A BETHLEHEM FARMER." August, 1831. Rafting on the Delaware has almost disappeared as a business, and it will be a surprise to many to learn that in the early '30s it was not uncommon for two thousand rafts to pass down the Delaware during a favorable flood of water. "DANCING ACADEMY. Charles Souviile, Professor of Dancing, begs leave to inform -ae ladies and ing, begs leave to inform -ae ladies and gentlemen of Easton and its vicinity that he will remain in town a short time for the purpose of giving instruction in the healthy and useful accom- tion in the healthy and useful accomplishment of Dancing -- Terms of tui- plishment of Dancing -- Terms of tuition for a course of 18 lessons 4 dol- tion for a course of 18 lessons 4 dollars. lars. He will also instruct gentlemen in the art of FENCING, With broad and small sword. Terms four dollars for a course of 16 lessons. Also -- Violin Tuition -- for a course of 16 lessons four dollars. C. S. flatters himself that his experience in the above arts, will enable ience in the above arts, will enable him to render satisfaction to those ladies and gentlemen who may favor dies and gentlemen who may favor him with their patronage. Application to be made at W. Shouse's Green Tree Hotel. September 6, 1831." In the militia days visits of the local companies were frequently exchanged with organizations in other towns and cities. He who writes the history of the Easton and Northampton militia will find in the columns of the Philadelphia newspapers extended notices of visits made to the latter city. A popular company in Easton seventy years ago was the Washington ty years ago was the Washington Grays, commanded by the late Captain Samuel Yohe, afterwards Colonel of the First Pennsylvania Volunteers in tne Rebellion of 1861-'65. "This company left here yesterday morning [September 5, 1831] on an excursion of pleasure and military discipline for the city of Philadelphia, cipline for the city of Philadelphia, where they intend to quarter for eight or ten days. The company formed in the Square at 5 o'clock in the morning about sixty strong, with good martial music. It was gratifying to see so many young men, all well equipped, endeavoring to improve in military science. They proceeded by the Delaware ence. They proceeded by the Delaware to Trenton, v/here l,^'^*"^ tnnk the steamboat, and arrived in the city thi^ morn- boat, and arrived in the city thi^ morning. We learn by the Philadelphia ing. We learn by the Philadelphia papers that the Grays will receive a flattering reception; nearly all the volunteers of the city will parade on the unteers of the city will parade on the occasion and escort them to their quarters. The managers of the several ters. The managers of the several theatres and the proprietors of the museum have tendered invitations to visit their respective establishments, and every exertion will be made to render the visit of the Grays as gratifying as possible." fying as possible." Their return was noted as follows: "The Washington Grays, Capt. Yohe, returned from their tour of duty to Philadelphia on Wednesday last, after an absence of eleven days. They were escorted into town in the afternoon, marched through the principal streets in the borough and dismissed in the Square, where they were heartily cheerea by their anxious and admiring friends, who had assembled to welcome them to their homes. "The Grays, on leaving the city, were escorted to the wharf by the Philadelphia Blues and Fencibles,where Capt. Page, in the name of the Fencibles, presented a beautiful gold medal cibles, presented a beautiful gold medal to the Grays. The inscription on it is as follows: 'The State Fencibles, Capt. Page, to the Washington Grays, Capt. Yohe, as a mark of gratitude and to commemorate the visit of tue latter to Philadelphia in September, 1831.' "This medal, we understand, is to be fireu for once a year, the winner to wear it that period of time." The political pot was always a boiling in old Northampton, and candidates ing in old Northampton, and candidates for office frequently presented their claims in language which they thought would appeal to the greatest number. The following from one who bore a name dear to a very large majority of the voters in Northampton is not without interest: out interest: "Easton, September 24, 1831. To the Free and Independent Voters of This District. Farmers, Mechanics, Labourers, &c., &c. : I now offer myself a Candidate for the House of Representatives and solicit your votes at the ensuing Elec- licit your votes at the ensuing Election for that station, as I am at present tion for that station, as I am at present not much engaged in any mechanical branch, I would have no objections to spend a winter in Harrisburg -- though rocked in the cradle of poverty and dandled upon the lap of adversity, I hope will not be urged as a political objection, though often placed upon tne lowest spoake of fortune's wheel, perhaps the next revolution may land me upon an eminence which those consider themselves my superiors could sider themselves my superiors could never obtain -- I say let every candidate run upon his own merit, unshackled by the mock delegates, who cry stick to the regular nominations, & when they cannot succeed with there favorite candidate go home and call another ite candidate go home and call another meeting -- away with such intreague and corruption, and let Mrs. Eaton go with them. Give me real patriotism, I have as many of my old Companions recollect served in the tented field, ready and willing to meet the enemy's of our Country. While a boy of eighteen 1 volunteered with Capt. Horn to een 1 volunteered with Capt. Horn to face the fire and in five days was ready to take up the line of march, we landed at Camp Dupont, and had John Bull's calves attempted to invade the shore I should have been one of tne last to quit the field, and the last drop of blood in my veins would have cheerfully shed for the cause of America and freedom for whatever I undertake to do I do it well, as Franklin says what ever is worth doing is worth doing well, I was as many friends know once in the habit of using a little more steam then became a sober man, but I have on my silent pillow, made solemn promise, and called my blessed lord and ise, and called my blessed lord and master to witness, never to be guilty of the like offence, as I have found the folly of my ways -- and am henceforth determined to lead a sober life, and should you think me worthy of a seat in Council of state I pledge myself that all my acts shall be characterized with honest and candid views, and all tending to the prosperity of the Common- ing to the prosperity of the Commonwealth. I have tne honor to remain wealth. I have tne honor to remain my friends and fellow Citizens your humble and obedient servant, FRANCIS JACKSON." Mr. Jackson, however, was in the minority and was vigorously opposed in his candidacy by the "Argus," the political bible in those days of the Democracy at the Forks of the Delaware: ware: "TO THE PUBLIC. Whereas my name has been very ungentlemanly brought before the people gentlemanly brought before the people l)y a transported Hessian, and at the same time pretending to be my friend and promised his iniluence in my cause, but what are the lacts, they shall be here submitted to a candi- world. In the first place I had been solicited by a number of my friends to offer myself a candidate for the House of Representatives. The subject came up at a tatives. The subject came up at a wedding party of a friend, at the house of Col. Hutter, the thing was there urged upon me to come out. I at length consented to offer my name, and accordingly went in to the office of that cordingly went in to the office of that squah headed two faced printer Miller's office, being a little under the in- ler's office, being a little under the influence of old Burgundy. I scribbled fluence of old Burgundy. I scribbled something in the shape of an invitation to my friends for there support at the ensuing election. I gave it to that sap scull with his promise of correction, but to my surprize the next Centinel out pops the piece, with a latten head, verbatim et literattum -- I called upon Miller to know why he should attempt riddicule me in that manner, and the only satisfaction I could obtain was: tnat his wide had told him that it was all right, & he should publish it as it was. Since that I am told that he can not read English himself, and could not tell whether it was right or wrong -- I will however excuse him as he was only blocked out in Germany and came to the United States to De polished I like to see a man alwais above board, not to play the snake in the grass -- nor carry lWo faces one for your presence and the other for your absence. As Bhakespear says -- he who steals my purse steals trash , tis mine, tis his, and has been slaves to thousands, but he who filtches from me my good name, robs me of that which enriches him not and makes me poor indeed. I have the honor to subscribe myself the publics obedient servant. FRANCIS JACKSON. Easton, September 27, 1831." In the fall elections of 1831 the following were the candidates in nomina- lowing were the candidates in nomination for offices: tion for offices: i^i^LEGATE TICKET. Senate. E. D. Wagener, of Northampton. Peter Newhart, of Lehigh. Assembly. Samuel Stokes, George Kelchner, Philip Lynn and Thomas Fuller, of Wayne. Commissioner. Philip Correll. Auditor. Jacob Schweitzer. TICKET FORMED AT J. S. HELLER'S Senate. Jacob Kern, of Northampton. Walter C. Livingston, of Lehigh. Assembly. Samuel Stokes, Edward B. Scheimer, John Horn, of East Penn, and Thomas Fuller, of Wayne. Commissioner. Abraham Sheimer. V0LUNTE13.JX CANDIDATES. Assembly. Francis Jackson. Auditor. Jacob Sherer. MILITARY. -- An election was held in the Ninety-seventh Regiment, P. M., on Saturday last to fill the vacancy of Lieutenant Colonel, occasioned by the resignation of Lieutenant Colonel Levers. The candidates were Captain Valentine Wagener, of the Citizen Volunteers, and Jedediah Weiss, of Beth- unteers, and Jedediah Weiss, of Bethlehem. The following table gives the lehem. The following table gives the official return of the votes polled, by which it will be perceived that Captain Wagener is elected by a majority of forty-two votes: 1st Battalion 2d Bat. Total Wagener 292 40 332 Weiss 213 72 290 October 18, 1831. "OPENING OF THE MORRIS CANAL. Last week [Oct. 1831] several boats left the Delaware for New York, via the Morris canal. They ascended the first plane very handsomely, and for aught we know, are wending their way just now across the Muskenetcong mountain, to supply our friends of New Amsterdam with a sample of our flour and Mauch Chunk coal, and thus induce them to draw on us for more. duce them to draw on us for more. They are articles that Northampton county can furnish of a quality equal to any in the world. We this day insert an advertisement of Mr. Rodenbough, of fish for sale. These were brought from New York by the Morris canal, & we believe are the first received by that mode of transportation and will be sold dog cheap." "COTILLON PARTIES AND DANCING SCHOOx.. ING SCHOOx.. Charles Souville [who in several months previous, advertised his school of instruction in dancing, fencing and violin] respectfully informs the ladies and gentlemen of Easton, that he will give his first cotillon party on next Monday, November the 14th. Price of admission 75 cents for each gentleman, with the privilege of two ladies. C. Souville has taken the large and commodious room at Spring Garden where he will give select private parties during the ensuing winter. ties during the ensuing winter. Gentlemen will be furnished with season tickets at four dollars, which will entitle them to eight lessons in dancing. Easton, Nov. 8, 1831." The tariff question, which is periodically presented to us by the office- ically presented to us by the officeseekers, was an early issue in Ameri- seekers, was an early issue in American politics, and Easton with its acces- can politics, and Easton with its accession of internal improvements -- canals sion of internal improvements -- canals leading to tide water -- in 1831, attested its interest in protection. "This morning [Oct. 25, 1831] James Sinton,Anthony M'Coy, William Henry and Hopewell Hepburn, Esqrs., (the latter gentleman substituted for James ter gentleman substituted for James M. Porter, who could not go), left here as the delegates of this county to the tariff convention, which Is to assemble tomorrow in New York. We infer much good will result of this convention. It will concentrate information tion. It will concentrate information and induce unity of action. The interest of the whole Union requires that est of the whole Union requires that we should protect our farms, mechanics and manufacturers in their respec- ics and manufacturers in their respective pursuits." tive pursuits." The closing days of the year 1831 brought to E^aston for the first time two visitors.then twenty years of age -Eng and Chang, the Siamese twins, Eng and Chang, the Siamese twins, who in after years repeated their visits. They died in 1874 within a few hours of each other; for sixty-three years they had been one of the wonders of the world. "SIAMESE TWINS. "The ladies and gentlemen of Easton and Phillipsburg are respectfully ton and Phillipsburg are respectfully informea that the Siamese Twin Brothers are now in this town on their way to Harrisburg and Washington. They will remain at William White's, the Easton Hotel, up to and including Wednesday evening. The hours of admission to their rooms are from 10 to mission to their rooms are from 10 to 12 in the forenoon and from 7 to 9 in the evening. Admittance only 25 cents. " Easton, Dec. 20, 1831." HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA,, AND TON COUNTY, PA,, AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Something Concerninig the Indians and the Indian Conferences and Treaties Held at Easton, 1756-1777. ties Held at Easton, 1756-1777. NEW SERIES-- NO. 4. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. The advantageous location of Easton made it a place or considerable importance in the Colonial and Revolutionary ance in the Colonial and Revolutionary periods, and the printed and manuscript records of the State and nation script records of the State and nation contain volumes of letters and other references to Easton and as to what transpired there when this country was still a colony of England, and later, wnen its independence was being contested by the flat of arms. tested by the flat of arms. From its beginning.in 1752, the name of Easton was coupled with important events connected with the history of the Indians, and following the Braddock disaster in 1755, near by, on the dock disaster in 1755, near by, on the frontiers of the new county, were committed some of the most horrible mas- mitted some of the most horrible massacres recorded in the history of the sacres recorded in the history of the new world, and conferences and treaties with the Indians were held and ties with the Indians were held and consummated here at various times during the first twenty-five years of the existence of Easton and Northampton county. It was, however, through force of circumstances that Easton, and not Bethlehem, became the place for holding these conferences. The English, ing these conferences. The English, as well as the Indians, because of the confidence they had in the Moravians, favored Bethlehem, but Bishop Spangenberg earnestly entreated those who genberg earnestly entreated those who urged Bethlehem, not to do so, as tne number of children at Bethlehem might receive great prejudice in their tender minds, they having hereto been carefully preserved from the very name of fully preserved from the very name of many of the vices so commonly practiced upon such occasions. This re- ticed upon such occasions. This remonstrance was kindly considered and monstrance was kindly considered and the meetings appointed to be held at Easton. These treaties were made at "The Point," or where the Lehigh and Delaware rivers unite, and v/here I hope ware rivers unite, and v/here I hope within my lifetime may be erected a suitable tablet or monument to mark the site and commemorate events which, viewed in the light of our country's history, have also a national im- try's history, have also a national importance. portance. Booths were erected on this site (near by to which was the tavern of Nathaniel Vernon, who was also the ferryman across ooth rivers) and on the flats south of Ferry street and eastward from Hamilton (Fourth) street. ward from Hamilton (Fourth) street. The Indians who attended these conferences came from various tribes and ferences came from various tribes and localities. Those from the Jerseys crossed Martin's Ferry at "The Point," and the representatives from the Durham tract on the south crossed the ham tract on the south crossed the "West Branch" [Lehigh river] at the same point where Nathaniel Vernon, as ferryman, seems to have had a monopoly in transportation across the nopoly in transportation across the two rivers. By way of the "drylands" and Bethlehem came the tribes from the west and the Susquehanna, whilst the Minisinks from the north of the Blue Mountains and bordering the Delaware came through the Weygat or aware came through the Weygat or Wind-gate, as the name signifies; this name (Weygat) is not Indian, as is generally supposed, but is of low Dutch origin. Windgat is Holland Dutch for vent hole. The connection of thought will be obvious to any one who cares to pass through this gap between "Chestnut Hill," north of Easton, and the Marble Hill, north of Phillipsburg. The most conspicuous personage present at most of the treaties was Teedyuscung (meaning "one-whomakes-the-earth-tremble"). Chief of the makes-the-earth-tremble"). Chief of the Delawares, who was born near Trenton, N. J., whom Major Parsons, in ton, N. J., whom Major Parsons, in 1756, describes in one of his letters as being about fifty years old, a lusty rawboned man, haughty and vei'y desirous boned man, haughty and vei'y desirous of respect and command, who could drink three quarts or a gallon of rum a day without being drunk. It appears from the records that he and his company were much of the time under the pany were much of the time under the influence of liquor, and at times abusive to the inhabitants. So that Na- ive to the inhabitants. So that Nathaniel Vernon, the innkeeper at "the thaniel Vernon, the innkeeper at "the Point," doubtless did a prosperous business during these conferences, his patrons being also some of the settlers in the vicinity, as appears from a letter written by Major Parsons to Secre- ter written by Major Parsons to Secretary Peters in July, 1756: tary Peters in July, 1756: "There are now a large number of Indians in our town, and but very few soldiers to take care of them. Our Dutch farmers, when they come to town, always go to see them, and the Indians always beg wiskey or rum of them; and as the Dutch all drink a great deal of those liquors, and get drunk in town, and in that state mingle and quarrel with the Indians, I am very fearful that, unless more troops are sent to keep off the drunken Dutch they will become enraged, and do mischief in town. The Dutch farmers chief in town. The Dutch farmers are very quarrelsome when they are drunken. They all drink, and it happens but very seldom that any Dutch- pens but very seldom that any Dutchman leaves town sober. To avoid any man leaves town sober. To avoid any trouble you should attend to this matter immediately." ter immediately." Teedyuscung succeeded by his eloquence, by the firmness and cunning of quence, by the firmness and cunning of his diplomacy in redeeming his nation in a great degree from their degrading subserviency to the Six Nations, and also in securing from the proprietary government in substance if not in form some reparation done to his nation by the subtleties of the Indian Walking Purchase and by calling in the aid of the Six Nations to drive them from "the Forks." He would scarcely have succeeded in securing these advantages had he not been assisted and ad- tages had he not been assisted and advised at every step by the Quakers, vised at every step by the Quakers, who were desirous of preserving peace and of seeing justice done to the Indians. It was they who suggested to dians. It was they who suggested to Teedyuscung the propriety of his having a secretary of his own to take min- ing a secretary of his own to take minutes of what was said and done, so as utes of what was said and done, so as to prevent the convenient forgetfulness which often seized the proprietary secretaries whenever the proprietary interest required it. This was firmly re- terest required it. This was firmly resisted by the Governor and George sisted by the Governor and George Croghan, the agenc for Indian affairs under Sir William Johnson. Teedyuscung was accused of having persuaded tne Delawares to go over to the French and then attack the frontiers, and he and those with him, were tiers, and he and those with him, were it was believed, concerned in the mischief done to the inhabitants of North- chief done to the inhabitants of Northampton county, in fact the people of ampton county, in fact the people of Easton, wuo, in those days it appears were somewhat observing as to fashions, and perhaps a little inclined to- ions, and perhaps a little inclined towards gossip, declared that the shirts wards gossip, declared that the shirts which the Indian women had on at the first conference, were made of Dutch table cloths which it is supposed they took from the people they murdered on the frontiers. The first Indian conference held at Easton was July 24-31, 1756, there being present the Lieutenant Governor, Robert Hunter Morris, four members of his council, the Assembly's four commissioners oflicers of the Royal American Regiment and of the Provincial forces and about thirty others, vincial forces and about thirty others, mostly Quakers from Philadelphia. Conrad Weiser was the interpreter for the Six Nations and "Benjamin-thatspeaks-English," who is described as speaks-English," who is described as an impudent, forward youth, who had enlisted in the Jersey companies and afterwards went over to the enemy Indians at Diahoga, for the Delawares. The Indians were represented byTeedyuscung, chief of the Delawares, Captain uscung, chief of the Delawares, Captain Newcastle, of the bix Nations, in all about twenty- four Indians,whose names are preserved in the official records. In consequence of this light attendance the consideration of important business was postponed. The attendance of the Deputy or Lieutenant Governor (acting for the proprietor, Richard Penn, who was the Governor by virtue of his proprietorship) wiixi his Council at these confer- ship) wiixi his Council at these conferences practically made Easton the seat ences practically made Easton the seat of government of the province for the time being. Whilst present at this conference the Governor received by express from New York a package from Lord Halifax, Lord Loudon, and one from the fax, Lord Loudon, and one from the Secretary of State, enclosing his Majesty's declaration of war (between Eng- ty's declaration of war (between England and France -- French and Indian land and France -- French and Indian war), which was immediately published in a very solemn manner. The Council, the officers of the Royal American cil, the officers of the Royal American Regiment, the Indians and a large number of the inhabitants of Philadelphia and of the county, attending the phia and of the county, attending the Governor to the place of publication. The First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment was under arms, and, at nia Regiment was under arms, and, at the close, fired three volleys. The officers of the First Battalion at this time were the following, some of the names being familiar in the county to this day: Field Officers and Captains -- Lieut. Col. Weiser, Major William Parsons, Capts. Frederick Smits, Jacob Morgan, John Witterhold, Christian Bussee, Jacob Orndt, John Vanetton, George Reynolds and James Patterson. Lieutenants -- Samuel Weiser, Capt. Lieut., Jacob Wetterholt, Anthony Miller, Andrew Engel, James Hyndshaw, ler, Andrew Engel, James Hyndshaw, Samuel Humphrys, Philip Marsloff, Samuel Allen and Philip Weiser. Ensigns -- Henry Geiger, Martin Everhart, Nicholas Cunrad, Jacob Kearn, hart, Nicholas Cunrad, Jacob Kearn, Daniel Harvey, William Johnson and Jacob Sneider. For some time previous to the first Inuian conference at Easton the Indians had been very troublesome in the ans had been very troublesome in the immediate vicinity, so much so that the County Commissioners did not meet from November, 1755, to June, 1756. Business was paralyzed and self-preservation engrossed the attention of servation engrossed the attention of the settlers, and, to add to this condition of affairs, was a fear lest some of tion of affairs, was a fear lest some of the settlers would be so indiscreet as to inflame the Indians by too much liquor or quarreling with them, and thus prevent what vv^as most needed at this time-- peace. Major Parsons, in a letter to the Governor on July 14, 1756, thus refers to the situation, as also he did in other communications about this time: "After I had wrote the above your Honours Favor of ye 11th Instant came to hand. Your Honour may depend upon doing everything in my pend upon doing everything in my Power in obeaience to your Commands therein express'd, but I . m greatly in doubt whether it will be possible for me to pi'ovide the Indians w th a House and we have no Boards lo erect a Shed for them. Many of ti.e Towns people are very ignorant & mdiscret and will with Difficulty be broaght to behave to the Indians as they should. But our rude neighbour'g Farmers vhen they come to Town seldom leave it sober. Their curiosity, especially wVen in Liquor, will lead them to go & S'^e the Indians with whom they will either quarrel or on the other hand if it is possible they will give them liquor & make them Drunk. And it will be necessary to have two Sentrys to keep off these Headstrong drunken Dutchmen from the Indians. And I am further very apprehensive that the whole Body of the Country People will come, and with some of the Town, force the Indians away. I dont write this from Timerousness but from the knowledge I have of the people's sentim'ts about their being kept at Bethle- m'ts about their being kept at Bethlehem & I am of opinion that removing hem & I am of opinion that removing them here will exasperate them much more. As Capt. New Castle left orders with the Indians at Bethlehem to stay there till he returned and insisted very strenuously with Mr. Horsfield that all those he should send in should be kept at Bethlehem, I thought it would be best Not to remove the Indians till he returned least he not finding his request complyed with, might be disgust- quest complyed with, might be disgusted, and it is but three or four days ed, and it is but three or four days short of the time he appointed to return. In the mean time I will be mak- turn. In the mean time I will be making the best preparations I can for ing the best preparations I can for their Reception." The second conference and treaty was held at Easton November 8-15, 1756. The Indians began to arrive about ten days before the conference, and Mr. Parsons thus wrote the Governor of his troubles : "It is almost impossible to prevent the Indians from getting too much liquor for if the tavern keepere refuse to supply them, there are people mean enough to go and buy rum for them with the Indians' money that they may help to drinlv it when they have done. Among others there is in town a number of Irish recruits some of them as ber of Irish recruits some of them as abandoned drunken fellows as ever was got together." * * * * * * "As soon as I heard the Indi- ans were coming I ordered Lieutenant Witterhold with the small detachment of eight men who were posted at Teet's to come and take post in this town. These with four of Capn. Orndt's men that Escorted the Indians from Fort Allen to tnis place, serve as a guard at present to Easton, and as the Indians are to be so soon expected I pro- ans are to be so soon expected I propose to keep them here till further pose to keep them here till further orders." * * * On Monday, November 8th, the conference opened, there being present ference opened, there being present Lieutenant Governor Denny, William Logan and Richard Peters, Esquires; Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Fox, William Masters and John Hughes, Com- liam Masters and John Hughes, Commissioners; Teedyuscung, the Chief of missioners; Teedyuscung, the Chief of the Delawares; Four of the Six Nations; Sixteen Delaware Indians; Two tions; Sixteen Delaware Indians; Two Shawnees; Six Mohickons; John Pumpshire, a Jersey Delaware Indian, Interpreter; Colonel Conrad Weiser (Interpreter), Major Parsons, Captain Wetterholt, Capt. VanEtten and Captain Reynolds, officers of the Provincial tain Reynolds, officers of the Provincial Forces; Lieutenant McAlpin and Ensign Jeffrys, Recruiting officers of the sign Jeffrys, Recruiting officers of the Royal Americans, a number of gentlemen and free holders from the several men and free holders from the several counties and from the City of Philadelphia. phia. Great pomp and ceremony was observed upon these occasions. The pub- served upon these occasions. The published account of this treaty says: lished account of this treaty says: "This Morning the Governor sent Mr. Weiser with his Compliments to the Indian Chief, and desired to know whether he intended to speak first and when; and the King saying it was his duty to speak first, wished it might be this forenoon, on which the Governor appointed Three a'clock p. m., at which time the Governor marched from his lodging to the place of conference, guarded by a party of the Roy- ference, guarded by a party of the Royal Americans in the front and on the al Americans in the front and on the flanks, and a detachment of Colonel Weiser's Provincials in sub-divisions in the rear, with Colours flying, Drums beating, and Musick playing, which order was always observed in going to the place of conference." The Governor's lodging was at Adam Yohe's public house southwest corner Northampton and Hamilton (Fourth) streets. After nine days a treaty of peace was concluded between the Shawnees, the Delawares and the English. The Governor also offered to satisfy them for the lands in the Forks and the Minisinks, but as many of them were not isinks, but as many of them were not present that question, at the suggestion of Teedyuscung was adjourned tion of Teedyuscung was adjourned and was fully discussed at a subsequent council. quent council. On the concluding day of the conference, word was received of the death ence, word was received of the death in Philadelphia of smallpox of several Indians of prominence, among them Captain Newcastle. Teedyuscung made an address of condolance on Captain Newcastle's death, and "after a continued silence for some time one of the older Indians spoke an exhortation in the nature of a funeral oration, after which Teedyuscung expressed to the Governor the uscung expressed to the Governor the great satisfaction given to him at his condoling tne death of Captain Newcastle, who he said was a good man, castle, who he said was a good man, and had promoted the good work of peace with great care, his death would put him in mind of his duty, as it should all of us." The business of the conference being concluded Teedyuscung "took a kind leave of the Governor and all present." The third treaty was made at Easton in July and August, 1757. The necessary accommodations for the number sary accommodations for the number of persons expected to be present, gave the proprietaries' agents no little concern as the following correspondence cern as the following correspondence will show: Mr. ISSACHAR DAVIS, [Easton.] The Governor intends to live in Mr. Parsons' house whilst at Easton,which is now empty, Ivlr. Parsons being indisposed & on a Journy to the sea side posed & on a Journy to the sea side for the Recovery of his health. The Governor desires you will look at the House, see what Beds, Bedding, sheets, Table Linnen, & other Linnen necessary for the use of a Family, are left in the house, what Kitchin Furniture, wood, and water there may be, niture, wood, and water there may be, and what Servants. By what means. Butcher's meat & Butter, BreAd, Fowls, & other sorts of Provisions can be laid in every day, without giving the Governor's Family unnecessary Trouble. Perhaps Nicholas Scull will undertake to do all or a part of what is nec- take to do all or a part of what is necessary, & to supply Provisions & Beer. essary, & to supply Provisions & Beer. Pray ask him & consult with him upon every particular article. On your Return, which must be as quick as you can make it, you are to wait on the Governor and make your Report, that everything may be provided before hand & taken up along vided before hand & taken up along wth him. I suppose clean Beds can be got for Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Chew, Mr. Logan and two other Members of Council, in good & respectable Houses. Engage six Beds besides the Governors & mine, who shall be at Mr. Parsons. Pray do not omit anything, tho' in my haste I may have done it, relative to the Lodging, Diet & other accommodations of the Governor at Easton. modations of the Governor at Easton. I am your humble servant, RICHARD PETERS. 7th July, 1757. Easton, July the 15, 1757. Mr. Richd xcters: Sir: I received your favours of the 15th per Express, part of it I have answered in my letter to the Governor this day as to rooms and bedding. I have ben out to looke and send others out, and find that good beds and clean rooms are either scarce or taken up. Mr. Parsons, you know, is moved to his new house, and there are several Clever rooms in that house, that is designed for the Governor. I bespoke signed for the Governor. I bespoke the two room in Mr. Parsons old house, where yourself and the Governor lodged last year. It will suit two of the Gentlemen you named very well, if not three; the rooms are Clean, the beds I call good, but perhaps them Gentlemen will differ with me in opinion. Let them peradventr send beds ion. Let them peradventr send beds in A Wagon, tho I think there is not much occasion for it, several Tolerable good rooms may be had here, but beding is wanted. I bespoke a room at ing is wanted. I bespoke a room at Kichlein, and I would part with mine for the Gentlemen, but a public house would perhaps not suit so well; but let the Gentlemen that you named come, I don't doubt at all they will be pleased. In the letter to the Governor I gave an accouni of the murder comited last Saturday, and of the gard I Expect in this town in a few days. The Indians seem to be in very good temper, and signified great Satisfaction on my coming, and I have strong tion on my coming, and I have strong hopes that some thing effectualy will be done, or may be done with them, if there wont be too many Cooks, and if Buisy Body would stay at home. I wish you health and happiness, hoping to see you all soon; who am, Dear Sir, Your very humble Servant, CONRAD WEISER. Capt. Jacob Orndt [Arndt], who commanded a company of Provincials.kept manded a company of Provincials.kept the authorities informed of the movements of the Indians towards Easton ments of the Indians towards Easton to attend the treaty, to which place he accompanied Teedyuscung and his party from Fort Allen [Weissport]. To the honourable Colonel Weiser: Sir, These are to inform you that Detiuscung is arriv'd here Yesterday Ev'ning, and there be at present about 200 Indians with him, with young and old. Detiuscung is intended to stay here about five or six days, and in this Time he expects one hundred of the Seneka Indians here, and then he is intended to go to Easton, in hopes to meet with his Honour the Governor. I am inform'd that Lieut. M*** is run away with another man's wife, and hope you will inform his Honor the Governor how necessary it is that I might have another Lieutenant. If you would be pleas'd to recommend Ensign Conrad in his stead, who, I think, will be a man very fit for a Lieutenant. I send with these the Muster tenant. I send with these the Muster and Pay Roll of my Company. I hope you will excuse me, as I have not sent my Journal, for I had not time to draw a copy of it. I am. Sir, "&c., JACOB ORNDT. Fort Allen, July 5, 1757. With submission, I think Ensign Conrad worthy of a Lieutenant's Commission. mission. CONRAD WEISER. [To Conrad Weiser.] And to Governor Denny he described his journey to Easton as follows: May it Please your honner. Sir, According as Titiuskong arrifed att fort Allin the 4th of these Instend July, with aboud 150 Indians with young and old, and aboud fivety was there allredey with young and old, and according as Titiuskong hath Informed me that above one hounderd of ed me that above one hounderd of the Sinekers Indins would Come after him, that he was Intented to waid fore them att fort Allin six or seven Days, but as I fal wery shord with Provisions I was obliged to march with the ions I was obliged to march with the Indins yesterday from fort Allin, there number was 150 that went with me to Easton, and the Remainder Stayd att fort Allin,** sum went back with a litte Provision fore****there family Down, and yeasderday I Came so fare with them as to John Haysis, and there Wee Stayd all night and these Day, wee set off from there and arrifed Safe at Easton, with all the Indins except one, William Dattamy, an Indin, went withoud my Knowledge and against my orders to Bathloham, and it hapind on his Road Wen he had Turnid off that a foolish wite boy aboud 15 years of cage, folowed him, and Shot him in the Right Thigh of the out sid bone, but not morterly, and Just when I came with the Indins and Ten men of my Company to escord the indins to Easton, William cord the indins to Easton, William Hays Came after me express with these Information, that William Dattamy Was Shot, and accoi'ding as tamy Was Shot, and accoi'ding as mayor Parsons is absend from Easton, I considered that it was wery nesseceery to Stay with my men att Easton, eery to Stay with my men att Easton, fore to Protackt the Indins and to hinder all Scrobel and *** which might der all Scrobel and *** which might fall out between Wite Peoble and the Indins, until I shall Receve you houners fourter orders, With all Due Re- ers fourter orders, With all Due Respect, spect, I am sir, your humble servind att Command, JACOB ORNDT. Easton, July 8, 1757. Two days later he wrote the Governor: nor: May it Piece you houner. Sir, Just now I Received these Inclosed letter from leivtenind Wetter- closed letter from leivtenind Wetterhold, Derictid to Mayor Parsons, and hold, Derictid to Mayor Parsons, and as he is att Present absend I under Took to openid thes letter, and I thought Proper to forewartid emmetiatly to his houner the Governor, and iatly to his houner the Governor, and according as I have Informed in my letter Dated of the 8th of these Instend, that I am arrifed att Easton stend, that I am arrifed att Easton with Didiuskong and the Indins, and as I have but a Small guard with me Consisting only of 9 men, and I am wery much Troubld to Prevent Confussion between the Indin and the fussion between the Indin and the Wite People, especial of the Jearcy People, therefore I was obliged to Stay here in these Down, there fore I Desier if it Please your honner to order sier if it Please your honner to order more and sufficient guard att these Down fore the Indins. I am sir. Your wery most humbly and obedient Servend, JACOB ORNDT. Easton, July 10th, 1757. The Governor, William Denny, reached Easton July 2 th and on the following day convened his Council, consisting of James Hamilton, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew,William Logan, Lynford Lardner and John Mifflin. He at once dispatched his secretary with his compliments to Teedyuscung, who immediately waited on the Governor, and there was introduced to the members of the Council. It was the desire bers of the Council. It was the desire of the chief and his party to meet the Governor at his coming outside of the town, and he complained that Mr. Weiser had failed to give him notice to enable him to do so, and accused him of breaking his word, and suggested that having done so in this instance ed that having done so in this instance he might do it in another, and seemed greatly displeased at Mr. Weiser's conduct. The Governor replied that there duct. The Governor replied that there must be some mistake, and desired the chief to suspend his judgment till Mr. Weiser could be seen and afterwards wait on i,he chief, which was accordingly done and no further notice taken ingly done and no further notice taken of it by Teedyuscung. There were present at the beginning of the conference 58 men, 37 women and 64 children -- in all, 159 -- of Teedyuscung's party and 45 men, 35 women uscung's party and 45 men, 35 women and 39 children -- in all, 119 -- Senecas and others of the Six Nations. The minutes of the Governor's Council were taken by its secretary; those cil were taken by its secretary; those of the conference by three persons separately, viz., George Croghan as Deputy Agent for Indian Affairs under Sir William Johnson; Jacob Duche,Jr., for the Governor, and by Charles Thompson, Master of the Public Quaker School [now the William Penn er School [now the William Penn Charter School], of Philadelphia, as clerk to Teedyuscung. Several days were consumed in discussing the question of a clerk for the chief, but it was tion of a clerk for the chief, but it was finally allowea. There were present, besides the above, Isaac Norris, Speaker of the Assembly; Daniel Roberdeau, Member of the Assembly; William Masters, John Hughes, Joseph Fox and Joseph Galloway, Provincial Commissioners; Capt. Thomas McKee, Interpreter for the Crown; Conrad Weiser, Interpreter for the Province; John Pumpshire, ter for the Province; John Pumpshire, Interpreter for Teedyuscung; Moses Tatamy, from up the Bushkill, a Delaware, and a convert of Rev. David ware, and a convert of Rev. David Brainerd, and a number of gentlemen of the city of Philadelphia and others, inhabitants of the Province. The Commissioners brought with them a num- missioners brought with them a number of presents, and among others who ber of presents, and among others who were to be remembered in their distribution was Moses Tatamy, who, on bution was Moses Tatamy, who, on account of his son's misfortune, was to receive a present of condolence. After the council adjourned on August 4th, the records inform us, "the gust 4th, the records inform us, "the Governor sent for Teedyuscung and some of his Counsellors to his Lodgings, from whence we went to Mr. Ver- ings, from whence we went to Mr. Vernon's, where an Handsome entertain- non's, where an Handsome entertainment was provided, at which were pres- ment was provided, at which were present the Governor, his Council, the ent the Governor, his Council, the Speaker and Members of Assembly, the commissioners and Gentlemen in Town, the Delaware King, his Counsellors, Warriors and all the Indians, sellors, Warriors and all the Indians, Men, Women and Children, in numbers about Three Hundred. After Dinner Peace was proclaimed in form, and the Proclamation interpreted to the Delawares and Six Nations, at the close of wares and Six Nations, at the close of which the Governor, by his Secretary, expre'ssed his satisfaction at being one of the happy Instruments oi bringing about this Peace. His Honour recommended it to all Ranks and Professions mended it to all Ranks and Professions of Men to cultivate to the utmost of their Power a good understanding with the Indians, and to treat kindly, that they may daily see the Advantage of Preserving our Friendship." "Having given this in Charge of the Freeholders present, he desired Teedyuscung to do the same to his People, uscung to do the same to his People, that we might on both sides forget what was past and live affectionately together for the Time to come. A Detachment of the Pennsylvania Troops tachment of the Pennsylvania Troops was drawn up in the Front of the Company and fired three Vollies." pany and fired three Vollies." "The Governor afterwards continued his Entertainment at which there was great Cheerfulness. At night was a large Bonfire, and variety of Indian Dances." On the last two days of the conference there were present Paxinosa, the ence there were present Paxinosa, the Shawnese Chief, with Abraham, a Mohickon Chief, and about fifty or sixty hickon Chief, and about fifty or sixty of their people. Soon after their arrival, on the afternoon of August 6th, val, on the afternoon of August 6th, Mr. Peters and Conrad Weiser went to them witn a string of wampum, bid them welcome, agreeable to the ancient custom of our forefathers. Teedyuscung and the Six Nation's Chief did the cung and the Six Nation's Chief did the same. After this conference the Quakers present from Philadelphia, about twenty-five in number, were often seen in private consultation with the Indians, especially with Teedyuscung; the ans, especially with Teedyuscung; the leaders of these peace-preaching people present were Israel Pemberton, who lodged in a Back Room or Building behind the House of Paul Miller, the next House to Adam Yoe's, a tavern, where Lieut. James Hyndshaw, of the First ir'ennsylvania Battalion, made deposition, he frequently saw him in conference with Teedyuscung, often without an interpreter, as the chief "speaks the English language pretty well;" also with Joseph Galloway.a lawyer, who lodged at Vernon's, and Isaac yer, who lodged at Vernon's, and Isaac Norris, who lodged at Mr. Rinker's. The Quakers at the close of the conference distributed a number of presents ence distributed a number of presents among the Indians. Peace having again been confirmed, this conference closed Sunday, August 7, 1756, after being in session eighteen days. The joint report of Captains Orndt and Busse of the number of Indians who came via Fort Allen is as follows: July the 8th, 1757, No. 133 or there about. Do 10th, 11 from Bethlehem. Do John Bumshire came with several more from Philadelphia. Do the 11th, 3. Do I compted the Indians in Easton. Men, 51, Women, 35, Children, 64, in all 150. Do ye 12th, from Bethlehem, 7 Men, 2 Women, 9 in all. Do ye 18th, Men, 45, Women, 25, Children, 39, in all, 109. these was chiefly Sinaca's. Allen Do ye 26th, there came 6 Men from Fort Allen. Do ye 28th, Men, 3, Wimen, 5, Children, 3, in all, 11. dren, 3, in all, 11. The whole accompt is 112 Men, 67 Women, 106 Children, Total, 285. The above by me, JACOB ORNDT. P. S. -- Sum of these Indians hath leaft Easton and went to Firt Allin, but I Do not no how meny. The feirst Day of August in the Time as the Conference was arrifed at Easton, 16 men, 2 lads, 10 women & Chil- ton, 16 men, 2 lads, 10 women & Children, 11 of them came from Fort Allin. dren, 11 of them came from Fort Allin. During ^he Conference arrived 16 Indian Men, 2 Lads, 10 Women and Children. CHRISTIAN BUSSE. The fourth treaty, that of 1758, was one of the most important, and was more largely attended than any of those made at "the Forks." Major Parsons having died the year previous, it fell to Mr. Swaine, his successor, to look after the local arrange- cessor, to look after the local arrangements, as the following shows: ments, as the following shows: Easton, Sept. 4th, 1758. Sir: I received the favour of yours, and am glad my Services are acceptable; should be fond of every opertuni- able; should be fond of every opertunity to oblige Mr. Peters or any of the ty to oblige Mr. Peters or any of the Gentlemen of the Council, and am concerned at present I cannot do it in so cerned at present I cannot do it in so effectual a manner as I would wish, by letting you know particularly what is necessary here, and how it is to be managed as to providing. I have spoken to Vernon on that head, and he said in general it will be in the manner it was before, by which I under- ner it was before, by which I understand Provision is to be daily fetched stand Provision is to be daily fetched from his house, and the Gentlemen's Servants to dress it, this did not content me, and he promised to call on me tent me, and he promised to call on me this morning to give further Satisfaction but hath not called before the tion but hath not called before the Bearer set out. As to the Lodgeings, it will be necessary to bring Bedsteds, beds, &c. I shall take care to have the several lodgeings well cleaned, all the Houses have chairs, stools or benches of some sort, & tables, only it must be considered those Gentlemen who choose to go to Mr.Gordon's house (where three or four might live retired) will have everything to find. tired) will have everything to find. We are at no certainty as to the Governor of the Jerseys, what was said as ernor of the Jerseys, what was said as to his taking up his residence at Phillipsburgh, arose from a Report which lipsburgh, arose from a Report which hath little foundation in it, anu therefore desires to be excused from receiv- fore desires to be excused from receiving the Governor of the Jerseys from ing the Governor of the Jerseys from some inconveniences which attend his house, and which the Commissioners put up with; there is some reason in what he sayd, but I see he is fond of receiveing his old Guests. Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Wine, Candles, and necessaries, which if not allowed before, will not now; the Wine here is very indifferent, and our Tea equipages generally earthen Cups and pewter Spoons. The en Cups and pewter Spoons. The Shed in my yard will be boarded, and I believe it will be found too cold to be out of Doors, excepting just in the Noon of the day. I shall act in the best manner I can as circumstances offer, & render every place as convenient as possible, & keep those places ent as possible, & keep those places bespoke, though strong application is made for Lodgeings here and houses, by Letters to various persons. I am. Sir, your most Obedt Servant, CHARLES SWAINE. P. S. After I had Sealed this i^etter.the Butcher in Town, Anthony Esser, came and Informed me Vernon would buy no meat of him, and he hath engaged many Beefs, unless he will quit his house, which is engaged to me, & let it to the Commissioners or the Quakers; now the Commissioners have room; This will be to the Poor man's great Loss. To Richard Peters, Esqr, Philadelphia. On September 22, 1758, Governor Denny issued a proclamation prohibiting the sale of liquor to the Indians at ing the sale of liquor to the Indians at this conference, and Secretary Peters received directions to serve the Magistrates of the county of Northampton trates of the county of Northampton with it and to affix copies at all public places in the county. The following letter to Mr. Peters was evidently written before Mr. Croghan had knowledge of the Governor's action: ernor's action: "Easton, Sep. 26th, 1758. "Sir: I have wrote ye Governor a Long Letter which you will see, as the Indians has been always Drunk Mr. Wiser nor my self could nott do any business with ye Indians, I Suspect that Teedyuscung is kept Drunk hear on purpus to serve some end, Butt I hope on ye Governors perusing my letter he will take such steps as will pre- ter he will take such steps as will prevent such abuses on his Government, vent such abuses on his Government, there must in my opinion be something very Extroynery in Vew or else the Comm's wold Neaver have ordered their Comeseray heer to give out so much Liquer, itt Looks bad in them I think to putt such confidence in so infamous a villian att this Time. famous a villian att this Time. "Pray send up ye Scalps & Wampum which I spoak aboutt, and Wam- pum which I spoak aboutt, and Wampums for ye Treaty, hear is some of ye pums for ye Treaty, hear is some of ye Indian Cheefs which are ye frends, and has no belts to speke with, you should therefore make them a present of some, and I think the Governor should Insist haveing ye Distrubiting such privett presents as he should think prop- vett presents as he should think proper, or else he would nott apear as a er, or else he would nott apear as a Governor. I think you should give him a hint of that, and by all Mains ye Distribusion of Liquors should be taken out of Vernon hands, I have Never en out of Vernon hands, I have Never Received a Line from General Forbes, p'haps he is nott well plesed with me, if you can inform what he intends to do pray do itt p Bearer. In a few days I shall be able to left you know what Cheefs of such nation will be hear, what their Veues may be, and how things may be settled, if we are to have a Treaty at all. "I am sir, Your most obedient Servant, "GEO. CROGAN. "P. S. You'l excuse boath Writing & peper, and guess at my Maining, for I have this Minnitt 20 Drunken Indians about me, I shall be Ruin'd if ye Taps are nott stopt, itt Does nott cost me less than PS3 a day on ye Indians Extraguenty." dians Extraguenty." The provincial Council at its meeting in the State House [Independence ing in the State House [Independence Hall] on 25 Septemoer received a letter from Mr. Weiser, wherein he gives ter from Mr. Weiser, wherein he gives an Account of the ill behaviour of Teedyuscung and the Indians at Easton, and upon Consideration of the 111 ton, and upon Consideration of the 111 Consequences that may attend such irregularity it was unanimously judged regularity it was unanimously judged proper that some person should immediately be sent who can keep the mediately be sent who can keep the Indians in order; and Mr. Peters was requested to undertake this, as being acquainted with the Indians and used to their Manners and tempers, and Mr. Peters consented to do. On the afternoon October 7th the governor and Council arrived at Easton, and was immediately waited upon ton, and was immediately waited upon by Teedyuscung accompanied by Moses Tatamy, and several others and ses Tatamy, and several others and made his salutation as follows: "Brother. "I am glad to see you here again; you may remember that we have already made Peace, and you desired ready made Peace, and you desired me to halloo aloud and give notice of it to all the Indians round about. "I have spoke loud and raised my Voice and all the Indians have heard me, as far as the Twightwees and have regarded it, and are now come to this Place. "I bid you welcome and join with me in casting up our Eyes to Heaven and praying the Blessing of the Supream Being on our Endeavours. pream Being on our Endeavours. "According to our usual custom I with this String wipe the Dust and Sweat off your Face and clear your Eyes, and pick the Briars out of your Legs, and desire you will pull the Briars out of the Legs u^ the Indians that are come here, and anoint one of them with your healing Oil, and I wiu anoint the other." The Governor returned him thanks for the visit and his good advice.which he promised to comply with, and appointed a Meeting in the Morning for pointed a Meeting in the Morning for that Purpose. There were present at the opening of this conference, besides the Governor and his Council, six members of nor and his Council, six members of the House of Representatives; two Commissioners for Indian Affairs in the Province of New Jersey; a number of Magistrates and Freeholders of Pennsylvania and adjoining provinces, and of Citizens of Philadelphia chiefly of the people called quakers -- George Croghan, Deputy Agent for Indian Affairs under Sir William Johnson, Indians of the following nations: Mohawks, Oneidoes, Onondagoes, Sene- hawks, Oneidoes, Onondagoes, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes, Tuteloes, cas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes, Tuteloes, Chugnuts, Delawares, Minisinks, Mokickons, Pumptons -- in all about 500 kickons, Pumptons -- in all about 500 chiefs, warriors, women and children. Conrad Weiser acted as Provincial Interpreter; Stephen Calvin (a Jersey school teacher), Isaac Still and Moses Tatamy -- all Delawares, interpreted in the Delaware Language; and Captain Henry Montour, interpreter for the six nations, and Andrew Montour acted as His Majesty's interpreter. Later in the proceedings Governor Bernard, of New Jersey, and Sir Wm. Johnson, arrived and took part in the proceedings. Teedyuscung who had been very influential in forming the conference act- fluential in forming the conference acted as speaker for many of the tribes, ed as speaker for many of the tribes, but the six nations took great umbrage at the impertinence which he assumed and endeavored to destroy his influence. Teedyuscung notwithstanding ence. Teedyuscung notwithstanding he was well plied with liquor bore himself with dignity and firmness, refused self with dignity and firmness, refused to succumD to the six nations and was proof against the wiles of Col. Croghan and the Governor. The land ques- han and the Governor. The land question was described, especially the pur- tion was described, especially the purchase of 1754 at Albany by which the chase of 1754 at Albany by which the line was run from near Penn's Creek N. W. by W. to the western boundary of the State, all the land imder that purchase beyond the Allegheny mountains was restored, the deed being con- tains was restored, the deed being confined for the remainder except for fined for the remainder except for lands on the west Branch. The Deed is I believe recorded at Easton. On October 22d news came from General Forbes that a large body of French and Indians had attacked his advance post at Loyalhanna and were repulsed with great loss which information was communicated to the In- mation was communicated to the Indians. dians. On the morning of the 23d one of the Seneca Chiefs died. Condolence ceremonies and the usual presents being monies and the usual presents being made, he was interred the same morning, many of the Inhabitants attending ing, many of the Inhabitants attending the funeral. On the 25th, the Indians were employed the entire day in distributing ployed the entire day in distributing the presents among the several tribes. A list of these presents is printed in the minutes of the Conference. Before concluding the conference Thomas King, Chief of the Oneidas, spoke and requested that inasmuch as many of those present were old and infirm, they be furnished with wagons to carry them to Wyoming where they had left their canoes. And after addressing the Delawares and pointing dressing the Delawares and pointing out to them their duty, he espied Mr. Vernon, the tavern keeper, and expressed the desire that now as busi- pressed the desire that now as business was over, Mr. Vernon "might be ness was over, Mr. Vernon "might be ordered to take the Lock off the Rum, and let it run freely, that, as they were going away, their Hearts might be made glad." "Some wine and Punch was then ordered it, and the Conferences were concluded [on October 26th] with great joy and mutual Satisfaction." There is a well founded tradition in connection with this treaty which may interest descendants of the principal in the stoi'y. Susanna, the little daughter of Peter Kachlein, went to see the Indians encamped near Hamilton street, but was driven off by a ton street, but was driven off by a drunken squaw who ran after her with a knife in her hand, threatening to kill her. She escaped with a fright, and lived to marry Peter Shnyder, the tanner, and these were the grandparents of the Rev. George C. Heckman, ents of the Rev. George C. Heckman, D. D. (whose death has just occurred), and the ancestors of a legion of other worthy people. The fifth conference opened at Easton on August 5, 1761, there being pres- ton on August 5, 1761, there being present Governor James Hamilton and his ent Governor James Hamilton and his Council, Samuel Weiser, James Sherlock, Isaac Still and Rev. David Zeis- lock, Isaac Still and Rev. David Zeisberger acting as Interpreters. Teedy- berger acting as Interpreters. Teedyuscung was present with deputies from uscung was present with deputies from nine tribes -- in all about 400 in attendance. Allusion was made by the tendance. Allusion was made by the Governor to the death since the last meeting of Conrad Weiser. The business of this, and the meeting in the ness of this, and the meeting in the following year related chiefly to the settlement of land matters in the Wyoming Valley. After the distribution of ming Valley. After the distribution of presents the treaty was concluded on August 12th. and the Governor and his party on the same day set out for Philadelphia. adelphia. The Sixth Conference was held at Easton in June, 1762. The minutes of the Provincial Council are blank between June 12 and August 6, but the tween June 12 and August 6, but the Archives print a speech of Teedyuscung dated Easton, June 28, 1762, ad- cung dated Easton, June 28, 1762, addressed to Governor Hamilton and Sir dressed to Governor Hamilton and Sir William Johnson retracting his charge of forgery and fraud against the proprietaries. To this Governor Hamilton replied from Easton under the same date, addressing the same to "Brother Teedyuscung and all our Indian Brethren now present" ..*..*..* dian Brethren now present" ..*..*..* *..*.. and concluded by saying "And now Brethren, I hope that all Heart Burnings and Animosities are at an End, and will be buried so deep in the Earth as never to rise again, and that we and our children may live in perfect peace and friendship together, as fect peace and friendship together, as Brethren, as long as the Sun shines and the Rivers run. In confirmation whereof I give you this Belt -- a Belt of twelve Rows." The following expense accounts in connection with the Indian treaty held at Easton in 1762 are interesting, and are here printed for the first time. The John Hays rererred to kept a public nouse or tavern on the road from Bethlehem to Gnadenhuflen, on the Mahoning, which road had been laid out in 1747, it being urged by the petitioners "that many inhabitants of this and the neighboring Provinces have frequent occasion of going beyond the Blue Mountains to Mahoning Creek and to the Healing Waters lying not far from thence." Hays' tavern stand was at Weaversville, in East Allen township. Weisser, the Indian interpreter, tells us that on his return from preter, tells us that on his return from the second conference at Easton he "dined at one Hays', the Indians and soldiers upon cold beef and sider, Deedjoskon [Teedyuscung] and four or fiv' more with me." Ye Landlord Hays was the ancestor of a large family of descendants, some of whom for many years remained in the "Settlement, others latterly locating on the Susqueaanna in the vicinity ing on the Susqueaanna in the vicinity of Williamsport, and everywhere they are an eminently respectable people, many having attained prominence in the professions. [Lelcer.] To Mr. John Hays. You are to give the Indians who are coming to the Treaty Provisions, until they set off for Easton, & if any of them are very tyr'd or sick give them a Gill of Rum p day, as no syder or beer is to begot, and you must keep a true act. of Provisions & rum, which acct. you must produce to the Governor & Commissioners either at Easton or Philada, & you must be careful not to exceed the quantity of rum lest the Indians shou'd be Drunk & perhaps commit some Mischief. You must not entertain aie Indians longer than Monday morning, or till the last of them day morning, or till the last of them comes this length. GEO. ARMSTRONG. 12 June, 1762. 1762 -- John Jtiays account against the Government for vitualing of Tieodouscon and company coming to treaty: PS S D June 12 to 14 to breakfast 7 4 to 19 half gills rum at Is 6d p qrt 1 4 to 15 half gills rum. .. .0 1 5 to 7 half Jills rum 10 to 2 half Jills rum 3 to Dinner 43 1 8 8 13 to Breakfast 43 1 8 8 to rum 39 half gills... 3 8 to a horse to Easton on my own act 5 15 to 5 breakfast 2 8 to 5 supper one half jill rum 3 5 16 to 3 breakfast 2 to 5 Dinner 3 4 to 10 half Jills rum 1 to 11 Eating 7 4 to 5 Eating 3 4 to 5 half Jills rum 6 5 2 9 11 June 1762. The expenses of Teedyuscong & his party on their arrival here is PS0-14-9. G. ARMSTRONG. John Hay's House. Bro't from the small paper. . PS5. 2.9 Brought down 14.9 PS5.17.6 Received the above sum of George Armstrong. JOHN HAYS. Easton 18 June 1762. Reed of Mr. Hopkeson The sum of Five Pounds, Seventeen Shillings & Six Pence in full of teen Shillings & Six Pence in full of the above Bill. GEO. ARMSTRONG. 28 June ,1762 Easton-- PS5.17.6. In addition to Hays' bill is that of Robert Levers as follows: The Proprietaries of Pennsylvania to Robert Levers Dr. for Sundries sent up by a waggon to Easton for the use of the Governor and his company viz't. pany viz't. 1762 June 14th. 1 Quarter Cask Madeira Wine. 16 5 10 Gallons Jamaica Spirit®️ 7-6 *. . 3 15 A cagg 3 9 1 PS Hyson tea 1 10 A cannister 12 4 Loaves doub. refin'd Sugar PS27-15d@y8 2 6 8 4 PS ground coffee 8 1 Box Lemons 4 00 PS28 9 7 To 15850 Grains of Wampum@30 23 15 6 To 7000 do do @40...14 Peters on their return to Ptiiladelpliia 3 5 37 15 6 PS66 5 1 1762 July 7th Received of Richard Peters Esquire the above Sixty-six Pounds, Five Shillings & one penny in full. ROBERT LEVERS. Also the following expenses which include the above bills of Hays and Levers: ACCOUNT OF EXPENSES TO EASTON. TON. June 1762. At Widow Davis's 1 10 -At Ingesley's 4 4 10 At Ingesley's 4 4 10 At Bethlehem 3 10 -Ferage [ferriage] at do .... 6 -- Ferage [ferriage] at do .... 6 -Pd Mr. Jno. Hay's on acct of Pd Mr. Jno. Hay's on acct of Montour 5 6 4 Pd Wm. Osborne pr. orders of Mr. Peters 12 17 9 Pd Jno. Williamson pr. orders of do 5 -For paper at Easton 3 8 For paper at Easton 3 8 For Trout 6 6 Pd David Zeisberger pr. order of Mr. Peters 5 For Washing at Easton 9 -Anthony Ashyers Tavern Bill22 -- Anthony Ashyers Tavern Bill22 -Lodging at the Widdow De Lodging at the Widdow De Lisne's [De Lyons] 2 2 6 Pd Mr. G. Armstrong pr. orders of Mr. Peters 5 17 6 ders of Mr. Peters 5 17 6 Pd the Smith for Shoe'g Horses, Lodging & Washing 3 5 6 ing 3 5 6 For House Rent 1 10 Pd Adam Yeo [Yohe] for keeping o horses 6 8 6 Pd Wm. L. Gordon pr. order of Mr. Peters 13 10 -Gave servants at Lodggs'.... 7 6 Gave servants at Lodggs'.... 7 6 Pd Mr. Broadhead 80 5 Gabe Hostler 5 -Pd M. Broadhead 20 -- Pd M. Broadhead 20 -Pd do for serv'ts 1 17 6 Pd do for serv'ts 1 17 6 At Bethlehem 4 7 8 Ferage [ferriage] 1 8 At Ingesley's 6 8 At Widdow Davis's 13 6 At White Marsh-Sangery 1 10 At Beggar Town for oats.... 113 Paid Mr. Levers for Sundries as pr. receipt 66 5 1 Paid for a waggon from Easton to Philadelphia 4 10 ton to Philadelphia 4 10 Paid for expences of the Gov- ernor, Mr. Allen & Mr. PS275 15 9 Paid to the Governor for Goods delivered to the In.#lians at Easton 200 .#lians at Easton 200 PS475 15 9 Rec'd. One Hundred PoundslOO Three hundred and seventyfive Pounds in full PS375 15 9 five Pounds in full PS375 15 9 7 July 1762 Received from Messrs. Hockley & Physick the Receivers General the above Three hundred and Seventy-five pounds 15-9 and the hundred pounds. RICHARD PETERS. 7th July 1762 received for Mr. Chew one hundred pounds being the sum agreed upon before he went to Easton for his trouble. ton for his trouble. R. PETERS. PS100 475 15 9 PS575 15 9 The latter summary of expenses has endorsed upon it the following memorandum: randum: June 1762 -- Easton Journey to attend Sir Wm. Johnson. tend Sir Wm. Johnson. Horses. Governor 3 Mr. Allen 5 Mr. Chew 2 Mr. E. Shippen 2 Mr. R. Hockley 1 Mr. Hopkinson 1 Mr. Wm. Peters 1 Mr. R. Peters 2 Mr. R. Peters, Junior.. 1 Billy Allen 1 The following account is endorsed "Acct. Govr's Company from the 15 June to the 23rd Inclusive." The Statement appears to be incomplete, but as there is a sameness in plete, but as there is a sameness in the items that are given, the balance may with safety be imagined. The items are an appeal to the cause of temperance. GOVRS. COMPY 15TH JUNE 1762. 2 Dinners PS -- 3 4 1 Club at Dinner -- 1 6 Punch -- 4 6 Wine -- 2 6 Punch -- 3 -Wine and Punch -- 8 -- Wine and Punch -- 8 -Punch and Wine -- 8 -- Punch and Wine -- 8 -Ditto - 3 -- Ditto - 3 -Wine -- 10 -- Wine -- 10 -Tea -- 3 9 Tea -- 3 9 Supper 1 10 -16th 16th Hay 1 2 6 Oats -16 Breakfts -- 16 Breakfts -Punch pr coachman -- Punch pr coachman -5 Dinners -- 5 Dinners -Punch .* -- Punch .* -17 Suppers 1 17 Suppers 1 Wine and Punch -17th 17th Oats -Hay 1 Hay 1 Breakfts -launch -- launch -17 Dinners 1 17 Dinners 1 Wine and Punch 17 17 Suppers 1 Wine and Punch -Hay 1 Hay 1 Punch pr C-man -Oats -- Oats -18th 18th Breakfts -Hay 1 Hay 1 Oats -Punch -- Punch -Dinners 1 Dinners 1 Punch Tea -Suppers 4 Suppers 4 Wine -Punch -- Punch -19th 19th Hay 1 Oats -17 Breakfts -- 17 Breakfts -41 Dinners 4 41 Dinners 4 Wine 2 Punch -Ditto & Wine -- Ditto & Wine -Ditto -- Ditto -Tea -- Tea -Supper 1 Supper 1 Wine & Punch -20th 20th Oats -Hay -- Hay -17 Breakfts -- 17 Breakfts -Punch -- Punch -Do -- Do -Wine -- Wine -18 Dinners 1 18 Dinners 1 Punch -Tea -- Tea -Suppers 1 Suppers 1 Wine & Punch -21st 21st Hay 1 Oats -Breakfasts -- Breakfasts -Punch -- Punch -Dinners 4 Dinners 4 Wine & Punch Tea -Punch -- Punch -Suppers 1 Suppers 1 Wine cc Punch -22nd 22nd Hay Oats -- 16 9 -- 19 6 -- 14 -Breakfts -- 17 -- Breakfts -- 17 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Dinners 1 14 -- Dinners 1 14 -Wine & Punch -- 19 -- Wine & Punch -- 19 -Tea -- 11 -- Tea -- 11 -Suppers 1 5 6 Suppers 1 5 6 Wine & Punch -- 16 -23d 23d Hay 1 2 6 Oats -- 15 -Breakfts -- 17 -- Breakfts -- 17 -Punch -- 9 -- Punch -- 9 -26 Dinners 2 12 -- 26 Dinners 2 12 -Wine 1 Wine 1 Punch -- 12 -Do -- 6 -- Do -- 6 -To Glasses -- 6 4 To Glasses -- 6 4 Tea -- 11 -Suppers 1 5 6 Suppers 1 5 6 Wine & Punch -- 12 6 Hay 1 2 6 Oats -- 14 -17 Breakfts -- 17 -- 17 Breakfts -- 17 -Cash paid the Blacksmith.. -- 2 4 Cash paid the Blacksmith.. -- 2 4 Punch -- 4 6 Dinners 1 14 -Wine -- 15 -- Wine -- 15 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Pasture pdto Nichs Funston -- 13 -- Pasture pdto Nichs Funston -- 13 -Punch -- 1 6 Punch -- 1 6 Tea -- 11 -Punch -- 3 -- Punch -- 3 -Supper 1 5 6 Supper 1 5 6 Punch -- 6 -Wine -- 10 -- Wine -- 10 -25th 25th Hay 1 2 6 Oats -- 14 -Breakfts -- 17 -- Breakfts -- 17 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Dinners 1 12 -- Dinners 1 12 -Wine -- 10 -- Wine -- 10 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Do -- 3 -- Do -- 3 -Do pr Servt -- 1 6 Do pr Servt -- 1 6 Tea -- 11 -Suppers 1 12 -- Suppers 1 12 -Wine -- 10 -- Wine -- 10 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -26th 26th Hay & Oats 1 15 -Breakfts -- 16 -- Breakfts -- 16 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Dinners 1 12 -- Dinners 1 12 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Wine -- 15 -- Wine -- 15 -Punch -- 1 6 Punch -- 1 6 Tea -- 11 -Punch p C-man -- 1 6 Punch p C-man -- 1 6 Suppers 1 16 -Punch -- 6 -- Punch -- 6 -Wine -- 10 -- Wine -- 10 -27th 27th Hay & Oats 1 15 -Breakfasts -- 16 -- Breakfasts -- 16 -Punch -- 3 -- Punch -- 3 -Do -- 12 -- Do -- 12 -Wine 1 Wine 1 Punch -- 1 6 Toddy -- 1 -Wine -- 5 -- Wine -- 5 -Dinners 2 8 -- Dinners 2 8 -Wine -- 5 -- Wine -- 5 -Tea -- 11 -- Tea -- 11 -Suppers 4 12 -- Suppers 4 12 -P*unch -- 6 -- P*unch -- 6 -Wine -- 15 -- Wine -- 15 -28th 28th Hay 1 2 6 Oats -- 15 -Breakfts -- 16 -- Breakfts -- 16 -6 Btles Wine for Indians. . . 1 10 -- 6 Btles Wine for Indians. . . 1 10 -Dinners 1 12 -- Dinners 1 12 -Wine -- 15 -- Wine -- 15 -Sangree -- 8 -- Sangree -- 8 -Do p Co-man -- 2 -- Do p Co-man -- 2 -Toddy p Servts -- 1 -- Toddy p Servts -- 1 -Sangree -- 5 -- Sangree -- 5 -Washwoman's Bill -- 14 6 Washwoman's Bill -- 14 6 Tea -- 11 -Punch -- 7 6 Punch -- 7 6 25 Suppers 2 10 -9 Btles Wine 2 5 -- 9 Btles Wine 2 5 -Sangree & Toddy -- 4 6 Sangree & Toddy -- 4 6 29th Hay & Oats 1 17 6 Breakfts -- 16 -PS131 15 -- PS131 15 -A conference (seventh) with the Six A conference (seventh) with the Six Nations was held at Easton in 1777, and Henry in his history of the Lehigh Valley states that the report shows that "they met in the German Reformed Church of Easton, and after the ed Church of Easton, and after the shaking of hands and drinking rum, during which time the organ was played, proceeded to business, &c." ed, proceeded to business, &c." Thus far I have been unable to find any ofhcial record to confirm Mr. Henry's statement, but I doubt not he had good reasons for giving to the ancient church structure on Pomfret street this unique association with Easton's early history. The following correspondence concerning this meeting is not without cerning this meeting is not without interest: Westmoreland [Wilkes-Barre], Jan'y. 9th, 1777. Gentlemen: The Bearers hereof are part of a Large Body of Indians belonging to the Six Nations who have Ex- ing to the Six Nations who have Expressed their friendship for the United pressed their friendship for the United States of America at a Counsell held in this Place this day; they also inform us they are upon a Journey to form us they are upon a Journey to Philadelpnia to speak with the Congress, (if returned,) Otherways intend gress, (if returned,) Otherways intend to see General Washington. They have Desired us to write to you, & beg that they may be Pointed to Places to Escape the Small Pox and other Pesti- cape the Small Pox and other Pestilential Disorders, (if such there be lential Disorders, (if such there be among you.) This is wrote upon their Particular Desire, to give you Information of the approach of the Body of In- tion of the approach of the Body of Indians, which consists of about two dians, which consists of about two Hundred wien. women & children; and they further desirfed us to request of you your Influence, that their Proposed treaty might be at Eastown if it be possiole at this time, for fear of the Disorders &c.. Mentioned as above; we doubt not but you will Pay due attention to these People at this time tention to these People at this time when their favors will be more Eligible than their Frowns. ble than their Frowns. We beg leave, Gent'n, to Subscribe Ourselves your friends & very Humble Servants, NATHAN DENISON, WM. JUDD, CHRIST. AVERY. To Eastown Committee. The journal of the Continental Congress for JanuaiT 24, 1777, contains gress for JanuaiT 24, 1777, contains the following record: "Whereas Congress are informed that certain tribes of Indians living in the back parts of the country, near the waters of the Susquehanna, who are within the Confederacy and under the protection of the Six Nations, the friends and allies of these United States are upon motives friendly and peacable, now on their way to Easton, in the State of Pennsylvania; and whereas, such may be the poor and necessitous circumstances of these In- cessitous circumstances of these Indians, as to demand the attention of dians, as to demand the attention of Congress; it is therefore "Resolved, That the Committee of Congress at Philadelphia, deliver to George Walton and George Taylor, esquires, or to either of them, 1,000 dollars; who are directed to purchase therewith such presents as may be suitable for the said Indians, and that one or both of them forthwith repair to Easton, and in the name of t'liis Congress, inform the said Indians, that although in the opinion of Congress, it is altogether improper for them to kindle a council-fire at that place, as they have already done the same at Albany where by their Commissioners they hold their councils, and communicate every matter of importance to icate every matter of importance to their good friends, the Six Nations.and their allies, of which these tribes are a part, yet in regard to the good and peaceable conduct of these nations, and in consideration of their wants, which this Congress are much inclined to believe, and also in token of their friendship for them, as well as for all other Indians, who are at peacj with these States, they, the said George Walton and George Taylor, esquires, are directed to deliver these presents to them; and they are at the same time to signify to tJtie said Indians.that this Congress have an entire confidence that the same peaceable and friendly conduct will be observed by ly conduct will be observed by them, which they have hitherto regarded." garded." "Ordered, That the said Messieurs Walton and Taylor be furnished with a copy of the foregoing resolution for their direction." The Council of Safety of Pennsylvania, then in session at the State House, nia, then in session at the State House, Philadelphia, on January 20, 1777, had made prior arrangements to be represented by adopting the following: sented by adopting the following: "Resolved that Colonel [Joseph] Dean and Colonel [John] Bull be appointed to attend the Treaty to be held pointed to attend the Treaty to be held with the Indians at Easton on Monday next [January 27th] on behalf of this Council; when they are to advise and concur with the Committee of Assembly and Congress in all such measures bly and Congress in all such measures as they shall think proper to preserve peace and harmony with the Indian Nations." On the following day the Council "Resolved, That Mr. Thomas Payne be appointed Secretary to the Commissioners for the Indian Treaty to be sioners for the Indian Treaty to be held at Easton on Monday next." On January 26th Col. Bull wrote the Council as follows: "Sir: We left the Council without any Instructions and Wether we are to have any or Who shall give them. Congress, Council of bafety or Assembly, gress, Council of bafety or Assembly, I will not undertake to say, but when I waited on Mr. Robert Morris he informed me that they Had wrote to formed me that they Had wrote to Congress, and that if any answer arrived In time it ought to be sent for- rived In time it ought to be sent forward to Eastown. I take the Liberty ward to Eastown. I take the Liberty of Communicating a few hints which I think ought to be attended to unless we are Instructed to the Contrary. If we find them well Disposed, shall Endeavor to Cultivate a good understand- deavor to Cultivate a good understanding with them, and Likewise Lay the ing with them, and Likewise Lay the Ground work of a Greater Treaty next Summer at such time and Place as may Suit them best. I think under our Circumstances Something Bestowed in that way to Continue the friendship of the Indians may be of infinite advantage under our present struggle, at the tage under our present struggle, at the same time it will be Necessary to assure them your own Sufficiency and sure them your own Sufficiency and Strength in Carrying on the War against our Enemies, how farr it will be Prudent or Practicable to Explain the Cause thereof I have as yet not fully Deliberated upon. "I am, Sir, with Due Respect, your verry Hu'ble Servt., JOHN BULL. "Norriton [Township, Montgomery county, Pa.], Jan'y 26, 1777, 8 o'clock A. M." "To the Honl. Thomas Wharton.Esq., Prestdt. Council of Safety." On the z8th he reported to Council as follows, through President Wharton: "Sir: We are Just arrived at Eastown, where we found about the same town, where we found about the same Number of Indians we expected, and Tolerably well Disposed, tho' much in want of almost Every Necessary, one article In Particular, vitz., about fifteen Camp Kettles, not of the largest teen Camp Kettles, not of the largest Size; the Bearer of this Comes Express with two Horses On Purpose to bring them up. Please to Let Mr. Howel Dispatch him Immediately, as it will be absolutely Necessary they should be here before we make a Distribution of the goods. We this morning heard by a Gentn. from headquarters, which he Left Two Days ago, that Forts Independence and Washington are Realy pendence and Washington are Realy taken. If you have anything New, pray send it. "I am, Sir, with Due Respect, your Hubl. Servt., JNO. BULL. "Eastown, January 28, 1777, 9 o'clock A. M "N. B. -- Please to send the Medals which Mr. Syng promised to Send to the Council, it they are Come to hand; if not, send the Messenger without them, as they are not of so much Consequence. sequence. On January 30th the Council issued an order on Hayman Levy, merchant (as his name suggests), of Philadelphia, "to make up an assortment of phia, "to make up an assortment of articles fit for a Treaty with 70 Indians (exclusive of women and children). He accordingly pack'd up the following Goods, for which a receipt was given by tiie secretary: "96G0 White Wampum, 20500 Black Wampum, 30 Moons and 30 Hair pipes of Conk Shell, 6 pair Arm Bands, 12 Gordiots, 100 Broaches, 37 Pair Ear Bobs all of Silver, which with 15 Camp Kettles were this day forwarded to Cols. Bull and Dean, Commissioners on the part of this Council at Easton." Col. Bull on January 31st again reported to the Council of Safety as fol- ported to the Council of Safety as follows: lows: "Sir: The Delegates from Congress Colls Taylor & Walton arriv'd on Wensday ye 29th and yesterday ye 30th we day ye 29th and yesterday ye 30th we open'd the Treaty, when the Indians Delivr'd Two Strings, Three Belts and about half their Talk. They having Three belts more to deliver this Day, the Indians seem to be Inclined to act the wise Part, with Respect to the present Dispute if they are to be relied on they mean to be Neuter, we have already Learnt their good Intentions & Great Expectations in Receiving Presents. However I think we have full ents. However I think we have full as much wita us as will satisfy them, we have not a word of news here, more Soldiers Returning from than there are going to the Camp. I hope that is not the case in Philada." "I am Sir with Comps. to my Brethren your Hubl. Servt, ren your Hubl. Servt, "JOHN BULL." The journals of Congress show that on June 13, 1777, the Auditor General reported due Abraham Berlin, chairman of the Committee of Northampton man of the Committee of Northampton county, "for the amount of his account of sundries supplied the Indians by order of the Commissioners at the Conference held at Easton, $1,410.48." ference held at Easton, $1,410.48." The State archives contain the following account of lowing account of "THE EXPENCE OF THE INGENS." To 1 Gall, of spiritts PS2 4 To 1 Bottel 1 To 2 wine Decanters 12 6 To 18 Gall, of Sider 2-8 2 8 To 11 Gall. Sider J. C, 8-0. . . 4 8 To 7 Boles Tody 110 To 4 Dobel Boles Do 1 4 To 15 Nithes and Days hay for one horse 2 5 To 11 Do 1 13 8 Do 1 4 7 Do 1 1 PS18 1 6 2 Nithes hay 4 PS18 5 6 Received Fb'y 18th, 1777, of Jas. Dean, the within acc't in full, for Isaac Sidman. HENRY FULLERT. Isaac Sidman, above referred to, was a native of Orange county, N. Y., who, when a youth, came to Easton, and there engaged in surveying and as a dealer in real estate. Two of his properties in Plainfleld township, after the erties in Plainfleld township, after the English custom, were named "Montpelier" and Belfast" respectively. He lier" and Belfast" respectively. He married Elizabeth Nungesser, a daughter of Peter Nungesser, of the inn ter of Peter Nungesser, of the inn bearing the "Sign of the Globe," afterwards known as the "Bull's Head." wards known as the "Bull's Head." He was a colonel of militia in the Revolutionary War. He died at Easton in 1807, leaving a son Samuel, a ton in 1807, leaving a son Samuel, a daughter who married George Bush and one who married Paul Higgins. Descendants of these are living. Henry Fullert, whose name appears on many of the official documents of early times, was at this period the sheriff of the county. The Committee on Indian Affairs, of the Continental Congress, on February 27, 1777, brought in a report as follows, which was read and ordered to lie on the table: "That the treaty said to be entered into at Easton the 30 day of Jan'y 1777 between George Walton and George Taylor Esqs. in behalf of the United States, and certain Indians pretending to be a Deputation from the Six Indian Nations, be disapproved of, as no Powers did exist in either of the Partys to ers did exist in either of the Partys to enable them to engage in such Treaty. "That Copys of said Treaty, together with the Resolutions of Congress and all other papers relative to said Negotiation, be transmitted to the Commis- tiation, be transmitted to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs in the North- sioners of Indian Affairs in the Northern Department, who are directed to ern Department, who are directed to take such steps as to them shall appear prudent to prevent any ill effects pear prudent to prevent any ill effects which may result from said Transaction. tion. "That said Commissioners make such enquiry as they shall judge proper wheither any real Uneasiness does exist amongst the Indians of the Six ist amongst the Indians of the Six Nations respecting any Settlements which they may suppose have been made upon their Lands by the People of these United States as mentioned in said Treaty and transmit the Result of such Enquiry to Congress." The following genealogical and biographical notes concerning the two graphical notes concerning the two Indian chiefs whose names are intimately associated with the Colonial mately associated with the Colonial history of your community are given as a matter of recc ) d : TEEDYUSCUNG. 1. Capt. Harris, of Pocopoco, a "Dela- ware of the Lowlands," migrated from the Raritan, New Jersey, the neighborhood where his ancestors, the Lenape, hood where his ancestors, the Lenape, had been seated from time immemorial in company with others of the rial in company with others of the Turtle trioe, to the Province of Pennsylvania about the year 1725. Finding no sylvania about the year 1725. Finding no white men at the Forks of the Delaware, they gypsied unmolested along ware, they gypsied unmolested along the Leheitan. Monocasy, Catasauqua and the Hockenuaqua all south, and along the Aquanshicola and Pocopoco north of the Blue Mountains. On crossing this barrier they reached the land ing this barrier they reached the land of their kinsmen, the Wolf Delawares or Monseys. They built their wigwams along the Pocopoco, and there Capt. Harris becoming aged and infirm in after years was, as is often the case with old Indians "left to starve to death." He was twice married. Of his children we have the following: 2. i. Teedyuscung, born about 1705, of whom presently. ii. Tom. 3. iii. . Weshichagechene, or Nicode- mus. 4. iv. Sam Evans. 5. V. Capt. John, of Nazareth. II. Teedyuscung, born about 1705; was king of the Delawares and an Indian of great prominence in Pennsylva- dian of great prominence in Pennsylvania Provincial history; was burned to nia Provincial history; was burned to death in his cabin on the nineteenth of cornplanting month, Tauwinipen (April), 1763. Was called Honest John. When he was converted to the Moravian faith and baptized by them he was named "Gideon." His wife's English name was Elizabeth, daughter of Erdmuth, and was baptized by Rev. Martin Mack. Their children were: i. Tachgokanhelle, born 1728, baptized at Gnadenhutten by Bishop Cam- tized at Gnadenhutten by Bishop Cammerhoff December 14, 1750, and named merhoff December 14, 1750, and named "Amos;" married Pingtis, a Jersey Delaware, sister of Agnes Post, and at her baptism by Bishop Cardmerhoff in 17.50 named "Justina." ii. Kesmitas. iii. John Jacob. lil.. Weshichagechene, or Nicodemus, alias Joe Evans; a prominent In- mus, alias Joe Evans; a prominent Indian character in our Provincial his- dian character in our Provincial history; his children, all baptized at Gnad- tory; his children, all baptized at Gnadenhutten, were: enhutten, were: i. Zacharuas. ii. Christina. iii. Nathan. iv. Thom-as. v. Gashatis. vi. Dorothea. IV. Sam Evans, son of Capt. Harris, of Pocopoco, had, among other children: dren: i. Aktees, or Theodora, born 1742, died January 17, 1761, at Bethlehem. ii. Joe Evans, iii. Sam Evans, Jr. V. Captain John, of Nazareth, was expelled from his corn lands and peach orchards by the whites in 1742. Of his children we have the name of: i. Capt. Harris, Jr., alias Peter, baptized January 21, 1/5). tized January 21, 1/5). Teedyuscung had a grandson in 1756, John Swalling, but the names of his parents are unknown. Tedyuscung has not been altogether forgotten. On the summit of the precipitous "Indian Rock" overlooking the cipitous "Indian Rock" overlooking the picturesque Wissahickon creek, near Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, will soon be erected a handsome bronze statue to cost about $7,000, presented by Charles W. Henry, Esq., a prominent citizen of Chestnut Hill. In designing the statue, this famous Indian Chief is clothed in the full war regalia of the Lenni Lenape tribe, which until 17G3 had their home in these parts. The rock on which the statue is to be erected, and where since 1856 a wooden figure of Tedyuscung has stood, was en figure of Tedyuscung has stood, was formerly known as Council Rock, the last council of the Lenape tribe of Indians having been held on this rock dians having been held on this rock in 1763, just before their departure for the reservation granted them in the Wyoming Valley. It was on this rock according to legendary history that Tedyuscung took a farewell look over the beautiful Wissahickon ravine. TATAMY. The history of your picturesque Bushkill Valley and the traditions which are associated with it relate chiefly to the period ante dating the Revolution. It was a favorite locality for the Indians, the chief of which was the one bearing the above name -sometimes also written Tattami, To- sometimes also written Tattami, Totami, and Titimy, and who was some- tami, and Titimy, and who was sometimes called "Old Moses," also Tundy." times called "Old Moses," also Tundy." He was born in the Province of New Jersey about the year 1695, but when young moved into the forks of the Delaware. He acted as interpreter and aware. He acted as interpreter and peacemaker for the Proprietaries for a number of years. During the year 1758 he was sent by the Governor of New Jersey with a message to the Minisink Indians. He also served as interpreter for the celebrated missionary David Brainerd, became a convert ary David Brainerd, became a convert to his religion, himself and wife receiving the right of baptism on the 21st of ing the right of baptism on the 21st of July, 1745, the former receiving the name of Moses Tunda Tatamy. Tatamy made a settlement and had a plan- amy made a settlement and had a plantation near a place called the "Orch- tation near a place called the "Orchard," in the vicinity of the present vill- ard," in the vicinity of the present village of Stockertown, in Northampton age of Stockertown, in Northampton county, previous to the year 1733. In that year a survey, including the settlement and plantation, was made for ment and plantation, was made for him, the tract containing 315 acres and allowance. This tract was warranted to him by patent dated April 28, 1738 (called patent No. 1), "in consideration of the friendship we bear and the tion of the friendship we bear and the regard always expressed for the Indians of this, our Province." But since ans of this, our Province." But since the tract of land granted by this patent was subject to an entailment, a new patent was given him, his heirs and assigns, dated January 22, 1741, upon condition of his paying the sum of PS48 8s. 6d. and surrendering patent No. 1, in order to be cancelled. This tract afterwards became the property of William Allen, as the following receipt will show: "Received, Philadel- ceipt will show: "Received, Philadelphia, January 8, 1760, of Melchoir phia, January 8, 1760, of Melchoir Stecher, PS56, in part of interest due from George Shombach on the tract of land of 315 acres I sold Shombach in Northampton county 27th December, 1753, who has since sold the same to Melchoir Stecher, to whom I am to convey said tract of land in fee, upon his, vey said tract of land in fee, upon his, the said Melchoir Stecher, paying the remaining principal of the consideration money, being PS222 14s. and PS10 tion money, being PS222 14s. and PS10 13s. lOd., being the balance of interest due thereon the 27th December, 1759. William Allen." It seems that the title from Allen to Stecher was not perfected during the lifetime of the former, ed during the lifetime of the former, for we find that Edward Shippen, as executor of William Allen, deceased, by deed July 24, 1800, conveyed said tract called "Tatamy's Tract" to Henry and Matthias Stecher, devisees of Melchoir Stecher, deceased. After care- choir Stecher, deceased. After careful search among the records of North- ful search among the records of Northampton county we have been unable to ampton county we have been unable to find the conveyance to W. Allen or a recital to that effect. The missing deed, if found, would supply a link in the history of Tatamy. Of his death we have no information. Of the descendants of Tunda Tatamy we know but ants of Tunda Tatamy we know but little. He had sons, William and Nicholas. On the 8fh day of July, 1757, Wil- las. On the 8fh day of July, 1757, William was shot by a Scotch-Irish lad liam was shot by a Scotch-Irish lad while straying from a body of Indians who were marching from Fort Allen to Easton under escort of Capt. Jacob Arndt.irom the effects of which he soon after died. Nicholas died near Easton some time during the year 1784, and left a wife, Ann, and a son called Moses. The records of Northampton county show that Ann made her mark but Moses wrote his own name in a fair handwriting. The personal property of Nicholas Tatamy was appraised erty of Nicholas Tatamy was appraised by Philip Odenwelder and Johannes D. Walter, and amounted to PS4 10s. 6d. He at one time owned a tract of land containing 180 1^ acres, called the Indelamookong, situated on the northeast branch of the Susquehanna river, east branch of the Susquehanna river, opposite the Indian settlement called Sheshequin, formerly in Northampton county. This tract was granted to him by patent dated December 6, 1773. He afterwards sold it to a certain John Brotsman, of the city of Philadelphia. 'i'he announcement of the shooting of "Bill Tatamy" was thus made by Capt.Arndt in a letter to the Governor: "Easton, July 8, 1757. "May it please your Honor: "Sir: According as Titiuskong arrifed att fort AUin the 4th of these rifed att fort AUin the 4th of these Instend July, with aboud 150 Indins, with young and old, and aboud fivety was there allredey with young and old, and according as Titiuskong hath Infoi-med me that above one houndered foi-med me that above one houndered of the Sinekers Indins would come after him, that he was Intended to waid fore them att fort Allin six or seven Days, but as I fal wery shord with Provisions I was obligd to march with the Indins yesterday from fort Allin, there number was 150 that went with me to Easton, and the Remainder Stayd att fort Allin * * * sum went back with little Provision fore there famly Down, and yeasterday I Came so fare with them as to John Haysis.and there Wee Stayed all night and these Day, wee set off from there and arrifed Safe at Easton, with all the Indins except one, William Dattame, an Indin, went with oud my Knowledge, and against my orders to Bathlo- edge, and against my orders to Bathloham, and it hapened on his Road wen ham, and it hapened on his Road wen he had Turned off that a foolish wite boy, aboud 15 years of eage, folowed him, and Shot him in the Right Thigh of the out sid bone, but not morterly, and Just when I came with the Indins and Ten men of my Company to escord the Indins to Easton, William Hays came after me exepress with these Information, that William Dattamy was formation, that William Dattamy was Shot, and according as mayor Parsons is absand from Easton, I considered that it was wery necessecery to stay with my men att Easton, fore to Protackt the Indins and to hinder all tackt the Indins and to hinder all Scrobel and * * * which might fall out between Wite People and the Indins, until I shall Receve your houners fourter orders. "I am Sir, with all due Respect, "Your humble Serwind "att command, "JACOB ARNDT." After the shooting of young Tatamy he was attended by Dr. Otto, of Bethlehem, who had him conveyed to the lehem, who had him conveyed to the house of John Jones, a farmer living a mile east of Bethlehem. Dr. Otto reported the case to Justice Horsefield ported the case to Justice Horsefield as follows: "Bethlehem, 27th July 1757. "Mr. Horsefield: "Sir: I yesterday attended William Tatamy twice. His wound looks well, is without inflammation, and discharges its pus regularly. The swell- charges its pus regularly. The swelling is also gone. Today he turned him- ing is also gone. Today he turned himself alone, which he has not been able self alone, which he has not been able to do before, so that I believe, with good nursing and attendance, if nothing unforseen happens, he may, by ing unforseen happens, he may, by God's Help, recover. The violent Pain he complains of, at times, I apprehend, proceeds from some of the bones hend, proceeds from some of the bones in his Grom being shot thro', or at least the tendinous parts being much lacerated. You may depend upon it I shall do all in my power to perfect a cure. "I am Sir, "Your most humble servt., "JOHN MATTHEW OTTO." And to Governor Denny as follows: Bethlehem, 31st Jul. 1757. May it please your Honour, By the Letter I sent last Thursday, the 28th July, I gave your Honor an Account how it was with Wm. Tatamy, & the Circumstances of his Wound that Morning. The same Evening I found him in great Pains, the Wound did not look so well as before, and discharg'd very little of its Pus, & that charg'd very little of its Pus, & that mixt with Blood, and he had a very bad Night. Jul. 29th. In the Morning came nothing from the Wound but a little Blood, mix'd with Water. In the Evening he felt some Ease from his great ing he felt some Ease from his great Pains, but was Weaker than ever before, and his Puis was very low, in fore, and his Puis was very low, in which Circumstances Dr. Moore has seen him, who promis's me to acquaint your Honour therewith. In the Night thereupon he slept pretty much, but mostly out of Weakness. Yesterday he continued to sleep now & then, & his Puis was something better; he slept also last Night better than before. This Morning, it being Sunday, Jul. 31st, I open's His Thigh on the lower part, where for several Days I had observ'd a gathering, & the opening dis- serv'd a gathering, & the opening dischar'gd half a pint of extravasated char'gd half a pint of extravasated Blood, with some stinking Matter. As soon as I had made the Incision the Indian said he did feel himself much eased, and I hope it win have a good Effect. His Hand & Feet who have been almost continually cold, I have found today in a natural Warmth. I shall further acquaint your Honour how I find him from Day to Day. I am, Your Honour's Most obedient humble Servant, JOHN MATTHEW OTTO. P. S. -- Aug. 1st. As the Messenger by whom I intended to send this Letter was stopt yesterday by the Indians ter was stopt yesterday by the Indians who were to go with him, I can acquaint your Honour that a piece of quaint your Honour that a piece of Tendon, near 2 Inches long, came out of the Incision I have made last Night, and this morning the Wound where the Bullet has enter'd, discharg'd a piece of the Bone and I suspect some more. After lingering a month young Tatamy died August 9th, 1757, at the house my died August 9th, 1757, at the house of Mr. Jones. Meanwhile he was visited Dy the Moravians of Bethlehem and ed Dy the Moravians of Bethlehem and ministered to spiritually by Rev. Jacob Rogers -- young Tatamy having, under Rev. John Brainerd's teaching, become a convert. On August 11th he was buried in the old graveyard near the "Crown Inn," the present site of the Lehigh Valley Railroad station at South Bethlehem, in the presence of upwards of 200 Indians. HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Conditions and Events in 1832. NEW SERIES-- NO. 5. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. In a previous communication I referred to the establishment at Easton ferred to the establishment at Easton in 1794 of the "Easton Union Academy" and how it became the germ from which sprung Lafayette College, in the same manner as did old Washington College, Virginia (now Washington and Lee University), chartered 1782, spring from the Augusta Academy, afterwards Liberty Hall, founded before the Revolution. lution. The first organized movement to establish a college was in December, tablish a college was in December, 1824; two years later (1826) a charter was granted; after two more years (1828) an effort was made at organization by the election of a president, but tion by the election of a president, but no one wanted this responsibility, and not until 1832 did the institution get in working order -- a slow development, but one typical of the times. The following is the first announcement made of the beginning of opera- ment made of the beginning of operations, seventy years ago: tions, seventy years ago: "LAFAYETTE COLLEGE.-- This institution is about going into effect at stitution is about going into effect at this place on the first of April next. The Trustees have taken Mr. Christopher Midler's farm south of the Lehigh pher Midler's farm south of the Lehigh bridge, adjoining the borough, with all the buildings, for the institution. The Rev. George Junkin, at present principal of the manuel labor school at Ger- pal of the manuel labor school at Germantown,i^as been appointed President mantown,i^as been appointed President of the college. The other professors have not as yet oeen selected. The institution will combine agriculture and manuel labor,with the usual course of collegiate studies. The terms of the charter authorize the taking of scholars of any grade, and permits them to graduate in any or all the branches. "The excellent location of the college, about equidistant from Philadel- lege, about equidistant from Philadelphia and New York, the high charac- phia and New York, the high character & standing of the President, and ter & standing of the President, and the cheapness with which the students can be maintained and taught,we trust, will make this institution flourishing and eminently useful." [February 14, 1832.] The opening of the college became an incentive for the establishment of additional preparatory schools in your midst: "SELECT SCHOOL. THE SUBSCRIBER lately from New York, will open on Monday next, at the Academy in this place, a Select School for instruction in the higher branches of an English Education, and in the Latin and Greek languages. He of course brings good testimonials of character, ability and qualifications. He is determined to devote himself witi^ untiring assiduity to the instruction of his pupils and can warrant tion of his pupils and can warrant these who have any disposition to improve, a rapid progress in the branches prove, a rapid progress in the branches they pursue. The following among other branches will be taught: TERMS. English Grammar Arithmetick ?4 per quar. Geography History Geometry Surveying $6 per quar. Chymistry Philosophy-Natural, Mental and Moral tal and Moral And the Latin and Greek Languages $8 per quar. Those who wish to attend to reading and writing in connexion with some other branch, will be received. Young men wishing to finish an education for business, and those designing to prepare for College, will do well to call. pare for College, will do well to call. Applications may be made to the subscriber at Mrs. Lerch's, nearly opposite the Library. posite the Library. N. B. -- Scholars may attend the first week, and if not satisfied withdraw without charge. ASA A. STONE. Easton, January 3d, 1832." In strong contrast with the train and postal accommodations of your city from Philadelphia today, when you have sixteen trains and seven mails, is the following announcement made in 1832: "PHILADELPHIA AND EASTON LINE OF STAGES. The mail contract for the ensuing four years is taken by Mr. Reeside of Philadeljjhia, and the Messrs. Shouses of this place, and the line is a continuous one from Philadelphia via Easton ous one from Philadelphia via Easton to Mount Pleasant in Wayne County, on the Owego road. This line is admirably stocked. The carriages are mirably stocked. The carriages are of the first order of post coaches, Troy built, and the horses as fine as those on any other line we have seen. Several gentlemen who have travelled much in stages, assure us that they have met with no line in the United States with superior accommodations. and few, indeed, with anything like as good. We trust that these enterprising gentlemen may be encouraged as ing gentlemen may be encouraged as they deserve." The hundredth anniversary of the birth of George Washington was celebrated at Easton, with special cere- brated at Easton, with special ceremonies. The first observance of Wash- monies. The first observance of Washington's birthday in your vicinity was ington's birthday in your vicinity was probably in 1809, by the Masonic lodge in Greenwich [Phillipsburg, N. J.] to which many Eastonians were attached. The feature of Introducing the day with a Birth Night BalJ came later -the day following (the 22d) being gen- the day following (the 22d) being generally celebrated by the militia -- then erally celebrated by the militia -- then such an important social factor. The observance of the anniversary of the birth of the "Father of his Country" continued on an extensive scale until the breaking out of the Rebellion; after that, for some years, the only re- ter that, for some years, the only reminder of the day was the parade of minder of the day was the parade of Major Meixell's Drum and Fife Corps, and finally all observance of the day was practically abandoned. "Birth Night Ball -- The subschibers to the birth-night Ball, and other gentlemen desirous of attending, are re- tlemen desirous of attending, are requested to meet at William Shouse's quested to meet at William Shouse's Hotel, tomorrow evening, [Februray 14, 18321 for the purpose of electing Managers and making arrangements." A contemporary journal contained the following recommendation as to its celebration in 1832: "Mr. Editor: I see that there is a great deal of preparation going on in different parts of the country, to celebrate the centennial birth day of our brate the centennial birth day of our illustrious Washington. In different places illuminations and processions are to take place on that day, but in our own goodly borough (though it is true some splendid preparations have been made by the volunteer companies) I think the people are somewhat backward about preparing to celebrate the ward about preparing to celebrate the day -- therefore, I would recommend to the Firemen of Easton, that they form a procession on the 22d of February, and each company draw their ruary, and each company draw their respective Engine and Hose carriage in procession aroimd the town. If this meet the approbation of our fireman they had better call a general meeting of all tue companies, in the court house or any other suitable place, and fix on the form of the procession, and the station each Engine shall take in the same, and also the hour at which it shall take place. This would not only be giving the firemen a chance of celebrating the day, but it would be grati- brating the day, but it would be gratifying to a great number of our citizens, fying to a great number of our citizens, and it would also afford an opportunity of seeing the fire apparatus, with which, I do not believe there is a single town, of its size, in the state, so well provided as Easton. These are the thoughts of A CITIZEN. February 14th, 1832." Complete accounts of how the day was observed are given below for permanent record, and that present and manent record, and that present and future generations may learn something of the patriotism of their fore- thing of the patriotism of their forefathers of that time: fathers of that time: "CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE BIRTH OF WASHINGTON. At a meeting of the Citizen Volunteers, held at the public house of John teers, held at the public house of John Burt, on Saturday evening last [February 11, 1832], a committee was appoint- ary 11, 1832], a committee was appointed to make the necessary arrangements ed to make the necessary arrangements to celebrate the day which gave birth to the illustrious and renowned patriot and statesman. Gen. George Washington. The committee have adopted the ton. The committee have adopted the following: 1st -- That the gun be conveyed to Mt. Jefferson on the morning of the22d instant, and a salute of 50 guns be fired at sunrise. 2d -- That the bells of the several public edifices in the borough commence ringing on the first repoi't of the mence ringing on the first repoi't of the "La Unca," the gun of the corps. 3d -- That the company form at the arsenal at the time ordered. 4th -- That the company proceed to the Episcopal Church at 12 o'clock noon, when an oration will be delivered by the Rev. Mr. Beasley, and the farewell address of Gen. Washington read well address of Gen. Washington read by Lieut. Shultze. 5th -- That after the oration the company proceed to the house of John pany proceed to the house of John Burt, where refreshments will be provided. vided. 6th -- At sunset a salute of 50 guns be fired. The members of the company are requested to call on either of the undersigned committee for a badge procured signed committee for a badge procured for the occasion. VALENTINE WAGENER, JOSEPH HAMPTON, EDWARD L. GARREN, JOSIAH P. HETRICH, JAMES D. MASON, Committee." "CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OP WASHINGTON'S BIRTH BY THE WASHINGTON GRAYS AND FIRST EASTON TROOP. At a special meeting of the Washington Grays held at the house of Melchoir ton Grays held at the house of Melchoir Horn on Saturday evening, February 11th, 1832, on motion, Capt. Yohe was called to the chair and David Barnet appointed Secretary pro tem. It was Resolved, That the Washington Grays celebrate the centennary birthday of George Washington. day of George Washington. Resolved, That the celebration of said anniversary shall embrace the following arrangements of said company, lowing arrangements of said company, 1st -- That the day be ushered in by a salute of 13 guns. 2d -- That a salute of 24 guns be fired at sunrise and the bells be rung. 3d -- That the company parade at half-past 8 o'clock, fully equipt. 4th -- That a salute of 50 gvms be fired at 12 o'clock and a salute of 13 guns at sunset. 5th -- That the companies dine at 2 o'clock at the house of William Shouse. Resolved, That Lieut. Field, Sergt. Tiudall and Private Hammann compose a committee to make application to the proper authorities to have the bells rung during the day. On, motion, the meeting adjourned. DAVID BARNET, Sec. pro tem." "CELEBRATIONS. Celebration of the Centennial Birthday of Washington by the Citizen Volunteers. The corps commenced the celebration by one gun at daybreak, when the tion by one gun at daybreak, when the reveille was beaten. Fifty guns were fired at sunrise & the several bells rung. The corps paraded at 9 o'clock, and after marching through the principal streets of the borough, proceeded cipal streets of the borough, proceeded to Mr. White's Hotel, to receive the revolutionary soldiers. The line was formed in front of the Hotel, and after paying military honors to the veterans of '76, they wei-e received in the centre of the company, each wearing a badge furnished by the Committee of Arrangement. The company then proceeded to the Episcopal Church, and ceeded to the Episcopal Church, and after conducting the revolutionary soldiers to seats in the chancel, the cere- diers to seats in the chancel, the ceremonies of the day commenced as fol- monies of the day commenced as follows: lows: 1st -- Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Vanderveer. veer. 2d -- Music by the Choir. 3d -- Washington's Farewell Address read by Lieut. Shultz. 4th -- Music by the Choir. 5th -- An oration by the Revd. Mr. Beasly. 6th -- Music by the Choir. 7th -- Prayer by the Revd. Mr. Beasly. After which the company re-formed, and taking the revolutionary soldiers again in their centre, proceeded to the public house of Mr. Burt, where an excellent dinner was prepared. The cellent dinner was prepared. The company sat down to dinner at 2 o'clock; after the cloth was removed, Capt. Wagener was appointed President and Lieutenant Shultz and Het- dent and Lieutenant Shultz and Hetrich Vice Presidents. It was, on mo- rich Vice Presidents. It was, on motion, Resolved, That a committee of tion, Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to draft the regular toasts. Lieuts. Shultz and Hetrich and Sergeant D. W. Butz were appointed said committee, who, after retiring, ed said committee, who, after retiring, reported the following toasts, which were drank. TOASTS. 1. The day we celebrate, the first centennary birthday we have ever seen, the last we may ever expect to see. May it be celebrated with becoming spirit throughout the United States. ing spirit throughout the United States. 18 cheers. 2. The President of the United States. 9 cheers. 3. The Governor of Pennsylvania. 9 cheers. 4. The surviving heroes of 76; though few remain with us, let us not forget they are the last of a noble race and do becoming honor to their grey hairs. 18 cheers. 5. The military convention; may the Legislature attend to their suggestions and the loud call of the volunteers for aid be speedily answered. 9 cheers. 6. Education; it was strongly recom- mended by Washington and should command the attention of Legislature of the present day. 9 cheers. 7. The Union; like an ancient Castle composed of separate columns, to remove or destroy one would be destruc- move or destroy one would be destruction of the edifice. tion of the edifice. 8. The Orator of the day, the reader of Washington's Farewell address and the choir of Trinity Church; they are entitled to the thanks of the corps. 9 cheers. 9. Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 9 cheers. 10. LaFayette, the friend of Wash- ington, the champion of liberty in America and Europe. 18 cheers. 11. The Town Council of Easton; should they live to see another celebration anniversary, may they be more tion anniversary, may they be more favourably disposed to illuminations. 9 cheers. 12. Mechanics, the bone and sinew of our country. 9 cheers. 13. The Fair sex; their appearance this day was highly creditable to themselves and flattering to the corps. selves and flattering to the corps. 21 cheers." By Lieut. Hetrich. The nullifiers of the south -- Like the fabled dog -- ready to drop a certainty, and grasp at a shadow. By John Head (a revolutionary soldier, aged 75 years) -- the immortal dier, aged 75 years) -- the immortal Washington, may his name be in remembrance and revered by every true membrance and revered by every true American as long as the globe rolls on its axis. And the departed worthies of the revolution and of the last war, who nobly fell in the good cause of libei'ty -- and may due respect be paid to all those who have ventured their lives in the cause of the American Eagle. And may she continue to fly on the wings of liberty and spread peace and plenty throughout the world. By Gen. Gress, (a revolutionary soldier) -- Gen. Anthony Wayne, the gal- dier) -- Gen. Anthony Wayne, the gallant soldier of the revolution, his name lant soldier of the revolution, his name is found with those of Washington, La Fayette, and Warren. By Quartermaster Wright -- the revolutionary soldiers who celebrate the lutionary soldiers who celebrate the day with us, living monuments of their country's greatness, may we be more willing to serve the living than to honor the dead. or the dead. By Sergeant D. W. Butz -- The sages of the Revolution; to honor our worthy sires is our greatest pride. By Corporal Knight -- May peace and happiness descend upon that illustrious band of patriots who, despising danger and death, determined to be free or gloriously perish in the cause. By Thomas McNulty -- America; she is free and independent; may she continue to be so forever, and not forget tinue to be so forever, and not forget our beloved Washington, who fought to gain her liberty. By John Eyerman -- The memory of Washington; he can never be forgotten while republican America is his monument. ment. By E. L. Garren -- The 22d of February, 1732, the day which we gave birth ary, 1732, the day which we gave birth to our beloved Washington, the father and protector of our country and founder of peace; may it never be forgotten. gotten. "Each aged sire should teach his infant son fant son To lisp the praise of Washington." By Jacob Wagener -- Washington; may his birthday be celebrated whilst liberty has a friend. By Charles Grotz -- The memory of Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence. By John Osterstock -- May every friend to his country and to freedom adopt for his motto the language of the exalted statesman: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." By John Burt -- The birth of General Washington; may the freedom he gained for us never be neglected. Prosperity to the "Blues" and never mind perity to the "Blues" and never mind the "Greys." By Charles D. Horn -- Washington. "In all that he did, in all that he said. The bliss of mankind was intended; He rose for their good, to support them he stood. And liberty ever defended." By Samuel Horn -- The volunteers of Pennsylvania; may the Legislature think as much of them as they deserve. By the company -- Our host and hostess; it is not the first time they have ess; it is not the first time they have received our thanks and we hope it will not be the last; they know how to cook a soldier's fare, and deserve a "soldier's gratitude." The company then formed and escored the Revolutionary soldiers to cored the Revolutionary soldiers to White's hotel, and proceeded to Mt. Jefferson and fired fifty rounds, completing 100 for the day. After march- pleting 100 for the day. After marching through the principal streets they ing through the principal streets they proceeded to Centre Square and dismissed at a seasonable hour, all well missed at a seasonable hour, all well pleased with the duties of the day. I recently referred to the tariff agitation of this time, and also introduced tation of this time, and also introduced to the readers of these sketches Anne Royall, w^hose account of a visit to the Lehigh Valley in 1828, I am pleased to learn, was enjoyed by many of its readers. One of her many free trade opin- ers. One of her many free trade opinions was expressed in her newspaper, ions was expressed in her newspaper, "Paul Pry," in the following characteristic lines: istic lines: "We wish Congress would take the duty off of FLANNEL; we are nearly frozen to death; and let them do it soon. The Ninnies talking nonsense "all time" and we women freezing to death; what will they do if all the women freeze up." [January 17, 1832.] FRESHET OF 1832. The freshet of 1832 was the highest in the Delaware river since that of 1814. It was described in a local news- paper as follows: "We have now a roaring freshet in the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware commenced rising the night be- ware commenced rising the night before last. Yesterday evening it was fore last. Yesterday evening it was up to the 18 feet mark on the pier of the bridge. This morning at 8 o'clock it was at 21. The water is now 8 feet over the Lehigh dam. Until last evening the Lehigh was highest; during the ing the Lehigh was highest; during the night the water in the Lehigh fell and the Delaware got the ascendency. The low lands at South Easton and the Philadelphia road below the Lehigh bridge are under water, and the Philadelphia stage had to take the hill road delphia stage had to take the hill road this morning. For some distance below this place the water has covered the tow path of the canal. What amount of damage is done cannot be ascertained until the subsidingof thewaters. tained until the subsidingof thewaters. Considerable apprehensions were last night entertained about the Lehigh dam. Many supposed a breach to some extent had occurred in it. How that is cannot now be ascertained. The banks of our rivers are pretty high, which saved us from much injury, and the water was considerably jury, and the water was considerably higher some years ago; still we consider it a pretty high freshet among sider it a pretty high freshet among us moderate folks, although it is nothing to that recently experienced on the ing to that recently experienced on the Ohio, where the water rose 70 or 80 feet. There has been a great deal of ice di-iving on the Delaware during last night and this morning -- a Durham boat was caught today. We have had lots of trees, logs, slabs, &c. descending, which have given employment to ing, which have given employment to our wood catchers. Some of them did not place their gains high enough up in the world, and this morning had to do their work over again. We have had no houses, saw-mills, or any such new kind of craft navigating our rivers, but have now water ing our rivers, but have now water enough to float the largest steam-boat in the Union." Previous records showed the maximum high water above low water mum high water above low water mark in the Delaware to have been: Pumpkin Freshet of 1784, 26i^ ft. Freshet of 1814, 24i^ ft. Freshet of 1828, 17 ft. Freshet (above noted) 1832, 21 ft. The commercial statistics record that March 8th, 1832, there "Arrived at South Easton, via the Lehigh Canal, 1,287 barrels of flour and 200 barrels of whiskey, from Bethlehem and Allentow^n." tow^n." It would be interesting to know what was done with so much flour? "On Friday last [March 16, 1832] our annual borough election was held. We had quite an animated turn out. We give below the number of votes polled for the several individuals, with the exception of those for auditors of the accounts of the Town Council. The gentlemen whose names are in capitals are elected. TOWN COUNCIL, ISAAC C. WIKOFF 276 SAMUEL YOHE 217 S. DRINKHOUSE 166 William Shouse 115 Joseph Snyder 106 John Heckman 94 Peter Snyder 84 CONSTABLES. JOHN LEIDY 295 WILLIAM GRAY 183 Abr'm. Sigman 166 Charles Heckman 121 Adam Hawk 65 John Bell 62 OVERSEER OF THE POOR. WILLIAM GREENE 86 EVAN REES 85 ROBERT JONES, JR 83 JOHN TITUS 82 Peter S. Michler 78 William Bixler 74 W. L. Sebring 71 Joseph Herster 69 Peter Pomp 69 C. Dusenbery 68 John J. Burke 66 J. P. Hetrich 65 At a meeting of the Council of Easton, on Friday the March 23d the fol- ton, on Friday the March 23d the following gentlemen were chosen officers lowing gentlemen were chosen officers for the ensuing year, viz: President. Peter S. Michler. Treasurer. Jesse M. Howell. Town Clerk. Charles Kitchen. Chief Burgess. Jacob Weygandt. Supervisors. Barnabas Davis. Adam Lehn. High Constable. Eli Mettler. Street Commissioners and Committee on Roads. Abraham Miller. Isaac C. Wikoff. Samuel Yohe. Market Committee. John Barnet. Abraham Miller. Saml. Drinkhouse. Committee on Fire Apparatus. Samuel Yohe. S. Drinkhouse. John Barnet." An old time firemen's contest with appliances now antique. "The Water fight -- Saturday last [April 7, 1832] was a day big with the fate of Firemen! The new "Phoenix" Company turned out to practise on the Engine. The "Columbia," (late Jackson, for Jacksonism seems to be going son, for Jacksonism seems to be going down) followed suit. Having posted themselves in the square, they alternately tried which could raise the nately tried which could raise the streams of water highest over the court-house cupola. The Phoenix is much the larger engine, and requires more hands, and threw the water in greater quantities and to a greater height than the other. This is however when fully manned. The other is ever when fully manned. The other is a capital engine. In the course of these trials they happened to cross each other's columns, and some water sprinkled -- they then levelled at each other, and bang, bang went the water. After all hands at each engine were pretty well ducked, they abandoned this kind of fun -- the Columbians rather coming off conquerors. er coming off conquerors. The old "Humane" next made her appearance, and showed that although well stricken in years, she was still strong and vigorous; and then the junior company came out with the old ior company came out with the old "Phoenix" now "Niagara" and threw torrents of water all about, to nearly, if not quite as great a distance as any of them." No political campaign of the olden time was complete without its campaign poetry and campaign songs, and paign poetry and campaign songs, and they often had a greater influence in the gaining of votes, than the eloquence of the stump speaker. quence of the stump speaker. FOR THE WHIG. [Feb. 1832] Mr. Editor -- Some songs are sometimes as serviceable as some sermons times as serviceable as some sermons -- if you think the following is of that class, you will please insert it among the squibs of the day. Song -- Tune, "Down goes the Hickory, O!" ory, O!" Ken ye aught of Martin Van, Igo and ago -Where'll we find that cunning man, Where'll we find that cunning man, Iram coram dago. Has he returned frae Johnnie Bull, Igo and ago -"Hickory" wires again to pull? "Hickory" wires again to pull? Iram coram dago. Or shall we find him at St. James, Igo and ago -Boldly urging Yankee claims; Boldly urging Yankee claims; Iram coram dago. Did he represent the nation, Igo and ago -Or his party's degradation? Or his party's degradation? Iram coram dago. Could the "greatest and the best" Igo and ago -Send a bird to foul his nest? Send a bird to foul his nest? Iram coram dago. If he did -- we know of some, Igo and ago -Who think that bird is best at "hum" Who think that bird is best at "hum" Iram coram dago. Martin must return in spring, Igo and ago -Then sweetly we shall hear him sing. Then sweetly we shall hear him sing. Silver in a bag, O! Uncle Sam shall never crouch, Igo and ago -While he owns a rifle pouch; While he owns a rifle pouch; Iram coram dago. SMALL FINGERS. "All men have an attachment to the place of their residence and to a mind possessed of ordaining philanthropy nothing affords more pleasure than the contemplation of the general prosperity which surrounds him. perity which surrounds him. We took a stroll through our Borough a few days since and visited sev- ough a few days since and visited several of the industrious establishments eral of the industrious establishments which characterize it. We had not for a considerable time previous taken such a peregrination and truly we ken such a peregrination and truly we were astonished at the changes which a short period had wrought. The number of new buildings erected, the various branches of industry ed, the various branches of industry pursued; and the improvements in the modus operandi afforded us much pleasure. We were particularly struck with the foundry of Messrs. Barnet & Gangwehr, where castings of every descrip- wehr, where castings of every description are executed with great neatness tion are executed with great neatness and upon a large scale -- steam engines constructed, etc. etc. They have a new steam engine being constructed (as the phrase now goes) to drive their own works, and a large smithery for heavy work attached to it, and carried on under the same roof. A short time since we also visited the tannery of Mr. Aaron Snyder tnrough which we were conducted by the courteous and enterprising proprietor, who drives his works with an ex- tor, who drives his works with an excellent steam engine. This tannery as cellent steam engine. This tannery as well as the two belonging to Messrs. John Barnet, and Peter Snyder, are carried on upon a large scale. Mr. Hinds has also a steam engine to drive his carding and spinning establishment, and as soon as our list of lishment, and as soon as our list of subscribers increases so that we can no longer strike off the "Whig" on the ramage press, we shall call on Messrs. Barnet and Gangwehr and have a steam printing press constructed. A few years since a steam engine would have been a greater curiosity here than an elephant. Besides we have had established within a few years three coach making establishments by Messrs. Wilson P. Carman, Eben Owen, and Locey & Mason. We have also cabinet and chair making establishments by the dozen, with sundry other mechanical establishments, too tedious to mention. tion. Our millers and storekeepers are not idle; our distillers (maugre all we temperance men can do) are distilling the deleterious spirit, yecleped whiskey in quantity sufficient to excite half key in quantity sufficient to excite half a continent. All who are industrious and we take pleasure in recording that industry, as well as enterprise, distinguish most of our citizens are thriving. We should not omit that our hardy boatmen are kept fully employed in transporting our surplus products to market, and that the shores of the Delaware as well as those of the basin on aware as well as those of the basin on the Lehigh are lined with business and business men. After we had prepared the above remarks for the Press, we were favored marks for the Press, we were favored with a communication by an intelligent gentleman of this place headed gent gentleman of this place headed "A sketch of Easton" In which a detailed account is given of things as tailed account is given of things as they are in our immediate vicinity, which we are obliged from its great length to omit until next week." (Sketch appeared in XLIX -- First Series. Republicans are not ungrateful. "Another Editor rewarded. -- Samuel Innes, Editor of the Easton Argus was yesterday [May 7, 1832] promoted to the office of Corporal of the Sixth Company 97th Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, Commanded by Captain Sigman. This appointment shows that man. This appointment shows that the Captain has found out one of his best men. The parade. -- Yesterday the Fifth and Sixth Companies of Militia paraded in this Borough; The first Com- raded in this Borough; The first Commanded by Captain James Ward, and manded by Captain James Ward, and the latter by Captain Abraham Sigman. man. ATTENTION TROOP. The first Easton troop; will assemble for drill on Monday the 7th May ble for drill on Monday the 7th May [1832] next at 10 o'clock A. M. in the square in front of the Easton Hotel, provided with eleven rounds of blank, and two ball cartridges, for the purpose of firing for a ridges, for the purpose of firing for a one dollar. By Order of the Captain. A. PRIOR, O. S. The first Easton Troop made their appearance for the first time under Captain Hiram Yard. The troop although few in number made a good ap- though few in number made a good appearance, and much improved in their pearance, and much improved in their exercise. In the afternoon they proceeded to an out lot in the suburbs of ceeded to an out lot in the suburbs of the town and tried their skill at target firing for a splendid medal manu- get firing for a splendid medal manufactured by Messrs. Voute & Miller, factured by Messrs. Voute & Miller, Jewelers of this place. The firing with few exceptions was very good, and the medal won by Mr. Abraham Coryell a private in the Company. The motto on the medal is 'Our Country Right or Wrong." " First announcement of the Opening of Lafayette College. La Fayette College -- The Summer term or session of this institution will commence tomorrow, [May 9th, 1832]. The location of the Institution, immediately across the river Lehigh mediately across the river Lehigh from this place, on a fertile and productive farm -- the combination of agri- ductive farm -- the combination of agricultural and manual labor, with the cultural and manual labor, with the course of studies, thus giving to the students habits of industry, and expertness in the use of tools and ordi- pertness in the use of tools and ordinary labor, and preserving their health nary labor, and preserving their health by tnree hours of useful and laborious exercise per day, cannot fail to make it popular, if properly conducted. The Rev. Mr. Junkin, late of the Germantown Manual Labor Acadamy, is mantown Manual Labor Acadamy, is the president of the Institution, and Dr. F. A. Ranch professor of German. The appointment of the other instructors rests with the president of the tors rests with the president of the College. From his character and talents we feel satisfied that the various ents we feel satisfied that the various departments are and will continue to be well filled. It is already ascertained that there will be from 40 to 50 students to commence with, and as the merits of the mence with, and as the merits of the institution become known and appreciated, we are sanguine in believing the ated, we are sanguine in believing the number will be increased as fast as accommodations can be furnished for them. In answer to various enquiries as to terms, we learn they are as follows: For tuition, lodging and use of tools, $40 per annum. Boarding, $1.53 per week. Good testimonials of moral character is required, and $10 per quarter to be paid in advance. ter to be paid in advance. Yesterday [May 21, 1832] was a great day among the military. The first battalion of the 97th Regiment paraded in talion of the 97th Regiment paraded in this Borough under the Command of Lieut. Col. Wagener. Capts. Weitzel's and Yard's troops of Cavalry and Capts. Wagener's and Woodring's Companies of Artillery constituted the volunteer force which paraded. They looked well and acquitted themselves handsomely. But what are volunteers com- somely. But what are volunteers compared with the "Bulwark of our Liber- pared with the "Bulwark of our Liberties" -- the well trained militia. These ties" -- the well trained militia. These were the companies of Capts. Ward, Sigman and Seipel. Clad in coats of every color, some with black hats, some with white, some with long guns, some with short ones, some with shot guns, some with rifles, some with old muskets, some with pistols with a brush handle stuck in the tols with a brush handle stuck in the muzzle, with divers other apologies for firearms, paraded about the streets, who, in despite of all attempts of their officers to give them the appearance of order and regularity, made most elegant worm fences, in dressing double gant worm fences, in dressing double and treble doors in wheeling, etc, etc. We mean no reflections on the oflacers -- they did their duty. But men out of uniform will not feel like soldiers and seem little disposed to do anything else on such occasions, and save their dollar fine, and nave some sport. We think our militia musters should cease or else every citizen be compelled to appear in uniform, a cheap and serviceable one could be adopted for each viceable one could be adopted for each description of troops and the uniform of each corps of the same kind of troops ought not to be departed from. At night the bloody 98th or "Bushkill Regiment," under command of kill Regiment," under command of their veteran Colonel, paraded about the street and a transparency in lieu of a flag, much to the amusement of some, and the annoyance of others of our good citizens. We ought not to omit the parade of the boys who principally compose the "Niagara Fire Company." They made quite as good a figure with their wooden guns as the militia, only their Cap- en guns as the militia, only their Captain carried his sword in his leii, hand. tain carried his sword in his leii, hand. TARIFF MEETING.-- At a large and respectable meeting of the citizens of the County of Northampton in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania convened monwealth of Pennsylvania convened (in pursuance of public notice given in all the newspapers printed in the County) at the Court House in the Borough of Easton on the 9th day of June, 1832. Hopewell Hepburn, Esq., was chosen Chairman and Peter S. Michler Secretary. tary. The object of the meeting having been stated in an address delivered by James M. Porter, Esq., the following resolutions were submitted to the consideration of the meeting and unani- sideration of the meeting and unanimously adopted: mously adopted: Resolved, That we cannot doubt the constitutional power of Congress of the United States to impose duties or imposts as well for the purpose of revenue as for the purpose of protecting enue as for the purpose of protecting the production and manufactures of our Country. Resolved, That we believe that it is essential to the permanent independence of our country to foster and pro- ence of our country to foster and protect all products and manufacturers tect all products and manufacturers that constitute the necessaries and conveniences of life. veniences of life. Resolved, That inasmuch as all other nations either prohibiting productions of our bread stuffs and manufacturers or suffer such introductions under discriminating duties so high as to pro- criminating duties so high as to protest their own citizens engaged in simi- test their own citizens engaged in similar pursuits a regard to our own inter- lar pursuits a regard to our own interest and character, and a desire to cre- est and character, and a desire to create markets at home for our agricul- ate markets at home for our agricultural products and lo give employment tural products and lo give employment to the operative or laborers of our own country require that strong protective duties should be imposed on all articles the like of which are grown, produced or manufactured in the United States. Resolved, That we consider the protection of all the manufacturers of our tection of all the manufacturers of our Country as a system in the whole calculated to confer a great and lasting culated to confer a great and lasting beneht on the country and whilst our opponents are acting in an entire body in their opposition to us it behooves us to merge all sectional or partial feelings and by supporting the system as ings and by supporting the system as a whole prevent a defeat. The sure consequence of giving up any of the details. Resolved, That we view the reduction of duties proposed in the bills sub- tion of duties proposed in the bills submitted to Congress by the Secretary of mitted to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and by a majority of the committee of Manufacturers in the House of Representatives as ruinous to the best interests of the country. If enacted, excessive importations will follow, the income of the government, the lessening of which is the pretext urged for diminution of duties, instead of being decreased will be increased and aiford additional pretexts for giving a final blow to the manufacturers ing a final blow to the manufacturers of this country. And under the reduction proposed thousands of enterpris- tion proposed thousands of enterprising citizens, who have invested their ing citizens, who have invested their all in the business of manufacturing on the pligi^tCd faith of the government, will be utterly ruined, and hun- ment, will be utterly ruined, and hundreds of thousands of men, women and dreds of thousands of men, women and children constituting the laborers and operatives who are comfortably maintained and supported thereby, will be tained and supported thereby, will be thrown out of employment, and whilst we thus claim protection for our own manufacturers we cannot and do not object to the reduction or total abolition of duties on all articles that will tion of duties on all articles that will not conflict with the growth, product or manufacture of our country. Resolved, That the power of deciding on the constitutionality of all ciding on the constitutionality of all Legislative enactment belongs to the Judiciary of the United States, and all good citizens should give their aid and assistance both by precept and example to put down all other modes of ample to put down all other modes of interfering with such enactments, and that we view with abhorrence as bordering on treason all threats by indi- dering on treason all threats by individuals or individual staR authorities viduals or individual staR authorities to resist the authority of the Union. Resolved, Inat we value the Union as the great safe guard of the independence of our country, and cannot pendence of our country, and cannot believe that any men or set of men to be actuated by love of country, who threaten to attempt its dissolution, and whilst we would listen respectfully to, and properly estimate all temperate and legitimate complaints or evils alleged to be endured, we cannot and leged to be endured, we cannot and will not for a moment tolerate or countenance complaints unsupported by tenance complaints unsupported by fair reason and argument, and accompanied by threats to oppose by force panied by threats to oppose by force the will of the majority constitutionally expressed. ally expressed. Resolved, That a due regard to the interests of this, a grain growing and a manufacturing district of Country, requires an expression of our unqualified approbation of the American Sys- fied approbation of the American System, as we believe by the proposed tem, as we believe by the proposed modification of the tariff, the annual receipts in this vicinity would be diminished upwards of one hundred minished upwards of one hundred thousand dollars per annum in the single article of bread stuffs, for which the manufactories of the country afford the only sure and steady market. ford the only sure and steady market. Resolved, That James M. Porter, Owen Rice, Joseph Dawes, Abraham Beidelman, John M. Micksch, Samuel Drinkhouse and William L. Sebring be a Commiitee to forward to our Representative and Senators in the Congress sentative and Senators in the Congress of the United States a copy of the proceedings of this meeting, with a re- ceedings of this meeting, with a request that the same may be presented quest that the same may be presented to both Houses of Congress. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in all the newspapers of tue County, and that other Editors friendly to the cause be requested to publish the same. Resolved, That Col. Porter be requested to furnish for publication a quested to furnish for publication a copy of the address delivered by him at this meeting. H. HEPBURN, Chairman, P. S. Michler, Secretary. Mr. Porter in answer to the above resolution stated that his address being entirely extemporaneous and with- ing entirely extemporaneous and without any previous preparation, it was out any previous preparation, it was therefore impossible to prepare a copy of it. The substance of it as far as remembered was published in the Whig of June 11, 1832. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN ANTIMASONIC COUNTY MEETING. MASONIC COUNTY MEETING. Notice is hereby given that a general County meeting will be held on the 11th of June [1832] next at the house of Christian Hagenbuch, Inn Keeper, Allen Township, Northampton County. All our respective fellow citizens opposed to secret societies, canal exten- posed to secret societies, canal extensions. State debts. State taxes, absurd sions. State debts. State taxes, absurd school laws and the re-election of Geo. Wolf for Governor of Pennsylvania are friendly invited to attend. By order of the Anti-Masonic County Committee. Space does not permit a review of the anti-masonic agitation wliich began in 1826 and which soon assumed large proportions and became a strong political issue in the history of the country. cal issue in the history of the country. THE STATE FBNCIBLES. The beautiful and . well-disciplined company of infantry left their homes in Philadelphia to pay a visit to the City of Boston about two weeks since. They passed through New York and the intermediate cities and towns in going termediate cities and towns in going and returning, and were everywhere received with great respect and attention. Tney visited all the places in the tion. Tney visited all the places in the vicinity of Boston rendered of interest in the days of the Revolution. On their return home they took Baston in their route and arrived here on Saturday evening and took up their quarters at the Military Han, Spring Garden, kept by Mr. Gerhard, where, we understand, they were the guests of our "Easton Troop" and the "Washington Grays." On Monday they paraded in the Square, and their exact military discipline evinced the care they had be- cipline evinced the care they had bestowed on drilling, and was alike cred- stowed on drilling, and was alike credible to their commander and them- ible to their commander and themselves. After their parade they par- selves. After their parade they partook at the public dinner given at the took at the public dinner given at the Military Hall, where a number of patriotic and complimentary toasts were given and exchanged. Whilst here, by invitation, the company partook of entertainments at the pany partook of entertainments at the private houses of Capt. lohe and Mr. A. Patier, and the afternoon before their arrival at Major C. J. Ihrie's, in Greenwich, N. J. The corps were attended by F. Johnston's colored band of excellent musi- ston's colored band of excellent musicians, who yesterday afternoon favored cians, who yesterday afternoon favored our citizens with a concert in the court house. Today the Company left this place for nome, in boats, by the river. The utmost good feeling had subsisted during their sojourn and these sisted during their sojourn and these interchanges of visits and hospitalities are productive of much good feeling. [June 26, 1832.] Announcement oi the First Address before the literary societies of La Fayette College: ette College: NOTICE. An Oration will be delivered before the Literary Societies of La Fayette College on the 4th of July next [1832] at lYz o'cl'k, in the Presbyterian Church by Col. J. M. Porter, President of the board of trustees of the college. The literary gentlemen of the place and citizens generally are respectfully invited to attend. vited to attend. A local newspaper thus refers to the address: "in the evening the Washington's and Franklin Literary Society attached to Latayette College with the Board of Trustees and the clergy of the place assembled at the College in procession and proceeded to the Presbyterian Church, where the Declaration of Independence was read in a very hand- dependence was read in a very handsome manner by A. Prior, Esq., and an some manner by A. Prior, Esq., and an address delivered by J. M. Porter, Esq. We had not the pleasure to hear it, having been absent, but we learn from those who did that it was one of the gentleman's best efforts. It is to be published." "Tne exercises at the church were commenced by prayer from the Rev. Mr. Gray, concluded by prayer from the Rev. Mr. Beasly, and benedictiod by President Junkin. During the intervals of service the choir under the tervals of service the choir under the direction of Mr. Nott performed some elegant pieces of music." THE EXCURSION. The Citizen Volunteers of this place, commanded by Capt. V. Wagener, of which Company .-.e Editor of this paper is a member, in pursuance of previous arrangement, fired a federal salute on the morning of the 4th instant [July, 1832] from Mount Jefferson. They then took up the line of march to South Easton and embarked on board the packet boat Paul Jones, bound for Allentown in Lehigh County. At about 7 o clock we arrived at Freemansburg, where we debarked and partook of refreshments kindly furnished by Jacob Freeman, Esq.; after nished by Jacob Freeman, Esq.; after doing great justice to the excellent fare of our host we resumed the line of progress, and on our way were complimented from Scheimersville by a salute mented from Scheimersville by a salute of artillery; passed Bethlehem, where we received an invitation to partake of a collation on our return. On arriving near Allentown we found the escort, consisting of Capt. Ruhe's elegant company of Lehigh Artillerists, about 70 pany of Lehigh Artillerists, about 70 strong, with their excellent band, ready to receive us. Having formed and passed in review, we proceeded across the bridge, and whilst crossing it the salute of the Lehigh Rangers, with a field piece belonging to the Artillerists, was given from the banks of Jordan. We entered the town amidst clouds of dust, ringing of bells and smiles of the girls, the huzzas of the boys and all the usual accompanyments of military visits. After showing ourselves "all over town," we were dismissed to our quarters at about M. About 2 o'clock p. m. by an invitation from the Lehigh Artillery, we as- tion from the Lehigh Artillery, we assembled at the Court House to cele- sembled at the Court House to celebrate the anniversary of Freedom. The brate the anniversary of Freedom. The Declaration of Independence was read by Major Samuel A. Bridges, of Allentown, in an impressive manner. Capt. town, in an impressive manner. Capt. John F. Ruhe was appointed President, supported by Lieut. Matthew Selfridge as Vice President. (The toasts given on the occasion will be found in another column.) On reading the toast other column.) On reading the toast given by Orderly Troxell of the "Blues" an olu soldier under Capt. Nungesser of this place, attached to the Light ser of this place, attached to the Light Infantry Kegiment at Marcus Hook in 1814, to which Capt. Ruhe was also attached, Major Bridges on behalf of the tached, Major Bridges on behalf of the Lehigh Artillerists gave us an excellent and very appropriate address. lent and very appropriate address. "We got through this tour of duty at about 5 o'clock P. M. when Capt. Ruhe detailed us for an evening excursion to Wormans Springs. There we sion to Wormans Springs. There we were again the guests of our friends the Lehigh Artillerists, and fared sumptuously. We returned to Allentown about dusk. In the evening we town about dusk. In the evening we attended by invuation from the Manager a Cotillion party where the beauty, ager a Cotillion party where the beauty, taste and fashion ox the place was assembled; after spending some time we sembled; after spending some time we dispersed in good season and returned to our quarters. Rising at revelle on the morning of the 5th we partook of an excellent entertainment by invitation at the house tertainment by invitation at the house of Capt. Ruhe which was in the usual style with which that kind gentlemanly and patriotic officer treats his friends, after which we took up the line of march for home, escorted by the same corps, and band who received us at the canal the day preceding. We embarked at the canal about 9 o'clock and proceeded to Bethlehem near which place an escort met us and accompanied us through the principle streets of the town and returned with us to a large grove near the Lehigh, at which place we partook of an excellent dinner, as guests of our Bethlehem friends. After which we embarked on board the Paul Jones, but could not pass our good friend Freeman without halting. There we watered a little and proceeded home by the canal reaching South Easton about 6 o'cloc... Excepting the heat and dust, the excursion was a pleasant one. The hos- cursion was a pleasant one. The hospitality and kindness shown us at every pitality and kindness shown us at every point and place were really gratifying, the entertainments good and gotten up in handsome style and excellent taste. No accident occurred to mar the pleasure of the trip. ure of the trip. In addition to the campaign of the "Blues" (a detailed account of which is given today) we learn that the Washington Grays paraded at about 8 o'clock ington Grays paraded at about 8 o'clock and fired several salutes, and feu-dejois and were dismissed about 11 jois and were dismissed about 11 o'clock. The friends of Jackson, Wilkins and Wolf had the only dining party in town. The Governor was with them by invitation. tation. In 1832 the United States was visited by an epidemic of Cholera, and the ited by an epidemic of Cholera, and the death rate in New York and Philadelphia was quite considerable. phia was quite considerable. The Borough Council of Easton passed the following resolution, but notwithstanding all sanitary measures, a number of cases appeared in ures, a number of cases appeared in Easton, and the deaths were proportionately large. tionately large. Dr. Samuel D. Gross, under appointment of Council in July 1832, went to ment of Council in July 1832, went to New York with a view of personal observation on the subject of cholera. servation on the subject of cholera. His lengthy report on the subject was printed, and shows the care and skill of the then young physician who was destined to become one of the world's greatest surgeons. "NOTICE. At a meeting of the town council on the 9th instant, [July 1832] the following resolution was passed and ordered ing resolution was passed and ordered to be published: Resolved: That the town be divided into four wards, to be called, North -- North-east, South, Southeast. That Northampton and Pomfret east. That Northampton and Pomfret Streets shall be the dividing lines; and that three persons be appointed in each of said wards in conjunction with two members of Council who are to constitute a Health Committee, whose duty it shall be to report all nuisances -- to the Council, and all such other matters having a tendency or which will be conductive to promote the health and cleanliness of the town. Whereupon the following persons were appointed: North west Ward. North east Ward. Joseph Burke, John Green, Peter Snyder, John Miller, H. Hepburn, Alexander Brown, John Barnet, Sam. Drinknouse, I. C. Wyckoff. Benjamin Hinds. South west Ward. South east Ward. Jacob Wagner, John Stewart, William Shouse, Samuel Schick, William L. SebringEnoch S. Clark, William Ricker, Samuel Yohe, P. S. Michler. Abraham Miller, By Order of Council. P. S. MICHLER, President. C. Kitchen, Town Clerk. Easton, July 10th, 1832. (The Wig-- July 17, 1832.)" The local newspapers gave its readers cautionary advice, one of which ers cautionary advice, one of which concluded with: "Be temperate -- be clean -- be calm -be patient -- be firm and resigned and be patient -- be firm and resigned and leave the events to Heaven. "Hush guilty murmurs -- banish dark distrust -- Think there's a Power above, nor doubt that Power is just." The local poets immortalized themselves in the following lines: selves in the following lines: THE PESTILENCE. He comes, behold on every blast. The spirit of the pestilence rides; Where're he blows his dreadful breath Death follows fast with rapid strides. From Asia's burning clime he comes, From Africa's scorching sand, O'er Europe's troubled face he roams, With fell destroying hand. See him o'er the foam topped wave. Drive on his flying steed; With direful speed the foam he braves. To work his dreadful deeds. Oh! Weep ye mortals, for behold, The destroying angel flys O'er all our land on young and old, He looks and low! They die. With vengeful hands he urges on. See all before him fly -He sweeps his victim to the tomb, He sweeps his victim to the tomb, Unpitied and unknown, may die. Where now is all the boasted power, Of we mortals here below. For in one fleeting passing hour, To the grave see hundreds go. "R." (The Whig-- July 17, 1832.) CHOLERA. From Montreal's low island -And Quebec's lofty plain -- And Quebec's lofty plain -From Niagara's high-land. From Niagara's high-land. There comes a voice of pain. The pestilence is swaying. Its iron sceptre wide And thousands it is laying, In death's o'erwhelming tide. From Albany's fair bower, And York's infected breath, There comes each passing hour, The solemn dirge of death. The wrath of Heaven is sweeping, 'Long Hudson's beautiful shore -And tender hearts are weeping, And tender hearts are weeping, For friends that are no more. See! tears in torents streaming. And sighs like tempests fly While vengeance still is gleaming And thousand victims die. Oh, happy they who sheltered From all these storms of wo, Have, long ere this, been gathered. Where tempests never blow. Where pain and death are ended. And pestilence is o'er Where joy and bliss are blended, With life forever more. MEMORIA. Easton, July 28, 1832, "FIRST FALL OPENING OF LA FAYETTE COLLEGE 1832. YETTE COLLEGE 1832. The Trustees of La Fayette College have determined on opening the classes regularly for the college course, es regularly for the college course, with the beginning of the winter session. The institution has now sixty- sion. The institution has now sixtyfour pupils in it, and would have up- four pupils in it, and would have upwards of an hundred, had they build- wards of an hundred, had they buildings suflicient for their accommoda- ings suflicient for their accommodation. tion. The prospects of success have induced the trustees to open a subscrip- duced the trustees to open a subscription in aid of the funds to purchase a tion in aid of the funds to purchase a permanent location, which in the course of a few days will be submitted to their fellow-citizens, and as introductory thereto the Rev. Mr. Junkin, ductory thereto the Rev. Mr. Junkin, president of the institution, will, on Friday evening next, [August 31, 1832] at early candle light in the Lutheran Church, deliver an address explanatory of the course of instruction and employment, and other matters of interest ployment, and other matters of interest connected with the college. We trust that our citizens will endeavor to attend. The address is in- deavor to attend. The address is intended merely to make known the nec- tended merely to make known the necessary tacts and information to the essary tacts and information to the citizens preparatory to active operations in behalf of the college. It is ations in behalf of the college. It is not intended to take up any collection on that evening." The meeting in question was reported as follows: ed as follows: "On Friday evening last [August 31, 1832] the Rev. Mr. Junkin delivered, in the Lutheran Church, a discourse on the subject of education, accompanied by an explanation of the course of ied by an explanation of the course of studies and labor practised at the La Fayette College, located at this place. Those who heard the address speak of it as one of great ability, and showed the force and acumen of the mind ed the force and acumen of the mind of its author -- the explanation of the course of exercises at the college, which, as the public are aware, is conducted on the plan of manual labor, ducted on the plan of manual labor, was quite satisfactory. There is no doubt that with the proper buildings and the necessary quantity of land furnished to the institution, the expense of education may be reduced by pense of education may be reduced by the combination of manual labor to 50 or $60. per month, boarding and lodging included. This would be a great desideratum, and in such a result our town, nay the whole country, is deeply interested. Subscriptions in aid of the funds of the college, with the view to purchase of a site and erecting buildings, are about to be circluated. The present faculty of the college are: Rev. Geo. Junkin, President; Charles F. McCay, professor of mathematics, philosophy &c; Dr. S. D. Gross, matics, philosophy &c; Dr. S. D. Gross, mineralogy and chemistry; J. S. Coon, languages. The German professorship is vacant." A CARD. THOMAS J. NATT, portrait andminature painter, respectfully informs his ature painter, respectfully informs his friends and the public, generally, that he has taken rooms at Mr. Deringer's in Fermor Street adjoining the library and will be happy to receive professional engagements. sional engagements. Specimens of style, may be seen at the rooms. Ea&ton, August, 28, 1832. [August 28, 1832.] NATIONAL REPUBLICAN COUNTY MEETING. The Citizens of Northampton County, opposed to the re-election of General Jackson, friendly to the American System, and to the rechartering of the Bank of the United States, and to the protection and general advancement of the great interests of Pennsylvania, are requested to assemble in County meeting at the house of James Ely, Ross-common, on Saturday next, the 13th instant, at 12 o'clock at noon, to nominate a county and district ticket. P. S. Michler, John Heckman, Johnm Micksch, William Dietrich, Evan Rees, Committee. Thomas Cawley, John Stewart, Sept. 11, 1832. Easton was honored in 1832 in having a candidate for presidential elector ing a candidate for presidential elector on the National Republican ClaySergeant ticket -- the late Philip H. Sergeant ticket -- the late Philip H. Mattes -- but only a few days before the election the National Republican ticket was withdrawn and the whole force of the opposition united on the Anti-Jackson ticket nominated at the Anti-Masonic convention. Another Eastonian, however, Samuel Leidy, was named as elector, but Andrew Jackson was the favorile, and drew Jackson was the favorile, and Northampton county gave him 1,69-t majority -- a majority which for many years grew at the mere mention of Jackson's name. The result of the State election held in October, 1832, for the county of Northampton was as follows: Governor. Easton Dis. Total George Wolf 800 3,414 Joseph Ritner 417 1,822 Oorifirrpss David D. Wagener 732 2,770 Peter Ihrie, Jr 434 2,023 Owen Rice 47 352 Assembly. George Kelchner 697 3,460 Philip Lynn 669 3,344 M. Robert Buttz 622 2,721 John Westbrook 668 3,948 Peter Steckel 400 1,589 Moses Killam 440 1,759 Evan Rees 477 1,971 Benjamin F. Arndt 458 1,526 William Deitrich 43 368 Commissioner. Barnabas Davis Ill 787 Peter Nungesser 197 1,115 Joseph Shnyder 129 677 John Worman 347 970 Clark Lowery 52 280 Jacob Deimer 71 109 William Ricker 227 680 Sheriff. Daniel Raub 497 1,184 John Ziegenfuss 216 1,132 Peter Snyder 79 887 Peter Young 426 877 Jacob Weiss 80 882 Jacob Freeman 75 717 Samuel Taylor 178 804 John Lewis 20 384 Adam Daniel 75 820 Abraham Sigman 153 198 Hiram Yard 146 314 Isaac Salkeld 32 243 Joseph Weaver 61 245 Coroner. Jacob Cope 549 2,771 Frederic Germantown. . . .550 2,608 John King 274 1,040 Adam Schug 275 1,012 Abraham Miller 42 412 Joseph Hagenbuch 40 333 Auditor. William Rice 488 2,753 John Jacoby 272 1,253 Stogdell Stokes 35 423 "A gentleman, who has recently traveled much in our public stages, informs eled much in our public stages, informs us that in no line of stages which he knows has greater care and attention been bestowed by the proprietors in the procuring of elegant and comfortable coaches, excellent horses and able coaches, excellent horses and careful and attentive drivers than in the loute from Philadelphia to this place. For ourselves, not having had so good an opportunity of judging, being tied down at home to our concerns, ing tied down at home to our concerns, we can only say that we can well credit this statement. The two coaches at the end of the line, the "North America," owned by Mr. Samuel Shouse, and ca," owned by Mr. Samuel Shouse, and the "Hying Dutchman," owned by Mr. William Shouse, are as fine coaches as any line can afford. The latter coach we think decidedly the finest and most comfortable traveling vehicle we have ever seen. Accommodating and enterprising stage proprietors deserve, and prising stage proprietors deserve, and we hope will receive, encouragement from the public." [Oct. 30, 1832.] "On Sunday last the German Reformed Church at this Borough was consecrated to the worship of Almighty God. crated to the worship of Almighty God. The building was originally founded in the year 1774 [1776] jointly by the Reformed and Lutheran congregations. About a year since the Lutheran congregation erected a new church for them- gregation erected a new church for themselves and sold their half of the old selves and sold their half of the old church property to the Reformed congregation. gregation. The church has since been essentially altered -- all the inside taken out, a ly altered -- all the inside taken out, a new tower erected at the north end, in which the stairs to the gallery ascend, and in which the vestry room is placed. On this turret it is contemplated to erect a spire for the bell. The pulpit is removed to the southern end of the building, the entrance ern end of the building, the entrance being at the northern end and the gallery extending the eastern and western sides, and with the organ occupies a northern end also. The whole interior has been finished in the most tasteful and elegant manner. The pulpit is mahogany with ner. The pulpit is mahogany with crimson moreen hangings in the rear and white marble caps in front. The services of consecration commenced in the morning of Sunday by menced in the morning of Sunday by music and exercises in the German language. The Rev. T. L. Hoffenditz de- guage. The Rev. T. L. Hoffenditz delivered a most able and eloquent dis- livered a most able and eloquent discourse in German. In the after noon course in German. In the after noon the services were continued in Ger- man; the discourse by the Rev. Mr. Hess, who was able and impressive. On Sunday evening the Rev. Mr. Wolf delivered an English discourse which for power, and strength of argument we have seldom, if ever, heard excelled. celled. Yesterday morning the exercises were continued in German. Discourse by the Rev. Mr. Schneck who in a discourse displayed the strength of a course displayed the strength of a strong and vigorous mind -- gave universal satisfaction. In the afternoon versal satisfaction. In the afternoon Mr. Wolf again addressed to auditory in English with usual power and ability. Last evening the services were continued in the English language -- ser- tinued in the English language -- serman by the Rev. Mr. Gray of this place. man by the Rev. Mr. Gray of this place. We have often heard this gentleman with pleasure but never heard him more glowing, eloquent or impressive than on this occasion. The church was crowded during the whole time -- On Sunday to overflowing; and the whole scene was sublime, ing; and the whole scene was sublime, imposing and impressive. Mr. Wolf, we understand, will preach again this evening. [Nov. 27, 1832.]" HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Happenings in 1833-'34. NEW SERIES-- NO. 6. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. Frequent reference has been made in these sketches to the patriotism of Northampton county, and the offer of services by her sons in times of threatened outbreaks. The records testify to ened outbreaks. The records testify to the part taken by Northampton county in the Indian Wars, American Revolution, Whiskey Insurrection, Fries' Re- tion, Whiskey Insurrection, Fries' ReDellion, War of 1812, Mexican War, the Dellion, War of 1812, Mexican War, the Southern Rebellion, Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. In 1807, when a war with England was imminent, Capt. Abraham Horn's "Easton Light Infantry" promptly offered its services to President Jeffer- fered its services to President Jefferson, who acknowledged the tender by son, who acknowledged the tender by a letter addressed to the officers of the company. When, in 1832, the nullification act in South Carolina threatened trouble, the local military company known as the "Citizens' Volunteers," at a meeting held at the house of John Burt on December 24th, unanimously passed the cember 24th, unanimously passed the following preamble and resolution, offered by Lieut. Shultz: fered by Lieut. Shultz: "Whereas, A number of volunteers of this State have lately offered their services to the President of the United States for the purpose of assisting in quelling the disturbances which may occur in South Carolina, and "Whereas, This meeting deems such offers on the part of the volunteers of this State not only premature and useless, but calculated rather to rouse ill- less, but calculated rather to rouse illfeeling in our brethren of a sister State feeling in our brethren of a sister State than to subdue the unfortunate excitement which already exists; and ment which already exists; and "Whereas, We are not anxious to shed blood of Americans and trust the day is far distant when we shall be called upon to use our bayonets for that purpose; therefore, be it "Resolved, Inat the Citizens' Volunteers deem it unnecessary to offer their teers deem it unnecessary to offer their service at this time, but if the present unhappy difficulties should eventually require a military force to preserve the Union, they trust tney will be found ready, and will not disgrace that 'StarSpangled Banner' in war under whose Spangled Banner' in war under whose folds they have so long marched in peace." Possibly the first reference to a paid fire department (?) in Easton is that contained in the following communication of January 8, 1833: tion of January 8, 1833: "To the Town Council of the Borough of Easton: ough of Easton: "Mr. Editor: I would, through the columns of your respectable journal, call the attention of our Town Council to the Fire Companies of our borough, whose services so long voluntarily rendered to the citizens of Easton, I think, dered to the citizens of Easton, I think, deserve an annual compensation from the borough. The companies are, for the most part, composed of young men, who not only cheerfully devote their time and labour for the benefit of their fellow citizens, but also risk their health and lives in preserving their neighbors' property from destruction, for let the cry of fire be sounded either in the morning, or at noon, or even in the dead hour of night, they are always willing to go and cheerfully perform their hard and unrecompensed labour. Witness, for instance, the last fire -the burning of the Messrs. Herster's the burning of the Messrs. Herster's Mill. At the dead hour of midnight the alarm of fire was given in our streets. Our firemen in a few minutes were on the alert, and in about one hour succeeded in dragging their engines for better than a mile through gines for better than a mile through roads almost impassable, and after two or three hours' hard work at the fire they had the satisfaction of dragging their apparatus home again through the mud, requited only by the thanks of their fellow citizens. I would ask how our Council can think ot the loss of the natural rest of man, the risk of health, and in many cases even of life, the loss of time and labor, on the part of our firemen, can or ought in any shape whatever go unrewarded. Let them appropriate to each of the fire companies forty or fifty dollars annually, to be applied by tnem for the use ly, to be applied by tnem for the use of the company in any way they think fit. When young men thus voluntarily offer their services as our firemen do, whether cold or warm, rain or shine, night or day, to preserve property from flames I think they ought in justice to be rewarded, and 1 hope our woi'thy Town Council will think the same and act accordingly. A CITIZEN." to send three such children to the school for one year. It is also proposed to receive such children at two dollars each, per quarter, payable at the close of the quarter. Applications may be made to Mrs. Fickardt or Mrs. James Wilson. Easton, Jan. 29, 1833." AN EARL/ KINDERGARTEN. "An Infant School will be opened in the Borough of Easton for the instruction of children between the ages of 2 tion of children between the ages of 2 and 7 years, as soon as sufficient encouragement is given to authorize the couragement is given to authorize the requisite arrangements. In order to ascertain what degree of encouragement may be expected, it is proposed ment may be expected, it is proposed that the sum of fifteen dollars, paid in advance, shall entitle any individual A case was once tried in your court the subject matter of controversy in which was whether the defendants were liable for the value of certain clover seed in the chaff taken by the plaintiff to their clover mill, and which they had not cleaned, alleging that it was brought in so bad a state that it could not be cleaned. Three counsel were concerned in it, and the amount claimed was about $80. While the cause was progressing one of your gentlemen "learned in the law," for which the county was famous, but who was not concerned in the case, sat down and wrote the following, Jeu-d'-esprit,which occasioned no little merriment: "In such a cause three lawyers fee'd May well make people laugh; The lawyers take the clover seed, The clients take the chaff." Some gentlemen at a dinner table in your place one day were talking about a lady who was supposed to have a fancy for a gentleman of the legal profession. One observed that perhaps fession. One observed that perhaps she only wanted "power of attorney." "No," said a pine swamper sitting by, "she only wants a 'domestic attachment.' " ment.' " The above are tales of your bar as they were told seventy years ago. The following bit of information is of local historic interest: "Native Talent. -- We were much pleased a day or two since in examining the impression of a seal manufac- ing the impression of a seal manufactured by William Wagener, of York, tured by William Wagener, of York, Pa., for the 'Horse Insurance Company' of this county. Its device is two pany' of this county. Its device is two riders in pursuit of a horse thief. The words, 'Stop Thief,' are distinctly engraved above and 'Incorporated 1832' graved above and 'Incorporated 1832' below the device, the whole surrounded by the name of the company. We have had an opportunity heretofore of examining other specimens of this artist's skill, among them the seal of the tist's skill, among them the seal of the Borough of Easton, the seal of the Northampton Fire Insurance Company, the seal of the Easton Beneficial pany, the seal of the Easton Beneficial Society and the seal of LaFayette College, all executed by the same artist, lege, all executed by the same artist, and all remarkably well done. The college seal gives an excellent and splendid likeness of the venerable La Fayette. We learn that Mr. Wagener is a native of Pennsylvania, and, like Rittenhouse, descended from German ancestry, and is literally self-taught. His manner of seal engraving and cutting is remarkably neat and chaste, ting is remarkably neat and chaste, and shows that, however taught, he is a proficient in his business." (Feb. 12, 1833.) WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION, 1833. BRATION, 1833. "At a meeting of the Williams Township Artillery Company, held on the ship Artillery Company, held on the evening of the 27th of January [1833], it was unanimously "Resolved, That the Easton Citizen Volunteers be invited to meet the Williams Township Artillery Company on liams Township Artillery Company on the 22d of February at the house of Eliza Morgan, in said township, for the purpose of celebrating the Birthday of our beloved Washington. "P. N. WOODRING, Chairman. "H. B. HINELINB, Secretary." The day was celebrated, in accordance with the above notice, at the ance with the above notice, at the house of Widow Morgan, in Williams township ["Mammy Morgan's Hill"], by the Easton "Citizens' Volunteers," Lieut. Shultz, and "Williams Township Artillerists," Capt. Woodring. After parading in the field and performing some evolutions, both companies sat down to an excellent repast, prepared for the occasion. After the cloth was removed Lieut. Shultz was appointed President and Lieut. Hineline Vice President, when the following toasts were drank, accompanied by firing from the field piece: The Day We Celebrate -- the day which gave birth to the immortal Washington. May we ever remember it as becomes Americans. 6 cheers. The President of the United States. With Jackson at the head we will steer clear of disunion. 6 cheers. The Governor of Pennsylvania -- the friend of all the interests of his native State, and has more than once evinced his friendship for Volunteers. 6 cheers. The Memory of Washington. "He was a man, take him all in all. We shall not look upon his like again." Drank in silence. The heroes of the Revolution. May their example be ever held in remembrance. 6 cheers. brance. 6 cheers. The Memory of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. He nas left us to join in heaven that glorious band of patriots who, with him, pledged "their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honors" for our freedom. Drank in silence. The Union. May the States ever be united in aifection, as they are in interests. 6 cheers. terests. 6 cheers. The Militia Colonel Petriken. May the volunteers in his part of the country be strong enough to give him liber- try be strong enough to give him liberty to stay at home next session. ty to stay at home next session. 9 cheers. Internal Improvements. May we live to see the day that it may be extended throughout the State. tended throughout the State. 6 cheers. Our Country -- A lasting peace of an honorable war. 3 cheers. The Anaerican Fair. Beauty and virtue are their chief characteristics. 21 cheers. VOLUNTEERS. By Capt. Woodring. May the Williams Township Artillery company, liams Township Artillery company, never want spirit and resolution to protect our independence, against the powerful attacks of unbridled ambition. tion. By Lieut. Hineline. May the union which has this day been formed between the Easton Citizen Volunteers tween the Easton Citizen Volunteers and the Williams township Artillery be as lasting as the existence of the said companies. By Lieut. Shultz. The Williams township Artillerists. Their kind and hospital reception of the Citizens Volunteers this day, shall never be for- unteers this day, shall never be forgotton. gotton. By Quartermaster Butz. The Williams township Artillerists. Their gen- liams township Artillerists. Their gentlemanly conduct and soldier like ap- tlemanly conduct and soldier like appearance speaks volumes in their pearance speaks volumes in their favor. By Lieut. Brotzman. May the Union of the states and the freedom of elections be preserved, the trial by jury tions be preserved, the trial by jury maintained, and the liberty of the press secured to the latest posterity. By Charles Grotz. The memory of Benjamin Franklin, may it never be forgotten. By Conrad Bowes. Let our motto be "God & our Country" and Satan with his allied powers shall never prevail against us. vail against us. By John Switzer. The tree of Liberty. May its roots go down to the erty. May its roots go down to the earth's centre, its summit reach the skies, and its spreading branches shade creation. By P. A. Woodring. The surviving heroes of the revolution. Though few remain with us, let us not forget they are the last of a noble race, and do becoming honors to their gray hairs. By John Osterstock. Decatur's sentiment. "Our country right or wrong." timent. "Our country right or wrong." By Samuel Woodring. Lafayette the friend of Washington the champion of liberty in America and Europe. pion of liberty in America and Europe. By M. Meichel. Here's to the Williams township Artillerists, for the liams township Artillerists, for the preservation and establishment of the rights and liberties of our country. By Peter Woodring. The 22nd of February 1732. The day which gave birth to our beloved Washington, the father and protector of our country, and founder of peace, may it never be forgotten. Each aged sire shall teach his infant son to lisp the name of Washington. By Benjamin Walter. May the inhabitants of these United States, our habitants of these United States, our dearly beloved country living under a constitution framed by patriotic freemen, never lose sight of their true in- men, never lose sight of their true interests and superior work. terests and superior work. By Isaac B. Richard. My countrymen and fellow soldiers, let this re- men and fellow soldiers, let this remind you that on your future con- mind you that on your future conduct, depends your enjoyment of peace duct, depends your enjoyment of peace and liberty. By Peter Hartzell. Pennsylvania, the land of the free and the friend of the brave -- she will always remain true to virtue, liberty and independence. ence. By one of the company. May we ever love sound learning, justice and temperance. By one of the company. May the scale of our reason not mount us too high in prosperity, nor sink us too low with the adverse weight of fortune. By Samuel Horn. Our Hostess. Her appearance indicates the plenty which prevails in Williams township. DURHAM BOATS. "The river is in fine boating order. This morning [March 26, 1833] six boats returned by the Delaware river from Philadelphia. From the height of the water, there being a bank fresh last week, the boatman had to "pull brush" a good deal in returning. But, boatmen like, they no sooner got home but men like, they no sooner got home but they were reloading for another trip. About thirty Durham boats will have made three trips each before the canal is usea this spring. Success to the good old Durham boats -- they are not yet thrown on the shelf. "The Delaware Canal will be fit for use next week. The supervisor and hands are actively engaged in reducing the inequalities in the bottom." A UNION SUNDAY SCnOOL MEETING. ING. "We know not when we observed a more interesting scene than that presented by the Sunday school celebra- sented by the Sunday school celebration on Sabuath last, shortly before 2 tion on Sabuath last, shortly before 2 o'clock in the afternoon, which was the time appointed for meeting, we repaired to the German Reformed Church paired to the German Reformed Church and found it even then crowded, and by the time the scholars and their teachers had arrived and filled the seats as- ers had arrived and filled the seats assigned to them it was almost a jam. signed to them it was almost a jam. The seats filled to overflowing and the sides filled with benches, and those benches with people. "It is supposed there were from 700 to 800 scholars and an equal number of adults present. The exercises commenced with prayer by the Rev. B. C. menced with prayer by the Rev. B. C. Wolf, of the German Reformed Church. A hymn was then sung alternately by the children and the congregation. We can scarcely describe our feelings of the effect produced by listening to so large a number of infant voices chanting the praises of redeeming love. ing the praises of redeeming love. Their sweet little voices swelled with the u-ieme and seemed to feel its sublimity. To this succeeded the exami- limity. To this succeeded the examination of the schools by their respec- nation of the schools by their respective superintendents. School No. 1 by tive superintendents. School No. 1 by J. M. Howell, No. 2 oy B. S. Shultz, No. 3 by D. B. Wagner, No. 4 by C. Worrell, No. 5 by C. W. Townsend and Nos. rell, No. 5 by C. W. Townsend and Nos. 6 and < by Daniel Gaston. "The following is the location of the schools: "No. 1, the school of the First Presbyterian Church, Easton. byterian Church, Easton. "2, Trinity (Episcopal) Church, Easton. ton. "3, Mehodist Episcopal Church, Easton. ton. "4, Greenwich township, N. J. "5, Williams township. "6, Shiloh school, in the vicinity of the college, in Williams township. "7, The school of Forks township, examined along with No. 6. amined along with No. 6. "After the examination was concluded, which was highly creditable to cluded, which was highly creditable to teachers and scholars, the Rev. Mr. Beasly, of the Episcopal Church, delivered the address to the children, livered the address to the children, which was succeeded by a hymn. The address of Mr. M'Cool, of the Methodist Church, to the teachers next fol- dist Church, to the teachers next followed, which was also succeeded by lowed, which was also succeeded by music. The Rev. Mr. Gray, of the Presbyterian Church, then addressed the parents, and President Junkin, of LaFayette College, delivered the concluding prayer. The assemblage then cluding prayer. The assemblage then sung the farewell hymn and the schools left the church in order, under charge of the teachers. "The whole, we think, well calculated to advance the praiseworthy sys- lated to advance the praiseworthy system of Sunday school institutions. tem of Sunday school institutions. "The addresses of the Rev. gentlemen were applicable, able and impres- men were applicable, able and impressive." [April 16, 1833.] sive." [April 16, 1833.] THE FIRST COLLEGE BUILDING, NOW SOUTH COLLEGE, ERECTED 1833 ON MOUNT ED 1833 ON MOUNT WASHINGTON. "Our readers will learn with pleasure that the Trustees of LaFayette College are proceeding to build in earnest. Failing to obtain Legislative aid, our people have put their shoulders to the wheel and are about to rear a stately edifice, 112 feet front and 44 feet deep, on Mount Washington, north of Bushkill creek, facing the Court House, to kill creek, facing the Court House, to be three stories high, with an attic. The whole to be rough cast. "In another part of our paper proposals for the building are published." sals for the building are published." [April 30, 1833.] SENSATIONAL MILITARY GOSSIP. "Our spring parades commenced yesterday. The Militia of the borough are terday. The Militia of the borough are divided into two Companies -- the first company, consisting of the enrolled inhabitants East of Bank Alley, mustered at 10 o'clock under their oldCapt. tered at 10 o'clock under their oldCapt. Abraham Sigman, who marched them through the streets for several hours, which afforded them, as well as the boys, a great deal of merriment. The second company, west of Bank Alley, paraded in the afternoon under Capt. Abraham Mixsell, who found his men very difficult to manage -- a spirit of mutiny was perceptible in every section. The Captain marched his men tion. The Captain marched his men across the Lehigh Bridge, where a revolution broke out, and the company nullified, the left, under the First Lieutenant taking a different route. The tenant taking a different route. The parties met on the hill, where they settled their differences in a fist fight, without leaving any killed or mortally wounded on the field. "The first Easton Troop, Capt. Yard, also paraded, and in the afternoon repaired to a neighboring field, where the paired to a neighboring field, where the company practiced at target firing for a medal, which was awarded to Samuel Adams." [May 7, 1833.] INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. "At a meeting of Council held on the 3d of May, it was "Resolved, That the footwalks be put down and the streets curbed on the south side of Spring Garden street, from Pomfret to Fermor street, and on both sides of Fermor street,from Northampton to Ferry street. ampton to Ferry street. "Resolved, That the housekeepers in the borough of Easton be directed to have their cellars cleansed and whitewashed before first day of June next. washed before first day of June next. "P. S. MICHLER, President. "Attest-- C. KITCHEN, Town Clerk. "May 7, 1833 4t" the Borough of Easton yesterday [June 3, 1833], we understand that a resolution was unanimously adopted to make tion was unanimously adopted to make arrangements for the reception and entertainment of the President of the United States [Andrew Jackson] in the event of his taking Easton in his route during his purposed tour. "The resolution being adopted, Messrs. J. M. Porter, J. C. Wikoff and Melchoir Horn, Members of Council, were appointed a committee for the purpose of carrying it into effect." PROPOSED VISIT TO EASTON OF THE IDOL OF THE DEMOCRACY. "At a meeting of the Town Council of PUBLIC MEETING. "At a numerous meeting of the friends of President Jackson, convened at the house of Melchoir Horn, on Friday evening, the 7th inst., for the pur- day evening, the 7th inst., for the purpose of making arrangements for his pose of making arrangements for his reception, should he visit Easton on his return from his contemplated tour to the Eastward, "Major George Hess was appointed President, "Daniel Raub, Esq., and Dr. Stewart Kennedy Vice Presidents and "Joel Jones and Charles Kitchen Secretaries. "On motion, Robert M. Brooke, Esq., David Barnet, Joseph Shnyder, Hiram Yard, Benjamin S. Shultz, Azariah Prior and John Ziegenfuss were appointed a committee to draft resolu- pointed a committee to draft resolutions expressing the views and senti- tions expressing the views and sentiments of the meeting. ments of the meeting. "The following resolutions were reported and unanimously adopted: ported and unanimously adopted: "Whereas, It is understood that Gen. Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, has determined to visit Eas- ted States, has determined to visit Easton, and has already commenced the ton, and has already commenced the journey, and as we, in common with our fellow citizens, feel anxious to render a just tribute of respect to the man who has filled the measure of his 'country's glory' in the cabinet and the field, therefore "Resolved, That a committee be appointed to wait on President Jackson pointed to wait on President Jackson and invite him to visit Easton and to express to him the high satisfaction they should feel in being authorized to communicate to their fellow citizens his determination to stop at this place on his return from the Eastward. "Resolved, That this meeting consider the attack of Ex-Lieutenant Ran- er the attack of Ex-Lieutenant Randolph upon the person of our venerable dolph upon the person of our venerable President as not only an infamous assault, but also a direct and gross out- sault, but also a direct and gross outrage ui)on the whole American People, rage ui)on the whole American People, deserving their most unqualified censure and indignation. sure and indignation. "Resolved, That this meeting adjourn to meet again on Friday evening journ to meet again on Friday evening next at this place, to receive the report of the committee and then to adopt such measures as the occasion may require. quire. "The following gentlemen were appointed a committee to wait upon the pointed a committee to wait upon the President: Peter Ihrie, David D. Wagener, John Ziegenfuss, David Barnet, ener, John Ziegenfuss, David Barnet, Richard Brodhead, Jr., Frederick W. Muller and Melchoir Horn. "Resolved, That this meeting will take pleasure in uniting witn any other portion of their fellow citizens of the country in showing to the President the civilities proposed by the foregoing resolutions. "Resolved, That the committee appointed to wait on the President have pointed to wait on the President have power to fill vacancies in their body. "Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by its officers and published in the papers of this place. "GEORGE HESS, JR., President. "DANIEL RAUB, "STEWART KENNEDY, Vice Presidents, "JOEL Jv>.,ii;S, "CHARLES KITCHEN. "Secretaries." [June 11, 1833.] The President, however, did not find it convenient to take in Easton in his route, and almost the entire voting contingent and their families were disappointed. appointed. "NATIONAL BAND. "An adjourned meeting of the Band will be held at the house of John Burt this evening. The members are particularly requested to attend, as busi- ticularly requested to attend, as business of importance will be transacted. ness of importance will be transacted. "C. B. HELLER, Secretary. "June 18, 1833." "NOTICE. "Whereas, Peter Keifer, of Lower Mt. Bethel township, Northampton county, has maliciously circulated a report that I have purloined from him an axe, which axe has been subsequently found in his own possession, and ly found in his own possession, and "Whereas, Since the property has been discovered, he continues to circulate the said unfounded report, this is late the said unfounded report, this is to give notice (a prosecution being likely only to be attended with cost to myself) that the said Peter Keifer, of the township and county as above, is a base calumniator, and the public are cautioned against crediting any report he may put into circulation respecting me. hiH "JACOB X KRUTZ. mark "Lower Mt. Bethel, June 18, 1833." ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CELEBRATION OF THE4TH0FJULY, BRATION OF THE4TH0FJULY, 1S33-- LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE OF THE NER STONE OF THE FIRST COLLEGE BUILDING. At a meeting of the committee of arrangement of the Citizen Volunteers, the followingarrangements were agreed upon: 1st. A detachment of the corps will fire one gun at day break from Mt. Jefferson on the morning of the 4th of July, and a National salute at sun-rise, at which time the bells of the town will be rung. 2d. The corps will parade in full uniform at 8 o'clock a. m. and proceed to form at 8 o'clock a. m. and proceed to join in the procession of the military and different bodies of citizens at 91/^ o'clock. 3d. After an oration, &c., at the Reformed Church they will proceed to formed Church they will proceed to fire a Federal salute. 4th. At 2 o'clock precisely the corps will set down to a public dinner at the house of C. Engle, and we respectively invite our fellow citizens to join with us "around the festive board." No political toasts will be introduced. Persons wishing to partake with us will please inform either the undersigned committee of arrangement or signed committee of arrangement or Mr. C. Engle: D. W. BUTZ, J. P. HETRICH, BENJ. S. SHULTZ, JOSEPH LAUBACH, SIDNEY DOWN. July 1, 1833. PROCESSION. "The Trustees of LaFayette College have determined to lay the cornerstone of the college edifice on the ap- stone of the college edifice on the approaching Anniversary of Independ- proaching Anniversary of Independence: ence: "A procession will be formed at the court house at a quarter past 9 o'clock A. M. to move precisely at half past 9 o'clock to the new college ground. The military of Capt. Yard's troop and Capt. Butz's and Woodring's companies are invited to join, and have panies are invited to join, and have made arrangements for forming the van of the procession. *'The Citizen Band have also volun- teered their services for the occasion. "The soldiers of the Revolution, the Reverend Clergy, the Judge of the Court, the gentlemen of the Bar, the *Corporation of the Borough of Easton, the Easton Beneficial Society and the citizens generally are invited to join the procession. "The Faculty and Students of the College and the Board of Trustees, as well as all others forming with the procession, will please to be punctual in cession, will please to be punctual in their attendance at a quarter past 9 o'clock, in order that the procession may move precisely at the appointed time. "An address will be delivered at the new building on laying the cornerstone by the Rev. B. C. Wolf. "When the services are over on the ground the procession will move to the German Reformed Church, where at half past 11 o'clock J.R. Ingersoll.Esq., will deliver his address to tne two Literary Societies of the College. erary Societies of the College. "The church will be opened for admitting ladies into the gallery before mitting ladies into the gallery before the procession arrives. But the lower part of it will remain closed until the procession arrives, and the persons forming it have entered, when the door will be opened for general admission. "By order. J. M. PORTER, "President of the Board of Trustees." AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATION AND CORNER-STONE TION AND CORNER-STONE LAYING. "The recent anniversary of our independence [July 4, 1833] was celebrated pendence [July 4, 1833] was celebrated with more than its usual interest to us of Easton. The morning was ushered in by a gun at day-break from Mount Jefferson, with the reveille. At sun rise a salute was fired by the Citizen Volunteers, and all the bells of our town set in motion with their merry peal. The weather, which had been tnreatening and stormy for the preceding days, was clear and not unpleas- ceding days, was clear and not unpleasantly warm. The Easton Troop, Capt. antly warm. The Easton Troop, Capt. Yard, and the Citizen Volunteers. Capt. Butz, paraded at their respective quarters at 8 o'clock. ters at 8 o'clock. "The procession for laying che corner stone of LaFayette College was formed at the court house square at half past 9 o'clock, under the direction of Col. J. M. Porter, Chief Marshal, in the following order: ing order: "1. The Easton Troop. "2. The Citizen Volunteers (Artillery). lery). "3. The Williams Township Artillery. lery. "4. The Soldiers of the Revolution. "5. The clergy, preceded by Messrs. Ingersoll and Wolf. "6. The Judges of the Court and Gentlemen of the Bar. "7. The Corporation of the Borough of Easton, with the Chief Burgess at its head. "8. The Superintendent of the building, carrying the box to be deposited in ing, carrying the box to be deposited in the corner-stone.with the marble mason and workmen engaged at the building, carrying their tools. "9. The Citizens' Band, under direction of Mr. Peter Pomp. tion of Mr. Peter Pomp. "10. The faculty and students of the College. "11. The Board of Trustees. "12. The Easton Beneficial Society. "13. The Citizens generally. "The procession was formed at the Court house and was put in motion at about a quarter before 10 o'clock. It proceeded up Northampton to Hamilton [Fourth] street, thence along Ham- ton [Fourth] street, thence along Hamilton street to Bushkill street, thence ilton street to Bushkill street, thence along Bushkill street to the stone bridge over that stream, thence along the Wind-gap road to the road [Sullivan's Road] leading up the hill in the van's Road] leading up the hill in the rear of the college, and thence to the new edifice. "On arriving at the ground it was found that, notwithstanding the numbers in the procession, there was yet a bers in the procession, there was yet a greater number who had mounted the steep ascent in front and had assembled themselves in and around the building. With some difficulty the space around the scaffold or stage was cleared off, and the ceremony of laying the stone proceeded in the following order: "1. Music by the Band. "2. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Beasly, of the Episcopal Church. "3. The stone was then laid by Col. Porter, President of the Board of Trustees, with the assistance of the work- tees, with the assistance of the workmen. Before depositing the box in the men. Before depositing the box in the cavity of the stone its contents were exhibited to the crowd. They consisted of a scroll containing the date of the ed of a scroll containing the date of the charter of Incorporation, the date of the commencement of the building, the day of laying the corner-stone, the name of the President and \ice President of the United btates, of the Gov- dent of the United btates, of the Governor of Pennsylvania, of the faculty, ernor of Pennsylvania, of the faculty, trustees and students of the college, and of the architect and workmen engaged in the erection of the building, gaged in the erection of the building, portraits of Washington, Jackson and Wolf, and impressions taken from the college seal, giving a faithful likeness of Gen. LaFayette, a Bible, a book containing the Constitutions of each State taining the Constitutions of each State of the Union, the last copy of the last numbers of each of ^the newspapers printed in the county. The box was then sealed shut with solder by Mr. A. Lamb, the workman who made it." "On setting the stone in its place Col. Porter said: " 'Here, on the anniversary of our independence, we dedicate thisbuilding to the cause of science and education. May it long be the seat of virtue and learning. May the example of him whose name it bears, and who is well described as the model of republican chivalry, the hero of three revolutions, of two centuries and of both hemispheres, inspire the youth who shall be spheres, inspire the youth who shall be here educated with the proper spirit of patriotism and philanturopy. And may the all bounteous Author of nature bless this our undertaking, protect those engaged in completing this structure from accident and harm, and long ture from accident and harm, and long preserve it from decay.' "4. The Rev. B. C. Wolf, of the German Reformed Church, delivered a man Reformed Church, delivered a neat, beautiful and appropriate address. dress. "5. Music by the Band. "6. Concluding prayer by the Rev. Mr. Vandever, of the Reformed Dutch Church. "The procession was again formed and proceeded down the hill in front of tne college to the Bushkill creek, and entering the town by the wooden bridge over that stream, proceeded along Pomfret street to the German Reformed fret street to the German Reformed Church, where the following ceremonies were observed: nies were observed: "1. Music Dy the choir, accompanied with the organ, under direction of Mr. Slemmer. "2. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Gray, of the Presbyterian Church. "3. Reading of the Declaration of Independence by Jacob Weygandt, Esq. "4. Address by Joseph R. Ingersoll, Esq., of Philadelphia, delivered to and in pursuance of the appointment of the Franklin and Washington Literary Societies of Lafayette College. cieties of Lafayette College. "Of this address, the delivery of which occupied more than an hour, we cannot speak in terms of too high commendation. Much had been expected mendation. Much had been expected from the able and eloquent orator, nor was expectation disappointed. It was one of the most cnaste and elegant pieces of composition we ever heard, full of classical allusions and references, admirably adapted to the occa- ences, admirably adapted to the occasion, and its delivery was in the best sion, and its delivery was in the best style of its accomplished author. It will be shortly published, and is well worth possession. "5. Music by the choir. "6. Prayer by the Rev. Mr. McCool, late of the Methodist Church. "7. Benediction by President Junkin. "The arrangements for the procession were well made and as well executed. Everybody seemed pleased and delighted, and, indeed, we know not how they ed, and, indeed, we know not how they could have been otherwise. "There were several dinner parties in honor of the day. The 'Blues' and Williams Township Artillery dined at Engle's, the Troop at Conner's and the Jackson and Wolf men at Burt's." IT IS DIFFERENT NOW. "Easton Bank, July 19, 1833. "The Directors have this day decleared an extra dividend of fourteen cleared an extra dividend of fourteen and two-sevenths per cent., equal to five dollars per share on the capital stock of this institution, payable to the stockholders or their legal Representatives on the first day of August next. tives on the first day of August next. "And the stockholders are hereby further notified that an eighth instalment of five dollars per share is re- ment of five dollars per share is required to be paid to the Cashier at quired to be paid to the Cashier at their banking house at the same time. "Stockholders not calling on that day to receive their dividends will have the amount appropriated to the payment of the instalment due on their ment of the instalment due on their stock. "The holders of stock (which has heretofore been paid In full) will have the amount of their dividends placed to their credit, subject to their order, at any time after the first of August. "J. SINTON, Cashier. "July 23, 1835." FIRST DAILY STAGE LINE BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA TWEEN PHILADELPHIA AND EASTON. When, in 1805, Frederick Nicholas improved the stage service between Philadelphia and Easton to two trips per week it was considered a greatly improved accommodation over that wnich John Nicholas had given the public for some years in weekly trips. The following announcement musthave caused considerable excitement in the community: "THE PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION LINE OF DAILY COACHES BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA, TWEEN PHILADELPHIA, BETHLEHEM, EASTON AND ALLENTOWN. "The public is most respectfully informed that the subscribers have just formed that the subscribers have just commenced running a DAILY LINE OF COACHES between the above mentioned places for the accommodation of the public, contemplating to run one coacn through to Bethlehem. Much inconvenience and uneasiness to passengers will be avoided as to the risk and time in changing baggage. "The above line will leave Messrs. Wade & Sturdivant's Golden Swan Hotel, North Third street, near Arch, and Mr. Jonathan Berger's Hotel (Black Horse), North Second street, near Callowhill, every morning at half past 5 o'clock, stopping at Mr. Watson's Hotel (the Barley Sheat), North Second street, near Vine, proceeding by the ond street, near Vine, proceeding by the way of the Rising Sun, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Whitemarch, Springhouse, Montgomery Square, Line Lex- house, Montgomery Square, Line Lexington, Mount Pleasant (Branch Val- ington, Mount Pleasant (Branch Valley), Strawntown, Pleasant Valley ley), Strawntown, Pleasant Valley (Springfield), Hellertown to Shimersville, beautifully situated in view of ville, beautifully situated in view of u-e river Lehigh and the Canal where it crosses the bridges over the same, and arrives in the new and oeavitiful town of Freemansburg, recently built and constructed on the banks of the canal, admirably situated and adapted for pleasantness and accommodation not surpassed by any on the route, at which place a new coach is in waiting to convey passengers to Easton on a pleasant road on the north bank of the Kiver; thence from Freemansburg to Bethlehem, where a four-horse coach leaves immediately for Allentown, arriving at each place in the afternoon of riving at each place in the afternoon of the same day. Next morning at 5 o'clock a coach leaves for Mauch Chunk and Beaver Meadows. "Returning.leaves Mr. C.Copp's Pennsylvania Hotel, Allentown, and Mr. Wil- sylvania Hotel, Allentown, and Mr. William White's Hotel and Mr. John liam White's Hotel and Mr. John Burt's (Golden Swan) Hotel, Easton, at 5 o'clock a. m., and Mr. P. Brong's Eagle Hotel, Bethlehem, at 6 o'clock a. m. by the same route to Philadelphia, where it arrives early in the afternoon. "This being the People's Accommodation Line, the managers are determ- dation Line, the managers are determined to be strictly accommodating; first ined to be strictly accommodating; first rate coaches, good teams of horses, Sober and obliging drivers will always be found on the line. Moderate rates of fare and every attention to promote the comfort and convenience of Travellers, consistent with speed, safety and lers, consistent with speed, safety and punctuality, are the means through which they claim and hope for a share of the patronage of a liberal public. "Packages and Parcels forwarded carefully at moderate charges. All Baggage and Packages at the risk of their owners. "Passengers who cannot conveniently be at the oflRce, will be called for ly be at the oflRce, will be called for and set down at any desired place within the limits of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia. erties of Philadelphia. "CHARLES BROCK, Philadelphia. "JACOB SHIPE, Easton. "CH. COPP, Allentown. "G. H. GOUNDIE, Bethlehem. ".Managers. "August 6, 1833." ADVERTISEMENTS. located himself in Delaware Ward, in the house lately occupied by Mr. C. Denniston, where he has opened a Confectionary and Grocery, and will be pleased to accommodate those who may favor him with a call. Cakes of all kinds for weddings, parties, &c.,&c., baked on order and always kept on hand. Pickles of every description, and warranted good. Meal and Feed, first quality, and a constant supply." [Oct. 15, .o33.] "SHAKESPEARE OYSTER CELLAR AND EATING HOUSE. "Stogdell Stokes informs his old acquaintances and the public that he has quaintances and the public that he has "J. R. & W. HOWE, JR. & CO.'S NEW YORK MENAGERIE, Comprising the most extensive and interesting collection of living animals teresting collection of living animals now traveling, will be exhibited in Easton in the Spring Garden Square on ton in the Spring Garden Square on Wednesday anu Thursday, the 30th and 31st of October, instant. For two days only. Hours of exhibition on Wednesday from 1 o'clock to 4 o'clock p. m. day from 1 o'clock to 4 o'clock p. m. and from 6 o'clock to 9 in the evening; and on Thursday from 9 o'clock to 12 a. m., from 1 o'clock to 4 p.m. and from 6 o'clock to 9 o'clock in the evening. The animals are those of the rarest in the world, and the only ones of their species that have ever been exhibited in America. The proprietors pledge themselves to spare no pains to promote the comfort as well as amusement mote the comfort as well as amusement of visitors. For the better accommodation of ladies and juvenile branches dation of ladies and juvenile branches of families there will be eligible seats constructed sufficient to accommodate from 400 to 500 persons. Among the collection are the following: Male Elephant Columbus, supposed to be 21 phant Columbus, supposed to be 21 years of age and to weigh 9, COO pounds, nine feet high, with tusks near four feet in length. The Gnoo -- This animal has been lately brought from Eng- mal has been lately brought from England. In the shape of its body it most land. In the shape of its body it most evidently partakes of the horse, the ox, the stag and the antilope. The Gnoo may justly be considered as the greatest curiosity in the world. A pair of beautiful African Leopards in one cage. The keeper will enter the cage with them on Wednesday afternoon at 3 o'clock and on Thursday at 11 o'clock a. m. and at 3 o'clock p. m. The real Zebra of Africa. The quagga, which, until lately has been confounded with the zebra, is far inferior both in beauty of its stripes and the elegance of the form. Royal Tiger of Bengal, largest and most beautiful in America. Hyena of Ethiopia. The royal Asiatic Tiger differs from the Bengal Tiger in disposition, the one atrocious and the other sition, the one atrocious and the other tame and docile. Spotted or Laughing Hyena, the only one in this country. Spotted Tiger of South America. The, Civit Cat of Asia. Gennet Cat, theArmadilla, Camels, male and female, Armadilla, Camels, male and female, Ichneumons, Catamundas, Ferrets, Guinea Pigs, Macaw Bird, Parrots, &c., &c.. together with a variety of other animals too numerous to mention. Monkeys and Poneys. It might be considered trifling to describe particularly the performance of a monkey, yet larly the performance of a monkey, yet the extraordinary sagacity displayed by the principal performing monkeys of this collection has never been equalled by any other. Admittance, 25 cents; children under 12 years, half price. October 22,1833." "SALE OF PEWS. "A number of convenient Pews, situated on the ground floor of the German ated on the ground floor of the German Reformed Church, in the borough of Easton, will be sold at public sale in said church on Saturday, the 9th of November next at 2 o'clock p. m. "October 22, 1833." "OUR OWN TOWN AND OUR OWN AFFAIRS. "In the last season the work of improvement has been going on with provement has been going on with steady and sure pace. Footwalks have been put down, streets graded and repaired, curbs set, &c., by the corpora- paired, curbs set, &c., by the corporation, who, if they have not done all that tion, who, if they have not done all that was desired, have done all that could have been expected of prudent public servants, well disposed to improvement, but not disposed to too sudden ment, but not disposed to too sudden and lavish an expenditure. When a few more pavements shall have been made and a few more crossways put at the intersection of our streets we shall have comfortable walking during the worst of weather, so far as pavements and crossings can make it so. ments and crossings can make it so. "We have not been able to ascertain the exact number of houses erected within the borough limits during the last season, but they cannot be much, if any, short of fifty, many of them substantial brick edifices, and near a stantial brick edifices, and near a dozen of them covered with slate. To this add the stately LaFayette College, 112 feet front, perched on Mount LaFayette, north of the Bushkill, over- Fayette, north of the Bushkill, overlooking the town and adjacent country looking the town and adjacent country for miles. We do not know that our eyes ever rested on a more beautiful and variegated scene than that afforded from the tower of this building. It ed from the tower of this building. It has gone up with unparalleled dispatch. The first stone was laid on the patch. The first stone was laid on the 27th of June and ere the 27th of November the roof, now being put on, will vember the roof, now being put on, will be completed, and the building ready for occupation by the students. This expedition reflects great credit on Mr. Samuel Ricker,the architect and superintendent, who has had the building in intendent, who has had the building in charge. "South Easton, too, is also another busy scene. Houses are there being built in numbers, of a permanent character. This season an additional mill acter. This season an additional mill was built by Messrs. Bush & Failing, and the next season we learn a mer- chant grist mill will be put up by Mr. Swift, and a double saw mill,with other machinery connected, by D. Barnet & Co. "We are, literally speaking, "in the full tide of successful experiment," and, if we mistake not, the Delaware Canal, in consequence of the trade of the Lehigh Canal and of this place, will pay to the State of Pennsylvania a better interest than any other line of canal in the State. We think our Legislature should remember the fable of lature should remember the fable of the goose that laid the goiden egg -that in destroying the source of her that in destroying the source of her revenue she might destroy the revenue with it." [Nov. 19, 1833.] "MILITIA ELECTION. "Saturday last was a day big with the fate of the bloody 97th Regiment. An election was held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the removal of Lieut. Col. Wagener out of the bounds of the Regiment. The returns from the 2d Battalion have not been received, but it is ascertained that Col. Sheffler is duly and tained that Col. Sheffler is duly and legally elected to the second office of the Regiment by a majority of not less than 170 votes. "The vote in the 1st Battalion, held in this place, is: For George Sheffler, 289; Andrew H. Reeder, 84; Abraham Mixsell, 19. "Colonel Sheffler's name is now about to be handed down to posterity along with the redoubtable and immortal Colonel Pluck. George has been tal Colonel Pluck. George has been long and advantageously known to the " swinish multitude," having once made a glorious escape from them at the late General Lattimore's distillery, in Allen township, at which he was regularly installed as feeder,and where he perhaps first imbibed his military ideas from seeing his master at the head of a Brigade. "George, like Richard the Third, at first declined the honor, but being pressed hard, and assured that the office was worth $500 per annum, he assented, saying: 'Well, well, ven I can make money py it, I dont keer.' "When the result was known, a large number of the "sovereigns" who had elected him, waited on the new Lieutenant Colonel, who for some years tenant Colonel, who for some years past has played the useful part of hostler at the Globe Tavern, to congratu- ler at the Globe Tavern, to congratulate him on the result. He was no late him on the result. He was no little pleased to find he was so popular. We learn he had the offer of a suit of regimentals, & the use of Dr. Runyon's donkey for the next parade." [December 10, 1833.] "We give below the full returns of the late election for Lieutenant Colonel of the 97th Regiment. The ma- onel of the 97th Regiment. The majority for Col. Sheffler, says our neigh- jority for Col. Sheffler, says our neighbour of the "Sentinel is reduced in bour of the "Sentinel is reduced in the 2d Battalion, to about 70. This is an error -- his majority is 166 votes over his opponents. 1st Bat 2d Bat Total George Sheffler 289 4 293 Andrew H. Reeder. . 84 43 127 Abraham Mixsell... 19 00 19 [December 17, 1833.] The completion of the three canal lines to Easton gave it a maritime importance, and many have been the portance, and many have been the stories told of adventure on these waterways. The following will give some idea of the business done through the collector's office: "DELAWARE Dx v ISION. "Amount of property cleared at the collector's office, Easton, from the first of April to the 31st of December, 1833: Flour 26,133 barrels Wheat 6,412 bushels Corn 33,349 bushels Potatoes 215 bushels Butter 39.940 pounds Wool 2,110 pounds Flax 4,419 pounds Leather 79.178 pounds Whiskey 108,882 gallons Linseed oil 7,280 gallons Furniture 20,366 pounds Window glass 72 boxes Coal 91,824 tons Iron 469,603 pounds Lime 2,351 bushels Limestone 232 perches Roofing slate 884,558 pounds Shorts and ship stuff. . .310,409 pounds Sundries 83,255 pounds Sawed lumber 239,400 feet Paving stone 3,769 tons Live hogs 191,250 pounds Amount of tolls $b6,647.67 Of which amount the Lehigh Company paid $28,667.41. pany paid $28,667.41. Amount of property arrived at Easton from the 1st day of July to the 31st ton from the 1st day of July to the 31st day of December, 1833: Grass seed 80 bushels Potatoes 124 bushels Fish 3,472 barrels Cheese 21,^^0 barrels Tallow 6,998 barrels Salt 26,267 bushels Hemp 8,373 pounds Tobacco 65,248 pounds Raw hides 114,508 pounds Domestic spirits 12,070 gallons Foreign liquors 24,5 Jl gallons Merchandise 1,580,469 pounds Oil 21,592 gallons Plaster 2,675 tons Furniture 27,943 pounds Window glaiss 288 boxes Iron 339,894 pounds Lead 2,176 pounds Copper and tin 9,902 pounds Marble 87,344 pounds Wood 484 cords Sundries 279,534 pounds Bricks 296,225 pounds Amount of tolls paid by the following canal boats during the season of navigation of 1833: gation of 1833: Boats. Captains Amount. *Gov. Wolf-- R. G. Youells... $1,047 20 ♦️Triumph-- William Able 724 77 Gen. Washington -- W. Crocker 611 49 Westward Ho!-- JohnHartzell 650 18 Independence -- James Conner 515 12 Gen. Jackson -- John Able.... 512 52 William Tell-- J. Gudekunst. 460 28 Northampton-- Wm. Nagle. .. 406 91 Morning Star -- John Ripple.. 342 46 Thistle-- Hugh Cummins 291 60 North America-- A. Huffnert. 284 56 Paul Jones-- Daniel Wesser.. 262 33 Walk-in-the-Water-- D. P.Witts 269 23 Charles Carroll-- John Savitz 250 76 *Both these boats are owned by our enterprising fellow citizen, Jacoo Able, Esq." THE FANTASTICALS. "On New Year's Day [1834] our town was enlivened by a parade unrivalled in the annals of this place. About 9 o'clock in the morning tue Fantastical Band began to assemble in Delaware Ward, and before 10 o'clock, with a banner bearing the motto 'The Pride of Our Country' and trumpets sounding high the glorious notes of war, they took up their line of march. The Captain of the Band wore a dress which, as tain of the Band wore a dress which, as to shades, would have outshone Joseph's coat of many colours; his cap was something like four feet in length, having two canteens dangling at each end ing two canteens dangling at each end as tassels, and the whole surmounted by a weathercock. There were horns of every variety, from the long tin horn down to the penny trumpet, and each musician (if we may be allowed so to call them) tried his utmost to outdo his neighbor in raising the full chorus of discordant sounds. One of them, in the character of Mim Crow,' acted his part with admiration and danced to the music of an organ grinder, marching at the side of the Captain, in a manner that would have put the real Jim Crow in the background. "After marching through several of our streets the Band formed a line in the Centre Square and soon afterwards the remainder of these 'men of war,' having formed at the point tavern, marched to join them, under command of their redoubtable Colonel, who, mounted on a donkey trimmed off with a profusion of sleigh and cow bells and bearing a monstrous pair of ram's horns affixed to his head, appeared at the head of his invincible Regiment. As to his steed, we might safely say, in the language of the day, that the steed of Don Quixote 'wasn't a priming' to the donkey. The Colonel himself, as to the splendor of his military equipments, threw the doughty Hudibras in ments, threw the doughty Hudibras in the shade. They marched past the band, who saluted them with nodding plumes, waving banners, loud braying horns and clanging potlids as they passed. Among them was to be seen the native of the forest with bow and tomahawk, the physician with his medicines, followed by the grave-digger, cines, followed by the grave-digger, bearing his spades and mattock strapped on his knapsack, which bore the motto 'I bury the dead. Banners bearing various devices were seen along the line, and we observed among them mottoes of 'United we stand, divided we fall,' 'Give us liberty or death,' 'Time rules all things,' 'Success to the malicious system,' &c. Their provision store, which was a large basket sion store, which was a large basket party filled with mackerel and herring, was strapped on the shoulders of ring, was strapped on the shoulders of one of their number. Hogs' ears, tobacco plugs and whitewash brushes bacco plugs and whitewash brushes were used in lieu of epaulettes -- caps from the height of four feet down to a calash, on which were lettered mottoes, that would beggar all the powers toes, that would beggar all the powers of description. "The rear of this aisplay of nondescript soldiers was brought up by a script soldiers was brought up by a fellow marching along with all the gravity and importance of an old veteran, masked and wearing a gypsey hat, ran, masked and wearing a gypsey hat, a leg of a deer for his musket, his coat corded with segars and herring, a twogallon canteen labeled gin, and wear- gallon canteen labeled gin, and wearing a United States knapsack upside ing a United States knapsack upside down, with the motto 'Our country's wrong' attached to it. After parading Liirough town until about noon they dismissed. We understand that they are to have another parade in the spring." Philadelphia, and the public in general: ral: "A report having got into circulation that the above line was about bawling off, I herewith take pleasure in contradicting it, and at the same time inform- dicting it, and at the same time informing the public that it will be run all ing the public that it will be run all winter, the same as it has been heretofore. fore. "Earlyin the springtheproprietorsof this line will run a splendid omnibus between the towns of Easton, Bethlehem and Allentown, and return the hem and Allentown, and return the same day, in connection with the People's Accommodation Line, to which ple's Accommodation Line, to which undertaking they solicit a continuance of public patronage, of which they have enjoyed as large a share during last season. "Passengers from Allentown will leave that place after the 1st of April next at 7 o'clock a. m. and intersect this line at Hellertown at about 8 o'clock, arriving in Philadelphia as early as formerly. "The public are respectfully informed that after the 1st of April next the People's Accommodation Line will be inferior to none in this section of the country. G. H. GOUNDIE, In behalf of the Proprietors and Stockholders of said line. holders of said line. "January 21, 1834." "FREE AND EASY. "A meeting of young men favorable to forming a society for this social purpose will be held at thehouse of Capt. pose will be held at thehouse of Capt. Nungesser on Saturday evening next at early candle light. MANY. "February 11, 1834." "STAGE NOTICE-- EXTRA. "To the patrons of the People's Accommodation Line of Coaches between modation Line of Coaches between Easton, Bethlehem, Allentown and "A SIGN. "The signs of the times cannot be mistaken. Even popular favorites, such as General Jackson has been, will find out that they may go too far and the retributive justice of public opinion wil sink back the 'Kitchen Cabinet' to its original nothingness and leave their culinary establishments topsy-turvy. "But we started to relate a mishap that befell the 'Old Roman's' likeness in our town. On Friday night last some wags very secretly and deliberately took down the head of the Gene- ately took down the head of the General, which constituted the sign of mine ral, which constituted the sign of mine host of the Jackson Hotel, in this place, and, having duly changed the hanging irons and the landlord's name, put it up again, upside down. The thing was done decently and in order, and in the morning, a little to the chagrin of the landlord and much to that of the few Glory and Reform' people we have yet left, the Old Roman was left topsyturvy." turvy." "LIGHT INFANTRY. "Those young men of the borough of Easton who are favorable to the formation of a Light Infantry Corps are re- tion of a Light Infantry Corps are requested to meet at the house of Mel- quested to meet at the house of Melchoir Horn on Saturday evening next choir Horn on Saturday evening next at 61/2 o'clock. MANY. "Easton, March 4, 1834." The County Treasurer's report for the year 1835 shows the following, among other payments: For fox scalps and crow's heads. $60.84 For Panther scalps 48.12 HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events in 1835. NEW SERIES-- NO. 7. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. The "political pot" began to simmer in the early months of 1835, and by the fall elections was boiling to overflowing. Township meetings were held, ing. Township meetings were held, and at the one for Forks, held at the house of Abraham Babp (innkeeper) on Saturday, May 9th, Valentine Weaver was made president and Edward B. ver was made president and Edward B. fahimer and Jesse Schug secretaries of the meeting, and at least three columns of resolutions were passed denouncing the Wolf administration and advocating Joseph Ritner, of Washington county, for the Governorship. Wolf had received his nomination for the Governorship in 1829 largely through the influence of his home people in Old Northampton, but at the end of the second term his administration was the subject of severe criticism. Ritner was a man of the people -- a plain Pennsylvania German farmer. The present Republican candidate for the Governorship, Judge Samuel W. Pennypacker, is another of his type, and one whom all, irrespective of party, can with confidence look to as the coming Governor of all. A personal acquaintance and frequent association with the man, covering a period of twelve or more years, has impressed upon me his strong personality and honorable fairmindedness. He is not built to be a one man's man -- he is a representative Pennsylvanian. Military organizations (which were a strong adjunct to the political) became correspondingly active, and the came correspondingly active, and the hand of the politician was visible by the selections made for such offices as Colonel, Major, Brigade Inspector, etc. On April 1, 1835, was opened the once famous American Hotel, sometimes called Connor's Hotel.which stood times called Connor's Hotel.which stood on South Pomfret (Third) street.where the Drake building now stands. Melchoir Horn was the first landlord of the American, and in his an- lord of the American, and in his announcement he informed his friends nouncement he informed his friends and the public that the hotel had just been completed and elegantly furnished. It was announced as "one of nished. It was announced as "one of tue largest in the country, containing eighty chambers, diningroom fifty feet long, ladies' drawingroom, four delightful parlors, thirty single and twenty ful parlors, thirty single and twenty double bed chambers and a large yard with abundant stabling. A hydrant in the yard furnished a plentiful supply of pure and wholesome water, and the bar was supplied with the best liquors and choicest of wines." Some of the new business men of the town were: Eben Owen, who made coaches, chariots, dearborns, gigs, sulkeys, &c., on the Bethlehem road, a few doors west of John street. John T. Scofield put on fireproof slate a little dearer than shingles. Henry Keller had a rope factory and sold his wares, including groceries and cedarwares a>, the southwest corner of Centre Square. Donlevy & Co., looking-glasses and picture frame manufactory, pier mantle and toilette glasses, andirons, tle and toilette glasses, andirons, shovels and tongs, wall paper, fine prints, colored and plain, at iOVz Northampton street. Enoch S. Clark, first door west of the Delaware bridge, dealt in dry goods, hardware, queensware, liquors, &c. Charles F. Worrel taught singing in the lecture room of the German Reformed Church. Scholars between 6 formed Church. Scholars between 6 and 12 years paid 50 cents per quarter; between 12 and 16, 75 cents, and above It), $1. J. R. Latimore opened a scrivener's office at the southwest corner of the Market Square. Patrick Mellon manufactured French burr millstones. MILITARY. "On Saturday last [May 2, 1835] Capt. Yohe's Company or Washington Greys celebrated their seventh anniversary. They went through their evolutions and firing with great precision, and much praise is due the corps for the perfection to which they have brought their discipline. In the afternoon they partook of a sumptuous dinner at the American Hotel, at which there were a number of invited guests. We understand the Greys intend to reform themselves and adopt a blue uniform. The First Easton Troop, under command of Capt. Hiram Yard, made a mand of Capt. Hiram Yard, made a splendid parade on Monday. They are a fine and well-equipped body of men, and a few more recruits are only wanted to make their appearance, when on ed to make their appearance, when on parade, as imposing as any troop we have ever seen. In the afternoon they proceeded to our friend Seipe's, where they fired at a target for a beautiful medal bearing the motto "Our Country, Right or Wrong," which was won by Edward Ihrie. The following are the candidates for the First Brigade, Seventh Division, P. M. [May, 1835.]: For Brigadier General. Gen. Conrad Shimer. Col. Jacob Kern. For Brigade Inspector. Major Isaac B. Shimer, Lower Saucon. John Kessler, Bethlehem. Christian Luch, Bethlehem . Capt. George Schlabach, Allen. Major Jacob Cope, Bushkill. Capt. Michael Weaver, Plainfield. Capt. John Jacoby, Lower Mt.Bethel. Adj. Charles Weaver,LowerMt.Bethe Capt. George L. Slutter, Hamilton. George L. VanBuskirk, Hamilton. Major Jacob Keller, Williams. Capt. Hiram Yard, Easton. John R. Latimore, Easton. F. W. MuUer, Easton." FIELD OFFICERS-- 97TH REGIMENT For Colonel. Abraham Miller. William H. Townsend. For Lieutenant Colonel. Joseph Dietrich. Major John Dech. For Major. Martin Seiple. George B. Hineline. Edward Seip, Easton. E^van Rees, Easton. MILITARY ELECTION. "The elections for general and field officers of the Militia and Volunteers of this State took place on Monday last [June 1, 1835]. In the First Brigade, Seventh Division, the contest was a warm one between Gen. Shimer and Col. Jacob Kern for the office of Brigadier General; the former has succeed- dier General; the former has succeeded, we apprehend, by a large majority. ed, we apprehend, by a large majority. There might be a variety of reasons assigned for the votes in this regiment, particularly in the first battalion, who voted at the house of Charles Engel, in this borough. There were political reasons and private griefs operating -there were attachment to one candidate there were attachment to one candidate in some and fear of letting the other rise too high in others. There was great industry, a great deal of money expended and a vast deal of rum punished to help those who were itching ished to help those who were itching for military titles along. The following is the result of the election in the Ninety-seventh Regiment: ment: For Brigadier General. 1 Bat. 2 Bat. Conrad Shimer 733 399 Jacob Kern 229 85 For Colonel. W. H. Townsend 446 Abraham Miller. 434 For Lieutenant Colonel. John Dech 326 Joseph Dietrich 439 For Major. Evan Rees received 465; Edward J. Seip, 298, and George B. Hineline, 120. The following is the result in detail of the military election held June 1, 1835, above referred to: o2 ffl # !"=: 5f Va So C P O "CE 2,- g^O c J'P <10 p B J5 o"f 2 = "1 * -! fD 2 s" o 5 P ?w n O " p3: - so # W bSOdOIOSbdtSbSOM to -vj ^ *^ I-" t" MOO h("0 i-'iotsta ta I* i-" 00 h- -i Cis td oi 00 :d to toco totoit"qa-j-^eaoita M oo 05 moo gp 00 00! H* to * coMtoi-.ggen rf* *-" 00 00- oim: CO 01 4^ qs M to Qg * |<!^ . CO Ol Oi Oi o -qg" ts o 1-1 1-1 ,-1 l-l l-i 1-1 to to *..*.. 05 00 . to 4^ .**# to iO rfk Ol CT -<l H^ 00 >-' M l-t en 1*^ to " OS oi o CT 1^ *" w 00 jc f !C "e o to i'Ba X . w #^#ed S j 5. v^Bg X ! w #*Ba t s *JOJ^f *jT?a *pni ii3;oj, TWENTY-SIXTH REGIMENT. Colonel. 1 Bat. 2 Bat. Total ♦️Charles Steckel 262 8--270 Adam Hauer 68 142--210 Lieutenant Colonel. *Peter Smith 40 127--167 John Longabach 2 -- 2 First Major. *William Craig 218 --218 John Stiner 104 --104 Second Major. * Jonas Newhart 82 -- 82 John J. Hower 63--63 THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT. Colonel. *Peter Snyder 147 87--243 Joseph Keller 1 -- 1 Lieutenant Colonel. ♦️David Smith 93 45--138 Levi VanEtten 48-- 48 Joseph Lester 1 -- 1 First Major. *John Nyhart 116 --116 Charles H. Heaney 37 -- 37 Joseph Diehl 26 --26 George Slutter, Jr 2 -- 2 Second Major. *0. S. Dimmock 94-- 94 NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. Colonel. *W. H. Townsend 446 359--805 Abraham Miller 434 31--465 Lieutenant Colonel. ♦️Jacob Dech 327 297--624 Joseph Dietrich 439 159--598 First Major. *Evan Rees 465 --465 Edward Seip 298 --298 George B. Hineline 120 --120 Second Major. * Jedadiah Weiss 279--279 Tobias Rothrock 104 -- 104 140TH REGIMENT. Colonel. ♦️William Kessler 31 132--163 Philip Haupt 64--64 Lanty Shannon 31 -- 31 Lieutenant Colonel. ♦️Jonas Siegel 116--116 Jacob D. Dietrich 59 --59 John Eylenberger 29 -- 29 First Major. ♦️John R.Chambers 60 --60 David Ayres 14 -- 14 Second Major. ♦️P. F. B. Schmidt 128--128 Jacob Stauffer 63-- 63 MORGAN RIFLE BATTALION. Major. ♦️Abraham Andress 52 F. A. Fickardt 15 Samuel Wineland 1 J. Weiss 1 INDEPENDENT BATTALION. Major. ♦️Levi L. Loder 82 John Berry 24 John Bitters 5 NATIONAL BATTALION. Major. ♦️Joseph Hillman 102 Those marked thus^ are elected. JULY 4, 1835, was celebrated by the Mechanics of Easton. A silk badge in possession of the writer, bearing the impression of a printing press, was worn upon this occasion by the late Jacob Weygandt, Jr., casion by the late Jacob Weygandt, Jr., of Easton. The announcement of the celebration is as follows: "FOURTH OF JULY. "FIFTY-NINTH ANNIVERSARY OF OUR NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE. At a meeting held on the 5th inst. at the American Hotel it was resolved that the Mechanics of the borough of Easton celebrate the coming birthday of our Independence by holding a civic procession, each trade or occupation forming separately and carrying appropriate banners, and that a general invi- priate banners, and that a general invitation be given to the citizens of the tation be given to the citizens of the borough and its vicinity to participate with them on that day. "A committee from every branch was appointed to carry the above resolutions into effect. tions into effect. "At a meeting of the said committee held at the American Hotel on the 9th Instant the meeting was organized by appointing Capt. Hiram Yard chairman, Eben Owen and J. P. Hetrich man, Eben Owen and J. P. Hetrich secretaries. "It was, on Luotion, resolved that Col. James M. Porter be requested to deliver an oration and David Barnet liver an oration and David Barnet reader of the Declaration of Independence. ence. "Resolved that Henry G. Kurts, William Troxell, Eben Owen, William liam Troxell, Eben Owen, William Bruce, Abraham Sigman and Thomas Bishop be a committee to provide music for the occasion. "It was, on motion, resolved that Jacob H. w liking, William Brown and F. W. Muller constitute a committee to invite and to convey to our borough on the 3d day of July Mr. John Lynn, a resident of Warren county, N. J., who is about 101 years old, and was a companion to our beloved Washington in panion to our beloved Washington in their youthful days. "Eben Owen and Thomas Bishop tendered their services to provide uorses and carriages for the surviving soldiers of the Revolution. "It was resolved that the whole be conducted by field marshals, of which A. Miller was unanimously chosen chief; William Bruce, Hiram Yard, F. W. Muller and George Straub, assistants. ants. "Jacob H. Wilking, William Brown and F. W. Muller were appointed a committee of arrangement. "On motion, resolved that the citizens of the borough be requested zens of the borough be requested through the press to suspend business on said day. "At a meeting of the marshals held at the American Hotel the following order was agreed upon: "1st. The procession form in Bushkill street, the right resting on Pomfret, kill street, the right resting on Pomfret, and meet at 8 o'clock on the morning precisely, as the procession will move off fifteen minutes after eight. "The following was agreed upon as the course of the procession: Up Bushkill to Hamilton, up Hamilton to North- kill to Hamilton, up Hamilton to Northampton, up Northampton to the top of ampton, up Northampton to the top of the hill, countermarch down Northampton to Hamilton, down Hamilton ampton to Hamilton, down Hamilton to Ferry, down Ferry to Pomfret, down Pomfret to Spring Garden, down Spring Garden to l-ermer, down Fermer to Ferry, down Ferry to Water, up Water to Northampton, up Northampton to Hamilton, down Hamilton to Ferry, down Ferry to St. John's Church. The procession will enter the church, where a prayer will be offered up to the Throne of Grace by the Rev. Mr. Hecht. "1. Gun and Locksmiths. "2. Saddlers. "3. Tailors. "4. Coopers. "5. Hatters. "6. Millwrights. "7. Butchers. "8. Tobacconists. "9. Printers and Bookbinders. "10. Painters. "11. Cordwainers. "12. Boatbuilders. "13. Cabinetmakers. "14. Blacksmiths. "15. Tanners and Curriers. "16. Masons, Plasterers and Bricklayers. layers. "17. Ropemakers. "18. Carpenters. "19. Coachmakers. "20. Stonecutters and Marble Masons. "21. Brushmakers. "22. Tinsmiths. "23. Watchmakers. "24. Brass and Ironfounders. "25. Brewers. "26. Confectioners and Bakers. "27. Weavers. "28. Citizens generally. "29. Members of the Town Council and other officers. "30. Members of the Bar. "31. Clergymen. "32. Orator of the day and reader of the Declaration. "33. Surviving soldiers of the Revolution. lution. "It is hoped that all persons who intend joining the procession will be tend joining the procession will be punctual in attending, and particularly to recollect the stations they have drawn, to prevent confusion and to save time; in consequence of another oration to be delivered in the same place at 11 o'clock, the procession will have no time to waste, and the different trades will form at some place they ent trades will form at some place they may think proper and march on the ground in a body. Let each trade have an understanding with themselves where they will meet -- it will obviate much difficulty and confusion. From their flags and badges their places can be assigned by the marshals without any delay. "The Declaration will be read by David Barnet and an oration delivered by James M. Porter, Esq. "A. MILLER, Chief Marshal. "F. W. MULLER, WM.BRUCE, "GEO. STRAUB, H. YARD, "Assistants." RITNER CELEBRATIONS ON JULY 4, 1835. In addition to the Ritner parade, Ritner dinners and Ritner meetings were held in Easton and throughout the county. "The Democratic Whigs of old Northampton celebrated the 4th of July (1835) ampton celebrated the 4th of July (1835) at the house of William Shouse in a most splendid and republican manner. Such a great number of republicans at a public dinner in Easton had never been seen before. The oldest Democrats and Revolutionary heroes from crats and Revolutionary heroes from many parts of the county honored the meeting with their presence, who had signalized themselves in the good old days of Jefferson and Simon Shnyder. "The meeting was organized by appointing the following officers of the pointing the following officers of the day: "Michael Messinger, Sr., of Forks township, President. "George Mann, of Lower Mt. Bethel, George Knecht, of Forks, Conrad Reiser, of Upper Mt. Bethel, and Joseph ser, of Upper Mt. Bethel, and Joseph Jones, of Bethlehem, \ice Presidents. "Benjamin F. Arndt of Forks, and Peter Lerch, of Lower Saucon, secretaries. taries. "After this William Davis, Esq., of Easton, addressed the meeting for some time a very appropriate manner. "The dinner being ready, those of the meeting who could possiblyfind a place partook of it. The multitude of guests and the crowd was so great that many, however repeatedly the table was supplied, were compelled to go to other plied, were compelled to go to other public houses. "When dinner was over the following toasts were drank." Thirteen regular toasts and sixty-six volunteer toasts were proposed and responded to. Those who responded to the volunteer toasts were the following: Charles Brittain, Ralph Funk, ing: Charles Brittain, Ralph Funk, Michael Weaver, John Cressman, John S. Heller, Charles Werkheiser, John Merrill, Abraham Ealer, John Dawes, Edward A. Reeder, John Sandt, Abraham Mixsell, Edward Barnet, Edward ham Mixsell, Edward Barnet, Edward B. Shimer, D. Eckert, Samuel Oliver, Thomas Shimer, John i . Moore, Samuel Shouse, Peter Lerch, John Green, Samuel Rinker, Peter Young, John Riegel, uel Rinker, Peter Young, John Riegel, John Osterstock, William Lesher, W. H. Hemsing, Robert Depew, John Shick, George Taylor, Henry Hory, William Diehl, John H. Butz, John J. Cressman, P. F. B. Schmidt, James Conner, David Walter, Peter Diehl, Charles Laubach, Andrew Apple, Charles Kale, W. Davis, Charles Green, John Carpenter, John H. Barnet, John Eyerman, D. B. Odenwelder, J. Shug, Jesse Shipman, John welder, J. Shug, Jesse Shipman, John Deichman, Joseph Barnet, John Opdyke, Chas. Sweitzer, Christian Brown, dyke, Chas. Sweitzer, Christian Brown, Henry O. Sholes, C. B. Heller, S. Snyder, Thomas Gwinner, John C. Mixsell, der, Thomas Gwinner, John C. Mixsell, Samuel Yohe, Daniel K. Snyder, Daniel Witman, Frederick Lerch, Jacob Sherer and Abraham Osterstock. Several of the speakers responded twice, probably due to the length of the program and local conditions which need not be mentioned. Ritner and Wolf were, of course, the principal subjects dwelt upon in the speechmaking. Specimens of the sentiments making. Specimens of the sentiments expressed are as follows: "By Charles Brittain -- Joseph Ritner, the next Governor; he will appoint no justices of the peace until the people, and not the officeholders, ask for them. "Michael Weaver -- Joseph Ritner, the Washington county farmer; may he be elected Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at the ensuing general election. "John S. Heller -- Joseph Ritner, the economical farmer of Vvashington counly, opposed to oppressive taxation and ly, opposed to oppressive taxation and not the friend of the prolific waste of the State fund, as is the case with George Wolf, the present incumbent. "Abraham Ealer -- The next Governor -- may he prove to be Joseph Ritner and as true as Joseph of old to King Pharoah. "John Dawes -- Joseph Ritner, a star in tne West; the men of the East have seen its light and rejoiced at the brightness of its glory. ness of its glory. "Edward A. Reeder -- Joseph Ritner; Washington county proudly hails him as a favorite son; the sovereign people of Pennsylvania, with equal pride, claim him for their next Governor; let our motto be 'Ritner and Reform.' "John Sandt -- Two terms, the oldfashioned Democratic rule; patent fashioned Democratic rule; patent Democrats want three. "Abraham Mixsell -- The farmers, the backbone and sinews of the country since the foundation of these united colonies; may they ever continue so to be and rally round the standard of the Washington county farmer, to show George Wolf and his host of officeholders that they will be governed by holders that they will be governed by one who can manage the helm of state as well as the soil. "Edward Barnet -- Joseph Ritner, a practical farmer and a tried statesman -a man who has always been true to the a man who has always been true to the interests of the people while in the counsels of the State; let us unitedly put our shoulders to the wheel, and, as in union there is strength, we shall triumphantly elect him to preside over the destinies of Pennsylvania. "Edward B. Shimer -- Joseph Ritner, the supporter of the last war; when his country was invaded by a savage enemy he marched to its defence.while George Wolf, a full-blooded Federalist, staved at home and drank his grog. "D. Eckert -- George Wolf, the wholesale manufacturer of justices of the sale manufacturer of justices of the peace. "John Eyerman -- The Constitution of Pennsylvania, rotation in office and strict accountability of State officeholders the best alteration and amend- holders the best alteration and amendment of the Constitution. ment of the Constitution. "Samuel Oliver -- Joseph Ritner, the Washington county farmer, the second Simon Shnyder, highly esteemed by Democatic Whigs and only abused by Federalists and aristocratic officeholders in their foul presses. ers in their foul presses. "Samuel Shouse -- Let the Wolf run; his hair, his hide and his flesh are good for nothing. "John Riegel -- The Wolf in sheep's clothing can never succeed. Hurrah for Ritner and the love of liberty! "William Lesher -- George Wolf and Henry A. Muhlenberg; when the little magician, Martin VanBuren drew up the mortgage for the Albany regency on the State of Pennsylvania the one held the candle and the other the inkstand. Will ye Democrats of Pennsyl- stand. Will ye Democrats of Pennsylvania sanction such a disgraceful bar- vania sanction such a disgraceful bargain and sale? Be it far from you. gain and sale? Be it far from you. "Robert Depew-- George Wolf's administration and the Commonwealth -- ministration and the Commonwealth -a farm in bad hands; their expenses a farm in bad hands; their expenses are greater than their harvests. "John Shick -- George Wolf's school law, the death-blow to the German language in Pennsylvania. "John Deichman -- Joseph Ritner, the Washington county farmer; may he be elected in the gubernatorial chair to remove the unjust and tyrannical school tax law and assist in the restoration of the old law, properly amended. ation of the old law, properly amended. "The Declaration of Independence was read by Jacob Weygandt in the usual happy manner of that gentleman." man." Chester Flint, an indented apprentice to the painting, chairmaking and turning business, ran away from Francis ing business, ran away from Francis Jackson, the holder offered as a reward "A CLAMSHELL FULL OF PAINT. "REWARD. "The above reward will be paid for the recovery of an indented apprentice to the painting, chairmaking and turning business named Chester Flint, who ing business named Chester Flint, who got the subscriber's leave of absence on the 20th of May last for eight or ten days, and, not having returned yet, said apprentice is considered a runaway, and the public are cautioned not to harbor or credit him on my account, as no bor or credit him on my account, as no charges will be paid by me. He left here on a visit to see his relatives in Philadelphia. "FRANCIS JACKSON. "Easton, July 15, 1835." The announcement that at the work shops of Lafayette College were made by students windowsash, ploughs,Venetian blinds, trunks (the old-fashioned tian blinds, trunks (the old-fashioned hair-covered kind, with the owner's initials in brass-headed nails) is in strong tials in brass-headed nails) is in strong contrast with the acquired accomplishments from the same institution of the ments from the same institution of the present generation of students. "WINDOW SASH, PLOUGHS AND VENETIAN BLINDS. "For sale -- window sash, as follows, viz.: 8 inches by 10, per light, 4i/^ cents 10 inches by 12, per light, 5i/4 cents 13 inches by 14, per light, 61/^ cents Same, made of li/^-inch stuff, 8 cents "Also, a few Ploughs, Deel's patent cutters. "Also, Venetian window blinds of different sizes and prices. "All the above are warranted good. "It is hoped that builders or owners of buildings will find it their interest in giving us orders for worked floor boards, pannelled doors, Venetian window shutters, &c. We think it rea- dow shutters, &c. We think it reasonable, especially, that the farmers sonable, especially, that the farmers should encourage us with a share of their work, as we live by consuming their produce. "JOHNSON GODOWN, Business Agent. "Lafayette College, Sept. 9, 1835." In my earlier articles I made frequent reference to rewards offered for quent reference to rewards offered for the apprehension of indentured apprentices who had run away, xhe rewards tices who had run away, xhe rewards usually were a small amount, practically nominal, but in July, 1835, when cally nominal, but in July, 1835, when OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE GENERAL ELECTION IN NORTHAMP- RAL ELECTION IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY IN 1835. TON COUNTY IN 1835. The denunciation of Wolf and the popularity of Ritner did not affect the loyalty of old Northampton to her son Wolf, but the State "went for Kitner" -influenced largely by the anti-Masonic influenced largely by the anti-Masonic crusade then waging and the general opposition to a third term for Wolf, who had already occupied the office of Governor for two terms (1829-35): 1835. Easton District. Total. Governor. George Wolf 698 3135 Joseph Ritner 640 2560 H. A. Muhlenberg 98 458 Senate. Peter S. Michler 722 2615 D. M. Brodhead 570 2572 William Brown 115 794 Assembly. N. A. Woodward 674 3049 John Huston, Jr 659 3019 Isaac Stout 728 3151 C. E. Weygandt 578 2570 Jacob Brown 609 2522 Benjamin P. Arndt 683 2640 John Riegle, Jr 598 2449 Paul S. Preston 608 2460 Daniel Raub 127 450 George L. Slutter 90 507 John D. Fraily 80 388 Pope Bushnell 68 360 Sheriff. Peter Young 624 2035 Conrad Heckman 756 2129 William Hackett 224 1061 Peter Steckell 56 1069 John Ziegenfuss 224 1037 Charles L. Eberle 109 335 Samuel Adams 158 5ol Peter Smith 15 402 John Keller 52 815 Jacob Freeman 62 703 Commissioner. John Worman 426 1208 Melchoir Horn 319 1337 Thomas Sebring 227 1186 Joseph Snyder 139 717 Jacob Brotzman 202 879 Coroners. Michael Kochler 596 2787 F. Germantown 591 2749 John S. Haman 421 1554 Frederick Lerch 428 1563 P. Odenwelder 78 446 John Hartzel 76 447 Auditors. John A. Innes 602 2771 Jacob Saylor 440 1534 Henry Albright 78 553 Convention. For a convention 170 973 No convention 713 2875 Ritner was elected Governor, and it is told that when one of his children inquired of their mother whether they (the children) too were elected Governor, the mother replied: "No, only ernor, the mother replied: "No, only me and poppy!" One of the first acts of Governor Ritner was to commission the following in ner was to commission the following in Northampton county: Rev. John A. Probst (father of your venerable citizen, Emelius F. Probst, Esq.), Recorder. B. F. Arndt, Clerk of Orphans' Court. Samuel Moore, Clerk of Quarter Sessions. sions. HARRISON MEETING. When the late Benjamin Harrison, great-grandson of President William Henry Harrison, in 1888 received the nomination for the Presidency, those who had followed the banner of the Hero of Tippecanoe loomed up and with considerable pride followed the banner of him who wore his grandfather's hat. The candidacy of Gen. father's hat. The candidacy of Gen. William Henry Harrison for the Presiaency was advocated some years be- aency was advocated some years before his election in 1840; in fact, he fore his election in 1840; in fact, he was the Whig candidate in 1836, when he was defeated by VanBuren, the Democrat, but in 1840 Harrison turned the tables on VanBuren by defeating him. Harrison was the idol of the Whigs of Northampton, as was Jackson of the Democrats. The following will show who were some of the followers of Jriarrisoa in 1835-'36: "HARRISON MEETING. "The Democratic citizens of the county of Northampton who approve of nominations by the people and are in favor of Major General William Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, the conqueror of the British and Indian army on the Thames, the patriot, statesman and civilian, are requested to meet man and civilian, are requested to meet at the court house on Tuesday, the 17th of November, 1835 (court week), at 2 p. m., to adopt such measures as may tend to promote his election to the office of President of the United States. Joseph Herster, William Shouse, Samuel Yohe, C. G. Vontagen, Benjamin Hinds, Josiah Davis, Joseph Dawes, John Keiter, Samuel Shouse, J. P. Hetrich, John Dawes, E. A. Reeder, Chas. Schweitzer, Samuel Shick, A. D. Vanatta, Enoch S. Clark, James Rusling, George Shick, Jacob Reese, David Moyer, William Ross, B. F. Warner, John Lehn, Alexander Grotz, Benjamin Walter, John Johnson, Oliver Bunstein, Charles Tilton, C. B. Heller, Joseph Barnet, J. H. Barnet, J. B. Hunt, W. J. M. Cammon, Peter Snyder, Samuel Moore, John Titus, Davis Gosner, M. Foreman, John Carey, Sr., John Opdycke, Abram Osterstock, James Conner, Abram Beidleman, S. C. Gwianer, George Taylor, Jacob Diehl, Solon Chapin, A. E. Brown, W. H. Hemsing, William G. Scott, B. F. Davis, John H. Butz, H. S. Heckman, William Green, William Hamman, Nathan Reily, David Steidinger, John Stocker, William H. Pomp, Samuel Drinknouse, Geo. Luckenbach, M. Weaver, Jacob Moore, E. Romig, o. L. Reichart, John Green, Jr., Edward Walter, Benjamin Green, Elias Batt, M. Odenwelder, Thomas Meyer, Henry Bender, Davia Walter, John Moyers, John Laubach, C. A. Fickardt, William Young, R. Innes, D. Moyer (millw.), R. Innes, Jr., Isaac Gould, Peter Young, John Dehart, Peter Brown, J. H. Wilking, D. H. Snyder, John Frey, Jr., Peter S. Young, P. B. Kelchner, Wm. F. Wilking, Charles Kale, B. F. Arndt, Peter Uhler, Thomas Cawley, Louis Heller, Abr'm Dehart Jacob Frey, John P. Moore, William Vogel, Jacob Stansberry, Samuel Troxell, Henry J. Warner, J. Knecht, George Troxell, J. Eilenberger, Charles Innes, E. Sherman, Henry Hory, F. A. Fichardt, John Osterstock, Jesse Shipman, John Merrill, Adam Hawk, J. Weygandt, Wm. P. Spering, J. W. Kreidler, Jacob Saylor, Jacob Echart, Assor Roth, Daniel Witman, G. I. Colboth, S. Phillippe, Henry Horning, E. P. Wolle, Jacob Seigfried, John Smith, N. Solomon, Henry Hill, J. D. Mason, A. B. Meixsell, J. Sherrer. James Titus, Robert Depew, Wm. White, Peter Gross, H. P. Osborn, Saflauel Stroup, S. A. Clewell, Godfrey Belling, A. C. Miksch, Abr'm Knecht, C. Bellisfield, J. Heller, Michael Heller, John Ward, Valentine Weaver, John Shively, Henry Desh. Easton, Nov. 11, 1835. STAGE LINES TO NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA. "Arrival and Departure. "To and from the Easton Hotel. "The line of stages for New York, by way of Morristown, leave every morning (Sundays excepted) at 4 o'clock, and arrive the same evening. Fare through $3. "From Reading, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning at iVz nesday and Friday morning at iVz o'clock, and return every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday evening. Fare to Reading $3, and fare through to Harrisburg $4. risburg $4. "To Philadelphia, via. New-Hope and Morrisville, every morning, and return the same evening, fare through $2.75. WILLIAM WHITE, Agent." Easton, Nov. 25, 1835. HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events In 1836. NEW SERIES-- NO. 8. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. The year 1836 was ushered in by a heavy fall of snow -- the heaviest that had been witnessed in your locality for many years. The storm commenced on Friday, January 8th, and the snow continued to fall in great flakes without intermission until Sunday morning, out intermission until Sunday morning, the IGth. The depth of the snow on Sunday was upwards of two feet on the level, and, in considering the immediately preceding rain and watery state ately preceding rain and watery state of the surface of the ground, the residents felt warranted in saying that fully dents felt warranted in saying that fully three feet of snow fell in the borough of Easton. About this time began the excitement which lasted tor several years, and concerning which I will refer to later -- cerning which I will refer to later -that is, the cultivation of the "morus that is, the cultivation of the "morus multicaulis," or mulberry tree, as food for silkworms -- fortunes having been promised, but not realized, in the experiment of silk production, which periment of silk production, which proved expensive to many. The descendants of the "morous" can yet be scendants of the "morous" can yet be seen in localities on College Hill, where considerable attention was given to the subject by the college, which at that time combined manual labor wiui mental training. The following was the tal training. The following was the initial movement for a silk company in Easton: Pursuant to a call published in the "Northampton Whig," a meeting of citizens was held at the house of Samuel Adams, innkeeper, in Easton, on uel Adams, innkeeper, in Easton, on the 16th of January, 1836, when James M. Porter was called to the chair and Joseph Barnet appointed secretary. On motion, it was Resolved, That it is expected to form a silk company for the county of Northampton, pursuant to an act of 4th of ampton, pursuant to an act of 4th of April, A. D. 1832, to be called "The Northampton Silk Company." Resolved, That William Hackett,William Brown and John Dawes be a com- liam Brown and John Dawes be a committee to draft articles of association mittee to draft articles of association and report the same to a subsequent meeting to be held on Saturday evening, the 30th of January instant. ing, the 30th of January instant. J. M. PORTER, Chairman. JOSEPH BARNET. Secretary. PUBLIC BATH HOUSES. On the south side of the Bushkill, near Fermor (Second) street, stood, and may yet be standing, a building which during my residence in Easton, a quarter of a century ago, was known as the "bath house," the use of which for purposes next to godliness had long before been abandoned, as the building was then going to decay. This public institution was first announced in the following notice: nounced in the following notice: "The subscriber proposes to open his bath house on the first day of April next, provided sufficient encouragement is given to warrant him in devoting his whole time and attention to it. To ascertain which, he respectfully solicits certain which, he respectfully solicits those persons who are desirous to encourage him, and whose intention it is courage him, and whose intention it is to become regular visitors, to call upon him before the 15th day of April next, and become subscribers for a year, under the following conditions: "1st. The bath house to be open daily from the first day of April next until the first day of October. "2d. During the winter it will be open twice a week while the weather is favorable, on such days as will best suit a majority of the visitors. "3d. The terms will be five dollars lor a ticket to admit the bearer for one year from tne first day of April next, and twenty-five cents for a single bath. "The subscriber is determined to satisfy all who may favor him with a call. He has made arrangements to furnish his visitors with rooms and refreshments of all kinds, and is determined that neither pains or expense mined that neither pains or expense shall be spared to render a visit to his establishment pleasant and agreeable. "JOSEPH SNYDER. "March 16, 1836." FRESHET OF '36. In the annals of Easton frequently appear references to the freshets which have visited that locality in the past, and personal recollections of many of these were exchanged at Youell's Arcade, on Northampton street, and its modern location on the "river front," in the tollhouse at the old Delaware river bridge and in other localities where the oldest residents were in the habit of gathering and giving their reminiscences, often covering many years, for at one period of which I have knowledge many old men, born and brought up in Easton, were living there. "On Saturday last [April PS, 1836] we had a warm rain and a southerly wind, the result of which was that the waters of our rivers rose to the height of about twenty-three feet, which overflowed the canal banks in several flowed the canal banks in several places. Some injury has no doubt been done to it, but doubtless not so much as the fears of many anticipated. "The freshet is the highest we have had since 1814. We have heard of but little injury being sustained (as there was no ice and comparatively but little driftwood) except the destruction of the bridge over the Delaware at the flourishing village of Belvidere, twelve miles above this place. The bridge was just completed, and it is said that it was occasioned by two trees lodging against one of the piers, which acted as sawyers and detached some of the stones from it and finally threw down the pier. Its cost was $16,000. The wreck floated past this place on Monday afternoon between four and five day afternoon between four and five o'clock. The water has fallen several feet." "EASTON MUSEUM. "The subscriber, grateful for past encouragement, has the pleasure of an- couragement, has the pleasure of announcing to the citizens of Easton and nouncing to the citizens of Easton and the public generally that he has moved his Museum to Northampton street, next door above the sign of the Swan, where he will be very happy to wait on all who think proper to call. "The exhibition is the same as heretofore advertised, with the addition of tofore advertised, with the addition of two beautiful figures representing Alexander the Great visiting Diogenes, the ander the Great visiting Diogenes, the philosopher, the former in armor, according to the Grecian style. Like- cording to the Grecian style. Likewise, a loon shot by Mr. W. W. Wood- wise, a loon shot by Mr. W. W. Woodring and a beautiful black Eagle, pre- ring and a beautiful black Eagle, presented by Mr. Hammann. sented by Mr. Hammann. "Admittance, 12% cents; children under 10 years of age, half price. "Open from 9 o'clock a.m. until 9 p.m. "CHARLES SCHENCK. "Easton, April 13, 1836." PORTRAIT PAINTER. Many of the old families of Easton possess portraits painted by Moon, who was considered an accurate painter of portraits, and his work will be found not only in Easton, but throughout the State and adjoining States. I wish a catalogue of his paintings did exist -perhaps it does? perhaps it does? "REMOVAL. "S. Moon, Portrait and Miniature Painter, has removed from the stone house -n the Square to the large brick house owned by Madam Penoe, nearly opposite the Easton Bank, first door up stairs. "Easton, April 13, 1836." "NEW EAGLE LINE OF COACHES FROM EAisrON TO PHILADELPHIA DELPHIA To commence on Sunday, May the 1st, 1836, and to continue to run regularly every day, via Bethlehem, Coopersburg, Quakertown, Montgomery Square and Germantown. "This line will leave Easton every morning at half-past 4 o'clock, breakfast at Bethlehem and arrive early in fast at Bethlehem and arrive early in the afternoon in Philadelphia. "At Bethlehem it will intersect the line from Nazareth and at Coopersburg the line from Allentown. "Office in Easton at Wm. White's Easton Hotel. "Returning, the line will leave Philadelphia every morning also, commencing on Sunday, May 1st, 1836, at mencing on Sunday, May 1st, 1836, at half-past 6 o'clock (after breakfast), dine at Quakertown and arrive at 6 o'clock p. m. in Easton. "OflSce in Philadelphia at Harker's Golden Swan, Third, near Arch street, and at Jacob Bush's Bald Eagle, North Third, above Callowhill, street. "Proprietors -- W. C. Livingston, Charles Seagreaves, Peter Cooper, Jacob Kern, George Weaver, Jacob Bush and others. "WM. WHITE, Agent, Easton. "T. H. MORGAN, Agent Bethlehem. "JOHN F. RUHE, Agent, Allentown, "WM. CRAIG, Agent, Nazareth. "J. M. HARKER, Agent, Philadelphia. "April 27, 1836." VAN BUREN MEETING. "On Thursday last [May 19, 1836] the VanBuren young men of the county, agreeably to the orders of their ty, agreeably to the orders of their drill officers, attempted to hold a meeting in the court house for the purpose ing in the court house for the purpose of appointing delegates to the federal convention to be held at Harrisburg on the 4th of July next. The bell was rang and re-rang, and, notwithstanding its being battalion training day, and our town full of people, the meeting proved to be a miserable failure, there being but twenty-six persons -- committee, officers and all -- present. The tee, officers and all -- present. The leaders, by loud talking and bravado, attempted to make some show of strength, but, " alas! poor Yorick," their days are numbered. "The committee of six reported some resolutions in favor of VanBuren and his wool-growing friend of the 'Great Crossings,' which were read by a young man who seemed to take great delight in abusing and villifying Gen. Harrison, or, as he is denominated in the son, or, as he is denominated in the resolutions, the 'petticoat candidate.' We could not help thinking, young man, what might have been your fate if, when you wore the petticoat garments of childhood, we had not had ments of childhood, we had not had such men as Harrison to repel and hurl back the storm of British and Indian warfare, which, like a tornado, threatened to overwhelm our land with blood and devastation. "The 'still small voice' in which the resolutions were responded to, together with the long array of empty benches, clearly proved that VanBuren and Johnson are no favorites with the people of Northampton, and the efforts of ple of Northampton, and the efforts of a disconcerted few to stem the onward march of Harrison and Granger will prove utterly unavailing." The first competitive transportation line between waston and Philadelphia was that inaugurated by the completion of the Delaware Division Canal tion of the Delaware Division Canal from Easton to Bristol: "UNION LINE FOR PHILADELPHIA BY CANAL FREIGHT AND PACKET BOAT 'GAZEL'-- FARE, KET BOAT 'GAZEL'-- FARE, THROUGH, $2.50. "The 'Gazel' will leave Easton at 4 o'clock a. m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays for Morrisville; from thence passengers will take the cars to Bristol and the steamboat from Bristol arriving in Philadelphia at 5.30 o'clock p. m. Returning, will leave Morrisville on the arrival of the morning cars ville on the arrival of the morning cars on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays and arrive in Easton early in the afternoon. noon. "Merchants wishing to have goods brought from the city can do so by applying at the office, No. 23 South Third plying at the office, No. 23 South Third street, sign of the Robinson Crusoe; or, taken to the city by applying at Mr. William White's Hotel, Easton, or on board the boat. Hours for starting from Philadelphia are 6 o'clock a. m. by steamboat and 6.30 by railroad. "J. H. HELLINGS & CO., "June 1, 1836. Proprietors." MISSES LORRAIN'S BOARuiNGAND DAY SCHOOL, EASTON, PA. "The course of instruction in this institution embraces all the branches of a useful Ehglish education. The system is that of a division of labour, and the instruction is simplified by familiar explanation. The books used are those which have been tested by the experience of the most approved schools, and the pupils are classed accordingly to their proficiency. The cordingly to their proficiency. The studies pursued are orthography, reading, writing, geography, grammar, ing, writing, geography, grammar, arithmetic, history (modern and ancient), composition, philosophy (natural and mental), botany, chemistry and evidences of Christianity. try and evidences of Christianity. Plain and ornamental sewing are taught in the institution, but it is optional with the pupils pursuing the tional with the pupils pursuing the higher studies to sew during recitations. Terms for the first class, in- tions. Terms for the first class, including all the above named branches, cluding all the above named branches, with French, $8. This class will commence at 8 o'clock and close at 1. mence at 8 o'clock and close at 1. Terms for the second class, as usual, $4Junior class, $3. The hours of tuition Junior class, $3. The hours of tuition also remaining unchanged. Drawing and painting, $5. Music, $6. "Boarding, including the plain English branches, $125 per annum. No lish branches, $125 per annum. No pupil taken for a less term than three months, and one month's notice required before leaving the school. quired before leaving the school. "Easton, June 15, 1836." The Easton Museum kept up with the times, and its proprietor was always looking about for new attractions ways looking about for new attractions for the entertainment of your citizens and visiting neighbors, as the following announcement shows: 'The proprietor, in honor of the 4th of July, has just completed a perfect likeness of Gen. Jackson, and has also engaged the celebrated ventriloquist, Mr. Seaman,who will perform six times that day, having filled up the lecture room with more scenery and automaton figures for the purpose. Mr. Sea- ton figures for the purpose. Mr. Seaman is a curiosity in himself, inde- man is a curiosity in himself, independent of his matchless powers, hav- pendent of his matchless powers, having but one joint to each finger, and ing but one joint to each finger, and scarcely four feet in height, and yet he paints and writes with facility, specimens of which will be exhibited at the mens of which will be exhibited at the Museum. He will give an entire new treatise on the nature and powers of his art, and will illustrate by sending his voice to all parts of the house, imitating several characters at once, and tating several characters at once, and expose the manner in which some pretenders have palmed themselves upon tenders have palmed themselves upon the public as ventriloquists in this and other places. He will make his voice appear to issue from an adjoining apartment, talking and singing alternately, while every visible muscle of nately, while every visible muscle of his face will be in perfect repose. His wooden figures will also converse with any of the company, and sing several innocent and amusing ditties. Additional music and decorations, with ex- tional music and decorations, with extra illumination. tra illumination. Admittance, each 12 1^ cents. "Easton, June 29, 1836." Whoever has one of these piano fortes, has an antique. "PIANO FORTE MANUFACTORY. THE SUBSCRIBER Respectfully informs the public that he continues the forms the public that he continues the 102, above business at the old stand between Bethlehem and Nazareth, seven tween Bethlehem and Nazareth, seven miles from Easton, at the village of Newburg. He manufactures. PIANO FORTES of a new and much improved style, and warrants his work to be made of the best materials, and not surpassed in beauty and appearance. Pianos always on hand and for sale, on reason- ways on hand and for sale, on reasonable terms. Orders will be thankfully able terms. Orders will be thankfully received and promptly attended to. "HENRY HECKMAN. "May 18, 1836-3m." FOURTH OF JULY, 1836. With the approach of the 4th of July, 1836, arrangements were made for its proper celebration, and a meeting of the friends of Harrison and Granger, the candidates of the people for President and Vice President, convened at dent and Vice President, convened at the house of S. Adams on June 29th, when it was resolved that the Revolutionary soldiers residing in this vicinity tionary soldiers residing in this vicinity be notified by the committee of arrangements to unite in celebrating the rangements to unite in celebrating the day. A sumptuous dinner was partaken of at Samuel Adams' Hotel on the evening of July 4th. ing of July 4th. Gen. Mathias Gress, a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed president and John Carey, Sr., a soldier of the Revolution, Michael Messinger, Sr., Joseph Rossley and Conrad Schweitzer vice presidents, and John Riegel, Peter Gross and Benjamin Riegel secretaries. After the Declaration of Independence was read by F. A. Fickardt, Esq., ence was read by F. A. Fickardt, Esq., A. E. Brown, Esq., addressed the assembly at some length with his usual sembly at some length with his usual flow of good spirits and eloquence. Some of the toasts drank on this occasion were: casion were: B. F. Arndt -- Joseph Ritner, our worthy Governor; under his wise and eco- thy Governor; under his wise and economical administration the reign of nomical administration the reign of corruption and prodigality is destroyed and Pennsylvania restored to its exalted character among the union of alted character among the union of States. Charles Kale -- The Governor of Pennsylvania, the farmer and statesman; may the remaining States of the man; may the remaining States of the Union look at his administration and say, "Pennsylvania has arrived at the height of democracy, and we will join in with her and elect Gen. W. H. Harrison to the Presidency of the United son to the Presidency of the United States, and then we will have the democracy ot the Union at its acme." Jacob Weygandt -- Party distinctions ; when founded upon patriotic principles they tend to perpetuate the welfare and existence of a republic, but when their distinguishing characteristic is a blind adherence to men, without regard to measures, they are dangerous to liberty. By a citizen -- The memory of Gen. Knox, Greene, Wayne, Hamilton, Montgomery and Washington; may their gomery and Washington; may their deeds never be forgotten by a grateful people. About this time the construction of the Bushkill bridge at the north end of Third street was begun, as the following announcement will show: lowing announcement will show: "We perceive that our enterprising townsman, James M. Porter, Esq., is proceeding with vigor in the erection of the bridge over the Bushkill creek, A large quantity of stone has been quarried and the workmen are already preparing for the erection of the arches. Under the management of the public spirited contractor of this work we feel confident that we shall have a bridge which for beauty and durability will not be surpassed by any in the State. With the noble structure across the Delaware on our east and the chaste and beautiful fabric over the Lehigh on our south side, we will have, when this work is completed, a monument of lasting gratification to the lovers of architecture in our goodly borough. They are a just and merited tribute in praise of the public spirit existing among us." TOURISTS PASS THROUGH EASTON "The traveling season has commenced, and numerous citizens of menced, and numerous citizens of Philadelphia and New York have made their appearance amongst us, not at all to the dissatisfaction of our stage proprietors and tavernkeepers, whose enlarged and increased means of accommodation, we trust, will make them commodation, we trust, will make them comfortable. "There has been considerable visiting to the Delaware Water Gap, which ing to the Delaware Water Gap, which has deservedly become a fashionable place of resort, and which the romantic and magnificent scenery of the tic and magnificent scenery of the place and the very superior accommodations of our friend Snyder, of the dations of our friend Snyder, of the Water Gap House, are sure to gratify and delight all who visit that beautiful spot. "Schooley's Mountain Springs is also a delightful place of resort during the warm weather, and we can assure the public that Mr. Hinchman, the proprietor of Belmont Hall, spares no prietor of Belmont Hall, spares no pains or expense to render that establishment worthy of patronage." lishment worthy of patronage." [July 20, 1836.] Fortune-seekers after imaginary estates in the mother country flourished tates in the mother country flourished then (1836) as now: "NOTICE, "All those by the name of Bovee living in the United States are requested ing in the United States are requested to pay the postage on all letters directed to me on account of the legacy de- ed to me on account of the legacy depending in Holland, for I am a broken pending in Holland, for I am a broken merchant. PHILIP BOVEE. "N. B. -- All editors are requested to shove this notice ahead of their respective papers, so those of the above name tive papers, so those of the above name will stop their enquiring capers. Easton, August 31, 1836." NEW MILITARY COMPANY IN EASTON. TON. "On Monday last [August 8, 1836] a new volunteer corps, called the 'National Guards,' was inspected at the house al Guards,' was inspected at the house of Jacob Shipe; after the inspection Samuel Yohe, Esq., was elected Captain, George W. Barnet First Lieuten- tain, George W. Barnet First Lieutenant and Daniel H. Snyder Second Lieu- ant and Daniel H. Snyder Second Lieutenant. The company is already strong tenant. The company is already strong in numbers, and the sample uniform which was exhibited is one of the richest we ever saw; and, judging from the est we ever saw; and, judging from the known enterprise and intelligence of the young men who compose the 'Guards,' we venture to predict that tney will not be surpassed by any company in the State." pany in the State." GOVERNOR RITNER'S VISIT TO EASTON. "Governor Ritner and the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Thomas H. Burrows, Esq., arrived in this place on rows, Esq., arrived in this place on Saturday last [Sept. 10, 1836] and took lodgings at White's Hotel. They left here yesterday morning for the seat of government, by way of Nazareth, Bethlehem and Allentown. The Governor is an active, business-like man, ernor is an active, business-like man, and while here he was never idle. On the Sabbath he attended our churches, and on Monday he took a view of the State improvements at this end of the Delaware Canal, visited the flourishing village of South Easton and in the afternoon, by invitation, he accompanied ternoon, by invitation, he accompanied a committee to Lafayette College. His Excellency expressed his highest gratiflcation at the good order and syste- tiflcation at the good order and systematic arrangement of everything per- matic arrangement of everything pertaining to the institution. He was taining to the institution. He was called upon at the hotel by crowds of his fellow citizens from the town and country, all of whom were delighted with the intelligence and republican deportment of the 'Farmer of Washington.' ington.' "The VanBuren presses v/ill no doubt continue to slander our worthy Chief Magistrate and stigmatize him with the epithet of stupid Dutchman, but the intelligent Germans who till the soil in this section of the State, and have seen and conversed with the Governor, will frown upon their vile at- ernor, will frown upon their vile attempts to calufhniate so distinguished a tempts to calufhniate so distinguished a citizen." In the first Harrison campaign Easton was honored in having as the Whig ton was honored in having as the Whig candidate for Congress the late Judge Jacob Weygandt, whose party, however, was a hopeless minority, and he ever, was a hopeless minority, and he was defeated. It is interesting to note that this minority was overcome for the first time, sixty years afterwards, in the year 1896, when Judge Weygandt's great-grandnephew. Judge Wil- gandt's great-grandnephew. Judge William S. Kirkpatrick, broke the long liam S. Kirkpatrick, broke the long and continuous Democratic representation in Congress by being the first Re- tion in Congress by being the first Republican ever elected to this body from publican ever elected to this body from the district in which you are located. "JACOB WEYGANDT. "The gentleman whose name stands at the head oi the ticket has been long and advantageously known to the citizens of this congressional district. As zens of this congressional district. As the editor of a paper supporting the best interests of Pennsylvania he was for many years distinguished by the able, talented and energetic course which he pursued. The faithful guardian of the people's right, holding his dian of the people's right, holding his course for their interestss alone, he commanded the confidence of that portion of the people amongst whom his talents and influence were exerted. As an able, active and efficient magistrate he has had no superior and few trate he has had no superior and few equals. In his political course he has ever been distinguished for stern unyielding integrity -- he has never sacri- yielding integrity -- he has never sacrificed what he knew was right, for the ficed what he knew was right, for the sake of political expediency, nor courted political favor by the abandonment of political principles. In point ment of political principles. In point of talent and qualifications for the high station to which his friends are anxious to advance him, we do not think ious to advance him, we do not think we hazard too much when we say that he IS far superior to the gentleman to whom he is opposed. "We confidently ask you friends and fellow-citizens to make your election and record your votes in favor of the friend of Pennsylvania principles and Pennsylvania interests -- in favor of one who disregarding the clamors of party, will support the rights of his native State, and will record his votes in favor of those views of State policy which will be of inestimable value to you when party strife shall have passed away and been forgotten." [September 21, 1836.] CAMPAIGN ITEMS OF THE FALL OF 1836. Federal Peace Party -- Anti-Pennsylvania Consolidation -- Executive Dic- vania Consolidation -- Executive Dictation -- Amalgamation -- Lynch -- Cable tation -- Amalgamation -- Lynch -- Cable Tow, Hiram Abiff -- New York Regency -- Aaron Burr -- Little Cheat -- Stump Tail -- Ring streaked and speckled -Office Hunting -- "Hand Kase" -- KruH Office Hunting -- "Hand Kase" -- KruH Kopp" Ticket. [Democratic Ticket.] Congress -- David D. Wagener. Assembly -- William L. Sebring, Abraham Shurtz and Joseph Herst. Commissioner -- Philip Odenwelder. Auditor -- Joseph Dietrich. [Whig Ticket] Congress -- Jacob Weygandt, of Easton. ton. Assembly -- Jacob Saylor, of Forks; Henry Bauman, of Towamensing, and William VanBuskirk, of Stroud. Commissioner -- James J. Horner, of Allen. Auditor -- James Leibert, of Bethlehem. hem. Judge Weygandt, in addition to his candidacy for Congress, was one of the Electors named on the HarrisonGranger (Whig) ticket. Granger (Whig) ticket. "THE ELECTION. "On Ttiesday next the Freemen of this county and Congressional District will be called upon to select from the following tickets individuals to fill the respective important offices for which they have been placed in nomination. "On the careful exercise of this important trust depends the preservation portant trust depends the preservation of our liberties. The gentlemen placed before you by the friends of Ritner, Harrison and Granger are all known to you as honest and capable, and have in every respect the strongest claims upon your support. They are the frineds of good order and the unyielding spporters of the Constitution and ing spporters of the Constitution and the Laws. We need not to ask the citizens of Northampton to compare the zens of Northampton to compare the merits of the candidates on our ticket with those of the Federal Peace Party Ticket, headed with D. D. Wagener. "Now is the time for action. Go to the Polls on Tuesday next and vote the ticket headed with Jacob Weygandt, Esq., for Congress, and you will send to the National and State LfCgislatures men who will faithfully represent the best interests of their constituents." The official returns of the election were as follows: Official Return of Northampton County 1836. Congress. Easton Total David D. Wagener 741 2154 Jacob Weygandt 401 1012 Assembly. Abraham Shortz 716 2155 William L. Sebring 734 2154 Joseph Hirst 715 2133 Jacob Saylor 424 1021 Henry Bauman 412 1002 William VanBuskirk 409 1035 Commissioner. Philip Odenwelder 180 690 J acob Brotzman 594 1420 James J. Horner 382 1078 Auditor. Joseph Dietrich 690 2075 James Leibert 373 1096 [The Whig, October 19. 1836.] VISIT OF PRESIDENT WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON TO EASTON DURING HIS FIRST PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN. DENTIAL CAMPAIGN. His Reception in Easton, Bethlehem and Allentown. "On Saturday evening [October 1, 1836] this distinguished gentleman arrived in this place. It was announced in the morning that Gen. Harrison would probably arrive that evening, and a committee of invitation was appointed to escort him into town. At 10 o'clock in the morning a train of three or four coaches, each drawn by four elegant grays, with tasty flags and banners, left here for New Jersey, in search of the welcome guest. At 11.30 o'clock in the evening the thundering of our cannons from Mt. Jefferson announced his approach, and, although so nounced his approach, and, although so late in the night, the public square was thronged with hundreds to greet him on his arrival. Never, since the days of Lafayette, have we witnessed anything so imposing or so splendid as his reception. ing or so splendid as his reception. The court house and White's Hotel were brilliantly illuminated to the roof --an elegant colossal transparency of the General placed in full view -- whilst amia the roaring of cannon and the exnilarating music of a full military band the crowd sent forth a cheer that rent the air with its deafening welcome. come. "During the whole of the next day, with the exception of the intervals spent by the General in its appropriate exercises, his room was crowded with a constant stream of visitors, and never were men better pleased with the object of their attentions. The mechanics and the farmers vied with each other in taking the hero by the hand and in expressing their gratification. tion. "At 6 o'clock on Monday morning the General, accompanied by the committee and a large escort of carriages. mittee and a large escort of carriages. filled with citizens anxious to attend on him, left here for Bethlehem. Before his arrival at that place he was fore his arrival at that place he was met by a deputation of its citizens and the excellent band which had greeted him at Easton. The band struck up "Hail Columbia," and, headed by the citizens, the train entered the town. Here language cannot paint the warmth and hospitality of the reception. The large hotel was thronged. tion. The large hotel was thronged. After an excellent breakfast the General, accompanied by a committee of ral, accompanied by a committee of citizens from Allentown, proceeded on his way to that place. The street was now filled with carriages of every description, and far back in the rear scription, and far back in the rear came on a cavalcade of horsemen. Some distance this side of Allentown the Old General was met by the staff officers of Lehigh county, the volunteers and band of Allentown, and the teers and band of Allentown, and the whole procession (for, in fact, it had become one) entered that flourishing village. Here an immense concourse had also assembled in front of the hotel, at wnich the General halted, to hear an eloquent and appropriate address to the old soldier by Charles dress to the old soldier by Charles Davis, Esq. The General's reply was listened to with breathless attention. It was manly, energetic and fluent. It was all his warmest friends could wish, and at once gave him rank with all who heard him as one of the most efficient speakers of the day. At Allentown so many thronged to see him lentown so many thronged to see him and offer congratulations of friendly and honest hearts that at least two hours were consumed before he was able to recommence his route. "At Allentown, as our informant states, the General also received a committee of invitation from Pottsville, who would listen to no refusal and compelled him, reluctantly, to consent to deviate from his intended route after his arrival at Reading. "From all we have seen and heard, from the wide and universally favorable impression the Hero of the able impression the Hero of the Thames and Tippecanoe has everywhere made, from the soulfelt warmth where made, from the soulfelt warmth and enthusiasm everywhere exhibited wherever Gen. Harrison has been seen, from every evidence of public feeling in Pennsylvania, we are led to the irresistible conclusion that she has sistible conclusion that she has spurned the treacherous VanBuren and made choice of the war-worn veteran -the brave defender of his country, the the brave defender of his country, the hero, the patriot and the stateman, tue upright and noble Harrison, the man whom she thinks best calculated to maintain the dignity of the States and the integrity of the constitution." In connection with the above, it is interesting to relate that Gen. Harrison's grandson, the late President Ben- son's grandson, the late President Benjamin Harrison, visited Easton upon jamin Harrison, visited Easton upon more than one occasion a few years previous to his election to^ the Presidency of the United States. dency of the United States. FIRST COMMENCEMENT OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. FAYETTE COLLEGE. "The first commencement for conferring degrees by this institution was ring degrees by this institution was held at this place on the 22d instant [September, 1836]. "At 10 o'clock a. m. a large proportion of the intelligence of our popula- tion of the intelligence of our population was assembled at the Presbyterian tion was assembled at the Presbyterian Church to see and hear all that was to be seen and heard on this most interesting occasion. esting occasion. "After music from the choir and a prayer by Dr. Junkin, President of the college, William Rawle, Esq., of Philadelphia, the orator of the day, deliv- delphia, the orator of the day, delivered an address, of the style and mat- ered an address, of the style and matter of which there was but one opinion ter of which there was but one opinion -- it was excellent, and to those who had not the pleasure to hear we can say, read it and duly appreciate its contents. "The candidates recently composing the senior class then delivered original addresses in the following order: Mr. Nathaniel B. Smithers, of Maryland, in English; Mr. David Moore, of Ches- ter county, in Latin and Greek; Mr. George W. Kidd, of Maryland, in English, and Mr. James B. Ramsay, of lish, and Mr. James B. Ramsay, of Philadelphia, the valedictory, in English. lish. "Dr. Junkin then delivered an address to the graduates, after conferring dress to the graduates, after conferring upon them the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and it was then announced that tfte following honorary degrees had been conferred: "Doctor of Divinity upon the Rev. John G. Herman, of Nazareth, and upon the Rev. John Witherspoon, of South Carolina. "Doctor of Laws upon the Hon. Jos. R. Ingersoll, of Philadelphia. "The intervals were filled by music from the choir, among which was an original ode for the occasion, composed by a lady of Easton. "The ceremony closed by a benediction from President Junkin. tion from President Junkin. "In the evening we learn that the undergraduates occasioned lots of fun and amusement by their performance at the College Hall to a large and overflowing auditory, of numerous diar flowing auditory, of numerous diar logues, &c." The last surviving member of the class of 1836 died within the past year. In connection with the graduating, in '36, of the first class from Lafayette College, I am reminded that the college secured its first president, members of its first faculty and its first students from the Pennsylvania Manual Labor Academy, at Germantown -- in point of fact, the opening of Lafayette saw the transplanting of the academy almost in its entirety to Easton. It was founded in 1830, and its operations at Ger- ed in 1830, and its operations at Germantown ceased in 1833. The two mantown ceased in 1833. The two literary societies of Lafayette -- the Washington (first named the Philomathean) and the Franklin -- were organ- thean) and the Franklin -- were organized at the academy before its transfer ized at the academy before its transfer of operations to Easton. It was organized as an institution to aid young men ized as an institution to aid young men for the ministry, and the manual labor feature was introduced for health and economy. The teachers and pupils taught Sunday school classes in the outlying districts-- a Christian work which followed them to their new locality at Easton. and continues, I believe, to this day -- a period of seventy lieve, to this day -- a period of seventy years. A pupil in one of these Sunday schools, at Roxborough, Philadelphia, was the late Hon. Horatio Gates Jones, a learned lawyer, historian and genealogist, and a vice president of the alogist, and a vice president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,who related how he thirty years afterwards met his former Sunday school teacher. Rev. Charles P. McCay, LL.D. Dr. McCay was one of those who followed Dr. Junkin to Easton and became professor of mathematics at Lafayette. fessor of mathematics at Lafayette. He afterwards was president of the University of South Carolina, and died several years ago, at an advanced age, in Baltimore, Md. Rev. George Junkin, the principal of the academy, had kin, the principal of the academy, had tried the system in a small way in his parish at Milton, Pa., and his heart was in the scheme. When Dr. Junkin was called to the presidency of Lafayette he tried the manual labor there -- both in its location on the south side of the Lehigh and on the heights overlooking the Bushkill. He gave money and toil to carry on the system, but when he resigned to accept the presidency of Miami University the system was abandoned. doned. At the northeast corner of Main street (Germantown avenue) and Walnut lane, Germantown, the main build- nut lane, Germantown, the main building of the Manual Labor Academy is ing of the Manual Labor Academy is still standing, and associated with it is much of historic interest. The property was purchased in 1775 by Dr. William Shippen as a summer home, and contained many acres, the gardens filled with rare trees and plants. The building is said to have been the first three-story building in Germantown, and has for many years been town, and has for many years been known as the Blair House. It has had many vicissitudes. It was the centre of a fierce skirmish during the battle of Germantown (125 years ago on October 4th), and of this the building gave ber 4th), and of this the building gave evidence for many years in the bullet marks on and in the house. The house was once occupied by Dr. Shippen's son-in-law. Rev. Samuel Blair, who was instrumental in establishing the first Presbyterian Church in Germantown, and who was elected president of Princeton College, but voluntarily made way for the famous Dr. Witherspoon. Religious services were at one time held in this building, and it was once a ladies' school. In 1851 the house was owned by the famous actress, Charlotte Cushman. Miss Susan Shippen Roberdeau, great-granddaughter of pen Roberdeau, great-granddaughter of Dr. William Shippen, in writing of the Blair House, says: "I wish I could distinctly remember the stories told me tinctly remember the stories told me Oi. the Blair House; it was always said to be haunted. Ghosts were seen; servants were always talking of the ghosts they had seen in the cellar -soldiers, with swords, walking round. soldiers, with swords, walking round. Myself and sisters were bom in that house. Mrs. [Gen.] Washington, who was a friend of the family, used to visit at this house." So much for the academic structure from whose halls came the first president, professors and students- ox Lafay- dent, professors and students- ox Lafayette College. ette College. The following advertisement of the professional services of a man whose services to the county, both professional and otherwise, should be recorded in al and otherwise, should be recorded in some substantial way in your county: "DR. TRAILL GREEN has opened an office at No. 38 Northampton street, nearly opposite Mr. Jas. ampton street, nearly opposite Mr. Jas. Wilson's store, and respectfully offers his professional services to the inhabitants of Easton and vicinity. tants of Easton and vicinity. "Easton, Oct. 19, 1836." "ATTENTION. "Members of the First Battalion, 97th Regiment: You are respectfully and earnestly called upon to meet at early candle light at the house of David Connor on Friday next, the 16th inst., for the purpose of adopting measures relative to the welfare of the good old Ninety-seventh. MANY. "December 15, 1836." THE POLITICAL FINALE OF 1836. "Mr. EMitor: If there ever was an exhibition of human weakness it certainly was presented to us on Mount tainly was presented to us on Mount Jefferson a few days since. No doubt on the same spot the savage Indian once slew and roasted his sacrifice to his idol, and every attentive mind cannot but mark the striking resemblance not but mark the striking resemblance between tlie lieathen sacrifices and this Christian sacrifice, which was made on Christmas last. As we stood in the valley and looked up on the hill and saw the fire, the victim roasting, the promiscuous assembly of men and boys, and heard the cannon and the shouts of tne attendants, we felt assured that the devotees of Jupiter sured that the devotees of Jupiter Bacchus or Mars were performing their accustomed devotions around the consecrated altar. Whatever might heretofore have distinguished our citizens from the ancient heathen has cer- zens from the ancient heathen has certainly by this act been taken away, tainly by this act been taken away, and the fullest evidence given that our dispositions and habits of intellectual exercise are precisely similar to theirs. The whole ceremony of roasting the ox in every point coincides so exactly with the heathen custom that we cannot say we are more enlightened and civilized than they were and be consistent with ourselves. "I am persuaded that those citizens who have lent their aid to carry on this exhibition of rejoicing will, upon a little retlection, feel most deeply ashamed, or else justify the act; and I challenge any man to raise his pen and vindicate them who abetted in roasting the ox from the full charge of being genuine heathen, as far as that act may go, and I promise myself to prove, unequivocally, as far as similar cases can be cally, as far as similar cases can be evidence, that they are, if anyone chooses to assert the contrary. "The whole system and practice of heathen mythology can, in my opinion, be brought as collateral evidence to show that the ox roasters and eaters are heathen! I know it will be difficult for none of the boasted and enlightened patriots of Easton to rest easy ened patriots of Easton to rest easy under the appelation now assigned to them, but until their conduct is shown to be in accordance with civilized and Christian policy, and not exactly corresponding to the conduct of the responding to the conduct of the Heathen, let them hang their heads and blush for shame, that they made such a dishonorable and Heathenish exhibition of character. "FRANKLIN. "December 28, 1836." HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events in 1837. NEW SERIES NO. 9. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. Some of the local events of '36, as seen through Democratic spectacles, were epitomized in verse in the following carriers' address of the "Argus," ing carriers' address of the "Argus," New Year's Day, 1837, kindly furnished me by my friend, Asa K. Mcllhaney, of Bath, Pa., himself an intelligent gleaner in the field of local history: Witn nose all red, through storm and sleet. The newsboy plies his busy feet To tell the world (la! how profound!) Another year has run its round. "Wnat's happened and what is to come. Of murders, fires, earthquakes some, Who rules the nations, fall of stocks, The price of pork and ladies' smocks. Of Morgan's ghost and Ritner's breeches. Of windy days and windy speeches; So, parson-liKe, we'll take our text And thump away like one who's vext. At home we've liberty and wheat -To get the last it makes one sweat. To get the last it makes one sweat. Then wood is dear and so is flesh. Particularly that that's fresh, And nowadays to fill one's belly A pretty sum. it takes I tell ye; Yet better 'tis to pay the baker Than doctor or the undertaker. For one would swap good rye and "injin" For bolusses, with bill so swinging. At Washington the Democrats icun down the Feds, as dogs do rats. We've got them up in a comer, Where they sit as still as did that little fellow, with a plum pudding, called Jacky Horner, 'ihe little man from Kinderhook nas proved himself a "raal spook," And by the aid of votes and magic, txed petticoats and scenes quite tragic. Has made the hero of Tippecanoe The augur-hole to creep quite through. To be sure, the latter took a journey Throughout our State, well stocked with blarney Wherewith to grease our honest Dutchmen men (Alas! that he should wheedle such men), And when he stopp'd withUncleChippy And drank his grog like King Agrippa, He little thought, ods bobs and flinders, We'd knock old Hartford all to cinders And send nim back, by dint of votes. To where they wear red petticoats! To make these squealing Feds, from Hartford, With black cockades, to smell and smart for't. On second Christmas, bright and early, We bung'd our guns with huzzas cheerly. Then every Federal mother's son In his shirt-tail was seen to run, And scud round corners, slam and jam, As did their friends with Fackenham. At noon five thousand Democrats, Although it rained "dogs and cats," A glorious ox, done to a turning, Brought to the Square (wa'n't that a wanting?). And, 'midst ten thousand glorious cheers, Eat all, save hoofs and horns and ears. These we reserv'd for those poor fellows Who blew so loud Old Granny's bellows And made him, in his age and dotage, Believe in spooks and petticoat-age! JACKSON. The hero wuo our battles fought, when in his manhood's pride. And bared his bosom to the foe when cowards shrunk aside. Will leave us soon, as well becomes his toilings and his age. For that lov'd home -- his heart's last rest -- the peaceful Hermitage. The prayers of our children will rise to heaven for him Whose glorious spirit buoy'd him up when age all else made dim. Who grappled, with a giant's grasp, corruption in its prime And left a legacy for them beyond this reach of time. Yes, Jackson! at thy patriot name, when ages by have rolled. When envy's tongue, that rankles now, forgotten is and cold, 'Ihen shall thy glorious deeds of fame be bright as noonday sun. And Washington's and thy own name together twine as one! OLD-FASHIONED SNOWSTORM. "On Friday night last and Saturday [January 20th and 21st, 1837,] we had a heavy fall of snow. During the fall of snow there was but little wind, but on Sunday there was considerable during the whole day, which occasioned ing the whole day, which occasioned such snow drifts on almost all our roads as to block them nearly up. Where the wind has not disturbed the snow it is about eighteen inches deep. The Philadelphia mail stage got in on Monday evening at an early hour, considering the difllculties to encounter on sidering the difllculties to encounter on the road, being frequently obliged to open the fences and drive a mile or two round through orchards and fields in order to avoid the snowbanks. "But little business was transacted in the court on Monday last; witnesses were not in attendance, and but five of the jurors summoned to attend answered to their names in the morning swered to their names in the morning and only thirteen in the afternoon." "BOAT CLUB. "A stkted meeting of the Mackeriskkeskon Boat Club will be held at their keskon Boat Club will be held at their hall on Tuesday evening, February 7, 1837. Punctual attendance is particu- larly requested, as an election for officers will take place for the ensuing six cers will take place for the ensuing six months. J. H. WILKING, Sec, "Feb. 1, 1837." The late Dr. B. F. Stem, who is pleasantly recalled by many, was a student at college when he made the following announcement: "NOTICE. "The subscriber informs the citizens of Easton and the friends of sacred music that he intends to open a Singing School on Saturday, the 4th of Feb- ing School on Saturday, the 4th of February inst., at 2.30 o'clock p. m., in the ruary inst., at 2.30 o'clock p. m., in the northeast room in the second story of the Academy. The terms will be as follows: 75 cents per scholar under 15 years of age and $1 for each over that age per quarter. "BENJAMIN F. STEM. "Feb. 1, 1837." NEW BANK PROJECTED. "NOTICE. "In order to ascertain the public sentiment in regard to the propriety of applying forthwith to the Legislature of Pennsylvania for an act incorporating an additional bank in the bor- rating an additional bank in the borough of Ea,ston, a meeting of the citi- ough of Ea,ston, a meeting of the citizens of the borough and vicinity will zens of the borough and vicinity will be held at the court house on Thursday evening next at 6.30 o'clock. "Easton, Feb. 1, 1837." "THE 22 D OF FEBRUARY. "The young men of Easton disposed to celebrate the approaching anniversai-y of Washington's birth with a ball sai-y of Washington's birth with a ball or cotillion party will meet, to make the necessary arrangements, at W. Shouse's Hotel on Friday evening next, tne 3d instant. "Easton, Feb. 1, 1837." "EASTON AND READING STAGEDAILY LINE. DAILY LINE. The proprietors of the old line of stages on the above route respectfully inform the public that they now run a daily line (Sundays excepted) from Easton via Bethlehem, AUentown.Kutztown, to Reading. town, to Reading. "At Easton the above line leaves William White's EJaston Hotel every morn- liam White's EJaston Hotel every morning at 4.30 o'clock, and at Reading, ing at 4.30 o'clock, and at Reading, William Coleman's Hotel, at the same hour. "The proprietors have spared no pains or expense in procuring for this line everything which can add to the convenience and dispatch of passenger"5. They solicit a continuance of ger"5. They solicit a continuance of the patronage for the daily line which the public have for a long time extended to the tri-weekly stage. ed to the tri-weekly stage. "W. WHITE, Agent. "February 8, 1837." UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS-A RENDEZVOUS A RENDEZVOUS is now open at Easton, Penn., corner of Lehigh and Pomfret streets, at the tavern of John Sletor, where are wanted a number of able-bodied men for the ed a number of able-bodied men for the United States Marine Corps, both for sea service and to remain in the several navy yards in the United States. ral navy yards in the United States. RATES OF PAY. Per month -- good rations, with excellent clothing and, in case of sick- cellent clothing and, in case of sickness, the best medical attendance, viz.: ness, the best medical attendance, viz.: Per Month Is Per Year Privates $7 $ 84 Musicians 8 96 Corporals 9 108 Sergeants 13 156 Orderly Sergeants. 16 192 Term of enlistment, four years. Jan. 18, 1837. BOROUGH ELECTION. The annual election for borough officers was held on Friday last [March cers was held on Friday last [March 17, 1837]. For several years back our spring election has been marked with great warmth oi party feeling, but last week the election passed off with but little excitement. Two tickets were run for Council, and the one elected is composed of gentlemen of both political parties. For School Directors and cal parties. For School Directors and Constable there was no opposition, and the Overseers who served during the last year were re-elected. Two tickets were voted for Auditors of Accounts, and the one called the "no party ticket" succeeded. The following is the et" succeeded. The following is the result -- the names of the successful candidates are marked thus (*): For Council. A. H. Reeder 379*!MichaelButz.250* Jacob Wagener. .254*1B. Davis. . . .155 Benj. Ihrie 359*|J.Marbacher.l51 Samuel Ricker. .250*|John Sletor. .141 Overseers of the Poor. Wm. Innes 222*|JohnWorman.l74 John Miller 204*|George Kutz. 60 William Rewalt.180 Constables. H. S. Troxell 175|John Leidich. 82 School Directors. P. Schuman 281|Fred. Seitz . . 289 John J. Burk 289 1 Auditors. Wm. Hackett. ..390*|D. W. Davis.. 176 Charles Kitchen. 214*|Geo. Sigman.167 D. W. Butz 212* "NOTICE. "The gentleman who borrowed a shot-bag and powder-horn of a friend in Delaware Ward is requested to return it immediately to the owner. turn it immediately to the owner. "Easton, March 29, 1837." A work which your historical society has before it is the preparation of the list of marriages and deaths as published in your local newspapers, say lished in your local newspapers, say from 1798 (the earliest file of papers I have knowledge of) to 1898. It would be a voluminous affair, it is true, but the information thus gathered would De invaluable to those who seek genealogical information. I have generally alogical information. I have generally avoided such information in these sketches, but the following is concerning one who, if his life had been spared, ing one who, if his life had been spared, would have reflected even greater nonor on the county which he represented in many official capacities: sented in many official capacities: "DIED, At his residence in Bath, on Saturday last [March 25, 1837], Col. Jacob day last [March 25, 1837], Col. Jacob ivern, aged about fifty years. The deceased was extensively known, and ceased was extensively known, and highly esteemed by his fellow citizens, who selected him repeatedly to fill responsible offices, and he discharged the sponsible offices, and he discharged the duties of all with an ability and promptness which gained him the general approbation of his constituents." eral approbation of his constituents." WHERE THE SCHOOL MASTER WAS ABROAD-- PROBABLY BUSHKILL TOWNSHIP, WHERE KILL TOWNSHIP, WHERE I WAS BORN. "(Published by request). "Persuing to Bublick Notice, given to the Creatitors of Wolle and Kern, the Creatitors Meet, and Elected Mathias S. Henry as Cheerman, and Pe- thias S. Henry as Cheerman, and Peter Gross, chosen Secretary. ter Gross, chosen Secretary. "On motum it was agreed that a comitee of five be apointed. Adjoint tor the preset. "April 1st, 1837." EASTON'S SCHOOL TEACHERS IN 1837. Notice is hereby given that the common schools of the borough of Easton mon schools of the borough of Easton are now open for reception of scholars, and that the following teachers have been appointed, viz.: Boys -- Luther Scott, Azariah Prior, Paul Higgins, Josiah Davis, Henry Hemsing, Joseph P. Deringer, A Tickner, John M.Bel!, Mrs. Till, Mrs. Rogers ner, John M.Bel!, Mrs. Till, Mrs. Rogers and Mrs. A. G. Kemper. Girls -- Samuel Depew, Mrs. Prior, Lasy, Van Dyke, Roseberry, Porter, Freeman, Philips, Tice, Misses Hecht, Miss L. Burnside, L. Osterstock, H. Dusenberry, M. Everitt, A. A. Tindall. P. SHUMAN, Secretary of the Board. Easton, June 14, 1837. MARITIME NEWS. Delaware Canal. Account of property and number of boats cleared at Easton for the south on the Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal during the month of sylvania Canal during the month of June, 1837: Flour 3,303 barrels Corn and other grain 4,896 bushels Potatoes 8 bushels Butter and cheese 100 pounds Leather 1,120 pounds Domestic liquors 20,246 gallons Groceries 275 pounds Oil 463 gallons Furniture 5,546 pounds ^^""s 1,884 pounds Mineral coal 21,581 tons Pig iron and castings. .187,975 pounds Lime 5,950 bushels Roofing slate 227,136 pounds Saweri lumber 103,572 feet Shingles 45,000 Sundries 341,744 pounds Whole number of boats cleared. . .532 Miles travefed by passengers 556 Total toll received $8,786.91 Account of property and number of boats arriving at Easton from the south on the Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal during the month of June, 1837: Flour 10 barrels Wheat 20,470 bushels Rye and other grain. .. .22,019 bushels Salted beef 47 barrels Salted pork 129 barrels Bacon 45,836 pounds Fish 604 barrels Salt 3.073 bushels Wool 800 pounds Cotton 6,000 pounds Hemp 3,507 pounds Tobacco 45,133 pounds Raw hides 43,783 pounds Domestic liquors 10,582 gallons Merchandise 77,059 pounds Groceries 310,015 pounds Oil 1,419 gallons Drugs and dye stuffs 15,740 pounds Plaster 54 tons Furniture 14,317 pounds Window glass 79 boxes Mineral coal 12 tons Pig iron and castings 5,200 pounds Bloons,barand sheet iron.62, 276 pounds Copper and tin 3,840 pounds Lime 104 bushels Sawed lumber 1,470 feet Staves, heading, etc 6,200 pounds Sundries 127,316 pounds Number of boats cleared 409 Miles traveled by passengers 840 Total toll paid $2,319.64 S. P. STINSON, Collector. Collector's office, July 12, 1837. The grain brought up the canal, viz., 42,489 bushels, consists of foreign wheat and rye, with the exception of 75 bushels of oats. "A USEFUL INSTITUTION. Mechanics' Institute, Corner of Northampton and Fermor Streets. ampton and Fermor Streets. The Mechanics' Institute will be open every evening from early candle light until 9 o'clock. Persons wishing to become subscribers can do so by making application to ers can do so by making application to William Rewalt, Samuel Ricker or to H. Hammann, Executive Committee, or to A. Miller, President of the Institute. tute. Several daily papers from the cities and a number of scientific periodicals are received and filed in the reading room; also, an extensive library of books of every description. In a few weeks the benefits of the library will be extended to the use of the apprentices. Donations of books or money will be thankfully received by either of the above named or J. TITUS, Sec. Easton, Aug. 30, 1837." FALL ELECTION' 37. "The election for Inspectors and Assessors in this borough resulted in a sessors in this borough resulted in a glorious victory for the friends of Ritner and Harrison. It will be seen by ner and Harrison. It will be seen by the returns below that we were not mistaken in our predictions as to the result. Bushkill Ward was carried last year by a majority of 1 vote; this year, with but very little exertion, we have a majority of 20. "In Lehigh Ward theVanBuren LocoIll Ill Foco' faction fared still worse. Although they had their runners out for though they had their runners out for several days preceding the election, and no exertions spared or tricks neglected to retain their former majority, glected to retain their former majority, which was something like 100 votes, they were near losing their Inspector, having elected him by only 34 votes. "The result of election on Friday may well be called a 'Glorious Victory,' and if the mechanics and workingmen attend to their own interests on Tuesday next, which they doubtless will, day next, which they doubtless will, the opponents of the shinplaster faction will triumph in Lehigh Ward and tion will triumph in Lehigh Ward and more than double their majority in Bushkill Ward. BUSHKILli WARD. Whig VanBuren Inspector. Sam. Drinkhouse. 126 [John Leidich.106 Assessor* Wm. Ricker 1271J. Schlongh. .108 Assistant Assessors. Chas. Innes 127|Thos. McKeen.103 Ralph Tindall. .125] Jos. Burke 105 LEHIGH WARD. Inspector. Henry Snyder.. 102|David Bamet..l36 Assessor. E. P. Hunt 77|Samuel Davis.. 155 Assistant Assessors. E. S. Clark 79|Isaac Levan..l49 J. D. Mason 79 IS. Kennedy. . .150 ADDITIONAL RESULTS FROM THE MANUAL LABOR TRAINING ON COLLEGE HILL. "On Saturday last [October 7, 1837,] we received as a present from Lafayette College a cabbage head weighing ette College a cabbage head weighing upwards of 28 pounds, a sugar beet of enormous size and three onions larger than a good-sized tin cup. Whether the first of the articles was intended as a correspondence to our own head or to show that they had cabbage heads, as well as wise heads, on the college hill, we are not informed, but .the articles all show careful gardening on good soil. Indeed, we have ing on good soil. Indeed, we have rarely seen so fine a vegetable garden or one in better order than that of the college. "The aforesaid cabbage, after keeping it at our oflBce until today for exhi- ing it at our oflBce until today for exhibition, we have consigned it to our bition, we have consigned it to our craut tub, and we shall, in a short time, test the sacharine qualities ot the beet, and, if we can get a good tripe from one of our victualling butchers, we shall try the succulent qualities of the onions therewith." HISTORICAL SKETCHESRELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events in 1838. NEW SERIES NO. 10. Contributed by Etnan A. Weaver. "The temperature of the first week in January, 1838, was in strong contrast with that of the corresponding week of the previous year. For the former period it ranged during the week between 36 and 59 degrees; in 1837, be- tween 36 and 59 degrees; in 1837, between 5 and 37 degrees, a low temper- tween 5 and 37 degrees, a low temperature prevailing." ature prevailing." SHOOTING MATCH. Shooting matches were much in vogue in the time of our grandfathers. Before the holidays the shooting was usually for turkeys or other fowl. At other times, for miscellaneous live stock; in the earlier days, a bear was occasionally the prize aimed for: "MARKSMEN, ATTENTION! There will be a shooting match on the 27th instant at the house of the subscriber, in Plainfield township, at which a first-rate Durham bull will be shot for at the distance of 10 paces. The bull is of dark brown color, with short horns, and perfectly gentle in all respects. His stock cannot be surpassed in this country. All those who passed in this country. All those who wish to improve their stock will therefore do well to call and see him. fore do well to call and see him. Sporting to commence at 10 o'clock a. m. Attendance given by HENRY HORNING." February 14, 1838. "BOROUGH SPRING ELECTION. The following is the result of the election held on Friday last [March 16, 1838,] for borough officers: Constable. Lehigh Bu-h I I rd W rd *H. S. Troxell 181 John V. Hutman 166 *Richard S. Bell 140 John Leidich 133 John Lewis 28 Town Council. George Straub 152 1C5 J. Marbacher 153 100 Michael Butz 153 107 Overseers of Poor. *William Rewalt 175 154 *John Worman 149 138 William Innes 108 71 John Miller 86 68 Jonathan Reich 63 39 School Directors. Fred. Seitz (3 years) 134 93 Jacob Wagener (3 years).. 133 93 H. Hamman (2 years) 130 93 M. H. Jones (1 year) 129 92 Auditors. ♦️Lawrence Titus 122 41 A. Coryell 198 102 * Jacob Shipe 199 104 J. K. Heckman 85 67 The successful candidates are placed in italics (*), with the exception of Town Council and School Directors, for which offices there was no opposition." tion." THE LODGE AND THE COURT HOUSE. "Mr. Hetrich: As in these hard and shinplaster times it behooves us all to look to our interests and do such things as will best tend to the support of government in small as well as large affairs, I would, as a taxpayer of the county of Northampton, inquire of the Commissioners, through the medium of your paper, why the Easton um of your paper, why the Easton Lodge of Freemasons are permitted to hold their midnight meetings and perform their infernal mummeries in the form their infernal mummeries in the grand jury room of our county court house without paying rent for the same? Is it because one of the Board of Commissioners is a Freemason or that these followers of Hiram Abiff must be more privileged than other portions of our citizens? As I am informed (and the account of our Treasurer shows it to be a fact) , the two beneficial societies each pay $12 per year for the privilege of meeting in the court house; but the same ing in the court house; but the same Treasurer's account shows no receipt from the lodge for rent. Now, how is this? Are they (the Masons) to be allowed to meet almost weekly, carry the key to the grand jury room and keep the same continually lumbered up with their nonsensical trash because they are Masons, or are they to be favored and the beneficial societies made to pay rent for the use of the court house and for meeting much less frequent than the lodge? This proceeding is certainly wrong, and I, for ceeding is certainly wrong, and I, for one, do not believe that our Commissioners have any right or authority to sioners have any right or authority to lend any society the free use of the court house. And of the injustice of the affair there can be no doubt, for why should they make fish of one society and flesh of another? ciety and flesh of another? The Commissioners should recollect that they are the servants of the people, and that they, of right, ought to work for the interest of that same people as if they were working for their own. They are paid for their services, and are not told "you shall let one society have the court house free and charge the others rent." MORE ANON." Easton, March 29, 1838. ANNOUNCEMENT OF PROF. WISE'S FIRST BALLOON ASCENSION IN EASTON. "Mr. Wise, the celebrated aeronaut, intends gratifying the citizens of Easton with a balloon ascension through ton with a balloon ascension through the course of the next month, provided a sufficient sum shall be subscribed to justify him making the necessary arrangements. The expense of inflating rangements. The expense of inflating a balloon amounts to nearly $400, as it requires 8,000 pounds of oil of vitriol, 2,500 pounds of iron turnings and granulated zinc, together with an extensive ulated zinc, together with an extensive apparatus for the production of hydrogen gas. gen gas. The balloon is entirely new, comprising 500 yards of silk, and has a prising 500 yards of silk, and has a capacity of 12,000 cubic feet, which gives * it an ascending power of 720 pounds. No fire used in the process of inflation. Easton, March 28, 1838." "BALLOON ASCENSION. Mr. J. Wise, grateful for the patronage from the citizens of E]aston, re- age from the citizens of E]aston, respectfully announces to them and the spectfully announces to them and the public generally that he will make his eighth grand ascension from the borough of Elaston on Saturday, the 28th ough of Elaston on Saturday, the 28th of April (weather permitting); if not, the following Saturday. A spacious arena will be erected, provided with seats to accommodate 1,000 spectatiors, so that all may witness the interesting process of inflat- ness the interesting process of inflating a balloon with hydrogen gas. ing a balloon with hydrogen gas. Order of Ascension. At 10 o'clock the gates of the arena will be opened for the reception of visitors. At 11 o'clock the inflation of the balloon will commence. At 12 a handsome pilot will be sent off. At 1 a large dolphin will sent adrift and a number of small balloons will be let off through the course of the inflation. At 2 o'clock a pioneer balloon will be sent off to point out the direction of the large one, and at 3 o'clock Mr. Wise will attach his car to his balloon, in which he will take his station, and, after floating a few minutes over the audience, he will cut the cord and proceed on his aerial voyage. ceed on his aerial voyage. The reverend clergy and scientific gentlemen are particularly requested to attend, as the whole proceeding will be conducted with the utmost decoinim. Front seats reserved for the ladies. Tickets of admission, 50 cents; children, half price; and to be had at the dren, half price; and to be had at the arena and the hotels and stores in Easton. April 18, 1838." "A DISAPPOINTMENT. We regret to state that Mr. Wise's promised balloon ascension from this borough did not taJ^e place on Saturday last [April 28, 1838]. Thousands of citizens from the country were in attendance to witness the impressive tendance to witness the impressive spectacle, and to them the disappointment must have been much greater ment must have been much greater than to us, who were at home. Mr. Wise was indefatigable in his endeavors to inflate his balloon, but as late as 5 o'clock in the evening he had not succeeded in procuring a sufficient supply of gas to enable him to ascend. We again state that we regret the failure, on account of our counti^ friends, and also as well on account of the aeronaut himself, who is no doubt well acquainted with the science, and has made several very fine ascensions. To the great credit of our citizens, Mr. Wise's person and property were strictly respected. We have just been informed that Mr. Wise, at the request of his numerous friends in this place, has determined to make another attempt to ascend from our borough, in which he will no doubt be successful, as the causes which produced the failure on Saturday last will, as far as possible, be day last will, as far as possible, be obviated. The ascension is to be a public one (free of charge), and will take place in a few weeks. Notice of the day will be given hereafter." "BATTALION ORDER. The Independent Volunteer Battalion commanded by Maj. Charles Weaver will meet at Williamsburg, in Upper Mt. Bethel township, on Tuesday, the 15th day of May, 1838, for the purpose of parade and inspection, according to law. Punctual attendance is requested, as the line will be formed at 10 a. m. precisely. JACOB WEAVER. Sec. Lower Mt. Bethel, May 2, 1838." ferent blocks will take up a collection on the day of the ascension. Their names are Joseph Barnet, L. A. Buckley, Edward J. Seip, Thomas Sletor, ley, Edward J. Seip, Thomas Sletor, John Finley, H. Hammann, John A. Innes, H. S. Heckman, Dr. J. P. B. Sloan, William Green, John A. Shouse and George W. Barnet." "WISE'S BALLOON ASCENSION. At a meeting of the friends of Mr. Wise, held at the court house, it was decided that the ascension should take place on Saturday next, the 26th day of May [1838], between the hours of 11 and 1 o'clock on said day. The same collecting committee for the dif"BALLOON ASCENSION. "BALLOON ASCENSION. On Saturday last [May 26, 1838], according to advertisement, Mr. Wise cording to advertisement, Mr. Wise made his promised balloon ascension from this borough. The arrangements for inflating the balloon were simple, but effectual, and shortly after 11 o'clock a. m. all was ready for the ride in the clouds. At about 15 minutes before 12 o'clock Mr. Wise placed himself fore 12 o'clock Mr. Wise placed himself in his car, and, cutting the cord which restrained the aerial vessel, at once rose majestically into the heavens. Many thousands were spectators, and we believe that not one but acknowledged the perfect beauty and sublimity edged the perfect beauty and sublimity of the ascension. Mr. Wise repeatedly waved his flag and hat in return to the cheerings of his friends below until at length his buoyant vehicle penetrated a dense cloud at some 2,000 feet elevation. Here he was lost to sight by the tion. Here he was lost to sight by the spectators, and, although occasional glimpses were had of the voyager at different places, nothing definite as to his whereabouts was known until the arrival of the Morristown stage with the aeronaut, balloon, etc., at about 10 o'clock p. m. We subjoin the following, addressed to the editor of the 'Argus, giving his own account of this journey: 'Owing to my indisposition on the day of ascension I did not remain in the air as long as I had anticipated. At about 15 minutes before 12 o'clock I detached my car from the rope that held it to the earth, and as I rose above the buildings and spires of the town, the shouts and bustles of the crowd below me died away in a faint murmur. I then prepared myself a seat mur. I then prepared myself a seat in the car with some of my ballastbags, on which I sat, the better to en- bags, on which I sat, the better to enjoy the view of the delightful country joy the view of the delightful country over which I was sailing. The confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh, fluence of the Delaware and Lehigh, with the sheet of water passing over the dam of the latter, presented a beautiful view. The rich verdure of the farms stretching along the valleys with the different avenues leading to the borough, thronged with the surrounding population, all wending their rounding population, all wending their way to town. The latter, however, were suddenly arrested on aiscovering the balloon in the air. While regaling myself with this delightful scene, I found myself pene- lightful scene, I found myself penetrating a dense body of clouds, and as trating a dense body of clouds, and as the yawning chasm closed in beneath, it left me groping through a world of darkness with an occasional glimpse of sunshine that appeared through the ravines and clefts of these tenements of the air. In five minutes after I lost sight of the earth, I emerged from this dungeon of the sky. Here I would have the reader judge of the contrast and variety of an excursion thro' the air. First, the splendid and gorgeous landscape scenery, then the passage through a stratum of vapour so dense, that you cannot see the vessel that carries you; next, emerging from darkness into a brilliant sunshine, unrival- ness into a brilliant sunshine, unrivalled by the most dazzling light that art led by the most dazzling light that art could invent all in the space of twenty minutes. I now made the first obsei"vation with my compass.and by the assistance of the sun, I found myself moving in a direction north. The current below me being from the west, carried the clouds rapidly eastward, forming a right angle with my line of direction. About 30 minutes past 12 I dropped low enough to fall in with the west wind, when I discovered the town of Belvidere, and crossed the Delaware about two or three miles below. From this I ascertained that I had returned to the Pennsylvania side with the westernly breeze. I continued my voyage over New Jersey, with an occasional glimpse of terra firma, as I would pass over an aperture in clouds, until I reached the village of Washington, where I descended low enough to reconnoitre the scended low enough to reconnoitre the face of the country and prepare for a descent, feeling much fatigued and exhausted after a severe spell of cough- hausted after a severe spell of coughing caused by inhaling the hydrogen, ing caused by inhaling the hydrogen, through which I had to pass the greater part of my ascent, as my balloon er part of my ascent, as my balloon was completely filled when I left the earth, and the expansion of the gas caused a copious discharge through the neck valve. At one o'clock I passed Anderson Town, leaving it to the south and moving rapidly towards Hackettstown, ing rapidly towards Hackettstown, where I made my final descent, at 15 minutes past 1 o'clock. I landed on the farm of Mr. Wolverton, and by the assistance of Messrs. Miller and Wolverton, and several other gentlemen, I got my fractious courser secur- men, I got my fractious courser secured to the earth, after travelling about ed to the earth, after travelling about 35 miles, and tearing away several fences and limbs of trees. I would here return thanks to my friends in New Jersey, for their kindness in furnishing me with refresh- ness in furnishing me with refreshments, and a conveyance to meet the ments, and a conveyance to meet the Morristown stage, by which I returned to my friends in E^ston, who were anxiously waiting my safe return. I would also return my sincere thanks to the committee of gentlemen that superintended the order of ascension -and as I flatter myself that I have and as I flatter myself that I have made a scientific and satisfactory exhibition to the citizens of Easton, it hibition to the citizens of Easton, it will always leave a pleasing memento on the mind of their humble servant. J. WISE. N. B. -- The greatest change of temperature was from 74 degrees to 36 perature was from 74 degrees to 36 that being the greatest altitude." YOUNG MEN'S CONVENTION. The following are the delegates appointed to represent Northampton pointed to represent Northampton county in the Young Men's Convention held at Reading, Pa.: Easton -- Samuel Shick, J. H. Wilking, J. Jenkins Ross, D. H. Snyder, king, J. Jenkins Ross, D. H. Snyder, John Dawes, Joseph Bamet, John Shouse, Jesse B. Shipman, Lewis A. Buckley, Samuel Drinkhouse, Samuel Yohe, Herman S. Heckman, B. F. Arndt, William Ross, J. P. Hetrich, E. A. Reeder, William Calla, Nathan Osterstock, A. E. Brown, F. A. Fickardt, Peter Brown, John Heckman, ardt, Peter Brown, John Heckman, W. H. Hemsing, Samuel Stem, Charles Engle, J. M. Capron, F. L. Crane, John Everman, Philip Keyser, EHi Batt, Wetherill Lee. Adam Yohe, Edward Nightingale, George A. Hice, John B. Hunt; Allen -- Charles R. Kern, Daniel Riegel; Bethlehem -- Joseph B. Jones, Samuel Shimer, George Reich, James Leibert, John Schropp; Bushkill -- J. J. Albright, Peter Gross; East Penn -Reuben Hagenbuch, Caspar Peter, Reuben Hagenbuch, Caspar Peter, Forks^ -- John Kemmerer, Daniel Lerch, Jacob Saylor; Hanover -- Daniel Heller; Lehigh -- A. W. Lerch, John J. Homer; U. & L. Mt. Bethel-- Samuel M. Brod, J. Cressman, Jacob D. Deitrich, J. Huntsberger; U. & L.Nazareth -- Jacob Boorem, J. P. Beisel, Josiah Beitle, Christian R. Boeber; Williams -- A. E. Rittenhouse, Samuel Shouse, Samuel Arndt, Joseph Richardt; Lower Saucon -- Jesse Scheimer, Henry Dech, con -- Jesse Scheimer, Henry Dech, Samuel Riegle, Joseph Roth, H. Riegle, John Good; Moore -- Paul M. Miller, George Dout; Mauch Chunk -- Asa L. Foster, M. H. Sisty, Dr. Thompson; Plainfield -- J. Stackhousfe, John Miller, Jr., Michael Weaver; Towamensing -Samuel R. Templin, Peter Snyder, Jr. Samuel R. Templin, Peter Snyder, Jr. [May 30, 1838.] ANOTHER FRESHET. "On Saturday night last [June 30, 1838,] the Bushkill had the highest freshet which has been known in that stream for years. The rise was very sudden, and the torrent in its course swept away fences, bridges, grass, hay, &c., to the great damage and alarm of those residing on its margin. The freshet was vastly increased by the breaking of three or four dams above us. Cope's dam, the dam of Henry's gun factory and at Catherine Furnace all gave way. The pens of some nace all gave way. The pens of some of the distilleries were emptied of their swinish multitudes without notice, and we are pleased to say without great loss to the owners. In one instance a stable containing three cows, chained to the rack, was lifted up with its contents and floated about 400 yards to an tents and floated about 400 yards to an island and there deposited itself and freight, none the worse for the ride. We fear our worthy farmers have sustained much injury." tained much injury." DIED. In this borough, of apoplexy, on the 2d instant [July, 1838], Mrs. Mary Porter, widow of the late Dr. Edward Porter, in the 54th year of her age. The deceased was a teacher in one of the public schools of this place, and was taken off, while engaged in her school, without a moment's warning. Her death will be mourned by a large circle of friends and acquaintances, to whom she was endeared by every quality which can render a female interest- ity which can render a female interesting. How true it is that we know not ing. How true it is that we know not what the day -- yea, a moment -- may bring forth. A SHORT-LIVED BOAT CLUB. "Notice. All persons having any demands against the Makerisk Keskon Boat Club are requested to present them immediately for settlement to John B. Hunt. ately for settlement to John B. Hunt. By order of the President Easton, June 27, 1838." ADVERTISEMENT. Pomfret street, Easton -- next door lo the American Hotel. JAMES W. BANTA, Manufacturer of Hats and Caps, respectfully informs the citizens of Easton and the vicinity that he has just received a large assortment of Hats and Caps of the latest spring and summer fashion. The citizens are respectfully invited to call and choose for themselves. He will sell them warranted a first-rate article as low as they can be had at any other establishment in this or any other vicinity. BANTA'S HATS! That gentleman whose graceful air, I heard one say who would not flatter. How much is owing to the care And talent, think you, of this hatter? More than many would suppose Who on the subject have not pondered. dered. For one may wear the choicest clothes And ornaments that e'er were squandered, dered, Yet when he wears an ungraceful hat His splendid dress appears unfinished. His fine appearance, think of that. Without a doubt is much diminished. Where is that article of dress Found finished in complete perfection ? Where all the fashionable press And find it ready for inspection? Substantial, beautiful and light. Made with most critical attention; Color of the blackest bright. And paler shades we need not mention; tion; Materials of the richest sort. From beaver to selected castor. To prove no better can be bought. They're selling daily faster and faster. JAMES W. BANTA, Next door to the American Hotel, Pomfret street, Easton, Pa. July 11, 1838. "MR. WISE'S ASCENSION. On Saturday last [August 11, 1838,] Mr. Wise made his second ascension from this place. The ascension was a very beautiful one. In the early part of the day we were threatened with rain and experienced some slight fall, but about 2 o'clock the sky became clear and the aeronaut made his voyage. After remaining in sight, to the great gratification of the numerous spectators, for the space of twenty-five min- tors, for the space of twenty-five minutes, the balloon disappeared behind utes, the balloon disappeared behind the horizon of the Scott's Mountain, in New Jersey. Mr. Wise descended about twelve miles from here. In the evening we had a tremendous thunder shower, which Mr. Wise just escaped." MR. WISE'S OWN ACCOUNT OF THE ASCENSION. "On Saturday last, the 11th inst., at 10 minutes before 2 o'clock I ascended with my parachute balloon, accompanied with two small parachutes and nied with two small parachutes and animals, from the spacious yard of the Washington Hotel, kept by Mr. Connor, and as soon as I attained the height of 2,000 feet I detached the conical parachute, with its occupant, which landed chute, with its occupant, which landed in safety near the Lafayette College. By that time I rose several thousand feet more, when I detached my oiled silk parachute, which experiment was to decide the certainty and safety of my parachute balloon. It did not descend with that uniform velocity as scend with that uniform velocity as the first. I concluded, however, that the experiment would not be hazardous, if not disagreeable. I also was ous, if not disagreeable. I also was satisfied by former descents that a balloon, as soon as it became placid, would loon, as soon as it became placid, would invert in a rapid descent. When I attained an altitude of about 13,0iJ0 feet tained an altitude of about 13,0iJ0 feet the balloon became fearfully expanded, causing a loud hissing from the small tube at the bottom, through which the valve rope passed, giving me warning that unless I opened my safety valve the balloon must rupture; at this critical moment I became somewhat ex- cal moment I became somewhat excitEURd as I looked over the side of my citEURd as I looked over the side of my car and saw the vivid flashings of lightning passing from one cloud to another. ning passing from one cloud to another. The thunder gust was moving from southwest to northeast, and my vessel at this time was sailing swiftly from northwest toward southeast, passing New Village and Asbury. I looked at my timepiece and found it twenty minutes past two, and, as I was returning utes past two, and, as I was returning it to my pocket, the balloon exploded! Although I had confidence in the apparatus, I must admit that it was a mo- ratus, I must admit that it was a moment of awful suspense, for in the ment of awful suspense, for in the space of ten seconds the gas rushed from the balloon with a noise resembling the approach of a hurricane, and. bling the approach of a hurricane, and. as I fell through the air, it whistled through the network like unto a strong northwester through the rigging of a ship. I cast my eyes to the balloon and found my expectations realized. It assumed the form of a concave hemisphere, falling rapidly, without any sphere, falling rapidly, without any vibratory motion, until I reached the lower strata of air, which was blowing a sharp gale from the south. When the parachute commenced its first vibrations it drifted me northward, making a vibration about every ten seconds, which now made the descent very impleasant, every moment causing a sensation similar to that of a ing a sensation similar to that of a person dreaming they fall. (I make the comparison because I consider it a general affliction, as it frequently occurs to myself.) The wind from the south drifted me about three miles before I approached the earth and made fore I approached the earth and made my landing much harder than it would have been in a calm atmosphere. As I neared the earth I threw over all my ballast, which put me off my guard, and as my car struck the earth obliquely it bounced me out about ten feet, ly it bounced me out about ten feet, slightly bruising my shoulder. I sprang on my feet quickly to see it collapse, but it had fell alongside of me. I now stood gazing with astonishment, first at the parachute, then at the car,which had turned bottom upward. I next cast my eyes to the fleeting clouds through which I was sailing but three minutes before, and now I was standing on terra firma, congratulating myself on the result of my experiment, which I intend soon to repeat. I landed on the farm of Elijah Warne, about ten miles from Easton, and got the assistance of Mr. Warne and his neighbors, who were watching the descent of the parachute, little thinking that a human chute, little thinking that a human being accompanied it. J. WISE*. Easton, Aug. 13, 1838." HISTORICALSKETCHES RELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events in 1839. "Not to know what has been transacted in former times is always to re- acted in former times is always to remain a child." main a child." NEW SERIES NO. 11. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. A JANUARY THAW. "The Freshet -- We regret to state that most serious have been the injuries sustained by the heavy rains juries sustained by the heavy rains several days since. It was a perfect flood, and where there is a stream, there we find destruction. On the Bushkill Creek the destruction has been very great -- bridges and dams are swept off in great numbers, and it is feared that the mills will remain idle for several months. The Lehigh was also very high, and carried off property to a considerable amount. Our erty to a considerable amount. Our neighbors of South Easton have suffered severe in lumber, &c. Messrs. E. & ed severe in lumber, &c. Messrs. E. & R. Green, residing a few miles from Easton, in N. Jersey, had their storehouses destroyed, containing a large houses destroyed, containing a large stock of flour, a considerable portion of which was lost. But the great work of destruction was on the roads and canals. It is calculated it will take nals. It is calculated it will take three or four months to repair the injuries done to the canals. The roads juries done to the canals. The roads are in a most deplorable condition. Such a destruction of property, both public and private, has never been known in this part of the country." [Jan. 30, '39.] NIAGARA ! ! ATTENTION ! ! "A Stated meeting of the Niagara Fire Co. will be held on Saturday evening next at half-past six o'clock. ing next at half-past six o'clock. Punctual attendance is requested, as an election of officers will take place. "W. F. ROGERS. President. "January 9, 1839." "We would ask as a favor of the Phoenix, to hold their meeting in their Hose House, as the Niagara have no house suitable for that purpose. "January 9, 1839." W. F. Rogers, whose name appears above, was the late General William Findlcy Rogers, of Buffalo. N. Y., a son of the Hon. Thomas J. Rogers, who from about the year 1800 to 1830 was a prominent resident of Easton -journalist. Brigadier General in the journalist. Brigadier General in the war of 1812, county official, member of Congress, &c. General William F. Rogers served his apprenticeship as a printer in the office of the Whig, and afterwards in partnership with Gov. Wolf's son edited the Beech Woodman at Honesdale. ted the Beech Woodman at Honesdale. He siubsequently removed to Buffalo, N. Y., where he filled various offices -among others that of Mayor, and as a among others that of Mayor, and as a member of Congress. He served throughout the Rebellion as an officer in the Union Army reaching the rank of Brigadier General. He died a year or two ago. In a correspondence with the writer he always referred to his residence in Easton, and his early associations there, as pleasant recollec- ciations there, as pleasant recollections. tions. Lafayette College, in its early existence, was not without its opponents, istence, was not without its opponents, especially in the ranks of the county democracy as the following bit of history not found in Dr. Coffin's publica- tory not found in Dr. Coffin's publications, discloses: tions, discloses: "DR. JUNKIN, THE EDUCATOR AND JAMES M. PORTER. "Great excitement prevails in the northern part of our County in relation to an apijlication of 'Lafayette College' for additional appropriation from the State, to that institution. A few years ago Lafayette College received $12,00!) out of the State funds, and at a large meeting held in Upper Mount Bethel on the 2d instant [March, 1839], the' further appropriation of $50,000 is very justly objected to, for the reasons given in the following quotations from the en in the following quotations from the proceedings published in the last Easton Sentinel: ton Sentinel: " 'The meeting remonstrates against the appropriation of $28,00;) for the erection of additional buildings on the hill. " 'The meeting remonstrates against the application of Dr. Junkin for a subscription by the State of 12,000 copies of the 'Educator' at an expense of $12,000 of the people's money. " 'The meeting objects to the loan of $10,000 to the Students of said College. lege. " 'Resolved, That we look on the 'Educator' with contempt, that small 7 by ucator' with contempt, that small 7 by 9 pai>er, filled with all kinds of uninteresting matter, at the enormous sum teresting matter, at the enormous sum of $12,' 00 a year and which Dr. Junkin endeavors to make us pay. He would better apply to the Legislature at once to pass a law to have his Church (College) supported by the State^ -- the lege) supported by the State^ -- the public will then know what he is after. ter. " 'Resolved, That we did not vote for J. M. Porter to be Governor of the East, nor to be at Harrisburg to Legislate. islate. " 'Resolved, That we have a poor opinion of Dr. Junkin. #' 'Resolved, That we disapprove of the course taken by Richard Brodhead in facilitating the petition for head in facilitating the petition for Lafayette College -- we did not send him there for such a purpose or to be a tool for such a mean institution and shaving shop. " 'Resolved, That we disapprove of the granting to Lafayette College of $62,000 of the hard eamings of the farmers and mechanics to be raised at some future time in the shape of a State Tax to keep up a private manufacturing establishment and its offi- facturing establishment and its officers, which is an outrage upon the Peo- cers, which is an outrage upon the People's rights.' ple's rights.' "Many of our readers perhaps are not aware of the existence of such a paper as the 'Educator' alluded to above, and we would therefore observe that it is edited and printed at serve that it is edited and printed at Lafayette College -- appears every other week-- is small but neatly executed^ -- devoted to Education, Agricul- cuted^ -- devoted to Education, Agriculture, Puffs, &c., &c. Price, $1 per ture, Puffs, &c., &c. Price, $1 per annum. If our Democratic Legislators feel warranted, notwithstanding the enormous State debt of from 30 to 43 millions of dollars, to extend their liberality to the press, we would suggest erality to the press, we would suggest the more Democratic mode of disposing of the $12,000, viz: That $3000 be ing of the $12,000, viz: That $3000 be subscribed to each of the English paIJers in the County. What think you IJers in the County. What think you neighbors of the Argus and Sentinel? And Mr. Editor of the 'Mud Chunk Courier' don't be bashful, and give us your opinion upon this Democratic measure." '*[The Whig & Journal, Mar. 13, 1839.]" "LINES written on leaving Easton. Spot of my early Love! Endeared by all The fond remembrance of childhood's hours, hood's hours, On whose hills I've gathered early flowers Thev echo answering to my infant call. A long -- a sad farewell -- the cloud that lowers Upon my path -- and happy once, and bright -Can never drive you from fond mem- Can never drive you from fond memory's sight. ory's sight. Mute idols of my Love! When I recall call The scenes you've witnessed, broken vows you've heard, Of Love & sacred Friendship, (perjured word,) jured word,) My spirit cheers and I rejoice to leave Where first I learned, to Love was to deceive. That Friendship's hand the gale of scandal poured. And spurned the one it promised to relieve. "V." [May 22, 1839.] "IMPROVEMENTS. "We are pleased to see the spirit evinced by a number of the citizens of Easton this spring, in endeavoring to beautify the borough by the erection of large and handsome houses. Six or eight of them, constructed of beautiful brick, are now in progress towards ful brick, are now in progress towards completion and a new foundry is going up in Ferry street. Almost directly opposite our office, Mr. James Wilson, is building a structure, the lower story of which is finished with marble, after the city fashion. It is intended for a wholesale dry goods store and dwelling-house, and when completed will ing-house, and when completed will add greatly to the appearance of the square. We should like to see the example imitated. ample imitated. "[June 5, 1839.]" THE EASTON DELAWARE BRIDGE. From the American Register of 1806. "This elegant and sribstantial structure is now completed, and was opened ture is now completed, and was opened for public use on Tuesday, the 14th day of October, 1806; and such was the attraction of the occasion that the com- traction of the occasion that the company received on that day tolls for 855 pany received on that day tolls for 855 foot passengers over the bridge. On the day preceding, though the bridge was not yet opened for general use, a drove of more than 150 mules were permitted to pass over it, and by that in- mitted to pass over it, and by that indulgence were saved the delay of seve- dulgence were saved the delay of several hours, which must necessarily have ral hours, which must necessarily have been consumed in crossing the river by the ferryboats. Independent of the vast accommodations this bridge has added to the ordinary communication of the neighborhood, in which respect the effects is already manifested by the great increase of the intercourse with the borough, it is certain that so important a facility will draw exclusively portant a facility will draw exclusively to this point the numerous travelers who, with their families, teams and cattle, are daily emigrating from the Eastern States to the Western and Northwestern country. The superstructure of the bridge is of timber, forming three spacious arches, erected on stone piers and abutments of the most substantial masonry, the piers being protected by sonry, the piers being protected by sterlings or ice-breakers of correspondence strength and dimensions. The ence strength and dimensions. The frame of the superstructure was constructed by Timothy Palmer, of New- structed by Timothy Palmer, of Newburyport, architect of the bridge over buryport, architect of the bridge over the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, and is built essentially on the same plan, but with improvements, the result of experience, and accommodated to the perience, and accommodated to the local situation. The materials are of the best quality; the workmanship exceeds anything of the same kind here- ceeds anything of the same kind heretofore executed in the United States. tofore executed in the United States. The dimensions of the bridge are as follows : ft. in. Length of the bridge, exclusive of the abutments and wing walls 570 Chord of the Arches. Eastern arch 155 Middle arch 157 6 Western arch 159 4 Width of the bridge 29 Width of each carriage way in the clear 12 6 Curvature of the arches 11 Curvature of the floor or carriage way 6 riage way 6 Height in the clear, over the carriage way 11 9 riage way 11 9 Height from the surface of the river, at low water mark, to the floor 45 Thickness of the Piers at Top. Eastern pier. 31 6 Western pier 36 2 Length of the piers 40 Height of the piers at low water mark 27 Depth of water in which the western pier is sunk 18 The access to the bridge, at either end, is perfectly gentle and easy, forming precisely a continuation of the ing precisely a continuation of the curvature of the floor, to the extent of the wing walls. The company for the erection of this bridge was incorporated in 1795, and some progress was made in the following year in the erection of the piers ing year in the erection of the piers and abutments; but the failure of the funds soon suspended the work, and little further was attempted till 1803. when Samuel Sitgreaves, Esq., was elected president of the company, and with the assistance of an excellent board of managers undertook to restore the affairs of the company. In store the affairs of the company. In the spring of 1805 the work was resumed, and the whole has been ac- sumed, and the whole has been accomplished, without accident or any complished, without accident or any untoward circumstance, in less than two years. The piers and abutments were raised to the necessary elevation in the first summer, and the whole of the superstructure was begun and completed, by the faithful skill and dili- pleted, by the faithful skill and diligence of about twenty-five carpenters, gence of about twenty-five carpenters, between the middle of April and the middle of October, being only six months of the present year. Mr. Samuel Carr, of Newburyport, superintend- uel Carr, of Newburyport, superintended this department of the work, and ed this department of the work, and effected so unexampled an instance of industry and despatch. By an act passed at the last session of the legislature the sum of $10,000 has been granted on a loan to the company to enable them to cover and in- pany to enable them to cover and inclose the bridge, and with this fund, close the bridge, and with this fund, which is yet untouched, and which will constitute the only debt of the company, it is intended to proceed early pany, it is intended to proceed early in the spring to the protection of this invaluable public improvement by a roof and weather boarding." "The Easton Delaware Bridge. On the first page of this day's impression may be found a very interest- pression may be found a very interesting article relative to the building and ing article relative to the building and opening of the bridge across the Delaware at Easton, extracted from the ware at Easton, extracted from the "American Register." printed in Philadelphia in 1806. The writer has been delphia in 1806. The writer has been very particular in his description, minutely detailing every part thereof with the utmost precision. He even goes so far as to state the number that Ijassed it on the day of the opening and the amount of tolls received. The difficulties are hinted at that were encountered in its erection, both from countered in its erection, both from the want of funds and the manner of its construction, one of which the legislature relieved the company from by loaning it $10,00iX It may not perhaps be encroaching too much on the attention of our readers to trouble them with a few facts ers to trouble them with a few facts in addition to the article. The money that it mentions as having been borrowed for the completion of the bridge rowed for the completion of the bridge was reserved in a few years out of the tolls, and an offer made for its payment to the State, but on examination ment to the State, but on examination of the law authorizing the loan it was discovered that no provision had been made to who it was to be paid, and an act of Assembly became consequently necessary for the purpose. Shortly after its completion the structure was in great danger of being carried away by a great freshet, which rose to within a few feet of the woodwork, and in a few feet of the woodwork, and some of the stockholders, in their fright, sacrificed their shares for nearly half the original value. At this time there was no contingent fund. The company, however, immediately began to pany, however, immediately began to realize an excellent return for the money invested, and not many years elapsed before it commenced declaring dividends to the extent permitted by its charter, which is 15 per cent. This bridge is perhaps equal to any other stocl^ in the countiT. fo^r, besides declaring 15 per cent on the first cost, a claring 15 per cent on the first cost, a contingent fund has been reserved sufficient, it is said, to build two or three ficient, it is said, to build two or three new ones, whilst there is but little probability of the Delaware ever rising high enough to carry it away. The original cost of shares was $100, and they now sell for $260. [Whig, July 3, 1839.]" Note. -- Sixty-three years later the stock sells for about $600 per share.] PRESIDENT VAN BUREN'S VISIT TO EASTON. "The President of the United States on his way from Washington to New York arrived in this borough on Thursday afternoon last [June 27, 1839]. day afternoon last [June 27, 1839]. At 4 o'clock the firing of cannon and ringing of bells gave notice to the citizens of his approach, and shortly after, zens of his approach, and shortly after, preceded by a cavalcade of the 'faithful,' he entered the town, and, through ful,' he entered the town, and, through well-lined streets, was escorted to Mr. Olmstead's American Hotel, where apartments had been provided for him. During the afternoon he held an audience for the reception of all who felt ence for the reception of all who felt disposed to call, and we should supjjose that several hundred persons jjose that several hundred persons availed themselves of the opiK)rtunity to shake hands and be introduced to him. In the evening (by invitation) and accompanied by his political friends he attended the concert at the German Reformed Church, after which he was conducted to the home of J. M. Porter, Esq., where he remained all night. On Friday morning he called on several of our citizens, and at 10 o'clock, attended by escort, he left for New Jersey. At Phillipsburg a large number of persons, 'without distinction of party,' were in waiting to re- tion of party,' were in waiting to receive and escort him to Belvidere, ceive and escort him to Belvidere, where great preparations had been made on his account." NOTICE. "The public schools of the borough of Easton will be opened on Monday morning, July 1st [1839]. The following teachers have been appointed for ing teachers have been appointed for the ensuing term: Samuel Kinsey, Josiah Davis. Paul Higgins, Weyerman, Almon Ticknor, Mrs. Tiok- nor, Mrs. Vandyke, Mrs. Till. Mrs. Howell. Mrs. Roseberry, Miss KemI)her. Misses Hecht, Miss A. A. Tindall, I)her. Misses Hecht, Miss A. A. Tindall, Miss Shively, Miss Osterstock, Miss Davis and Miss Dusenbury. "By order of the Board of School Directors. H. HAMMANN, Sec." "PROCEEDINGS OF TOWN COUNCIL Easton, Friday, July 12, 1839. Resolved, That Mr. Smith, of New York, be requested to have an equestrian device of Gen. Washington paint- trian device of Gen. Washington painted on the hydraulic or suction engine ed on the hydraulic or suction engine now building by him for the borough, provided the expense thereof does not exceed the highest sum named in his proposition for the completion of the same." "THE TOWN COUNCIL AND THE FIRE APPARATUS OF THE BOROUGH OF EASTON. Mr. Editor: As one of the citizens of the borough of Easton I have viewed with astonishment for some time past the extraordinary apathy and indifference which appears to be manifested ence which appears to be manifested by our Town Council towards the well being of the fire apparatus of Easton. It is but two or three years since, at farthest, that every citizen and member of Council was live to the preserva- ber of Council was live to the preservation of our apparatus; committees of tion of our apparatus; committees of Council were appointed regularly to examine the same and report its condition; and, as a stimulant for the enter- tion; and, as a stimulant for the enterprising young men who have volun- prising young men who have volunteered their time and service to pre- teered their time and service to preserve their property from destruction, serve their property from destruction, a former Council voted annual appropriation to the different companies to priation to the different companies to defray their necessary expenses; our fire department was the boast of all our citizens, while the quantity and quality of its apparatus was equalled by no town in the State of tne same size. Now, through the negligence of our present Council, this most important portion of the property of the borough seems to be almost wholly forsaken, and the attention due to it bestowed on matters of minor importance. The companies are all left without their appropriations, due on the 1st of January last, and in a state verging near to ary last, and in a state verging near to disorganization; one of the engines (the Humane) ordered by the Council to the factory in South Easton for repairs, which might have been all finished in one week or less time, has been suffered to remain in the repair shop for upwards of a year, and not one of our Borough Sanhedrim steps forward to hurry its completion and return to its stand. Why is it that so much negligence is manifested is more than I can divine, and it is a reflection upon the character of the town, which is anytning but ter of the town, which is anytning but creditable. Why do not the 'fire committee' receive their orders to attend mittee' receive their orders to attend to the above matters and have the 'Humane' rei)aired and made fit for service without delay? I hope the Council will attend to this matter immediately, or they may hear mediately, or they may hear MORE ANON." [July 31. 1839.] * NARROW E-riCAPE OF MISS MAR- THA MOTT. OF PHILADELPHIA. "On Thursday last [August 15, 1839,1 an occurrence took place in Easton which had near ended in the death of a young lady, a Miss Mott, who, with her companion, had started out on horseback ^or a pleasant ride. When in the Centre Square the horse on which the lady was seated became restive, anu, being unable to manage him, she was almost immediately thrown. In falling she got between the fore feet of the animal and narrowly escaped being crushed. The lady, we are informed, is on a visit here from Philadelphia." Miss Mott was a daughter of William Beckett Mott, of Philadelphia, for some time a resident of Easton, where he married the daughter of Samuel Moore and sister of the late 'Squire Moore. She married Albert R. Foering, of Philadelphia, but both have been dead for some years. A portrait in oil of Miss Mott (Mrs. Foering) in riding costume, painted about the time of her narrow escape above mentioned, is the property of her grandniece, the wife of your contributor. THE MORUS MULTICAULIS AND SILKWORM EPIDEMIC OF SIXTY YEARS AGO. Beginning with about the year 1836 a considerable interest was excited throughout the eastern part of the United States on the subject of silk culture. Promoters of ject of silk culture. Promoters of the project, who predicted large fortunes in the enterprise, visited various tunes in the enterprise, visited various localities and interested, by speech and otherwise, those inclined towards speculation. It was shown by figures how ulation. It was shown by figures how at the end of seven years, on a very small investment, the net proceeds would bring to the investot- $30,000! and the representations of such possibilities usually ended by advertising bilities usually ended by advertising for sale the "morus multicaulis," or white mulberry, the leaves of which furnished food for the silkworm. Many were led to invest in the undertaking, but with much financial loss,for,though plenty of food was available in the many mulberry trees that were grown and in many localities, the care of the eggs, worms and cocoons, and of the silk thread, were never perfected, and in a few years the craze died out. In Geoilgia, however, considerable progress was made, and it was stated that gress was made, and it was stated that at a session of one of the courts the presiding judge "appeared onthebench in a full suit of silk, including coat, vest, pantaloons, stockings, pocket handkerchief and stock, manufactured wholly by his own family, and the enterprising Georgians believed then that terprising Georgians believed then that before many years that domestic silk would be found the most economical article for negro clothing, as well as ladies' and gentlemen's dresses." Recently the subject has again been touched upon by the press, and your contributor believes that the revival of silk culture in the United States on a paying basis is not far distant. AN AUTUMN VISIT TO THE BARONY OF NAZARETH AND ONY OF NAZARETH AND BEYOND. "Yesterday a week, the weather being delightful and the day designated ing delightful and the day designated for the holding of the anti-VanBuren county meeting at Bath, we took passage about 9 o'clock in a private con- age about 9 o'clock in a private conveyance and directed our course tow- veyance and directed our course towards the spot where some of the choice ards the spot where some of the choice spirits of the land were assembled to transact 'the affairs of the nation.' We arrived at Bath in sufficient time to permit us to look about and shake hands with a large number of our old friends ere dinner was announced, which was served up by Mr. Riegel, of the Bath Hotel, in a superb manner, and was partaken of by a company, which bore the strongest testimony to its superiority. Shortly after dinner the meeting was organized and conducted in such a manner that the pro- ducted in such a manner that the proceedings have given entire satisfaction ceedings have given entire satisfaction to all except a few interested locos, who perceive that the policy of our actions will ere long have the effect of putting an end to their sway in Northampton. During the afternoon we ampton. During the afternoon we were induced to visit the grounds of Major W. G. Scott and B. D. Barnes, where several fields of the Morus Multicaulis are cultivated. The Trees are in a thrifty condition, and look remarkably fine. We measured several markably fine. We measured several of the leaves, and found that they exceeded a foot in length and the same ceeded a foot in length and the same in breadth. It is a pity that such excellent leaves should be in want of the cellent leaves should be in want of the needful to consume them, but we were told that neither Major Scott or Mr. Barnes had any Silk Worms to prey upon them. On our way home, we stopped at Freidensthal [Gnadenthal was meant], the location of the County iKJor house. This esta'jlishment ty iKJor house. This esta'jlishment which has been in operation for about a year, answers all the purposes which its institutors calculated on. In the course of a few years, besides supporting the paupers, it is expected to porting the paupers, it is expected to yield a revenue to the County. The number of inmates at present are one hundred and one, about twenty of which are in the Hospital apartments, which are in a large and commodious building separate from the main edifice. One of the inmates of this build- fice. One of the inmates of this building particularly attracted our atten- ing particularly attracted our attention. It was a male, about twenty-two tion. It was a male, about twenty-two years old, and who was born in Mauch Chunk township. His whole frame is debiliated, so as to require some one to lead him, when walking. His knees are close, while his legs are bowed, and his feet turned nearly straight inwards. His face is pointed towards the chin, and on his left hand the thumb and the forefinger are grown together with one large nail covering and uniting ends, the little finger ering and uniting ends, the little finger being rather larger than common. We then pursued our way as far as the honored town of Nazareth, where we called upon several of our friends with whom we had some business to transact. This is an ordinary sized town, act. This is an ordinary sized town, of Moravian founding, and remarkable for its regularity and quiet. Leaving Nazareth, we passed the fine Morus Multicaulis field of Messrs. Wolle & Albright, the trees of which are offered for sale by an advertisement in to- ed for sale by an advertisement in today's paper." day's paper." [Sept. 25, 1839.] "MORUS MULTICAULIS 25,000 Genuine Morus Multicaulis trees, for sale. Persons wishing to purchase trees for next season's planting, will find it to their interest to call on the subscribers, ere they make engagements elsewhere. ments elsewhere. ALSO SILK WORM EGGS of the Mammoth. 2 Crop White and Sulphur kind, which will be sold reasonable. onable. Apply to E. P. WOT>LE, Nazareth, or J. .7. ALBRIGHT, Jacobsburg. Sept. 25, 1839." EASTON. "If you are a stranger at Easton you will be disappointed, and that very agreeably. It is quite a little city, containing about 6,000 inhabitants. It was laid out by the Penns in a rich, romantic spot. The streets are wide, airy, well shaded and very pleasant The buildings are neat, good and many of them in good taste. The German church is really handsome, and our fellow citizen, Thomas U. Walter, did himself credit when he drafted this beautifully proportioned steeple. It is uncommonly beautiful, and the eye turns to it often and lingers upon it as something which is just as it should be. I wish he might have power imparted to him of planning and erecting parted to him of planning and erecting at least fifty as handsome as this in our own flat-looking city. The inhabitants of this place and region are, for the most part, German. But you will say that in Easton they have a beautiful home; but if you look around, you soon forget this place. Around the town are the richest beauties. On the east runs the Delaware -- here narrow, but lively and strong, and dashing on as if rejoicing in his strength. A little below comes in the Lehigh, pouring in as if glad to escape from individual responsibility and share it with one stronger, while just above comes down the wild Bushkill river, fierce and noisy as a modern reformer, seeming to feel as if he could give new laws to old Delaware the moment he can reach him; but when he gets in his voice is hushed and the old river moves on hardly noticing his noisy friend, and the enthusiastic reformer passes away and in a moment is forgotten. Here, then, are the 'Forkes of the Delaware,' just below Easton, at the confluence of the Delaware and the Lehigh; and here, where the acting sun still gilds a most beautiful spot, did that wonderful man, David Brainerd, meet and ful man, David Brainerd, meet and preach to the Indians. How often, how simply and how beautifully does he refer to the 'Forkes of the Delaware' in his diary? He did a great ware' in his diary? He did a great work. He was a wonderful specimen of human nature. He finished his work at the early age of 30 and went to rest. I have often walked in the little footpath which goes around his grave and seen those who have dropped a tear over Martyn's grave, in Persia, also drop a tear here. And here, at the 'Forkes of the Delaware,' still wave the tall sycamore trees under which that self-denying man taught the tawny sons of the forest as they came around him as a father and loved him as their own souls. "The hills which surround Easton are lofty and in their proportions exquisite. They were unknown and un- quisite. They were unknown and unexpected to me. I have seen nothing expected to me. I have seen nothing like them in Pennsylvania, and if I were to select a spot on which to erect a country seat, having more money and time than I knew what to do with, I should certainly select one of these hills as the spot. You have only to see them, having an eye to admire the picturesque and the beautiful, and you turesque and the beautiful, and you will more than agree with me. On one of these hills stands Lafayette College, over which Dr. Junkin presides. It stands high on a hill with a name too classical for my everyday pen, and is so situated that it cannot be hid. In a few days it has its commencement and graduates nine -- an uncommonly large class! Tney have contrived various plans, and are still contriving, to make it great and poweriul; but, alas! so long as they begin at the ridge-pole and build downwards they will find the smoke all comes down the chimney and the building is wrong end upwards. They import teachers and professors, they tack a teachers' school to it! All in vain. They begin at the ridge-pole and it takes much time to wipe tue smoke out of their eyes and adjust and continue things. I shall touch on the real difficulty hereafter; and, while I have no doubt the teachers and guardians of this college are ers and guardians of this college are doing all they can, yet I am satisfied that they are for the present to 'rake hay on a fern pasture.' "Easton contains two banks, thirtysix stores, whose aggregate capital is six stores, whose aggregate capital is estimated at $350,000. Its mills manufacture 80,000 barrels of flour, 18,000 facture 80,000 barrels of flour, 18,000 barrels of cornmeal and 750 barrels of oil. A little south of it are two blast furnaces, one wire factory, one foundry, one rolling and slittling mill, and dry, one rolling and slittling mill, and nail factory, two saw mills, each cutting a million of feet annually, two ting a million of feet annually, two merchant mills and one cotton factory. They are now endeavoring to construct the Belvidere Railroad, from Trenton to Belvidere, on the banks of the Delaware, a distance of about sixty-two ware, a distance of about sixty-two miles. The estimated cost is a little more than $1,000,000. They have a charter with banking privileges to the amount of $500,000, so that their stock will be $1,500,000. At first sight you would suppose the receipts could hardly pay the interest, but the travel now ly pay the interest, but the travel now amounts to $fi0,000 annually, and when you reflect that 3,000 lumbermen now descend this river annually, that the whole region is ohe rich in lumber, in lime, in coal and in wheat, you cannot doubt but the thing will go. Place yourself upon the summit of the Kittaning Mountain where it is cleft by taning Mountain where it is cleft by the Delaware and where you look down on that river as it rolls 1.200 feet below you, where, too, you throw your eye over a vast fleld of fertile soil, and you feel that these regions have not yet begun to pour their wealth out into the world. Warren county alone, even now, sends nearly one million of grain to market. One of her foundries yields 30!) tons of stove i)late and 500 tons of pig iron annually. What then will not the whole region do when the railroad is completed? It will open a section of country probably surpassed by none in mineral and agricultural wealth, and scarcely rivalled by any in scenery grand and beautiful." Philadelphia "North American", Sept. 25, 1839. A CARD. "C. S. BISHOP would beg leave respectfully to inform the public that he spectfully to inform the public that he is not, as is reported "confined to his bed with the small pox" it being another person of the name of Bishop in other person of the name of Bishop in another part of the town, who has the varioloid lightly, and is to be believed the only case in the Borough. lieved the only case in the Borough. As he designs going to New York this week to purchase goods, he has taken this method to undeceive the public, as his absence from the store might have a tendency to strengthen the report and injure his business. port and injure his business. "Easton, May 1, 1839." "MAMMOTH CIRCUS. Under the direction of Messrs. Fogg & Stickney. The proprietors of this splendid establishment inform the citizens of Eas- tablishment inform the citizens of Easton and neighborhood, that they will ton and neighborhood, that they will perform with their unrivalled Company in Easton on Bixler's lot. on the pany in Easton on Bixler's lot. on the hill, on Thursday & Friday, The 29th and 30th days of August inst. 11839.1 The proprietors will here take occasion to remark that among other em- casion to remark that among other eminent performers MR. STICKNEY. inent performers MR. STICKNEY. the unrivalled equestrain (lately of Ducrow's Circus, London), will go through his wonderful displays of horsemanship. For particulars see large bills. An efficient police will be on the ground to preserve order. The Mammoth Circus will perform at Bath on Wednesday the 28th August." ust." MORE FRUITS OF LAFAYETTE'S EARLY CURRICULUM. THE ROHAN POTATOE. "The Editor of the Sentinel states that he was shown some of the Rohan Potatoes raised by Dr. Junkin, of Lafayette College, and that they were re- fayette College, and that they were remarkable for their size and beauty. markable for their size and beauty. We can bear testimony to all that our neighbor of the Sentinel has asserted, and go a step farther -- we not only saw some of them but also tested their qualities, having been presented with some for that purpose, and found them equal if not superior to the best MERCER. As we know that our neighbor CER. As we know that our neighbor is fond of good things and we have several of them undemolished, we here- eral of them undemolished, we hereby tender him the thing polite for the by tender him the thing polite for the day on which they are to be served up. We are informed that Dr. Junkin has about 180 bushels of them for sale, for the purpose of cultivation. Our farmers and gardeners would do well to ers and gardeners would do well to provide themselves with some, as their yield is much greater than that of any other potatoe, while their quality, generally, is superior. ity, generally, is superior. "(Oct. 23, 1839.1" A TALISMAN FOR VAIN REGRETS -- and gladness on its wing. "REAM. "Easton, Peniia., October, 1839." In the olden times a stroll along the Lehigh, Bushkill and Delaware inspired the writing of many poetical lines ed the writing of many poetical lines of merit. In the near future I propose to devote considerable space to pose to devote considerable space to some of the poets and poetry of Easton. ton. To MISS MARY N..k..k of Pittsgrove, Salem County, N. J. "We may not meet as I could wish, by moonlight's holy beam. Beneath the spreading SYCAMORE, along sweet Lehigh's stream; Thou may'st not see the Tyrian dyes, that d"ck our forest trees As gorgeously they catch their tints, from early Autumn's breeze It pains my heart as thus it is -- that changeless destiny. Should sever us, when scenes so rich, might now be shared with thee And yet to know that thou art blest -that in thy bosom's shrine. that in thy bosom's shrine. Affections deep, and cherish'd ties, together intertwine. gether intertwine. That youth, and grace, and innocence, and eyes of light and love. Art thine, -- a precious offering, -- meet for thy Mother's love? That happiness, like points of light, irradiates thy heart. radiates thy heart. Which with the magnet's pow'r can hold, and yet to all impart. From its rich fount, the treasur'd store, -- with witchery of will 'Til sadness flees- thine influence, and troubled thoughts are still. Oh! yes to know that these are thine -this heritage of peace. this heritage of peace. This grant to naught but innocence, to to holiness and grace, I will not wake regrets for thee -- I may not wish thee here. But joy that tho' thy stay was brief, I MADE A FRIEND SO DEAR, Then sweetest that we meet again -- in mem'ry's hallow'd dream I pray thee in the hush of night, RECALL SWEET LEHIGH'S STREAM; CALL SWEET LEHIGH'S STREAM; Fond memory's soften'd lights, and shades, around us thus may bring. "ANOTHER REVOLUTIONARY HERO GONE. Died at his residence in EJaston, on Wednesday last. Captain John Carey, sen. a soldier of the tain John Carey, sen. a soldier of the American Revolution, aged 86 years -- months and 25 days. "[Nov. 27, 1839.]" HISTORICAL SKETCHES RELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. "Not to know what has been transacted in former times is always to re- acted in former times is always to remain a child." main a child." NEW SERIES NO. 12. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. "NORTHAMPTON HORSE INSURANCE COMPANY. ANCE COMPANY. "A list of the Officers and Members of the 'Northampton Horse Insurance Company' for detecting horse thieves, and other villains, and recovering the property stolen. "JOHN LA WALL, President. "JOSEPH DIETRICH, Secretary. "JACOB SEIP, Treasurer. "Directors -- L. Frankenfield, P. Odenwelder, Sr., Joseph Edelman, P. enwelder, Sr., Joseph Edelman, P. Frankenfield, Daniel Weitzell, Philip Metzgar, John Schwartz, Henry Lerch, Jesse Kermerrer. "Active Members^ -- Charles Brown, M. Messinger, Jr., Jacob Odenwelder, J. Odenwelder, Jr., Barnet Odenwelder, Joseph Brown, George Brinker, der, Joseph Brown, George Brinker, Peter Kocher, Abraham Sailer, Peter Cole, Michael Able, Adam Sandt, John S. Oberly, Isaac Ritter, John Best, Michael Boyer, Adam Clause, Henry Clause, Peter Kemmerer, George Oberly, Isaac Brown, Fred Schweitzer.Jacob ly, Isaac Brown, Fred Schweitzer.Jacob Snyder, John Lerch, Edward Shimer, Aaron Kichline, Jonas Hackman, Jacob Paulus, John G. Koehler, Christian Yeager, Conrad Schweitzer, George Levers, Christian Knecht, Chas. Weitzell, Jonas Lerch, John Gradwold, Abm. zell, Jonas Lerch, John Gradwold, Abm. Koch, John Brader, John Kessler,Jacob Keller, Michael Weaver, John Shively, Abm. Heller, Peter Seip, Peter Rohn, Fred'k Lerch, John Freeman, Daniel Ritter, Adam Breidinger, A. Rheinheimer, George Vogel, Peter Lawall, heimer, George Vogel, Peter Lawall, Henry C. Beitel, J. M. Porter, John Dewalt, Michael Spengler, Jacob Hess, Daniel W. Butz, Benj. Dietrich, Amandus Heinley, Wm. Shouse, Isaac Hack- dus Heinley, Wm. Shouse, Isaac Hackman, David Odenwelder, Joseph B. man, David Odenwelder, Joseph B. Jones, Jesse Laubach, Peter Lawall, Jr., J. B. Odenwelder, J. Odenwelder, Jr., Jacob Wootring, Jos. Hagenbuch, Valentine Uhler, John Brown, Peter Buss, Abm. Staufer, Daniel Koch.Jacob Able, Lewis Seip, Adam Hahn, Samuel EJngler, Andrew Dech, John Haltaman, Thomas Dech, Adam Bruch, John Dech, Col. John Dech, Daniel Balliet, Jacob Rothrock. John Engler, George Ehret, Thomas Boyer, Isaac Schweitzer, George Frederick, George Messin- er, George Frederick, George Messinger, John Schweitzer, Daniel Schortz, ger, John Schweitzer, Daniel Schortz, Charles Hay, Joseph Jones, Simon H. Jones, Philip Lerch, Peter Correll, Sr., John Laubach, Jacob Harman, George Dewalt, George Kessler, Henry Keim, C. Weidknecht,Jr., Philip Miller, Jacob Bauer, Michael Kichline, Gen. Peter Ihrie, George Snyder, L. Frankenfield, Jr.. Thomas Oberly, Anthony TTansue, John Kocher. "JOSEPH DEITRICH. Sec'ry. "February 12, 1840." "DEATH OF EX-GOVERNOR WOLF. The sudden and unexpected demise of ex-Governor Wolf, which occurred on Wednesday morning [March 11, 1840] at 9 o'clock, calls for a passing notice at our hands. The position which Mr. Wolf occupied for many years in our State, and the influence he has exercised in the conduct of its affairs will render a brief sketch of his career not unacceptable to our readers. He was born in Northampton ers. He was born in Northampton county, in the month of August, 1777, and was accordingly in his 63rd year at the time of his decease. He was descended from German parents, and the first notice we have of him is as an Usher in a school in that county, of which he was afterwards principal before he had closed his minority; while fore he had closed his minority; while occupied in teaching, he was preparing himself for admission to the Bar, under the superintendance of the late der the superintendance of the late Judge Ross, of the Supreme Court of the State, to which he was called at the age of 21. His first public appointment was that of Clerk of the Or- ment was that of Clerk of the Orphans' Court of Northampton County, phans' Court of Northampton County, under the administration of Simon Snyder. After holding this for some time, he resigned it in order to be elected to the Legislature. He soon relinquished this station in order to de- linquished this station in order to devote himself more assiduously to the vote himself more assiduously to the duties of his profession. In the year 1824 he was elected to the House of Representatives of Congress from the Northampton District, on which body he continued a member until his election as Governor of the State, in the fall of 1829. He was reelected to this high station in 1832, elected to this high station in 1832, and in 1835 was a candidate for reelection, but was defeated by Mr. Rit- election, but was defeated by Mr. Ritner. In this last contest Mr. Wolf re- ner. In this last contest Mr. Wolf received the votes of a large portion of ceived the votes of a large portion of the anti-Jackson party. In June, 1836, he was appointed by General Jackson. First Comptroller of the Treasury De- partment, and in March. 183S by Mr. Van Buren, Collector of this Port, Mr. Barker, the former Collector, succeeding him in the Comptroller's Office. ing him in the Comptroller's Office. "Mr. Wolf was during his whole life a member of the Democratic party, and was during the strife, which occurred in its ranks a few years since curred in its ranks a few years since in this State, the acknowledged head and candidate of the larger and more moderate division of it. As Governor of the State, he was a staunch friend to a system of Internal Improvements, and the firm, steady and unflinching advocate of a liberal system of general education. During his administration a strong impetus was given to that cause. As a Governor he had few superiors among those who have been el- periors among those who have been elevated to that station. His measures evated to that station. His measures were distinguished for moderation and calmness, and the great personal influence he possessed added additional force to his recommendations. al force to his recommendations. On the announcement of his decease yesterday, the Colors of the shipping in the river were displayed at half mast, and the U. S. District Court im- mediately adjourned its session. Mr. Kern, the Deputy Collector, will act as Collector until the appointment of a successor.-- 'North American.' " QUEEN VICTORIA'S MARRIAGE ANNOUNCEMENT. "Married. -- In London, on the 11th of February [1840], by the Rev. Dr. Canterbury, Mr. Albert Coburg, of Saxe- terbury, Mr. Albert Coburg, of SaxeCoburg, to Miss Victo*""" '^-uelph, of the Coburg, to Miss Victo*""" '^-uelph, of the former place." BOROUGH ELECTION, 1840. "The election for Justices of the Peace and town officers for the borough of Easton took place on Friday last [March 20th ]. The number of candidates for the different offices was un- dates for the different offices was uncommonly large, and the contest a commonly large, and the contest a very spirited one. Nearly 700 votes were polled. The candidates for the office of Justice and Constable were run without distinction of party. Three Council tickets were voted for, and parts of each elected. In Bushkill Ward both parties ran a full ticket. The Whig ticket was elected. In Lehigh Ward the Locos succeeded, as high Ward the Locos succeeded, as usual, in electing their ticket, the opposition being merely nominal. Below sition being merely nominal. Below we give a full account of the votes polled for eax^h candidate. The names of the successful ones are marked (*). Town Council. LehiKh KuHhkill "> ard VVarfl *John A. Innes 231 144 *Edward J. Seip 226 134 *Solin Chapin 168 121 William L. Sebring 154 125 George Barnet (M) 98 127 *Benj. Ihrie, for one year.. 235 122 Peter Snyder ditto 92 139 School Directors. *David W. Davis 140 92 ♦️William Hackett 139 100 Traill Green 72 125 John Stewart 72 121 Auditors. ♦️Abraham Gosner 143 96 ♦️Thomas Sletor 143 97 ♦️Abraham Coryell 143 97 Justices of the Peace. ♦️Jacob Weygandt 175 ♦️Melchoir Horn 158 Jefferson K. Heckman.... 146 Abraham Sigman, Sr 84 Charles E. Buck 31 George Barnet (C) 24 ♦️Samuel Kinsey 117 ♦️Christopher Mixsell, Sr.. 106 James Russing 95 John R. Gray 83 F. W. Muller 82 William P. Spering 32 Henry Hill 20 Judges. ♦️A. H. Reeder 91 Adam Yohe 59 ♦️A. E. Brown 139 Charles Kitchen 53 Inspectors. ♦️George Straub 101 ♦️Jacob H. Wilking 71 ♦️William J. Browne 132 ♦️John Await 55 Assessors. ♦️Josiah P. Hetrich 120 ♦️John Schlough 59 ♦️Joseph Horn 95 Assistant Assessors. ♦️Peter Nungessor 85 ♦️Samuel Troxell 85 ♦️James Thompson 122 ♦️Hopewell Hepburn 122 Peter Ihrie 63 John J. Burke 63 Constables. ♦️"amuel Walter 183 Henry Snyder 175 Charles D. Horn 48 ♦️John Leidich 139 Jacob Lesher 102 Michael S. Miller 69 William H. Kimberly 47 [March -o, 1840.] THE INITIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE HARRISON CAMPAIGN. "Tippecanoe Club -- Harrison and Better Times. ter Times. A stated meeting of the Tippecanoe Club of Northampton county will be held at the house of Mrs. White on tomorrow evening, April 2d, at early morrow evening, April 2d, at early candle light. The friends of Harrison and Tyler are invited to attend. WILLIAM J. BROWNE, Secretary. April 1, 1840." "Tippecanoe Club. The friends of Harrison and Tyler in Easton have formed themselves into an association denominated the 'Tippecanoe Club of Northampton County' pecanoe Club of Northampton County' for the purpose of promoting the election of the above-named distinguished tion of the above-named distinguished individuals. At an election for officers held at the house of S. Adams last week the following gentlemen were chosen to serve for one year: President -- Alexander E. Brown. Vice Presidents -- Jacob Weygandt, Samuel Yohe, Lawrence Troxell and William H. Thompson. Corresponding Secretaries -- John Shouse, G. W. Yates and Edward Bishop. Recording Secretary -- William J. Browne. Treasurer -- William Cawley. Financial Committee- -- Adam Yohe, Josiah P. Hetrich and Joseph Barnet. [April 1, 1840.]" MILITIA ELECTION. "The following returns of the election for Brigade Inspector of the First tion for Brigade Inspector of the First Brigade, Seventh Division, P. M., to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Major George Schlabach, nation of Major George Schlabach, have just been received, from which it would appear that Col. Charles Kindt, of the 140th Regiment, is elected by a handsome majority. C. Kindl'B J.Dietrich. Majoritv a.ajority 97th Regt, 1st Bat 40 22 140th Regt., 1st Bat... 19 140th Regt., 2d Bat 170 26th Regt., 1st Bat 13 Northampton Vol. Bat. 16 "A RICH TREAT FOR THE LOVERS OF MUSIC. The proposed concert of the 'Harmonic Society of the Borough of Eas- monic Society of the Borough of Easton for the Promotion of Music' will ton for the Promotion of Music' will afford to the friends of true musical science an opportunity of at once gratifying their own taste and promoting a fying their own taste and promoting a pious and praiseworthy object. Mr. Jedediah Weiss, under whose direction it will be given, is a gentleman of finished musical education. He is pos- ished musical education. He is possessed of a splendid barytone voice, sessed of a splendid barytone voice, and his thorough knowledge of music gives to his performances a character rarely excelled. The progress of his class, under his superintendence, is said to be wonderful. We trust he will be liberally patronized. We learn that the concert of the Harmonic Society will be held on Thursday evening, the Hth inst., at the Presbyterian Church, instead of Wednesday, the 13th, as stated in our last. Tickets may be had at the Easton and American Hotels and at the stores of Mr. H. Hammann, Messrs. C. & R. Innes, Mr. James Wilson, Mr. Peter Pomp, Mr. Henry Sny- son, Mr. Peter Pomp, Mr. Henry Snyder and Charles H. Luch's confectiona- der and Charles H. Luch's confectionaries, and at the office of the 'Whig.' ries, and at the office of the 'Whig.' Price of tickets, 25 cents." [May 6, 1840.] CELEBRATION IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY IN HONOR OF GEN. HARRISON, FOR HIS VICTORY AT THE THAMES. TORY AT THE THAMES. "The continual cry of Gen. Harrison's defamers is that he never rendered the country any service and that the people are in no way indebted to him for any of the brilliant victories of the late war. Now, as the memories of some persons are rather short and often require to be refreshed, it may not be quire to be refreshed, it may not be amiss to call the attention of the Loco Focos of this county, and those especially who are forever reviling and tra- ally who are forever reviling and traducing the old General, to the following ducing the old General, to the following notice of a celebration held at Hellertown, Lower Saucon, in the month of town, Lower Saucon, in the month of October, 1813. Many of those who are now opposed to the General then bore the most honorable testimony to his ability, patriotism and distinguished services. This testimony is recorded in the journals of the day, and many still live amongst us who were eyewitnesses to the proceedings given be- witnesses to the proceedings given below. How silly then for them to think low. How silly then for them to think that by their present blackguard practice they can efface the effects of their tice they can efface the effects of their former honest professions. Read the following from the 'Friedensbothen' (a German paper published at Allentown) of the 28th of October, 1813: town) of the 28th of October, 1813: 'The volunteer companies and citizens of the neighborhood of Heller- zens of the neighborhood of Hellertown, Northampton county, assembled town, Northampton county, assembled to celebrate the 'glorious victory' of Gen. Harrison at the Thames. Capt. George Hess' (now Judge Hess, who instantly marched in defence of his country when it was threatened with invasion) Northampton Jaegers, Capt. Rinker's Rifle Company, from Allentown, and Capt. Ott's Rifle Company, town, and Capt. Ott's Rifle Company, were present. And among the proceedings of the celebration we find the ceedings of the celebration we find the following flattering compliment in the shape of a regular toast: 'GENERAL HARRISON-- A True American -- no traitor Hull. He has achieved a full and glorious victory over the British and Indians in the Northwest. Health to Gen. Harrison and his brave army.' Nine guns. Dare our neighbor of the 'Sentinel' publish the above in his paper of this week? Many of his readers no doubt would be pleased to see it." [June 10, 1840.] HARRISON AND TYLER. (Picture of Log Cabin.) "Log Cabin Boys to the Rescue. A meeting of the Democratic Harrison men of the borough of Easton will be held on Saturday evening next, the 27th inst., at the house of William Gould. Let all who are in favor of the OLD HERO -- all who want to help Old Tip flog Proctor and the Indians a second time -- all who are opposed to the Loco Foco Reduction of Wages -- all who are opposed to the Legislature receiving $3 a day while at home ture receiving $3 a day while at home for a month -- all who are opposed to VanBuren's standing army -- all in favor of the Constitution, the Law and better times come un to the help of the ter times come un to the help of the people against the officeholders to make arrangements for celebrating the approaching anniversary of our National Independence. al Independence. By order of the Borough St. Co. Easton, June 24, 1840." CELEBRATION OF THE 4TH OF JULY, 184 ). An event which the present generation heard much about from their tion heard much about from their fathers and grandfathers. "The anniversary of our Independence just passed will be a day long held ence just passed will be a day long held In pleasing remembrance by our citizens. To do justice to a description zens. To do justice to a description of the very many interesting incidents of its celebration is not our expectation. Words cannot portray them. tion. Words cannot portray them. As soon as our town clock struck 12 on the night of the 3d the fine music of our spirited band was heard playing a national air. They continued for an hour serenading those of our ladies who with burning love of country and patriotic spirit, which so generally characterizes America's fair daughters, had rendered us apropos assistance in the preparation for our political fete. About 1 a. m. they had finished and arrived in front of the Log Cabin, over rived in front of the Log Cabin, over which floated the flag of our country. Everything was there in readiness to put in its proper position, across the street, a large and splendid American flag, which had been made for the Whigs by the young ladies of the borough. It went up most gallantly, and ough. It went up most gallantly, and when it hung in midair, the stars and stripes waving gracefully to the winds, the band struck up 'Hail, Columbia!' Excited by the soul-stirring air and the rehearsal of the conclusion of Rodman Drake's noble lyric, 'The American Flag,' commencing with 'Flag of the free hearts' hope and home By angel hands to valor given,' very opportunely and finely repeated by H. D. Maxwell, Esq., thirteen cheers went up from the patriotic voices, which must have satisfied the fair daughters who had made it, and some of whom, we learn, had waited close by to see the 'raising,' that that 'proud sheet' was in the proper hands. "The Democratic Whigs had selected for their place of dining a fine large lot near the centre of the town belonging to Samuel Shouse, Esq., who had ing to Samuel Shouse, Esq., who had kindly given them permission to make such use of it as they deemed proper. A small portion of the front was occupied by an Old Log House that was no pied by an Old Log House that was no longer tenanted, which was found very useful by our Committee of Arrangements. Upon the lot there were erect- ments. Upon the lot there were erected three sets of tables, each over 100 ed three sets of tables, each over 100 feet in length, made of boards, and the whole covered with a high roof of awnings and boat covers. At the front ings and boat covers. At the front were planted several beautiful spruce trees, making between them a fine entrance, over which and extending along each side were placed spruce, laurel and other evergreens, forming three arches. Across the whole was placed, in large letters, the rallying cry, Harrison, Tyler and Democracy.' "Early in the morning the offerings of our friends began to pour in. The cabin was covered with furs and skins, as though a band of hunters and trappers had just arrived. A musket, pers had just arrived. A musket, bearing the motto, 'From Fort Meigs,' was hanging over them. A handsome bouquet of fiowers, with the motto, 'Bring Flowers to Strew in the Conquerors' Path,' was presented. It was querors' Path,' was presented. It was placed over cxie centre of the arch, and the motto, soon printed in a semicircle, placed under it. The invitation circle, placed under it. The invitation was at once accepted by the fair dames who saw it, and flowers in abundance were in a few minutes interspersed with the evergreens. "At 10 o'clock a. m. our citizens attended the German Reformed Church tended the German Reformed Church to listen to our talented fellow-citizen, Willis Gaylord Clark, Esq., of Philadelphia, who had been invited by one of phia, who had been invited by one of the literary societies of Lafayette College to deliver a poem before them. lege to deliver a poem before them. Finding it difficult to compress the subject he wished to treat of in the small ject he wished to treat of in the small compass usually allowed to a poem, he changed the exercise into an address, interspersed with that bright and beautiful poetry for which he is so distin- tiful poetry for which he is so distinguished. It was indeed a masterly guished. It was indeed a masterly composition -- cliaste, animating and forcible. The only matter of regret was that his weak state of health prevented him giving to its utterance that vented him giving to its utterance that loud tone of voice the large size of the building required. Previous to the address the Declaration of Independence dress the Declaration of Independence was distinctly read by Enoch Green, Esq., of New Jersey. "After these interesting exercises had closed we walked down to the 'Tippecanoe Ground' to see how things pecanoe Ground' to see how things looked there. We found it alive with animation. The ladies were there in numbers to see our 'fixins,' bringing with tnem wreaths of posies, cakes handsomely decorated with flowers, and other offerings -- evidences of their true hearts' wishes. Soon the sinewy frames of men poured in. They came literally 'as the waves come' -- surge upon surge. The true bone and sinew of the land -- the workingmen, the farmers, the mechanics and merchantmen ers, the mechanics and merchantmen not the Tories, or sons of Tories, but men whose sires had toiled, suffered and fought to secure the Independence which their representatives had on the day of which this was the anniversary declared should be theirs and their children's, and who now came up to enroll themselves in the contest for principles upon the issue for which they believed depended the preserva tion of the proud heritage bequeathed them. Little Jersey answered to our invitation most nobly. Her gallant 'Blues' came pouring in to tell us that though her broad seal had been trampled on it should yet be respected. pled on it should yet be respected. "Knowing the great efforts that had been making by the Loco Focos to try and counteract the enthusiasm which is spreading throughout the whole land --that they had been preparing for weeks for their procession, been sending out couriers to all the leaders in ing out couriers to all the leaders in this and the neighboring counties to impress upon them the necessity of a large turn-out to overawe the Whigs and preserve their ranks from the desertion which was so rapidly thinning sertion which was so rapidly thinning them -- and fearing that as our determination to celebrate the 4th could not mination to celebrate the 4th could not be generally known to our friends, having only been made the Saturday pre- ing only been made the Saturday previous; recollecting also how busy our vious; recollecting also how busy our farmers now were in their harvest, it had been deemed inadvisable to attempt a procession. But when the tempt a procession. But when the Loco Foco force was seen in straggling ranks, stretched out yards asunder, swelled by boys, our farmers would listen to no refusal, but, knowing we far outnumbered them in this, their boasted stronghold, insisted upon having a procession. It was agreed to in ing a procession. It was agreed to in a minute, Joseph Barnet appointed Chief Marshal and Adam Yohe, Edmund Bishop, Josiah P. Hetrich, J. mund Bishop, Josiah P. Hetrich, J. Emons, Jacob D. Deitrich, Thomas Barr and W. Thomas nis assistants. The banners mat had been nailed fast at our tables were hastily unfastened, t..e band struck up a lively tune and the people were soon in order, and a more imposing procession our borougii has never witnessed. "At its head, under the direction of the Chief Marshal, was carried the iippecanoe Banner, which was lately presented by the young ladies of E^aston to 'The Tippecanoe Club.' It was ton to 'The Tippecanoe Club.' It was made of silk, with a well-executed Log Cabin sketched upon it, anu did great credit to the beautiful girls whose handiworiv it was. How their kindness was appreciated the club has told them. Next was the President of the Day and Reader of the Declaration of Independence. Following these were as many of our Jersey guests as we could in the haste of our gathering get together, and then came on the "People' in their might indeed. We saw among the banners that were interspersed over the whole procession terspersed over the whole procession some which were well designed. The Mechanics had one admirably executed; on it were painted the plane, cuted; on it were painted the plane, the drawing knife, the axe and other sharp implements of their business, with the severe motto that tells the workingmen's feeling: 'Buchanan, Beware of Edge Tools.' Upon another ware of Edge Tools.' Upon another one, clad in mourning, a sketch of a sword entangled in the clasp of a purse, with the motto: 'Purse and Sword United July 1, 184i).' There were others with good Whig mottoes, as 'The Union of the Whigs for the Sake of the Union.' "Unprecedented as this procession was, with many of our friends not yet arrived -- the hour of meeting not come -- many of them in the houses of their acquaintances and many of them attending to business, we outnumbered tending to business, we outnumbered our opponents. Both processions were frequently counted and we have heard but one opinion from impartial men. It is said several of their own friends who were observed counting, on comparing notes, made out but twenty paring notes, made out but twenty majority. Had they been at headquarters when we returned and all quarters when we returned and all gathered in they would have reversed it with the figure 1, and allowed us over 100 more than theirs, according to the truth. The procession, accompanied by the band, marched through nied by the band, marched through several of the streets and returned to the place where dinner had been provided at 2 p. m. Here, too, was seen vided at 2 p. m. Here, too, was seen our strength of numbers. Some of our friends had deemed our preparations on entirely too large a scale and that we would be laughed at for our empty tables. Not one-half could at first get seats around the board. The best of order, however, prevailed, and by those first down giving away to others all were accommodated and not a man but what was satisfied. The 200 pies our kind mothers, wives and sisters had sent us were much lauded. "After the removal of the cloth the following gentlemen were appointed Vice Presidents, who, with H. D. Maxwell, President of the Day, officiated well, President of the Day, officiated as the officers of the meeting: George Knecht, Peter S. Michler, Abraham Serfoss, Richard T. Downing, Jacob Deiterich, Christian Brown, Jesse Shimer, Jacob Weygandt, John Cressman, mer, Jacob Weygandt, John Cressman, Michael Spangler. Harry Desh, Samuel Brodt, Jacob Boorem, Abraham Koehler, Henry Werkheiser, Frederick Lerch, ler, Henry Werkheiser, Frederick Lerch, John Kemmerer and Abraham Shimer. The Declaration of Independence was read by John Shouse, Esq., in a clear and forcible manner. A number of toasts were then drank with an enthusiasm that showed the mouth gave ut- siasm that showed the mouth gave utterance to heart's feelings. Among terance to heart's feelings. Among these were: '* 'The Heroes and Sages of the Revolution -- a gallant band of patriots, olution -- a gallant band of patriots, who pledged their lives, their fortunes and the honors for America's Independence -- green be their memories.' -- pendence -- green be their memories.' -Drank standing. Drank standing. " 'The Tippecanoe Ladies of Easton * -- beautiful, amiable and lovely. Their cheering smiles and encouraging tokens of remembrance inspire us with kens of remembrance inspire us with renewed feelings in favor of the Log Cabin Chief of our choice. We pledge them a hearty bumper for They are our Log Cabin girls, The dear and lovely lasses. We are their Hard Cider boys. In spirit none surpass us. "When the gallant Jersey, whose soil was stained with the best blood of the Revolution, and almost every plain a battle ground, was toasted and her wrongs alluded to -- that true Whig, Judge W. P. Robeson, though wholly unaccustomed to public speaking, could not keep down, but in a strong speech, that his fellow guests from that State spiritedly responded to, replied to the sentiment that was given. "After the regular toasts were given, the President of the Day in a few remarks stated the fact of our having in marks stated the fact of our having in our town a distinguished fellow citizen, whose talent he deservedly com- zen, whose talent he deservedly complimented whom he said fatigue and plimented whom he said fatigue and indisposition prevented being with us, and proposed the following toast: "By the President of the Day: " WILLIS GAYLORD CLARK, Esq., our friend and guest; may his visit to our hills and valleys furnish many a theme for that 'bridge poesy' which so often flashes from his brilliant imagi nation, to instruct, delight and amuse We greet him most cordially at our festal board; a true friend of Liberty and the rights of man.' "A copy of this toast with a beautiful wreath composed of laurel box and ful wreath composed of laurel box and flowers, which some fair hand had worked for the poet, was sent to him by a committee appointed for the purpose. To which they received an op- pose. To which they received an oppropriate reply, regretting his neces- propriate reply, regretting his necessary absence, and sending us the fol- sary absence, and sending us the following sentiment: lowing sentiment: " 'The Whigs of Pennsylvania -- They Deserve to Win the State. They can do it; they should do it; they will do it!' This his friend, John C. Montgomery, Esq., announced on his behalf, gomery, Esq., announced on his behalf, and it was received with an applause that showed that those sons of the Keystone State who were present would stone State who were present would not be wanting to have the prophecy ulfilled. "While Mr. Montgomery was acknowledging, on the part of Mr. Clark, knowledging, on the part of Mr. Clark, his grateful feeling at their kind compliments it was ascertained, so great pliments it was ascertained, so great was the crowd, that although the whole space covered by the awning was literally packed, hundreds were without the ally packed, hundreds were without the range of hearing, and, at their request, our guest, with the President, took their places upon a furniture scaffolding belonging to Mr. Francis Y. Dawes, ing belonging to Mr. Francis Y. Dawes, adjoining the lot upon which the ladies -- anxious as they always are to listen to the friends of the liberties of the country -- had been stationed. When he had concluded the reply on behalf of Mr. Clark, A. E. Brown, Esq., proposed: posed: " 'John C. Montgomery -- The Eloquent and Fearless Advocate of Gen. quent and Fearless Advocate of Gen. Harrison. We hail him with heart and hand, and bid him welcome to the clear streams and blue hills of Northampton.' ampton.' "Which was received with enthusiastic cheers. tic cheers. "This called out this distinguished friend of the Old Soldier, who, with that sauvity and force that is so natural to him and the great fund of statis- ral to him and the great fund of statistical information that he possesses to tical information that he possesses to an extraordinary degree, addressed the people. "While thus engaged a serious accident occurred, which liked to have dent occurred, which liked to have marred the festivities of the occasion. The staging containing the speaker and many of our most beautiful, interesting and lovely ladies came with a esting and lovely ladies came with a crash to the ground, a distance of some ten feet, prostrating all on it. It was an awful moment. To the eyes of the spectators all seemed to have been crushed together. The whole assembly, eager to assist, rushed forward. bly, eager to assist, rushed forward. A word, however, from some of the prudent checked them. Enough were there dent checked them. Enough were there the moment it tell to disengage those who were struggling among the rubbish, and in a few minutes it was an- bish, and in a few minutes it was announced to the anxious meeting that nounced to the anxious meeting that not a single individual was seriously hurt. It seemed a miracle; but it was so. An all-wise Providence outstretched a saving arm. There was too much patriotism and loveliness in that band to be made to suffer on such an occasion. sion. "It was then moved to adjourn to the Public Square. Upon attempting to cari-y which into execution it was discovered that the Loco Focos had met covered that the Loco Focos had met with the same accident and had already taken possession of the court house. The meeting, however, was urged by our friend, Peter S. Michler, Esq., to occupy that portion of the Square in front of his residence, where they procured a few rough boards, soon made cured a few rough boards, soon made a staging and the speaker, regardless of the fall he had just met with, proceeded in his remarks, delighting and ceeded in his remarks, delighting and instructing a pleased audience. "When he concluded three cheers were proposed for: " 'The Whigs of the City and County of Philadelphia.' "Three cheers more for John C. Montgomery, Esq., their talented representative, which with hearty enthus- resentative, which with hearty enthusiasm were given by the meeting. iasm were given by the meeting. "The next toast was in honor of one of our fellow-citizens, whose zeal, talents and effective eloquence is held in ents and effective eloquence is held in the highest estimation by his friends. It was: " 'Alexander E. Brown -- The Firmest of the Firm of the Champions of est of the Firm of the Champions of Our Political Liberties in Our County of Northampton. Let us give him three good cheers.' "The announcement of this sentiment lighted up the eyes of the whole ment lighted up the eyes of the whole meeting and the call for Mr. Brown, as he was not immediately seen, was most eager. Nor did he disappoint the expectation of his friends, but in a short pectation of his friends, but in a short but truly eloquent speech stirred up the spirits of the audience toahigh and patriotic excitement. "A vote of thanks was then moved for Henry D. Maxwell, Esq., the chairman of the day, and carried with three man of the day, and carried with three fheers and thunders of applause. It was richly merited by the able manner in which he had discharged his duties, the courtesy and urbanity with which he received his guests and the spirit stirring remarks with which he interspersed the proceedings. He responded spersed the proceedings. He responded in a short and eloquent a^^aress. "At the request of very many, whose eager importunities could not be refused. Judge Robeson took the stage, fused. Judge Robeson took the stage, and with the most effective words and in the most forcible way addressed the audience for a few minutes, drawing forth their responses as he earnestly asked them as to the measures they would advocate in the coming contest. "In such a spirit the meeting adjourned and with such feelings returned journed and with such feelings returned to their homes." "The Harrison county convention held August o, 1840, was a glorious day for 'Old Northampton.' Monday last was a day of pride. Honorable patriotic pride at the spirit and energy otic pride at the spirit and energy which were evinced to be among us. Although the weather was not as favorable as we could have wished, and able as we could have wished, and although the Loco Focos, lashed to desperation at seeing the people rally in their might and majesty and gather together as did the patriots of old when Britain's King assailed them, endeavored in the most turbulent, dis- deavored in the most turbulent, disgraceful and indecent way to interrupt graceful and indecent way to interrupt our meeting, neither the rain that poured upon us nor the howling of the debased wretches who, with Bacchanalian revelry better befitting the darker lian revelry better befitting the darker ages, could check or interfere with the very intense interest that prevailed. "The people began to gather early. About 10 o'clock a. m. the Committee of Arrangements, on horseback, escorted in from South Easton our Allentown ed in from South Easton our Allentown friends, with their fine band.. Appropriate banners were interspersed priate banners were interspersed among them. The next company came from Bethlehem -- a long string of vehicles, with flags, mottoes and banners. hicles, with flags, mottoes and banners. Then soon our friends from Nazareth and Towamensing and that direction arrived. The Townamensing boys were in the rough wagons used in their wild district, and on one was hung a bell and which they rung; it was said Martin's Funeral Knell. tin's Funeral Knell. "The Monroedelegation had met them in a stage of four, their horses and carriage handsomely set out with flags. riage handsomely set out with flags. During all this time the people were pouring in from all directions. They came from the hill and plain, mountain and dale, to ascertain, if practicable, how our rights should be recovered and its wonted prosperity be made to revisit the country. "From our former sister State, but, as they themselves styled it, 'now Province of New Jersey,' there were large numbers. About noon the delegation from the upper part came in. gation from the upper part came in. One company in a wagon, on which had hastily been built a Log Cabin. "Tte procession formed at 1 o'clock. Being in it, we could not see it well; but it told the tale of Loco Focos' downfall. Numerous banners were interspersed throughout, some of which terspersed throughout, some of which were excellent. We saw two entirely orginal. On one a Log Cabin was painted, at one corner of the top, from which a barrel had started. It had rolled over Rhode Island, Connecticut and Louisiana; New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey were yet beneath nia and New Jersey were yet beneath it. 'Matty' stood on one side, with his ivory-headed cane, holding against it, crying: 'Amos, stop that barrel!' The ingrate had a rail in his hand, tiTing to impede its course.which had just broke in pieces, and, with the Extra Globe sticking out of his pocket, he answers, deploringly, 'Martin, the whole Globe can't stop it! ' "H. D. Maxwell called the meeting to order by nominating Jacob Weygandt, Esq., as President of the convention, who was unanimously elected, and the following other officers elected: Vice Presidents. George Weber, of Northamoton county. Wm. P. Robeson, of Warren county. John F. Ruhe, Jr., of Lehigh county. John Duckworth, of Hunterdon county. N. J. ty. N. J. Franklin L. Starbied. of Monroe county. John Dixon, of Bucks county. Robert S. Kennedy, of Warren county. Anthony Transue, of Northampton county. Wm. W- Selfridge, of Lehigh county. Richard T. Downing, of Monroe county. Azariah W. Dunham, of Hunterdon county. Michael Lutz, of Northampton county. Secretaries. William H. Thompson, Thomas Clendenin and Michael Spangler. denin and Michael Spangler. "Certain resolutions were then offered to the meeting by G. W. Yates, fered to the meeting by G. W. Yates, Esq., on behalf of the Committee of Arrangements, which were unanimously adopted. They will be given in our ly adopted. They will be given in our next. After which A. E. Brown, Esq., with that beautiful, pathetic eloquence which characterizes all his speeches on such occasions, presented to the Buckeye Blacksmith the beautiful goblet which the Whig ladies of our bor- let which the Whig ladies of our borough had obtained fo'- him. He stood ough had obtained fo'- him. He stood during the speech, a" id at its conclusion acknowledged, in terms of ex- sion acknowledged, in terms of exquisite feeling and gratitude, the kind- quisite feeling and gratitude, the kindness which this donation evinced ness which this donation evinced towards him, a stranger 700 miles from his home." The Presidential campaign of 1840 and the subsequent celebration of the election of Harrison and Tyler were events in the history of the county which were for many years referred to, and a few only remain to describe the glories of those days. " THE JUBILEE. Ho! settlers of the Old Northwest! Kentucky's sons of fire! Ho! Bay State men! Ho! land of Penn! Ho! sons of the Empire! Why muster ye? What name is on your tongue? The Warrior's name, the Statesman's fame, the veteran Harrison! "Never have our people spent a more joyous happy day than they did at the Jubilee on Saturday. One continued delighted smile seemed to play tinued delighted smile seemed to play on the countenances of every democratic whig from the time 'Amos Baby cratic whig from the time 'Amos Baby Waker' caused him to leap from his pillow till the day was spent and gone. On Friday evening previous according to the proposed arrangements, bright bon fires lit up every hill around, and the cannon kept a constant roar. The large four-story hotel of Mrs. White was splendidly illuminated. In the middle was a fine transparency of the General on his favorite White Charger, encouraging on his men to battle. er, encouraging on his men to battle. The cabin was also lighted up with transparencies. A fine procession of several hundred called 'Old Tips Committee,' paraded by torchlight under mittee,' paraded by torchlight under the direction of that active and efficient Field Marshal, Joseph Barnet. ient Field Marshal, Joseph Barnet. The whole evening was spent in social merriment and sport. Cannon was fired without intermission (except to load) during the whole night and next day. Early in the morning the people began to flock in from the country. Nearly the whole of the Log Cabin lot had been covered with 6 rows of tables 100 feet long prepared. To this spot the good things provided by the committee, or given lay the patriotic Whig La- tee, or given lay the patriotic Whig Ladies of our Borough and neighborhood, dies of our Borough and neighborhood, than whom no lovelier live, were seen going, turkies and chickens, with ribbands and appropriate mottoes, lusc- bands and appropriate mottoes, luscious pies of every kind, size and shape, ious pies of every kind, size and shape, some decorated with Log Cabins, some with cider barrels, others figured off with Tip and Ty O. K. and such pithy sentences. The table was set at about 11 o'clock, and it was admitted that a more bountiful well set table could not well be. There were no ardent spirits on the ground -- but in its room its on the ground -- but in its room plenty of good cider that all preferred. "The vast multitude were formed in order by Chief Marshal Bamet a little after 11 o'clock and preceded by tle after 11 o'clock and preceded by the Easton Band, marched through our principal streets for about an hour, when they returned to the Cabin and as many as could took seats at the table. One thousand and six plates were set, and when we say that not more than one-half could not get seats, we can give a better idea of the numbers present than ^n any other way. bers present than ^n any other way. The sight of this vast delighted dinner party all with the best humor pos- ner party all with the best humor possible, making vigorous onset on the sible, making vigorous onset on the good viands spread before them was a pleasing sight such of the kind as we never before witnessed. After they had satisfied themselves, a fresh supply of provisions appeared and their ply of provisions appeared and their places were filled by others until all had partaken. Two rows of tables were also set for the Ladies present from the country who also joined in the feast. "After the cloth was removed the meeting was organized by the appointment of ment of "HON. SAMUEL YOKE, President, and the following Vice-Presidents: Anthony Transue, Philip Odenwelder, Jacob Deitterich, Michael Lutz, William Shouse, Joseph Richards, Th. liam Shouse, Joseph Richards, Th. Bilheimer. Joseph J. Albright, John Rasely, Adam Heckman, T. R. Sitgreaves, Lawrence Troxell, Joseph greaves, Lawrence Troxell, Joseph Unangst. Peter Holland, R. Emmons, H. D. Maxwell. "A number of toasts were then drank, among others one to the Hon. John Banks, the favorite candidate of the Democratic Whigs tor Governor of the State, and who was subsequently nominated, but met defeat. Judge Banks had been in Congress, where he was recognized as a man of superior talents. He afterwards became President Judge of Northampton county, ident Judge of Northampton county, and subsequently removed to Reading, Pa. At the College Exercises in 1840 he delivered the address before the Literary Society, and was looked upon as that of a finished scholar as well as a learned Judge." Daniel L, Green was a famous "doctor," cured by faith or physic, as the tor," cured by faith or physic, as the patient elected. He located at Bethlehem about 1815, but his practice ex- hem about 1815, but his practice extended into neighboring counties and tended into neighboring counties and States. There was, with all his quackery, some sound sense in his doctrines. ery, some sound sense in his doctrines. "DOCTOR GREEN. "Mr. Printer: Looking over the writings of this extraordinary man, I hap- ings of this extraordinary man, I happened to see the subjoined, which be pened to see the subjoined, which be so kind as to insert into your valuable columns, and no doubt every other editor will receive the thanks of his read- tor will receive the thanks of his readers also by placing it into his columns. ers also by placing it into his columns. "Pieces other than political will be a relief from that continual din of political wrangling with which we are so cal wrangling with which we are so much pestered; therefore, and we will say to all people -- to all families -- commit to memory the doctor's sayings. mit to memory the doctor's sayings. They are valuable -- very valuable. "Make their words familiar and as well known in your own houses as your own 'household words' and ye'll rejoice for the days to come. "A SUBSCRIBER. "Easton, Pa., July 25, 1840." "The feather pillow is very injurious to most people -- it causes too much sweating. This relaxes the system and weakens both mind and body. The head sinks down too deep into it, creating heat, and makes the head per- ating heat, and makes the head perspire more than is natural; brings on spire more than is natural; brings on sick headache, pain in the temples, dizziness, fainting, weakness of the eyes and many other afflictions, in consequence of the heat to the head, owing sequence of the heat to the head, owing to the feathers. This is contrary to the well-known and true saying 'Keep the head cool and the feet warm' and you'll keep well. Now, in order to prevent this, lie on a pillow stuffed with cut straw, instead of feathers; or, stuff it with chaff; stuff it full-- quite full-- or. use a mattress^ -- anything hard, and the harder the better. Use will soon make it agreeable -- use is second nature. Some people fill the pillowcase tightful of hops, and the tighter the better. In fact, almost anything is better than feathers. Hops, which brewers make beer of, are a medicine. People lying on a hop pillow will get sound sleep and a good night's rest when they can get it from nothing else. And here it may be repeated and said that the feather pillow has caused more distress, more pain, more weak eyes, more sick headache, than we are aware of. 'Tis sickening, 'tis dangerous, and if people knew this they never would, after reading what I say, lay their head again on a pillow filled with feathers. No, they never would. Use is second nature, and we soon get used to lie on a pillow filled with straw, chaff, hops or most anything hard. Friend reader, the above counsel is part of my system to restore and preserve health {in many cases of sickness) without physick, as much of its art consists in know- ick, as much of its art consists in knowing when not to give it. This is con- ing when not to give it. This is consonant to the laws of nature and to sonant to the laws of nature and to scripture, which sayeth 'there's a time for all things.' Consequently there's a time for i)hysick, as well as for other things. * In conclusion, let us bear in mind that most of things, when we first begin to use them, will feel inconvenient and will soon become agree- venient and will soon become agreeable -- very agreeable. Furthermore, able -- very agreeable. Furthermore, we must not consider anything inconvenient and troublesome that contributes nient and troublesome that contributes to health. No. we must not; for don't we often take ten times more trouble for that which contributes to fashion than we take for that which contributes to health. Yea, we do so. Health! Why, next to the knowledge of God, what so valuable as the knowledge of health? Indeed, and if we ask ourselves what next to the knowledge of God is so valuable as the knowledge of health the answer will be, 'Nothing, nothing -- no, nothing so valuable. [Aug. 12. 1840.] "DANIEL L. GREEN." "POPULATION OF THE DIFFERENT TOWNS AND BOROUGHS OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY IN 184). Easton 4,848 Bethlehem 1,053 Mauch Chunk 927 South Easton 662 Summit Hill 592 Nazareth 493 Leviston 368 Beaver Meadows 348 Nesquehoning 296 Bath 286 Lehighton 221 Rookport 185 Hellertown 162 Freemansburg 154 Hecktown and Newburg 149 Weissport 127 Butzville 120 "Six townships were taken by Mr. Rewalt and thirteen by your friend, "G. H. GOUNDIE. "Bethlehem, Sept. 28, 1840." Our readers doubtless recollect the attempt at the poetical of the great Dr. Duncan in his crack speech in Congress: gress: "Molly Simpson are a case, And so are Sally Thompson; General Jackson are a horse. And so are Col. Johnson." A friend, hearing of his defeat, moved the following substitute: "Dr. Duncan are a case. And so are Governor Shannon, Mat. VanBuren's turned to grass. And so are Jim Buchanan." Guess the Dr. now thinks the Whigs can beat even on the day of election. TOASTS AT HARRISON JUBILEE. 1st. The glorious triumph which we this day celebrate. A civil revolutioD effected without bloodshed. A striking proof that corrupt officeholders cannot triumph over a free people. Six cheers. 2d. The people -- their voice all powerful; their will supreme. They have erful; their will supreme. They have spoken and the dynasty of corruption has faded away. They have willed and Columbia again is free. Six cheers. 3d. Gen. William Henry Harrison, the President-elect. Born and living for his country's good; by his military exploits he expelled foreign foes from our soil; by his civil triumph he has foiled the wiles of domestic traitors. From youth to age he has guarded his country with a patriot's sword, a patriot's voice and a patriot's prayers. Fif- ot's voice and a patriot's prayers. Fifteen cheers. teen cheers. 4th. The ballot box, the organ by which a free people speak their unbiassed sentiments. Those who love assed sentiments. Those who love liberty will ever aid in preserving its purity. Nine cheers. 5th. The departed heroes of the Revolution. In the late contest we have olution. In the late contest we have endeavored to carry out the principles for which they fought and bled. Though their bodies have decayed, their example and doctrines are immortal. We will ever cherish them. tal. We will ever cherish them. Drank standing in silence. 6th. The surviving worthies of the Revolution. They have lived to s".e a new era in the history of our country. In our day of trial they have encouraged and cheered us on by theirbright aged and cheered us on by theirbright example. May everlasting gratitude be their portion. Ten cheers. 7th. New Jersey. She was the first State whose independent sovereignty was attacked by the tyrannical executive and corrupt congress. Nobly has tive and corrupt congress. Nobly has she vindicated her cause. On the tablet which covers the political grave of let which covers the political grave of Martin VanBuren her glory will be inscribed in characters of living light. scribed in characters of living light. Twelve cheers. 8th. Agriculture, Manufacture and Commerce -- natural allies. May the farmer be respected. The mechanic protected And the merchant not neglected. Nine cheers. 9th. Martin at Kinderhook. May his cabbage garden be protected against coons and his little treasury chest against rats. May he have hard cider and hickory nuts enough to spend the winter evenings. May he for all time to come be saved from the cares of office, and the American people at all times to come be saved from him. Twelve groans. 1 th. True democracy, the parent of civil and religious liberty -- the people's strength. None but demagogues use its sacred name for factious purposes. Ten cheers. 11th. Pennsylvania, the field of Harrison's early fame. At the sound of rison's early fame. At the sound of that much-loved name she has thrown off the fetters of a corrupt party, her hardy sons have rallied round the chief of their choice and she now stands regenerated and redeemed. Fifteen generated and redeemed. Fifteen cheers. 12th. The Democratic Party throughout the United States. May they im- out the United States. May they improve the glorious victory which they prove the glorious victory which they have just obtained to the best interests of our common country. May union and harmony ever mark their movements and victory ever perch upon ments and victory ever perch upon their standard. Nine cheers. 13th. The fair sex. In our hour of danger their smiles encourage us, in the hour of desipondency they cheer and console us, in the hour of victory they are the bright rainbow adorning the sky when the clouds of battle have rolled away. Fifteen cheers doubled. After which thevolunteertoastswere given, interspersed with singing and lecitation. The party broke up early in the afternoon and returned peaceably and quietly to their homes, de- ably and quietly to their homes, delighted with the great public festival lighted with the great public festival in which they had participated -- returned, too, in full confidence of the turned, too, in full confidence of the restoration of our beloved Republic to its wonted state of prosperity, freedom and happiness under the gallant, welltrained leader whom a free people had trained leader whom a free people had called to preside over them, and prostrated the corrupt, extravagant dema- trated the corrupt, extravagant demagogues who had betrayed the trusts gogues who had betrayed the trusts committed to them and became the tyrants rather than the servants of the people. The committee of arrangements deserve high thanks for the manner in serve high thanks for the manner in which they discharged their duties. Of the ladies who so kindly and bountifully assisted and aided by their advice, donations and services what shall we say? We scarce know words that will convey the thankful feelings of the Democratic Whigs. To the married we wish happy homes, and to the unmarried kind and affectionate husbands of the right stamp. God grant you, ladies, all the good we printers dare wish. ers dare wish. In the night our opponents had a procession. They mounted a Durham boat upon wheels, lighted it up well with tar barrels and manned it with a sturdy-looking crew. They then with a large force in procession, lighted by torches, drew it along, bound, as they said, for salt river. We wish them a pleasant journey and good anchorage. It is a quiet region, having many comforts, as we know. forts, as we know. new company, composed of about fortyfive men, dressed in grey, richly five men, dressed in grey, richly trimmed, and drill remarkably well for a new corps, and, take them altogether, make an imposing appearance. We have not learned exactly what the name of the company is. It has been got up in the Loco Foco camp, and is composed exclusively of the choice spirits posed exclusively of the choice spirits of that party. As far as we can learn, the name of the company is the Van Buren Democratic Artillery, and is intended as an escort of his excellency tended as an escort of his excellency from Washington to Kinderhook on the 4th of March next. Matty need not be ashamed of such fine-looking fellows! [November 11, 1840.] MILITARY. On Monday afternoon we had a peep at Capt. Ree<ler's beauties. This is a HISTORICAL SKETCHES RELATING TO EASTON AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PA., AND TON COUNTY, PA., AND THEIR INHABITANTS. Miscellaneous Local Events in 1841. "Not to know what has been transacted in former times is always to re- acted in former times is always to remain a child." main a child." NEW SERIES NO. 13. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. The census of 1840 for Pennsylvania was in charge of Col. Samuel Dewees Patterson, then well known in Easton, he having married a daughter of William Beckett Mott, for some years a liam Beckett Mott, for some years a resident of your city, where he married a sister of the late 'Squire Samuel Moore. Col. Patterson was a man of superior literary attainments, and distinguished in literary as well as political circles. He for some years edited and owned the present well-known "Saturday Evening Post" (founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1728), which was then a popular literary newspaper, having amongst its contributors Longfellow, Cooper, Poe, Willis, Bayard Taylor, Mrs. Osgood and many others then beginning their literary careers, and who have since gained distinction in letters. Col. Patterson was also a frequent contributor to its columns, both quent contributor to its columns, both in prose and verse. It was in the "Post" at this time that Bayard Taylor first contributed an account of his foreign travels, and it was Col. Patterson's eign travels, and it was Col. Patterson's financial aid wiiich enabled Taylor to make his first trip to Europe, which aid he gratefully acknowledged in his work, "Views Atoot." Col. Patterson also at one time published the well-known "Graham's Magazine," in which venture he lost heavily. He also, with ture he lost heavily. He also, with John W. Forney and others, published the "Pennsylvanian," the predecessor of the Philadelphia "Press." He also at various times held the positions of United States Marshal and Navy Agent at Philadelphia, and was State Printer under Governor Wolf, of your city. He was an aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Porter, and his sword is the l)roperty of his great-grandson, the son of the contributor of these sketches. Col. Patterson was the close personal friend of President Buchanan, who was a frequent visitor at his home, in Philadelphia, and he was on intimate terms delphia, and he was on intimate terms with most of the leading political and literary men of the times. Many of his writings, preserved by him in manuscript and oihers copied from the uscript and oihers copied from the journals to which he contributed, and writings of Cooper, Poe and others, sent to the journals with which he was connected, are the property of the wife of your contributor -- his eldest grandchild. Col. Patterson's son (William child. Col. Patterson's son (William Mott Patterson), also a gifted writer, resided for some years at Phillipsburg, N. J., dying at the early age of 45, his father having reached only 52 when he died, in 1861). STATISTICS OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY FOR 1840. The following interesting and valuable statistical information of our able statistical information of our county we find in the "Public Ledger," which information is obtained from the assistance of Samuel D. Patterson, upon whom the duty of carrying into effect the act of Congress providing for taking the sixth census devolved: Whole population 40,982 Of these, there are: Whit>^ w liite ales. Fern nleB Under 5 years of age 3,538 3,470 5 and under 10 3,230 3,483 10 " 15 2,670 2,473 15 " 20 2,221 2,281 20 " 30 3,747 3,236 30 " 40 2,531 2,299 40 " 60 1,372 1,370 60 " 70 483 537 70 " 80 177 206 80 " 90 47 50 90 " 100 1 6 100 and upwards 1 Colored Colored Males. Females Under 10 years of age 25 9 1 and under 24 28 30 24 " 36 23 20 36 " 55 15 12 55 " 100 1 1 Number of persons engaged in mining, 322; agriculture, 2,848; commerce, ing, 322; agriculture, 2,848; commerce, 242; manufactures and trades, 3,176; navigation of canals, lakes and rivers, 3G5; learned professions and engineers, 210. Number of pensioners for Revolutionary or military services, 13. tionary or military services, 13. Number of deaf and dumb, blind and insane, white persons, 66. Schools, &c.-- Number of universities or colleges, 3; of students, 68; ties or colleges, 3; of students, 68; academies and grammar schools, 9; of scholars, 551; primary and common schools, 76; of scholars, 3,445; of scholars at public charge, 352. ars at public charge, 352. FRESHET OF '41. "Freshet -- Great Destruction of Private Property and Bridges on the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, and high and Delaware Rivers, and Inundation of Part of Our Borough. As chroniclers of passing events it becomes our painful duty to record a scene of destruction and devastation such as was never before witnessed in this section of country. The late excessive rain, carrying with it the snow cessive rain, carrying with it the snow which covered the ground, caused our streams to raise beyond all precedent. They came careering down with awful rapidity on the morning of the 8th inst. (January, 1841), producing waste and ruin on every side, bearing on their angry waters every kind of property -houses, barns, storehouses, fences, houses, barns, storehouses, fences, stacks of grain and furniture of all description. The Lehigh river, one of the most unruly and turbulent streams, has caused the greatest damage. As far as heard, not a bridge is left upon it. Those at Stoddartsville, Lehighton, Siegfrieds, Biery's, Allentown, Bethlehem, Freeman's and Baston are all hem, Freeman's and Baston are all swept away. The beautiful bridge at our borough went about 4 o'clock in the morning of the 8th. It breasted the flood most gallantly for hours, but at last was obliged to yield, and gracefully parting, floated off upon the angry fully parting, floated off upon the angry waters that destroyed it. The flat below South Easton.between the river and canal, containing the collector's office of the Lehigh Coal and lector's office of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company and a small village, was so covered that the buildings lage, was so covered that the buildings were not visible. All but the stone houses were carried off. The lower part of Williamsport is almost destroyed. The canal basin apparently stroyed. The canal basin apparently demolished, the collector's office of the Delaware Division moved off its foundation, the way lock stript of its cov- dation, the way lock stript of its coverings, and both sides of the river here erings, and both sides of the river here presents but one scene of ruin. The dwellings in the section of our borough adjacent to the Lehigh as far up as Lehigh street were inundated in the lower stories, destroying the furniture, &c., the occupants having only ture, &c., the occupants having only sufficient time to save themselves. Some of the dwellings were injured considerably by the driftwood, the end of one being torn out and otherwise damaged, and leaving all in an almost untenantable condition. We saw a saw log deposited on a i>orch about 50 yards from the rive. The houses all along Water street were overflowed, leaving them in a most wretched condition. The Delaware, usually so remarkable for its mildness as to be called "the silvery Delaware," also took to itself a new character, and, though not so destructive above the Lehigh as that structive above the Lehigh as that river, did great damage. It was estimated that it was thirty-five feet above mated that it was thirty-five feet above low water mark -- six feet higher than has ever been heard of before. The destruction of the bridge across it was looked for during the whole of the 8th. but it withstood the flood, though much injured and torn. Report states that every other bridge upon that river below this has gone. Coming, as the low this has gone. Coming, as the flood has done, in the most inclement part of the season, the distress produced will be great. It has, fallen on duced will be great. It has, fallen on many who are in no way able to bear it. The dwellings overflowed were mostly occupied by the poorest of our citizens, who have lost tueir all. We are happy to say that the usual kind charitable feeling of our townsmen is in exercise, and all that can will be done to alleviate the distress. As yet we know of no loss of life hereabouts. Mr. Lowry and son, from Coleman's Dam, were both swept away. The father jumped upon a log, and while passing just above here before day was seen when one of our citi- fore day was seen when one of our citizens, John Beam, at the risk of his own zens, John Beam, at the risk of his own life, pushed out in his boat and brought him safe to shore. The act of intrepidity to save a fellow being deserves and ity to save a fellow being deserves and has secured to the actor unqualifled praise. The son, it is said, was taken up 12 miles below, still alive." REMOVAL OF REV. DR. GEORGE JUNKIN FROM EASTON. After nine years of unremitting labor, and self-sacriflce. Dr. Junkin re- bor, and self-sacriflce. Dr. Junkin resigned the presidency of Lafayette Col- signed the presidency of Lafayette College, to accept a similar office in Miami lege, to accept a similar office in Miami University, Ohio. So strong was the affection for him, that many of the students accompanied ^im, as was the case when he left the Manual Labor Academy, at Germantown, to accept the presidency of Lafayette. To Dr. Junkin more than to any one, belongs the credit of a college continuing in your midst, and when a complete history of the college is written, a careful tory of the college is written, a careful investigation of his administration will confirm this statement. A VENDUE Or Public Sale will be held at La Fayette College on Friday 26 inst. ette College on Friday 26 inst. At which will be sold a variety of Household and Kitchen furniture. Farming and Gardening Utensils. A Horse, Cow and Hogs. For particulars, see Handbills. lars, see Handbills. GEO. JUNKIN. Easton, March 1, 1841. PARTING HYMN. ing family, who were seated in the boat The following hymn, written by Mrs. that was to carry them down the river, Jane Lewers Gray, addressed to Rev. and addressed the crowd in a most George Junkin, was sung by the choir solemn and impressive manner. After of the Presbyterian Church at the imploring the blessing of heaven to close of his fai'ewell sermon delivered I'est upon the town, its inhabitants and in that church previous to his depart- the literary institution he just left, the ure from this Borough: boat swung off and the most profound Brother go! the Master calls thee silence reigned while the multitude Other duties to fulfill: dispersed^ -- a strong evidence of the Well we know, what e'er befalls thee, deep impression which the parting 'Tis thy joy to do His will -- words of this good man made upon Hark! He calls thee, their hearts." Go, obey thy Master's will. BOROUGH ELECTION, 1841. Shall we, from this sacred altar. "The election on Friday last [March Hear no more thy warning voice ]9thl went off with some spirit. The Making sternest sinners falter, Loco Focos drummed their forces toBidding feeblest saints rejoice-- gether previous to the election and Bidding feeblest saints rejoice-- gether previous to the election and Shall we never held a town meeting, at which a full Hear again thy warning voice? ticket for borough officers was nominated, composed of gentlemen of their nated, composed of gentlemen of their Oh! may all that thou has taught us, kidney, with James M. Porter at its Sink each melting heart within! head. This was no doubt done with a How the gracious Saviour sought us-- view of giving respectability and Rescued us from death and sin, strength to the ticket, but it proved an May thy lessons unfortunate manoeuvre, as will be seen Sink each melting heart within! by the return below. In Bushkill Ward the Harrison men carried every candiGo! may Jesus guide thy going, date, and in the choice of members of Go! may Jesus guide thy going, date, and in the choice of members of May He be wheree'er thou art-- Council and School Directors, although May his love forever flowing, we had no regular party nomination. Cheer, refresh and warm thy heart-- the Democratic Harrison men came in May his presence for a good share of the spoils. Never from thy soul depart. Town Council. Lehigh Bushkill And, where no farewell is spoken -- Ward. >^arfi. otai Where no tear the cheek shall stain-- Peter Shnyder* 120 195 Sl5 Where we give no parting token -- Frederick Seitz* 127 157 284 There shall Christians meet again; Thomas Sletor* 192 86 278 Yes in heaven, W. L. Sebring 190 87 277 Saviour, let us meet again. C. W. Mixsell 114 162 276 [April 28, 1841.1 J.M.Porter 166 84 250 John Eyerman 46 71 117 DEPARTURE OF DR. JUNKIN. William Green 43 67 110 "The Rev. George Junkin and family School Directors. left here yesterday morning [May 30, Charles Innes* Ill 180 291 1841,1 at 7 o'clock via the Delaware W. M'Cartney* 165 82 247 river for Oxford, Ohio, where he will J. K. Heckman 162 73 235 exercise the important duties as Presi- W. G. Ihrie 61 91 152 dent of the Miami University. Most Traill Green 42 87 129 fortunate has that institution been in Judges of Election. procuring the services of one possess- A. H. Reeder* 183 ing so many qualities for usefulness. Wm. Cawley 103 Dr. Junkin performed the duties of T. R. Sitgreaves*. . . 173 President of Lafayette College for the H. Hepburn 109 last nine years and watched over its Inspectors. interests with untiring zeal. Gifted in A. Sigman, Jr.* 131 an extraordinary degree as a man of E. A. Reeder* 66 science and from his thorough knowl- Adam Yohe 37 edge of human nature, well adapted as William Ross* 156 an instructor, always striving to do Theo. Mixsell* 112 good, he operated a happy influence Assessors. upon the community in which he lived. C. L. Eberle* 137 The parting scene on the wharf was ex- H. S. Troxell 107 tremely affecting. The shore and boats Peter Nungesser 40 were filled with hundreds of both sexes William Ricker* 169 when he arose in front of his interest- John Maxwell 1U7 Constable. Samuel Walter 283 Charles E. Buck 52 A. Sigman, Jr 35 Charles Kessler*. .. . 192 John Leldich 106 Francis Smith 14 Auditors. Daniel W. Butz, J. R. Innes and T. M. D. Forsman -- no opposition. Those marked thus * are elected. PRESIDENT HARRISON'S DEATH. Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in April, 1841, memorial services were held in St. John's rial services were held in St. John's Lutheran ohurcn, where a eulogy was delivered by A. E. Brown, Esq., whicn was attended by the military and other organizations and by the citizens generally. erally. Resolutions were passed by the Borough Council, and the officers of the ough Council, and the officers of the corporation wore crape on the left arm tor the space of thirty days. In the Old Forks Township Church Rev. J. P. Probst delivered the funeral oration, a copy of which is treasured with my "Northamptonia." FOURTii OF JULY CELEBRATION, 1841. The 4th of July (1841) was celebrated at the hotel of C. Heckman by the National Guards, a military organization, of which Samuel Yohe was cap- tion, of which Samuel Yohe was captain. tain. A number of toasts were drank, among others the following: By a National -- Capt. Meixsell, of the Bloody 97th; may he live a hundred years and his shadow never grow less. By W. Tindall -- Here's to the man who owned the land that raised the grass that fed the sheep that furnished the skin that made the parchment on which was written the Declaration of Independence. By T.Titus -- The Military Companies of Our Borough; may they grow in numbers and in courage, and if ever called upon duty may they, like the illustrious sons of '76, achieve a most glorious victory. Capt. Meixsell -- Our Worthy Host; may he live and prosper; may he never lack customers, and may he always furnish such entertainments as he has today. By Charles Kale -- The National Guards; like their predecessors, the Washington Grays, firm, patriotic and well disciplined. By H. B. Sage -- Our State; poor by mismanagement, but still honest and ui)right; we will pay our debts without remittance from foreign countries. By John Eyerman -On no happier clime than the broad On no happier clime than the broad land of ours Does the sun his bright smiles of beneficence render. From the dark storms and bleak snows to rich skies and sweet flowers Our flag, our proud flag, streams in starred and striped splendor; Then with shouts of acclamation and bosoms of flame Let us honor those sires whence our liberties came. And p'-nudlv their sons will remember this day Till the lasi wave of time bears its glories away. "DR. TRAILL GREEN'S REMOVAL FROM EASTON. This gentleman has received and accepted the appointment of Professor of Natural Science in Marshall College, Mercersburg. We shall lose a very valuable citizen in the removal of Dr. Green. Highly esteemed by everyone, he was fast gaining the confldence of the people in the practice of medicine, but the desire to teach and the hope of being more useful has led him to accept the appointment." cept the appointment." [May 26, 1841.] WRITTEN JULY 4TH, AFTER HEARING A DISCOURSE FROM REV. ING A DISCOURSE FROM REV. B. C. WOLF ON THE SUBJECT OF COLONIZATION. JECT OF COLONIZATION. Tomorrow a great nation shall rejoice. Paeans of praise and songs of joy ascend. Millions of freemen with united voice And with accordant hearts their strains shall blend. 'Tis Freedom's birthday; let their strains arise Like ocean's mounting surges to the skies. From North to South, from rise to set of sun. Where'er Columbia calls the soil her own. Shall peal the shout and boom the signal gun. nal gun. Loud to proclaim with the thunder's tone. Here Fteedom folds at last her weary wings; Here man obeys alone the King of kings. See! our broad realms their portals wide expand To welcome the oppressed and bid them come; The pilgrim stranger from the distant land Quits the old roof-tree of his childhood's home, hood's home, Turns from the spot where his forefather's rest, father's rest, To seek a home of freedom in the West. And is our land the asylum of the earth ? A refuge for the oppressed from ev'ry clime? Where men of every hue and various birth May join rejoicing in our song sublime? lime? A nation's anthem, which shall echoing swell ing swell Tomorrow's dawn from mountain top and dell. Hark! what discordant tones jar on the ear? The clank of chains, the sounding lash, the cry. And see those shrinking forms, those looks of fear, The sullen glance, the downcast, low'ring eye. Amid those peals of triumph. Who are they Who mar with discord rude this hallowed day? lowed day? And who are they? The millions born to wear The bondsman's yoke till severed by the grave. To toil devoid of recompense, to bear The white man's stripes and scorn -the hapless slave, the hapless slave, Branded by prejudice, as if Heaven's ban Formed him a link betwixt the brute and man. No, from the slave no whispered word or sign Shall gratulating greet tomorrow's dawn ; Thou Shalt look round to see thyself and thine A slave from slaves to hopeless bondage born; Shalt lift thy fettered hand to heaven and crave The only freedom thou mayst have -the grave. the grave. Home of the brave and free, my country dear try dear As are the pulses circling round my heart. Pause in thy song triumphant, let thy ear Catch that sad wail and bid thy pity start; It is thy brother's voice, although thy eye Rests on that abject form of dusky dye. Go, and the chains of form and soul unbind, The links of ignorance and vice, which wear And rust the energies of frame and mind. Go, make the slave a man, then homeward bear Millions of freedmen, who, with sweet accord. Shall join to bless thy name and praise the Lord. F. M. L, Easton, July 4, 1841. SONG. John Banks and Old Tippecanoe. Our hero's called home to his heaven. But his spirit still breathes in our ranks; 'Tis the spirit kind nature has given To the faithful, the honest John Banks. To Tyler, Clay, Webster and E^tving, And all other Whig patriots our thanks; The Union was saved by their shewing -- ing -The State will be saved by John The State will be saved by John Banks. His equal as statesman or man, sirs, Ye Locos point out in your ranks; Let detraction say all that it can, sirs. It can say nought but good of John Banks. In the West he's beloved like a brother. In the East he holds every heart, too. In the Centre they rank with each other -John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! He fought by our side for the Nation, When we trounced little Van and his crew; We had men that could beat all creation -- tion -John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! One a son of your own "Pennsylvany," Kind-hearted, frank, honest and true. And the other of gallant "Virginny" -John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! In Harrison's name we o'erthrew 'em; In Banks' the same we can do. Up, Harrison boys! Up, and to 'em -For Banks and Old Tippecanoe! For Banks and Old Tippecanoe! Our Banks never stopped or suspended. But steered the right course and sailed through. Success! it has always attended John Banks and Old Tippecanoe! Then huzza! boys, we'll row up Salt true to nature. In fact, they cannot be Ri^*?!' otherwise when tal<en by tJiis art. A The Lo<^os in spite of their pranks. great recommendation tliis mode of While such patriots we cherish forever taking likenesses is the short time reAs Tippecauot? and John Banks. quired at a sitting. In one minute it As Tippecauot? and John Banks. quired at a sitting. In one minute it I August 4. 1841.] is accomplished, and if not satisfactory to all concerned no loss of time and The people of Northampton felt a money is sustained. We recommend pride in Judge Banks' candidacy, he the ladies and gentlemen to call and having once occupied the office of gratify their curiositv and receive a Pi-esideni Judge of your county courts. good likeness. They will find tlie probiit. notwithstanding sentiment in the fessors polite and obliging, and demon- biit. notwithstanding sentiment in the fessors polite and obliging, and demonpremises, politics was pr"^eminent. strate what we have stated above." premises, politics was pr"^eminent. strate what we have stated above." The election of 1S41 resulted in tlie [December 1. 1841.] choice of David R. Porter for Governor. The above process of portraiture is the returns for the county being as now obsolete, photography having befollows: come its legitimate successor. In follows: come its legitimate successor. In Governor. Boston, however, there is an old-time John Banks 2.302 daguerreotyper. who plies his ancient David R. Porter 3.4G7 vocation with success.it having become Assembly. a social fad with some. who have plenty J. K. Heckman 3.403 of time and money, to have themselves Asa Packer 3.509 produced in antique stvle. A revival Joseph Kerr 3.419 of the method in other localities is. J. R. Struthers 225 therefore, a possibility. Boston having Sheriff. taken the initiative. Samuel Adams 2.445 Peter Steckel 2.636 Conrad Heckman 576 Treasurer. Peter Young 2.890 Charles Williams 2.633 Auditor. S. Taylor 2.S76 A. Berlin 1.049 THE IXTRODUCTIOX OF THE DAGUERREOTYPE. "Photograph Likenesses of the Daguerreotype. reotype. Messrs. Livermore & Stinson. professors of the above art., have talven sors of the above art., have talven rooms at A. Patier's confectionery for a few days for the purpose of taking likenesses !n the above art, where they invite the ladies and gentlemen of this borough to call and view specimens of these likenesses. This is ac- mens of these likenesses. This is acknowledged by all leai'ned men to be knowledged by all leai'ned men to be the only way that a perfect likeness call be taken. Messrs. Livermore & Stinson will receive calls from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. Messrs. Livermore & Stinson will instruct any gentlemen in the son will instruct any gentlemen in the above art and furnish all the appai-atus that belongs to the profession. Likenesses are taken so cheap in this man- nesses are taken so cheap in this manner that a whole family can be taken ner that a whole family can be taken for about the same as it costs for one to be painted. Easton, Nov. 24. 1841." THE DAGUERREOTYPE. "We have seen several excellent likenesses of some of our citizens taken by this superior invention. Every person who sees them pronounces them son who sees them pronounces them NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PENNA. Historical and Biographical Notes and Sketches, Compiled from Unpublished Manuscripts, Contemporaneous ed Manuscripts, Contemporaneous Newspapers, and Other Sources, by Ethan A. Weaver. Contributed to the Argus. Miscellaneous News Relating Chiefly to Easton, Pa., and Its People, Gathered from the Columns of the "Whig." The newspapers of a community where everyday occurrences are chronicled, are the best sources from which to gather material for its history. For the period when there were tory. For the period when there were no newspapers we must depend upon diaries, and other manuscripts -- these for the most part, however, are meagre in the information which they contain. tain. Easton is exceptionally fortunate in having within the walls of two its libraries, and with the local newspapers, braries, and with the local newspapers, files of newspapers published in Easton frpm 1798 to 1903 excepting for ton frpm 1798 to 1903 excepting for the very important period -- 1810 to 1815, and from 1816 to 1821. Files of the latter may exist elsewhere, but 1 have no knowledge of them. An effort should be made to secure for the city library (whose building I presume is fire proof) the files of the Weekly and Daily Argus, Weekly and Daily Free Press and the Express (representing the several political parties) from their beginning to date, and ties) from their beginning to date, and preserve complete files of current issues of these and bind them annual- sues of these and bind them annually, and see that all are handled by ly, and see that all are handled by responsible persons only. A failure to accomplish this, will be greatly regretted by posterity. gretted by posterity. Through the kindness of an old friend I have been permitted to examine the files of the Whig published at Easton under various combination of names from 1828 to 1868, a period of forty years -- thirty-nine of these bj' one of tue ablest journalists that this commonwealth ever produced, the late Jo- monwealth ever produced, the late Josiah P. Hetrick. My examination cov- siah P. Hetrick. My examination covers the years 1828 to 1853 inclusive. ers the years 1828 to 1853 inclusive. The interesting contents of these files amazed me. The first page of the Whig was devoted to literary matter only -- stories and poems -- many of them from local writers -- Margaret Junkin (Preston) -- whose first published verses are dated at Easton; lished verses are dated at Easton; Mrs. Gray, Mrs. E. S. Swift, Mrs. Ellet, Samuel D. Patterson, Alexander E. Brown, Matthew S. Henry and numerous others. The second page devoted ous others. The second page devoted to Mr. Hetrick's editorials -- frequently caustic and always readable, and foreign news; the third page local and eign news; the third page local and county news -- Mr. Hetrick's style here al.so visible, with clean and often interesting advertisements on the last teresting advertisements on the last page; frequently -- when news was scarce ads. appeared on the third page also. I have selected from the files of the Whig such material as I have thought would interest some of your readers at least. These cover the vears 1823 to i;-31, and a few items of 1834, and from 1842 to 1853, the end of Easton's first century. Contributions covering the period from 183Z tions covering the period from 183Z to 1841 were printed in tne columns of the Easton Free Press during a former management. ETHAN A. WEAVER Germantown, Pa., December 23, 1903. 182S. Summer Arrangement. -- Old Line. -Easton Mail Stage. -- Daily from Easton Mail Stage. -- Daily from Philadelphia to Easton, Bethlehem, Allentown and Doylestown. The proprietors have added to their Easton line, a branch line which leaves N. Buck's tavern, every day on the arrival of the Easton stage, and passes through Bursuntown, Springtown es through Bursuntown, Springtown and Hellertown, to Bethlehem and Allentown, making the distance equal lentown, making the distance equal from Philadelphia to Easton, and Bethlehem, viz: 56 miles, and much the lehem, viz: 56 miles, and much the shortest route to Easton. Leaves the oflice. No. 124, North Fourth street, Philadelphia, every morning, except Saturday, at 6 o'clock; breakfast at ^enkintown; dine at Ottsville, and arrive in Easton, Bethlehem ville, and arrive in Easton, Bethlehem and Allentown early in the afternoon. Returning -- Leaves Allentown at 5 o'clock, and Easton and Bethlehem at 6 o'clock every morning except Saturdays; breakfast at Monroe, and urdays; breakfast at Monroe, and Hellertown -- dine at Willow Grove, and arrive in Philadelphia early in the afternoon. ternoon. Fare from Philadelphia. To Doylestown $1.25 Easton, Bethlehem and Allentown $3.00 With a liberal allowance of baggage. All baggage at the owner's risk. For seats apply to M. Wilson, at the office. No. 124, North Fourth street, Philadelpnia; William White, hotel, Easton; Eagle hotel, Bethlehem; Daniel Kramer, Allentown, and at the in- iel Kramer, Allentown, and at the intermediate offices. termediate offices. JOHN MOORE & CO., Proprietors. March. 1828. NOTE -- Regular mail stages leave Easton every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings, for the following places, viz: Milford via Stroudsburg; New York via Schooley's mountain springs; Reading and Lancaster; Mauch Chunk and Berwick; New Brunswick, iNewton and Newburg Belmont. Mail stages also run from Beth- mont. Mail stages also run from Bethlehem for Wilkesbarre, Mauch Chunk, lehem for Wilkesbarre, Mauch Chunk, Reading, .sew York, etc. Summer Arrangement -- New Line of Stages. Twice a week from Easton, and passes through Stockertown, Wind Gap, Hamilton, Pocono, Sterling, Salem and Canaan, to Mount Pleasant, lem and Canaan, to Mount Pleasant, a distance of eighty-one miles. Leave Easton, every Wednesday and Friday mornings, at 4 o'clock, and arrive at Mount Pleasant every Thurs- rive at Mount Pleasant every Thursday and Saturday, about 12 o'clock. day and Saturday, about 12 o'clock. RETURNING -- Leave Mount Pleasant every Wednesday and Friday at ant every Wednesday and Friday at 11 o'clock a.m., pass through the above mentioned places, and arrive at Easton at 7 o'clock p. m, A daily line of stages will run from Philadelphia to Easton in connection with the line. It also intersects the New York and Owego line, at Canaan, and the Newburgh and Ithaca line at Mount Pleasant, on both days. Passengers will find this a cheap and interesting route, as it passes through a healthy country, and crosses the railroad which connects with the Hudson road which connects with the Hudson and Delaware canal, about six miles from the coal mines. Likewise this is the nearest and best route from Philadelphia to the western part of the state of New YorK. Fare through, from Easton to Mt. Pleasant $4.25 Way-passengers charged in proportion. tion. All baggage at the owner's risk. JAMES ELEY & CO. balem, April, 1^-8. Education. A public school was opened on Monday last, in the south corner of the day last, in the south corner of the second story of the academy in Easton, for the reception of youth of both sexes, where the principal branches of English education wul be taught, and a strict attention will be given to the cultivation of both morals and manners, so as to prepare the youth for ners, so as to prepare the youth for future usefulness. TERMS OF TUITION-- From two dollars to three dollars and a half per lars to three dollars and a half per quarter. A share of public patronage is respectfully solicited by the teacher. spectfully solicited by the teacher. D. V. BRADFORD. Easton, May 7, 1828. "The Tented Field." Some years ago. General Rogers volunteered his services to the United unteered his services to the United Slates, and went to Marcus Hook or Carnp Dupont, where he enjoyed himself on "the tented field" undisturbed self on "the tented field" undisturbed or undismayed by the enemy, and securing few extra dollars per day for curing few extra dollars per day for the use of his wagon and team, besides other equally honorable marks sides other equally honorable marks of distinction. On his return to Easton, nothing was spoken of but "the ton, nothing was spoken of but "the tented field" -- the columns of his paper repeated it, and the woods, and per repeated it, and the woods, and the groves and the dreams, from Lackawaxen to Bushkiln,gave back the all- awaxen to Bushkiln,gave back the allinspiring sounds. But while he had inspiring sounds. But while he had been thus engaged in "the tented field", on the service of his country, affairs at home had not progressed altogether in full conformity with the together in full conformity with the personal views of the general. A gentleman of the name cj' Wolf had been tleman of the name cj' Wolf had been nominated for the very office which tlie general had very carefully set apart for his own especial benefit, and on discovering this to be the fact, the general "blew harder and harder"about "the tented field," and when the walls of Jericho were thrown down, the blast was nothing in comparison to the general's tem-ta-ra-ra, about "the tented eral's tem-ta-ra-ra, about "the tented field." The general also with no small degree of address, super-added something by way of allegory: -- "The Wolf thing by way of allegory: -- "The Wolf indeed had got in among the sheep, while he, the general, had been engaged in 'the tented field,' and it would ed in 'the tented field,' and it would be ingratitude and injustice to deprive him of the office." Whether the general was elected we are not informed, eral was elected we are not informed, but the whole circumstance showed th t his military services in "the tented field" were not so much the inde- ed field" were not so much the independent glow of patriotism as a sordid pendent glow of patriotism as a sordid desire of office and popularity. In denominating the people of the county nominating the people of the county as "sheep" he might not have intenden such an insult as the word seems en such an insult as the word seems tc convey; but truth, however, will sometimes crop out through inadvertence, and the genei'al, in all probabili- tence, and the genei'al, in all probability-, mav have regarded the people of ty-, mav have regarded the people of this county as a flock of sheep, fit only to be fleeced and imposed upon by a hand as dexterous as his own in the arts of political cunning and duplicity. For this, he has persuaded them that he has been a uniform Democrat, and for this he would now attempt to impose General Jackson upon them as a pose General Jackson upon them as a deserving candidate for the :)residency. cy. June 27, 1828. The Tented Field. Rogers was there, and what did he do? Why eat Uncle Sam's beef and pork, without rendering any service for it. Had he happened to have been forced into a skirmish, he would have considered himself qualified to be a candidate for the presidency; as it was, he bellowed out his services in the tented field, most stoutly. What a contrast there is between such patriots of the present day, and those triots of the present day, and those worthies who served thro' the American revolution -- and who, though they can revolution -- and who, though they suffered and bled, had too much modesty to bawl about the tented field, esty to bawl about the tented field, or claim any merit for the hardships which they endured, while such men as Hom, Hutter, etc., would in the time of the revolution have been stigmatised as a continental hard bargain. ed as a continental hard bargain. Tom calls the supporters of the administration renegadoes. Strange as ministration renegadoes. Strange as it may seem, but it is nevertheless true, that those who live in glass houses, have the temerity to throw stones es, have the temerity to throw stones * -- now the very reverse of this charge, will apply to the supporters of Jackson -- for I verily believe that one-fourth of the votes that Jackson will receive, making use of Tom's term, are renegadoes. Tom is like the pole-cat when does. Tom is like the pole-cat when his bladder of filth is expended, he makes faints by throwing up his tail, to frighten his antagonist. After comparing Adams to Cromwell, as Tom has done, he has got to the bottom of the bag of his vile slanders. tom of the bag of his vile slanders. Americans, what do you think of his impudence? AN OLD REPUBLICAN. July 18, 1828. A Soldier of the American Revolution. DIED -- On Sunday, the 14th instant, (Sept., 1828,) Mr. Conrad Kreider, of Allen township. Northampton county, at the advanced age of 92 years. He has left behind him a posterity of one hundred and twenty-six, consisting of children, grandchildren, and greatgreat-granchildren. He has exhibited great-granchildren. He has exhibited a striking example of the happy effects of a life of singular regularity fects of a life of singular regularity and temperance. General Rogers, above referred to, was for many years one of Northampton's most illustrious citizens. He was ton's most illustrious citizens. He was born in Waterford, Ireland, 1780, the son of Joseph Rogers, who came to America in 1786 and settled in Philadelphia. The son, Thomas, in early delphia. The son, Thomas, in early youth, learned the art of printing and, having acquired some skill and experience, he went to Washington City perience, he went to Washington City and was employed in the office of the J'Ttional Intelligencer and remained there for several years. Subseo.uently he removed to Easton, Pa., where he founded the Northampton Farmer and Eastern Weekly Advertiser in 1805. During his residence in Easton he compiled, printed and published a work entitled "A New American Biographical Dictionary on Remembrance graphical Dictionary on Remembrance of the Departed Heroes, Sages and Statesmen of America." It passed through three editions -- ^a copy of each being in my library. The first edition was printed in 1S13, the second in 1823 and a third in 1824. In the war of 1812 he was brigade major in the Pennsylvania troops that marched to Marcus Hook for the defence of Philadelphia, and rose to the fence of Philadelphia, and rose to the rrnk of brigadier general, which he held a long time in the Pennsylvania militia. In 1818 General Rogers became a member of the National House of Reprosf-nratives and took his seat in the rosf-nratives and took his seat in the Fifteenth Congress March 24, 1818; he was re-elected to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses r.nd served until April 26, 1824, es r.nd served until April 26, 1824, when he resigned as he had been appointed register of wills and recorder pointed register of wills and recorder of deeds of Northampton county, which position he held until 1S30, when he returned to Philadelphia, where he was turned to Philadelphia, where he was an officer of the UnitedStates customs. He was one of the incorporators named in the charter of Lafayette college ed in the charter of Lafayette college and served as a trustee from 1826 to 1S32. His death occurred December 7, 1832, at the age of 52 years, and he is buried in the family plot at Glenwood cemetery, Philadelphia. He was wood cemetery, Philadelphia. He was married to Mary Winters, daughter of Christian and Mary Winters, of Easton, and in this union were born eleven ton, and in this union were born eleven children -- ten of whom were born in Easton, and one, (who died infancy) in Philadelphia. One of the sons. General William Findley Rogers, was also ral William Findley Rogers, was also a printer, who, at one time with Edward L. Wolf (also an Eastonian and ward L. Wolf (also an Eastonian and son of Governor Wolf) edited the Beech Woodsman at Honesdale, Pa. Early in life he removed to Buffalo, N. Y., where, in after years he filled the offices of county auditor, comptroller and mayor, an^ for a time represented his district in Congress, where nearly a half century before his father represented the old Tenth Legion of Penn- sented the old Tenth Legion of Pennsylvania. He was largely instrumental sylvania. He was largely instrumental in establishing the beautiful park system of Buffalo, was the first president tem of Buffalo, was the first president and afterward secretary and treasurer of the park board until he removed to Bath, Steuben county, N. Y., having been elected the superintendent of the New York state soldiers' and sailors' home, which position he occupied until a short time before his death, which occurred a few years ago at the age of about eighty. During the war with the Southern Confederacy he served his country with distinction and was afterwards appointed major general of the wards appointed major general of the fourth division, National Guards, of New York. He was an honored member of the New York commandery of ber of the New York commandery of the military order of the Loyal Legion. One of his last acts in acknowledging receipt of some printed matter of mine referring to his father was to send me a portrait of his father and of himself. He has children living at Buffalo, self. He has children living at Buffalo, N. Y. A sister was the wife of the late Ur. F. A. - xCKhardt, of Bethlehem. A sister of General Rogers' wife (nee Julia Winters) married into the Barnet family, of Easton, and was the net family, of Easton, and was the mother of the late Commander Edward A. Barnet, United States navy. During General Rogers' residence in Easton, he occupied a stone house that formerly stood on Pomfret street, opposite the German Reformed church, posite the German Reformed church, and also on Northampton street below the Square, and on the Square where the First National bank now stands -locations which bring to mind his locations which bring to mind his distinguished neighbors -- Ross, Wolf, Porter, Ihrie and others. He also owned a farm in Forks township where I ed a farm in Forks township where I believe he lived for a time. It is related that before the house on the Square occupied by General Rogers stood several tall elms that were removed when the bank buiding was erected. Under these trees, when the weather permitted, the older citizens of the borough would assemble zens of the borough would assemble to discuss the politics and affairs of the nation, the state and of the municipality. On such occasion a table was pality. On such occasion a table was brought out of the house, on which a bottle of Jamaica rum was placed, and when the old burghers were giving their opinions pro and con they refreshed themselves from the ample freshed themselves from the ample bottle before them. This was done nuolicly and not thought disreputable. Return of the Election for Brigadier General and Brigade Inspector in the First Brigade, Seventh Division, Pennsylvania Militia, June 28, 1828. ORGANIZATIONS. 97th Regiment. First Battalion -- Easton Second Battalion -- Correll's 26th Regiment. First Battalion -- Hauser's Second Battalion -- Lehighville 34th Regiment. First Battalion -- Hamilton (Monroe Co) Second Battalion -- Pike county 140th Regiment. First Battalion-- Richmond (Mt.Bethel) Second Battalion -- Kesslers Morgan Battalion -- Corrells Stroudsburg Volunteer Battalion Mt. Bethel Volunteer Battalion, Richmond Briga iier Brigade General. Inspector o P Geo Joh B cr<? g ^ P^ 72 W o CD m O CD S" 5h Totals 1144 ^ ^ Ui --- --- --- --- --- -Militia Elections. Militia Elections. Thomas J. Rogers, the Jackson candidate is elected brigadier general by didate is elected brigadier general by the overwhelming majority of 252 votes over Colonel James M. Porter, the Adams candidate, as General Rogers and his friends called him. This ers and his friends called him. This is no sign of the times! ! Col. John H. Keller is elected brigade inspector by a majority of 122 gade inspector by a majority of 122 votes over Major George Hess, Jr., the present brigade inspector. Colonel Peter Ihrie, Jr., is re-elected colonel, Conrad Shimer is elected lieutenant colonel, John Kemmerer, major tenant colonel, John Kemmerer, major of the First, and Levi D. Bodder, major of the Second battalion, 97th regi- jor of the Second battalion, 97th regiment. ment. Captain George Weber, the administration candidate for elector in this tration candidate for elector in this county, is elected colonel of the 26th regiment. Major Charles Craig, is elected -^eutenant - colonel, Charles Steubel, major of the First battalion, Adam Hauer, major of the Second battalion of that regiment. Colonel Kern, talion of that regiment. Colonel Kern, tue late colonel declined a re-election. John Weaver is elected colonel, Sam Erode is re-elected colonel major of the First baitalion, and Jacob Cope, major of the Second battalion of the 140th regiment. Colonel Keller, now elected brigade inspector, was the late colonel of this regiment. In the 34th regiment, we have understood that Col. John Westbrook derstood that Col. John Westbrook declined a re-election, and that Capt. John Huston, Jr., is elected colonel, and John V. Bush lieutenant-colonel; Captain Slutter has been elected major of the First battalion, vice John Keller, Esq., the former major, and that Major R. Eldred is re-elected for the jor R. Eldred is re-elected for the Second battalion. The result of tne election for brigadier-general, demonstrattes one of two dier-general, demonstrattes one of two states of things: Either that General Rogers is personally unpopular -- and Colonel Porter is personally popuar, or if the election was decided on the question of Jackson and Adams, that there are a few Adams men at least in this county. It is true that the general and his immediate friends placed the election on the presidential question, and it was owing to that being done, that General Rogers succeed- ing done, that General Rogers succeeded at all -- but it would be hardly fair ed at all -- but it would be hardly fair to say that the result is any test of the relative strength of the parties in the brigade -- which consists of Northampton and Pike counties. It is, however, fair to say, that such is General Rogers' personal unpopularity, and so tired have the public larity, and so tired have the public become of him -- that even Jacksonism, in its stronghold, could scarcely drag him into office. The friends of Colonel Porter are perfectly satisfied with having made this display of the standing at home of *#he man, who pretends to represent himself as the "foremost man," of this county in the Jackson ranks, as the Atlas upon whose shoulders, all the hero's prospects rest in old Northampton. ampton. We presented in our last week's paper to the attention of our readers, a per to the attention of our readers, a statement which detailed beyond a doubt that the 84 votes given to Mr. Adams in the electoral colleges, represented the votes of 12,3S7 more citi- resented the votes of 12,3S7 more citizens than were represented by the 99 zens than were represented by the 99 votes of General Jackson. The total number of electoral votes, is 261 consequently as General Jackson even fell sequently as General Jackson even fell thort of a majority in that number by 32 votes, the election, in accordance ^Yith the constitution, devolved on the House of Representatives. The first vote of that body terminated the contest for that time and by the annexed test for that time and by the annexed statement it will appear, that if Mr. Adams had on his side a majority of popular votes in the electoral colleges, the popular votes represented by es, the popular votes represented by the votes for him in Congress, placed him with a representative vote on his side, of no less than four millions, five hundred and twenty-five thousand, seven hundred and seventy-six of a free en hundred and seventy-six of a free white population, and a majority over General Jackson of two millions, three hundred and ninety thousand, two hundred and twelve. How hollow, how barefaced, and how false, must be the assertion of those, who say that Mr. Adams was not, in 1825, elected in accordance with the majority of the people of the union. According to the last census, the free white population of the United States (exclusive of the District of Columbia, which has no voice in the matter) amounted to seven millions, nine hundred and eighteen thousand, three hundred and forty-seven. Of these, the states of New Hampshire. Vermont, Rhode Island, New shire. Vermont, Rhode Island, New York, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois, embracing a free white population of 4,525,776, voted for Mr. Adams. The states of New Jersey, South Crirolina, Indiana, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Mississippi, embrac- vania, Tennessee, Mississippi, embracing a free white population of 2,135,564, ing a free white population of 2,135,564, voted for General Jackson. The states of Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, embracing a free white population of 1,257,122, voted for Mr. Crawford. June 6, 1828. The Fourth of July (1828.) Was celebrated in this place with more than usual spirit, perhaps elicited by an honorable spirit of rivalry ed by an honorable spirit of rivalry and emulation in our volunteer corps. Salutes were fired, and the bells rung at sunrise. The companies of artillery paraded at an early hour, and by the correctness of marching, wheeling, movement and exercises, reflected ing, movement and exercises, reflected credit upon themselves for their improvement in the art of military. The provement in the art of military. The companies were each provided with excellent martial music, and upon this occasion the very superior band of music from Bethlehem, attended the pa- sic from Bethlehem, attended the parades of the Citizen Volunteers and rades of the Citizen Volunteers and Washington Grays, who performed their evolution and dined together. At 10.30 o'clock, a procession was formed, consisting of the Easton Cadets, commanded by Capt. Eberle, nnd dets, commanded by Capt. Eberle, nnd a portion of our citizens, who proceeded to the Brick church, where the '^ev. ed to the Brick church, where the '^ev. Mr. Gray having first addresse. the throne of grace in prayer, the Declaration of Independence was read by ration of Independence was read by Lieutenant P. Shuman, of the Cadets, and an address was delivered by Mr. Gray, which, tnose who heard it, speak of as one of the happiest efforts of his chastened mind. During the exercises at the church, several pieces of cises at the church, several pieces of appropriate music were performed and sung by the choir under the direction of the Rev. Thomas Pomp. Both the vocal and instrumental music were remarkably fine. A little before 11, another procession was formed, consisting of the Citizen Volunteers, commanded by Capt.Weygandt. and the Washington Grays com- gandt. and the Washington Grays commanded by Capt. Ihrie, and another manded by Capt. Ihrie, and another portion of our citizens, who proceeded to the Stone church (Reformed) where the throne of grace was addressed by i_^e Rev. Mr. Hicks, the Declaration of Independence read by Capt. Jacob Weygandt, Jr., and an appropriate address delivered by the Rev. Mr. Hecht. dress delivered by the Rev. Mr. Hecht. 'i'his address is also spoken of by those who heard it, in the highest terms of commendation. The exercises of the church were also accompanied with excellent instrumental music, from the choir who attended on the occasion. Salutes were fired at 12 o'clock from the field pieces of all the companies -two of them stationed on Mount Jef- two of them stationed on Mount Jefferson, the other on Mount Washing- ferson, the other on Mount Washington, north of the Bushkill. ton, north of the Bushkill. The company of Cadets, with several of the citizens, dined at Spring Garden, the Citizen Volunteers and Washington Grays, dined in Judge Wagener's lot on Juliana street, where a dinner was provided for them by Mr. John Burt, the host of the Golden Swan. These celebrations professed to exclude politics. clude politics. The friends of General Jackson dined at the "point." Capt. D. D. Wage- ed at the "point." Capt. D. D. Wagener read the Declaration of Indepen- ner read the Declaration of Independence, and the Hon. George Wolf de- dence, and the Hon. George Wolf delivered an address. General Rogers livered an address. General Rogers presided and Colonel Ihrie and A. E. Browne, Esq., were vice presidents. For a full account of the proceedings at "the Point," etc., we must refer our readers to the Heroite papers of this place. [Argus.] A party of the friends of the administration assembled in the long room istration assembled in the long room of the Easton hotel at half past 2 o'clock, where i^e Declaration of Inde- clock, where i^e Declaration of Independence was read by John J. Wurts, pendence was read by John J. Wurts, and an address delivered by the editor of this paper. It was prepared on such short notice as to induce us to claim the public indulgence for its defects. The company dulgence for its defects. The company then sat down to a dinner got up in Mr. White's best style. James M. Porter, presided, supported by Thomas ter, presided, supported by Thomas Cawley, Esq., and Col .A. Miller, as vice presidents. A celebration of the 52d anniversary of our National Independence, by ry of our National Independence, by the friends of the administration is Lo take place at the old encampment ground near Valley Forge, in Chester county, on Saturday, the 26th instant, (July, 1828.) It is expected that a very great concourse of citizens will be assembled on this occasion, and the Leiection of a scene, connected with important events of our revolutionary v/ar, cannot fail to add an interest to the celebration of its glorious result. jt will be recollected that it was at Valley Forge, the army of General \/ashington, was hutted during the winter of 1777-- '78, and at the very time, when the British forces under yir William Howe, still held possession of Philadelphia. One of the rare pamphlets in my library is an account of this celebration, brary is an account of this celebration, or "Harvest Home meeting," as it was toliod, when "a large number of the people assembled at Valley Forge, the ground rendered sacred by the sufferings of the American army under ings of the American army under AVashington, with a view to celebrate their great festivals, and strengthen each other in the love of their country." try." Reference is made to the fact that at the conclusion of the reading of the Declaration of Independence, "the no1 ie ])?.n;l of music consisting of twen- 1 ie ])?.n;l of music consisting of twenty-five repectable citizens from Beth- ty-five repectable citizens from Bethlehem, Northampton county, who had lehem, Northampton county, who had generously volunteered their services for the occasion, struck up a national air; its fine tones were however soon lost amid the thundering of cannon, and the acclamations of the crowd." A number of the survivors of the Revolution were present, among these Peter Duponceau whose address is printed in this pamphlet, who described as well as could be, the scenes in ed as well as could be, the scenes in the Valley forge Camp in 1777-78. Celebration by the Easton Cadets. According to previous arrangement, the "La Pondre" the gun of the corps was placed upon the Bushkill hill, in view of the town, and at day break a morning gun was fired, the reveille beat, and the national colours hoisted. At sun rise a funeral salute was fired, accompanied with martial music, and the bells of the town were rung. At C o'clock the company formed at the arsenal, and paraded through the streets of the borough until 11 o'clock when they halted in the Square, and a large procession of the citizens was formed, which they escorted to the Presbyterian church, where an excellent and appropriate address was de- lent and appropriate address was delivered by the Rev. Mr. Gi'ay, accom- livered by the Rev. Mr. Gi'ay, accompanied with very fine vocal and instru- panied with very fine vocal and instrumental music. After the service ac- mental music. After the service accompany the organization was finished, company the organization was finished, the company proceeded to Spring Garden. At 12 o'clock a national salute den. At 12 o'clock a national salute was fired. At 2 o'clock the company sat down to a plentiful and excellent dinner, spread in the garden * by Mr. Bittenbender, at which the Revs. Messrs. Gray and Pomp, and many of the citizens, were present. After the cloth was removed. Captain Ebei'le was appointed president, tain Ebei'le was appointed president, and Lieut. Shuman, Lieut. Kohl and A. H. Reeder, vice presidents and the following toasts were drank. The day we celebrate. It is recorded on the annals of the world in char- ed on the annals of the world in characters of blood and glory, and time will acters of blood and glory, and time will never efface it. One gun; six cheers. The memory of General Washington -- His name alone would make a nation respected. Drank in silence. tion respected. Drank in silence. The Sages who launched our bark into the storm of the revolution, and the Heroes who braved and quelled its fui-y -- The enthusiastic gratitude of freemen is their reward. 1 gun and 6 cheers. The President of the United States. 1 gun, 3 cheers. The Governor of Pennsylvania. 1 gun, 3 cheers. The Constitution of the United States -- the terror of despots and the bulwark of our liberties. May no unhallowed hand despoil its symmetry. hallowed hand despoil its symmetry. 1 gun, cheers. The Foreigners who lent their aid to our emancipation -- May we never let an opportunity pass to express our gratitude for their disinterestedness. 1 gun, 6 cheers. The StarSpangled banner of our country -- The noble emblem was the swad- try -- The noble emblem was the swadling cloth of Liberty. May it cease ling cloth of Liberty. May it cease to exist only when freemen are extinct. 1 gun. 6 cheers. tinct. 1 gun. 6 cheers. The naval and military ofllcers of the late war -- They sustained in our second trial the character which our country had acquired in the first. Let tneni noi be forgotten. 1 gun, 3 cheers. The struggling Grecians-- Their unparalleled devotion to their cause has paralleled devotion to their cause has been the admiration of the world. May the God of Battles soon place them in a situation to extend to us the hand of Brotherhood and equality. 1 gun, b cheers. The march of Internal Improvement and refinement -- the time is not far distant when the boasted superiority of Europe will be but an empty name. 1 gun, 3 cheers. Volunteer Companies -- May their discipline and their patriotism make them cipline and their patriotism make them a sure dependence in time of need. ] gun, 3 cheers. The i^adies -- Last though not least -- May the influence they possess over us ever be caused to make us appreciate our blessings and love our coun- ciate our blessings and love our country. 1 gun, 3 cheers. try. 1 gun, 3 cheers. Volunteer Toasts. By the Pre&ident. Our worthy Guests -- We feel grateful to them for having honoured our celebration with their presence. By Vice President Kohl. The Reverend Orator of the day-- He has gain- erend Orator of the day-- He has gained a character for eloquence which ed a character for eloquence which cannot be derogated from. By Vice President Reeder. Thaddius of Kosciusko -- The stranger who dius of Kosciusko -- The stranger who struggled for us in blood and peril. May he never be forgotten by the people whom he loved. By Peter Cleman. The Day we celebrate -- Unparalleled in the political an- brate -- Unparalleled in the political annals of the world. nals of the world. By M. J. Miller. The Cbnstitution of the United States-- The political bible of freedom. By George Horn. Our worthy Host -The fragments show that his entertain- The fragments show that his entertainr.ent was relished. r.ent was relished. By Daniel Troxell. The Soldiers of the United States Army -- Disciplined, brave and patriotic. They are loved by their country and respected by their eutmies. B\ George Menner. Freedom, wherever she be. ever she be. By Abraham Miller. The Fourth of July -- A day dear to every American. May its beauty not be marred by petty partisans, but let it be as it should be, a political Sabbath. By J. B. Hunt. America -- The birthplace of freedom. May she, as she now is, be ever of the honor. By Thomas M'Kinsley. Commodore Perry-- The hero of Lake Erie. While the uavy of America exists he will never be forgotten. By Wm. Nagle. Volunteer Companies -- Easton has recovered her char- nies -- Easton has recovered her characiei for military spirit. May she aciei for military spirit. May she never again lose it. By Dr. F. A. Fickardt. Our Country -- Loaded with blessings. May she never be forgetful of the source from whence thov sprung. By George Troxell. -- The Reverend Orator of the day -- Thanks or eulogium #would be superfluous. By Hiram Hess. The Easton Cadets -- May their prosperity equal their untiiiimity and discipline. By Michael Trittenbach. Our government -- A glorious monument of the ernment -- A glorious monument of the wisdom of its founders, and the valour of its supporters. By P. iriatz. The Heroes and Sages of 76. -- The noblest men that were ever engaged in a noble cause. By J. M'Gowan. The lioerty of our country-^May we cherish it as the gift of Heaven, and part with it only with our lives. By Edward Cathrall. The Company styled the Easton Cadets^May they slond as firm and undaunted as the rof k of Gibraltar. By William Menner. The Sages and H'5roes of '76 -- The former at the helm, iin'! the latter at the setting-poles. Ti ey shoved our vessel through the rapids of the revolution in spite of the ripples and rocks of tyranny and oppression, and the head-wind of tory- pression, and the head-wind of toryism; and though their peak was lower- ism; and though their peak was lowered and the sail reefed, by poverty, ed and the sail reefed, by poverty, have anchored us safely in the eddy of liberty. By Chas. Gretz. The Commanding Officers of our regiment. -- Faithful and active, in the performance of his duties. By Dr. Lachenour. The Military Spirit in Easton -- No where surpassed, and it in Easton -- No where surpassed, and seldom equalled. A proud evidence of the Independence of its inhabitants and of their love of country. By a Volunteer. Lieutenant Spering of the United States Marines --Easton hails him as a son, and is proud ton hails him as a son, and is proud of him as an offlcer. By Herman S. Heckman. The Easton i'adets -- May they be as anxious ton i'adets -- May they be as anxious m case of necessity, to defend the rights and liberties of their country, cs were the heroes of 'vo. B. C. A. Keller. Liberty -- Our forefathers struggled hard to obtain it. fathers struggled hard to obtain it. May the virtue and valor of their descendants preserve it forever. scendants preserve it forever. By P. F. Melick. Patrick Henry -The Demosthenes of America. May The Demosthenes of America. May he never be forgotten at an anniversary of that independence which was ry of that independence which was dear to him as his heart's blood. By Mr. Gaines: Here's health to the sons of the United States, Who fought and conquered with Washington and Gates. ington and Gates. By John Marbacher. The Liberty our ffc,thers fought for, and we enjoy. May it be transmitted pure and unsullied tiom generation to generation, lied tiom generation to generation, until time shall be no more. By J. H. Wilking. The Plough Share -- its splendor is brighter than that of the sword, and it point is not stained with blood. By Charles Whiteman' The Day we celebrate -- May it never be disgraced by party feeling or private selfishness. By William Shouse. The memory of (Jeneral George Washington -- "First ir. v/ar, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Celebration at Nazareth. The following are the toasts drank at the celebration of the Fourth of July at Nazareth, where Mr. Miksh was president, and William Smuch vice president, after an address by i..ie president and tae reading of the Declaration of Independence. The day we celebrate -- The first that dawned in freedom, the first illumed with the sun of peace. May lumed with the sun of peace. May its memory be commemorated with ilii cx'5i.ence. The memory of George Washington -- The founder of this mighty republic. He was first in war, first in peace, and is first in the hearts of his countryman. man. The Heroes and Sages of the Revolution -- May the gratitude of the Amer- lution -- May the gratitude of the American people, whicu is due to them, ican people, whicu is due to them, ever be attested, by preserving, unpolluted, the charter of our liberties polluted, the charter of our liberties by them achieved. The United States -- United in one V inmon interest, cemented in virtue, the sure basis of a happy republic The President of the United States -A distinguished scholar, an unequalled A distinguished scholar, an unequalled statesman, a genuine patriot. May the virtue and wisdom of his administration be transmitted to his succes- tration be transmitted to his successors. sors. Henry Clay -- Identified with his country's honor, devoted to her rising interests -- no less distinguished for eloquence than upright and virtuous ac- oquence than upright and virtuous actions. tions. Richard Rush -- A firm friend to internal improvements, an unwavering sup- nal improvements, an unwavering supporter of domestic manufactures. May porter of domestic manufactures. May our country be long blessed with his labours. Governor Shultze -- The enlightened and independent governor of a great state. He knows in what the best interests of our country consists, and terests of our country consists, and fears not to pursue it in spite of clamor and dictation. William Clark, late treasurer of this state, and now treasurer of the United States -- "An honest man's the noblest work of God." American Manufactures -- Their encouragement the true mode of enrich- couragement the true mode of enriching our country, and making us inde- ing our country, and making us independent. pendent. Our Brave Defenders in War-- A freeman's arm can best defend a freeman's man's arm can best defend a freeman's home. May they never be inhumanly sacrificed to blood-thirsty cruelty. Genera] Andrew Jackson -- While we give him credit for his military services in the late war, we pronounce vices in the late war, we pronounce him totally unqualified for the chief magistracy of the nation. The Fair Sex -- Their influence in society must always be great. May they ever, as .xeretofore, inculcate that patriotism is with them a passport to their esteem. Volunteer Toasts. By Jacob Brunner. May we never live under the reign of General Jackson, nor be subjected to the yoke of son, nor be subjected to the yoke of his accustomed tyranny. By William Smuck. May our contry long be blessed with the present try long be blessed with the present wise and virtuous administration. By Christian Brunner. John Quincy Adams -- Our ablest and most polished statesman. The people will again test the genuinesness of their republicanism, by re-electing him to the highest ism, by re-electing him to the highest ofliice in their gift. By Frederick Miksch. May the people of Pennsylvania follow the ex- ple of Pennsylvania follow the example of Governor Shultze, in support- ample of Governor Shultze, in supporting the present administration. ing the present administration. By Christian Hoeber. May the county of Northampton repent of its fol- ty of Northampton repent of its folly, and return to the support of the ly, and return to the support of the American system which is calculated to promote its interest. By William Frost. General Andrew Jackson -- May he be president when the people get blind to i-ieir own interests. terests. July 18, 1828. (Saturday, ine 4th inst.) at 7 o'clock. MANY. October 3, 1828. 1829. Fourth of July, 1829. The Fourth of July next will be celebrated at sundry places, in the town. Our three Volunteer Companies are going to be independent, and so will neither parade together or dine together. The Citizen Volunteers, (we like to give rank according to age) dine at Opp's orchard; the Easton Cadets, at the Green Tree Inn, and the dets, at the Green Tree Inn, and the Washington Greys at the Point. Those who wish to be thought the exclusive friends of Jackson and Wolf, clusive friends of Jackson and Wolf, will dine at Spring Garden, provided they can raise enough to induce mine host to provide for them. It will be seen that a meeting is called at Washington hall this evening, ed at Washington hall this evening, for those citizens who wish to celebrate without bringing party politics brate without bringing party politics into the question. What may be the result of it, we cannot say. We had like to have forgotten that at 11 o'clock on that day, a new Troop of C&,valry to be ycleped (?) 'The First Easton Troop' will assemble in undress uniform, to be inspected, and elect their officers. June 30, 1829. "Public Good." The citizens of Easton and vicinity friendly to the continuation of the circulation of small bank notes, are par- culation of small bank notes, are particularly requested to meet at the ticularly requested to meet at the house of John Burt, to-morrow evening There are no persons so apt to think ill of their neignbors as those who are capable of acting ill themselves. No females are so apt to speak lightly of the fame of others, as those who are of light fame themselves -- and, among politicians, none are more likely to charge their neighbors with venality, than the most venal themselves. We have been led to these remarks by some editorial matter in the last Easton Sentinel. Colonel Hutter chose to ton Sentinel. Colonel Hutter chose to show his teeth at our having observed in the last Whig, that the "would-be exclusives" would dine at Spring Garden on the 4tn, provided they could den on the 4tn, provided they could raise enough to induce mine host to provide for tnem. And he falls to work to abuse us with that t-'ste and delicacy which is his peculiar characteristic, saying that we were not Masons, nor ing that we were not Masons, nor disposed to join the Anti-Masons. He says we are in ine market, ready to be sold to the highest bidder, like Mr. Meyers, eaitor of the neading Democrat. We know not how it is with that crat. We know not how it is with that gentleman, nor do we care, but we are credibly informed that our friend Col. Hutter was in the market in 1817, and offered his support to either the Hiester or Findlay party. ter or Findlay party. July 7, 1829. Mr. Hutter, a few weeks since, advertised as a valuable acquisition to vertised as a valuable acquisition to his acknowleged extensive assortment of drugs, blue-beans, blank books, fiddle strings anu politics, that he had ob- dle strings anu politics, that he had obtained a new nostrum; and represent- tained a new nostrum; and represented that it would operate, not only in ed that it would operate, not only in a prodigous manner on the body -- but even play the mischief with the soul. The advertisement was singular, and we expected uo have heard something about its effects upon the colonel's politics before this time. But yet, we itics before this time. But yet, we are happy even at this late hour to find, through the editor of the centinel, who is the only one who has yet tried it, that this nostrum is too powerful in its operation even on the body -that it is attendea with peculiar that it is attendea with peculiar spasms, great wrath, and ends in avomit! We have these facts from the vomit! We have these facts from the last number of the Centinel. Should more be furnished, we will present them to the medical faculty of our vicinity, that tney may be able to pronounce whether said nostrum will re- nounce whether said nostrum will recover him, so as to admit of his getting cover him, so as to admit of his getting an office next fall. "We think not. July 7, 1829. Note -- The Mr. Hutter referred to above, was Col. Christian Jacob Hutter, founder of the Northampton Cor- ter, founder of the Northampton Correspondent (1806) and also of the Senti- respondent (1806) and also of the Sentiinel (1817), father of the late William inel (1817), father of the late William H. Hutter for many years editor and publicher of the Argus. Solar Microscope. The public are respectfully informed that the ooIslt Microscope, which magnifies a million of times, is now ex- nifies a million of times, is now exhibiting at the house of John Shroeder, hibiting at the house of John Shroeder, sign of the Biack Horse, in Easton, for three days only. By the solar microscope, the little eels, living in vinegar, are magnified to the length of a man's arm, and a little of the sugar of a fig, or dust of old cheese, put upon the point of a needle, is represented like a parcel of large rats scampering up and down over each other's backs, on the top of a huge post; and a large collection of other interesting objects are also exhibited, from the feathers and quills hibited, from the feathers and quills of a butterfly's wing, to the hairy leg of a spider, which is made three times as large as that of an elephant. Fifty persons can view the objects magnified by the microscope at the same time; and those who would rather look at their own vinegar, etc., than that kept by the exhibiter, can do so. This microscope has been expensively patronizftfi by ladies and gen- pensively patronizftfi by ladies and gentlemen in various parts of the coun- tlemen in various parts of the country. try. Hours of exhibition from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. when t^e sun shines only. Admittance 25 cents -- children half price. Easton, July 14, 1829. Balloon Ascension. A large ba^^oon formed of paper will be sent up in Easton, near the house of Mr. John Burt, on Thursday evening at 8 o'clock. It will be 25 feet in height and 80 feet in circumference, and it is hoped the ladies and gentlemen will come out and see it -- as it men will come out and see it -- as it will be an interesting sight, and they will no doubt be much gratified. Easton, July 28, 1829. New Express Line of Post Coaches, Between Philadelphia and Easton. Leaves William Shouse's GVeen Tree Hotel, Easton, daily, at 6 o'clock a. m. and arrives in Philadelphia the same day, at a seasonable hour to dine. Performing the route generally in nine uours. Returning leaves the United iStates Mail Office, No. 28 South Third street, daily, at 6 o'clock a.m. and arrive at Easton same day in time to dine. Seats in this line may be secured by applying to William Shouse, Easton, and to J. Reeside, No. 28 South ton, and to J. Reeside, No. 28 South Third street; H. Wade. Golden Swan Hotel, No. 69 North Third Street, and to A. McCalla, White Swan Hotel, Race street, where every information required will be given. Fare through, three dollars. To Rising Sun, J. Bilger's lnn.$0 25 Branch Town, J. Child's Inn, P. o 371/2 Shoemakertown 44 jcnkintown, L. Grant's Inn, P. Abington, J. Stevens' Inn ... 62% Willow Grove, J. McCalla's Inn, P. 75 Mcreland Point, Musselman's Inn 811^ Horseham Meeting House SlVz Graham Park, J. Kirk's Inn.. 94 Neshamouy Creek, J.Addis' Inn 1 00 Newville, F. G. Lukin's Inn . . 1 12i^ Hughesville, C. Bloom's Inn.. 1 18% Doylestown, J. School's Inn, P. 1 25 Dyers Town 1 37% Danville, S. Nicholas' Inn . . 1 44 J. Rodrock's Inn, P. 1 62% Pipersville, J. Kechline's Inn. 1 65 Tohickon Bridge 1 8I14 Ottsville, Dr. Ott's Inn, P. 0..2 00 H row, J. Watson's Inn . ... 2 06% N. Buck's Inn 2 18% Stoney Point, G. Kiples' Inn . . 2 31^4 Durham, T. Long's Inn, P. O. 2 50 Deemers 2 62% Shiveley's Inn 2 75 Mrs. Morgan's Inn 2 STYz Easton, Wm. Shouse's Hotel. 3 00 JAMES REESIDE, Philadelphia, WILLIAM SHOUSE, Easton, Proprietors. September 29, 1828. This line connects from Easton with Bethlehem, Allentown, Reading, Mauch Chunk, Berwick, Mount Pleasant Milford, Wilkesbarre. Nazareth, ant Milford, Wilkesbarre. Nazareth, Montrose. Ithaca, Geneva and Buifalo; Belvidere, Newton and Newburg; Morristown and Schooley's Mountain ristown and Schooley's Mountain Springs line of coaches. DIED-- On the 20th ult, (Sept, 1829,) in Lower Saucon, Mr. John Peter Weygandt, in the 87th year of his age. gandt, in the 87th year of his age. Revolutionary Soldiers. John Shook. Died, in this place, on Thursday night, last, December 10, 1829, in the 76th year of his age, John Shook, a soldier of the Revolution, and known for dier of the Revolution, and known for many years as the oldest tavern-keeper of this place. For some years er of this place. For some years past he has been auiicted with total blindness. On Sunday his remains were committed to the silent mains were committed to the silent tomb. The members of our three artillery companies attended in uniform' tillery companies attended in uniform' to pay the last sad tribute to the memory of a soldier of 1776. ory of a soldier of 1776. Peter Meddagh. Departed his life, at his residence in Lower Mt. Bethel, Pennsylvania, on the evening of the 28th ult., (November, 1829, in the 81st year of his age. ber, 1829, in the 81st year of his age. He was one of the first who volunteered to face the enemy at the commence- ed to face the enemy at the commencement of our struggle for independence. ment of our struggle for independence. He went out in what was called the Flying Camp, and met the British on Long Island. In the engagement he was taken prisoner, conveyed on board a prison ship, then lying off Long Island. He often described the wretch- land. He often described the wretched condition in which the American ed condition in which the American prisoners were placed. Crowded in the hold, with scarcely room to lie at length on the filthy floor, and compelled to sustain nature with food scarce- ed to sustain nature with food scarcely fit for swine, thrown down through ly fit for swine, thrown down through a hole in the deck. Many of the poor wretches died of their sufferings, but the superior condition of Mr. Meddagh enable him to escape the fate of his companions in captivity. He was, however afflicted with infirmity arising from his sufferings while on board ing from his sufferings while on board the prison ship until his decease. 1830. Important Information. It appears that the Hickory club of this place had a parcel of canes turned by the celebrated Mr. Francis Jackson of Easton, on his horse lathe, out of the shell bark hickory pole which used to stand before the tavern of Capt. Nungesser, much to the detriment of his travelling custom, one of which said canes was sent on to Wasington to be presented to General Andrew Jackson, president of the United States. The important business of presenting the cane was performed by senting the cane was performed by our representative in Congress, Colonel Peter Ihrie, Jr., with one of his nel Peter Ihrie, Jr., with one of his best flourishes, and would you believe it, gentle reader, the general actually subscribed his name to a letter returning thanks to the committee of the ing thanks to the committee of the Hickory club who sent it on to him, and the said letter is to be read to all who will choose to assemble to hear it, on the evening of the 8th inst. at Captain Nungesser's. January 5, 1830. April 20, 1830 to March 11, 1835. Accident. We understand that during the snow storm of the 26th last March, (1830) the stage between Easton and Milford was upset. The passengers were not much injured, except a Mr. Masse, of Philadelphia, was crushed by the weight of four passengers, who fell upon him ,and it is a wonder he was not killed. He was conveyed to the house of Mr. Flick, in Richmond, where he was bled, and receives every attention, and is now under the attendance tion, and is now under the attendance of Doctor Van Ness. A correspondent wishes to know what is the reason our Philadelphia mail arrives so late at night. He says, when the opposition ran, they could get in from 2 or 3 o'clock generally -now they arrive as late as 8 and 9 o'- now they arrive as late as 8 and 9 o'clock at night, and letters received clock at night, and letters received by it cannot be answered by return of mail. The proprietors can perhaps answer this inquiry. Another of our subscribers wishes to know whether the storekeepers have rented the footwalks of our borough from the corporation, as places of deposit for empty boxes. We presume they have not, but that the storekeepers are merely tenants at sufferance, ers are merely tenants at sufferance, and parade their boxes on the pavements from motives of economy, to ments from motives of economy, to save the expense of advertising the receipt of fresh supplies of goods. April 27, 1830. William Eichman tenders the compliments to the Hon. Sam. Innes, editor ments to the Hon. Sam. Innes, editor of the Argus, and would-be recorder, and is extremely sorrow that he is under the necessity of presenting bills to those who never subscribed for his paper, and after refusing payment, he in a very ungentlemanly manner, notices it in his paper. es it in his paper. The attack upon me from the source it emanates, ought scarcely to require a single remark; but having concluded to say to the public that I never subscribed for his paper, and consider In- scribed for his paper, and consider Innes no gentleman. The vulgarity of nes no gentleman. The vulgarity of his paper is the daily talk of the town. Easton, April 27 (1830.) We would like to see a cast coal stove that would answer for cooking and warming dwellings. Should our friends in Mauch Chunk furnish us with a model, that would come low, we would insure them that double the quantity of coal that was used here last winter, would be consumed by our economical citizens during the ensuing winter. suing winter. i>^ay 4, 1830. Yesterday the corner stone of the new Lutheran church, on Ferry street, in this borough was laid with the accustomed ceremonies. The reverend customed ceremonies. The reverend clergy of all the persuasions in the borough were present, and a great concourse of people attended. The Rev. course of people attended. The Rev. Mr. Yaeger, of Allentown, delivered a very appropriate discourse in the German language, and the Rev. Henry man language, and the Rev. Henry Miller, of Bucks county, in English. The music, both vocal and instrumental, was very good. tal, was very good. In the stone were deposited a German and an English Bible, a German man and an English Bible, a German and an English hymn book, a German and an English catechism, the current United States coin, the names of the officers of the general, state and borough governments, etc. ough governments, etc. The building we are told will be one which will do credit to the taste and public spirit of the congregation. June 1, 1830. On Tuesday evening last, (June 22, 1PS30) Capt. Page's company of State Fencibles from Philadelphia paid us a visit. Pursuant to previous arrangement the volunteers of this borough, ment the volunteers of this borough, consisting of the First Easton troop, under command of Capt. Porter; the three companies of artillery, viz., the Citizen Volunteers, Captain Hepburn; the Washington Grays, Captain Yohe, and the Easton Cadets, Capt. Menner, assembled in the Square at about 2 o'clock, p. m., when the whole was placed under the command of Col. Ihrie, and marched out the lower Bethle- rie, and marched out the lower Bethlehem road about two miles from town. hem road about two miles from town. About 6 o'clock the Fencibles arrived. The customary salutes passed and the detachment and escort took up the line of march to town, enlivened by fine music from Johnson's band, which accompanied Captain Page's company. After passing through the principal streets, the troops about 8 o'clock were dismissed at the Spring Garden hotel, the quarters of our visitors. On Wednesday the Fencibles paraded, and on Thursday they and the three artillery companies again paraded, and partook of a sumptuous dinner on the island in the Bushkill, [North Third street.] On Friday evening we had a ball at the v^reen Tree hotel, in honor of our visitors, who left us on Saturday morning for Bethlehem and Allen- day morning for Bethlehem and Allentown, in the packet boat Swan, com- town, in the packet boat Swan, commanded by Capt. Hillman, whence they manded by Capt. Hillman, whence they returned hither on the 27th inst. to dine, and left in the afternoon for the city in Durham boats. Our citizens vied with each other in cordiality to their visitors, and what migui have been wanting in style and etiquette was made up in hearty welcome and good feeling. June 29, 1830. A Card. "The undersigned, a committee in behalf of the volunteer company of State Fencibles, return the sincere thanks of the members to Mr. Horstman, for the refreshments provided so man, for the refreshments provided so kindly by him, and to their host at Germantown, Mr. Helt, and Col. John Watmaugh, for their attention; to Judge Fox and other citizens of Doylestown, for the very handsome and gra- town, for the very handsome and gratuitous repast provided at that place, tuitous repast provided at that place, as also to Mr. Fields for his politeness. The remembrance oi their civility will be of a lasting character. "The committee fear, that in turning their attention to Easton, Bethlehem, Allentown and Nazareth, they will be altogether unable to do justice to their military and citizens. So many acts of civility were exhibited, and so many proofs of affection experienced, that it is exceedingly difficult to speak of laem all in the light in which they should be mentioned. "They cannot however omit to notice the attention of General Thomas J. Rogers, and Colonel Peter Ihrie, of Easton. To those distinguished individuals the Fencibles owe muca, their viduals the Fencibles owe muca, their conduct during the stay of the corps was of the warmest and most devoted kind. The escort into Easton, composed of Capt. Porter's troop, Capt. posed of Capt. Porter's troop, Capt. Hepburn's Citizen Volunteers, Capt. Menner's Easton Cadets and Capt. Yohe's Washington Grays, all under the command of Col. Ihrie, was truly martial and imposing. To those officers, Major Kammerer and Lieuts. cers, Major Kammerer and Lieuts. Lattimore, Miller and Cornet Yard of the troop, Lieuts. Wagner and Bixler, of the Citizen Volunteers, Lieuts. Reeder and Marbacher of the Cadets, and der and Marbacher of the Cadets, and Lieuts. Field and Barnet of the Grays, the Fencibles feel themselves specially indebted for soldierly attention and ly indebted for soldierly attention and kindness during their stay. The banquet upon the island and the public quet upon the island and the public ball given out of compliment by the military and citizens of Easton are still remembered. The Fencibles cannot forget the profusion of good things not forget the profusion of good things upon the one occasion, nor the beauty and fashion which graced the other. ty and fashion which graced the other. "The committee would also notice the friendly deportment of Mr.William Shouse, at whose house the ball was given, and the obliging disposition of Mr. J. E. Phillips, with whom the company quartered at Easton. To the pany quartered at Easton. To the citizens of Nazareth, much is due for their kind reception and generous treatment. To Captain Henry Woeler, Lieuts. Andress, Till and Gundt, of the Bethlehem Guards, and the citizens of Beth- lehem Guards, and the citizens of Bethlehem, the committee scarcely knows lehem, the committee scarcely knows what to say. The repast provided at the house of Mr. Wells, the splendid band, military escort, examination of the church and the pleasure grounds, were all in the highest degree acceptable -- and rendered doubly grateful by able -- and rendered doubly grateful by the sincere and devoted attention of Mr. Charles F. Seidel, inspector; Dr. Steckel, Jedediah Weiss, Charles F. Beckel, Joseph Rice, Esq., Dr. Stout, Timothy Weiss, Christopher Luck and others, whose names are not remembered. The visit to Bethlehem and bered. The visit to Bethlehem and its hospitable people, will long be spoken of in terms of gratitude by every Fencible. ery Fencible. "To Capt. Frey, Lieuts. Pretz and Horn, of the Allentown company,much praise is due, for their beautiful parade and spirited escort, as also to rade and spirited escort, as also to Henry King, Esq., Col. John Romig, Major Samuel A. Bridges and Cat)t. John F. Ruhe, committee of arrangement, and the citizens of Allentown, ment, and the citizens of Allentown, for the very splendid dinner prepared in the company, and their affectionately warm reception of the officers and ly warm reception of the officers and men. They are remembered by hearts made happy by their attention. "In conclusion the committee tender to all with whom it was the good fortune of the Fencibles to become asso- tune of the Fencibles to become associated during their tour, the expres- ciated during their tour, the expression of the company's gratitude for sion of the company's gratitude for l1:j most extraordinary marks of kindness and good will ever extended to ness and good will ever extended to a military body upon the like occasion. ' sion. ' James Page, Captain. Peter Pritz, 1st Lieut. Amos Howell, Act. 2d Lt. Wm. Upperger, 3d Lt. State Fencibles. July 6, 1830. Reform is the order of the day every where, at least in profession. Our goodly borough is more effective in reformation than any place we know of. When the present charter was granted, some two years since, our council went to work in earnest to regulate and reform our streets, foot walks, etc. The foot walks have been very much improved, and barring two or three cases of poor men, who cannot well afford it, they are in a fair not well afford it, they are in a fair progress of regular reformation. The work of reformation in our streets is also in progress or what was formed in the last year is this year reformed. But the best reformation in relation to them we have seen tion in relation to them we have seen in the proceedings of council is the ordinance to clear the pavements of boxes, fish barrels, stoves, ploughs, grindstones, etc., nuisances long and justly complained of. Quere, does the ordinance reach the cases of watch boxes or has the bank any more authority than an individual to ccupy public ground? July 20. 1830. Attention Troop. The First Easton Troop will assemble for parade, completely equipped, ble for parade, completely equipped, at the Green Tree Inn, (Shouse's) on Friday, the 10th day of September next, being the anniversary of Perry's victory, at 9 o'clock p. m. Punctual attendance is requested, and each member must be provided with thirteen rounds of blank cartridges -- ab- teen rounds of blank cartridges -- absentees will incur a fine of one dollar. sentees will incur a fine of one dollar. By order of the captain, E. S. CLARK, O. S. Easton, August 31, 1830. Easton Manumission Society. Last week two gentlemen from Hagerstown, Maryland, arrived at this gerstown, Maryland, arrived at this place in search of a fugitive fromi labor, or slave, who had escaped from bor, or slave, who had escaped from that place and had taken up his quarters at the Easton hotel, in the char- ters at the Easton hotel, in the character of hostler. Ben, for that was acter of hostler. Ben, for that was the African's name, had by his good conduct earned the confidence of his employer and others, and on being arrested, the owner, Mr. Hall, agreed to rested, the owner, Mr. Hall, agreed to take $200 for him. The sum was promptly raised by contributions -mine host of the hotel subscribing one- mine host of the hotel subscribing onehalf, and boarders there at, and other half, and boarders there at, and other gentlemen of the place subscribing the residue -- so that Ben is now a free man. September 7, 1830. Theatre. At Mr. Barton's Hotel, in Phillipsburg, opposite Easton, This Evening, November 23 (1830). vember 23 (1830). Will be presented (for the second time in America) the new drama of the "King's Bridge Cottage," or the "Evacuation of New York." After which, the last act of the "Hypocrite." pocrite." To which will be added the following songs: "Batch of Cakes," "Song," and the "Calais Packet." After which an act of "Venice Preserved." served." Jaffier Mr. Taylor Priceli Edwin Piere Bunn The evening's performance to conclude with the farce of "Raising the clude with the farce of "Raising the Wind." Doors open at 6 and performance to commence at 7 o'clock precisely. 1831. Died, at his residence in Moore township, Northampton county, on Sunday ship, Northampton county, on Sunday evening the 6th instant, after a lingering and painful illness, which he bore ing and painful illness, which he bore with Christian fortitude, in the 83rd year of his age, George Palmer, Esq., formerly deputy surveyor of this county, an office which he held forty-nine ty, an office which he held forty-nine years, and in which capacity, as well as in private life, he was characterized for accuracy and integrity. He was interred on Wednesday following in the English burying ground in Allen township, attended by his weeping family and a very large concourse of friends and neighbors, who will long mourn their irreparable loss. March 15, 1831. The subscribers return their sincere thanks to the members of the fire companies and the citizens of Easton and its vicinity, for their active and efficient exertions for the preservation of their property during the dis- tion of their property during the distressing and awful fire of the 19th int. tressing and awful fire of the 19th int. They feel themselves particularly grateful to the ladies of Easton. who, forgetting everything except that the lives and property of their friends and neighbors were in danger, labored throughout the whole time of trial, exposed to the inclemency of a severe posed to the inclemency of a severe snow storm, with a spirit and fortitude to which words of praise can do tude to which words of praise can do but feeble justice. WlJuLIAM WHITE, PETER IHRIE, JR. March 22. 1831. Perhaps in no season within a number of years, has so great a quantity ber of years, has so great a quantity of lumber descended the Delaware. One night in the last week there were 300 rafts in the Water Gap, and the amount sent to market is really almost beyond calculation. The snow of last winter enabled the hardy lumbermen to get out their stuff, and the regular and continued freshets of this spring, have enable them to float it out. There is perhaps no ot^er class of men who earn their money harder than the lum-bermen. Constant exposure in getting bermen. Constant exposure in getting out the timber and sawing it, and the continued unpleasant weather in carrying it to market, would deter men of ing it to market, would deter men of less resolution and enterprising dispositions from the business -- and yet we sitions from the business -- and yet we seldom hear of a raftman being sickenend or afflicted by fevers, cold or any end or afflicted by fevers, cold or any of those diseases so prevalent among the more effeminate when at all exposed. ed. April 5, 1831. Opening of the First Building of Lafayette College on College Hill. fayette College on College Hill. We had an article prepared for this paper, giving an account of the ceremonies at Lafayette college on Thurs- monies at Lafayette college on Thursday the 1st instant, (May 1, 1834), day the 1st instant, (May 1, 1834), which was the commencement of the first term in the new edifice. Owing to the reception of a number of advertisements, at a late hour, we are oblig- tisements, at a late hour, we are obliged tq lay it over for a next week. We ed tq lay it over for a next week. We can only say in to-day's paper that the illumination in front of the college in the evening, was splendid -- we know not that we have ever seen anything more brilliant. The candles having been prepared, at a given signal, a little past 8 o'clock were lighted nearly tle past 8 o'clock were lighted nearly simultaneously, and in less than a minute 720 candles, being one for each pane of glass in the sixty windows in the front of the building were blazing. This was continued for about one hour, when they were almost as expeditiously extinguished. Nearly our whole population were in the streets to see it. Lafayette College. May, 1834. On Thursday, the 1st inst., the first term of this college commenced in the new building. We believe all the rooms are finished so as to be fit for occupation, except the fourteen in the fourth or attic story, which will not be fit to occupy under a fortnight. The commencement of the collegiate exercises in the new college, was used as the occasion for the formal installation of the professors. At ten o'clock tion of the professors. At ten o'clock a large avidience was assembled in the large hall of the college, when the board of trustees with the faculty, entered and took possession of the plat- tered and took possession of the platform erected for the occasion. form erected for the occasion. The Rev. Mr. Candy, of Belvidere, N. J., opened with prayer, after which the choir under the direction of Mr. C. F. Worrell, sung the invocatory hymn: "Father all Glorious." Col. J. M. Porter, president of the board of trustees, delivered a short address to the public, and installed and charged the portion of the faculty then present, who were duly announced with the places of their nativity, ed with the places of their nativity, etc. The Rev. George Junkin, D. D., a native of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, graduate of Jefferson college, vania, graduate of Jefferson college, president and professor of mental and moral philosophy, logic, rhetoric and the evidences of Christianity. Mr. James J. Coon, a native of Allegheny county. Pa., graduate of Jeffer- gheny county. Pa., graduate of Jefferson college, professor of the Latin and son college, professor of the Latin and Greek languages. Mr. Samuel Galloway, a native of Northampton county. Pa., graduate of Princeton college, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. ematics and natural philosophy. Mr. Frederic Schmidt, a graduate of the university of Erlangen, instructor in the German language, for the pressent. sent. The laws of the college were then read by the president of the board of trustdes, to the faculty, students and public. President Junkin then delivered his inaugural address, which occupied about one hour; it is one of the most masterly -productions of his capacious and systematic mind, and was listened to with great attention by the au- ed to with great attention by the audience. ' dience. ' The choir then sung the following original hymn, written for the occasion by Mrs. Jane Lewars Gray, of this place: In wrapt adoration, O come let us raise. To God, our salvation, an anthem of praise -On earth, be our faint song of gratitude On earth, be our faint song of gratitude given, Till holier hymns have been taught us in heaven. When hearts have been fainting and friends have been few, And hopes in our bosoms just whispering adieu. ing adieu. Thy spirit has beamed on the gloom of our night --nd in the darkness of doubt has expired in his light. pired in his light. To God who has reared this fair edi fice up, Our help in the past -- in the future our hope -He laid the foundation -- He raised the He laid the foundation -- He raised the top-stone, To him be the glory, the work is his own. And all that is bright in this building shall be Great Architect, consecrate wholly to thee; Our chaplets of fame shall be counted but loss, Till we see them bedewed with the blood of the cross. To Calvary's mountain shall genius repair, pair, And lay all his talents devotedly there, The fire of his muse, shall be fire from above, And the soul of his song, the sweet story of love. And science and learning shall bring as is meet. Their bright meed of honor to lay at thy feet -Their garlands of glory adoringly fling, Their garlands of glory adoringly fling, O'er the thorn-woven crown of our crucified King. Enkindle, great God, in our bosom a fire, That shall brilliantly burn when yon sun shall expire -A spark from thine altar in Heaven A spark from thine altar in Heaven bestow. To light in our hearts such an altar below. From this fair hill of science. Oh let us but see Moriah's bright summit, we'll go there with thee And labour for laurels to strew in thy road, And shout our Hosannas of glory to God. The services were closed by prayer from the Rev. Mr. Menkling, of Clinton, N. J., and the benediction pro- ton, N. J., and the benediction pronounced by President Junkln. nounced by President Junkln. We learn that the board of trustees unanimously requested of the president of the board of trustees and of dent of the board of trustees and of the president of the college, to furnish copies of their addresses for pub- nish copies of their addresses for publication. lication. We understand that about sixty boarding students had arrived on the first day, and that the number is daily increasing. A Monstrous Trout. Mr. G. H. Gk)undie had his large trout served up at a dinner last Monday, at Bethlehem, of which General Cadwalader and lady of Philadelphia partook. ader and lady of Philadelphia partook. It was perhaps the largest spring water trout ever known in this section of tne country. It was 22 inches long, 19 inches in circumference and weighed 7 pounds and 2 ounces. Mr. G. we are told has from 3 to 400 fine ones in his trout hovise, measuring from 9 to 16 inches. ing from 9 to 16 inches. June 17, 1834. FOURTH OF JULY. Celebration of the Fourth of July, 1834. Firsi. Easton Troop. The troop formed according to order, OD the morning of the fourth instant, and after parading, they partook of an excellent dinner, at the house of D. Cor.nor. The Declaration of Inderendence was then read by Dr. Wm. rendence was then read by Dr. Wm. Rogers, after which the following toasts were drank." (Here follows a number of toasts.) Citizens Volunteers. According to arrangement the day was ushered in by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon. The company parade at their quarters according to order at 8 o'clock, and after marching through the different streets of the ing through the different streets of the borough they retired to the house of C. Engle, where at 1 o'clock the company, AviLh a number of citizens set pany, AviLh a number of citizens set down to a plentifully supplied table prepared for the occasion. After the cloih was removed, Capt. D. W. Butz was appointed president, and Joseph Laubach, and Horace B. Wolf, Esq., vice presidents. The Declaration of Iiioependence was then read in a clear and distinct manner by Samuel Snyder, Esq., when the following toasts der, Esq., when the following toasts were dvank. (Here follows a number of toasts.) Washington Grays. The company after firing the federal salute from Mount Jefferson at sunrise, paraded at nine o'clock, and after rise, paraded at nine o'clock, and after marching through the principal streets of the town, commenced drilling and performing evolutions in the Centre Square until 12 o'clock -- when they fired the national salute at the Lafayette ed the national salute at the Lafayette hotel, after which they set down accompanied by many of their fellow cit- companied by many of their fellow citizens to a most sumptuous dinner, izens to a most sumptuous dinner, prepared m Mr. Shewel's usual good style, where the following toasts and sentiments were given and interspersed with songs and martial music. ed with songs and martial music. (Here follows a number of toasts.) We are credibly informed i lat there are now stored in the store houses of Easton, one hundred thousand dollars worth of produce which, had it not been for the pressure of the times, would have been sent to Philadelphia. This accounts for the lack of business along the Delaware canal and rivers. A g(aitieman from an upper county informs us that he had this year to sell lumber for eight dollars per thousand, for which he last year received and, for which he last year received fourteen dollars and fifty cents. So much for the experiment of political quacks and office hunters, which is taking the L tad out of the mouths of king the L tad out of the mouths of honest men. July 15, 1834. Lafayette College. Easton, Pa., September 23, 1834. A number of the students of Lafayette college, having met for the pur- ette college, having met for the purpose of taking into consideration the pose of taking into consideration the pecuniary embarrassments under which the board of trustees are laboring as regards the facilities neces- ing as regards the facilities necess:^ry to the successful prosecution of s:^ry to the successful prosecution of the Manual Labor system of Educaticii, C. F. Worrell was called to the ticii, C. F. Worrell was called to the chair, and Jno. Janvier, appointed secretary. It was on moiion, retary. It was on moiion, Resolved, That a general meeting of the students be called at 1 o'clock p.m. Resolved, That a committee of two be aipointed to present a preamble and resolutions expressive of the views of this T'eeting. One o'clock -- At the general meeting of the students, the committee appointed for that purpose, presented the fol- ed for that purpose, presented the following preamble and resolutions which lowing preamble and resolutions which were unanimously adopted. Whereas, The laboring department of this institution is of vital importance to the success of the whole, inas- ance to the success of the whole, inasmuch as it promotes healthful and vig- much as it promotes healthful and vigorous action, whilst it gives to the orous action, whilst it gives to the student an opportunity of being in a measure the malter of his own fortune. And whereas the erection and furnishing of a large and commodious shop, ing of a large and commodious shop, are altogether indispensable to the pi' secution of this plan. And whereas, the treasury of the board of trus- as, the treasury of the board of trustees is not in a condition to meet the tees is not in a condition to meet the expense necessary to be incurred, which, will fall not far short of $4000, an expense, which if it continues to rest on our president as it now does, nibst inevitably trammel his operationfj, and greatly impede the ultimate tionfj, and greatly impede the ultimate success of the entire plan, therefore Resolved, That the students will, during the coming vacation, use their utmost exertions to raise the amount above named. Be-'olved, That these proceedings signed by the officers of the meeting, be laid before the public, and that they be affectionately and earnestly reque&tofl to second the present effort. que&tofl to second the present effort. CHAS. F. WORRELL, Chairman. Jno. Janvier, Secretary. Editors favorable to the cause of education, will please insert the above ucation, will please insert the above in their respective papers. Miscellaneous local news in the closing years of Easton's first century: ing years of Easton's first century: 1842. In one of my contributions I referred to the departure of Dr. George ferred to the departure of Dr. George Junkin, first president of Lafayette coll-ege, from the scenes of his labors at Easton, to Oxford, O., where he had accepted the presidency of Miami University. In the nine years that he resided at Easton, he made many friends and when the following announcement reached Easton, It cast a nouncement reached Easton, It cast a deep gloom over the entire community: nity: The Death of Rev. George Junkin. A letter to the editor of the United States Gazette, dated on the 5th instant, at Oxford, Ohio, gives the mel- stant, at Oxford, Ohio, gives the melancxioly intelligence of the death of ancxioly intelligence of the death of Rev. George Junkin. The writer states that he died at the Miami University, after an illness of a few days. The letter had Deen extensively copied by the country printers, and great regret is manifested in the unexpected loss of so useful a man. Hopes are entertained by his relatives and numerous ed by his relatives and numerous friends in this vicinity, that the contents of the letter are not correct. tents of the letter are not correct. Although two weeks have expired since the date of the letter, no communications to corroborate the statement nications to corroborate the statement have been received by his brother or other friends, and we are inclined to believe he is yet alive, and hope his life and health may be spared for many years. April 20, 1842. ihe hope which was expressed that Dr. JunKin might be alive and spared for many years was fully realized. Not only was the announcement of his death false, but he lived twentysix years longer, retui'ning subse- six years longer, retui'ning subsequently to Lafayette, afterwards and quently to Lafayette, afterwards and until the Rebellion caused him to resign, he was president of Washington sign, he was president of Washington college, Va., (now Washington and Lee University,) and always prominent as a minister and a leader in the church. Dr. Junkin. Letters have been received from Rev. ijeorge Junkin, written at the Miami University, in which he states that the letter published a few weeks ago, giving an account of his death, was written by a student who had received correction for errors and in- ceived correction for errors and instead of repentance, resorted to false- stead of repentance, resorted to falsehood. That the Rev. gentleman was in hood. That the Rev. gentleman was in the enjoyment of excellent health on the 20th of April, the date of his last letter, will be highly gratifying to his numerous friends in this place. Tv-ay 4, 1842. The following concerning the movement afoot sixty years ago to protect ment afoot sixty years ago to protect home industries is not without interest; it was the movement which gave est; it was the movement which gave birth to what is known as the tariff bill of '42: Early in the year 1842 the move ment for organization became general and the local body adopted a constitution and elected as delegates to the tution and elected as delegates to the general convention held in New York on April 5, Hon. James M. Porter, John Stewart, H. D. Maxwell, Anthony IvIcClay and Samuel Yohe. The delegates to the state convention at Harrisburg were Washington tion at Harrisburg were Washington McCartney, Michael Myers, Stephen Baliiett and Owen Rice. Hopewell Hepburn, James M. Porter and J. Glancy Jones were appointed a committee to prepare an address to the people of the county. Home League. At a meeting of the Home League of the county of Northampton, held April ly, lh,42. Hopewell Hepburn, Esq., president. Abraham Miller, David Barnet and John Stewart, vice presidents. H. D. Maxwell and G. W. Barnet, secretaries in their places. retaries in their places. J. Glancy Jones, Esq., from the committee appointed for the purpose of mittee appointed for the purpose of the last meeting, read an address to the League, after which It was on motion Resolved, That the thanks of the League be returned to the committee for the very interesting and able address presented, that ing and able address presented, that the editors of our newspapers be requested to publish the same, and cop- quested to publish the same, and copies thereof be sent to the member of ies thereof be sent to the member of Congress from this district, and senators from this state. tors from this state. J. M. Porter, Esq., being then called upon addressed the League in a forcible appeal upon the necessity of the ble appeal upon the necessity of the protection of Home Industry. It was then moved, that when this meeting adjourn, it adjourn to meet at the same place on Monday evening of next week, at 7 o'clock p. m. On motion the League then adjourned. ed. (Signed by the officers.) Address of the Home League. On April 19, 1842, the Home League held a meeting at Easton and a committee consisting of Hopewell Hep- mittee consisting of Hopewell Hepburn, J. M. Porter and J. Glancy Jones burn, J. M. Porter and J. Glancy Jones (Chairman) were appointed to prepare and deliver an address on the subject of Home Industry. An address covering five columns of the "Whig and ing five columns of the "Whig and Journal ' appeared in that paper, devoted to the subject of the tariff, pro- voted to the subject of the tariff, protective or American System, as it tective or American System, as it was indiscriminately called, and was a strong paper in support of all home industries. The portion of the address dustries. The portion of the address relating to Northampton county was as follows: '# 1 our committee are not able to pre sent an accurate statement of the manufacturing interest in detail, in the Uuiteu States nor in the state of Pennsylvania; but as this league Intenas only to represent its own local tenas only to represent its own local interest, we have taken some pains to arrive at an estimate of the manufacturing interest of Northampton county. This estimate is ampton county. This estimate is as nearly correct as we could make it, though we do not vouch for its entire accuracy. The population of Northampton county is about 41,000. This county is divided into 21 townships, and embraces an area of 874 square miles; its braces an area of 874 square miles; its population are characterized for their industry, sobriety and thrift; its sou is nighlj fertile and so well adapted to the growtii ot grain, it abounds in mineral wealth, and possesses the materials for making one of the richest terials for making one of the richest couiities in the state. It exports, upwards of 200.000 tons of coal annually. wards of 200.000 tons of coal annually. In Iso^ it contained 181 stores, 50 flouring mills which manufacture upwards of 337,500 barrels of flour and wards of 337,500 barrels of flour and it is estimated that it now exports flour to the value of $600,000. In adciition to this she possesses other ciition to this she possesses other manufactures, in which large capital is invested -- the principal are the following: lowing: In coal trade, as above given in the county of Northampton, there is invested $8,000,000. In leather $250,000; vested $8,000,000. In leather $250,000; in iron embracing furnaces, foundries, forges, rolling mills, nail manufactures $350,000; coach and wagon mak- tures $350,000; coach and wagon making $80,000; slate, $50,000; blacksmith- ing $80,000; slate, $50,000; blacksmithing, $100,000; shoe establishments, ing, $100,000; shoe establishments, $100,0u0; tobacco, $20,000; saddle and harness, $luO,000; cabinet and chair making, $125,000; cotton factories, ?)50,000; woolen factories, $100,000; ready made clothing a branch in which females are deeply interested, amount not known; hat and cap making, not known. The exports of flour valued at $600,000. In addition to these are many other branches of industry ,which ; our committee could not include in their estimate for want of more accurate information. Among others, curate information. Among others, rcight have been inserted the manufaclur? of mill stones, capital invested in lur? of mill stones, capital invested in the importation and improvement of stock, etc. 1 he amount of capital thus invested in the county of Northampton, reaches in the gross sum of ampton, reaches in the gross sum of $9,325.00. Where is the ruthless hand that would lay these infant establishments these buildings of his country's ments these buildings of his country's hope, in the dust to make way for foreign institutions and foreign inter- eign institutions and foreign interests? In connection with this esti- ests? In connection with this estimate it should also be stated, that mate it should also be stated, that thes-e establishments give employments to a large number of hands who ments to a large number of hands who are consumers of flour, beef, pork, potatoes and the various other products of the soil. Slop these opera- ducts of the soil. Slop these operations and what is the consequence * -- tions and what is the consequence * -these men and women must live? Why these men and women must live? Why they will become producers; the constimption from this source will stop, stimption from this source will stop, and they will contribute to the overproduction of agricultural supplies; production of agricultural supplies; the market will be glutted; every one v/ill have to sell, and none can buy -l?nd will depreciate in value; the pre- l?nd will depreciate in value; the precious metals will be drained from the cious metals will be drained from the country i.o pay for our domestic consumption of foreign manufactures; sumption of foreign manufactures; England will still refuse our exports, and wp will present to the world the astonishing phenomenon of a country l;l3Rsed to profusion with the smiles of heaven, suffering in the midst oi abundance; surrounded with an excess of dance; surrounded with an excess of the necessaries of life and yet, except simply to satisfy the cravings of hunger, in daily want; and all this be- ger, in daily want; and all this because disregarding the laws of nature cause disregarding the laws of nature and of reason; we refuse to protect our own interests. This is no fancied picture, there is not a man in cied picture, there is not a man in this house but could see its effect, if tried in his own county. Let every man turn farmer, and what is the result? We cannot live on bread alone, sult? We cannot live on bread alone, although it is the staff of life, and if traue is destroyed we must all farm on some scale. If room and time would admit, your committee would be glad to say something in reference to the assertion fre- thing in reference to the assertion frequently made, that if we did not manu- quently made, that if we did not manufacture for ourselves, others would for facture for ourselves, others would for us, and they would consume what our manufacturers do now. This seems plausible at first sight, but it is fallicious -- for In the first Place, England by her corn laws, uas fixed prohibitory duties "on our agricultural productions; and in the sec- cultural productions; and in the second place, these foreign corporations, ond place, these foreign corporations, if they could monopolize the markets of tne world, would almost make themselves independent of the human race selves independent of the human race by carrying on their establishments with machinery; and let it be remembere.t that iron and wooden machin- bere.t that iron and wooden machinery doing the work of thousands of ery doing the work of thousands of men, are not consumers of bread and meat." The oflacers of the Home league were Jacob Weygandt, president; G. Hess and Jacob Able, vice presidents, and H. D. Maxwell, and Michael Myers, secretaries. ers, secretaries. J. Glancy Jones above referred to had just located in Easton as a young lawyer, his office was on North Third street, near the Public Square; he subsequently removed to Reading, Pa., where he became distinguished as a lawyer and a statesman, serving for a time in Congress, and as minister to Austria. His sons Charles Henry Jones, Esq., of Philadelphia, and Richmond L. Jones, Esq., of Reading, are mond L. Jones, Esq., of Reading, are prominent members of the bar at this time in their respective counties. The former is also an author of several published historical and genealogiscal works, and an officer of the Pennsylvania State Society of Sous of the vania State Society of Sous of the Revolution. Bethlehem's Centennial Celebration. The town of Bethlehem was founded in 1742 -- ten years before the formation of the present county of North- tion of the present county of Northampton and its capitol town, Easton. ampton and its capitol town, Easton. The following account of its Centennial gives interesting historical infor- nial gives interesting historical information: mation: Bethlehem, Pa. Messrs. Editors: -- As the citizens of ^eiuiehem, intend on the 25 day of June inst., celebrating the centenary of li^at beautiful town, (.it being one hundred years on that day, since the permanent establishment of the colony sent from Germany by Count Zin- ony sent from Germany by Count Zinzeu^orf, at that place;) I have thought zeu^orf, at that place;) I have thought that the following collection of facts in the history of Bethlehem, would not be uninteresting to your readers. They are collected down to the year 17o7, ciiiehy from the history of the Moravian Missions in North America. In the year 1740, a few Moravian bretnren, under their bishop. Rev. David I\itschman, had agreed to com- vid I\itschman, had agreed to commence a settlement at Nazaretn in mence a settlement at Nazaretn in this county, from whence, in the same } ear, they were driven by the threatenings of the hostile Inmans in the ings of the hostile Inmans in the neighborhood; on account of which a rich merchant, offered to sell them a tract of land vthe present site of lietnlenem) which they bought, and determined to commence their settle- termined to commence their settlement there, in the then wilderness for ment there, in the then wilderness for the purpose of propagating the gospel among the heathen; and sending to tlie red men, wno should proclaim to tnam trie Lord and his kingdom and salvation through his Son Jesus Christ. ihe place was sixty miles from the ne .rest town and only two European houses, or cabins had yet been built an., where in the neighborhood; they standing about two miles above the spot selected, on the river Lehigh or L9cha. In the summer of 1741, Christian Henry Ranch, a missionary to the tian Henry Ranch, a missionary to the Indians, who arrived in New York, July 16, 1740, and had been preaching at Srickomeko, on the frontier of Connecticut, visited Bethlehem. The set- necticut, visited Bethlehem. The settlement commenced March 9, 1741, and tlement commenced March 9, 1741, and when the ordinary or bishop of the society arrived towards the end of the ciety arrived towards the end of the same year, a small frame or log house, and stable were only finished; and as the congregation house or church was not yet built, they were obliged to celebrate Christmas in a stable, on account of which it was called Bethlehem. hem. In 1741 Buettner, Pyraleus and Zander and towards the end of the year. der and towards the end of the year. Count zjinzendorf arrived at Bethlehem, and at the synod at Oley, Janu- hem, and at the synod at Oley, January 7, 1742, Buettner preached to thir- ary 7, 1742, Buettner preached to thirty-two Indians from the text; -- "He ty-two Indians from the text; -- "He hath delivered me from the powers of darkness and translated us into the kingdom of his dear son." On February 11, 1740, three Indians were ruary 11, 1740, three Indians were baptised by C. H. Ranch, at Oley, in presence of brothers Buettner, Nitschman, Zinzendorf and others, viz: man, Zinzendorf and others, viz: Shabash who was named Abraham; Seim, Isaac, and Kip, Jacob. The congregation that had been colonized by gregation that had been colonized by the exertions of Count Zinzendorf, in Germany, sailed from London, in March 1742; and after great danger of being captured by Spanish cruisers, arrived in Philadelphia, June 7. 1742, and settled at Bethlehem, where they received their regulations from the Moravian society, as a distinct congrega- ravian society, as a distinct congregation on the 25th day of June, 1742. tion on the 25th day of June, 1742. In 1742 the missionaries, Frederick Martin, Gottlieb Israel and George WeDer, arrived at Betnlehem from St. Der, arrived at Betnlehem from St. Thomas and there met with great joy. Christian Henry Ranch, and Indian John, from Shekomeko. Shortly after Count Zinzendorf left Bethlehem on a short tour among the Indian tribes; he went as far as "Tulpehoken" accompanied by Conrad Weiser, they re- panied by Conrad Weiser, they returned to Betnlehem, and on August turned to Betnlehem, and on August 21, the count accompanied by hjis daughter Beningna and Anthony Seyffart, set out over the Blue mountain fart, set out over the Blue mountain to Shekomeko. In September 1743, the first baptism of Inuians took place at Bethlehem, viz.: two men who were named David and Joshua, and towards liie Close of September, Count Zinzen f;orf,s9t out to visit the Indians on the Susquehanna, with Martin Mack and wife, and David and Joshua, and returned November 9, 1742. In the be- turned November 9, 1742. In the beginning of 1743 the count went back ginning of 1743 the count went back lo Europe. Bishop A. G. Spangenberg, to whom had been given the charge of the affairs of the Brethren in America, ar- fairs of the Brethren in America, arrived at New York, in December 1744. rived at New York, in December 1744. February 23, 1745, Gottlieb Buettner i8d and was buried at Shekemoko. In April 1745, the first Delaware Indians were baptized at Bethlehem; which caused a great sensation in the tribe, as these (a man and woman who were named Gottlieb and Mary,) were the first of their nation who had ever submitted to the rite of baptism. David mitted to the rite of baptism. David Zeisberger and Gottfreid Rundt, left Bethlehem in July 1751, for Onondaga, to reside there and learn the Indian language. In July 1752 a large embassy of NantikoK and Shawanese arrived atBethle- tikoK and Shawanese arrived atBethlehem to establish a covenant with the hem to establish a covenant with the brethren, and in March 1753, a second embassy arrived consisting of twentytwo. The resort of strangers to Beth- two. The resort of strangers to Bethleaem out of curiosity became very leaem out of curiosity became very great about this time and upwards of 1000 Whites and Indians visited it in 1751. Nov. 17, 1756, the governor of Pennsylvania visited Bethlehem. The news of Count Zinzendorf's death arrived at Bethlehem in August, 1760. rived at Bethlehem in August, 1760. On the night of November 18, 1763, an incendiary attempt was made to burn the town; the oil mill was consumed and the water works adjoining sumed and the water works adjoining were saved with great difficulty. August, 1768, the Indian congregation gust, 1768, the Indian congregation residing at the settlement of Nain, about one mile from Bethlehem, passed tnrough the town on their way to Machwihilusing (Wyalusing) on the Sus- chwihilusing (Wyalusing) on the Susquehanna. David Ziesberger attended quehanna. David Ziesberger attended a conference at Bethlehem, in the spring of 1771 to consider the situation of the Indian congregation at tion of the Indian congregation at freirienshutten," and "Tschecheschequannik," who, it was thought could quannik," who, it was thought could not long maintain themselves at these places, on account of the Iroquois, having sold the land, and partly because ing sold the land, and partly because of a contest' between the New Englanders and the Indians of Wajomick; landers and the Indians of Wajomick; ay which Freidenshutten was much disturbed; and further on account of the European settlers daRy increasing above and below Freidenshutten and ^..e Rum trade tending to seduce the young people; whereupon on resolution the Indians were directed to be re- tion the Indians were directed to be removed to the Ohio. moved to the Ohio. In 1779. Joan Frederick Reichel arrived from Europe and held a con- rived from Europe and held a conference with all the missionaries at ference with all the missionaries at -.ehem; and in 1787, the Society Oi the United Brethren for spreading the gospel among the brethren, were incorporate^ by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, since whicix time Bethlehem has been steadily increasing in lehem has been steadily increasing in size and importance, and is now one of the most beautiful towns in Pennsylvania; and is much resorted to by sylvania; and is much resorted to by strangers from all parts of -^e country on account of the beautiful scenery try on account of the beautiful scenery in the neighborhood and the interesting incidents connected with its histo- ing incidents connected with its history. ry. In the vestry room of their fine large church are preserved the portraits of the following fathers of their colony, viz: Count Zinzendorf, Michael Graff, 1. reuericK Dettmers, A. Lawatsch, Paul Munster, A. G. Spangenberg, C. V. Zinzendorf. son of the count; Petrus Boehler, Gottlieb Bezold, George Neisser, A. P. Thrane, David Zeisberger, ser, A. P. Thrane, David Zeisberger, Johann Arbol, C. Pyraleus, P. C. Bader, Frederick Martin, Christian Sei- der, Frederick Martin, Christian Seidel and Martin Mack, all in oil col- del and Martin Mack, all in oil colors and painted from life by an artist ors and painted from life by an artist contemporary with the persons named above. Tradition at Bethlehem asserts them to be good likenesses; serts them to be good likenesses; there are two other large paintings in the same room by the same author, one representing the Moravian fathers preaching to the Indians, and thers preaching to the Indians, and the other a representation of Paul preaching at Athens; all of which are well executed and well worth a visit or examination. On Main street stands another, verygreat curiosity and a relic of olden great curiosity and a relic of olden time in the shape of a fire engine built -ii London in the reign of William and Mary, A. D. 1698, by a man named Brooke. This engine was shipped from Loudon with the colonists in IV 42, and yet exists, just as it was received, with the exception of some common Dlue paint which has been put on lately; it is about eight feet long, stands ly; it is about eight feet long, stands on low wheels with strong wooden axles and is constructed much on the les and is constructed much on the same principle of the New York fire engines of the present day; it is a curiosity in every sense of the word; the work yet stands firm, and is 144 years old, no doubt the oldest thing of the kind in tne United States. R. E. Easton, June 3, 1842. OFFICIAL RETURNS, Of the votes given at the Military election held in the First brigade Seventh Division, P. M., June 1842. Brig. General. Peter Ihrie 1466 No opposition. Brigade Inspector. Charles Kindt 1853 John R. Finley 404 J. Eylenberger 260 Thomas Heckman 191 Abraham otauffer 90 97TH REGIIVIENT. Colonel. Samuel Arndt 496 David Barnet 72 Lt. Colonel. Charles Kale 442 D. W. Butz 15 1st Major. R. M. Zink 146 A. K. Wagener 14^ B. Gotshalk 91 F. Rodroch 42 2nd Major. S. bnable 163 J. ijuckenbach 1 26TH REGIMENT. Adam Hower 429 Joseph Hillman 308 Jacob Baer 150 Lt. Colonel. Joseph Wertz 439 Jacob Sheffler 284 S. H. Lacier 120 1st Major. Joseph Keichline 186 Paul M. Miller . . ' 59 Samuel Billheimer 98 John Odenwelder 66 2nd Major. M. Mendson 229 C. Weyke 145 140TH REGIMENT. Colonel. C. Sceckel 271 J. R. Chambers 207 Lt. Colonel. P. F. B. Schmidt 238 C. K.leinfelder 200 David Ayres 3 1st Major. Jacob Long 101 Jacob Strickland 84 Thomas Ross 28 2nd Major. John Wilson 263 34TH REGIMENT, (MONROE.) Colonel. S. Kasley 74 8. L. totulter 73 aamuel Waters 54 Lt. Colonel. Philip Oyer 120 David Smith 52 First Major. F. Howser 101 C. Heney 39 2nd Major. J. Allegar 53 NORTHAMPTON VOL. BAT. (Lower Nazareth.) Major. R. ri. Brown 65 Daniel Ritter 60 MORGAN RIFLE BATTALION (Saucon.) Major. Jacob Keichline 58 Balser Stever 25 MONROE VOLUNTEER BAT. (Stroudsburg.) Lt. Colonel. Peter Lander 72 Major. Olis B. Gordon 78 Whigs to the Rescue! I'he Democratic Whigs of Northampton county friendly to the elec- ampton county friendly to the election of the patriot, orator and states- tion of the patriot, orator and statesman, the farmer of Ashland, the no- man, the farmer of Ashland, the noble Harry of the West, as next pres- ble Harry of the West, as next president of these United States, are re- ident of these United States, are requested to meet at the court house in quested to meet at the court house in the borough of Easton, on Tuesday, the 16th of August next, at 1 o'clock p. m., for the purpose of an expression of their sentiments to that effect,and election of delegates to a convention of the' friends of Henry Clay, to meet at Harrisburg on the second Tuesday in September next. The Whigs have been deceived and betrayed, let them make no mistake this time but come out at once for the man they know, the father of the American system, the staunch advocate of a sound currency and the fear- cate of a sound currency and the fearless opponent of executive encroach- less opponent of executive encroachment, dictation and misrule. Up ment, dictation and misrule. Up Whigs, "Pick your flints and at it again." A. Miller, H. D. Maxwell, J. H. Wilking, John Heckman, L. Ludwig, Wil- king, John Heckman, L. Ludwig, William Green, D. Hulick, John Drake, liam Green, D. Hulick, John Drake, Adam Yoke, S. Moore, H. H. Abernethy, W. H. Thompson, S. Sherrerd, nethy, W. H. Thompson, S. Sherrerd, Samuel Moon, F. L. Crane, John Titus, B. G. Clark, J. H. Cook, John A. Nightingale, Joshua i-orrey, W. F. Wilking, ingale, Joshua i-orrey, W. F. Wilking, J. K. Young, John Opdycke, Wm. Tindall, T. R. Sitgreaves, William Vogel, dall, T. R. Sitgreaves, William Vogel, Joseph B. Jones, P. S. Michler, Henry Bender, T. L. Miller, George Barnet, W. Shouse, George Weber, Capt. Abm. Mixsell, Christian Butz, M. L. Werkheiser, Lucas Trexler, Samuel Ludwig, ser, Lucas Trexler, Samuel Ludwig, Henry Harrison, John Cooper, Richard B. Templin, Elias Batt, E. E. Hem- ard B. Templin, Elias Batt, E. E. Hemingway, L. Troxell, John P. B. Sloan. ingway, L. Troxell, John P. B. Sloan. Wm. F. Fair, Tho. W. Henry. John Shouse, Samuel Shouse, JacobB. Heller. George Barnet, (C). John H. Barnet, James Titus, Nicholas Depew, F. Y. Dawes, A. McCoy, Wm. Barnet, David Bowman, John Kressler, Jacob Lerch, Edwd Luckenbach, W. E. Knauss, Jacob Loup, David Miller, Thomas cob Loup, David Miller, Thomas Knauss, Henry Gruber, John Leisenring, Jonn xvlears, Jona Simpson, Wm. ring, Jonn xvlears, Jona Simpson, Wm. H. Brown, John Simpson, J. Lippincott, O. H. Wheeler, Joseph Butler, cott, O. H. Wheeler, Joseph Butler, John Painter, O. N. Salsbury, Chas. L. Rieckardt, Joseph H. Thomas, Nehemiah Losey, W. Burt, Edw. Humphrey, miah Losey, W. Burt, Edw. Humphrey, Henry Dreisbach, Benoni Bates, Samuel Hummell, Wm. A. Becker, Joseph uel Hummell, Wm. A. Becker, Joseph Kressler, Chas. H. Humphrey, Conrad iCice, Jonn Leisenring, Jr., J. Edward Barnes, G. W. Salkeld, N. D. Cortright, A. Lockhart, Henry Mears, A. L. right, A. Lockhart, Henry Mears, A. L. Foster, A. A. Douglas, E. W. Harlan, Cornelius Conner, Ezra Dodson. August 3. 1842. Camp Delaware. In the early autumn of 1842, a military encampment was made at Eas- tary encampment was made at Easton, on the hills south of the Lehigh ton, on the hills south of the Lehigh overlooking the borough. The following from a newspaper of the time, lowing from a newspaper of the time, refers to the event: Camp Delaware. This truly splendid affair having successfully terminated, it becomes our cessfully terminated, it becomes our duty as faithful chroniclers of the day, to collect together a brief memorial Oi its too fleeting hours. And if in carrying out this desire, any who have acted a prominent part are emitted, we beg that they will not attribute it eit..er to design or disposition; for we say now, once for all, that we consider every one has acted well his sider every one has acted well his part; and as for neglect, we have seen so much, heard so much, ate so much, went through so much, that it IE 0:""^' a wonder that our head and siiomach editorial has been able to retain the half that we have. tain the half that we have. i.s the citizens of Easton (to do them no mure than justice) always make a point of doing tuings well, when they undertake them, ^.aey commenced operations early by appointing an able rations early by appointing an able and efficient committee of arrangements, consisting of Capt. A. H. Reed- ments, consisting of Capt. A. H. Reeder, Capt. Samuel Yohe, Lieuts. G. W. er, Capt. Samuel Yohe, Lieuts. G. W. Barnet, H. R. Winter, J. H. Wilking, R. W. Davis, J. J. Herster, John Maxwell, D. W Butz, Abm. Miller, Abm. well, D. W Butz, Abm. Miller, Abm. Mixsell, Lawrence 'iitus, T. R. Sitgreaves, E. J. Seip, H. Hammann, Jo- greaves, E. J. Seip, H. Hammann, Joseph nerster, Charles Kitchen, H. S. seph nerster, Charles Kitchen, H. S. Heckman, H. D. Maxwell, Gus. Dawes, jOhn Shouse and E. B. Mixsell. In their hands the affairs of the encampment were sure not to suffer. And we ment were sure not to suffer. And we are happy to say that everything was in fine order owing to the energy with which their duties had been prosecuted. The ground selected for the en- ed. The ground selected for the encampment was an extensive elevation campment was an extensive elevation to the southward of the town, upon the farm of J. M. Porter, Esq. It comprised two very large fields, one for prised two very large fields, one for the camp and another immediately adjoining for a parade ground. The sit- joining for a parade ground. The situation was eminently beautiful, and uation was eminently beautiful, and commanded a view of some of the most delightful scenery of the valley of the Delaware. By Monday evening, August 29, everything was in a complete state of erything was in a complete state of readiness -- tents pitched, lines of encampment and parade marked out, campment and parade marked out, suttler booths erected, and a compefc^nt civil guard appointed to take fc^nt civil guard appointed to take charge of the ground. Un the same evening the Doylestown Grays, Capt. Pew arrived. Uni- town Grays, Capt. Pew arrived. Uniform, gray coats and pantaloons, with form, gray coats and pantaloons, with black facings and stripes and black pompoons, numbering 40 in all. At 7 o'clock on Tuesday morning the Philadelphia companies arrived. They were the Philadelphia Grays, (General Cadwalader's company) Lieutenant Hastings commandiijg, 60 in number -- uniform gray coats and pantaloons trimmed witn black and pompoons. Washington Blues, Capt. Patterson, 33 in number -- uniform, blue coats and pantaloons, light blue facings and stripes, and pompoons. National Guards, Captain Tustin, 33 in number -- uniform, deep blue coats with buff facings and light blue pantaloons and pompoons. Merlon Grays taloons and pompoons. Merlon Grays Capt. Dougherty, 22 in number -- gray uniform and Dlack pompoons. And the State Fencibles (Col. Page's company) Lieutenant Goldey, commanding, 47 in number -- uniform, the same as Capt. Tustm's company. The city companies were attended by a magnificent band of music consisting of 27 musicians, in gray uni- sisting of 27 musicians, in gray uniforms. Ineir performance was truly forms. Ineir performance was truly delightful. The companies were escorted to the camp ground by the Na- corted to the camp ground by the Na' tional Guard Capt. Yohe. and the ' tional Guard Capt. Yohe. and the Democratic Artillerists, Capt. Reeder. In the course of the morning the following other companies arrived. Leuigh Artillerists of Allentown, Captain Moorehead. 43 in all. town, Captain Moorehead. 43 in all. Blue uniforms, with scarlet facings and stripes, buff belts and scarlet plumes. Belvidere Infantry, of Belvidere, N. J., Captain Searles, 30 in number blue coats, with buff facings, white pantaloons and with plumes. Lambert- loons and with plumes. Lambertville Cadets, of Lambertville, N. J., 44 ville Cadets, of Lambertville, N. J., 44 in number, gray uniform trimmed with black, and black plumes. Union troops of Bucks county. Captain Archambault, 38 in number, uniform, blue Huz- bault, 38 in number, uniform, blue Huzzar jacket, with silver skeletons, leath- zar jacket, with silver skeletons, leather helmets witn bear and leopard er helmets witn bear and leopard skins, and white and red plumes. Jackson Cavalry, of Northampton county. son Cavalry, of Northampton county. Captain J. Whitesell, 42 in all. Blue uniform trimmed with red, leather helmets, and white and red plumes. Wash- mets, and white and red plumes. Washington Guards, of Northampton county, ington Guards, of Northampton county, Captain Saylor, 76 in number -- blue uniform with scarlet facings an'd pompoons. Washington Grays of Quaker- poons. Washington Grays of Quakertown, Bucks county. Captain Seidell, town, Bucks county. Captain Seidell, 30 in number -- gray uniform trimmed with yellow, and yellow pompoons. In addicion to the above strangers, the two Easton companies, the National Guards, Captain Yohe, 62 in all -- tional Guards, Captain Yohe, 62 in all -unii-orm, deep blue coat and panta- unii-orm, deep blue coat and pantaloons, with buff facings and stripes, loons, with buff facings and stripes, and white plumes, and the Democratic Artillerists, Captain Reeder, 64 in number -- uniform, gray coats and pantaloons, with black and red facings taloons, with black and red facings and stripes, and white and red plumes, formed part of the permanent force in camp. The encampment was organized by General George Cadwalader, commander of Camp Delaware, who made the der of Camp Delaware, who made the following appointments: Aid, Major John Miles; Brigade Major, Major C. G. Childs, Brigade Quarter Master, Henry D. Maxwell, Esq. The first regiment consisted of the five Philadelphia companies, and was commanded by Col. James Page, assisted by Lieutenant Fox as adjutant. ed by Lieutenant Fox as adjutant. Col. Kenderton Smith, of Philadelphia, commanded the Second regiment, assisted by Lieutenant Col. Charles Sit- sisted by Lieutenant Col. Charles Sitgreaves. Major Shay, and Adjutant greaves. Major Shay, and Adjutant Henry R. Winter. The Second regiment consisted of the Doylestown ment consisted of the Doylestown Grays, Lehigh Artillerists, Belvidere Infantry, Lambertville Cadets, Washington Guards, Washington Grays, Na- ington Guards, Washington Grays, National Guards, of Easton, and the Dem- tional Guards, of Easton, and the Democratic Artillerists. ocratic Artillerists. The Union troop of Bucks county, and the Jackson cavalry of Northampton county, formerly a battalion under ton county, formerly a battalion under the command of Major Archambauldt. The general routine of camp duty was at sunrise, reveille and morning gun -- 6 o'clock morning drill -- 7 o'clock breakfast -- 9.30 o'clock guard mounted, and companies formed -- 10 o'clock line formed -- 1 o'clock dinner -- 4 o'clock line formed -- 6 o'clock evening parade -- after evening parade evening gun -7 o'clock supper -- 10 o'clock tatto and 7 o'clock supper -- 10 o'clock tatto and all lights in the tents. The ground now presented a truly animated appearance. The white tents, about 300 in number, laid out in the form of a village, with streets and alleys seen through the green foliage of the trees, amongst which they were pitched -- the flag with the stars and stripes proudly floating in the morning breeze -- the grave looking sentinels, with their bright muskets and nodding plumes, walking their rounds -- and the echoing of the artillery among the distant hills, conveyed even to our peaceful minds a vivid picture of actual warfare, with its glittering and tual warfare, with its glittering and seductive train of evils. To the southward rose the hills of Williams, capt ward rose the hills of Williams, capt with the forest trees,and the sides presenting alternate spots of barrenness senting alternate spots of barrenness and cultivation. To the north the eye took in a view of the borough, now transformed, to appearance, into a besieged city. Gay flags suspended sieged city. Gay flags suspended across every street, and floating over the roofs of the various places of public entertainment. To the west the lic entertainment. To the west the 1G[ river Lehigh might be seen slowly wincing its way among the hills, whilst to the North the blue waters of the Delaware were seen floating in the sunbeams, as it pursued its gladsome course by cultivated field and some course by cultivated field and barren mountain. When Life is Old, And many a scene lorgot, the heart will hold Its memory of this; nor lives there one Whose instant breath was drawn or boyhood's days Of happiness were passed beneath the sun, That in his manhood's prime can calmly gaze ly gaze Upon that stream, or on that mountain strand. Nor feel the prouder of his native land. And now let us take a look at the out-tiders -- What the good people call the devil's camp, where you get anything from a sugar plum up to the leg thing from a sugar plum up to the leg and wing of an ox. There you may see the trim looking country boys treating their sweethearts to the best the stalls afford. And well they deserve it, for they work hard, live honestly, and ask favors from no one. There too is the celebrated Otto Motto, the modern Hercules, who handles 32 pound cannon balls, as easily and gracefully as non balls, as easily and gracefully as a lady handles a fan; and who stands upon two horses and rides them around a race course of a mile in two minutes and five seconds. There too are the flying horses with their living freight of fun and jollity. Then there were fiddles squeaking and the merry laugh ringing, and (success to the Washingtonians) nearly all sober. During the tonians) nearly all sober. During the continuance of the encampment, we had also several magnificent displays of fire works, under the management of Mr. Jackson from McAran's Garden, Philadelphia. Mr. Jackson, gave one exhibition on the camp ground, at the expense of General Cadwalader, (who was emulous to do everything in his power to entertain the troops) and two in the borough. All were eminently successful, and elicited the warm- ly successful, and elicited the warmest praise and admiration of the est praise and admiration of the numerous spectators who had the pleasure of beholding them. The discipline of the camp was very strict. The reveille beat at sunrise, when the soldiers turned out to morning parade, then the morning gun was ing parade, then the morning gun was fired and the companies dismissed. At tj o'clock the evening parade was held. At the call the soldiers marched in companies to the parade ground where they were inspected and disciplined by the general and staff. The band occasioi^Uy playing some inspiring airs. casioi^Uy playing some inspiring airs. The parade over the orders for the night were issued, the evening gun was fired and the troops dismissed for the evening, ihe glittering pageant's passed. But martial forms are seen With bounding steps and eagle glance, Careering o'er the green; And lovely woman by their side With her blushing cheek and her eye of pride. Thursday was the day of the grand review. The line was formed at 11 o'clock on which occasion Governor Porter appeared in the field mounted on a white horse attended by Adjutant General Diller and his aids Major Huddy and Major Porter, Major General dy and Major Porter, Major General Blane, of the Hunterdon and Warren brigade, Brigadier General Davis, of Hunterdon county, with his aids, Major Reading, and Major Bonnell, , and Judge Advocate Reading, Major General Sheimer, of Northampton county, with his aides, Major W. Wilson and Major Brown and Major Gen- son and Major Brown and Major General Ihrie, of Northampton county, eral Ihrie, of Northampton county, were also present. The governor was received upon the ground with the customary salute, after which he reveiwed the line, and ter which he reveiwed the line, and the line filed in review before him. The troops then went through a variety of evolutions with great precis- riety of evolutions with great precision and military skill. The parade con- ion and military skill. The parade continued until 1 o'clock when the men tinued until 1 o'clock when the men were dismissed. It is unnecessary for us to say that the general and his staff acquitted themselves to the satisfaction of every person present. In faction of every person present. In fact it was apparent to any experiienced eye that great improvement ienced eye that great improvement had been effected in the men even in the short time that they had been under the command of that efficient of- der the command of that efficient officer. ficer. The number of spectators present on this occasion is variously estimated from 30,000 to 50,000 and we are happy to say that all went off highly grat- py to say that all went off highly gratified and that no accident occurred ified and that no accident occurred to mar the pleasure oi the day. On Friday the several companies made a march through the streets of 1-1 ton which was highly complimentary as well as interesting to the citi- tary as well as interesting to the citizens. And on Friday evening after the zens. And on Friday evening after the evening parade was over, General Cadwalader assembled the officers in front walader assembled the officers in front of the line and in a short appropriate and feeling address, dismissed the en1G6 1G6 rampment, leaving a guard to take charge of the tents, and transferring the command to Lieutenant Col. Sitgreaves. On Saturday morning the greaves. On Saturday morning the tents were an struck, storeu away and so ended the delightful episode of civil and military life at Camp Delaware. il and military life at Camp Delaware. But it must not be supposed that the hospitable citizens of Easton allowed their guests to remain confined to camp fare. Quite contrary, as any one who takes the trouble to visit us will find out. A handsome supper was given by Captain Reeder at his house on en by Captain Reeder at his house on Wednesday evening, and Brigade Quarter Master Maxwell gave a splendid ter Master Maxwell gave a splendid supper at his office in the square; the whole affair went off admirably -the wines were good, the provender the wines were good, the provender unexceptionable, and wit and good feeling crowned the feast. On Thursday evening a supper was given by the day evening a supper was given by the committee of arrangements to the officers at White's hotel. Everything ficers at White's hotel. Everything was gotten up in the best style of tuat excellent house; and the company were entertained by some delightful singing by several amateurs who were present on the occasion. A great many good toasts were drunk and several good speeches delivered. eral good speeches delivered. In the meanwhile the band at intervals filled the air with delightful and inspiring music. On Friday evening spiring music. On Friday evening another splendid supper was given by Captain Yohe. All was mirth and good feeling, within, toasts were offered, speeches made and a charming song was sung by Howard -- the band gave a sei'enade, and at last the hour of nine arrived which was the time of parting -- farewells were exchanged, and the officers huiTied off changed, and the officers huiTied off to their men who were already drawn up in the square by torch lights, the martial music struck up the "Girl I left Behind me" and the companies filed down to their boats and departed. Where there were so many to challenge our applause, it might seem lenge our applause, it might seem invidious should we single out any for particular notice. We must, however, be allowed to express the deep obligations that we in common with other tions that we in common with other citizens, feel ourselves under to General Cadwalader. To his strict disci- eral Cadwalader. To his strict discipline and watchful care, we may in pline and watchful care, we may in a great measure attribute the orderly and quiet character of the encampment which he commanded. He has proved to us that if the character of a soldier and gentleman are combined in dier and gentleman are combined in the person of the commander, that a military assemblage may be made to unite useful instruction and innocent amusement without running into riot, disorder and immorality. For the various way which his kindness and rious way which his kindness and courtesy contributed to the enjoyment of the citizens of Easton, in their name we thank him, and beg leave to assure him that he has commanded their respect as a soldier, and their best and kindest feelings as a citizen. We must, however, break through our rule to say one word about Brigade Major Childs. As a military man he jor Childs. As a military man he has few equals among the volunteers of this country, and we believe that our soldiers will never forget the useful lessons that they have received at ful lessons that they have received at his hands. We should expect to be sent to Coventry by our military if we passed over their old friend. Colonel Page, without special notice. We therefore beg leave to assure him that he holds a high place in the affection of the volunteers of this place as one of their earliest and warmest friends. To the officers of the staff and field and company officers we have only to assure them that they meet with the entire approbation of their fellow soldiers and the citizens generally. diers and the citizens generally. We have thus in our imperfect way endeavored to give a rude outline of this splendid affair. It is passed but its memoi-y will remain with us. They have passed like shadows by That faded in the morning beam. And the soldier forms, and tiie laughing eye ing eye Are remembered like a dream. But memory's sun shall set in night Ere our souls shall forget those hours of light. September 7, 1842. The Easton Lyceum. On Friday evening last, (December 2 1842,) J. Glancy cember 2 1842,) J. Glancy Jones, Esq., opened the proposed winter series of lectures, by an introduc- ter series of lectures, by an introductory. After he concluded the members tory. After he concluded the members of the Easton Lyceum met and adopted the following resolutions: 1^'irst -- That the name of this association be "The Easton Lyceum." ciation be "The Easton Lyceum." Second-- That the Rev. J. P. Hecht, be the president for one year, and that Jacob Wagener, be secretary for the same period. Third-- That Washington McCartney, Charles Sitgreaves, George W. ney, Charles Sitgreaves, George W. Barnet, C. C. Field, Richard Brodhead, Peter S. Michler and Enos Tolan, in conjunction with the president and secretary be a committee, whose duty it shall be to procure the delivery of a lecture once a week during the present winter, and to make all the ne- ent winter, and to make all the necessary arrangements for that pur- cessary arrangements for that purpose. pose. Fourth -- That C. C. Fields, Jacob Able and Peter S. Michler be a committee to procure a suitable room, and mittee to procure a suitable room, and to raise by voluntary subscription the necessary funds to pay the expenses of the association. Fifth-- That the proceedings of this meeting be published. JOHN P. HECHT, President. Attest -- Jacob Wagener, Secretary. The following gentlemen added their names to the list of members of this association, Daniel L. Green, Nathan Yager, Henry Griffiths, Charles King, A. Ihrie, James W. Stem, W. Cottingham, J. Johnson, G. W. Barnet and ham, J. Johnson, G. W. Barnet and Josiah Davis. In the above notice appear the names of one who became a United States senator, two congressmen, two state legislators and others who became distinguished in their walks of life. Only tinguished in their walks of life. Only one of those named is living -- your venerable and distinguished educator, Dr. Cottingham, Proceedings of Town Council. Condition of Easton's Fire Department. Friday evening, December 9 ment. Friday evening, December 9 1842. Council met-- Present, Messrs. Shnyder, Sletijr, Wagner, Innes and Seip. der, Sletijr, Wagner, Innes and Seip. The committee on "Fire Apparatus" through their chairman, D. D. Wagner, made the following report, viz: The standing committee appointed by town council upon "Fire Engines, Hose, and other Fire Apparatus" beg leave t'^ present the following report: That considering the sound state of the fire apparatus of the borough, as a matter of importance to the welfare and propriety of its citizens, they have made strict examination of engines, hose, etc., of the different companies, and are happy to state that they, one and all, give evidence of a commendable zeal and attention on the part of able zeal and attention on the part of their several membersThe engine of the Humane Fire The engine of the Humane Fire company, is in good condition with the exception of the axle, which your committee have ordered to be repaired the expense but trifling. It has attached to it six hundred feet of hose in ex- ed to it six hundred feet of hose in excellent order. cellent order. The Northampton Suction Engine appears to be in good order and has attached to it two hundred feet of hose apparently in a sound state. It may not be thought inappropriate to state this company intend to dissolve. If so the members of the Humane company will apply for its engine and hose. They could not be placed in bettei hands. The engine and hose of the Neptune are now in good condition. The hose though for some time neglected, has been recently well dubbed. Attached to this company, is six hundred and fifty feet of hose. The Phoenix fire and hose company, appears to be in good condition. It has attached to it six hundred and fifty reet of hose, fit for actual and im- ty reet of hose, fit for actual and immediate use, and about two hundred mediate use, and about two hundred feet of old hose which might be used in (-ases of emergency. The Washington Suction Fire engine is in good order, and has two gine is in good order, and has two hundred feet of hose. The Niagara engine is not in use and we would recommend it to be sold. It is proper here, also to state that G. W. -.arnet, Esq., has in his possession and use, five sections of old session and use, five sections of old hose, in tolerable order being about two hundred and fifty feet in all. He respectfully desires the same until spring, agrees to keep it in good order and whenever needed by the borough shall be ready for its use. Recapitulation, The -lumane Fire company has 650 feet of new hose. The Northampton Suction company has 200 feet of new hose. Neptune company, 650 feet of new hose. Phoenix company 650 feet of new hose. Phoenix company, 200 feet of old hose. Washington Suction company, 200 feet of old hose. G. W. Barnet, 250 feet of old hose. Total, 2350 feet new and 450 feet of old hose, together, 2800 feet of hose. Thus it appears that the borough has 2800 feet of hose, 2350 feet of which is in first rate order and 450 feet old in tolerable condition and in emergency might be used. gency might be used. In view of these facts, it is the opinion of your committee that the bor- ion of your committee that the borough has a sufficiency of Hose and ough has a sufficiency of Hose and fire apparatus, and the only requirement is now to preserve it. ment is now to preserve it. Your committee would suggest that to defray the ordinary and incidental expenses of the fire department, and for its more efficient organization, application be made for aid to the fire plication be made for aid to the fire insurance company. Every building insured by this company enjoys the benefit of the engines of the borough, and surely appropriation of mcney by the company, to preserve them in good order, is no more than common justice. The borough as may be perceived by this report has expended large sums for an efficient organization of the fire department, now equal to any in the state. No illiberal economy has stinted our efforts. Let the insurance company also contrioute its share, because pany also contrioute its share, because to it must come a great portion of the benefit. In conclusion your committee would recommend the adoption of the following resolution. lowing resolution. Resolved, That no expenses beyond ordinary, shall be made upon the fire apparatus, without advice and consent of council, and whenever any or- sent of council, and whenever any oramary expenditure is required the amary expenditure is required the company or companies that may require it, shall apply to the committee quire it, shall apply to the committee on fire apparatus consisting of D. D. Wagner, S. Chapin and T. Sletor. Which report was read and adopted. The petition of the Humane Fire company asking permission to unite the .Northampton Fire company and their apparatus with theirs, was read and accepted. Resolved that the committee on fire apparatus be directed to procure the extra pipe belonging to the Niagara, and hand the same over to the Washton. ton. Resolved, That orders be drawn on the treasurer, in favor of the following persons, for engine expenses, viz: Samuel Ludwig $1.37 A. R. K. Wagner 3.50 Herman Shnyder 1.75 A. Grotz and others 4.00 William Arnold 3.00 Adjourned. C. KITCHEN, Town Clerk. December 28, 1842. Miscellaneous local news in the closing years of Easton's first century. 1843. In addition to the instruction given in the public schools of Easton private or select schools have always fiourished -- in quantity greater when the ished -- in quantity greater when the public school system was new, than now. The following announcements will recall to some several well known teachers of the long ago: Easton Female Seminary. The spring quarter of this institution will commence on Monday May tion will commence on Monday May 1. Terms: For instruction in any or a- the English branches, per quarter, pupils more than ten years of age $5 80 Pupils less than ten years of age $4 00 The Latin and French languages, drawing and fancy needle work, are taught at extra prices. Young ladies are received as boarders -- $30 per quarter, payable in ad- ers -- $30 per quarter, payable in advance. vance. For further particulars apply to the principal or the trustees. Easton, April 19, 1843. Horn & Kirkpatrick. Will recommence their school on Monday, the 1st of May next. (1843.) The Boarding and Day School for Boys. Will commence its September session on Monday, the 1st of May -- vacancies may then be expected. JOHN VANDERVEER. Easton, April 19, 1843. Soldier of the Revolution. On Sunday last, May 27, 1843, our volunteer companies repaired to New Jersey to attend the funeral of the late Capt. Jacob Young, who died at his residence in Greenwich township on Friday preceding. The deceased was a highly esteemed citizen and in his younger days entered the revolutionary army, and aided in the glor- tionary army, and aided in the glorious cause which established our in- ious cause which established our independence. He attained the advanced dependence. He attained the advanced age of eighty-seven years. His remains were deposited at the Straw mains were deposited at the Straw church, on which occasion an unusually large concourse were In attendance. ly large concourse were In attendance. Encampment of the United Troops. Information having been received that a detachment of troops belonging to the United States army would move within a few weeks from their camp in the East, southward, and that if suitable camp ground, etc., could be fur- able camp ground, etc., could be furnished at this place they would be nished at this place they would be quartered here by the government during the warm wpother. In order to as- ing the warm wpother. In order to ascertain I he wishes of our citizens on certain I he wishes of our citizens on this subject, a ir;eeting was convened at the boufe of D. Conner, on Monday evening, 2(jth ms-t. On motion Col. D. W. Butz was called to the chair, and J. Glancey Jones, Christian Fleming and Captain H. Yard, vice presi- ing and Captain H. Yard, vice president, and Lieutenant Winters and E. dent, and Lieutenant Winters and E. F. Probst, secretaries: On motion. Resolved, that a committee, of twelve, three for each block tee, of twelve, three for each block in the borough, be appointed, to solicit funds to defray any expenses that may arise in bringing said troops from their direct line of march to this place. Whereupon the chairman appointed the following gentlemen said committee: tee: Block No. 1-- Philip Mixsell, Jr., Joseph Herster, H. S. Heckman. seph Herster, H. S. Heckman. Block No. 2 -- John Eyerman, Samuel K. Hoagland, Jonathan Kolb. Block No. 3 -- George Able, Henry R. Winter, John P. Heckman. Block No. 4 -- John Marbacher, Edwin Kennedy, William J. Browne. win Kennedy, William J. Browne. Adjf^urned to meet on Wednesday evenrng next. June 28. 1843. Another Humbug. Shortly after his honor, James M. Porter, was appointed to the important post which he now holds in the ant post which he now holds in the cabinet at Washington, it was currently reported that he intended to pa- ly reported that he intended to patronize Lafayette college in a munifi- tronize Lafayette college in a munificent manner by sending here a dozen cent manner by sending here a dozen or twenty young Kickapoo or Choctaw Indians, to be educated in the arts and sciences. The first of June was i^e time fixed upon for their arrival, but as the period has -ong since passed, it is more than probable that we ed, it is more than probable that we will not be disturbed by any new and strange "warwhoops," and that Lafayette will be minus her compliment of ette will be minus her compliment of savages. As in the case of the United States troops, this Indian story was no doubt a humbug from the beginning got up for the purpose of tickling the ears of the gullable and sounding the praises of the secretary of war's liberality and public spirit. Why, a few ality and public spirit. Why, a few more such benefactors will cause our goodly borough of Baston to nourish like a "green bay tree or a bee-hive in buckwheat time." We do wonder what we will do to get along when he passes away? P. S. -- A friend has informed us that ii, takes about three months to catch such a batch of young Indians as we were to have been favored with. Perhaps our allotment therefore has not haps our allotment therefore has not yet been "trapped" and they may yet be on as soon as they can be "run down." Will some person in the secretary's confidence give the public retary's confidence give the public light upon this subject? July 19, 1843. George Taylor, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence. ration of Independence. The effort to erect a monument at Easton to the memory of George Taylor, a signer of the Declaration of In- lor, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who lived and died in the dependence, who lived and died in the house still standing at Fourth and Ferry streets, and which the city of Easton should purchase and preserve for all time, was oft repeated, after being first suggested by a stranger in a communication to the Centinel in 1832. Its actual accomplishment near- ly a quarter of a century later, was mainly through citizens of Philadelphia who gave one thousand dollars phia who gave one thousand dollars for the purpose -- the citizens of Easton contributing the remainder. Monumental Notice. A public meeting will be held at the court house, in Easton, on Ttiesday evening, 21st instant at the ringmg of the bell, to take into consideration the propriety of erecting a monument to the memory of George Taylor, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence of these United States. An address will be delivered upon the occasion. MANY PATRIOTS. November 8, 1843. Monument to Taylor. By a notice in this paper it will be seen that another patriotic movement is to be made by our citizens for the erection of a suitable monument to the memory of one of that noble band of patriots who affixed their signatures to the charter of our rights, and pledged their "lives, fortunes and honors" ed their "lives, fortunes and honors" to sustain it. George Taylor resided in this place and held a commission under the Crown; but when tne spirit of resistance to foreign abuses was aroused, he was amongst the first to side with the revolutionists, and during the war served wuh nis country ing the war served wuh nis country PS a civil officer. He died in this place and is buried at the Lutheran church. Taylor Monument, The meeting last week to adopt some preparatory measures for the erection of a suitable iponument in our borough to the memory of George Taylor, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was well attended, and a dependence, was well attended, and a commendable spirit pervaded the whole assembly. The necessary committee was appointed and other ar- mittee was appointed and other arrangements adopted to carry out the rangements adopted to carry out the enterprise, as will be seen by reference to ^_e proceedings in another col- ence to ^_e proceedings in another column. umn. November 29, 1843. Monumental Meeting. At a large and enthusiatic meeting of the citizens of Northampton #county. convened at the court house, on Tuesday evening, the 21st instant, (Novem- day evening, the 21st instant, (November, 1843,) James Kennedy, Esq., was ber, 1843,) James Kennedy, Esq., was appointed president; Col, Abraham Miller, Jacob Wolle, Esq., Joseph Dawes, Jacob Dietrich, James T. Borheck, vice presidents; Charles E. Wey- heck, vice presidents; Charles E. Weygandt, J. Glancy Jones, Benjamin Ihrie, gandt, J. Glancy Jones, Benjamin Ihrie, Charles Green, seci'etaries. On motion a committee of five consisting of Henry D. Maxwell, Esq., sisting of Henry D. Maxwell, Esq., Charles Tumbler, Peter Nungesser, John Shouse, Esq., and Edward L. Wolf, were appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the sense of the tions expressive of the sense of the meeting, who reported the following, which were unanimously adopted: Whereas, It is becoming in a people to manifest in every manner, their gratitude for distinguisned services and appreciation of departed worth, by .--e erection of monuments to the memory of meritorious individuals, that ory of meritorious individuals, that tnus may not only be shown their esteem for the man, but that those who teem for the man, but that those who survive and follow him may have his acts in constant recollection as an incentive to like good deeds. centive to like good deeds. Resolved, That it is a duty as well as it is a pleasure, for the citizens of our free and happy republic to cherish in affectionate and grateful remembrance tliat gallant and patriotic band brance tliat gallant and patriotic band of representatives, who true to liberty and the rights of man, assumed the responsibility of declaring tnat the opP'^GSsions and injuries heaped upon P'^GSsions and injuries heaped upon American colonies, had caused a forfeiture of all further right of govern- feiture of all further right of government by Great Britain, anl that they ment by Great Britain, anl that they were in consequence a free and sovereign people. eign people. Resolved, That we will not suffer ourselves to remain longer under the imputation of a want of appreciation of the character and services of George Taylor, one of those glorious signers of the Declaration of American Independence, whose remains res-t in our pendence, whose remains res-t in our midst. Of strong mind and honest purpose, he suited well the exigencies of the eventful period he lived in, and we regret that his resting place should have been so long left without a proper monument to mark the spot. Resolved. That James R. Innes, Chas. E. Weygandt, Jacob Wolle, A. Miller and Charles Green, be a committee to solicit subscription for i.ae erection of a monument to his memory.. Resolved, That James Sinton, be the treasurer of the funds rec'^ived for this purpose, to whom all monies received shall be paid over. Resolved, That A. E. Brown, H. Hepburn, Anthony McCoy ,George W. Bar- burn, Anthony McCoy ,George W. Barnet and Thomas McKeen, be an execu- net and Thomas McKeen, be an executive committee, who shall have a gen- tive committee, who shall have a general supervision in relation to the eral supervision in relation to the erection of said monument, with power to call such other meetings as they shall deem proper. Resolved, That the executive comittee have power to appoint auxiliary ittee have power to appoint auxiliary committees, in the different townships of the county of Northampton, to solicit aid in furtherance of the contem- licit aid in furtherance of the contemplated object. plated object. During the absence of the committee the meeting was eloquently addressed by A. E. Brown and J. Glancy Jones, Esqs. On motion, Resolved, That the proceedings be signed by the officers and ceedings be signed by the officers and published in the papers of the borough. ough. It was not until 1855 that a monument was erected to Taylor and on No- ment was erected to Taylor and on Novembed 20, of that year, it was for- vembed 20, of that year, it was formally dedicated in the presence of the mally dedicated in the presence of the militia and a large concourse of citizens when one of Northampton's zens when one of Northampton's greatest orators and lawyers -- the Honorable Alexander E. Brown -- delivered the following address: livered the following address: Fellow Citizens: -- We have assembled this day in a spot consecrated to bled this day in a spot consecrated to silence and to sorrow. Around us are the monuments raised by living affection to departed worth. Again and tion to departed worth. Again and again has the living tide rolled toward this spot, bearing with them the extinguished light of the household tinguished light of the household hearth, and returning, has left behind it, another tenant for this, their "city of the dead." But upon this occasion, no mourners are congregated about the tomb -- ers are congregated about the tomb -no bitter wailing swells upon the no bitter wailing swells upon the breeze -- but amidst the display of military pomp -- amidst a throng of happy itary pomp -- amidst a throng of happy and approving citizens, with minds elevated and ennobled, with hearts filled vated and ennobled, with hearts filled with gratitude and honest pride, we dedicate this monument to one who stood beside the cradle of our common country. We dedicate this monument to one of that immortal band, who, when the night was dark, and the storm was loud, swelled the loud paean note of liberty, independence and the rights of man. We dedicate this monument to one of those nien, who when ument to one of those nien, who when the earth rocked beneath their feet, laid the chief corner stone of our glorious temple of civil and religious liberty. We dedicate this monument to one who came to our land a poor and friendless stranger, with, we might almost say, shackles upon his own limbs; most say, shackles upon his own limbs; but who, by his courage, his energy, and his burning love of liberty, has so entwined himself with the destinies of this mighty republic -- has so inscribed himself upon her annals, that scribed himself upon her annals, that his name will shine with still increasing lustre, whilst liberty with eagle ing lustre, whilst liberty with eagle eye perches upon the summit of our mountains, or treads our plains with step unchecked and fearless. Spread, proud and beloved republic, thy 'giant arms from ocean to lic, thy 'giant arms from ocean to ocean! Roll thy myriads of hardy imemigrants through the smiling west! emigrants through the smiling west! Plant stately cities on soil untrodded by the white man of 76! They,your willing messengers, bear but farther and ling messengers, bear but farther and deeper into the bosom of our land the name of that undying band, who wisdom and valor gave form and sub- dom and valor gave form and substance to that majestic work, which stance to that majestic work, which they are now completing. Yes, they bear them onward in their march -and in the hut of the miner and the and in the hut of the miner and the cabin of the settler, and the homestead of the farmer, those names are stead of the farmer, those names are as household words. The Declaration of Independence not only gave form and shape to the American Revolution -- not only in its name was victory achieved by our armies in the field, -- but when the frame mies in the field, -- but when the frame work of our government was to be established, its principles were incor- tablished, its principles were incorporated into our constitution, it aided porated into our constitution, it aided in cementing the union of the states, and thus in erecting a republic which is the wonder and admiration of the world. Each citizen reveres the Declaration of Independence, as the first ration of Independence, as the first great charter of his rights; and when a new state comes willingly into the Union, she bears with her the Declaration of Independence, and the ration of Independence, and the American Constitution one and indivisible, and claims them as her visible, and claims them as her birth-right. Upon that instrument the name of George Taylor of Northampton county, once a poor redemptioner, ton county, once a poor redemptioner, and then an honored member of the Contiental Congress, is inscribed; and to him, in commemoration of that event -- as a token of public gratitude, and to preserve to future generations the memory that he was our representative upon that occasion, we dedicate tative upon that occasion, we dedicate this monument. "We dedicate it in the name of Liberty and the equal rights of man; for he whose name it bears was once in a station more humble, than that of any man in this assembly -- and yet by the blessing of free institutions, by his devotion to freedom, tutions, by his devotion to freedom, and his noble daring, he fills a proud niche in the Temple of Fame. We dedicate it, in the spirit of American Freedom, to one who was among the first to pledge "life, fortune and sacred honor" in the cause of Liberty. There let ic stand with sunbeams playing around it -- bright memorial of the past -- and when, with mournful tread, the household assembles around the grave where private worth enjoys its sweet repose, let them raise their tearful eyes to this monument, and give one thought to the once homeless and friendless stranger, whose less and friendless stranger, whose fame suall live and still increase with the growing glories of his adopted country -No night-shade spread its death-like No night-shade spread its death-like pall, No gloomy cypress wave its head, But let the glorious sunbeams fall Where rest Columbia's dead. Columbia's eagle, vigils keep! Columbia's banner o'er him wave! Nought to disturb his peaceful sleep, For Freemen guard his hallowed grave. We come not to mourn for the departed. Seventy-four years have rolled parted. Seventy-four years have rolled into the ocean of eternity, since his friends and fellow patriots laid in the narrow grave, all that was mortal of George Taylor. Then was the hour of grief, for the sundering of earthly ties -- then the stern men who had partaken of his toils, paid witn heavy taken of his toils, paid witn heavy hearts, their last tribute to their ancient companion. But now the grave- cient companion. But now the graveyard holds them all -- their grief is long yard holds them all -- their grief is long since subdued -- their voices are long since silent. It is for another generation to raise this monument -- not to ation to raise this monument -- not to his perishable body, but to his immortal fame. tal fame. George Taylor was born in Ireland in the year 1716, and was the son of a respectable clergyman. His father bestowed upon him the benefits of education, and intended him for the med- ucation, and intended him for the medical profession. He was quick, active ical profession. He was quick, active and intelligent. The profession selected for him, not being however lected for him, not being however suited to his taste, he determined to embark on board of a vessel bound for Philadelphia, as a redemptioner. On his arrival here, he bound himself for a term of years to a gentleman by iiie name of Savage, who was one of the proprietors of the Durham furnace. He was then set to work as a common laborer, to wheel the coal and limestone to the furnace, and fill it. It stone to the furnace, and fill it. It being discovered by the blisters on his hands, that he was unaccustomed to labor, his employer took compassion upon him, and finding that he was an educated man, gave him the situation of clerk of the establishment. In this position, he made himself eminently useful, and after the death of nently useful, and after the death of Mr. Savage, he married his widow, and became lessee of the furnace. He acquired a fortune. It was at this place that he was afterwards able to aid the Revolutionary movement, by supplying the army of Congress with a large amount of cannon ball. He was however a considerable sufferer by the confiscation of the Durham estate, on account of the treason of the tate, on account of the treason of the proprietor against the cause of the people. Here a reflection presses itself upon the mind. What think you, my youthful hearers, would have been the fate ful hearers, would have been the fate of George Taylor, had he, upon his arrival, been ignorant and uneducated? rival, been ignorant and uneducated? The poor blistered hands would have been hardened to their work, days of labor would have been succeeded by nights of dreamless sleep -- he would have died in obscurity, and none at this day, would care to inquire or know when or where the patient and drudging son of toil, laid down his burden of life. Little did that good old lather anticipate that the education which he cipate that the education which he had bestowed upon his son, to fit him for an honorable profession, was to lead that son to far higher honors; that it was to enable him to assist in moulding destinies far higher than those of the empire. Little did he anticipate that when he and his flock ticipate that when he and his flock were sleeping side by side in the kirkyard, forgotten in the land of his birth, yard, forgotten in the land of his birth, the hearts of a mighty nation should be filled at the mention of his name -and should say -- as we do this day -- and should say -- as we do this day -Honor to the memory of the good old Honor to the memory of the good old man, who awoke the soul of his son to a sense of the divinity that was within it -- who gave him education, though he could not give him wealth, and through whose instrumentality, that son rose to become one of the bright galaxy of American worthies. Plant the seeds of knowledge in the youthful mind -- arouse the immeasurable power of the youthful intellect urable power of the youthful intellect -- fix the youthful eye upon that heaven fi'om which the divine emanation en fi'om which the divine emanation has descended upon him. Then calculate if you can, to what regions of culate if you can, to what regions of the upper day that Eaglet may wing its way -- on what heaven-born suns it may fix his unshrinking gaze -- on wha-", summits above the clouds it may ceek its rest, with earth and ocean far beneath its feet. To 3 little has been thought and said about the influence of the educatea men of 1776, upon the destinies of ea men of 1776, upon the destinies of our country. But they had their appropriate place, and they filled it nob- propriate place, and they filled it nobly; their hand writing may be seen ly; their hand writing may be seen upon every monument, of our liberties and our rights. Time does not permit its discussion here, but it is respectfully submitted for the consideration of fully submitted for the consideration of all. It will be found worthy of attention. tion. The precise time of the arrival of George Taylor in this vicinity is not fixed; but there is evidence in the hands of one of our citizens, a diligent and industrious collector of Autographs, that it was previously to the graphs, that it was previously to the year 1740. It may be proper nere to observe, that many interesting facts relative to George Taylor, have been brought to light by the diligent researches of Matthew S.Henry, amongst searches of Matthew S.Henry, amongst .^e records of the county, and embodiea by him in his History of North- iea by him in his History of Northampton. ampton. The earliest record of him in Easton, is in 1763. At that time he ap- ton, is in 1763. At that time he appears to have been employed as agent pears to have been employed as agent of the trustees in the erection of the present court house, in tne public square, in Easton. About tue same time he was appointed one of the justices of the county, and in that char- tices of the county, and in that character, presided in court. From 1764 to acter, presided in court. From 1764 to 1770, he was the representative of Northampton county in the assembly. During all this period his votes were uniformly recorded against the unequal taxation of the colonies, and in favor of the citizens of the colonies en- vor of the citizens of the colonies enjoying equal rights, and equal protec- joying equal rights, and equal protection with those of the mother country. tion with those of the mother country. He also served on the committee of aggrievances, at that time one of the most important and useful committees of the House. At a later period tees of the House. At a later period of time, it became still more important. He took part also in the discus- ant. He took part also in the discussion of alterations in the charter of sion of alterations in the charter of Pennsylvania, and the reformation of the proprietory government, into which many serious abuses had crept. In 1765, he served upon the committee to draft instructions to the delegates selected by Pennsylvania to attend at lected by Pennsylvania to attend at a general congress from the different states, to meet at New York. We find him acting as a member of the most important committees of the House; on portant committees of the House; on the judiciary, on taxes, on the rights of the House, on public laws, on raising money, on loans, and also on a com- ing money, on loans, and also on a committee to prepare a system for the mittee to prepare a system for the improvement of navigation on the great rivers of the province. In 1768 he exerted himself to bring to justice the perpetrators of several hor- tice the perpetrators of several horrid massacres of the savages on the rid massacres of the savages on the frontier, and as one of the committee, assisted in drawing an address to tee, assisted in drawing an address to the governor, calling his attention to this subject, and urging him to prompt action in the suppression of further outrages. On the 18th day of June, 1774 a mass meeting was held in Philadelphia, at which eight thousand peo- phia, at which eight thousand people attended, for the purpose of ex- ple attended, for the purpose of expressing their sympathy with the citi- pressing their sympathy with the citizens of Boston upon the treatment zens of Boston upon the treatment they had received at the hands of Great Britain -- on account of their resistance to her oppressive measures, and to raise funds for their relief. This meeting recommended the call of a Continental Congress, and appointed a committee to correspond with ed a committee to correspond with their sister counties, and the other colonies, as to the appointment of aeiegates to attend it. Upon this recommendation, a meeting of the jus- commendation, a meeting of the justices, the gentlemen of the bar, grand tices, the gentlemen of the bar, grand jury, and principal inhabitants of the county, was held at Easton, on the 21st of June 1774, to take measures to carry out the plan proposed in Philadel- ry out the plan proposed in Philadelphia. This was the first revolutionary phia. This was the first revolutionary movement in Northampton county. George Taylor was chairman of that meeting. He was also appointed as one of the committee of correspondence. dence. Mark these dates -- on the 18th, the appeal is made in Philadelphia, and on peal is made in Philadelphia, and on the 21st old Northampton responds, not in words only, but in action of the most decided character. She was then fairly embarked in the cause of the Revolution. The step thus boldly taken by him, was followed up. Old Northampton sent her sons to the battle field to conquer or to die. The tle field to conquer or to die. The ancestors of many now in this assembly, marched to the relief of General bly, marched to the relief of General Washington, then near New York -some of them to suffer wounds and some of them to suffer wounds and death in battle, some of them to lay down their lives amidst the pestilential vapors of the prisonships; and tial vapors of the prisonships; and others, more fortunate, to return to their homes, after having answered the call of their country, and nobly discharged the duty of patriots. charged the duty of patriots. There existed an unfortunate difference of opinion amongst the Pennsyl- ence of opinion amongst the Pennsylvania delegation to Congress, as to vania delegation to Congress, as to the propriety of finally separating the colonies from the mother country, and as the expressed wishes of the people, and the instructions of the Assembly, were insufficient to overcome the scruples of the dissentients. i'he conven- ples of the dissentients. i'he convention of the Province of Pennsylvania tion of the Province of Pennsylvania added to John Morton,Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris and James Wilson, lin, Robert Morris and James Wilson, who were re-elected, George Taylor, George Ross, George Clymer, Benjamin Rush and James omith, in the min Rush and James omith, in the place of those who had declined to represent the wishes of the people. This election took place on the 23rd day of July, 1776. On the 2d of August following George Taylor took his seat, and on the same day, he, with the others, signed the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Inde- pendence. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the vote of pendence was adopted by the vote of the House on the 4ta day of July, 1776, but was not engrossed upon parchment, ready for signature until the ment, ready for signature until the 2nd day of August, at which time the signatures of all the members were subscribed to it. George Tay- bers were subscribed to it. George Taylor continued a member of Congress lor continued a member of Congress till 1777, at which time he retired from public life. He was, however, employed in negotiations with the Indians, and formed a treaty with them dians, and formed a treaty with them at Easton. He had suffered heavy losses, pecuniarily, by his attention to public affairs arily, by his attention to public affairs -- his children died young, and before their parent -- sorrow fell tnick upon him, and on the 2otu of February, 1781, he too closed his active and useful existence. He died poor; and the inven- istence. He died poor; and the inventory of his estate shows that his home tory of his estate shows that his home was but slenderly provided with comforts. His house, a rough stone build- forts. His house, a rough stone building at the corner of Hamilton and ing at the corner of Hamilton and l^erry streets, where he spent the latter years of his life, and where he ter years of his life, and where he died, is still standing in our borough. Sanderson in his biography of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, speaking of George Taylor dence, speaking of George Taylor says: "He is of course almost forgotten, even in the county where he used ten, even in the county where he used to reside -- but the old men of the neigh" borhood who recollect him when asked about his character reply, 'he was a fine man and a furious Whig.' This is so. The present generation know but little of George Taylor, except what the records of the county show. We can trace him there, and always in some useful and honorable employment. The personal history of the ment. The personal history of the man and his private habits of life are lost to us. That he was a devoted friend of Liberty, the brief character given him by his old companions, as well as the prominent part he took in the struggle of Independence, sufficiently prove, tnat he was a man of iently prove, tnat he was a man of standing, and a reliable man, is proved by his taking his place at the head of the first movement that was made in this countj% in favor of Independence. That he was a man of courage ence. That he was a man of courage and known patriotic principles is established by the fact that he was se- tablished by the fact that he was selected to fill the place in Congress, of lected to fill the place in Congress, of one of those representatives who shrank from responsibility, and doubted, where Taylor and his colleagues be- ed, where Taylor and his colleagues believed, and were steadfast, in their be- lieved, and were steadfast, in their belief. This is all we know of him. They lief. This is all we know of him. They send to us from Europe for his autograph, and preserve it as a treasure -- graph, and preserve it as a treasure -and yet twenty-four years ago, no man and yet twenty-four years ago, no man in our county, could point out the place where he was buried. All of him had passed away, except his public acts, and his services to his country -- those faithful history has recorded -- Alas! too true, in too many instances! -- The plougshare truns up the rich mould of the ancient battle field, and the ploughman whistles on his way without one man whistles on his way without one thought to those who there laid down their lives, to give him and Ms a title to the soil. The old soldier has looked on fields once moistened by his blo"id -- now waving with the rich luxuriance of a harvest, in which he had uriance of a harvest, in which he had no share. The proud mansion overflows with luxury and wealth -- whilst flows with luxury and wealth -- whilst the children of the hardy pioneer who subdued the forest where it stands, beg for bread at its gates. Family affection rears its stately monument to fection rears its stately monument to private worth, beside the grass grown grave of the patriot who lies, forgotten by his country. Such is too often the reward given to public benefactors. For this, as far as can be ascertained is the first public monument, raised in these United States to any signer of the Declaration of Independence, lou have selected for it, a site of surpassing beauty, and the sculptor's skill passing beauty, and the sculptor's skill has displayed itself upon a work of chaste and classic elegance. This spot may become a wilderness -- this monument may crumble and decay -but the name of George Taylor will but the name of George Taylor will descend to the latest posterity, accompanied by the name of that people panied by the name of that people who were the first to do honor to his memory. You, citizens of Northampton county, have chosen the wiser, the nobler ty, have chosen the wiser, the nobler part-- you have set an example to other counties, and to other states, which, we may trust, will be extensively followed. lowed. Kind friends, from other states, who have honored us with your presence, think not that in the fulness of our hearts, we wish to forget that you too have high and lofty names, which we most willingly united with you to honor. We know it well -- and shall rejoice or. We know it well -- and shall rejoice to hear, that throughout the old thirteen, there have been gatherings of the teen, there have been gatherings of the rcoiilc engaged in this good work, till not one of that glorious band of 76 shall be without an appropriate testimonial of his country's gratitude. Time monial of his country's gratitude. Time has tested the greatness and excellence of their work, and now it be- lence of their work, and now it behooves us, to do justice, not to them, hooves us, to do justice, not to them, but to ourselves -- the present generation. The old Thirteen States have tion. The old Thirteen States have long since taken their honored place in the scale of nations. New stripes have been added to our national flag, but ever and anon on the Western horizon, a new star rises bright and rizon, a new star rises bright and beautiful on the sight, and holds its even way in harmony with those of older birth, and all revolve as upon a er birth, and all revolve as upon a common center around the American Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. dependence. Some of the older citizens of Easton may remember John Douglass Bemo, a Seminole Indian, whose name in that language was "Husti-Coluc-Chee," who attended Lafayette coiiege as a studen in the early 40's. In the "Whig den in the early 40's. In the "Whig and Journal," of Aug. 16, 1843, and Dec. 20, 1843, he gave a very interesting account of himself, telling how he ing account of himself, telling how he was called from the i.i.e of a savage by the High Spirit, as he termed it, to become a teacher of Christianity. Bemo, after returning to his people became a missionary among them, and in after years made several trips on lecturing tours through the North and visited the college. I remember an old lady living in Easton some thirty years ago who had in her possession a daguerreotype of Bemo, a copy of which would no doubt be interesting to the college archivist, if there is such a functionary. Temperance. A sermon on temperance will be delivered by Rev. John Gray on next livered by Rev. John Gray on next Sabbath afternoon, September 10, 1843, at 4 o'clock in the orchard near the Phillipsburg school house, N. J. Seats will be provided for the ladies. No toll will be charged at the bridge. Raise the Temperance banner high Drink cold water till you die. Pure from the rock, pure from the sod The free and generous gift of God. A Temperance Meeting. Will be held at the Phillipsburg school house, New Jersey, on Thursday evening at 7 o'clock. Addresses will be delivered by Charles Jones, of the city of London, the reformed sailor, and -by William B. 'Poland, of Easton. The public are respectfully invited to attend. No toll will be charged at the bridge. By order of the PRESIDENT. The Charles Jones (Rev. Charles JohnJones,D.D.) aoove referred to was then a student at Lafayette college. He graduated in 1846, became a distinguished Presbyterian minister, and tinguished Presbyterian minister, and for many years a missionary among seamen and laterly chaplain of theSailors' Snug Harbor on Staten Island. lors' Snug Harbor on Staten Island. He was the author of a work "From the Forecastle to the Pulpit." List of Delaware Greys. At a meeting of the Delaware Greys, held at their Armory, October 27, 1843, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted, and ordered to be mously adopted, and ordered to be published in the different papers in the borough. Whereas, We find in the Easton Sentinel of yesterday an article commendatory of the cor- s, and at the mendatory of the cor- s, and at the same thime containing an imputation upon the skill and military knowledge of our commander, which is false and unwarranted, as it is offensii^e to the corps. Therefore, Resolved, That the said imputation is utterly unfounded, and must have had its origin in personal or political rancor and for that reason is rendered more mean and pitiful, and merits, as it receives, the condemnation of every member of the corps. tion of every member of the corps. Resolved. That the contemptible attempt to reconcile us to this thrust at tempt to reconcile us to this thrust at our captain, by covering it with praise of ourselves shows that the writer cannot estimate the motives that operate not estimate the motives that operate upon honorable men. Praise to all men is sweet -- praise of their discipline, to volunteers, is we believe, peculiarly so, but we spurn with indignation and scorn any praise which is to be had at the expense of a commander whose efficiency, energy and military skill has made the corps what it is -- who is known to be possessed, in a high degree, of the qualifications of an officer, gree, of the qualifications of an officer, and who by his soldierly skill and kind and gentlemanly deportment won the esteem and friendship of the men under his command. der his command. Resolved, That we deem this expression of our opinion necessary not for ion of our opinion necessary not for the purpose of vindicating Captain Reeder's well known reputation as an officer, from the self-important criticism of a person who has shown that cism of a person who has shown that he has not sufficient military knowledge to qualify him for a place in the ledge to qualify him for a place in the rank of any corps, but for the purpose of showing that a blow at our commander, as such, is a blow at us, and mander, as such, is a blow at us, and that we reject the base and abject idea that by slavering us over with praise we could bo meanly bought to connive at falsehood and injustice to our officers. Resolved, That for the purpose of showing the unanimity of the sentiments contained in the foregoing re- ments contained in the foregoing resolutions, and the full, entire and un- solutions, and the full, entire and unrestrained confidence reposed by the restrained confidence reposed by the whole corps in their commander as well as the other officers, we will individually affix our signatures hereto dividually affix our signatures hereto for publication in the different papers of the borough. JOHN MAXWELL, Chairman. Owen W. Hess, Secretary. John Maxwell, first lieutenant; Mahlon Taylor, second lieutenant; S. K. lon Taylor, second lieutenant; S. K. ixoagland, quartermaster; John J. Horn, ensign; M. Horn, first sergeant; Owen W. Hess, second sergeant; Samuel Saylor, thir sergeant; Jacob West, uel Saylor, thir sergeant; Jacob West, first corporal; John Hoagland, secon.^l corporal; John V.Hutman, 3d corporal: John Shipe, A. F. Randolph, Jeremiah Murphy, Reuben H. Horn, Samuel H. Hay, Adam L. Hay, A. ^. Rohn, Julius W. Held, Andrew Steel, William Rex, George Lauber, Daniel Reed, Robert Bidleman, Jacob Grube, C. Weidknecht, Jr., Isaac Derr, Peter Martin, knecht, Jr., Isaac Derr, Peter Martin, Henry Yarhouse, W. B. Toland, Enos Toland, E.A.Reeder, Richard Stilwell, R. T. Horn, Joseph Spangenberg, Napoleon Patier, J. Crooks, W. A. Heck- poleon Patier, J. Crooks, W. A. Heckman, William Dalhardt, Emanuel man, William Dalhardt, Emanuel Kline. John H. Reichardt, Jesse Moritz, Levi Butz, Charles Dudley, Sam- ritz, Levi Butz, Charles Dudley, Samuel Koenig, Frederick Saylor, Manas- uel Koenig, Frederick Saylor, Manasses Moser, Michael Wolf, J. M. Wey- ses Moser, Michael Wolf, J. M. Weygandt, J. H. Innes. gandt, J. H. Innes. November 1, 1843. "Protect Your Own." A meeting of the Mechanics of our borough for the purpose of devising some means for the improvement of their condition, in a business point of view, was held in the court house last week. J. Glancy Jones. Esq., addressed the meeting in a very able manner ed the meeting in a very able manner which was received with great applause by the large number of me- plause by the large number of mechanics present. A committee was ap- chanics present. A committee was appointed to prepare and present reso- pointed to prepare and present resolutions, who could not agree as to lutions, who could not agree as to what system should be adopted to gain the object desired. The committee was discharged and a new one ap- tee was discharged and a new one appointed, who are to report to some fu- pointed, who are to report to some future meeting. ture meeting. November 22, 1843. Humane Fire Company. At a meeting of the Humane Fire company held at the council room, on Thursday the 23ra instant, the following resolutions were passed: ing resolutions were passed: Whereas, ..e have learned that the members of council have refused to make the necessary alterations to the engine house in our possession, and Whereas, We learn, and with regret, that they have not only refused to comply with their promise, but that they contemplate a removal of the house and apparatus, therefore Resolved, That we firmly pledge ourselves to exercise untiring exertions in all cases where our presence tions in all cases where our presence is required, but likewise pledge ourselves to abandon their apparatus and selves to abandon their apparatus and refuse to serve in case council shall carry into effect their high-handed project. Resolved, That in case our company becomes disbanded by the conduct ny becomes disbanded by the conduct of the members of council, we solemnly pledge ourselves not to afford any ly pledge ourselves not to afford any protection or relief, by a union with any other engine or hose company. On motion resolved. That these resolutions be signed by the officers and olutions be signed by the officers and published in the different papers of our borough. GEO. FINLEY, President. F. H. Cruger, Secretary. November 29, 1843. 1844. LIGHT OF OTHER DAYS. Candles! Candles! The subscriber continues to manufacture candles at his factory near facture candles at his factory near the Delaware bridge, Easton. A supply always on hand and for sale at ply always on hand and for sale at wholesale at reduced prices, and of an excellent quality. Those in want of the article are invited to call before purchasing elsewhere. WILLIAM GREEN. Easton, December 6, 1843. Whig and Journal, January 3, 1844. REMOVAL OF AN ANCESTOR. Call and Settle. The subscriber will leave Easton in April next, and wishing to close his accounts before that time, notifies all those indebted to him to call between this date and the middle of next month, and make payment. Those having demands will also call for settlement. tlement. JACOB WEAVER. Easton, February 7, 1844. Clay Meeting. On February 22, 1844, Easton was tne scene of a large an enthusiastic meeting of Whigs favorable to the election of Clay to the presidency and a Clay club was the result of the meeting. Theodore R. Sitgreaves was ing. Theodore R. Sitgreaves was made chairman of the meeting with Charles Engle, Lawrence Troxsell, G. A. Hice, Charles Green and William Tidball, vice presidents, and W. J Browne and W. Maxwell, secretaries The committee on resolutions con sisted of William H. Thompson (re cently deceased), H. D. Maxwell, R K. Stewart, Fort Ihne, Philip Delhi ^^harles Lockwood, William Schooley E. E. Hemingway, John Dawes, John Otto. A long series of resolutions were formulated by this committee, and the following committee of twenty-five was appointed to invite Henry ty-five was appointed to invite Henry Clay to extend the tour he was then making to the north, and give his fellow citizens of Eastern Pennsylvania low citizens of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey an opportunity of meeting him in convention at Easton. The committee consisted of A. E. Brown, H. D. Maxwell, Samuel Yohe, Jacob Weygandt, Abraham Miller, Geo. Barnet, John Heckman, William Ricker, Sr., P. S. Michler, Samuel Shouse, er, Sr., P. S. Michler, Samuel Shouse, G. A. Hice, S. Drinkhouse, William Green, McE. Forman, T.R. Sitgreaves, David Stem, Samuel Moore, Lawrence Troxsell, John K. Young, John Dawes, W. H. Thompson, John Shouse, Wm. lindall, Samuel Ludwig, Samuel Kinsey. sey. The following persons were appointed delegates from the borough of Eas- ed delegates from the borough of Easton to the ratification convention at ton to the ratification convention at "Baltimore: A. E. Brown, John Shouse Samuel Yohe, John Eyerman, Bobbins Stewart, J. H. Wilking, William Maxwell, W. J. Browne, W. H. Thompson, well, W. J. Browne, W. H. Thompson, Nathan Osterstock, Charles Dawes, T. R. Kelchner, C. T. Mattes, John Frey, John Green, Jr., William Vogle, John G. Moore, Jesse B. Shipman, F. A. Gwinner, Adam Hartsell, James H. Cook, E. W. Barnet, A. A. Lehn, J. P. Heckman, Robert Arnold, John B. Hunt, John Nightingale, William Cawley, A. Grotz, Peter Schooley, William ley, A. Grotz, Peter Schooley, William j-indall, John Drake, William Hammann, T. R. Sitgreaves, Samuel Stem, mann, T. R. Sitgreaves, Samuel Stem, ^eorge Finley, Charles Engle, G. W. Yates, H. S. Heckman, Samuel Oliver, ^avid Apple, Erwin L. Kennedy, Adam Yohe, A. Probst, Jacob B. Heller, am Yohe, A. Probst, Jacob B. Heller, William Sutton, Henry Bender, B. G. Clarke, F. L. Crane, William Schooley, Lawrence Troxsell, William Deihl, N. Losey, J. P. Hetrick, David Moyer, Stephen Shnyder, William Barnett, I. L. Day, Samuel Moore, James Titus, John Opdycke, William xoung, E. A. Depew, Daniel Black, Lewis Heller, John Kessler, Charles Green, William wiiKing, O. Bunstein, George Luckenbach, John Tindall, Charles Tilton, bach, John Tindall, Charles Tilton, John Herster, Jr., Owen Jones, John btonebach, John Marbacher, -Henry S. Troxsell, R. B. Templin, P. Cunningham, John btarner, John J. Otto, ham, John btarner, John J. Otto, Christian Butz, John Hartzell, Lewis Mattes, John Dawes, Benjamin Oberly, Edward Swift, Samuel Moore, H. ly, Edward Swift, Samuel Moore, H. H. Abernathy, Thomas Zulich, Jacob Jnaenchen, Jacob Frey, P. Snyder, M. W., Daniel Lachenour, W. B. Howell, McEvers Forman, John Kemmerer, L. A. Buckley, William Burt, Fort Ihrie, R. Phillips, John Lehn, Jr., L. M. Dusenberry. senberry. The club as constituted was called "The Clay Club of Easton," and all who felt an interest in Henry Clay, American principles and the protective tariff were invited to join the tive tariff were invited to join the club. G. W. Yates, William J. Browne and William Maxwell were appointed to draft a constitution for the club and T. R. Sitgreaves, Charles Green and John P. Heckman a committee to procure a suitable room for a headquarters for the club, after which a quarters for the club, after which a spirited address was delivered by the Hon. Alexander E. Brown, which with patriotic sentiment, originality and eloquence was one of the best efforts of that accomplished scholar and we are informed that the songs sung were executed in the good old Tippecanoe style and that if a growling loco had been present his disponding heart would have been cheered, and notwithsianding his great antipathy to "song sianding his great antipathy to "song singing" he would have danced! Meeting of the Friends of the Sabbath. bath. The citizens of the borough of Easton anu its vicinity, are requested to ton anu its vicinity, are requested to assemble at the court house, on Friday evening, the 9th inst., at 7 o'clock, day evening, the 9th inst., at 7 o'clock, for the purpose of considering the propriety of petitioning the state Legislature to arrest ^ae profanation of islature to arrest ^ae profanation of the Sabbath by the use of public works on that day, and to repeal the law or regulation which obliges and requires the public officers and agents of the state to work upon that day. Ralph Tindall, William Green, S. Moore, B. F. Davis, Jacob Gangwer, Benjamin Wamsley, John Green, A. Miller, John Johnson, C. S. Bishop, John H. Kase, John Siegel, Samuel Kinsey, J. P. Hetrich, H. S. Chidsey, J. Weygandt, E. G. Elikinton, John Christman, ivi. Odenwelder, Samuel Shouse, F. S. Whitsell, M. Horn, John M. Bennett, Peter Shnyder, John Titus, J. H. Cook, George Hess, Jr., M. tus, J. H. Cook, George Hess, Jr., M. H. Jones, C. Dawes, J. P. B. Sloan, A. H. Reeder, Joan Stewart, John Gray, Charles King, William Hummel, John Pollock, S. Drinkhouse, James Ballentine, Isaac Hiner, M. M. Everts, Jacob tine, Isaac Hiner, M. M. Everts, Jacob Abel, James Wilson, Joseph Dawes, C. A. Heller, Jacob Keller, A. Wilson, Jr., Benjamin G. Clarke, C. Rodenbough, G. W. Housel, W. M. Sutton, bough, G. W. Housel, W. M. Sutton, J. R. McMullin. Easton, February 7, 1844. The Court House. It will be recollected that at the last court, the measure for building a new jail, was defeated by the grand jury of our county; as it now stands there is no probability that Northampton county will for the next fifty years ton county will for the next fifty years think it advisable to erect new public buildings, in fact those in favor of lic buildings, in fact those in favor of the measure, have lost all hopes of ever living long enough to see it carried out. Another measure presents ried out. Another measure presents itself however, which is one of necessity, of which the people of the county sity, of which the people of the county generally are in favor, which is to refit and repair the old buildings in a plain and substantial way, so as to prevent them from absolute decay and I'uin. The court house, particularly is here referred to. This larly is here referred to. This building is a venerable and substantial edifice -- as originally designed it tial edifice -- as originally designed it cannot, perhaps, be surpassed by any in the state, but it wants the refreshing touch of the painter's brush out- ing touch of the painter's brush outside and in. The window sills, some side and in. The window sills, some of them, are well nigh gone with decay -- the ceiling of the court room cay -- the ceiling of the court room wants a little white wash, to make it lighter and more suitable for its use. The old benches, which are but useless lumber, occupying room without less lumber, occupying room without furnishing accommodations, should be removed -- and one row of permanent seats placed in their stead. The three old stoves, with the pipes, running over the bar, mignt be traded off for one good stove, which would be amply sufficient to warm the room; thus ply sufficient to warm the room; thus saving fuel and pipe and avoiding all the disagreeable effects of the present arrangement. The outside of the building should be rough-cast, thus making it more substantial, and at the same time a warmer tenement. Now what would all this cost the county? A few hundred dollars at the most, and if it be not done, and that too very soon, there will be a necessity for a new building, which at present we think does not exist. It is to be hoped the commissioners will look into this matter. As the agents of the to this matter. As the agents of the people they are bound to protect the public building from dilapidation and uecay. and are culpable if they neglect it. They have heretofore turned glect it. They have heretofore turned their attention to the county house, which is now in a tolerable good condition, and we do hope the subject of dition, and we do hope the subject of this article will be next in order. M. April 3, 1844. The Court House. The county commissioners have been engaged for several weeks in repairing and fitting up the court house. The new windows and shutters are up and part of the rough casting on, and some idea can already be formed of its appearance when completed. The inter- pearance when completed. The interior is also undergoing some altera- ior is also undergoing some alteration and repair, in which convenience tion and repair, in which convenience as well as beauty will be consulted. So far as the commissioners have progressed in this work, they appear to gressed in this work, they appear to have the undivided approbation of the public. Some of our citizens were anxious to see the venerable walls, which were erected ninety-two years ago, torn down; but all now admit that the best course was adopted. We will have a handsome and convenient court house, which as far as wear is concerned will stand another century at an expense of about $2,000, whereas a new one, and perhaps not any as a new one, and perhaps not any better, would have put the county to a cost of fifty to seventy-five thousand (Jollars. September 25, 1844. The Square. Since the county has undertaken the improvement of the court house, the citizens of the borough have directed their attention to the Square. rected their attention to the Square. Many wish to see the old Market House removed and part of the public ground around the court house enclosed with an iron railing, and planted ed with an iron railing, and planted with trees. Various schemes are spoken of to defray the expense which would be incurred. Some think it should be paid out of the borough treasury, and others say it should be raised by a subscription. If it cannot be raised in any other way, the not be raised in any other way, the ladies say they can do it by a fair! September 25. 1844. Rev. Dr. Junkin. This distinguished gentleman, who was founder of Lafayette college, has accepted the call again to preside over the institution. He will take charge of it at the coming session. One of our papers says it would not be surprised if the town was illuminated on his arrival! This would not be a proper way of showing respect, because some of the Dr.'s earliest and most steadfast friends could not unite in such a fast friends could not unite in such a manifestation of regard. May all receive him affectionately and sustain ceive him affectionately and sustain and cherish him while here. October 9, 1844. Opposition Stages. Many of our readers may not be aware of the fact that there are at this time opposition lines run on the Philadelphia and Reading roads and that the fare ing roads and that the fare has been considerably reduced. A passage can now be had to Philadelphia for $1 and to Reading for 50 cents phia for $1 and to Reading for 50 cents and the journey performed in less time than formerly. The fare on these roads has always heretofore been $3 which was considered too high. The present rates are ered too high. The present rates are perhaps a little too low, but that does not prevent a large number from visi..ng the city and Reading in the pur- i..ng the city and Reading in the pursuit of pleasure and for the transac- suit of pleasure and for the transaction of business. tion of business. The stages and teams belonging to the different lines are represented by the owners as very superior. Not knowing anything to the contrary, we take it for granted they are. The opposition to the Mail Line, for Phila- position to the Mail Line, for Philadelphia, leaves the Easton hotel every delphia, leaves the Easton hotel every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. November 6, 1844. The Court House. Since the last term of the courts of this county the commissioners have greatly improved the old court house. Many of the citizens who have been attending our courts for the last half century, appeared to be surprised on entering to find it painted, handsomely papered and conveniently ar- somely papered and conveniently arranged with seats, to which they were ranged with seats, to which they were conducted, with a constable's order of "hats off." The room is now in Keeping with the times; and the audience in attendance much more quiet dience in attendance much more quiet than formerly, which would be greatly increased if the bar and aisles were ly increased if the bar and aisles were carpeted. The exterior of the building is well improved with a neat por- ing is well improved with a neat portico at the west entrance, the whole tico at the west entrance, the whole surrounded with a fence enclO|Sing the eighty feet of ground belonging to the county. November 20, 1844. 1845. We notice by the Reading papers, that J. Glancy Jones, Esq., has been admitted to practice as an attorney in the courts of Berks county. Mr. Jones was a resident of this place during the past three years, and ranked high in his profession, and was ed high in his profession, and was much esteemed in his social capacity. We believe Mr. J. formerly resided in Berks county, and has connexions and many old friends amongst her citizens and we have no doubt he will find his present location a congenial soil, .where his professional abilities and private worth will be duly appreciated. preciated. January 22, 1845. C. Wohlgemuth, Physician and midwife, respectfully informs the public that he can be consulted at the house of Mr. Yeager, at sulted at the house of Mr. Yeager, at the west end of Easton. Easton, January 22, 1845. School. The subscriber will open a school on Wednesday the 16th of April, in the north room, second story of the Academy. Having spent a number of years in teaching he feels qualified to instruct in all the branches of an English education. He is desirous of establishing a good school, and consequently will spare no exertions for the improvement of those placed under his care. Terms made known upon application at his residence, or at the school tion at his residence, or at the school room. WILLIAM IHOMAS. Easton, March 26, 1845. Funeral Ceremonies in Honor of General Jackson. The solemnities in token of respect to the memory of Gen. Andrew Jackson, by our citizens, took place on son, by our citizens, took place on Saturday afternoon last, and notwithstanding the day was highly unfavor- standing the day was highly unfavorable, were particij)ated in by a large able, were particij)ated in by a large number of persons. It commenced sprinkling a short time before the arrival of the hour fixed for the com- rival of the hour fixed for the commencement of the ceremonies, and mencement of the ceremonies, and the rain fell in torrents before they were concluded. The procession, however, was formed, and moved through all the street mentioned in the program of arrangements. The sidewalks were filled with spectators, the stores, offices, workshops, and private dwellings, generally, were clos- vate dwellings, generally, were closed, and every thing of a partisan ed, and every thing of a partisan character kept out of sight. Flags, surmounted with black crape, were displayed at half staff, and other emblems of mourning exhibited, at the blems of mourning exhibited, at the several armories, court house, and other public places. The whole passed off in the most becoming manner. ed off in the most becoming manner. The following was the order of the procession. Gen. Peter Ihrie, Chief Marshal. Cols. A. Miller and D. W. Butz, Aids. Easton Fencibles, Capt. Reeder. National Guards, Capt. Yohe. A White Horse in mourning, without His Rider. The Orator of the day, W. McCartney. The Reverend Clergy. Committee of Arrangements. Town Council of the Borough of Easton. Soldiers of the late war. Northampton Beneficiai Society. The two Divisions of the Sons of Temperance. perance. The three lodges of Odd Fellows. The citizens generally. After having passed over the designated route, the procession repaired nated route, the procession repaired to St. John's church, where the order of exercises were as follows: Ode by Choir. Prayer by the Rev. P. CoomJie. Ode. Eulogies by Professor W. McCaitney Benediction by Rev. Dr. Geoige Juiv kin. July 2, 1S45. The following is a curiosity in these days of improved mail service, and when a one-cent postage rate on letters to all parts of the United States ters to all parts of the United States and its territories is being agitated. July, 1845. Easton Post Office. Times of Arrival and Departure of Mails, Easton, Pennsylvania. Southern mail, Philadelphia, arrives daily, except Sundays, by 6 p rives daily, except Sundays, by 6 p m. and departs at 6 a. m. ISO Easton mail, New York, via Elizabetlitown, Sommerville, arrives daily, betlitown, Sommerville, arrives daily, except Sundays, by 8 p. m. departs at 6 a. m. South Eastern mail from Morris town, N. J., via Mendham, Chester, Schooley's Mountain, Andersontown, Mansfield, etc., arrives daily, Sundays excepted, by 8 p. m. departs at 3 a. m. Wilkesbarre mail, via Nazareth, Jacobsburg, Wind Gap, Saylorsburg, cobsburg, Wind Gap, Saylorsburg, Shaffers, Mount Pocono, Stoddartsville, Beaumont, etc., arrives daily, ville, Beaumont, etc., arrives daily, Sundays excepted, by 8 p. m., departs at 4 a. m. Newton mail, via Belvidere, arrives Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, by 6.30 p. m. departs Monday, Wednes- day and FYiday at 4 a. m. Mauch Chunk mail, via Bath, Cherryville, Lehigh. Water Gap, Lehigh- ryville, Lehigh. Water Gap, Lehighton, etc., arrives Tuesday, Thursday ton, etc., arrives Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday by 3 p. m. departs at 7 a. m. Allentown mail, via Butztown, Bethlehem, etc., arrives Tuesday, Thurs- lehem, etc., arrives Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, by 6 p. m. departs Mon- day, Saturday, by 6 p. m. departs Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 4 a. m. day, Wednesday and Friday at 4 a. m. Milford mail, via Martin's Creek, Richmond, Stone Church, Mount Bethel, Dutotsburg, E'xperiment Mills, el, Dutotsburg, E'xperiment Mills, Craigs Meadows, Coolbaughs, Bushkill, Delaware, Hornbecks, Dingmans kill, Delaware, Hornbecks, Dingmans Ferry, arrives Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, by 8 p. m., departs at 4 a. m. Northern mail, Waymart, via Belfast, Wind Gap, Tannersville, Stan- fast, Wind Gap, Tannersville, Stanhope, Spruce Grove, Denton, Sterling, hope, Spruce Grove, Denton, Sterling, Hamilton, Canaan, arrives Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday by 10 p. m., departs 4 a. m. Reading mail, via Butztown, Bethlehem, Allentown, Trexlertown, Brei- lehem, Allentown, Trexlertown, Breiningsville, Rodrocksville, Kutztown, ningsville, Rodrocksville, Kutztown, Mainden Creek, etc., arrives Monday, Wednesday and Friday, by 6 p. m., departs Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 4 a. m. day at 4 a. m. Quakertown mail, weekly, via Freemansburg, Lower Saucon, Stouts, mansburg, Lower Saucon, Stouts, Springtown, Bursonville and Richlandtown, etc., arrives Thursday by 12 landtown, etc., arrives Thursday by 12 m., departs at 1 p. m., the same day. Office Hours on Sunday. From 8 o'clock to 10 a. m. From 7.30 o'clock p. m. to 10 p. m. Tbe closing hour for all the mails is 9 o'clock p. m. The new post office law which went into operation on the 1st instant, by which postage is so^ much reduced will oblige the postmaster to be more rigid in the collection of his dues than heretofore. tofore. After that, therefore, credit on letters and papers will be allowed to no ters and papers will be allowed to no one, except such as own private boxes; and then only, to such as pay es; and then only, to such as pay promptly at the end of each quarter. The postage upon letters, pamphlets, periodicals, magazines or occas- lets, periodicals, magazines or occasional newspapers, addressed to such ional newspapers, addressed to such persons as are not boxholders^ must be paid upon delivery. The postage on newspapers to be paid quarterly in advance, as the law provides. The above regulations have been adopted to meet the exigencies of the new law, and they will be found to operative beneficially to the public, and save the postmaster from actual loss and much unnecessary trouble. Rates of Postage. For a single letter, not exceeding half an ounce, (avoirdupois) sent not exceeding three hundred miles, 5 cents. Sent over three hundred miles, 10 cents. For every half ounce, and any excess over every half ounce, the same cess over every half ounce, the same rates of postage, and when advertised, two cents on each letter, or four ed, two cents on each letter, or four cents, if the advertising cost so much, additional. For drop letters (not to be mailed) each, 2 cents. For any printed circular, handbill, or advertisement, unsealed, sent any distance, 2 cents. For any pamphlet, or other matter, of "every kind" that is "transmittable by mail," and has no wirtten com- ble by mail," and has no wirtten communication, of one ounce or less or munication, of one ounce or less or for a newspaper exceeding 1900 square inches of surface, 2 1-2 cents. For each additional ounce, or an excess greater than a half ounce, 1 cent. cess greater than a half ounce, 1 cent. For any other newspaper, sent over 3u, and not more than 100 miles, or any distance within the same state, 1 cent. Sent over such distance, 1 l-2c. The Fourth of July, 1845, in Easton. The sixty-ninth anniversary of our national independence was observed with more than the usual amount of ardour and enthusiasm, in this place, on Friday last. At an early hour our citizens were awakened by the firing of cannon,and their ears enlivened by the sounds of the fife and drum, and the pleasing strain of instrumental music. The people of the country soon after began to pour in, and by 9 o'clock the streets were filled. At that hour the several divisions of the Sons of Temperance, from Allentown, Bethlehem, Craneville, Doylestown, and New Hope, who came here to celebrate the day with the George Tay- ebrate the day with the George Taylor division of Easton, began to ar- lor division of Easton, began to arrive, and were escorted to the court rive, and were escorted to the court house by a detachment of the Easton Sons of Temperance, and the ton Sons of Temperance, and the Easton brass band, where a cold collation was provided for them. lation was provided for them. At 10 o'clock a temperance procession was forjtoed in the Centre cession was forjtoed in the Centre Square, in the following order: Chief Marshal, J. P. B. Sloan, and aids; Allentown Division of the Sons of Tem- lentown Division of the Sons of Temperance; Bethlehem Division; Crane- perance; Bethlehem Division; Craneville Division; Doylestown Division; ville Division; Doylestown Division; New Hope Division; George Taylor Division; Northampton Division; About forty soldiers of the last war, some in carriages and some on foot; those on foot carried the colors which was presented to them by the ladies of Easton, in 1814, and which they took with them to camp; The Reverend Clergy; The Students of Lafay- end Clergy; The Students of Lafayette College; The Citizens friendly to ette College; The Citizens friendly to Temperance. The George Taylor Division carried a beautiful banner vision carried a beautiful banner painted by Charles E. Weygandt, Esq., upon which v/as a female representing the Genius of Temperance, re- ing the Genius of Temperance, reclining against a rock, with a goblet clining against a rock, with a goblet of pur^ water in her outstretchfed hand. At the base of the rock was a fountain of limpid water, and under the feet of the female a crushed serpent. After marching through the pent. After marching through the principal streets, the procession repaired to the beautiful green in front paired to the beautiful green in front of Mr. Vanderveer's Academy, at the north end of Fermer (Second) street, where an admirable address was delivered by the Rev. P. Coombe, to livered by the Rev. P. Coombe, to the assembled thousands. The choir and band also performed some superior music. After the services were ior music. After the services were concluded, the Sons of Temperance, ond many citizens, repaired to the National Guard's Armory, where an excellent dinner had been prepared by the Ladies of Easton, and of which about one thousand persons partook. The armory was beautifully decorat ed, the fare was sumptuous, and o the best quality, and the entire ai rangement reflects the highest crediv. upon the fair laborers who exerted themselves in getting up the feast At 11 o'clock the drum was again heard, and the military made their appearance. The Stockton Artillerists, of Mauch Chunk, Capt. Leisenring, Easton Fencibles, Capt. Reeder, and National Guards, Capt. Yohe, assembled in the Square, and formed a bat- bled in the Square, and formed a battalion under the command of Capt. talion under the command of Capt. Yohe. After marching through several streets, and performing various eral streets, and performing various evolution, they repaired at 1 o'clock to the Fencibles' Armory, which had been beautifully fitted up, and where an excellent dinner was also prepared for them by the ladies of Easton.About two hundred military and their friends partook of the fare. After the cloth was removed an oration was deliverea by Mr. W. H. Hutter, editor of the Democrat and Argus, which we did not hear, but which is highly spoken of. Speeches were also made, and toasts drank -- many of them in cold water -- and a pleasant afternoon spent. At 5 o'clock the military again paraded, and made a Deautiful display. They were the admiration of play. They were the admiration of all. Thus passed the 4th of July, 1845, the sixty-ninth anniversary of the nation's birthday. Not one accident occurred to mar the pleasure and festivities of the day, and what is equal- tivities of the day, and what is equally satisfactory, a drunken man was ly satisfactory, a drunken man was one of the rarest things to be met v/ith. May each succeeding 4th, be as well observed by our citizens, and may the principles which operated to produce its quiet and sober observance become universally prevalent. School Notice. At a meeting of the board of school directors, it was resolved, That the common schools commence on Monday, the 1st of September next, and day, the 1st of September next, and that the Misses Hechts teach at the Catholic church, the Misses Fickardt, Lattimore, Davis and Dusenbery, at the New Lutheran church; the Misses Heckmans and Henry, at the Metho dist church; Miss Howell, at her resl dence; Mrs. Steel at her residence; and Mrs. Vandyke at Mrs. Burke's school room. Messrs. Davis, Ticknor, Olmstead and Thomas, to teach in the Academy. my. From the minutes, SAMUEL YOHE, Secretary. August 20, 1S45. School Notice. Henry Griffiths respectfully informs the public, that his school .which has hitherto included pupils of both sexes) will on Monday the 25th inst. es) will on Monday the 25th inst. continue open for the admission of a limited number of young ladies. The expediency of such an alteration is obvious in many respects, and will, he presumes, be considei-ed sufficient apology. Parents who may be desirour of confiding their children to his our of confiding their children to his care are politely requested to call at his school rooms (the session room of the G. R. church) or at his residence in North Hamilton street, when dence in North Hamilton street, when further particulars and unexceptionable reference will be given. ble reference will be given. He avails himself of the present opportunity, to return his thanks to portunity, to return his thanks to those who hcve so kindly honored him with their confidence and encouragement. agement. Easton, August 20, 1845. What Think You, Ladies of Easton? The trustees of Lafayette college are about to solicit j-^our aid, by way of a fair, to re-i^urchase the building used for the model school, or academical department cal department It passed out of their hands some twelve monthts ago, and in order to secure its use which is absolutely necessary to make provision for the in- cessary to make provision for the increased number of students, the ladies creased number of students, the ladies of Easton are called upon to aid in this praiseworthy object, and relying upon their known liberality, we doubt not that this call will meet with a willing response. ing response. September 24, 1845. *rTie Fair. For the benefit of Lafayette college will be opened for the admission of visitors at the Guards' Armory, Easton, Pa., on Wednesday evening, De- ton, Pa., on Wednesday evening, December 24. During Christmas day it cember 24. During Christmas day it will be closed. On Friday at 10 o'clock a. m. it will again be opened, clock a. m. it will again be opened, and continue so until 10 p. m. Also on Saturday afternoon and evening. Easton, December 24, 1845. The building in question was for many years afterwards used as a dor* mitory and was known as West College. Some years ago it was remod- lege. Some years ago it was remodeled and converted into an office build- eled and converted into an office building. ing. In the life of Margaret Junkin Preston, (the poet) recently issued is a ton, (the poet) recently issued is a letter written at Easton when Mrs. Preston was Margaret Junkin in which she says: * * "Just now we, that is the ladies of Easton, are very busily engaged in preparing for a bazar, after gaged in preparing for a bazar, after the model of the recent one held by the Philadelphia ladies. Its object is to liquidate a debt which remains upon the college, and if its results are on the college, and if its results are at all commensurate with the zeal and energy displayed by oar ladies, we Will realize something handsome: It is to be held during Christmas week and the affair is to be terminated by a tea party, to which all the town people are to be invited. So you see that at present I have employment for all my faculties." Ttie following poetical appeal for aid in the fair is from another of fcjaston's poets, Mrs. Jane Lewars Gray and appeared in the Presbyterian at the time: ian at the time: The Ladies' Fair. The ladies or Kasion, and. many there are. Whom even the beaux of your city think fair, If we judge by their conduct, when slily they come And lure our sweet maidens from kindred and home -- dred and home -Well, sir, these fair ladies resolve and Well, sir, these fair ladies resolve and agree To write you a letter, and for scribe thev chose me; Unworthy I own, and unable am I To act as their proxy on mission so high-But without further preface, my task But without further preface, my task I essay. Though not as I would, I will write as I may. You ask on what subject? Dear sir, you must know We thought of a plan, about three months ago To promote the advancement of science and knowledge; \o aid and uphold and give strength to our college, Whos3 shoulders now bend 'neath the harden of care Too great for the strength of a stripling to bear. ling to bear. What a pity it is that a youngster, who yet Has scarce entered his teens, should be loaded with debt! Had it been his own doing, he ne'er had our pity, is or would we now trouble his friends in the city; But it was his young brother, a promising- youth* ising- youth* That has caused this distress, sir, and that is the truth -Well, now for our plan, as our ladies Well, now for our plan, as our ladies were sad, To see how it stunted the growth of the lad, "Who was always a pet with our fair ones in town Since the very first day that he set himself down. On the hill just above us where evening and morning, ing and morning, We see him, his place and his calling adorning; His conduct so studious surpassing his years To the aged and youthful his conduct endears -\ou, who know him yourself, sir, his \ou, who know him yourself, sir, his habits and station, May judge if 'my praises are exaggeration -- ation -But pardon my wandering -- To get up But pardon my wandering -- To get up a fair** We have made many things that are handsome and rare, xao' I say we have made, yet I own that my doing Would not do much to rescue our favorite from ruin ; But as drones ever buzz round the honey bees' hoaie. Sipping sweets others toil for, then carelessly roam. So we have among us some vagabond elves, ho'd rather see any one work but themselves, Yet such are employed in their proper vocation And that to the theme of my song brings me back Though again I have wandered away from the track. I wish you would come up some evening and see ing and see How happy, and jocund, and active are we; Some taxing their wits for an article neat. Which others with fingers and genius complete -Some knit the bead purse, which, in Some knit the bead purse, which, in brilliant display. Might rival the dew-drops and brighten the spray, en the spray, X hough I'm free to confess that the metal is thrown 'io grace and embellish the ouside alone! Some broider the slipper in scarlet and gold -Some weave the soft neck-tie to keep Some weave the soft neck-tie to keep out the cold -While others, with industry, worthy While others, with industry, worthy and proper. For gentlemen make the gay calico wrapper. And here is displayed, too, so faithful a scene *** So true to the life, that old winter, I ween. Might deem it the work of his own wither'd hand. Though by one of the fairest young maids of our land! So now the old fellow may come and may go. We're quite independent of him for our snow. There's a head of a Beatrice, lovely and sweet. Where firmness and gentleness mingle and meet; The blue eye's sweet languish, the brow soft and fair And the bright sunny curls of that long glossy hair To nature so true that you long to entwine With your fingers, the ringlets that flowingly shine -Ah! Why should we grieve that old Ah! Why should we grieve that old Guido has gone, A light, that though brilliant, far, far from us shone. While we have a fair, rising orb of our own! Again I've disgressed from the aim or my story -But now, sir, I'll lay it out plainly be- But now, sir, I'll lay it out plainly before ye -- fore ye -I'm deputed to ask, what perhaps you I'm deputed to ask, what perhaps you can spare, Some Books! Have you any? to sell at our Fair! A man like yourself, sir, whose name has gone forth, iurough the length of our country, for talents and worth. Whose word is a law, and whose fiat is fate. When the author comes trembling and knocks at your gate. With wishes most kind, and so forth, and so forth. And compliments due to your learning and worth. He leaves you a handsome bound copy with pleasure. And begs you to glance at it, just as your leisure; In your columns, perhaps, speak a kind word or two Should you deem his work worthy a notice from you. As this kind of thing comes again and again. Your shelves must be burden'd * * ** the matter is plain Now, sir, as we value your talents and learning. Your kindness, your goodness, your tact and discerning We know that we only need ask to receive. So our cause in your hands we with confidence leave. And duly we'll prize as a present from you. Those books at our Fair, be they many or few,There are others, your friends, sir, There are others, your friends, sir, whose names we could name, Whose praises are loud in the trumpet of fame. 184 * Ah! would we with them an acquaintance could claim -- quaintance could claim -There's Chandler, who comes just at There's Chandler, who comes just at evening you see And ever gives relish and zest to our tea ***** And Graham and Godey, one gentlemen's ware, men's ware, The other a festival finds for- the fair; Names ever dear to the good and the wise. Fort virtue and learning both merit the prize, Then there's the American -- he of the North, So famous for talents, and learning, and worth -The Sentinel too, that honest old fel- The Sentinel too, that honest old fellow. low. Like wine that with age grows more spicy and mellow, ^dger, the Times, and the Sun that unite To shed o'er our country a halo of light-Ah! if we but knew them, sir as we Ah! if we but knew them, sir as we know you. We would write, just to each other. How do you do? We would beg them to open their stores and their heart, And out of their plenty, just send us a part! Now if any unnamed in our city should feel An interest deep in our woe or our weal. And send us a present, we will not refuse. For though books we have named, we presume not to choose. 'Tis kinder and pleasanter too, we believe. Nay, we know it is better to give than receive; for we tested its truth, sir, by sending you down ing you down A box, when a fair you got up in your town ' '(*'(*^^'^'^ And now the sweet privileges we would afford, And the blessings, we tasted, to you would accord! But we must say good bye -- may the coming year bring A burden of blessings and peace on its wing -And may Christmas time bring to And may Christmas time bring to your bosom and board The very best gifts that our land can afford, Vvith an appetite keen for the good things you feast on. Are the wishes and hopes of the Ladies of Easton! dies of Easton! On behalf of the Committee of Ladies. J. L. G. dies. J. L. G. Easton, Pa., December 8, 1845. * The present effort is on behalf of the building in which the academical department is taught. (Old West ical department is taught. (Old West College.) **To be holden on Christmas Eve. ***A painting of Winter Scenery, by a young lady. ****The ladies suppose that editors have a great many pretty books, while they know that they are the patrons of every enterprise for the diffusion of knowledge. *****The "United States Gazette," ever welcome as it is intellectual, arrives here now late in the afternoon. rives here now late in the afternoon. ******The ladies of Easton sent a box to the fair recently held on behalf of the Academy of Fine Arts, half of the Academy of Fine Arts, J. niladelphia. December 24, 1845. A Curiosity. We find in "The Mail or Clapole's Daily Advertiser," of September 27, 1792, published in the city of Philadelphia, the following advertisement, delphia, the following advertisement, which we republish to show the advance of improvement in the way of vance of improvement in the way of stages between Easton and Philadelphia. In addition we would state that phia. In addition we would state that we have now four daily lines of coaches running to Philadelphia and two es running to Philadelphia and two on the same roads as mentioned" in the old advertisement; by which lines passengers can leave Easton at 7 o'clock sengers can leave Easton at 7 o'clock a. m. and arrive in Philadelphia at 1..30 and 2 o'clock p. m. at a fare of $2.50. By the old advertisement the fare was $2.00 and two days going through. February 18. 1846. Easton Stage. The subscriber takes this opportunity to inform the public that he has nity to inform the public that he has erected a stage wagon from Easton to Philadelphia, which will set off every Monday morning at 5 o'clock, from Easton, from the inn of M.John Adams Jost, at the sign of the horse, and arrive in Philadelphia every Tuesday evening at the house of Mr. Ja- day evening at the house of Mr. Jacob Mittinger, the sign of General cob Mittinger, the sign of General Washington, in Vine street, and return again every Thursday morning at turn again every Thursday morning at 5 o'clock. It goes from Philadelphia to Mr. John Moore's in Jenkintown; from thence to Mr. John Rothrock's, and then proceeds to Mr. George Vogel's, at the Noccamixon, to Easton, and returns the same road. turns the same road. The price for each passenger from Easton to Philadelphia, will be two dollars. Three pence per mile for each way passenger, and three pence for each letter. Those who are pleased to favor him with their custom, may depend on being served in the best manner, by their humble servant, JOHN NICOLUS. High Water in the Delaware. Records of the high water taken from original marks on the door of Mr. Peter Shnyder's tannery. (North Third street on the Bushkill.) The difference between the level on the Bushkill and marks on the pier of the Delaware, being about six inches. The highest water January 8, es. The highest water January 8, 1841, being 32 feet. October 27, 1777, 23 feet 2 inches. May 9, 1781, 25 feet 6 inches. February 19, 1783, 24 feet 5 inches. March 17, 1785, 26 feet 11 inches. Pumpkin Fresh-- October, 1786, 25 feet 2 inches. April 1, 1814, 24 feet 5 inches. October 13, 1845, 22 feet 8 inches. March 15. 1846, 27 feet. Finesville Satinett Factory. The subscribers continue to manufacture Satinetts at the following facture Satinetts at the following prices, viz: Merino, thirty-three cents per yard; Common, thirty cents per yard; Blanketing, thirty-five cents per yard. Wool for manufacturing will be taken in, and when manufactured, re- ken in, and when manufactured, re- turned to the grocery store of Mr. Nicholas Depew. P. C. and H. M. FINE. Finesville, May 13, 1846. An advertisement that suggests present day methods for catching the eye. sent day methods for catching the eye. War or No War with IVlexico. All good housekeepers will continue to fix and cleanse their houses, and tear off the old paper from their rooms, and put on new. To accommodate those worthy wives and house- date those worthy wives and housekeepers. keepers. J. R. M'MULLIN, has selected a great variety of patterns of paper suitable for that purpose. More than 1000 PIECES OF WALL PAPER of different patterns, are now offered for sale, and will be sold cheap. ALSO-- About fifty different patterns of window curtains, among terns of window curtains, among which are a fine assortment of painted oil cloth window shades which are the most fashionable now in use in the cities of New York and Philadelphia, and a variety of the new style rainbow paper curtains. Also different bow paper curtains. Also different sizes of painted and unpainted Yankee blinds. kee blinds. Call and see if you do not buy, as the shades are all worth seeing. J. R. M'MULLIN, Book and Paper Store, northwest corner of the Public Square. ner of the Public Square. Easton, Pa., April 22, 1846. The IVIexican War Agitation. -- The Town IVIeeting. The call of our chief burgess for a town meeting on Friday evening last, May 15, 1846, for the purpose of expressing the sentiments of our citizens pressing the sentiments of our citizens in regard to the present position of national affairs, was responded to with a creditable spirit and enthusiasm. When our common country calls, all differences of opinion appear to be forgotten, and every bosom is animated gotten, and every bosom is animated with the patriotic sentiment of "Our Country right or wrong." The meeting was attended by some of the few ing was attended by some of the few gallant spirits who stood by the Stars and Stripes in '76 and during the late war, and if we mistake not this borough and county, will never be found ough and county, will never be found backward in answering to the call of the country. Town IVIeeting. At a town meeting of the citizens of the borough of Easton, convened on the evening of May 15, 1846, at the court house, in answer to the call of the chief burgess. Captain P. Nungesser, was chosen president; P. Reich- ser, was chosen president; P. Reichardt and J. Weygandt, Esqs., vice ardt and J. Weygandt, Esqs., vice presidents, and H. E. Wolf, and W. L. Sebi'ing, secretaries. The following resolutions, moved by Col. J. M. Porter, and seconded by A. E. Brown, ter, and seconded by A. E. Brown, Esq., were unanimously adopted. Whereas, the Congress of the United States have, by a legislative enact- ed States have, by a legislative enactment, declared, that by the act of the ment, declared, that by the act of the Republic of Mexico, a state of war exists between that government and the United States, and the president of the United States, by his proclamation, dated the 13th inst., has official- tion, dated the 13th inst., has officially announced to the people the exist- ly announced to the people the existence of the said war, ence of the said war, Resolved, That we cheerfully respond to the request of the executive, to exert ourselves to preserve order, promote concord, maintaining the authori- mote concord, maintaining the authority and efficiency of laws, and support ty and efficiency of laws, and support and invigorate all the measures that may be adopted by the constituted autiiority for obtaining a speedy, just tiiority for obtaining a speedy, just and honorable peace. Resolved, That the wrongs inflicted by Mexico on our citizens.and the cold blooded murder of our gallant officers and men, without a formal declaration of war, have left to the United States no other alternative for the vindication of their national honor, for the redress of their injuries sustained, than a prompt and efficient prosecution of the existing war. Resolved, That as the cup of forbearance has been exhausted, the bearance has been exhausted, the whole energies of our country should be put into requisition, to chastise the invaders of our soil, and teach them, what they seem not to have learned, that the United States asks nothing but what is right, and will submit to nothing that is wrong. Resolved, That the more speedily troops can be concentrated on theMexican frontier, and carry the war into ican frontier, and carry the war into the territory of that republic, and the sooner our navy shall cut off the trade and destroy the seaports of Mexico, the better the people of the United States will be satisfied with the administration of the government. istration of the government. Resolved, That the citizen -joldiers of the country are ready and waiting to march with alacrity as their services may be needed. And will be vices may be needed. And will be troubled with no conscientious scruples, about crossing the line dividing ples, about crossing the line dividing the United States from Mexico, believing as they do, that the war should lieving as they do, that the war should be carried into Africa. Resolved, That we will, by all means in our power, sustain the government, in all measures for the prompt and efficient prosecution of this war. Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing resolutions be forwarded to the going resolutions be forwarded to the president of the United States, to our senators and our immediate representatives in Congress. tatives in Congress. P. NUNGESSER, President. P. Reichardt and J. Weygandt, Vice Presidents. ttorace E. Wolf, W. L. Sebring, Secretaries. taries. Volunteers for fhe Army. At a meeting at the armory on Monday evening, May 18, 1846, by the Eas- day evening, May 18, 1846, by the Easton Fencibles, Captain Reader, a reso- ton Fencibles, Captain Reader, a resolution was passed that the services of lution was passed that the services of liie corps be tendered to the government, and in the event of war requir- ment, and in the event of war requiring their aid, to march to the scene of ing their aid, to march to the scene of war, and fight for the glorious cause of Liberty. ing and hair dressing emporium of your now venerable citizen, Benjamin Mettlar Youells. Whilst waiting min Mettlar Youells. Whilst waiting their turn, news and gossip was exchanged and in this way Mr. Youells changed and in this way Mr. Youells gained volumes of information concerning the old town and its people cerning the old town and its people possessed by none other now living. Call on Youells. And try a new article of his own preparation for cleansing . the head. It has been tested and found to be an excellent article. His establishment is becoming quite popular, and there is no knowing where he will get to, if he keeps on at this rate. As a hair dresser he is among the best -- at shaving No. 1, and you will find no humbugs amongst his well selected perfumerj' -- such as pigs' fat labeled Bears' Oil, etc. Everything is genuine -- even the large Indians on his ine -- even the large Indians on his tall pole. June 10, 1S46. Likenesses -- True and Cheap. Mr. Custin, has now been in our borough a month or so, and has succeeded in establishing two important ceeded in establishing two important points, viz.: that he is a gentleman -and can take correct likenesses -- and can take correct likenesses -enough to warrant extensive patron- enough to warrant extensive patronage, and we are assured that in this age, and we are assured that in this respect he has been quite successful. His frame of specimens of the Daguerrian art exhibited at the court house, rian art exhibited at the court house, has attracted crowds, and satisfied all that he has made himself acquainted with all the improvements in this ed with all the improvements in this wonderful art. All, therefore, who wish to "see themselves as they are seen," will do well to call at his room in the academy, without delay, as he contemplates leaving here in the course of a week. June 10, 1846. A popular resort for the best of the male citizens of Easton was the shavFill Up the Army. Fill Up the Army. A recruiting officer has just arrived in town, and located himself in North- ampton street, a few doors above Mr. George Sauerbier's large and fashionable cheap hat and cap store. Several able cheap hat and cap store. Several have already enlisted -- and a chance is offered to others who are patriotic and brave, and a handsome corps will no doubt soon be collected in this place. Our regulars have always proved themselves good soldiers -and good fighting should have better and good fighting should have better pay. The army should be maintained as cheap as possible, but six or eight dollars per month and single rations, is not a just or reasonable compensation. Our congressmen think eight tion. Our congressmen think eight dollars a month sufficient for our brave fellows who do the fighting, while they pocket eight dollars a day for talking and writing squibs to the dear people, their constituents. The pay of the privates should be increased -- if our fighting would cost more, we would have less of it. June 10, 1846. Easton Fencibles. The above handsomely equippe<J corps will parade on Monday next, and hold a meeting in the evening of the same day to fill up their roll to the number required by law for actual service in the reguar line of the army. vice in the reguar line of the army. (Read the proceedings in another column.) All the unmarried men with- umn.) All the unmarried men within the borough should respond to the in the borough should respond to the call, and no doubt they will -- but let the married men who are more advanced in life attend, also, and if there vanced in life attend, also, and if there should be any want of the right kind of materials to form a beautiful and efficient company, they can muster 60 or 70, who will be ready for action in two weeks. June 10, 1846. Armory of the Easton Fencibles. Monday Evening, June 1, 1846. At a meeting of the corps held Mondya evening, June 1, it was dya evening, June 1, it was Resolved, That Sergeant West, and Privates Stilwell and R. H. Horn be a committee to devise and report the best and most expedient method of increasing the rank and file of the corps creasing the rank and file of the corps to the number required, in order to constitute a full company under the provisions of the act of Congress, preparatory to entering into the service paratory to entering into the service of the United States, in the event of being called on. And that said committee report on Thursday evening mittee report on Thursday evening next. Thursday Evening, June 4, 1846. The corps met pursuant to adjournment, when the following report was ment, when the following report was presented: -The committee appointed to de- The committee appointed to devise and report the proper method of vise and report the proper method of filling the ranks of the corps to the number required by the act of Congress preparatory to going into the gress preparatory to going into the service of the United States, report: -That in pursaunce of said resolution That in pursaunce of said resolution they met and considered the subject referred to them, and are unanimously of the opinion that a committee ly of the opinion that a committee Rliould be appointed by the corps, for ine purpose of calling personally on the young men of the town, and soliciting them to unite with the corps as ing them to unite with the corps as members, and to uniform and equip themselves as speedily as possible, in orc'er to be in readiness for service, end your committee further recommend in order to furnish an opportun- mend in order to furnish an opportunity to those who may not be called on ity to those who may not be called on personally, or who may not respond to the call of the committee, that a public meeting of the corps be held at the court house, and that all the citizens of the place and vicinity be invited to participate in said meeting, as well those who may be disposed to become members, as those who (being unable to serve) are yet willing ing unable to serve) are yet willing to lend their countenance and support to our project, and that port to our project, and that proper measures be adopted by means of the public press to give publicity to the said intended meeting, licity to the said intended meeting, and to call the attention of the public to the same, and further, in order lic to the same, and further, in order to a full discussion of the subject, and an explanation of the importance of the purpose we have in view, we recomm'^nd that some patriotic citizens o .he town be invited to attend zens o .he town be invited to attend and address the citizens thtere assembled upon the object of said meet- sembled upon the object of said meeting, and all the considerations of pub- ing, and all the considerations of public duty, patriotism and local char- lic duty, patriotism and local character that are involved in its success. acter that are involved in its success. Your committee cannot believe that an appeal to the patriotism of the citizens of Easton will be heard without a response. out a response. We report the following resolution : tion : Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to call upon the young men of the borough, and solicit them to offer their names as members of the corps. Resolved, That a meeting of the corps be held in the court house on Monday evening, June 1, for the purpose of receiving the names of all who may desire to be admitted as members; and that all the citizens of the place favorable to the object of the meeting be invited to attend and take part in the proceedings. Which report and resolutions, were on motion unanimously adopted. From the minutes. W. H. HUTTER, Secretary. General Town Meeting. In accordance with the above resolutions, a meeting of the corps will lutions, a meeting of the corps will be held in the court house, on Monday evening, the 15th inst, to which all our citizens are respectfully invited. Several addresses will be delivered on the occasion. June 10, 1846. Father Pomp's Semi-Centennial in the Ministry. The celebration of the semi-centenary anniversary of th©️ ministerial la- nary anniversary of th©️ ministerial labours of the venerable Thomas Pomp, bours of the venerable Thomas Pomp, of the German Reformed church, of this place, on Sunday last, (July 19, 1846) was an occasion of the most gratifying nature to the numerous friends of the veteran pastor, and to all the friends of religion in this vicinity. An immense crowd filled the cinity. An immense crowd filled the spacious building during the exercises of the day and evening; and the es of the day and evening; and the appropriate, earnest, and truly spiritual services by the distinguished cler- ual services by the distinguished clergj^men who officiated (Rev.Bibighouse, gj^men who officiated (Rev.Bibighouse, Hoffeditz, Becker, Young, Wolff, Richards and Diehl,) cannot be lost, but ards and Diehl,) cannot be lost, but it is believed will operate upon many for their future good. The token of esteem presented by the congregation to their pastor, was a superb bible, richly bound and mounted with silver, with a large plate on ted with silver, with a large plate on which was engraved, in German, an appropriate in^ription. The address and reply connected with the presentation of the bible, were interesting and affecting, and the way they reached and took hold of the hearts of the people present, was the strongest evidence of the affection they all entertained for the time honored and faithful shepherd. The Rev. Thomas Pomp. In addition to the short notice taken in our paper of the 22d ult. of the recent semi-centenary jubilee of the cent semi-centenary jubilee of the Rev. Ttiomas Pomp, and which our readers no doubt will recollect, we take pleasure in presenting the following statistics, which have since lowing statistics, which have since tnen been procured and will no doubt be read with interest. Father Pomp commenced his pastoral duties in Easton, in the month ral duties in Easton, in the month of July, 1796 The congregations then composing his ministerial charge, were Easton, Dryland, Plainfield and Upper Mt. Bethel. After a few years it became expedient to form a new charge with Mt. Bethel in the centre, which led to the separation of that congregation from Easton, and to the acceptance of a call from the German Reformed congregation in Saucon. This latter arrangement having continued for more than 20 years, and tinued for more than 20 years, and the countiy having meanwhile become more thickly settled, and consequently new churches built in different neighborhoods, it was necessary for the in- borhoods, it was necessary for the interests of religion to make another terests of religion to make another cnange, by which the charge was at length limited to the three congregations first named, and which now con- tions first named, and which now constitute its parochial bounds. Besides stitute its parochial bounds. Besides discharging regularly the duties of pastor in the several congregations above named, Mr. Pomp also supplied for shorter terms, the congregations of Lower Mt. Bethel, Hamilton, and more recently of Arndt's church, about turee miles west of Easton. The following table will show the number of baptisms and confirmations solemnized in these several congregations during the fifty yeai's past: tions during the fifty yeai's past: In Easton -- Baptized 3033, confirmed 846; in Dryland -- baptized 1631, confirmed 1170; in Plainfield -- baptized firmed 1170; in Plainfield -- baptized 195.5, confirmed, 871; in Saucon -- baptized 723, confirmed 455. These added to those administered in other congregations supplied, ed in other congregations supplied, make in all, baptized 7616, confirmed, 3525. During this time, also. Father Pomp officiated at 1972 weddings, and 1640 funerals. We cannot close this brief article without remarking upon the variety of scenes of joy and sorrow, through which the regular discharge of duties must have led this venerable pas- ties must have led this venerable pastor. To wish that his life might be tor. To wish that his life might be spared to him long enough to pass through as many more such scenes were both unkind and vain. But we may wish him, as his best reward for duties he performed, the privilege of participating in those sacred marriage festivities, which are to be interrupted by no melancholy funeral knell. ed by no melancholy funeral knell. August 5, 1846. Female Seminary. The trustees of the Easton Female seminary, have great pleasure in informing the public that its duties will forming the public that its duties will be resumed on Monday the 7th day of September next, under charge of Mr. A. Barker, a graduate of Bowdoin college, (who has been appointed princi- lege, (who has been appointed principal) and his lady; both of whom have pal) and his lady; both of whom have had much experience in teaching and are recommended as eminently qualified for the work of communicating a fied for the work of communicating a thorough English course, with the an cient and modern language. J. M. PORTER, Secretary. August 19, 1846. Dancing School. Mr. F. Stouch proposes to open a school for instruction in the accomplishment of dancing at the Fencible's plishment of dancing at the Fencible's hall, on Thursday the 10th inst. Days of tuition will be Thursdays and Fridays, from 3 to 5 o'clock, p. m. for ladies and youth; and from 8 to 10 o'clock p. m. for gentlemen. Mr. S. pledges himself to teach the real polka, as it is danced in the best circles in Paris and London, as well as all other fashionable dances, if required. Terms $5 for a course of eighteen lessons. The best references as to qualifications, etc., can be given. tions, etc., can be given. Faston, Pa., Sept. 2, 1846. Alexander E. Brown's Princeton Address. dress. We have received a pamphlet of thirty octavo pages got out in the very best style, containing the address Oi. our distinguished literary citizen, A. E. Brown, Esq., delivered some time since before the "Whig and Cliosophic Societies of Princeton College." It has everywhere been spoken of as a finished production. ished production. Sept. 9, 1846. Easton Female Seminary. This institution is chartered by the Legislature with a view of giving an opportunity of imparting to the rising generation, a thorough education at such a moderate price, as to place it within the reach of all The institution is not intended to be exclusive, tion is not intended to be exclusive, but to be as diffusive as public patronage can make it. tronage can make it. The board of trustees consists of Rev. John Gray, D. D., president; James M. Porter, secretary; John Stewart, treasurer; Peter S. Michler; Jacob Wagener, Rev. John P. Hecht, John J. Burke, James Wilson, John Dickson. The next term of the seminary will commence on the 7th of September, 1846, under the direction of Mr. Alexander Barker, and his lady, accom- exander Barker, and his lady, accomplished and experienced teachers from plished and experienced teachers from New England. The seminary building has been erected at considerable expense on one of the academy lots, comer of Fermor street and Church alley, directly mor street and Church alley, directly opposite the Easton library. It was constructed upon the most approved model for health, comfort, and convenience, and is newly furnished for the ience, and is newly furnished for the purpose to which it was built. The course of instruction will be thorough in all the branches from the rauiance of the English, up to a full course in ancient and modern languages, with all the higher branches guages, with all the higher branches of an English education, and the usual female accomplishments, of draw- ual female accomplishments, of drawing, painting, music, needle-work, etc. ing, painting, music, needle-work, etc. Pupils can be boarded with the principal and his lady, so as to be con- cipal and his lady, so as to be constantly under their care. stantly under their care. The trustees can with confidence re^ commend the seminary and the accomplished lady and gentleman at its complished lady and gentleman at its head, to the patronage of the public. Besides being entirely competent to teach the French -- with them it is a living language. The terms vary from $3 to $8 per quarter, including languages, ancient and modern. Persons desiring to send pupils, will address Mr. A. Barker, the principal, Easton, Pa. cipal, Easton, Pa. By order of the board of trustees. J. GRAY, President. Attest -- J. M. Porter, Secretary. Easton, September 9, 1846. The Young Ladies' Institute under the charge of Thos. W. Cann, as Principal; assisted by Mrs. Cann and Miss Godenow, will commence its first session in the first week of next month, in the house a long time the residence of the late Samuel Sitgreaves, Esq., on the northeast corner greaves, Esq., on the northeast corner of Spring Garden and Pomfret streets. Parents residing in the country will now have an opportunity of placing their daughters in charge of a family not only qualified to teach, but anxiously disposed to apply their best ef- iously disposed to apply their best efforts for the good of pupils commit- forts for the good of pupils committed to their care, and permanently to ted to their care, and permanently to establish an "Institute" which may deserve and secure the entire approba- serve and secure the entire approbation of its patrons and friends. tion of its patrons and friends. Terms are as follows: For boarding, washing and tuition, (including Latin) for ition, (including Latin) for the session of 23 weeks ....$65 GO For music, an extra charge is made, per quarter, of 4 00 For French, do 3 00 For drawing and painting, do . 3 00 For embroidery, do 2 00 If all the "extra" branches are pursued by the pupil, the charge for the sued by the pupil, the charge for the v.'hole will be $7 per quarter. For day pupils, in the primary English branches, per quarter $3 00 ter $3 00 In the higher branches exclusive of "Extras" 5 25 Plain sewing, If required, will be taught without extra charge. P. S. Michler, Jacob Wagener, Johi Davis, John J. Burke, Charles Innes, J. Lachenour, J. P. Hetrlch, Patrons. Easton, August 26, 1846. Dedication of Temperance Hall. The hall of the George Taylor Division of the Sons of Temperance was vision of the Sons of Temperance was dedicated on Wednesday last. The dedicatory address by Philip S. White, icatory address by Philip S. White, was admitted by all who heard it to be one of the ablest efforts in the cause of Temperance ever made in our borough. The services in connection with the dedication were continued by the Rev. i.ir. Hunt, who delivered five addresses, at the Methodist church, which were well attended. The announcement of "Father Hunt" as the speaker at a temperance meeting, is at all times sufiicient to call ing, is at all times sufiicient to call together a large and attentive audience. dience. The weather at the time of the dedication could not have been more un- dication could not have been more unfavorable, and many of the neighbor- favorable, and many of the neighboring divisions, and other friends of the ing divisions, and other friends of the order at a distance, as well as some of our own citizens, declined turning out on account of the rain and muddy roads. November 18, 1846. ceive as many votes in the northeastern part of the state as we would be ern part of the state as we would be able to give him. FOR GOVERNOR, Peter S. Michler, OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Subject to the decision of the 4th of March convention. November 25, 1846. Peter S. Michler, The Jeffersonian at Stroudsburg, has the name of Peter S. Michler at the head of the editorial columns of ine paper, as its choice for the next chiei. magistrate of this state. In connexion with this raovEUR#nent, the edi- nexion with this raovEUR#nent, the editors make the following just and tors make the following just and gratifying remarks in relation to the claims and prospects of our worthy neighbor, if placed in nomination by tue Whig convention. Mr. Michler is a great favorite in this section of the country, and cannot fail, if nominated, in carrying a not fail, if nominated, in carrying a very large vote. In 1835 he was elected to the state senate, from this strong ed to the state senate, from this strong Democratic district, by a handsome majority. He has a large circle of friends, to whom he is endeared by his amiable deportment and many good qualities -- and we are satisfied that no other man in Pennsylvania can re"The Whigs of Northampton met in "The Whigs of Northampton met in county meeting on Monday last, and appointed John Shouse, Samuel Yohe and Alex.E. Brown, as delegates to the state convention; instructed to support the nomination of Peter S. port the nomination of Peter S. Michler, of that county, as the Whig candidate for governor. Mr. Michler represented that district in the State Senate a few years trict in the State Senate a few years ago, with credit and ability. He is a plain, common sense, business man; and every way well qualified for the oflice for which his constituents have nominated him. -- (Harrisburg Intelligencer). gencer). Pennsylvania Regiment. The Pennsylvania regiment of Volunteers, required for the war, con- unteers, required for the war, consists of the following companies, viz: sists of the following companies, viz: Company A -- Wa;Shington Artillery, of Philadelphia, Captain F. W. ry, of Philadelphia, Captain F. W. Binder. Company B -- City Guards, of Philadelphia, Captain Joseph Hill. adelphia, Captain Joseph Hill. Company C -- Philadelphia Light Guards, Captain John Bennet. Company D -- Wyoming Artillerists, of Wilkesbarre, Captain Edward ists, of Wilkesbarre, Captain Edward L. Dana. Company E -- Washington Artillery, of Pottsville, Captain Jam-.d Na- lery, of Pottsville, Captain Jam-.d Nagle. gle. Company F -- Duquesne Guards, of Pittsburg, Capt. John Herron. Company G -- Jackson Independent Blues, of Pittsburg, Captain Alexander Hay. der Hay. Company H -- Monroe Guards, of Philadelphia, Capt. William Small. Company I -- Cadwallader Greys, of Philadelphia, Capt. R. K. Scott. Company K -- Jefferson Guards, of Philadelphia, Capt. T. G. Moorhead. It will be seen by the above that Philadelphia has the honor of furnishing six companies of the regi- nishing six companies of the regiment; Pittsburg, two; Pottsville, one; ment; Pittsburg, two; Pottsville, one; and Wilkesbarre, one. These companies have all started to the rendez- nies have all started to the rendezvous at Pitteburg, where they will be vous at Pitteburg, where they will be immediately mustered into the service of the United States. vice of the United States. Six of the patriotic young men of this place have volunteered for the war, and enrolled themselves at Wilkesbarre, in Company D. They are kesbarre, in Company D. They are good specimens of patriotism and zeal, and when properly disciplined, will give a good account of themselves if called into action. In a letter from one of the Easton Volunteers, dated Wilkesbarre, December 6, is the following: lowing: "We leave here to-morrow for Pittsburg. The citizens of Wilkesbarre burg. The citizens of Wilkesbarre have treated us with the greatest kindness, which will long be remembered with gratitude. Yesterday we bered with gratitude. Yesterday we attended divine service in the Presbyterian church, and heard an able and terian church, and heard an able and spiritual address, after which the congregation presented each soldier with gregation presented each soldier with a neat pocket bible. It is stated in the Pottsville papers that the people of that borough raised about $2000 for the relief of their company and their families. Beside this, pany and their families. Beside this, one of Allen's Revolving Pistols was presented to each officer and private of the company. This whole proceeding is nobly generous. ing is nobly generous. A considerable subscription has also been raised in Philadelphia, for the so been raised in Philadelphia, for the relief of the city companies and such of the families of the privates as may be left destitute. It is not expected that these troops, which may reach Point Isabel by the first or middle of January, will take the field for active service, for some time to come -- at least until they are thoroughly drilled. December 16, 1846. Another Regiment. Pennsylvania has been called upon by the United States government for another regiment of volunteers for the Mexican war. The troops are to rendezvous at Pittsburg by the fifth of dezvous at Pittsburg by the fifth of January next. They will be required to serve until the end of the war. About one-half the number of companies required to fill up the regiment, nies required to fill up the regiment, have already expressed their readiness, to march from the city of Phil- ness, to march from the city of Philadelphia. From all accounts the reg- adelphia. From all accounts the regiment will soon be mustered, and if iment will soon be mustered, and if the volunteers from the interior are not active, they will be cut out of all the honors. When the war was first spoken of tne shrill trumpet was sounded through our streets and quite a flourish made by some of our brave fellows ish made by some of our brave fellows -- but when the secertary of war made his requisition upon the governor, a death like chill was produced -- the nerves wonderfully relaxed. The Guards, the Fencibles, the Sharpshooters, the Rangers, the Easton Rifles, ers, the Rangers, the Easton Rifles, and all, were at once annihilated. This will not do -- where is the spirit which animated the citizen-soldiers of North. ampton in 1812? They were then in the van, and we believe there is enough of the right stuff left among our young men for a few crack companies -- if they could only be drummed up. December 23, 1846. Volunteers for Mexico. The following is a copy of the notice published by Captain Spering. The roll of the corps is rapidly filling up, and as soon as it reaches the number required, it is said, they will certainly be accepted -- and go. Our brave boys under the command of such an experienced officer as Charles F. Spering perienced officer as Charles F. Spering will perform their duty creditably.and be an honor to old Northampton. "Easton Guards." The young men of Northampton and the adjoining counties, who desire to join a volunteer infantry company called '"The Easton Guards" and to serve during the existing war with Mexico, are informed that rolls can be found at the hotels of David Conner and Peter Bellis, and at the resi- ner and Peter Bellis, and at the residence of Sergeant Everhart dence of Sergeant Everhart As information has been received which gives undoubted assurance that the services of this company will be accepted, as soon as the ranks are filled, persons intending to join it, are ed, persons intending to join it, are requested to do so forthwith, in order that the rolls may be transmitted, without delay, to headquarters. It is expected that none will enroll themselves, except such as are determined to march whenever required; termined to march whenever required; to perform their duty promptly and cheerfully; and to deport themselves on all occasions, so as to reflect no discredit upon the character of the citi- credit upon the character of the citizen soldier. zen soldier. CHARLES F. SPERING, Capt. Easton, January 20, 1847. (Conner's hotel -- the American -- occupied the site where the Drake build- cupied the site where the Drake building now stands, and Bellis' -- the ing now stands, and Bellis' -- the Washington -- on the same side of the street a few doors south of Ferry street.) The Easton Guards. The grand jury while in Jssion last week recommended to the ^ounty commissioners to appropriate $1000 out of missioners to appropriate $1000 out of the county treasury, to aid and support the above company, should they port the above company, should they be accepted by the national government for the Mexican war. ment for the Mexican war. At a large and enthusiastic meeting subsequently held at the court house. to advocate the same object, Alexander E. Brown, Esq., delivered an able der E. Brown, Esq., delivered an able address. The meeting appointed the following ward committees to solicit subscriptions from the citizens of Easton: ton: Lehigh ward, west side Pomfret street -- Charles E. Weygandt, Peter Bellis, John Davis. Lehigh ward, east side -- Thomas Sletor, Fred Seitz. Joseph Stabp. Bushkill ward, west side -- D. W. Butz, Samuel Yohe, John Dickson. Bushkill ward, east side -- Anthony McCoy, J. Maxwell, John Dawes. January 27, 1847. Fifteen Valuable Building Lots for Sale. The subscriber will sell at the tavern of Peter Woodring, in the village ern of Peter Woodring, in the village of Stockertown, on Thursday, the 18th of February instant, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, fifteen lots, all handsomely located. somely located. No. 1 -- Contains 2 acres and 124 perches, on which is erected a double two story stone house in good order, and well calculated for a store or any other public business, also a barn, wagon house, and other outbuildings. On this lot is an excellent water-power, furnished by the Bushkill creek, er, furnished by the Bushkill creek, by which it is bounded, and will make an excellent stand for a mill, distillery, or any other machinery. The ery, or any other machinery. The other fourteen lots contain from one to eight acres each, and will be divided and sold to suit purchasers. vided and sold to suit purchasers. Thirteen of the lots are bounded by the road leading from Easton through Stockertown to Wind Gap; the other two front on the road leading from Stockertown to Mount Bethel. Eight or ten acres of these lots are excellent watered meadow land. The above lots are divided and handsomely laid off on a draft, but will be sold together or separate, to suit purchasers. JACOB ABEL. Stockertown, February 10, 1847. The Ten Regiments. Captain Spering's company of "Easton Guards," it appears, will not have ton Guards," it appears, will not have the honor of forming a part of the ten regiments about to be added to the army. It is stated that the war department will accept one regiment from ment will accept one regiment from this state, and we see no good reason why the "Guards" should have been rejected. It certainly will not be filled up with better soldiers. ed up with better soldiers. The other nine regiments will be called from the following states: New ed from the following states: New York and New Jersey, one regiment; from Rhode Island, one company; Maine, three; New Hampshire, two; Connecticut, two; Vermont,two; making one regiment from New England; ing one regiment from New England; from Maryland, four companies; Delaware, one; Ohio will furnish one entire ware, one; Ohio will furnish one entire regiment; North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, conjointly will fur- lina and Virginia, conjointly will furnish one. Three companies will be nish one. Three companies will be called from Illinois. The mounted regiment will be raised in Kentucky and ment will be raised in Kentucky and Tennessee. Feoruary 24, 1847. Death of Easton's Richest Citizen of the Times. DIED -- In this borough on Wednesday morning, the 3rd instant (March day morning, the 3rd instant (March 1847,) Mr. Peter Miller, in the 81st year of his age. His remains were consigned to the tomb on Saturday afternoon last, at St. John's burial ground, at which time thousands of friends were congregated to witness the funeral rites of one who had for years filled so large a space in the minds of this community. Animated by religious hope, this venerable man sank gently into the arms of death, and passed away, but his memory will be cherished by the indigent ory will be cherished by the indigent widow and orphan for many ages to come. Mr. Miller settled in this place at the age of about twenty years, and entered into mercantile business which he pursued with diligence and success for sixty years, during which time he amassed a large fortune. He was not connected by membership to any church, which was perhaps owing to a Quaker influence contracted ing to a Quaker influence contracted in early life by his association with the society of Friends of the city of Philadelphia, but was a regular worshipper and liberal supporter of the shipper and liberal supporter of the various religious and benevolent operations of the day. ations of the day. In his social relations he was somewhat peculiar. He was never married what peculiar. He was never married -- lost his parents and an only sister in early life, had no other connections and few intimate friends, but was universally esteemed as an intelligent iversally esteemed as an intelligent r-id refined gentleman. In disposing of his vast estate, which some represent as nearly half a million of dollars, he did not bestow lion of dollars, he did not bestow any amount worth mentioning upon individuals, very likely inferring that dividuals, very likely inferring that as he by industry and economy had made more than a living, others might do the same, but bequeathed all to the support of the poor and aged. By the will, executors, trustees and agents are appointed. None of the real estate, stocks or other property to be sold. Bequeaths the interest of $5,000 to the "Benevolent Society of the German Reformed congregation of Easton," and the like sum to the "Benevolent Society of St. John's Luther- nevolent Society of St. John's Lutheran church of Easton" -- the trustees to an church of Easton" -- the trustees to pay over the interest semi-annually. j.ne annual proceeds of the remainder of the estate to go to improvements and repairs of the real estate, and the erection of an asylum for infirm widows, single women and orphans. The ows, single women and orphans. The asylum to be erected in the borough of Easton, and to be under the direction and management of the German tion and management of the German Reformed and St. John's Lutheran churches of Easton. Glorious News from the Army. To the exclusion of nearly every tiling else, we give full particulars of the engagement at Buena Vista and the investment of Vera Cruz. General ^ ay lor, notwithstanding the great odds against him, has gained another brilliant battle and added another wreath to the laurels that before adorned his brow. General Scott, too, is doing the country noble service at Vera Cruz. In a few days we may expect to hear that the celebrated castle of San Juan d' Ulloa and the city tle of San Juan d' Ulloa and the city of Vera Cruz have fallen. The Victory -- Old Rough and Ready. Some of our patriotic citizens repaired to South Easton on Monday af- paired to South Easton on Monday afternoon and brought over the "Baby ternoon and brought over the "Baby Waker," and gave us some loud demonstrations of rejoicing from Mount monstrations of rejoicing from Mount Jefferson. In the evening a meeting of the citizens was held at the court house to show that they appreciate the gallant doings of General Taylor, and nominated him as the Whig candidate for the next presidency. didate for the next presidency. April 7, 1847. The Illumination. The rejoicing of our citizens on Friday evening last, for the success of day evening last, for the success of our arms at the battles of Buena Vista, Vera Cruz and other well fought ta, Vera Cruz and other well fought fields, where the odds were fearfully against our armies, was spirited and brilliant. Private dwellings, with one or two exceptions, were illuminated. The manifestations of rejoicing as prescribed by the resolutions of the town scribed by the resolutions of the town meeting, were carried out in a creditable manner by our patriotic citizens. able manner by our patriotic citizens. The procession of the fire companies added much to the interest of the scene. The court house, county offices, the college, hotels and temperance es, the college, hotels and temperance hall, made a beautiful appearance. Handsome transparencies, representing Captain May's charge at Palo Al- ing Captain May's charge at Palo Alto, and a full sized figure of "Old to, and a full sized figure of "Old Rough and Ready," were displayed at Connor's and Whitesell's hotels. The beautiful appearance of the illumination of the "Office of the Whig," and tion of the "Office of the Whig," and dwelling house in which it is located, was greatly increased by a lai'ge transparency representing the hero at Chip- parency representing the hero at Chippewa and Vera Cruz with his spirited pewa and Vera Cruz with his spirited charger. The first two paintings were executed by Mr. Moon, and the latter by Mr. William Cottingham. Great praise is due these artists for the very creditable manner in which they were got up at a very short notice. tice. It was well perhaps that the resolution to illuminate all the private hous- tion to illuminate all the private houses in the borough was negatived at the es in the borough was negatived at the public meeting. We had about two hundred lights burning, and the heat which they caused, and the consequent melting of tallow, required the quent melting of tallow, required the greatest care to prevent a conflagration. tion. We have now rejoiced at the success of our arms and the bravery of our officers and soldiers. Our victories, it ficers and soldiers. Our victories, it is hoped, will put a stop to human butchery, and that an honorable peace will soon be proclaimed. This is anxiously prayed for by every good citi- iously prayed for by every good citizen, and the event will call for the zen, and the event will call for the most sincere rejoicing. If it should be celebrated by a general lighting up, we would advise all to procure the "laylor Candle" for the illumination, as they are warranted "not to run!" April 21, 1847. Easton Female Seminary. The summer session of this institution will commence on Tuesday, May tion will commence on Tuesday, May 1?, inst. Terms -- English bran,ches, comprising arithmetic, geogra- prising arithmetic, geography, English grammar, first phy, English grammar, first lessons in philosophy, orthography and reading and vocal raphy and reading and vocal music $4 00 Pupils under ten years of age . . 2 50 Higher branches in addition to the above -- Algebra, geometry, elements of drawing, rhetoric astronomy, history, botanjy, philosophy, physiology and chemistry 6 00 Instrumental music 6 00 Drawing and painting, each 2 00 Latin 2 00 French 2 00 CHAS. F. THURSTON, Principal. Easton, May 12, 1847. Odd Fellows' Hall in the Borough of Easton. On Saturday afternoon last, (June 12, 1847,) the corner stone of this building was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The different lodges of Odd Fellows in our vicinity were marshaled at 2 o'clock p. m. arrayed in shaled at 2 o'clock p. m. arrayed in their regalia, and marched in procession through the principal streets of sion through the principal streets of the town, accompanied with the music of the Easton band. They arrived sic of the Easton band. They arrived about three o'clock p. m. at the site of the hall, where suitable arrangements had been made for their re- ments had been made for their reception, seats prepared for the la- ception, seats prepared for the ladies, and other veterans all in readi- dies, and other veterans all in readiness. ness. The ceremonies were then opened with prayer by the Rev. Joshua Rogers, after which the corner stone was ers, after which the corner stone was laid by W. M'Cartney, Esq., who deposited in it for the iDenefit of poster- posited in it for the iDenefit of posterity divers records and articles, among ity divers records and articles, among which were: 1 -- Copies of each of the newspapers published in the borough. 2. Copies of the Ledger and Pennsyl- vanian, published in Philadelphia. 3. A copy of the first newspaper published in California. 4. The Hong lished in California. 4. The Hong Kong Register, published in China. 5. The constitution of the grand lodge of Pennsylvania and of the several lodges of this vicinity. 6. The annual message of the governor of Pennsylvania, for A. D. 1847. 7. The annual vania, for A. D. 1847. 7. The annual messages of the president of the United States for 1845 and 1846. 8. The constitution of the United States. 9. The last will and testament of Peter Miller, deceased. 10. A letter to posterity, giving them our compliments terity, giving them our compliments and some good advice. 11. A copy of the Holy Bible. 12. The constitution of the George Taylor Division of the Sons of Temperance. These and several other articles were placed in a eral other articles were placed in a zinc box, which was then deposited in a receptacle prepared in the corner stone, a marble slab was placed over the opening and fixed solid with cement, and the corner stone was then ment, and the corner stone was then laid to its place, containing within itself material enough to illuminate and govern all future generations. An appropriate address was then delivered by the Rev. C. C. Burr, explanatory of the principles and ob- planatory of the principles and objects of Odd Fellowship, and the au- jects of Odd Fellowship, and the audience dismissed by a benediction dience dismissed by a benediction from Rev. Joshua Rogers. The afternoon was beautiful and clear and highly favorable to the ceremony. The Easton band produced its mony. The Easton band produced its most exquisite music. All present seemed well pleased, and the affair went off in much good feeling and harmony. mony. Died. In Wiliams township, on Wednesday, the ISth instant, Mrs. Lesh, aged day, the ISth instant, Mrs. Lesh, aged 102 years. The deceased was the widow of Abraham Lesh, a soldier of the ow of Abraham Lesh, a soldier of the Revolution, who died about sixty years ago. Death of Capt. Niles. -- The Missouri Reporter, announces the death of ri Reporter, announces the death of Captain Franklin Niles, who commanded a company of Volunteers from manded a company of Volunteers from Madison county in that state. He died on the 24th ult. when on his way to Santa Fe, at 110 Creek, after a sickness of only three days. Mr. Niles ness of only three days. Mr. Niles was formerly of this place, where he has left many warm friends and relatives. His young widow and two or- atives. His young widow and two orphan children are now in Easton. phan children are now in Easton. August 25, 1847. A Visit to Easton. "Easton stands on classic soil," said I to my friend B, who left me upon an eminence behind the Old Academy from which we could overlook the whole town. "It is more than classic," said he "it is consecrated soil!" "How so?" I anxiously inquired, looking up at him to see whether there were any marks of a romancing tendency to be seen in his countenance. "Consecrated soil?" My friend looked at me as if he aid not know whether dullness or ignorance was the source of my difficulty. ance was the source of my difficulty. "Why," he continued with a look of surprise, "this is the Forks of the Delaware!" Well, thought I, how do the forks of the Delaware differ from any other forks?" "This is the place where the Rev. David Brainerd, of blessed memory, preached to the Indians 103 years ago -- yonder is the spot where he built his hut." His eye brightened! Now the matter was clear. That Brainerd had preached to the Indians on the Forks of the Delaware I knew, but that Easton was in the Forks of the Delaware I did not know. Besides, it would not naturally occur to sides, it would not naturally occur to strangers that it was any more the forks of the Delaware than the forks of the Lehigh, for it is in the junction of these two rivers; the Lehigh looks just as much like deserving the prominence as the Delaware, and besides inence as the Delaware, and besides all this, the two rivers flow together in such a manner as to make a queer fork. All this to defend myself against the charge of historical dullness. Well now, when I saw the spot where his cabin stood a short distance above us on the west bank of the Delaware, I had to acknowledge that it aware, I had to acknowledge that it was consecrated ground. Yes, that spot was no more common to me. In spite of my philosophy, I felt like taing off my hat! Don't be alarmed, dear ing off my hat! Don't be alarmed, dear reader, I did not take it off; it was only a strange feeling that came over me. But then there's no use of talking, for your mind runs immediately on sacred places, relics, Pusey- ately on sacred places, relics, Puseyism. Popery, and such like misty ism. Popery, and such like misty things. Then let it rest. Ehough, God and Brainerd pitched their tents there in 1744. What changes in a hundred years! In May, 1744, this man of God "travelled across the woods, from the Hud- elled across the woods, from the Hudson to the Delaware, about a hundred son to the Delaware, about a hundred miles through a desolate and hideous country, where were very few settlements; in which journey he suffered ments; in which journey he suffered much fatigue and hardship." Now, let one stand upon the high rock on the opposite side of the Lehigh and cast his eyes around and remember that 100 years ago all he sees northward for perhaps 25 miles was "hid- ward for perhaps 25 miles was "hideous wilderness," through which a eous wilderness," through which a "melancholy and disconsolate" stranger passed with those words of salva- er passed with those words of salvation which are now so abundantly tion which are now so abundantly preached in all that country -- this will give him some idea of the change which 100 years have wrought. Let any one on a Sabbath morning in Easton, listen to the chime of church bells, and see the streets lined with persons going towards the ed with persons going towards the house of God, seeming to say In Zion let us all appear And keep the solemn day. Then let him take the "Life of Brainerd" and read on the 92nd page, an erd" and read on the 92nd page, an account of the first Sabbath which he spent in the Forks of the Delaware, and see whether he will not find grateful feelings arise in his bosom. Here ful feelings arise in his bosom. Here it is: "Lord's day. May 13, (1744) -Rose early; felt very poorly after my Rose early; felt very poorly after my long journey, and after being wet and fatigued. Was very melancholy; have scarcely ever seen such a gloomy morning in my life; there appears to be no Sabbath; the children are all at play; I, a stranger in the wilderness. and know not where to go; and all circumstances seemed to conspire to render my affairs dark and discouraging." So far dark enough, I cannot ing." So far dark enough, I cannot quote all. If this devoted servant of God were now to come to the Forks of the Delaware, he would have no reason to com- ware, he would have no reason to complain that there "appears to be no plain that there "appears to be no Sabbath," for tnere appears to be one there now; nor owuld he say, "I know not where to go," he would find many Christian hearts open for his reception and comfort. Easton, then, is consecrated ground. Brainerd frequently says in his journal, that he retired into the woods for nal, that he retired into the woods for prayer. There is perhaps not a spot about Easton that has not been consecrated by his prayers and tears. secrated by his prayers and tears. And there too were the "angels encamped around" the Missionary, camped around" the Missionary, Brainerd; and in a peculiar manner has that spot been honored, too, with the presence of Him who said "Lo! I am with you always, even to the end of the world." The people of Easton seem still to honor the religion which Brainerd prescribed. The churches are large cost- scribed. The churches are large costly, convenient and for the most part ly, convenient and for the most part tasteful. The steeple of the German Reformed church is the highest, (180 feet) as well as the most architectural. It points silently to heaven from ral. It points silently to heaven from the din and bustle of busy streets. The churches are the most ornamental buildings in the place. So ought it be. 'i i.Q people there seem not to have the foolish and sinful notion of some that anything is good enough for a church. The communion meeting, which it was my privilege to attend with the German Reformed congregation, was in- man Reformed congregation, was interesting and solemn. The attendance teresting and solemn. The attendance at church was good -- the attendance at the regular prayer meeting was so small! Ah! when is this not the case? This is one fault, we might perhaps find more if we were bent on that, but this one will do to save me from the charge of fiattery, if I should say something in their praise. The congregation is large, the church is well gregation is large, the church is well furnished, and the audience is attentive and apparently devout; and, what tive and apparently devout; and, what is not the least, the music is excellent. Oh how it aids in elevating the heart to God. Why is so little attention paid to this part of worship in our cnurches? No doubt, if there was more heaven in the hearts of Christians, there would be more music on ians, there would be more music on their tongues. The last column of the Messenger keeps an account of the liberality of this congregation, so that I need not record it. I must mention, however, that they gave me some handsome present towards furnishing the new German Reformed church in Lewisburg. Among others a * very pretty burg. Among others a * very pretty yellow $5 gold piece founds its way modestly into my hands. I have understood that it was froiv. a lady. Among stood that it was froiv. a lady. Among tne roll was also a pretty bill, wrapped up in a paper, on which was written the name of the family from which it came. This name it is not necessary to record here. I have laid it up for long remembrance in a better place. The other presents neither small nor few, are to me without name or date. Thanks to them all. In conclusion, I must mention that I had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with the Rev. Father Pomp, quainted with the Rev. Father Pomp, and his family. He has been for 51 years pastor of that church, and still pastor of the German part. Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, being English pastor. On his parlor table lies the beautiful silver plated bible which was presented to him on the 50th anniversary sented to him on the 50th anniversary of his ministry among them, by the congregation; "Ztim Andenken!" The last of his generation, with how much satisfaction can he look back upon his eventful ministry, and with what gratitude must his heart be filled on the review of a life, the labors of which have been so richly blessed! May the Lord smooth the pillow of his declining years. (Weekly Messenger, Rev. H. Harbach, September, 1847.) bach, September, 1847.) In my earlier sketches I made frequent reference to Daniel L. Green, a quent reference to Daniel L. Green, a famous "Doctor," who cured by faith or physic as the patient elected. Death of Dr. Green. We learn from Reading, that Dr. Daniel L. Green, for many years a resident of this borough, died at that place on Thursday last, (September 23, 1847) after a short illness. The doctor was an eccentric character, and will not soon be forgotten by his numei'ous acquaintances. He was consid- ei'ous acquaintances. He was considered the founder of the cold water ered the founder of the cold water system, and the father of the Temperance Societies. perance Societies. Sketches in Eastern Pennsylvania. Easton and vicinity -- Scenery on the Delaware -- Lafayette College -- Scene of Brainerd's labors -- fate of the Indians -- a prediction. dians -- a prediction. Mr. Editor -- May not a man who is confined in this cage of a city for some forty weeks of the year, who has a little liberty in the summer,to stray beyond these brick walls, be pardoned for being a little garrulous when he gets back again, especially if he dispenses with his garrulity for the re- penses with his garrulity for the remainder of the year? I think so. At mainder of the year? I think so. At any rate, I have made up my mind to talk a little about my summer ramblings, with your kind permission. It blings, with your kind permission. It is quite surprising to me that so little is known in New York of the objects of interest for an excursion in and about the pretty borough of Easton, Pennsylvania. I spent some weeks of the past summer there and I am sure 1 have seldom found a more delightful retreat from the city -- one which ful retreat from the city -- one which combines so many and varied attractions. tions. The route to Easton is by railroad as far as Somerville N. J. and thence by stage. It is but a short day's ride. The village of Easton -- it is a borough now; we must not forget these titles -was laid otit by William Penn himself, was laid otit by William Penn himself, and is as regular as the compass can make it. It is a Philadelphia in miniature. iature. A great portion of the inhabitants are descendants of Germans. This you do not need to be told, as you walk the streets of Easton. You can see proof enough to the fact. There are some eight or nine houses of worship, the prevailing denominations being Lutheran, German Re- ations being Lutheran, German Reformed, Presbyterian and Methodist. formed, Presbyterian and Methodist. Lafayette College is situated on a hill overlooking the village. It commands one of the most charming and mands one of the most charming and extensive prospects imaginable. The Rev. Dr. Junkin is President of this institution, and it has a very good reputation. The college is reached directly by two hundred and twenty- ed directly by two hundred and twentyfive steps, and by a more circuitous five steps, and by a more circuitous route lessi steep and accessible to carriages. On this hill is a fine view of the village, and of the country around for many miles in extent. The round for many miles in extent. The Delaware is a noble stream, and from this point its beauty is best seen. It winds gracefully and wildly among the hills, now exhibiting its face with unnumbered trees, and then hiding iis features behind some bold promontory of rock. The Lehigh here joins tory of rock. The Lehigh here joins the Delaware. So does the Bushkill. The latter is a smaller stream, but it adds not a little to the attraction of the landscape from the surrounding hills. By ascending some hundred feet or more above and behind the eminence on which the college stands, we reach Chestnut Hill, from which we have by far the most extensive view. This site commands a prospect of the Delaware Water Gap, twenty-two miles aware Water Gap, twenty-two miles distance, the Lehigh Water Gap, the Wind Gap, and the little village of Nazareth, with the Blue Mountains on the one side, and the less distant hills of New Jersey on the other, for a background. Here one may gaze for hours without being weary. The view resembles somewhat one from Mount Washington, in the vicinity of Bashbish Falls; but the former is finer bish Falls; but the former is finer in this respect, that it takes in every point of the compass, while the latter is limited to little more than half the circle. But there are other circumstances connected with Easton, which render it a place of interest; and to the Christian familiar with history, there are associations interwoven with these circumstances which will ever render the spot peculiarly dear to his der the spot peculiarly dear to his heart. Here are the "Forks of the Delaware". Here was the center of the sphere of early missionary operations among the red men of Pennsyl- ations among the red men of Pennsylvania. Here David Brainerd, the holy vania. Here David Brainerd, the holy me self-denying, the heavenly-minded Brainerd made his home. The humble dwelling where he lived, while imitating the example of his blessed master- ing the example of his blessed master-- he went about doing good-- is now -- he went about doing good-- is now standing, and the noble sycamore trees under which that godly man taught the sons of the forest how to live and how to aie, still welcome the stranger to rest awhile under their shadows, to commune with the past, to endeavor to catch the spirit of that missionary, so eminently the spirit of Christ. Brainerd went to his rest when only thirty years of age. He was a feeble man in body; but oh, what a soul; How like Paul's was his brief career after the Spirit of God breathed into him the breath of a new life! Ho to him the breath of a new life! Ho was taken ill, and returned to Nor thampton, Mass. weary of his toils. Here in the family of the illustrious Edwards, his devoted friend and spiri tual father, he remained awhile, hoping to gain strength sufflciert to jus- ing to gain strength sufflciert to justify his return to his home in the tify his return to his home in the wilderness. But he did not tarry long under that roof. Though nursed with all a parents' and sister's tenderness, he could not stay. Angels came for him, and he smiled as he said farewell and went with them to heaven. Had not his spirit too much of purity, too much of heaven in it, for a world so full of dross of sin? It may be so, it seems so. "The good die first, While they whose hearts are dry as summer dust. Burn to the socket." Is not this as true in sentiment as it is beauitful in poetic imagery. Brainerd has long been in heaven; and if privileged to look down upon the scenes of this lower world, as the providence of God has developed successive acts in the great moral drama cessive acts in the great moral drama of earth, has doubtless seen much calculated to gladden the heart of the culated to gladden the heart of the disciple of Christ; but, were these sighing in Heaven, Brainerd's heart must have sighed as he witnessed the sorrows of that race to whose spiritual interests, with all the ardor of his ual interests, with all the ardor of his enthusiastic soul, he devoted his life. Where are now those noble minded, chivalrous children of nature, that then called the wild forests of Pennsylvania their own? What have we sylvania their own? What have we done with them? Methinks I hear the voice of the Lord God in these beautiful fields, covered with a golden har- ful fields, covered with a golden harvest, and amid yonder dwellings, full vest, and amid yonder dwellings, full to overflowing with the riches of this world -- methinks I hear the words "Where is Abel thy brother?" Full of tender, melancholy, poetic interest, is the history of the red man. There was a great comet in the latter part of the sixteenth century. The month of October, 1580, will ever be memorable on this account Many minds less superstitious than those of the ignorant natives regarded it with fearful forebodings. These periodical visitors were not so well understood then as they have come to be now. Some one asked a sachem, the head man of one of the tribes of the Delaware, what was the meaning of this ware, what was the meaning of this mysterious stranger. "It signifies," said the old man, gravely and solemnly, 'it signifies that our people shall ly, 'it signifies that our people shall melt away like' the snow in spring, and this counti-y be inhabited by another race." How remarkably has this other race." How remarkably has this prediction been verified! F. C. W. October 27, 1847.Died. Died. In this borough on Sunday night, the 24th instant, after a short illness, Absalom Reeder, Esq, in the S6th year of his age. In this death another of the few remaining veterans of the Revolutionary War has departed. In his youth he volunteered in the New Jersey line, and aided in our struggles with Great Britain. He settled in this place soon after the war, and entered into mercantile pursuits, in which ed into mercantile pursuits, in which he was much esteemed for prompt and correct business habits. In private life he was a useful and respect- vate life he was a useful and respected citizen -- as a Christian, highly ex- ed citizen -- as a Christian, highly exemplary, and the church of which he emplary, and the church of which he was a member, as well as the religious community around, have sustained a loss in his removal from time, to receive his reward in Heaven. ceive his reward in Heaven. October 27, 1847. of Mexico, after a severe and protracted illness. ed illness. November 24, 1847. Died. In this place, on Friday, the 12th instant, Peter Samuel, after a lingering illness. The deceased was a na- ing illness. The deceased was a native of Bucks county, and served as tive of Bucks county, and served as a soldier during the Revolutionary war. He was bom in the year 1761. His funeral took place on Sunday afternoon, last, and a sermon preached ternoon, last, and a sermon preached on the occasion by the Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger of the German Reformed church. November 17, 1847. Deaths in -the Army. LIEUT. BENJAMIN YARD. -- We have received the melancholy intelligence of the death of Benjamin Yard, gence of the death of Benjamin Yard, who was for several yeai's a citizen of our borough, and has left many relatives and friends amongst us. He left tives and friends amongst us. He left Trenton, New Jersey, last spring as second lieutenant in Joseph A. Yard's company, but was afterwards transferred from it to Captain Tompkin's ferred from it to Captain Tompkin's company. Tenth regiment, U. S. infantry. He was taken with the yellow fe- try. He was taken with the yellow fever on the 16th and died on the 20th of ver on the 16th and died on the 20th of October last. He was buried on the 21st, at Fort Brown, opposite Matamoras, where rest the remains of hund- ras, where rest the remains of hundreds of our best men, who fell victims reds of our best men, who fell victims to the folly and ambition of our rulers. lers. LIEUT. JAMES M'KEEN. -- This excellent young man and brave soldier also fell a victim to the diseases ier also fell a victim to the diseases of the Mexican climate, at the city of Pueblo. He marched from Mauch Chunk with the patriotic and brave Captain Miller, of the Stockton's, who was severely wounded, and has leave to return to his friends, who reside at South Baston, where also reside the parents of the lamented McKeen, whose devotion to the cause of his country sanctifies his remembrance. LIEUT. WILLIAM WUNDER. of the Reading Artillerists, died in the city Captain Miller and the Late Lieut. McKeen. In perusing the proceedings of council, as published in their official organ, we were gratified to find that measures will be taken to give Captain Miller, of the Stockton Artiller- tain Miller, of the Stockton Artillerists, on his arrival here, a public re- ists, on his arrival here, a public reception for his patriotic conduct in ception for his patriotic conduct in Mexico. We extract the preamble and resolutions adopted by council in this matter, as well as those passed by the same body in relation to the great loss sustained in the death of Lieut. McKeen: Whereas, It is understood that Captain James Miller, of the Second reg- tain James Miller, of the Second regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers in iment of Pennsylvania Volunteers in the service of the United States, in Mexico, is about to visit this place, in which the greater part of his life was spent, and it is due to him, that he should be received with respect, due to his gallantry, and distinguished merit. Therefore, Resolved, that measures be taken by the constituted authorities of the borough, and by the citizens, to give him a proper reception. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to make the necessary ar- pointed to make the necessary arrangements for the purpose and if ne- rangements for the purpose and if necessary enlarge their number from the cessary enlarge their number from the body of the citizens. Whereas, It has pleased Divine Providence to remove by death James Mc- vidence to remove by death James McKeen, Jun., Esq., lieutenant and quar- Keen, Jun., Esq., lieutenant and quarter master of the Second Pennsylvania ter master of the Second Pennsylvania regiment of Volunteers, in the service of the United States in Mexico, late a member of the Bar of this county, and who was long a citizen of this vicinity, in the prime of life, and in the midst of usefulness, whilst gallantly sustaining the cause of his country. ly sustaining the cause of his country. Therefore ,Resolved, That the town council of the borough of Easton sympathize with the family and friends of pathize with the family and friends of the deceased in the loss which they have sustained in this gallant and meritorious officer, and that the president itorious officer, and that the president of council be instructed to communicate to them the expression of the cate to them the expression of the high regard entertained for his memory, and their deep sympathy in this ory, and their deep sympathy in this efiective dispensation." December 1, 1847. Capt. James Miller. This distinguished Individual arrived in our town yesterday. He was rived in our town yesterday. He was very handsomely and warmly received by the town council and citizens of this place. The committee of arrangements rode out in the morning, and met him at Seip's tavern, on the Mauch Chunk road, as did the marshals and a large number of citizens in carriages and on horseback, to receive and es- es and on horseback, to receive and escort him to town. cort him to town. The Easton Fencibles under the command of Lieutenant Taylor, several of mand of Lieutenant Taylor, several of the fire companies, and citizens m carriages and on horseback, were formed in procession by Assistant Marshal D. W. Butz, and received him on the top of the hill. The procession then marched through the several streets, enlivened with excellent martial music -- the sweet strains of the tial music -- the sweet strains of the Easton Brass band -- the ringing of bells -- firing of cannon, and the repeated huzzas of the multitude. peated huzzas of the multitude. When the cavalcade arrived in the square, the gallant captain was received by the chief burgess in a neat, ceived by the chief burgess in a neat, appropriate and highly creditable address, to which Captain Miller replied dress, to which Captain Miller replied in the style of a true hearted soldier. He gave a brief history of his dier. He gave a brief history of his corps and the regiment to which it is attached from the time of entering the service up to the capture of the city of Mexico, and was heartily cheered, whilst speaking, by the thousands ed, whilst speaking, by the thousands who had collected around the stage. At the close of the address nine cheers were given for our gallant townsman, who was then conducted to the American hotel, where he was handsomely ican hotel, where he was handsomely enteitfined and received the congratulations of his friends. ulations of his friends. The day was highly favourable for the reception, and Chief Marshal Miller, and the committee of arrange- ler, and the committee of arrangements, deserve much praise for the ments, deserve much praise for the highly creditable manner in which the affair was got up and conducted. Our paper was going to press about the Liiie the reception was closing, and we are obliged to be brief in this notice, but will give more full particulars in our next. ulars in our next. December 22, 1847. Jam^s McKeen, above referred to graduated at Lafayette in 1841, wa3 admitted to the bar and located at Mauch Chunk, where he entered the service of the United States in the Mexican war, was taken sick at the siege of Pueblo and died after a brief illness. , James Miller served as a volunteer soldier in two wars. When hostilities with Mexico opened he promptly ties with Mexico opened he promptly recruited troops and won distinction as a brave and efBcient ofiicer throughout the campaign, serving in one of the out the campaign, serving in one of the regiments which followed General Scott, and at its close was commissioned captain for meritorious servic- sioned captain for meritorious services. At the opening of the war of re- es. At the opening of the war of rebellion he again volunteered and was bellion he again volunteered and was instrumental in organizing and bringing to a state of efficiency the Eighty- ing to a state of efficiency the Eightyfirst Pennsylvania regiment, first Pennsylvania regiment, of which he was made colonel. He went to the peninsula with McClellan, and when arrived before Richmond, was put upon the front. fore Richmond, was put upon the front. His command was active in the construction of the famous Sumner bridge struction of the famous Sumner bridge across the Chickahominy, and when completed, passed over and participated in the severe skirmish at Grolding's ed in the severe skirmish at Grolding's farm. In the battle of Fair Oaks on the 30th of May, 1862, the troops of Sumner were hastened to the relief ot the hard pressed forces of Casey who was first to feel the attack and were successful in checking the foe. On the following morning the fighting was renewed. The left fiank of the regiment was exposed. In the progress of ment was exposed. In the progress of the battle a regiment of the enemy approached from the open side, which Colonel Miller mistook for a Union force and called out to it. The answer was a volley at close range, under swer was a volley at close range, under which he fell, shot through the heart, and expired upon the field manfully battling to the last. Near the spot where Col. Miller was killed, General O. O. Howard lost his arm. Colonel Miller's remains were buried in the Easton cemetery with military honors and his funeral was one of the many solemn events in Easton's history during the Rebellion when so many of her sons enlisted in the cause of the Union, not a few of whom were brought home to fill soldiers' graves. Colonel Miller married a Miss McKeen, of Easton, and a son, William Keen, of Easton, and a son, William McKeen Miller, graduated at Lafayette college in 1874. ette college in 1874. Presentation of a Sword to Captain Miller. A splendid sword was presented to Captain Miller by the citizens of Easton, on New Year's eve, at the Ameri- ton, on New Year's eve, at the American hotel, as a token of their admira- can hotel, as a token of their admiration of the gallantry which he display- tion of the gallantry which he displayed in the various engagements of our ed in the various engagements of our army before getting possession of the city of Mexico. The company assembled to participate in the festivities was large, and pate in the festivities was large, and everything passed off in the most cordial and satisfactory manner. James dial and satisfactory manner. James S. Reese, Esq., presented the sword with an appropriate address, to which the valiant captain made a suitable reply. Several other gentlemen present ply. Several other gentlemen present made speeches, toasts were drank, etc. January 5, 1843. Death of Jacob Opp. Died, in the tov/n of Dansville, N. Y., on the evening of April 9, 1848, Jacob Opp. in the eighty-first year of his life. It may be said of Father Opp, as it was said of Abraham, "he died in a good old age, an old man, and full of years; and was gathered unto his people." The deceased formerly removed from Easton, Pa., into this state, and settled in the village of Dansville, in 1813, tled in the village of Dansville, in 1813, of which he was a permanent resident till within a few years since which time, he spent his days and closed his pilgrimage with his youngest son, living a short distance out of town. Fath- ing a short distance out of town. Father Opp was universally regarded as er Opp was universally regarded as a most worthy citizen -- honest, upright, enterprising and strictly punc- right, enterprising and strictly punctual in all his dealings and intercourse tual in all his dealings and intercourse with his fellow men. As a neighbor he was ever obliging -- as a father and husband invariably kind and affectionate -- and as a Christian he was truly ate -- and as a Christian he was truly evangelical and consistent. In the liberal support of the church and all oth- eral support of the church and all other objects of benevolence, he was at er objects of benevolence, he was at least fifty years in advance of the age in which he lived. In the former part of his life he was blessed with the abundance of this world's goods, and his munificence was equal to his means. The Lutheran church was ever dear to him, he an church was ever dear to him, he loved her as he did his own soul-- and he bid her God speed with all his h eart. -- Communicated. Another Easton Hero of the Mexican War and Rebellion. Charles A. Heckman. Having heard within the past few days reports calculated to injure the honor of Charles A. Heckman, (late a volunteer in the United States service, in Mexico) I deem it a duty, in his absence, to publish the following certifi- sence, to publish the following certificates and letter. cates and letter. H. S. HECKMAN. Easton, March 14, 1848. H, First regiment of United States volunteers is incapable of performing t_e duties of a soldier, for the following reasons; that for three months he ing reasons; that for three months he has been and now is afflicted with severe rheumatism, and therefore, in the vere rheumatism, and therefore, in the opinion of the undersigned, the interest of the service requires that he est of the service requires that he should be discharged from the army. A. CADWALADER, Surgeon. During the last three months, the above named Charles A. Heckman, now recommended to be discharged, has been on the sick list sixty days, and has been reported fit for duty during the same period, ten days. M. J. BARNARD, Captain. U. S. Volunteers, commanding Co. H. Given at Vera Cruz, this 20th day of November, 1847. v.ar Department, Adjutant General's Office, Washington. Special Orders. Sergeant Charles A. Heckman, of Co. H., regiment of Volunteers, is hereby honorably discharged from the service on surgeon's certificate of disa- vice on surgeon's certificate of disability By order bility By order R. JONES, Adjutant General. Vera Cruz, Nov. 20, 1847. Dear Sir-- Allow me to introduce to your acquaintance, the bearer of this, Charles A. Heckman, Esq. You will recollect him as coming out in my company as first sergeant,I have ever foimd him an efficient soldier, and gallant gentleman, foremost among the many gallant spirits here. Any attention you may show him will confer a tion you may show him will confer a favor on Your Affectionate Brother, M. J. BARNARD. To J. B. Forsyth, Esq., Sixth street above Walnut, Philadelphia. Surgeon's Certificate of Ordinary Disability. ability. I hereby certify, that Charles A. Heckman, first sergeant of Company Dedication of the Odd Fellows' Hall. Thursday, May 18, 1848. The new and splendid hall of the Odd Fellows in this borough, will be uedicated in the presence of the Order, by the officers of the Grand Lodge; the services to commence at 10 o'clock a. m. The ladies and gentlemen of the borough, as well as visitors, are respectfully invited to attend and witness the interesting ceremonies. We ness the interesting ceremonies. We have been requested by the committee of arrangments to publish the following: ing: Adam Yohe, Chief Marshal. Assistants -- F. W. Muller, George Finley, M. H. Horn, Henry S. Carey ley, M. H. Horn, Henry S. Carey and Sylvester Stout. The procession will form in South Pomfret street, at 1 o'clock precisely, the right wing rest on S. Drinkhouse's corner, extending towards and below tne Odd Fellows' hall. The procession will move down Northampton sion will move down Northampton street to the Delaware bridge and countermarch to Fermer -- up Fermer to Spring Garden, up Spring Garden to Pomfret -- down Pomfret to the Square -- up Northampton to the top of the Hill -- do'wn Northampton to Hamilton -- do^^Ti Hamilton to Lehigh -- down Lehigh to Pomfret -- up Pomfret to Ferry -- down Ferry to Fermer. fret to Ferry -- down Ferry to Fermer. up Fermer to Northampton -- up Northampton to the Square -- down Pomfret ampton to the Square -- down Pomfret to Ferry -- up Ferry to Hamilton -down Hamilton to Bushkill -- down down Hamilton to Bushkill -- down Bushkill to Pomfret and down Pomfret to the hall. fret to the hall. Order of Procession. Chief Marshal on ^j.orseback: the assistant marshals on foot. sistant marshals on foot. Lehicton Lodge, No. 244. The Outside Guardian with Drawn Sword. The Scene Supporters. Members without any Degrees. Brethren with the First and Second -- Third and Fourth -- Fifth Degree. Inside Guardian with Sword. Treasurer. Secretary and Assistant Secretary. Wardens and Conductors. Vice Grand and His Supporters. Noble Grand assisted by Right and Left Supporters. Past Grands according to their date of Election. Friend of Peace Lodge. No. 164. Easton Band. Columbia Lodge. No. 139. Fatherland Lodge, No. 111. Delaware Lodge, No. 73. Peace and Plenty Lodge, No. 69. Should there be any younger lodges in attendance from this state, they will take the lead according to their respective number. Martial Music. Visiting Lodges. Visiting brothers can walk in any part of the procession they please. Building committee with white rosette. Grand Lodge Officers. D. D. G. M.. Chaplain and Orators of the day, on foot. Mount Sinai Encampment. Dedication of the Odd Fellows' Hall. The ceremonies commenced with the dedication of the building erected by the Odd Fellows, took place on Thursday last. May IS, 1S48.) The dedica- day last. May IS, 1S48.) The dedicatory address was delivered in the hall tory address was delivered in the hall at 11 o'clock by Dr. Andrew Yohe, late of this place A crowd composed of citizens and members of the order assembled to her the doctor, and from all he received the highest applause. His delivery was good, and plause. His delivery was good, and the subject matter of his address, which was an historical account of the Order, was edifying. At 1 o'clock the different lodges of this vicinity and those in attendance from a distance, assembled in the public sqtiare and formed in procession under the direction of Chief Mar- sion under the direction of Chief Marshal Adam Yohe, Esq. The line was shal Adam Yohe, Esq. The line was qtiite a long one. and as it moved through the town with the rich regalia and other trappings of the mem- lia and other trappings of the members, enlivened with martial music bers, enlivened with martial music and the Easton and Bethlehem bands, presented an interesting and imposing exhibition. Thousands of citizens and strangers were drawn to the square whilst it was forming, and most of the streets through which the procession passed were lined with specta- sion passed were lined with spectators. tors. The exercises of the day were closed with an address esplanatorj' and ed with an address esplanatorj' and in defence of the Order, by Mr. McArthur, of New York. His address oc- Arthur, of New York. His address occupied upwards of an hour, and dur- cupied upwards of an hour, and during all that time he succeeded in keep- ing all that time he succeeded in keeping a large audience standing in the ing a large audience standing in the square, exposed to the heat. Strong evidence of his talents and ability as a public speaker. Webster's Gallery. Daguerreotypes. The proprietor of the above establishment is now prepared to take lishment is now prepared to take likenesses in any kind of weather, either in groups or single, and of any ther in groups or single, and of any size. Likenesses taken and set in lockets, breastpins, medallions and rings, copies taken from Daguerrotypes, paintings and prints. types, paintings and prints. Landscapes, views, machinery, etc., taken with the proprietor's improved apparatus without being reversed. Likenesses of invalids or deceased persons taken at the shortest notice (at their residence.) Children's likenesses taken Un the morning) in nesses taken Un the morning) in from five to ten seconds. At this establishment can be found the finest assortment of cases ever offered in this place, also a large assortment of GOLD AND PLATED LOCKETS. Medallions, etc., which can be bought with a likeness for about the same price that a similar article can oe purchased for elsewhere without the likeness. Citizens of Easton and vicinity as well as strangers, are invited to call and examine a large number of beautiful specimens, taken by the tiful specimens, taken by the proprietor) and satisfy themselves as to their artistical mer- selves as to their artistical merits and if they feel disposed to sit for its and if they feel disposed to sit for a picture the proprietor would be nappy to wait upon them, and no pains will be spared that entire satisfaction may be given. faction may be given. Instructions given in the art and apparatuses furnished. paratuses furnished. Rooms in .Jones Brick Building, northwest corner of the public Square, Easton, Pa. E. Z. WEBSTER. Daguerrean Artist. .June 21. 1848. of personal aspersion manifested by the speaker. Let affairs of this kind ue conducted independent of all personal feeling, and let them be the spon- sonal feeling, and let them be the spontaneous out-pourings of the jjeople. taneous out-pourings of the jjeople. ,Iune 14, 1848. The Daguerrean Art. Mr. Webster, professor of the above art, has opened a room, as will be seen by a notice in this paper, in the Square, and is prepared with one of the strongest and most highly improved apparatuses., and the best ma- proved apparatuses., and the best material to take likenesses, landscapes, terial to take likenesses, landscapes, or other views. He is also enabled to take more than one likeness of a person on the same plate. We have i;een a few specimens of his pictures, a"hd have no hesitation in pronouncing them equal, if not superior to any that we have ever seen. Families as well as the Beaux and Belles have nov/ an opportunity of furnishing themselves ith perfect likeness- ing themselves ith perfect likeness- es at a moderate charge, and Mr. Webster will no doubt be liberally patronized. Welcome Home. On Friday last a returning soldier, John Yates, a native of this place, was handsomely received and welcomed home by a large collection of comed home by a large collection of his fellow citizens. During the mov ing of the procession cannon were tired from Mount Jefferson, and the bells rung. Mr. Yates enlisted in the early part of last year and left for the seat of our army, under the old hero General Scott. At the battle near the city of Mexico, we believe, he was wounded in the leg, which disabled him, and procured him a discharge. led him, and procured him a discharge. The reception w^as participated in by Captain Reeder and W. H. Hutter; the latter of whom made a speech to the returning hero. We are glad that a private soldier was welcomed home, but we were sorry to see a matter of this kind prostituted to personal pretensions to patriotism. We were very sorry to witness a feeling Died. On Sunday last, tJuly 9. 1848), in this place, Mrs. Louisa Panaeo.after a severe illness, aged sixty years. The deceased was a native of France, but resided here about thirty years, during which time she was successfully ing which time she was successfully engaged in the confectionery business. Bv a will she bequeaths the sum of $200 to the New Lutheran church, and the same amount to the Episcopal i i.urch of this place. Our Candidates For Governor. We this week add to the distinguished names at the head of our paper, ed names at the head of our paper, that of Peter S. Michler, as a candidate for Governor, subject, however, date for Governor, subject, however, to the decision of a State Convention. We shall urge the claims of Mr. Michler upon the citizens of the Commonwealth with earnestness, at the monwealth with earnestness, at the same time avowing our determination to support the nominee of the convention, to the fullest extent of our pow- tion, to the fullest extent of our power. We consider Mr. Michler in every er. We consider Mr. Michler in every point of view the most available and advantageous candidate that is offered to the people of Pennsylvania. He is, where well known, universally esteemed and respected. He is a man teemed and respected. He is a man of fine business talents and a man of high character for purity of purpose. He is equally well acquainted with the English and Garman languages, which we consider of itself, a great recommendation. It is many years since Northampton has had a candidate for the Governor's office. If we date for the Governor's office. If we can have the candidate, we will make such havoc in the Locofoco ranks as \.ill appall the Cassites and give them foretaste of what they are as to expect in November, when Rough and pect in November, when Rough and ..eady will go over them rough shod. Reception of Lieut. Miner. On Saturday evening Lieutenant Joseph W. Miner, who volunteered during the Mexican war, was received bv the military and citizens of this place with the most cordial and hearty greetings. His reception at the west end of the town, where a large number had assembled, was enthusiastic. The line of procession was formed by Chief Marshal Adam Yohe, and proceeded with torch-lights through the town. At the residence of Dr. Abraham Stout, Mr. Miner, was welcomed ham Stout, Mr. Miner, was welcomed in behalf of the citizens bj^ Col. James M. Porter, in a short address, which was handsomely responded to by the young her^. Mr. Miner enrolled himself as a private in Cap. Dana's company of "Wyoming Artillerists," and marched with that valiant corps from Wyoming for the theatre of war. As a reward for his bravery and his general good conduct as soldier, he Vv^as promoted to a First ueutenantcy whilst in Mexico. We may v/ell feel proud of such ico. We may v/ell feel proud of such volunteers. * * * August 16, 1848. Ruins of Easton. BY G. C. H. To the antiquarian there is a something in Central American scenery thing in Central American scenery that renders it doubly interesting. To him it is a land involved in impenetrable mystery. While panting up the trable mystery. While panting up the side of some steep barranca: while wandering by some loved rio's bank beneath trees proudly erect in their luxuriant beauty; while gazing from some lofty sierra upon the varied scenery around him, upon towering volcanoes belching forth their liquid fire, upon dark dense forests ranging far away in the distance, upon plain and valley, cascade and rivulet, lake and river; wherever and upon whatever he looks, remembers that cen- ever he looks, remembers that centuries ago there was a people, rich, turies ago there was a people, rich, proud and powerful, who gazed upon the same scene, and claimed them as their own glad heritage. But that race has long, long ago nassed away, and although nought but the ruins of might cities remain to tell of their existence, yet the vivid imagination of the antiquarian can people tion of the antiquarian can people those desolate abodes with beings of another day, and enliven them with scenes of bygone hours. Here is the land where rest the relics of a mighty Lut lon^r '^oparted people, and here " the token Of temples once renowned Is but a pillar, broken. With grass and wall-flower crowned. And the lone serpent rears her young Where the triumphant lyre hath sung." Such thoughts, while each day of indefatigable toils opens new discoveries, serve to cheer the antiquarian eries, serve to cheer the antiquarian in his laborious but interesting work, and add new ])eauty to each scene. Although the scenery that makes Easton so attractive, presents nothing i^at would endear it to the antiquarian, yet it has that which leaves no ian, yet it has that which leaves no mean, nor slight impression on the stranger, and which renders it so lovely to its sons that they are never so happy as when breathing its invigorating air. I speak fi'om experi- vigorating air. I speak fi'om experience. I care not whether you climb ence. I care not whether you climb among the dark, wild passes of the Wey-Gat, or along the flower clad Glendon Hills; whether you roam by the quiet Lehigh, among the groves of sweet little Bushkill, or along the banks of the noble Delaware; whether you gaze from the heights of Parnassus, from the precipitous sides of Ida, sus, from the precipitous sides of Ida, from the summits of Lafayette, or of Jefferson, from the Chestnut Hills, on the north or the Glendon Hills on the south, from there or from other places, still from every point there burst es, still from every point there burst such views of rich, rare, varied beauty, that it is hard to believe the flattered descriptions of Swiss and Scottish scenery surpass them. Now you gaze upon some small sequestered spot, lovely enough to grow sentimentality in the coldest heart that ever eschewed romance. Then again, you climb some mountain where true elevations is lost by the gentle ascent, and gaze upon a view of some sixly or seventy miles length and twenty or thirty in breadth, which lacking only the lake and the ocean, presents a picture of beauty and grandeur very rare indeed. Yes! such and much more is the scenery of Easton, so near our two greatest cities, ton, so near our two greatest cities, yet so little known, so little appreciated. ciated. Although glorying in hill and valley, in 'green pastures,' and 'still wa- ley, in 'green pastures,' and 'still waters;' although the spot where Brain- ters;' although the spot where Brainerd preached the gospel of peace to erd preached the gospel of peace to the red-men of the woods; although the spot where savage met savage in the deadly encounter some to conquer, others to retain the far famed Forks of the Delaware, the home of the forest fisherman; although thus fraught est fisherman; although thus fraught with deep and living interest, yet, how much enhanced would Easton be, if it could boast of some extensive ruin to tell of times that go far back! In a bright june morning I was walking along the hills that skirt the north shores of the Lehigh, mentalIv digesting the above original idea. Iv digesting the above original idea. The carpet which kind nature had spread for a man to walk and look upon, although profusely ornamented with the violet and other flowers of equal beauty but less modest hue, was now trodden with a careless step. The woods were melodious with their accustomed choir of warbling birds, whistling squirrels and whispering zephyrs, but my ear was stilled to music, while the mind was far away among the ruins of an Uxmal or a Palenque. Whether ray eye glanced upward to the clear azore arch that spanned above, or fell upon the trees around, it was alike insensible, while fancy trod the fallen palaces of Utlanta or mused sadly over the ruined ta or mused sadly over the ruined battlements of Atalaya. Almost unconscious, I proceeded until nature, hitherto slighted with im- til nature, hitherto slighted with impunity, enforced attention. I stood punity, enforced attention. I stood upon the very edge of a precipice of at least a dangerous height. Before me stretched a small but beautiful valley. Here might be seen the golden yellow of the ripening harvest. en yellow of the ripening harvest. There glittering in dew and sunbeam was the rich green of the lowly meadow. At one extremity of the vale on ow. At one extremity of the vale on a gentle slope fed the flock of the shepherd, whose soft bleating with the deep lowing of the distant cattle scarce broke the still quiet. Through the centre of the valley rolled the Lehigh. On the opposite bank rose the hills, stretching far away to the south-west, hill upon hill, until the summits of the most distant seem mingled with the blue sky. On the hill side gled with the blue sky. On the hill side and the plain, here and there, the white front of some farm house might be seen peeping through the heavy foliage of the shade trees. Along the southern bank of the river, a little to west of the rfsing hills, was a small level that appeared peculiarly solitary and interesting. The situation was so pretty and stillness that reigned around it so subduing, that nature had nearly resumed its power, when my eyes fell upon what I had so ardently desired -- a pile of ruins. Yes! a pile of ruins! The joy of that old sage who ran through the streets of Syracuse, crying, "Eureka, eureka, I have cuse, crying, "Eureka, eureka, I have found it," was scarce greater than mine at this, my discovery -- Ruins! could it be an illusion? No; there they were, genuine ruins! My position on the other side of the river was not as favorable for description as was desirable, but as I was there, and they appeared to me, so I will describe the ruins. They were surrounded by a heavy growth O'f saplings. The principal ruin consisted of a tower, one half of which had fallen. The other half seemed to be built of burnt clay, or of a small reddish stone, and was about fifty feet in height, and circular in form. The building originally could not have been much higher if any, as the diameter at its base was only about twenty-five or thirty feet. The tops, as much as remained, projected over the sides of the tower and was flat, either for the purpose of worship or for giving signals. On the side visible to me I could perceive no window, or aperture for the admission of dow, or aperture for the admission of lirht and air. The entrances to the tower were probably four. The two tiiat remained were narrow, arched and apparently very compact and firm. The origin and design of this singular structure I was a loss to divine. lar structure I was a loss to divine. The little plain upon which it was erected was too small to be the site of any considerable town. It might be the only remaining tower of a fortification, or one of a chain of towers tification, or one of a chain of towers ruch as were used by the ancients to transmit intelligence by signals. But for neither of these purposes did it seem adapted, as it was surrounded by many more elevated and commanding positions. The more rational opin- ing positions. The more rational opinion was that it was a temple for wor- ion was that it was a temple for worship, and if so, he deserves great ship, and if so, he deserves great credit who located so beautiful a location. cation. While thus ruminating upon the probable design of the structure, I noticed just below me an old man upon ticed just below me an old man upon v/hose hoary head the frosts of age had left the marks of their ravages. He was sitting upon a broken rock, KprTsntly lost in the contemplation of the ruined tower. It instantly occurred to me, that he being an old curred to me, that he being an old residenter, had perhaps received from th^ Indians some tradition connected vv'ith the interesting ruin Without hesitation I acted upon the idea, and leaping from rock to rock, descended the hill. Struck with the venerable ed the hill. Struck with the venerable aopearance of the old man, I approached, hat in hand, and apologizing for ed, hat in hand, and apologizing for my perhaps unreasonable intrusion upon his meditations, respectfully inquired if he could throw any light quired if he could throw any light upon the origin and history of the solitary tower. Looking upon me for a itary tower. Looking upon me for a moment, he turned to the object of inquiry saving, "Do you mean that pile of bricks yonder?" "Yes sir" said I "Yoiider pile of ruins." He replied, "That's the old Smelting furnace." I left. Easton, Pa., August 23, 1848. Another Returned Volunteer. Lieut. Charles Miner Stout, son of Dr. A. Stout, of this place, returned to his home on Saturday. This youthful hero was also a private in the ful hero was also a private in the "Wyominig Artillerists." His intelligence and creditable bearing as a sol- gence and creditable bearing as a soldier, however, entitled him to promo- dier, however, entitled him to promotion and he was transferred to the tion and he was transferred to the Eleventh regiment of infantry, and honored with a lieutenant's commission. Notwithstanding the trials and sion. Notwithstanding the trials and hardships of the war, Mr. Stout is again amongst us in the enjoyment of good health, a source of great pleasure to his numerous relatives and ure to his numerous relatives and acquaintances. August 23, 1848. Doctor Junkin -- A Token of Esteem -Departure. Departure. On Thursday evening last (October 26, 1848). the Rev. George Junkin, D. D., and family left Easton for Lexnigton, Virginia, where he goes to en- nigton, Virginia, where he goes to enter upon the duties of president of ter upon the duties of president of Washington college. Our revered friend leaves us with the sincere regret of the great body of our citizens among whom he has labored for many years in the cause of education and Christianity. On the eve of tion and Christianity. On the eve of his departure a beautiful pitcher of solid silver was presented to him by the ladies of the Second Presbyterian church of our borough-- a church which was organized mainly through his exertions. This manifestation of respect coming from such a source and being the offering of the grateful heart is doubly valuable as an enduring proof of the nobleness of spirit ing proof of the nobleness of spirit th,at gave and received the elegant present. We earnestly hope the worthy receiver will find in the state where ceiver will find in the state where he goes to reside, friends as sincere as those who he left in our borough and its vicinity. We also trust that honor and usefulness will abundantly crown his future labors, and that many, many years will pass away before late in the evening of human fore late in the evening of human life "the pitcher be broken at the fountain." November 1, 1S48. Taylor Festival. The committee appointed at a meeting of the friends of Taylor, Filmore ing of the friends of Taylor, Filmore and Johnston, of the borough of Easton, held on Saturday last to make ton, held on Saturday last to make arrangements for a GRAND JUBILEE in honor of the recent victories achieved in the election of their candidates, ed in the election of their candidates, announce that A FREE DINNER will be prepared on Saturday, the 2nd of December next, in the large vacant lot at the corner of Bushkui and Fermor (Second) street. The whole lot mor (Second) street. The whole lot will be placed under cover. All the friends of Taylor, Fillmore and Johnston, in Northampton and the neigh- ston, in Northampton and the neighboring counties, are invited to be pres- boring counties, are invited to be present and join in the festivities. ent and join in the festivities. COME ONE, COME ALL and let us congratulate each other on the triumph of the hero of Buena Vista, the factory boy of New York, and ta, the factory boy of New York, and the champion of Pennsylvania interests. ests. A procession will be formed at 11 o'clock a. m. precisely, at the dinner lot to march through the streets of the borough with music, banners, etc. On the evening of the same day there will be illuminations and bonfires, and a brilliant display of fire works on Mt. Jefferson, illustrative of our victories. The committee have procured the "Big Gun" from Allentown, which under the superintendence of Captain Daubert will be fired throughout the day and evening. Samuel Yohe, George W. Yates, Wm. Maxwell, Jacob Able, Jr., Reuben Lerch, Wm. D. Nolen, John Dawes, George A. Hice, Derrick Hulick, Wm. M. Burke, William J. Browne, John Eyerman, Samuel Adams, Alexander Grotz, F. Wildeman, Committee of Arrangements. rangements. Easton, November 29, 1848. The Taylor Jubilee. In consequence of the inclemency of the weather the "Grand Taylor Jubilee" was postponed from Saturday last lee" was postponed from Saturday last until Monday, when it came off in glorious style. At 3 o'clock in the morning the "Big Gun" from Allentown under the superintendence of town under the superintendence of Captain Charles Daubert, began to talk, and waked up the folks in Easton, and for miles around. One hun- ton, and for miles around. One hundred and sixty-three rounds were fir- dred and sixty-three rounds were fired in honor of the number of electoral ed in honor of the number of electoral votes received by General Taylor, throughout the day and evening. Early in the morning, the ladies began to send the provisions they had prepar ed, to the dinner lot, where a committee was in attendance to receive mittee was in attendance to receive them. The four tables, each two hundred feet long, which were put up dred feet long, which were put up soon groaned under the weight of the good things that filled them, and exhibited a most beautiful and inviting hibited a most beautiful and inviting appearance. At 12 o'clock a procession, numbering many hundreds, was formed, and ing many hundreds, was formed, and 2o6 with music, banners, etc., marched through the town. When it reached the lot, everything was "ready for dinner" and some three thousand persons, did full justice to the feast. The sons, did full justice to the feast. The lot was filled with good Taylor men and ladies, and presented a scene which beggars description. Our time and space to-day prevent us from attempting even a faint account of all tempting even a faint account of all the fine and good things which the ladies, God bless them, had bountifully dies, God bless them, had bountifully provided for us -- but we will endeavor to do so in our next, when we will vor to do so in our next, when we will also publish the card of the committee of arrangements, and give a de- tee of arrangements, and give a detailed statement of all the proceed- tailed statement of all the proceedings. ings. In the evening there was a brilliant display of fire works on Mount Jefferson, which drew together a large con- son, which drew together a large concourse of people that we ever saw course of people that we ever saw assembled before in Easton. The hill and streets leading to it were crowded and hundreds of people might be seen at their windows and tops of houses. The display gave universal satisfaction. The pieces were all good; but he principal one, with the names of the Nation's new rulers "Taylor and Fillmore," was auead of anything ever before exhibited here. We are glad to have it in our ed here. We are glad to have it in our power to say, that whole jubilee passed off with the utmost harmony and ed off with the utmost harmony and that not a single accident or unpleasant circumstance occurred to mar the ant circumstance occurred to mar the pleasure of the day. December 6, 1848. Coldest Day. From notices published in the papers of different sections of the coun- pers of different sections of the country, it would appear that Thursday, try, it would appear that Thursday, the 11th inst., (January, 1849.) was the coldest day of the season. On that day the thermometer stood eight degrees below zero in this place. At Bel- grees below zero in this place. At Belvidere, at sun rise 10 below; on the videre, at sun rise 10 below; on the same morning in Syracuse, N. Y., it v'as 17 below! and at Saco, in Maine, 20 below. The Philadelphia papers give accounts of the cold weather and state that the morning of Thursday, the 11th of January, was the coldest morning for the last eight years. The thermometer stood 2 1-2 degrees above zero. Died. In this place on Tuesday afternoon, the Rev. John P. Hecht, aged 59 years. The friends of the family are invited to attend the funeral from his late residence, to-morrow afternoon at two idence, to-morrow afternoon at two o'clock. .January 31, 1S49. The Late Rev. John P. Hecht. The remains of the above well known clergyman, whose death we announced In the last paper, were interred in the burial ground of St. John's church, on Sunday the 4th inst, (February, 1849) and the funeral services conducted by Kev. G. Diehl, in the New Lutheran church. The immense concourse of people at the funeral and in the crowded church, was but an expression of the general feelings of sympa- ion of the general feelings of sympathy and condolence with the afflicted thy and condolence with the afflicted family. We publish the following brief account of his life and services, which count of his life and services, which may not be uninteresting to his numerous friends and acquaintances. merous friends and acquaintances. The Rev. John P. Hecht was born m Bucks county. February, 1790. His childhood, after the age of three years, was spent in Philadelphia. He received his classical education at the ceived his classical education at the University of Pennsylvania, and at an early age commenced the study of Theology under the tuition of Rev. Drs. Schmidt and Helmuth, pastors of the German Lutheran congregation of . '^iladelphia, and two of the most eminent ministers of the church of that inent ministers of the church of that day. At the age of 19, Mr. Hecht took charge of several congregations in Montgomery county, where he continued to labor for about five years. In ued to labor for about five years. In the latter part of the year, 1813, he ceived a call from the Lutheran church in Carlisle, of which he was pastor for two years. In 1816, he took charge of the Lutheran congregation in Easton, and also the church tion in Easton, and also the church in Greenwich, N. J. He continued pastor of St. John's church till in the spring of 1S45, a period of more than 29 years. Thus he spent more than 36 years in the active labors of the ministry, in three different pastoral istry, in three different pastoral charges. The sum total of his ministerial acts have been estimated at 2,- terial acts have been estimated at 2,700 baptisms; 1,600 admitted to 700 baptisms; 1,600 admitted to cuurch privileges by confirmation; 1,600 funerals; 1,440 marriages, and he 600 funerals; 1,440 marriages, and he preached 5,400 sermons. He possessed a mind of great vivacity and considerable brilliancy. He vacity and considerable brilliancy. He was well acquainted with Theology, but was more remarkable as a linguist, having an accurate knowledge guist, having an accurate knowledge of the Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He was also an accomplished German scholar. He was happy and fervid in the style of his pulpit eloquence, fluent and felicitous in conversation, refined and gentlemanly in his manners, ed and gentlemanly in his manners, and warm in his social disposition. In the relations of life, he was affectionate as a friend, tender and devoted as ate as a friend, tender and devoted as a husuanci, kind and amiable as a father. His health had been gradually failing for months. On Saturday the ing for months. On Saturday the 27th of January, he was able to come into his study and sit with his family. On the morning of the 30th ult. ily. On the morning of the 30th ult. he felt a sudden and severe attack. In the afternoon of the same day at 2 o'clock he expired, leaving a distressed family to deplore his loss. tressed family to deplore his loss. The introduction of an old acquaintance. ance. General Tom Thumb. This distinguished man in miniature, weighing only 15 pounds. 17 ture, weighing only 15 pounds. 17 years of age and but 28 inches high. Who has been received with the highest marks of royal favor by Queen Victoria, and all the principal crowned heads of Europe, and who has performed before 6,000,000 of persons during the last six years will hold sons during the last six years will hold his levees, at the Odd Fellows' hall, Easton, afternoon and evening of Wednesday, Thursday and Fridaj-, April nesday, Thursday and Fridaj-, April 11, 12 and 13. Positively for three days only. Hours of exhibition, afternoon from 3 to 4.30 o'clock, evening noon from 3 to 4.30 o'clock, evening from 7.30 to 9. Doors open half hour in advance. The little general will appear in all of his performances, in- pear in all of his performances, including songs, dances, Grecian stat- cluding songs, dances, Grecian statues, etc. He will also represent Na- ues, etc. He will also represent Napoleon Bonaparte, Frederick the Great, poleon Bonaparte, Frederick the Great, etc. He will also appear in his Scotch Costume and his elegant court dress worn before her majesty, Queen Victoria; the King and Queen of the toria; the King and Queen of the French; Nicholas, the Emperor of Russia, and all the principal crowned heads and nobility of Europe. He la perfectly symmetrical in all his proportions, intelligent and graceful be- portions, intelligent and graceful beyond belief, and smaller than any in- yond belief, and smaller than any infant that ever walked alone. The fant that ever walked alone. The magnificent presents, jewels, etc., received from the kings, queens and no- ceived from the kings, queens and nobility of Europe, will be ex- bility of Europe, will be exhibited. His beautiful minia- hibited. His beautiful miniature equipage presented by Queen ture equipage presented by Queen Victoria, consisting of the smallest horses in the world, and chariot attended by elfin coachman and footman in ded by elfin coachman and footman in livery, will promenade the streets daily .and be seen in front of the hall at ly .and be seen in front of the hall at the close of each day levee. Ladies, families and children are respectfully advised to attend the day levees, as they are usually less crowded than those of the evening. ed than those of the evening. CAUTION -- Some half dozen different dwarfs are strolling about the ent dwarfs are strolling about the country, and imposing upon the public by falsely representing themselves as the "General Tom Thumb" who has been so popular in Europe during the last four years. The real name of the genuine Tom Thumb is - Charles S. Stratton. He was born in Bridgeport, Conn. The general is attended in his travels by his father and mother, a pianist, preceptor-groom, coachman, footman, etc., making in all a retinue of eleven persons. Admission 25 cents; children under ten years, half price. April 11. 1849. Seigfried's Ferry, April 9, 1849. Friend Hetrich: -- The following is an account of the snows that fell during the last winter, at this place. I ing the last winter, at this place. I commenced keeping the account for my own satisfaction, and as many wonder after the season is past, how much snow fell, it may be interesting to such. If you can find a place for it in your useful paper, please give it an insertion. Yours truly, B. 1S4S -- November 12, in the morning, 3 3-4 inches; December 22, 2 1-4 inches hail; December 27, 7 inches hail; December 29 and 30, 13 3-4 inches snow cember 29 and 30, 13 3-4 inches snow 1"49 -- January 11, the sun rose at 6 degrees belov/ zero; February 1, 2 1-4 inches hail; February 2, 2 inches snow; February 5, 4 3-4 inches snow; February 6, 4 3-4 inches snow; Febru- *ry 12, 2 1-2 inches snow; February 14, 1-2 inch snow; February 16, the sun rose at 6 degrees below zero; February 20, 3-4 inch snow; February 22, ruary 20, 3-4 inch snow; February 22, 1-2 inch snow; February 25, 2 3-4 inches snow; March 2 and 3, 4 3-4 inches es snow; March 2 and 3, 4 3-4 inches snow; March 27, snow fell all day with a high wind from the northeast, it melted much as it fell, and it measured on the high grounds, 3 1-4 inches. ured on the high grounds, 3 1-4 inches. Total number of inches. 51 inches. Married. At the residence of Col. Jefferson Dt.vis, in Mississippi, Hon. Richard Erodhead, late member of Congress from this district, to Miss Mary Jane Bradford, of the former state. May 2. 1849. Strike by the Boat.Tien -- The Military. During the past week the situation of things on the canal at this place, become more alarming from day to day. Contributions were levied upon 2o8 Morris canal and other boats as the terms upon which they were permitted to pass, and the most brutal assaults committed upon boatmen who would not come into the measures of those who were on the "strike." A quarrel took place between two of the boatmen on Saturday night, which re- men on Saturday night, which resulted fatally. One of them, it is said, sulted fatally. One of them, it is said, wished to proceed with his boat, to which the other objected. The fight was with dirk knives, near the second lock, below South Easton, where the dead body of Andrew Schuler was found on Sunday morning about daylight. A coroner's jury was summon- light. A coroner's jury was summoned, and a post mortem examination ed, and a post mortem examination made by several physicians. The verdict of the jury was "came to his dict of the jury was "came to his death by a wound inflicted with a sharp instrument by the hands of Joseph Ambruster. on the night of the seph Ambruster. on the night of the 2Gth instant. Ambruster was apprehended in the cabin of his boat, and is now in jail to wait his trial. He received but one wound, which though serious, is not considered mortal. Schuler also received but one blow which entered left of the navel and pierced him nearly through. One of the physicians who examined the body, informed us that he could not have lived many minutes after the infliction of the wound. At an early stage of the disturbances the governor was applied to for a military force, which he deemed it best itary force, which he deemed it best to withhold at that time, directing our sneriff' to raise an efficient posse comitatus. As long as the boatmen did tatus. As long as the boatmen did not seem disposed to any other damage than to suspend operations on the age than to suspend operations on the canal, it was not the wish of any one to use military force. But when writs were sued out to recover possession of certain boats, offenders screened from apprehension, a life taken, and the laws set at naught by resisting and foiling the sheriff in his efforts to perfrom his duty, it was found necessary from his duty, it was found necessary to call out a force sufficiently strong to remove the evil and restore order. This the sheriff succeeded in accomplishing on Monday last, by marching plishing on Monday last, by marching over with a strong posse and two military companies under Captain Yohe tary companies under Captain Yohe Captain Horn. The military and civil force arrived at the outlet lock of the Mauch Chunk cansl, at about 10 o'clock. At this point the principal blockade of the public highway existed. The boats not only closed the entrance of the canal, but formed a bridge across the i^ehigh to Easton. Thousands of citizens of both sexes occupied the hills zens of both sexes occupied the hills on both sides of the river, anxiously watching the course of events -- filled with fearful anticipations that the ed with fearful anticipations that the boatmen would resist, and some lives be sacrificed. But no opposition was offered -- the military remained drawn up in a line on the tow path, while the sheriff and his posse took possession of the boats and cleared the session of the boats and cleared the passage up the canal. Several persons were found in the boats, against sons were found in the boats, against whom the sheriff had warrants, who were arrested. Some fire arms found in cabins were also taken possession of. Having /.eared tue obstructions at this point, the sheriff with part of his posse and Captain Horn's company proceeded up the canal as far pany proceeded up the canal as far as Freemansburg, and returned in the evening, having effectually accomplished his purpose without opposition plished his purpose without opposition from any quarter. During the day reven cr eight persons were taken ?nd confined, on charges of various kinds, committed since the "strike" commenced, making the entire number now in prison twenty-nine. ber now in prison twenty-nine. The navigation is now unobstructed, and we hope it may continue so -- ed, and we hope it may continue so -the evils which have grown out of this the evils which have grown out of this *#"^rike" are many and will be felt for some time to come. The boatmen have, no doubt learned by this time that nothing is gained hy coercive measures and resistance to the authority of the law, and since their "en- thority of the law, and since their "enraiv-pment" is broken up, those who raiv-pment" is broken up, those who have loaded boats will proceed and deliver their cargoes, and those whose boats are empty, to return them to where they procured them, and there is no doubt the several companies in whose employ they are, will agree wit'a them upon some rate of freight which will be satisfactory to all concerned. May 30, 1849. The Late Military Elections. We give below the return of votes polled for brigade inspector, as cast for the two principal candidates. Several other candidates were voted for eral other candidates were voted for in some of the companies, but the number of votes cast for them, is not reported. C. Mixsell. J. Best, Jr. Easton Artillerists .... 45 National Guards 29 13 Tlethlehem Artillerists.. 26 00 Easton Artillerists 45 Capt. Heckman's Co. . . 14 9 Saucon Cavalry 6 30 Capt. Brown's Co 12 6 Capt. Haney's Co 20 Whitesell's Troop .... 7 24 Mutchler's Cavalry 3 28 Citizen Guards 5 15 Capt. Berlin's Co 21 4 Capt. Rasley's Co 18 4 Capt. Becker's Co 2 3 Dewald's Company .... 5 2 Capt. Meyer's Co. ... 3 15 Capt. Jos. Laubach's Co. 2 3 Capt. Seigfriedt's Co. . . S 198 184 The at)ove returns are only reported, but may be correct, giving Major ed, but may be correct, giving Major Christopher Mixsell, a majority of 14 votes. The turnout was very small. "With the exception of the two Easton Companies, the vote was a light one. Major Joseph Hillman, sheriff of our county, was elected brigadier general, without opposition. The following gentlemen were elected Field officers of the National Volun- ed Field officers of the National Volunteer battalion, formerly commanded teer battalion, formerly commanded by Major Joseph Hillman: Lieutenant-Colonel -- William D. Brown. Major -- Charles Brodhead. Adjutant-- George P. Myers. The following gentlemen were elected field officers of the Northampton ed field officers of the Northampton Volunteer battalion, under command of Col. Robert S. Brown. Lieutenant-Colonel -- Robert S. Brown. Major -- Charles B. Daniel. June 13. 1S49. Official returns for Brigade Inspector ; tor ; Best. Mixsell. Jackson Cavalry, Whitesell's.. 24 7 Saucon Cavalry, Knecht 36 3 Penna. Guards, Siegfriedt. . . . 12 Citizen Guards, Merrill 15 5 Washington Guard, Kreidler . . 6 12 Mt. Bethel Guards, Rasely 4 18 Citizen Volunteers, Becker . . 11 Jackson Greys, Heiney 20 Easton Artillerists, Horn 45 Mountaineer Rangers, Berlin.. 4 21 National Guards, Yohe 13 29 Union Guards, Meyers 15 3 Washington Guards, Beer .... 9 14 Bethlehem Artiller's, Wilson . . 2f^ 'Washington Greys, Laubach.. 2 3 199 188 Last week we gave a reported result of the late election for brigade inspector, which elected Mr. Mixsell by a tor, which elected Mr. Mixsell by a small majority. From the above which is copied from the official returns, it will be seen that Mr. Best is elected by a majority of eleven votes. The only company not returned is Captain Dewalt's. We understood they polled but two votes, and would therefore not change the result. Major Best is an excellent young man, of great zeal and energy, and will no doubt make an acceptable brigade inspector. June 20, 1849. The Lenni Lenape Boat Club. On Tuesday last, the 7th "instant. (August,1849), I attended the christening of the barge which has been pro- ing of the barge which has been procured by this club; and a more pleas- cured by this club; and a more pleasing and delightful occurrence, I ing and delightful occurrence, I have never had the pleasure of witnessing before. At four o'clock in the nessing before. At four o'clock in the afternoon, the barge was brought to the wharf on the Lehigh, near the foot of Hamilton street, where a large number of ladies were waitmg to witness, and participate in, the christen- ness, and participate in, the christenmg ceremonies. After a few moments mg ceremonies. After a few moments were spent in making preparations, one of the ladies, the most beautiful rt the beautiful, (for I pay them no undeserved compliment, when I say that deserved compliment, when I say that in the same number, I have never, on any occasion, witnessed a greater array of beauty) , performed the christen- ray of beauty) , performed the christening ceremony by making a few appro- ing ceremony by making a few appropriate remarks, and breaking a bot- priate remarks, and breaking a bottle of wine over the bow of the boat. tle of wine over the bow of the boat. Lebbeus Chapman, Esq., of the City of New York, on the part of the ladies, then presented the club with an elegant national flag, and streamer, and gant national flag, and streamer, and a beautiful Jack flag, on which was richly embroidered the name of the boat, "Lenni Lenape." He addressed the club at some length, in an appropriate and eloquent manner, well wor- priate and eloquent manner, well worthy of himself, and the fair daughters thy of himself, and the fair daughters which he represented. H. D. Maxwell, Esq., the president of the club, on their behalf, replied in ?n elegant address, returning thanks to the ladies, and assuring them that for the great interest they had taken in the welfare of the club evidenced by their repeated acts of kindness, and also for the beautiful flags, wrought with their own fair fingers, v/hich the club had just been honored in receiving from their representative, they would ever feel an indebtedness which they were incapabl of discharging. That they had not only secured ing. That they had not only secured a hig:h place on the regards of the club, and given to the ceremony of the occasion all of its interest, but that they sion all of its interest, but that they had honored their sex, in whom was the power to build up, or prostrate any cause to which they turned their attention. In conclusion in the name of tention. In conclusion in the name of iiie club he tendered thein the use of their boat and their welcome services. Several ladies were now assisted into tae boat, and while the flags were to tae boat, and while the flags were hoisting, the Easton Brass band as ..-ough inspired by the occasion struck up the "Star Spangled Banner." About fortv persons were taken into her including the band. The oars were dip- cluding the band. The oars were dipped, and leaving the wharf she glided ped, and leaving the wharf she glided sweetly over the waves, while the band discoursed some of their most exquisite music. Our worthy citizens contributed all in their power to make the occasion a pleasing one. As she passed up the Lehigh a short distance from the shore several carriages drove along the road to accompany her, among which was the carriage of the Hon. James M. Porter, containing himself, and several ladies, who waved their handker- eral ladies, who waved their handkerchiefs with delight, as she swept along chiefs with delight, as she swept along with her merry crew. Mrs. Gray, our excellent poetess, did the club the honor, to compose for the occasion, two very beautiful songs which, at intervals were sung by the company with admiration and delight. About two miles above the town the boat landed at a shady grove, when all went ashore, and joining those who rode up in their carriages, partook of some refreshments prepared for the occasion. After spending a short time in this delightful grove, the company returned to the boat, and turning homeward ed to the boat, and turning homeward she again moved o'er the waters of the romantic Lehigh. Each heart was filled with joy, and mingled laughters and harmonius song echoed along the majestic hills. Fair voices joined in the merriment, and the laden heart forgot its burden. They soon arrived safely at the wharf they had left, v/hen the boat yielded up a company of merry hearts, and all in attendance returned to their homes highly gratified indeed. fied indeed. The club anticipate much pleasure from their evening excursions, and that their anticipations may be realized is highly probable. They have at ed is highly probable. They have at their hands much that will add to their enjoyment. Their boat is propelled in a xnanner which affords in itself ed in a xnanner which affords in itself a delightful exercise, and is attended ed with some amusement. The locality, as respects our beautiful rivers ty, as respects our beautiful rivers and their scenery, (I am not saying too much when I say) has scarce a parallel in this country. The smooth still waters of the Lehigh are well suited for their excursions. There is a grandeur in her hills and rock girt chores. Every one should enjoy the sublime and beautiful impressions, produced by a ride on this river by moonlight. Though the wildness of me scenery has been somewhat destroyed, still the hand of art has stroyed, still the hand of art has beautified and rendered it even more sublime. The furnaces just above our town serve to light up the hills already drenched with moonlight, imparting a warm tinge to their peaks, and adding a delicate rose tint to the clouds ding a delicate rose tint to the clouds above, while a rich coral hue blends sweetly with the silver ripples, and tips the rolling waves below. The extent between the two hills appears like tent between the two hills appears like a vast amphitheatre, gorgeously decorated. The Delaware is no less beau- rated. The Delaware is no less beautiful than the Lehigh. From these tiful than the Lehigh. From these considerations I think the club do not anticipate too much. I sincerely hope that nothing may interpose to r^ampen the ardor which has marked their organization, and been exhibited in procuring their boat. May their excursion long continue to be a great source of pleasure to themselves, and yield a proportional pleasure to others. Lenni Lenape -- the name the boat was christened, the club had the honor of receiving from the ladies; and or of receiving from the ladies; and a name more beautiful could not have been selected; it is not only beautiful because of its musical sound, and its iroit and easy articulation, but because It recalls many pleasing and romantic associations with our rivers and our iiiiis. It is the name of a tribe of Indians whose foot-marks have scarcely been erased from the shores of our ly been erased from the shores of our Delaware and Lehigh; who but a few years ago met in council at the Forks, and dipped the oars of their light canoes in the waters we now so much admire. In conclusion I offer this sentiment -- The Lenni Lenape-- may she long ride the wave without injury and safely bear the burden of her merry crew o'er the heaving stream -- may her name ever inspire the club with a love hills, and recall a thousand pleasing for our beautiful rivers and recall a thousand pleasing and romantic recollections, even when they are separated far from one another, and far arated far from one another, and far from her. A LOOKER ON. August 15, 1S49. Hockendocque Creek -- Indian Creek. Mr. Editor: -- I suppose that you in common with many other good citizens of your borough, have become so zens of your borough, have become so familiar and prejudiced" in regard to the extensive business operations upon your Bush.Kll as to overlook or on your Bush.Kll as to overlook or consider of small moment the above named creek although in the same county. EVen conceit that many of your learned citizens could readily answer geographical questions in regard to the Mississippi or the Rio gard to the Mississippi or the Rio Grande, who would be most likely at a dead stand in reference to these beautiful neighboring streams. Hocken- tiful neighboring streams. Hockendocque is an Indian name and accord- docque is an Indian name and according to a version of "old inhabitants" ing to a version of "old inhabitants" is a compound of the word hawk and duck, with which "s is said the country along this creek abounded in olden try along this creek abounded in olden time; be this as it may, its source is in Moore township, midway up the Blue mountain in the notch called Smith Gap, and should you or any of your neighbors, at any time become affected with ennui, you could easily dispel it by a jaunt to this beautiful spring of water, enjoying its excellencies, together with a picturesque view cies, together with a picturesque view of a large portion of our county. There are associations connected with this place v/orth mentioning -- here was once the residence of Capt. Eden Burrows, * traces of his dwelling are still visible, and although deserted, som.e sports of ground indicate that they were once under cultivation. Mr. Burrows as an estimable citizen and a revolutionary patriot, is well remembered by many yet living. Capt. membered by many yet living. Capt. Burrows, however, was not the first who delighted in this romantic place, persons from this country who reside in the Genessee country have been reminded and questioned by an old minded and questioned by an old "chief," about the "big spring" on the mountain. Although not wishing to wander too much from the main subject, I cannot help but remark that in many respects (as you will no doubt agree with me,) this would be a more desirable place of residence at this day, than being crowded into a place like Easton where the only f'iversion the year round is j^aw, Merrhindise. Printing, Banking and Pol- rhindise. Printing, Banking and Politics, but here a man might in right itics, but here a man might in right apply to himself the words "I am lord and master of all I survey," etc. After leaving the base of the mountain, this infant stream constantly re- tain, this infant stream constantly receives the aid of tributaries to enable ceives the aid of tributaries to enable it to perform the immense requirements upon its power, in its wander- ments upon its power, in its wanderings through Moore, Lehigh and Allen ings through Moore, Lehigh and Allen townships, until it reaches the "father of waters" near the Lehigh county line. The first to which its power is applied is Gross' saw mill about a mile from the base of the mountain, one mile further is Mr. Sholl's excel- lent grist mill, one mile below is Mr. Young's saw mill with a dam surpassing in extent, any on the creek, capa- ing in extent, any on the creek, capable of holding an immense amount of ble of holding an immense amount of water, about one mile below is Mr. Kleckner's elegant mill recently built calculated to do a large amount of grinding, one mile further you come to Mr. Kleppinger's grist and saw mill, and other machinery, this is one of the oldest mills in this section of the country, one and a quarter mile further is Mr. Cressman's (now Esch's) ther is Mr. Cressman's (now Esch's) excellent grist and saw mill, half a mile further is >.- e Petersville mill *-#^'ned by the late Peter Miller. It was originally built by Abraham Krider as a merchant mill and in early der as a merchant mill and in early times it did an extensive business, it was subsequently turned into a grist mill, the next power taken out is in Allen township one and, a half mile from the last named, for Mr. Hummel's chopping, threshing and other mel's chopping, threshing and other machinery, Mr. Hiestand's excellent grist mill, Col. Weber's (now John Laubach's merchant mill at theLehigh. and Mr. Beck's (now Lerch's grist mill, are all within a mile below Mr. Hummel's. Close by Mr. Beck's mill this creek receives as tributary the tndiDn creek itself about the size of Hockendocque. Between here and the Lehigh a distance of about four miles is Jacob Beam's (now Leh's) grist mill, Mr. Howell's elegant and fine mill and distillery and finally Peter Laubach, merchant mill at the Lehigh. 'j. nus you will perceive that this small creek measuring in a straight line not over some twelve miles, supplies not less than fourteen establishments. More upon this subject, and about my Indian creek, at my leisure. A MOUNTAINEER. August 29, 1849. *Captain Eden Burrowes served throughout the revolutionary v/ar in the First regiment New Jersey Continental line. He enlisted in December, nental line. He enlisted in December, 1776, as a sergeant and was retired as first lieutenant, November, 17S3. He was an original member of the New Jersey state society of the Cincinnati. i.e died in Moore township, February 2fi. ls'25, in his seventy-second year. Matthew S. Henry in his manuscript history relates how when he was a student at Nazareth Hall (he entered in 1802) he and other Hall boys, paid a visit to Captain Burrowes. Letters Homeward -- No. 2. Mr. Hetrich: -- Judge H has been heard to say that Easton is the prettiest place in the United States. We tiest place in the United States. We presume that the learned, but partial gentleman, has not seen all the pretty places in our broad domain. We too are partial to Easton, and with justice; but truth required us to say that tice; but truth required us to say that we have seen some place in Western New York, which leaving out natural scenery, and looking upon them alone, could run right well for the palm of beauty with the metropolis of old Northampton. Art and enterprise have not done for Easton, what they have done for many younger and less favorably situated towns. If they had, vorably situated towns. If they had, .Judge H would have been nearer right. Still Easton is a noble place. A gentleman, formerly of Rochester,now of Washington, told us that he was never in a town which at once struck him so favorably as a spot where one could live out a pleasant life. Another, a real poet, said to us -- "If other, a real poet, said to us -- "If Campbell had first visited Easton in America, he would never have written Gertrude of Wyoming." He was speaking of the scenery of Easton, its magnificent scenery! What thronging memories rise while writing of it! Indeed the Delaware and Lehigh, with deed the Delaware and Lehigh, with their sister,least but loveliest, and Ida and Jefferson, Parnassus and Lafayette, the Glendon Heights and the ette, the Glendon Heights and the Chestnut Hills, present one of nature's most rare and beautiful combinations of river and ful combinations of river and rivulet, grove and glade, mountain and valley, hill and dale; while fame rolls out a pure spot on her scroll of immortal names for the true poet who makes them his theme and does them justice. Have we gone too far? Smile on then! Meanwhile, our heart reposing on the cher- while, our heart reposing on the cher(shed memories of these scenes, sings (shed memories of these scenes, sings Eastonia's hills! my childhood's home! Ye spire crowned cliffs, beneath whose feet Advancing glade -- with crests of foam -The Delaware and Lehigh meet -- The Delaware and Lehigh meet -While smiling from her sheltering While smiling from her sheltering grove, The Bushkill greets her sisters twain. And on their mingling waters move, Majestic to the Eastern main! Dear scenes; which nature's hand has made As fair as in Creation's prime, Ere sin had entered Eden's shade. And marred her stainless scenes sublime. lime. My native land; your groves among Nature her greenest garland wreaths, Awakes her wildest woodland song. And there her mildest sephyr breathes. No pilgrim marks your landscapes gay, But with a joy-enkindling eye! No pilgrim turns from them away. But v.'ith a sad regretful sigh! Once more, farewell! Our home of the gliding v/ave and grotted dell-- of the mountain height and beetling shore whose dazzling forests seem to blaze with gold and crimson colored o'er, seen dim through autumn's gathering haze -- land of our youths! again farewell -- for we had not the least idea of well -- for we had not the least idea of saying so much of you. GEORGE OF MENTZ. September 25, 1849. Inquiry as to the Forks of the Delaware. ware. Mr. Hetrich: -- It is thought by LOHie that the place called "The Forks of Delaware," where David Brainerd preached to the Indians, is at Port Jervis, where the Neversink joins the Delaware, x^is is held in a historical sermon, lately preached and published, by the Rev. Peter Knouse, of Wantage, Sussex county. New Jersey. Oth- tage, Sussex county. New Jersey. Others say that it was at Chehocton fur- ers say that it was at Chehocton further north, where the Popacton enters ther north, where the Popacton enters the Delaware. This set forth in one of the New York papers, in an article published a week or so ago. As I have been led to think that "The Forks" were at Easton, I write for information, as it is a question of inter- formation, as it is a question of interest to those who read the life, and est to those who read the life, and admire the character of that good man. There are several facts, stated in his memoirs, which seem to show that x^aPSton was the place. I wish to state a few of these facts, and ask that pome one in Easton, or vicinity, will, if it can be done, answer a few questions. Will you permit these answers tions. Will you permit these answers to be published in your paper? When Brainerd first travelled to the Forks of the Delaware, he passed from Connecticut to Fishkill, opposite Newberg on the Hudson -- thence to Go- berg on the Hudson -- thence to Goshen -- thence to Minisink in Orange shen -- thence to Minisink in Orange county. New York. He then came "to a settlement of Irish and Dutch people, and proceeding about twelve ple, and proceeding about twelve miles further, arrived at Sakhauwotung, an Indian settlement within the tung, an Indian settlement within the Forks of the Delaware" -- (Brainerd's life, p. 92, published by the Am. Tract Society.) He says, p. 93, "rode three or four miles to the Irish people -.preached first to the Irish and then to .preached first to the Irish and then to the Indians." Again, p. 121 "He preached at Greenwich in New Jersey." Afterward he visited the Indians on the Susquehanna, and came to the "river at a hanna, and came to the "river at a place called Opeholpaupung, and found there tvv'elve Indian houses," p. 111. On his return, after two day's travel, he "came to an Irish settlement, with which Brainerd was acquainted." I suppose this was at the "Irish settlement," about 12 miles v/est of Easton, ment," about 12 miles v/est of Easton, if it was settled at that time, Oct. 1744. Again he visited the Susquehanna at a place called Shaumoking, p. 167. From Shaumoking he went up the North West Branch, to a place called "The Great Island, about fifty miles frrm fanaumoking." He returned to Shaumoking, and went down the river September 8, "a few miles," and er September 8, "a few miles," and September 9 "a.bout thirty miles" further down p. 291, 292. He probably ther down p. 291, 292. He probably went to an island in the Susquehanna which he had visited before p. 169. called Juncauta. Taence to Crossweeksung (now Crosswics) in N. J., weeksung (now Crosswics) in N. J., near Bordentown. It is stated in Col. Stone's Life of Brant, Vol. 1, p. 319, that the land lying within the Forks of the Delaware, was in dispute the Six Nations and the Delawares, and that a Grand Council was held at Philadelphia in 1742 on the subject with the phia in 1742 on the subject with the governor of Pennsylvania. The inquiries I wish to make respecting these statements are as follows: ing these statements are as follows: 1st. -- Was there a settlement of Irish and Dutch in 1744, about 12 miles from Easton up the Delaware, and probably on the Jersey side? ' 2nd. -- Is there any place near Easton which was railed by the Indians Sakhauwotung? hauwotung? 3rd. -- Was there a settlement of Irish people within four miles of Easton in 1744? ton in 1744? 4th. -- At what place in Greenwich did Brainerd preach? Was the church of which Rev. Dr. Junkin (David X.) is pastor then in existence, or the Lutheran church in Greenwich? 5th. -- Shaumoking was probably near Sunbury on the Susquehanna. -- Can any one tell where "The Great Island" was, fifty miles up the North West branch? Is the island there yet? 6th. -- Is there an island about forty miles south of Sunbury called Juncauta? cauta? 7th. -- Are there any written records naming "The Forks of the Delaware" at that time, and fixing the locality at Easton? If there is any tradition respecting the subject of these inquiries in any family, in, or about Easton -- if any one can refer to authorities, where they may be answered, or if there is any knowledge to be had, which will be positive evidence that the Forks were at Easton, Pa., it would serve the cause of tiiith, and make the interest '?-e all have in the life of Brainerd n:ore intelligent and impressive -- if it should be made public. Will you allow me, Mr. Editor, to Dsk sny one who can "hold forth light" on this subject, to do so, in the columns of your excellent Journal? umns of your excellent Journal? What sacred associations and reflections will arise in the mind of the tions will arise in the mind of the thoughtful traveller, when he knows that he approaches and views the Kcene of the self-denying labors, and the fervent faith of that Godly missionary? How benign, to those who sionary? How benign, to those who reside on the very spot, is the memory of his faithfulness -- his un- ory of his faithfulness -- his unfeigned piety, and his heavenly hopes? feigned piety, and his heavenly hopes? Yours trulv, J. W. W. Chester, Orange Co., N. J., October 31, 1849. Reply to Inquiry Concerning the "Forks of the Delaware." Mr. Hetrick: -- In your paper of the 14th instant, I noticed a communication by "J. W W." asking for light on tion by "J. W W." asking for light on the subject of Brainerd's travels, and the location of the "Forks of the Delaware." I will endeavor to shed some ware." I will endeavor to shed some light upon a few of his questions, leaving it to those better acquainted with ing it to those better acquainted with the locations about Easton, to answer the rest. Question 1st. -- There was an Irish settlement in Allen township, from 12 to 15 miles west of Easton, at which, tradition says, Brainerd preached and "*.vas icquainted. The exact time at which this settlement was commenced is uncertain; probably about the year li2B; the oldest title for land in the settlement, is dated at London. May 18, 1732, and many other deeds are dated previous to 1744. By that time there must hive been considerable of a r--^ttlement, and the fact of Brainerd having preached here, and its being on the road to the Susquehanna would designate it as the the "Irish Settlement" spoken of in his life. Tradition ment" spoken of in his life. Tradition says that Brainerd preached to the Irish, at a house near where the Presbyterian church now stands. This byterian church now stands. This was called "Craig's or Irish settlement." ment." Question 5th. -- The name of Shamokin was at that time, and for years kin was at that time, and for years after, given to the country in general irom below Sunbury to the Muncy hills, a distance of 26 miles. The name Shamokin is now confined to the large creek entering into the Susquehanna, about one mile below Sunbury, to a township in Nortnumberland county, and to the State Dam erected in the river near the mouth of the creek. From the creek to the "Great Island," by way of the river is about land," by way of the river is about 65 miles; but by going up the White Deer Valley, where there was then a great Indian path, to Jersey Shore, it would be but about 50 miles, and no doubt this was the way that Brainerd travelled. The Island contains from five hundred to six hundred acres, and is still known as the "Great Island." Question 6th. -- There is an Island about 40 miles below Sunbury, at the mouth of the Juniata river, now called "Duncan's Island" from one of its owners; this is no doubt the one alluded ners; this is no doubt the one alluded to by the name of "Juncauta." One other thing I would note. In several communications some time ago in regard to our creek, "Hocquenducqua," the name, according to the ducqua," the name, according to the oldest inhabitants, means crooked and straight in the Indian tongue. I have often heard Dr. Humphreys say so. I should like to have some light shed on the other questions. I have often thought of that good man as 1 have travelled over the grounds mentioned in this life. tioned in this life. Yours truly, B. Siegfried's Ferry, November 17, lS4y. The Forks of the Delaware. The following article from the New York Presbyterian of the 17th November, instant, seems to settle the vember, instant, seems to settle the point discussed beyond all reasonable doubt. Mr. Editor -- In your paper of October 27, is an article headed "The Sy- ber 27, is an article headed "The Synod," "All honor to the good people nod," "All honor to the good people of Montrose." It is Vv'eil saia ; for I VN-as cne of the "eleven who were made as much at home as strangers could be." Most cordially do I join in the reflections of the author of that article, especially in those that are connected with the life and labors of the beloved Brainerd; and I regret to do anything, which may prevent the author, in future, from indulging in like excellent thoughts, v/hen he remembers Chehocton, Popacton, and members Chehocton, Popacton, and the railway station." My impression is, that the "Forks of Delaware" so often mentioned in Brainerd's life, is not within a hundred nerd's life, is not within a hundred miles of Chehocton. There^js much diversity in writers who refer to the geograpny of Brainerd's labors. A sermon on the history of the township of Wantage, in North New Jersey, places the "Forks" at Port Jervis, where the Neversink unites with the Delaware. This I think, is also a mistake. Where then are the "Forks? take. Where then are the "Forks? Will you hearken to me? I also will show mine opinion. "The Forks of Delaware" are the uelav/are and Lehigh rivers, which unite at Easton, Pa. I suppose that Easton now occupies the spot where Brainerd preached and prayed with his Indians at the Forks. The reasons for this are the follovs^ing: -- sons for this are the follovs^ing: -- 1. -- "The Forks" (denoting the angle made by two streams) is abvays represented as being in Pennsylvania. resented as being in Pennsylvania. The angle made by either the Popacton, or Neversink, with the Delaware, ton, or Neversink, with the Delaware, is in the state of New York. As Pennsylvania does not extend east of the sylvania does not extend east of the Delaware, the tributary that is one prong of the "Forks in Pennsylvania" must flow from the west. 2. -- Brainerd's route, on his first visit to "the Forks," was from Fishkill on the Hudson to Goshen, thence to Minisink*, thence to an Irish settlement, thence to Sakhauwotung, an In- ment, thence to Sakhauwotung, an Indian settlement within the Forks of dian settlement within the Forks of the Delaware. (See Brainerd's life, published by the Am. Tract society, p. 92.) This route leads him toward Elaf'ton. and not toward Chehocton. Minisink is on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains, and extends at the foot of the mountains into New Jersey. There is now a village with a sey. There is now a village with a post office of that name in Orange county, near the mountain, and the New York and New Jersey line. The settlement of Irish and Dutch, which re. came to. v/as probably on Paulin's kill, in Knowlton township, Yv'arren county, N. J., or at Belvidere. The distance of these places is about 12 miles from Easton; and, by this whole route, the distance from Fishkill to Easton is very near 100 miles. 3. Under date of May 2S, 1744, he records his return thus: -- "Set out from the Indians above the Porks of the Delaware, on a journey towards Newark. N. J. -- rode through a wilderness; was much fatigued with the ness; was much fatigued with the heat; lodged at a place called Black Pviver." The "oint of starting is above 2! 5 the Forks, and the direction "towards Newark." Now "Black River is a small village, on a stream of the same name, which is the upper pa.rt of the north branch of the Raritan, in the township of Chester,Morris county.N.J. He had been visiting the Indians between Belvidere and the Delaware tween Belvidere and the Delaware Water Gap, probably near Columbia, where the Paulin's kill enters the Delaware. From this region a line to aware. From this region a line to Newark would lead him to Black river. It would have been impossible for him to travel from Chehocton, or from the Lackawaxen, to Black River in one day. Belvidere is 14, and the Dela^vare Gap 24 miles above Baston. ^vare Gap 24 miles above Baston. This agreement of known places and distances points clearly to the Forks at Easton. 4. He says, p. 192: "It is more than seventy miles from Crossweeksung, (now Cross wicks), in New Jersey, to the Forks of tbe Delaware, in Pennsylvania." Crosswicks is four miles east vania." Crosswicks is four miles east of Borden to v/n and nearly seventy from Easton. Doubtless Brainerd though the distance long; for there were no roads in those days, as now. But Chehocton is 130 miles from Crosswicks.** *Two days were consumed in tra'i- elling from Minisink to "the Forks", a much longer time than necessary to reach either Port Jervis or Chehocton. Besides he went down the river. ton. Besides he went down the river. -- Er!itor Whig. **More than that distance-- it is :^,t least 1*^5 miles. -- Editor Whig. Again, he says at the same place, sundry of the Indian settlements on the Susquehanna, which I visited, is more than an hundred and twenty miles." The same, under date of September 9, 1744; but adds here, that tember 9, 1744; but adds here, that the town he aimed toward was west of the Forks. These conditions cannot be fulfilled on the supposition that not be fulfilled on the supposition that the Forks are at Chehocton. Again, October 2, 1744, he starts on his first visit to the Susquehanna from the Forks; "travelled about 2,5 miles, and lodged in one of the last houses on the road." This house, we suppose, was near the "Lehigh Water Gap, ' about 2o miles west of Easton. The next day, he "had scarce anything else but lofty mountains, deep valleys and hideous rocks to raake his way through." The mountains around Mauch Chunk will v/ell ansv/er tliiii description. On the fourth day they reached the Susquehanna. Re.aaining but four days, October 9, they started on their return. They travelle.l "with great steadiness," from 5 a. m. to 6 p. m., then "made a fire and a shelter of bark, and so rested." "The v/olves howled around us, but God preserved us." "The next day they rose early and at night came to an Irish settlement with which Brainerd was ac- tlement with which Brainerd was acquainted, and lodged there. On the quainted, and lodged there. On the following day, both he and Mr. Byram "preached to the people." The next day they rode to the Forks. This "Irish Settlement" was about 15 miles vv^est of Easton. It is still known by the same name, and the present generation holds traditions of Brainerd's preaching there. Now, from Chehocton to ing there. Now, from Chehocton to tne Susquehanna, due west, is not over thirty miles. The distance, the time of travel, the designation of localities, all point to Easton, as the calities, all point to Easton, as the place then called "the Forks." 5. November 5, 1744. "Set out on a journey to New York." November 21st: "Rode from Newark to Rockciticus, (Mendham) November 22: "Came on my way from Rockciticus to the Delaware." The distance from Isewark ware." The distance from Isewark to Easton is about seventy miles, which might be travelled in two days, and the most direct route would be through Mendham, of Rockciticus." But "the Forks," at Chehocton would be quite out of the way. 6. "On Friday, June 7, 1745, he went on a journey of near fifty miles, to Neshaminy, to assist at a sacramen- tal occasion, to be attended at Mr. Beatty's meeting house ' (p. 123.) He started from "tue Forks" and Neshaminy, in the southern part of Bucks iny, in the southern part of Bucks county, Pa., is well Imown as the place where the first Rev. Win. Tennent preached. It is "nearly fiity sniles" from Easton, hut it is more than loO f;-0-n Chehocton. and over one hundred from Port Jervis. If v/e suppose 'the Forks" to be at Easton, all is plain and corLsistent. 7. lJr;unerd m.ade three visits to the Susquehanna, and if we allow "the Forks" to be at Easton, the record of his travels is consistent, but not otherwise. The principal place on that erwise. The principal place on that river, that he visited every time, was Shaurnokin. He says, under date Septentl^r 9-13, that this was a large town, tentl^r 9-13, that this was a large town, upwards of fifty houses, and that it lay by west of the Forks. The Indi.m name is still retained, and di.m name is still retained, and marks a locality on the Susquehanna, about 120 miles v/est of Easton. Ther.> is the Shamokin creek, falling into the river a short distance below Sunbury; there are the Shamokin moun- bury; there are the Shamokin mountains and the Shamokin Gap. (See 3.1 tains and the Shamokin Gap. (See 3.1 2l6 Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey of Pa. p. 30). Frcm this place during liis third visit, Brainerd went up the northwestern branch of the Susquehanna, "toward a place called the Great Island," about 50 miles distant from Shamokin, Septembe * 1, 1746. This is a large island tembe * 1, 1746. This is a large island near Berwick. He returned to Shamokin, and thence proceeded down the kin, and thence proceeded down the river, (as he had done before, on his second visit, September 19, 1745), to an island called Juneauta, September 8 ana 9, 1746. This island is below the place where the river leaves the Blue Mountains, and still preserves its name. By going to this point, he avoided the hideous mountainsbetween Sunbury and Easton. It is to be noticed that, on his second visit, he took ed that, on his second visit, he took this route to return to the Forks, (pp. 129, 130,) which he certainly would not have done if the Forks had been at Port Jervis, Lackawaxen or Chehocton. ton. 8. February 10, 1745, Brainerd preached at Greenwich, in New Jersey, (pp. 121, 122.) This preaching sey, (pp. 121, 122.) This preaching place was eight miles from his house at "the Forks." Now the nearest point in New Jersey to Chehocton is at Port Jervis But Greenwich was in New Jersey, directly opposite Easton. The present townships of ton. The present townships of Greenwich and Oxford were both included under Greenwich, in the time cluded under Greenwich, in the time of Brainerd, the latter being then called Upper Greenwich. In the old Presbyterian church of Oxford, about two miles east of Belvidere, "the Rev. David Brainerd, Indian Missionary, preached sundry times." (Historical collections of New Jersey, p. 504.) This fixes the Forks at Easton. 9. The land in the Forks of the Delaware was in dispute, between the Six Nations and the Delawares; and, in 1742, they met in grand council at Philadelphia, with the governor of Pennsylvania, respecting this matter. The history of this dispute shows, that "the Forks" then included the present locality of Easton. (Brant's Life, ent locality of Easton. (Brant's Life, by Stone, vol. 1. p. 320.) 10. There are now at Easton and in Greenwich, well authenticated traditions respecting Brainerd, as hr "ing tions respecting Brainerd, as hr "ing preached there both to the Indians and the Dutch. The title of the "rainerd Evangelical Society," in Lafayette college, at Easton, was sug- fayette college, at Easton, was suggested by the labors of that holy man gested by the labors of that holy man on that spot. These are my reasons for believing, that "The Forks of the Delaware" referred to the place now occupied by ferred to the place now occupied by Easton, Pa. I have written so much at length, because the 'mistake has often been made, which "one of the brethren" has again made public. MOSES FINDA FAUTAURY. Chester, Orange Co., N. Y. "Forks of the Delaware." Mr. Hetrich: -- The subject has been discussed in your paper whether "The Forks of the Delaware," the scene, in part, of Brainerd's labours, are located at Easton, Pennsylvania, or some other place. The article in your last pa- er place. The article in your last paper has settled that question satisfac- per has settled that question satisfactorily, I suppose. As all writers, etc., torily, I suppose. As all writers, etc., seemed to speak of it in connection with this town, I did not know that any one seriously doubted the accuracy. Perhaps it may be interesting to cy. Perhaps it may be interesting to some to knov/ what was the opinion of the community here and elsewhere before and shortly after Brainerd's time. fore and shortly after Brainerd's time. 1 will give you an extract from an old record of a Lutheran church, which existed near Easton, and was engaged in the cause of Christ at an early day, and which record is now in the possession of the Lutheran church in session of the Lutheran church in Williams township, under Rev. Mr. Kemmerer, to which it was afterwards transferred. This is the title page; "Gemeinde Augaburgischer Confession in Sacon, bei Philip Schlauch, ohnweit der grossen Lechau and Farek Delawar Revier, 1740, Rev. J. J. Bircken- war Revier, 1740, Rev. J. J. Birckenstock," i. e. -- The Lutheran Congre- stock," i. e. -- The Lutheran Congregation in Saucon, at Philip Schlauch's, gation in Saucon, at Philip Schlauch's, near the great Lehigh and Fork Delaware river, (not rivers, but the Le- ware river, (not rivers, but the Letork of the Forks of the Delaware tork of the Forks of the Delaware river) 1740, Rev. J. J. Birckenstock, being four years before Brainerd. (Two records in this book are A. D. 1733.) The Lutheran community, and necessarily the community generally, at essarily the community generally, at a distance, regarded Easton in the same light. In proof of this I will give *. ou an extract from a work, known as #"the Hallische Nachrichten," containing an account of Lutheran churches ing an account of Lutheran churches in Pennsvlvania. Dr. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, speaking of the severe labours of himself and brethren, says p 674,"a congregation in Saucon, about 50 miles from Philadelphia, (to v/hich afterwards were added those of Tohicon, at Forks of the Delaware, Upper Milford and Saccona,) united with us," grouping these all near Saucon in this county. This letter was con in this county. This letter was written A. D. 1754, and refers the transactiop to 1746--7. Again p. 651, "The congregation at the Forks of Delaware, Eiccona, Saccum. etc., (grouping tlio.n together) "and several smaller ones beyond the Blue Mountains," (Forks then must have been tains," (Forks then must have been this side of the Blue Mountains). He then speaks of "a large region further northwest than Forks of Delaware towards the Blue Mountains, in which wards the Blue Mountains, in which there are four congregations, viz: -(Heidelberg, Weissenberg, Jordan, Ma- (Heidelberg, Weissenberg, Jordan, Macungie," all of which are in Lehigh cungie," all of which are in Lehigh county, and not about Port Jervis, etc. He also speaks of a candidate of Theology (L. Schrenk) having been plac- ology (L. Schrenk) having been placed at the Forks of the Delaware, and ed at the Forks of the Delaware, and we know that a Lutheran minister of that name preached in Saucon, Easton, etc., A. D. 1749. ton, etc., A. D. 1749. Judging from the internal evidence in Brainerd's Journal; from the extracts abcve, indicative of popular sen- tracts abcve, indicative of popular sentiment before and after Brainerd's timent before and after Brainerd's time, which probably might be interested if I had leisure to search),-- and ested if I had leisure to search),-- and from the general agreement of writers on the subject, I should suppose ers on the subject, I should suppose there remained no doubt, and the question should be regarded as definitely settled, about the Forks of the nitely settled, about the Forks of the Delaware being at Easton. Excuse me, if I have performed a work of supererogation. J. W. R. (Rev. J. W. Richards.) Easton, Pa., December 11, 1849. "ForKs of the Delaware." Mr. Hetrick. -- Joseph Knowles, in his account of the "day and a half's walk" by James Yeates and Edward Marshall, for the proprietors of Pennsylvania and the Indians, under date sylvania and the Indians, under date of June 30, 1757, says: "I, Joseph Knowles, living with Timothy Smith at the time of the 'day and a half's walk' with the Indians (Timothy Smith, then sheriff for Bucks county,) do say, that I v/ent sometime before to carry the chain, and to help to clear a road, as directed by my uncle, Timothy Smith. When the walk was per- othy Smith. When the walk was performed, I v/as then present, a,nd car- formed, I v/as then present, a,nd carried provisions, liquors, and bedding. ried provisions, liquors, and bedding. About sun-rising we set out from John Chapman's corner, at WrigLtstown, and travelled until we came to the "Forks of the Delaware," as near as I can remember was about one of tho clock the same day, etc." The starting point for. this "day and a half's walk" was at a certain Spruce tree on the river Delaware, in Bucks county, about 45 miles from the Lehigh -- or as it is marked on a map of the "Province of Pennsylvania," published in the year 1759, the "West Branch of the Delaware. The walk was performed ware. The walk was performed either in the latter part of September or beginning of October; the time from sunrise to one o'clock p. m. at that time of the year is not quite seven Hours, giving about 6 1-2 miles to the hour. To accomplish this is a possibility for a pedestrian, such as Marsh- bility for a pedestrian, such as Marshall is reported to have been, while tak- all is reported to have been, while taking the Lackawaxen as the "Porks ing the Lackawaxen as the "Porks of Delaware," a walk from the spruce tree thither would have been an utter luipossibility for any man, even for Marshall, to accomplish in seven hours. If we are willing to receive Knowles as authority, it settles the question at once, that the "Forks of Delaware" were north of the Lecnauhanne (Lehigh) or Fork stream, and west of the high) or Fork stream, and west of the Delaware, zad neither in New Jersey, nor at th^ confluence of tne Lackawaxen and Delaware. waxen and Delaware. It is, however, to be remarked that the "Forks of Delaware, were not only the spot at the confluence of the Lehigh and Delaware, but that a laige boay of land between tnese two rivers was all known and designated uy that name, ieates' and Marshall struck the Lehigh, not at Easton, but at a point between Easton and the great bend of the river, very probable at the old ford at Jonej' island, about a mile belov/ Bethlehem, for this was the well known crossing place on the Indian path leading from the lower county to Diahogo, (Tioga). The map of the province referred to already, has the "walk of a day and a half" marked down, crossing the Lehigh at the point as just stated, and high at the point as just stated, and running up along the river to beyond a large creek north of Kittatin:iey mountain, (name not given, but) probably Pokopoka. ably Pokopoka. The proprietors of the province about the year 1733 miade a lottery of lands in 200 acre lots, part of which lots were situated in the "Forks of Delaware," within the limits of the grant of which the "day and a half's walk" formed the western boundary. This grant, disputed and denied as having been made puted and denied as having been made by the Delawares, but confirmed by the Six Nations, was within a line from the spruce tree v/est towards the Neshaminy creek, thence a "day and a half's walk" to about thirty miles beyond the Lechav Hills (Lehigh moun- yond the Lechav Hills (Lehigh mountain) thence south-east in a straight tain) thence south-east in a straight line through te Minisink Indian lands to the Delaware about ninp miles below the mouth of th^ Lackav/axen, low the mouth of th^ Lackav/axen, thence south along the Delaware river to the spruce tree, the plac"" of beginning.) The tract within those bounds ning.) The tract within those bounds :8 took in the best of the land in the Forks and all the Minisinks. From the map referred to, it would appear that at least all the lands between the Delaware and Lehigh rivers, and the Kittatinny mountain was once known as the "Forks of Delaware," -- and Knowles in his account, ware," -- and Knowles in his account, says, that they proceeded on the first uay of the walk till the sun was down, and that they were then near the Indian town in the Forks. Sunset at that time of the year is about a set at that time of the year is about a quarter before six -- they had therefore aavanced about five hours walk fore aavanced about five hours walk since they had crossed the Lehigh at one o'clock. Five hours at six miles per hour would bring them to beyond the Kittatinny, but allow even only four miles per hour during the afternoon, and they would be at or very noon, and they would be at or very near, the foot of the mountain. Here, then, we have Knowles' evidence that the Forks extended as high up the country as the end of the first day's walk, i. e., at least, near the Kittatinny, Another circumstance which points to the locality of the Forks as not confined to the spot where the rivers fined to the spot where the rivers meet, is the fact, that the Indian town, Welaganiika, which was somewhere on the Nazareth tract when it was purchased, was also in the "Forks of Delaware" and it hardly admits of any doubt, but that all the land in the triangle formed by the Delaware and Lehigh and the Kittatinny, was in olden times known by the general appel- en times known by the general appellation of the "Forks of the Dela- lation of the "Forks of the Delaware.' R. S. R. ware.' R. S. R. Bethlehem, December 15, 1849. Easton Female Seminary. E. DEAN DOW, M. A Principal. This seminary will be opened for the reception of young ladies on the third Monday of April 15th inst. The systematic plan of instruction and government is such as fully to meet the wants of a high disciplinary and finished female education. Young ladies are received into the family of the principal as boarders where they will enjoy special care and privileges of instruction. Parents in the adjoining vicinity, may enjoy the benefit of this institution, under an arrangement for tion, under an arrangement for "Weekly Boarders," from Monday till Friday -- and by furnishing their own beds, bedding, towels, etc., and washing done at home -- they will be charg- ing done at home -- they will be charged $15 less per session, than constant ed $15 less per session, than constant boarders; but enjoy at the same time equal attention and privileges of instruction. struction. Charges: -- For boarders $75 per session of 22 weeks, which includes tui- sion of 22 weeks, which includes tuition in all the English branches, board, tion in all the English branches, board, washing, fuel, lights, etc "Weekly Boarders", $60 per session. The tuition of day scholars varies from $4 per quarter, of 11 weeks -- to $9 -- according to the department they are in. Parents abroad, wishing further information of this seminaiy, will be formation of this seminaiy, will be cheerfully supplied with the prospectus, giving a full outline of the course tus, giving a full outline of the course of instruction and government, or other personal information by addressing er personal information by addressing the principal. Easton, February 20, 1850. Young Ladies' Institute. This institute which has been in successful operation for more than three years -- continues to afford great advantages to taose who wish to pursue a thorough course in the various sue a thorough course in the various branches of English, Ornamental and Classical education. Its next session will commence on Monday, the ISth of February. Terms per session of 22 weeks: -Tuition in English $10 50 Tuition in English $10 50 Music (piano) 12 00 use of the piano 4 00 The ancient and modern languages, painting, drawing, guages, painting, drawing, worsted and wax work, etc. (each) 6 00 Incidental expenses 25 Or for $20 per session a pupil may attend to all the branches named above, (music excepted.) THOS. M. CANN, A. M., Principal. Mrs. SARAH S. CANN, Associate Principal. Miss E. A. RICKSECKER, Assistant and Teacher of Music. Miss M. C. KITTREDGB. Teacher of Vocal and Instrumental Music. References may be made to the following gentlemen who are patrons lowing gentlemen who are patrons of the institute. (Names not given.) Easton, February 6, 1850. Telegraphic Despatch. ( Postscript.) Associate Judge -- JACOB WEYGANDT. GANDT. A telegraphic despatch was received at the Easton office, yesterday af- ed at the Easton office, yesterday afternoon, announcing the gracxi.ying in- ternoon, announcing the gracxi.ying intelligence that Jacob Weygandt, Esq., telligence that Jacob Weygandt, Esq., of this borough, was, on that day, nominated by Governor Johnston, and inated by Governor Johnston, and unanimously confirmed by the Senate as Associate Judge. This will be gratifying intelligence to the people )f the ifying intelligence to the people )f the county of Northampton. ..pril 3, 1850. Manner of Announcing Deaths in the evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John, Easton. All deaths will be announced in future at sunset. For a child under ture at sunset. For a child under fourteen years, ten single strokes of the bell-- for a married person, ten double strokes --for a single person over fourteen years, ten strokes, alternating single and double. nating single and double. April 10. loSO. His Honor Jacob Weygandt, was inducted into office, this term. From his known abilities as a magistrate -his legal attainments and his lofty in- his legal attainments and his lofty innependence of character, we predict nependence of character, we predict tnat he will make a most able and useful judge. ful judge. April 17, 1850. Wechquetank. Mr. Hetrich: -- If you have ever travelled up the Wilkesbarre turnpike, you elled up the Wilkesbarre turnpike, you will have observed that but a very short distance this side of Brodhead's tavern, in Chestnuthill township,Monroe county, you enter into a long but roe county, you enter into a long but narrow valley running in northeast and southeast direction, (near its head or eastern extremity) bounded on its southern side by the Chestnuthill ridge, and on its northern by a hill located between the ridge just named and the Pocono mountain. Though ed and the Pocono mountain. Though the eye cannot fail to be delighted and pleased as you look down this valley in the direction of the Lehigh river from your carriage while travelling along the turnpike, it would not in any particular manner strike you as anything extraordinary. But if you cross thing extraordinary. But if you cross the Chestnuthill ridge on the road leading from the Monroe valley into this, you will, on descending the northern slope of the ridge, enjoy one ern slope of the ridge, enjoy one of the prettiest views that perhaps our whole state is able to present to the eye. A valley level as a floor, under a high state of cultivation dotted with near farm houses, inhabited by an industrious, thrivi-ng population, tra- dustrious, thrivi-ng population, traversed by clear, transparent streams, versed by clear, transparent streams, is spread out before you, and affords to the eye a feast from which you are loth to turn away. You will look again and again, and hours are too short to take in all the beauties of the scene. This pretty spot under the sun --this oasis amidst the rugged and barren hills, which you stand thus viewing and admiring, is the Wechquetank valley; a valley commencing tank valley; a valley commencing a short distance east of the turnpike and extending in a southwesterly direction to the river Lehigh, varying rection to the river Lehigh, varying at different places in its breadth or width say from one-eighth to two miles. Two creeks Head's (originally Hoeth's) creek and Wire creek, the former entering the valley below Mr. Daily's store, the latter having its source in two small lakes in the valley, whence it originally derived its name Weiber (corrupted into Wire) creek, pass through the valley part of the way and then unite in one stream which at the present day is known by the name of Big Creek or Pokopoka, but whose original Indian name, in all probability was Wechquetank. With your kind permission v/e will record in the Whig and Journal a few of the events connected with the early history of the nected with the early history of the tetTlement of this valley. About the year 1748 a man by the name of Hoeth emigrated from the district of Zweybruecken in Bavaria, to trict of Zweybruecken in Bavaria, to the United States and settled in Philadelphia. While there he sent hischildren to the school in connexion with the Moravian church, but nexion with the Moravian church, but apprehensive that they might at more mature age, be led away into evil habits, he resolved upon leaving the city, and accordingly removed with his family to beyond the Blue mountain and settled on the Wechquetank. tain and settled on the Wechquetank. Whether he was at that time in connection with the Moravian church as nection with the Moravian church as a full member, does not appear, but probably so, as he was in the habit of visiting at Nazareth, and in those days of non-counting cost, his visits were reciprocated by the ministers at Nazareth and by itinerant preachers of the areth and by itinerant preachers of the church, all of whom heeded neither difficulties, (remember there was no turnpike then), nor dangers. (but plenty of ferocious Indians, rattlesnakes, etc., etc.) nor distance, (the snakes, etc., etc.) nor distance, (the journey was then made on foot with staff in hand,) if they could but win one soul for eternity. Of Hoeth's family, one daughter after captivity among ily, one daughter after captivity among the Indians settled at Bethlehem and died there in 1770, at the age of thirty years. Hoeth's residence in the valley was not of long continuance. A few days after the surprise and murder at Gnadenhuetten on the Mahony, in No- denhuetten on the Mahony, in November, 1755, while sitting at the sup- vember, 1755, while sitting at the supner table with his family, they aeard ner table with his family, they aeard the report of a gun. Apprehending no danger, Hoeth opened the door to see what this all meant when he was attacked by the Indians and killed on tacked by the Indians and killed on the spot. The mother and four daughters escaped through the back door, ters escaped through the back door, the former of whom jumped into the creek, but together with the youngest of the children, was murdered by the Indians, and the three remaining daughters were carried away captive by these, one of whom only returned from her captivity. After the massacre at Gnadenhuettbn, all ready alluded to, the congre- tbn, all ready alluded to, the congregation of Indian believers, residing at gation of Indian believers, residing at New Gnadenhuetten, on the opposite side of the Lehigh, fled; partly at Bethlehem and partly to Wajomik (Wyoming) on the jomik (Wyoming) on the Susquehanna. Cut off as the latter now were from their Christian ter now were from their Christian countrymen, and surrounded on all sides by savages and warriors, they soon fell into abject misery, both in a temporal and spiritual view. To those who had retired to Bethlehem fL'T safety, a spot of land was given upon the return of more peaceful times, in the year 1757, about two miles west of Bethlehem. There they built themselves the town subsequently called Main, reorganized into a quently called Main, reorganized into a congregation, to which the Missionaries Mack, Schmick and Gnibe, dispensed the gospel and sacraments. By the giadual return of nearly all of those who had tied to Wajomik, the majority of whom settled at Nain. this town ity of whom settled at Nain. this town in the course of a few years became too small to contain them all, and the authorities of the church therefore resolved upon founding or establishing solved upon founding or establishing a second mission station, and accordingly in the year 1760, purchased a ingly in the year 1760, purchased a tract of land, containing 1400 acres on the Wechquetank. In April of the same year, Missionary .loachim Senseman, with thirty baptized Indians of man, with thirty baptized Indians of the Delaware tribe, removed to this new station, and on the 28th of that month, the first religious service was held under the canopy of heaven. The town was located near the residence of the late Hoeth, and on the 6th of May the missionary's house was so far finished as to afford him shelter, nor did it require much more time before the church was finished, for already on the 26th of June, could they conf.ecrate it with praise and thanksgiv- f.ecrate it with praise and thanksgiving to the worship of the Triune God. ing to the worship of the Triune God. For three years this mission flourished and the gospel was proclaimed ished and the gospel was proclaimed by the faithful missionary, both week days and on every returning Sabbath, to resident and visitor, but in May 1763, hostilties recommenced -- the tomahawk of the savage was again put in requisition, and along the lakes as well as on the Ohio, the peaceable, unoffending residents were cruel- able, unoffending residents were cruelly murdered by hundreds. Neither did ly murdered by hundreds. Neither did the inhabitants of the province of Pennsylvania escape unm.olested. Evil disposed men succeeded in prevailing upon the rabble to extermi- vailing upon the rabble to exterminate all peaceable Indians, under plea nate all peaceable Indians, under plea that the havoc made on the lakes and along the Ohio, was a judgment of the Almighty, because the Whites had not destroyed and annihilated the Indians long ago, but had suffered them to remain amongst them thus far, and main amongst them thus far, and tnerefore insisted upon the utter destruction of all the Redmen, whether struction of all the Redmen, whether savage or Christian. Oxir friends at Wechquetank were therefore in common with others, in the most imminent danger, and the church authorities at Bethlehem, had already sent a most pressing request to Mr. Grube, at the time the resident missionary, and his congregation, to quit their settlement without delay, and proceed at once to Nazareth, whence wagons would be despatched to convey them to the latter place. Notwithstanding the great peril to which they were continually exposed, the Christian Indians, and their undaunted missionary, remained firm at daunted missionary, remained firm at fhPir station until October of the same year. The danger having now become so threatening that further hesitation ar.d dv-^!ay would have been little short of madness, they left Wechquetank at noon on the 11th of that month, not without sorrow and grief, as we may well suppose, at the necessity of parting from and forsaking their pleasant ing from and forsaking their pleasant anode, and of leaving behind them to the destruction or mercy of their enemies, all their grain, the entire produce of their last harvest, together with some of their stock and cattle. The following day they arrived in safety at Nazareth, and their town was ty at Nazareth, and their town was soon after destroyed and burned down to the ground by their persecutorB. The Indians never returned to this place nor was the town ever rebuilt. The Wechquetank valley was subsequently used for a number of years quently used for a number of years by the farmers of Christian Spring and other places for grazing cattle, which they were in the habit of driving thither in spring and fetching ing thither in spring and fetching home in fall. In course of time the land was sold to white settlers, nevertheless the ministers at Nazareth ertheless the ministers at Nazareth continued their visits to those settlers to the end of the last century.and were wont to preach in the house of a farmer by the name of George' Huth, whose er by the name of George' Huth, whose brother, Adam Huth, resided at Christian Springs. tian Springs. The town of Wechquetank stood in the forks of Head's and Wire Creek, about a quarter of a mile above their confluence, and the site of the same is known and pointed out to this day; the graveyard is still there, but very lew of the graves can be discerned. Some few apple trees, still in bearing rondition, planted by the hands of the first settlers, yet remain as a memento of by-gone days. Could they speak, to of by-gone days. Could they speak, what untold deeds of cruelty committed by the savage red -- and unprinci- ted by the savage red -- and unprincipled white men -- as well as scenes of pled white men -- as well as scenes of sim.ple and childlike reliance of the uelieving Christian Indian, on the protecting, guardian care of the Almigh- tecting, guardian care of the Almighty, in all perils and dangers, and of ty, in all perils and dangers, and of the devotedness of the fruitful missionary to the welfare, spiritual and sionary to the welfare, spiritual and temporal, of his brown flock, might they not reveal to us. The cruel savage has vanished, but with him also age has vanished, but with him also vanished the flourishing congregation cf believing. Christian Indians, and while the former still lords it in his native forest home, the latter have dwindled down to a m.ere shadow, almost lost in the interminable wilds of most lost in the interminable wilds of the Far. Far West. But Wechquetank remains, and the wild scenes once anacted there, have passed away and acted there, have passed away and made room for the peaceful occupation of the husbandman, whose thriftiness and industry, v/iih the blessing of the Almighty, have made it to "blossom aoimdantly." The site of the old town with ad- joining lands, is now owned by Mr. Kresge, who has at different times while ploughing in his fields, found many things which once belonged t,<) Christian Indians who resided on tho spot; among the rest only a few yea.:s ago, a blacksmith's hammer. It is a pity, and very much to be regretted, that the name of Wechque- gretted, that the name of Wechquetank, which eighty or a hundred years tank, which eighty or a hundred years ago, was so well known, and is so intimately connected with the events timately connected with the events vvhich transpired in that valley, should, apparently at least, be destined to be lost entirely and buried in oblivion -and even now, to be known in the val- and even now, to be known in the valley itself, only traditionally. Could not ley itself, only traditionally. Could not the residents thereof be instrumental in reviving and perpetuating the same. There is a valley on the tract which might exchange its present name if it have one, for the ancient name of the valley, or if it have none, it might assume the same. Or a post office, of which there are several, one of which is called Schaefer's -- the other Effort P. O. either of which would not suffer by a change of name, as the one is not the property of Mr. Schaefer, nor did it require anything much of an effort, with the general post ofnce, to establish the other. Or if the residents will not move in the matter, will not our antiquaries step and aid, in rescuing the name of v/echquetank from obscurity, and in restoring it to remembrance, and insuring to it perpetuitv. suring to it perpetuitv. R. S. R. April 24, 1850. (A monument to mark the site of Wechqiieta,nk was erected by the Moravian Historical society about two ravian Historical society about two years ago.) Died. Died in this borough, on Monday last, Maj. John Lewis, aged 59 years. The deceased rendered good service as a soldier of the late war under Gen. Harrison, in the Northv/estern army. His remains will be interred this afternoon at the Presbyterian church, ternoon at the Presbyterian church, with military honors. July 10, 1850. The Model School. The .subscriber would respectfully announce to his friends and all interested in the cause of education, that ested in the cause of education, that he has leased the Model School building attached to Lafayette college, for ing attached to Lafayette college, for me purpose of a boarding and day school for boys and young men. His first session will commence on Monday, November 4. He will teach the day, November 4. He will teach the common, classical and commercial branches. For terms and all further particulars inquire of the principal or the faculty of the college. DANIEL E. PHILLIPS, A. M., Principal. November 13, 1850. Large Church Bell. The new bell for the German Reformed church of this place, was formed church of this place, was sv/ung in the tower on Monday last. The bell was cast at the foundry in Bast Medvv-ay, Mass. It is of a fine deep tone, measures about 12 feet in circumference, and weighs 2,050 pounds. On Saturday last another bell was brought up by the Lehigh Transportation company, for the church recently tion company, for the church recently erected by our neighbors of Riegelsville. "We understand it weighs about ville. "We understand it weighs about 700 pounds. December 18, 1850. 1851. The late Matthew S. Henrj% whose history of the Lehigh Valley has become valuable by reason of its con- come valuable by reason of its contents and the scarcity of the book, tents and the scarcity of the book, was an occasional contributor to the newspapers of Easton. He was bom in 1790, spent most of his days in ^Northampton county, and with a fondness for the history and legends of ness for the history and legends of the community early began to collect and preserve the fruits of his diligent researches. He knew personally many of the first settlers and survivors of the Indian and revolutionai-y wars from whom he collected much interesting information. At his death in 1862 ing information. At his death in 1862 he had compiled and written considerable on a history of the county which able on a history of the county which he intended to publish. Some of this material is in the writer's possession and will form the subject of future contributions. The following from Mr. Henry's pen appeared in the Easton Whig under the dates indicated: Revolutionary Heroes. No. 1. Mr. Hetrich: -- In my researches for matter of history of the "olden time," of Northampton county, I met with many names of actors "in the time that tried men's souls," yet none more conspicuously so, amongst a host of others than Jacob and John Arndt. Of these gentlemen it can emphatically be said, that they risked their ally be said, that they risked their "lives, fortunes and sacred honor." Both father and son are deserving of the gratitudee of all freemen. A writer of a publication, which, in the year 1799, appeared in print, in reference to Jacob Arndt, says: ence to Jacob Arndt, says: "At that time, (in allusion to the revolutionary struggles,) I well yet recollect that Jacob Arndt, the father of John and Jacob, who is now an er of John and Jacob, who is now an old man, was so loved by his fellowcitizens, and not only elected but so- citizens, and not only elected but solicited to accept and serve them as licited to accept and serve them as their representative in the convention for forming a constitution for the tion for forming a constitution for the government of Pennsylvania in the Assembly, and executive council under that constitution, and whilst in that service, I also recollect to have heard the Republicans of that day say and declare that if the British prevailed in that contest, there would be no mercy or pardon for old Arndt, but he cy or pardon for old Arndt, but he must die with a rope around his neck, of which they themselves run no risque." Jacob Arndt, (or, as he spelt his name, Orndt,) was the son of Bernhard Arndt, who at an early period hard Arndt, who at an early period had emigrated to this country, from Germany and settled in Bucks county, was born in the year 1725. At the time of the breaking out of the French or Indian war, in 1755, he was appointed captain, and took the com- pointed captain, and took the command of a company of troops at Fort mand of a company of troops at Fort Allen, near where Weissport, in Carbon county, now stands, momentarily bon county, now stands, momentarily exposed to the scalping knife of the then ferocious Indian. Many a tale of woe enacted in that vicinity is recorded. Husbands, wives, sons and corded. Husbands, wives, sons and daughters were indiscriminately murdered by the cruel and bloodthirsty dered by the cruel and bloodthirsty savages. The massacres in the vicin ity of that fort are yet fresh in the recollection of numbers of families who collection of numbers of families who lost fathers and mothers or other relatives there. In the year 1757, Jacob atives there. In the year 1757, Jacob Arndt was appointed major, to which rank he was promoted through his merits as an officer. He took the command of Fort Augusta, situate in the mand of Fort Augusta, situate in the immediate vicinity of Sunbury, in Northumberland county. This fort was then the principal one in the whole line of forts from the North river to the Potomac, in Virginia. I find from a statement of the disposition of the provincial troops at the tion of the provincial troops at the different posts on the frontier, dated July 12, 1758, that 197 men were on duty then at this fort, under the command of Major Jacob Arndt, Captains mand of Major Jacob Arndt, Captains Trump and Montgomery, Lieutenants Pierce and Conyngham, and Ensigns Henry and Aston; and from a letter liom Jacob Young, paymaster of the Continental troops, dated October 24. 1759, it appears that Jacob Arndt yet remained there at that period. In the proceedings of the Assembly, as well as by the governor, Mr. Arndt is frequently alluded to as an efficient offi- quently alluded to as an efficient officer. cer. After the close of the first Indian war. he roturne-i to Bucks <'#n^^v.t". and soon after purchased a mill property in Forks township, in Northampton county, from John Jones, to which place he removed in 1760. This mill property is now owned by Samuel Yohe, Esq. Soon after his becoming a citizen of our county, he was appointed one of the justices of our pointed one of the justices of our courts, in which capacity he regularly attended the courts for a long series of years. In the year 1763, the Indians again commencing their murderous excursions into the country, along the fron- sions into the country, along the frontier setiienients, Jacob Arndt was tier setiienients, Jacob Arndt was again elected captain of a volunteer company, mostly neighboring farmers associating themselves together for the purpose of protecting their lives and property from destruction, under tae following agreement: "We, the subscribers, as undersigned, do hereby .iointly and severally ed, do hereby .iointly and severally hgi-Qe, taat, o ;.coo Orndt shall be our captain for three months from the nRte o( (.ne-ie presents, and be always ready to obey him when he sees occasion to call us together, in pursuing sion to call us together, in pursuing the Indians, or helping any of us that shall happen to be in distress by the dians. Each person to find arm.s, pow<]^v ir.:i l9?.d ct our own cost, and have <]^v ir.:i l9?.d ct our own cost, and have no pay; but each person to find himself in all necessaries. To which ar- self in all necessaries. To which articles, convenant and agreement we ticles, convenant and agreement we bind ourselves in the penal sum of five pounds, lawful money of Pennsylvania, ior the use of the company, to be laid out for arms and ammunitions, unless the person so refusing to obey, shall shew a lawful reason. Given under our hands this 13th day of October, "Signed by Jacob Orndt, Peter Sipe, Michael Lawall, Adam Hay, Paul Able, and thirty-four others." In the revolutionary struggle Mr. Arndt took an early and decided part and as a gentleman who had the confidence of the public, was appointed fidence of the public, was appointed one of the persons who represented tue county in the Convention and Pro-' vincial Committee. In the commissioners' records the following entry ap- ers' records the following entry appears on the 29th. day of April, 1775. pears on the 29th. day of April, 1775. "An order was drawn in favor of .Jacob Orndt, Lewis Gordna, Peter Kichlein, John Okely, and George Taylor, the committee appointed for this lor, the committee appointed for this county for their attendance at Philadelphia eleven days at the provincial delphia eleven days at the provincial committe in July last, upon the public business of the county, and ten days at the provincial convention in January last, at the rate of ten shillings uary last, at the rate of ten shillings per day, as recommended by the grand inquest last September sessions." In the year 1776, Mr. Arndt was elected a member of the Legislature and one of the members of the executive council under the constitution tive council under the constitution then framed. In the year 1782-3, he was again successively elected a member of Assembly. Amongst Mr. Arndt's ber of Assembly. Amongst Mr. Arndt's papers, I found the following instruction to the members of the Legislature tion to the members of the Legislature from this district: "On the 20th day of August, 1783, at a county meeting held at Conrad Kreider's (now Kreidersville, in Allen der's (now Kreidersville, in Allen township,) convened for the purpose of framing instructions to the then mem.bers elect, Jacob Orndt, Jonas Hartzell, Jacob Stroud, Robert Lattimore, and Peter Koehler, appear to more, and Peter Koehler, appear to have agreed in a number of items of instruction, one of which is to the lOilowing etfect: "That this meeting most earnestly entreat and enjoin you to procure a law to be passed to prevent the return into this state of such persons, as turn into this state of such persons, as during the war, have joined, aided, or assisted, either the British or Indian enemies, and to prohibit such persons from settling ^ere, as have joined the enemy from any of our sister states. Your constituents hope that proper and adequate punishment may, by such law, be affixed to the crime of knowingly harbouring and concealing persons of the above description." "HENRY GEIGER, "Chairman of the Meeting." "'a the vear iV98, Mr. Arndt removed from his mills to Easton, and from ed from his mills to Easton, and from 'I lopy cf a letter from his son John Arndt, Esq., dated Nov. 21st, 1803, to th'^ Rev. Gross, in reference to his father, I extract the following: "Respecting his health, it is tolerable for a man of his age, but time erable for a man of his age, but time has and continues to press bodily infirmities heavily upon him. His eye- firmities heavily upon him. His eyesight is almost gone; his feet begin sight is almost gone; his feet begin # x-t '.vc'.iK and cannot for a long time bear the weight of his body, but his appetite is good, and for to live happy ,1: ( (>rr ton a "oly in old age, depends upon himself." He died in the year 1805. Yours respectfully, M. S. HENRY. Easton, May 8, 1851. Revolutionary Heroes of Northampton County. No. 2. John Arndt, Esq.. was born in Bucks county, in this state in 1748, and removed into Northampton countv in the moved into Northampton countv in the year 1760 with his father, Jacob Arndt, who then had purchased a mill property about two miles from Easton, on erty about two miles from Easton, on the Bushkill creek, now in possession of Samuel Yohe, Esq. Mr. Arndt from having lived among us for upwards of half a century is yet recollectd by rnanv of our older citizens of Northampton county. He of all others, dur- ampton county. He of all others, during the time that "tried men's souls" ing the time that "tried men's souls" acted then the most conspicuous part in the county. He was the organ tiirough which all and every measure, taken by the principal political chiefs cf the state, which in a greater or Issser degree tended to achieve our glorious independence, passed. All for the furtherance of the cause of liberty that could be done by man was done ty that could be done by man was done by him. His indefatigable exertions, Lis solid judgment, his devoteness to the cause, v/ere known and appreciated. All these virtues placed him in ed. All these virtues placed him in tne confidence of his fellow citizens, and through his stei'n integrity and truthCulne:;s letained it, as long as he lived. Fvery one will be ready with me to e.xc'azLi, that he was deserving of a nation's gratitude, and that his memory should be handed down to the latest posterity. My readers may think Lie too enthusiastic in his praise. No, nothing but heartfelt gratitude pervades my breast. Do not i,cIo net we all enjoy the glorious fruits of his exertions? Should not my own breast heave with admiration of a man whose character I have had an opportunity of studying, by examinations, of records, papers, letters, etc., tions, of records, papers, letters, etc., furnishing and elucidating the clearest proofs of all that has been but est proofs of all that has been but faintly described above. In the year 1776 he was appointed to the command of a company of defenders of our liberties called the fenders of our liberties called the "Flying Camp," and during that service was severely wounded, on Long vice was severely wounded, on Long Island, in the state of New York. A publication in 1799, says of this service thus: vice thus: "It is well known that John Arndt turned out in 1776, a time which "tried men's souls," and assisted in toil and danger against the invading British foe, got wounded and crippled, and declined soliciting a pension to which he was by law entitled, accepted of an office in this county, in the conduct of which he is known to have been the true friend of the widow and orphan." phan." In the year 1777 he was appointed register, recorder and clerk of the orphan's court for the county, which of- phan's court for the county, which office he held until 1800. During the fice he held until 1800. During the Revolution he was one of the most efficient members of the Committee of ficient members of the Committee of Safety (as it was called) for this county. The duty of this committee consisted in preventing and rendering abortive all the schemes and plans of the Tories, or the enemies to the cause of liberty. There are yet some papers of this committee in existence, one of which gives the names and residences of sixty Tories in our county. idences of sixty Tories in our county. It was highly necessary in that precarious time to watch their proceedings, rious time to watch their proceedings, in order to frustrate their designs. The session's dockets of the county fully corroborate this necessity, the utmost vigila&ce and perseverance was most vigila&ce and perseverance was necessary and that laborious duty was performed by this committee. During 1783, Mr. Arndt was elected as representative in the Council of the Censors, to propose amendments to the Constitution of Pennsj'lvania. This body consisted of 22 members from the different districts of the state. Most of the amendments then proposed were subsequently adopted in 1789. On the 9th of September, 17S3, Dickinson college, Carlisle, was incorpo- inson college, Carlisle, was incorporated, of which Mr. Arndt was appoint- rated, of which Mr. Arndt was appointed one of the trustees. ed one of the trustees. He also had the honor to be elected one of the electors of president and vice president of the United States, under the new constitution of the United States then just framed, and cheerfully gave his vote to the illustrious Washington. trious Washington. During the war, he advanced monies out of his private purse towards the recruiting service; thus practically illustrating his devotedness to the lustrating his devotedness to the cause. The exigencies of the state were then so great, that actions testing the patriotism of the citizens fa- ing the patriotism of the citizens favorable to liberty, v/ere called for. vorable to liberty, v/ere called for. Their lives and fortunes were to be risked, and John Arndt, when thus called upon, being "weighed" was found "not wanting." The following is an extract of a letter from Joseph Reed, president of the executive council of the council of the state, to Mr. Arndt; "la Council." Philadelphia, April 2. 1781. Sir:-- "Your favor of the 25th ult. has been received, and we are much concerned that the Treasurer of the county is unable to answer the draft, and the more, fis it 's :iot in ray power to send you money. The stete treasurer has not ten pounds in the treas- rer has not ten pounds in the treasury. We hope you will have patience ury. We hope you will have patience to bear with some difficulties, and we shall do everything in our power to relieve you." Yours, lieve you." Yours, JOSEPH REED, President. Mr. Arndt, Samuel Sitgreaves and Peter Rhoads were the three representatives of this district at the conven- tatives of this district at the convention for forming the constitution of tion for forming the constitution of Pennsylvania, which they signed September 2, 1790. tember 2, 1790. In the year 1796 Mr. Arndt was a candidate for Congress. He was defeated by Jonas Hartzell by a small feated by Jonas Hartzell by a small majority of 90 votes. During the inpurrection in 1799, by Fries, Hainey, purrection in 1799, by Fries, Hainey, etc., his utmost exertions were used for the preservation of law and order. Letters are before me on the subject from S. Sitgreaves, Absalom Reeder, W. Henry, etc., etc., directed to him. From 1786 to the adoption of the new state constitution, he. held an appointment as a justice of the common plsas. His correspondence was mon plsas. His correspondence was crvtensive, his style oftentimes humor011C5 gpri pleasing, which drew charac- 011C5 gpri pleasing, which drew characters of liKe stvle. Many interesting ters of liKe stvle. Many interesting letters are yet amongst his papers. He held as a mineralogist and botanist no mean rank. His correspondence with Du Grop and other clergymen, show him to have been a pious man. In 179n he moved to Easton, and after liOO, when he was removed from ter liOO, when he was removed from office by Thomas McKeen, who had been elected governor, he devoted his time to mercantile pursuits, until his decease in 1814. Yours, M. S. HENRY. May 21, 1851. The following letters which I rerecently discovered in a private collec- recently discovered in a private collection, testify to the esteem in which tion, testify to the esteem in which Captain John Arndt was held by distinguished men of the times, and are tinguished men of the times, and are otherwise of local interest. Dr. Benjamin Rush was the learned physician and surgeon, for some time surgeon-general of the army for the middle department during the Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of tion, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and at the date of his letter to Captain Arndt was treasurer of the United "States mint. Philip Shrawder was an officer of the Pennsylvania Line, entering the service as second lieutenant of "The German Regiment," August 12, 1776; he was successively promoted first lieutenant and captain lieutenant, and retired January 1, 1781. He also commanded a force of Rangers after 1781, manded a force of Rangers after 1781, and during part of the Revolutionary struggle was stationed on the frontiers of Northampton county. He was also in Sullivan's expedition, and after the Revolution he settled in the present Monroe county, where he died. He was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania. My Dear FViend: -- I began my labors to serve you, with a zeal which the justice connected with your claim, and my tice connected with your claim, and my friendship for you dictated, but I am sorry to add, that the discouragement I met with from the first person ment I met with from the first person 1 spoke to, in your favor, prevented my proceeding any further. I need not mention what passed between us. He was not, however, in the least unfriendly to you. friendly to you. But I do not yet despair of your success, provided you address a fair, short, and pathetic statement of your case to Mr. Jos. McKean, praying him to lay it before his father. Do not forget to take notice of your wound, nor of your intention, if dismissed, to apply to the Legislature for relief. Your ten children, your inability to work, and your father's blindness, must not be omitted in your letter. Let the postage of it be paid. Mr. Jos. McKean has kind and just feelings. He will not neglect your appli- ings. He will not neglect your application. Keep a copy of your letter. cation. Keep a copy of your letter. Fi'om Dr. Sir your sincere old friend, BEN J. RUSH. Philadelphia, December 7, 1799. (Endorsement) -- John Arndt, Esq., Prothonotary of Northampton county, Easton, Pennsylvania. Lowersmithfield, Feb. 7, 1807. My Dear FViend: The barrel of sugar I have received in good order for which you'll please for the present to receive my thanks. As fcr the whiskey, it is true I believe, no mention was made of what lieve, no mention was made of what kind -- but I should prefer Rye Wh, although I taste of neither kind; but the Whiskey drinkers in our Parts got into the Notion that Rye Wh. is more wholesome, altho either of them is dangerous, yet I should like to suit their Palates, therefore I wish you would save me some Rye Whiskey. As my Neighbor John Smith has not called on me with a Receipt if he has been to Easton, I must conclude he has not performed his Promise altho' this was the Condition on which I let him have the $30. mentioned in my former letb?r, and therefore you will enter him I suppose in your List of Democrats, altho I do not Know what he is and it is a doubt with me whether he Knows himself. I felt rejoyced to observe that you intend to pay us a visit. I pray Go.i may gr?.nt you Health and Strength to perform. Friend Depui caught cold last Saturday, on Monday his family sent for Doctor Kennedy who bled him since three times & blistered him to-day but I hear not that he is any better yet, the family sent for me this Morning when he was very flighty, and has been chiefly so since he ty, and has been chiefly so since he was taken sick; I wished to see some Abiter.'.ent of the fever or some lucid intervals, but the Doctor tells me it ###oulrl not be expected before to morrow morning, when the effect of this row morning, when the effect of this d:iy's bleeding and blistering might be observed. I wish him to be for sometime himself to make his Will and ar- time himself to make his Will and arrcinje his family Affairs, which always rcinje his family Affairs, which always gave him much concern, he often talked with me respecting it but still ne- ed with me respecting it but still neglected. I proposed to him some time glected. I proposed to him some time ago for us both to write our Wills r".d rend them to you for Correction; about 10 days ago I gave mine to peruse and expected he would, after returning home, have done also, but v.-hen I asked him on Monday last to my surprise he informed me that he had neglected it. So you see my friend the danger of delaying such important Business. The frame of my portant Business. The frame of my Will is enclosed in a letter to you, which I shall forward to you by the first safe Opportunity, neither do I know who may happen to be the Bearer of this Scrawl. -- With your last L. er of this Scrawl. -- With your last L. 1 received also one from your Son George together with a present of his own ingenious Workmanship, it would Feem as if Nature designed him a Genius, Unexpectedly I have an apportunlty to Easton and therefore portunlty to Easton and therefore must conclude or you would not have come off so well. I remain with Love and Esteem My dear Sir Yours Most affectionatelv PHIIJP SHRAWDER. (Endorsement.) John Arndt, Esqr., Easton. Lowersmithfield, November 27, 1810. My Dear and Good Friend: -- By your favor of the 16th inst., I was sorry to perceive thatMr.Raub is likely to become a victim to the passion of anger. come a victim to the passion of anger. Altho you intimate a perplexity about the opinion I sometime ago jocularly advanced that small acrimonious discourses about grave yards as well as courses about grave yards as well as bodily exercise may be both conducive to health, I still adhere to the same opinion, provided they are used with moderation. A few drops of laudanum for instance, may give ease in num for instance, may give ease in toothache, but the use of a gill at once might be the means to bring him quicklv to the place, which your grave yard disputants would wish to keep off as long as possible, their Christian or anti-Christian zeal notwithstandin,g. People who like turkevcocks are prone to anger aught also to possess the power of regulating that necessary and er of regulating that necessary and healthy passion. I was told a very good prescription to break the force of the passion was to count from one to an hundred, whenever the person feels this bitter fire to get too strong within him, before he comes to fifty the fire abates and before the 100 is finished will be nearly extinguished. Bile is one of the most precious fluids in the human body and tho' it is sometimes like fatal spring tides forces the times like fatal spring tides forces the blood through its slender vessels, in such great quantity that one or more of them burst and produce a palsy, yet to subdue it too much may be injurious to health also. I think it is said of ous to health also. I think it is said of a certain Greek emperor, Theodosius, v/ho being so well attended, that he appeared void of passion and was therefore always ailing, and no medicine could have any effect on him; cine could have any effect on him; a lady of his court told the empress the real cause of the emperor's indisposition; if you wish your husband position; if you wish your husband speedy recovery, make him daily once or twice a little angry which will raise his bile and make him well, in a short time his health was restored; but by practice the empress became so habituated to scolding, that she could bituated to scolding, that she could hardly quit it afterwards. If you have any married friends and acquaintances, whose ailment you may suppose ces, whose ailment you may suppose to be owing to the same cause, recommend it as a sure speedy and easy mend it as a sure speedy and easy cure to their wives, but to beware not practice too long at one time; and after the cure ii? performed, there will ter the cure ii? performed, there will be no further need of it. May it not be truly said, man is incomprehensible -- all nations will subscribe to or ble -- all nations will subscribe to or approve the axiom: Do unto others as you wish them to do unto you; but in non-essentials^ great many will be ready and willing to suffer martyrdom iiiro and con; whether in washing hands, they must begin at the ends of the fingers and wash to the elbow or begin washing from the elbow downv/ards to the finger's end. Fader un- v/ards to the finger's end. Fader unser, or unser Fader, which expression ser, or unser Fader, which expression however in German is neutral; and pray inform me, whether the omission of the Lord's prayer during divine service is to do awi-^ th^ '^'istinction between Lutherans and Calvinist as most Germans knew no other difference between those two professions; ence between those two professions; or whether ministers were only to say the Ijord's prayer until they could make a better one, like the first New England settlers in their first true Democratic Assembly past a resolve: That the Word of God should be the law of the land until the Assembly could make a better. Many of your Lutheran men married Calvinist wives and vice-versa, get children and live happy together during life but dare not when dead be laid alongside of each other unless toll is paid for his passage to heaven by the Calvinist; I have not heard yet whether in ist; I have not heard yet whether in imitation of the Russian custom a certificate is inclosed in the coffin for his tificate is inclosed in the coffin for his admission when arrived at the gates of heaven. It would appear Mr. Raub became a martyr to the right of raising toll from Calvinists. In the time of Caesar, the passage between Siciliy and Calabria used to be very dangerous owing to two whirl pools called Scylla and Charybdis and it was said if a vessel escaped one it would fall into the other. Thus we are guilty of follies, tho not of the same then surely of others as ridiculous, owing perhaps to different spec- lous, owing perhaps to different spectacles through which we view objects, tacles through which we view objects, some will lessen, some will multiply them, some will represent them under one color, others under another, some will swear they saw a green chameleon, others will assert the same cha- eon, others will assert the same chameleon to have been gray, etc. Man meleon to have been gray, etc. Man like the ocean seems always restless owing perhaps in both to the influence of the moon our next luminary ence of the moon our next luminary neighbor and happy it is for us, if the follies to which we incline are neither injurious to ourselves nor others, but rather are of an inoffensive kind such as your examining stones and my translating a chapter of Rousseau for your amusement and consideration. My making into English his essay on war may make you acquainted with his meaning; do as the Germans say, "Nicht das Kind mit dem Bad ausschuetten," but draw a veil over it, if schuetten," but draw a veil over it, if you should disapprove some of his expressions in some of his last para- pressions in some of his last paragraphs as they militate against the graphs as they militate against the opinions of some divines, considering he was frail like us and subject to errors in judgment and not a divine by education or his writings. In our physical world the links are so imperceptible that is almost if not quite im- ceptible that is almost if not quite impossible for the human eye to discern possible for the human eye to discern where one genus ends and the other begins. In the immensity of the universe, may we not suppose the exist- verse, may we not suppose the existence of all possible worlds and there ence of all possible worlds and there is no real vacuum on. in and about our globe, may therefore those innumerble worlds not also be supposed to be ble worlds not also be supposed to be filled, some with inferior, some with superior intelligences and some may be as he seems desirous that man should be in this world viz: Good by necessity, and as among all possible worlds ours of course had also to be created such as it is to show the Almighty, power, wisdom, goodness, etc. mighty, power, wisdom, goodness, etc. The design for men in this world appears to be pursuit of happiness, single pears to be pursuit of happiness, single individuals could not attain happiness without the assistance of others, the Creator therefore imprinted in our nature an inclination to sociability, but ture an inclination to sociability, but by misconception of true ideas to pursue happiness many cause real unhap- sue happiness many cause real unhappiness to themselves as well as to piness to themselves as well as to others; the more a person is elevated over others who pursues wrong measures to procure happiness the more ures to procure happiness the more individuals will be encompassed in a Circle of Unhappiness. Rousseau therefore seems to put no faith in the doctrine that all emperors, kings, etc., etc., etc., are vice-regents and representatives of God, when their actions sentatives of God, when their actions might with more propriety declare tiiem to be vice-regents and representatives of some malign spirits, if they tatives of some malign spirits, if they must be representatives of some invisible power. Kouli-Kan made a more visible power. Kouli-Kan made a more upright declaration to a dervis of Hindostan. saying i am not a God and dostan. saying i am not a God and therefore do not act as God. I am no prophet charged to teach the way of salvation. I am he whom God sent to nations, whom he has resolved to visit in his anger. Instead of declaring himself heaven's vice-regent or ing himself heaven's vice-regent or representative this man acknowledged himself heaven's executioner. This perfectly agrees with the conduct of many rulers of Jews and Gentiles, Persians, Medes, Greeks, Romans, Christians and Mahometans. It is a mystery to me how such great robbers as Rosseau calls them could have the temerity to assume the title of God's vice-regent or representative, when they make such havoc among mankind, God is love, goodness, etc. Can kind, God is love, goodness, etc. Can it herefore be supposed that such a benign being would appoint robbers for his representatives, who exert no qualities whatever for which we adore the supreme ruler. I am apt to conclude as the pope for many ages as- clude as the pope for many ages assumed the name of Christ's vice-regent sumed the name of Christ's vice-regent of the church on earth, he out of gratitude for some great donation to him itude for some great donation to him or to the church from some weak bigotted prince conferred that most in- gotted prince conferred that most inapplicable title upon him, which was applicable title upon him, which was afterwards retained by every successor. I think it is but a few years ago sor. I think it is but a few years ago when the last pope made a saint of Bonaparte who in his turn annihilated Chrisyt's vice-regency by imprisoning said pope as I thinly; it was said. Here my dear friend you have as long a letter or scrawl as our barren country will afford, perhaps it may dispel for a little while your grave yard thoughts. Rousseau's chapter on war, accompanying this I hope may entertain you for an hour. i>,ich Depue tertain you for an hour. i>,ich Depue just now informed me that he will be going to Easton to-morrow and offers to be the bearer of the whole, by whom I expect that you will be pleased to form me how you like Genevise Politicks, some of his thoughts on v/ar, I ticks, some of his thoughts on v/ar, I presume you will approve altho I mentioned to you in a former letter of tioned to you in a former letter of mine that he had been no warrior in the field but a greater one in his study. Yours affectionatelv, PHILIP SHRAWDER. john Arndt, Esq. In the early autum_n in a stroll along the picturesque and historic Bushkill, I found my way to the church yard of the Arndt-Messinger church and there found the gi-aves of these heroes of the Revolution, over which are inscribed in marble the following: "Here are deposited the remains of COLONEL JACOB ARNDT, who in his life time faithfully served his God, his King, and in and after the Revolution the republic. Ho was born in Germany, the 12th of March, 1725, and departed this life the 3rd of August, 1805, aged eighty years, four months and ten days. " ".JOHN ARNDT, to whose memory this stone is erected, was born on the .3rd of June, 1748, ed, was born on the .3rd of June, 1748, and died on the 6th of May, 1814, at the age of sixty - five years, eleven months and one day. Closed an active life of public usefulness and pri- tive life of public usefulness and private worth." vate worth." Leni Lenape. ^.Ir. Editor: Having noticed that a number of the young men of Easton have formed a society or company under the ed a society or company under the above name, the name by which the aborigines or inhabitants of the "Forks of the Delaware" were known, I have been induced to collect a few reminiscences, which may be interesting to cences, which may be interesting to your readers. The early history of Northampton county is so deeply interwo'en wita that tribe of Indians, that some remarks in reference to the tribes whicti marks in reference to the tribes whicti governed or inhabited this interesting region, may not b'e void of interest, more particularly so to the young gentlemen who have associated them- tlemen who have associated themselves under that title. The name ol selves under that title. The name ol Leni Lenape, should never be forgotten. An "original people" a name ten. An "original people" a name conveying (in the recollections of such as have exa-mined the .history of Indian nations,) the beau ideal of "Liberty." Listen to the proud declaration of independence of one of their ration of independence of one of their orators named "Grangula" in 1684, I only two years subsequent to Penn's arrival in America) ; how boldly be declares, their independence in presence of a large assembly of Eng- ence of a large assembly of English at Albany, when be says; lish at Albany, when be says; "We are born free! We do not depend upon Vonondia or Corlaer, (the pend upon Vonondia or Corlaer, (the English or French.) We may go where we please, and carry with us whom we please, and buy and sell what we please! If your allies be slaves, use them as such; command them to receive no other but your people, etc." This is one of the many declarations of like import found in history tions of like import found in history and on record, and proves conclusively that the tree of liberty is indigen- ly that the tree of liberty is indigenous in America. These very first in- ous in America. These very first inhabitants were freemen, and the pa- habitants were freemen, and the patriots of 1776, did in fact only rally triots of 1776, did in fact only rally around this tree of liberty, (planted by the Leni Lenape and other nations of Indians,) and prevented its being stamped, or having the tea plant engrafted upon it. grafted upon it. As to the origin of the Indians, there is no certainty. The investigations even of the most learned, have produced nothing but conjectures, more duced nothing but conjectures, more or less probable; nor will I detain you with a repetition, much less enter into a review of them. By those most deeply versed in the subject, it is supposed ly versed in the subject, it is supposed tiiat there were three distinct Nations in North America, radically differing in their languages. Of this opinion was the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder, certainly authority in a high degree en- tainly authority in a high degree entitled to consideration, viz: the Leni titled to consideration, viz: the Leni Lenape, the Iroqtiois and the Algonquins. The two former of which in- quins. The two former of which inhabited the count'-T east of the Mis- habited the count'-T east of the Mississippi; but these were divided and sissippi; but these were divided and sLtb-divided into innumerable tribes, with most unutterable names. I will, however, in this communication confine myself exclusively to the Leni fine myself exclusively to the Leni Lenape. The name Delaware was undoubtedI" first given to them by the Europeans I" first given to them by the Europeans for they called themselves Leni Lenape, that is. "Indian men," or original nape, that is. "Indian men," or original people or Wapanachi, that is a people living towards the rising of the sun. This name is also given to them by the other Indian nations. The conscientious Penn, regarded the Indians f.s the rightful possessors of the soil, and invited them to a conference at Shackamaxon, near Kens- ference at Shackamaxon, near Kensington, (Philadelphia). Here a formal ington, (Philadelphia). Here a formal treaty v>'as made, and a part of their lands purchased. This treaty, though simple, but sincere, remained inviolate, and never was broken. Penn's late, and never was broken. Penn's sons subsequently defrauded the Indians in purchases of some lands. dians in purchases of some lands. They long endeavored by peaceable measures to have justice done them, but all their entreaties were scorned by the proprietaries. As freemen, how did they feel! Let them speak for themselves, which they did thus; "Let them go on in this way, until they have extirpated us entirely, and have the whole of our land! Did not God create us as well as the white people! Did he not place us on this land, and give us strength and ability to defend ourselves against any invader! Does he selves against any invader! Does he not expect of us, that we shall exert ourselves in preserving that which he gave our forefathers, both for themselves and their offspring, forever! selves and their offspring, forever! What nation of Indians will submit to be driven from their land by another nation! No nation has suffered what we have, by the white p-eople! We, the Leni Lenape, together with our numerous train of connexion, who at the erous train of connexion, who at the time when the first white people came over the great salt water lake, to us, owned and were in possession of all the country lying on its sea shore, far to the South and far to the West. "Our forefathers received the white people with kindness, they gave them land to live and plant on, we afterwards shewed them the same kindness wards shewed them the same kindness -- but they were not satisfied with this. When we part with a large tract of our country to them, they do not begin at one end, and continue settling one adjoining the other, until the whole is settled and occupied! No, they scatter like the deer over the whole tract, ter like the deer over the whole tract, one here and another there, leaving vast bodies of land lying waste, and then say to us, that they must have more land, and if we are not quiet in giving it to them, they take, saying we will have it." Such was their reasoning, and will any one dare to deny its truthfulness. The forbearance of the Indians under these encroachments, proves that they were adverse to a war. The kindness they were treated with by "One", (William Penn,) they could not forget, and liam Penn,) they could not forget, and it was not until after the most flagrant impositions, that about the year 1764, they unburied the hatchet. The cruelty of the Indians is a subject often treated on and adverted to, ject often treated on and adverted to, hy many authors who select instances or concurrences in the welfare of the Indians, for the purpose of frightening children. That such cases have occurred must be admitted, yet the col- curred must be admitted, yet the colouring generally given to it in order ouring generally given to it in order to enhance the value of such works, is unnatural. On the other hand, more instances of kindness, affection, and good will can be given, which more than overbalance all the concomitives of war! They are hospitable, and highly sensitive of kindness. ly sensitive of kindness. In eloquence they are unrivalled. The following is a tradition concerning their origin, and is thus given by ing their origin, and is thus given by one of their chiefs, "Connassetego," of the manner in which his country was made and peopled: "When our good Manitta (Great Spirit) raised Akanishiogeny, (the country of the Indians) out of the great waters, he said to his brethren how fine a country is this! I will make Red-men (Indians) the best of men, to enjoy it. Then with five handfuls of red seeds, like the eggs of flies, did he strew the fertile flelds of Onondago. Little worms came out of the go. Little worms came out of the seeds and penetrated the earth, when the spirits, who had never yet seen the light, entered into and united with them. Manitta vv-atered the earth with his rain, the sun warmed it; the worms, with the Spirits in them, grew, putting forth little arms and legs, and moved the light earth that covered them. After nine months, they come forth perfect boys and girls; Manitta covered them with his mantle of warm, purple cloud, and nourished them with milk from his finger ends. Nine summers did he nurse them, and nine mers did he nurse them, and nine summers more did he instruct them hov/ to live. In the mean time he had made for their use, trees, plants and animals of various kinds. Akamishiogeny was covered with woods and fill- geny was covered with woods and filled with creatures. Then he assembled ed with creatures. Then he assembled his children together and said, ye are "Five Nations," for ye sprang each from a different handful of the seed I sowed; but ye are all brethren, and I am your father, for I made you all, I have raised you and brought you up. Mohocks, I have made you bold and valiant, and see, I give you corn for vour food. Oneidas, I have made you patient of pain and of hunger, the nuts and the fruits of the trees are yours. Senekas, I have made you industrious and active, beans do I give you for nourishment. Cayugas, I have made :# ou strong, friendly and generous, ground nuts and every root shall refresh you. Onondagos, I have made fresh you. Onondagos, I have made 1 ou wise, just and eloquent; squashes and grapes have I given you to eat, and tobacco to smoke in council. The beasts, birds and fishes I have given you all, in common. As I have loved and taken care of you all, so do you love and take care of one another. Communicate freely to each other the rood things I have given you, and learn to imitate each other's virtues. I have made you the best people in the world, and I give you the best country. You will defend it from the invasion of other nations, from the children of other Manittas, and keep possession of i^ for yourselves, while the sun and the moon give light, and the waters run in the rivers. This you shall do, if you observe my words. Spirits, I am now about to leave you. The bodies I have given you will in time grow old and wear out, so that you will be weary of them; or from various accidents they may become unfit for your habitation, and you will fit for your habitation, and you will leave them. I cannot remain here always to give you new ones. I have ways to give you new ones. I have great affairs to mind in distant places, and I cannot again attend so long es, and I cannot again attend so long to the nursing of children. I have enabled you therefore among yourselves to produce new bodies, to supply selves to produce new bodies, to supply the place of old ones, that every one of you, when he parts with his old habitation, may in time find a new one, itation, may in time find a new one, and never wander longer than he chose under the earth, deprived of the light of the sun. Nourish and instruct your children as I have nourished and instructed you. Be just to all men, and structed you. Be just to all men, and kind to strangers that come among you. So shall you be happy and be loved by all, and I myself will sometimes visit and assist you. times visit and assist you. "Saying this he wrapped himself up in a bright cloud and went like a swift arrow to the sun, where his brethren rejoiced at his return." It vv'as about the year 1790, when the Leni Lenape left this country-When they bid farewell to the country When they bid farewell to the country of their birth. They set out on their pilgrimage towards the setting of the sun. Yet we observe one to linger behind -- one who in the councils of the nation stood prominent -- a chief eminent for his prowess, and respected ent for his prowess, and respected for his virtues. His affections clung so strongly to the land of his nativity, that he found it impossible to follow. The proprietaries, operated upon, in all probability, by a sense of the wrongs they had done to his nation, gave him a tract of lana, which included within its limits the farm at cluded within its limits the farm at present owned and occupied by Mr. Werkhauser, (late Stecher's) about one mile east of Stockertown. now Tatamy borough,) and there he erected his wigwam. Many summers passed away, wam. Many summers passed away, and he might be seen stealing along the banks of the Lehicton, or Bushkill; or seated at the door of his wigwam, humming the wild war song of his ancestors. Ke had scarcely any intercourse with the whites, and devoted course with the whites, and devoted his time principally to hunting and fishing. The idea that when the Great Spirit took him henee, his bones would rest where his infancy was reared, afforded him much pleasure, but ed, afforded him much pleasure, but even this consolation was denied' him. Hostilities soon commenced again between the whites and the Indians, tween the whites and the Indians, when it was deemed prudent fc-r him to leave, and the Penns provided for his safety by giving him a tract of land near ty by giving him a tract of land near Frenchtown, in New Jersey, whither he removed, and there his earthly career was closed. He was there shot reer was closed. He was there shot by an Irishman who met him whilst hunting in the woods. Thus perished the last of the Leni Lenape -- thus closed the life of the brave Chief Tatemi. temi. His squaw, or widow, after his death returned to Easton, and died on the 5th of October, 1801. One yet living amongst us, the Rev. Thomas Pomp, officiated as the clergyman at her funeral, and others in our town were neral, and others in our town were present at her burial. Yours, Etc., M. S. HENRY. Easton Whig, July 2, 1851. Tomato Ketchup. The subscriber is now manufacturing and has for sale a superior arti- ing and has for sale a superior article of Tomato Ketchup which he will cle of Tomato Ketchup which he will sell wholesale or retail. It can also be had at all the principal groceries in town. H. W. CROSBY. At Lafayette College. Easton, September 17, 1851. Many will learn for the first time that canned tomatoes were first thus prepared, on the campus and farm of Lafayette college by Mr. Crosby in 1847. Specimens were sent by him in hermetically sealed cans to the president of the United States and to Queen Victoria, both of whom acknowledged the receipt of the gift. nowledged the receipt of the gift. Died. In this place on Sunday afternoon last, (September 28, 1851,) Mr. Jacob Diehl. Had his life been continued a few days longer he would have completed his eighty-second year. He serv- pleted his eighty-second year. He served as crier of the courts of this coun- ed as crier of the courts of this county for many years and was extensive- ty for many years and was extensively known in this and adjoining coun- ly known in this and adjoining counties. The deceased was the only sur- ties. The deceased was the only survivor of the company which marched vivor of the company which marched rrom this place for Carlisle Barracks at the time of the Whiskey Insurrection. tion. Lieut. Col. Horn. (Endorsement) Lieut. Col. Horn, of the Riflemen at Mrs. Rifford's, in Race Street, near Fourth, Philadelphia. 1852. Died. "In this place, on Monday last, the 1st instant, (March, 1852,) Major Charles Horn, son of the late General Abraham Horn, aged sixty-seven years, three months, and thirteen days." I have heretofore referred at length to the patriotism of the Horn family of Northampton county. The following letter from Brigadier General ing letter from Brigadier General #I'nomas Cadwalader, commanding Advance Light Brigade, to which Captain vance Light Brigade, to which Captain Abraham Horn, Jr.'s company of Easton Riflemen, was attached in the war ton Riflemen, was attached in the war of 1812, will show the esteem and confidence in which Captain Horn was fidence in which Captain Horn was held by his commanding officer. The letter recently came to my notice in a private collection. "Headquarters, 4th M. District, Philadelphia, 13. Dec, 1814. delphia, 13. Dec, 1814. "Dear Sir: I am just favored with your Letter of Yesterday -- and as the Rifle Regiment is now discharged you will accept my acknowledgments for the attention you have uniformly paid to every branch of your duty. It will afford me peculiar satisfaction should chance again bring us into the field together -- and if arrangements are proposed for raising State Troops, no exertions of mine shall be wanting to forward your wishes in regard to a Rifle Regiment as I am well persuaded your Influence in raising Troops of ed your Influence in raising Troops of that description would be very important and that under your Command ant and that under your Command such troops might be rendered very eflScient. With the best wishes for your welfare and happiness, I remain, fare and happiness, I remain, Your Friend and Ob. Servt., THOS. CADWALADER. The following lines concerning another of the family who died from other of the family who died from disease contracted during the Mexican war is inserted here: Maj. Samuel Horn. We extract the following from a letter written to a friend in Easton: "I can't allow our old acquaintance, Samuel Horn to go down to the grave without hasty, passing notice. I therefore present you the following "Im- fore present you the following "Impromptu" for what it is worth." promptu" for what it is worth." The Drummer's "Last Roll." The drum that fir'd the soldier's heart. In many a sanguine fight, Unbrac'd and mournful 'gainst the wall Hangs from the mourner's sight. The hands which wrought the magic speil That nerv'd the warrior's soul. Are stiff and cold in Death's embrace, The've beaten the "last call." Fierce was the strife at Lnndy's Lane Where foe on foe-man sped Destruction 'round, and strew'd the field With the dying and the dead. 'Midst clashing arms and cannon's roar. Hurling destruction 'round Was seen the major's erect form, Was heard his drum's full sound. Ceas'd was the strife -- Peace smil'd again; The drum was now at rest. And the worn wand'rer, 'midst his friends From War's alarms sought rest. But hark I The trumpet sounds "to war" Forth march the nobly brave. To gain a victor's verdant wreath Or share an honor'd grave. Among the ardent warrior band Encamp'd on hostile shore Is seen the vet'ran Horn, whose drum Sends for its "roll" once more. Onward they march to victory, They think not of retreat Again the drum calls them "to arms," Anon the foe is beat. "Onward's the cry -- the Astic's halls, (After many a hard fought field) Are enter'd, and the strife is hush'd; The mexic's doom is sealed. Homeward return'd diseas'd and wan -The vet'ran Drummer found; The vet'ran Drummer found; Bedim'd his eye -- his wasted form But totters o'er the ground. Death sped his arrow, and the deed Releas'd his wearied soul For heav'n -- adieu 1 thy drum is hush'd Thou'st beaten "The last Roll." November 1, 1848. The Steam Boat. We are now enabled to announce to our readers, that the waves and the rocks of the Delaware, have at last been passed over by the beautiful steamboat, Maj. William Barnet. On Saturday last, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, she proudly arrived at our shores, with her decks covered with cheerful and happy passengers, and America's ever proud and successful flag floating high in the pure breeze ful flag floating high in the pure breeze that conies from our distant mountains. When the signal was given of tains. When the signal was given of her arrival, the citizens en masse rushed to see and welcome her; and the cannon from Mount Jefferson, thundered forth its tones of welcome to the proud symbol of the arts, science, peace, and civilization, which ence, peace, and civilization, which was then majestically ploughing the waters of the Delaware at this place. When moored to the Delaware's icy banks, her officers and passengers were handsomely received by the town council, in a happy and eloquent speech by the Hon. James M. Porter, president of the board. A large procession was then formed of the thous- cession was then formed of the thousands gathered at the bridge, by the ands gathered at the bridge, by the cannon's roar and the shriek of the steam whistle, headed by the Easton brass band, the town council and the officers and passengers of the boat, who marched through town to the American hotel, where a splendid dinner had oeen provided by Mr. Connor. nor. The "Maj. William Barnet" remained at her icy wharf until Monday, ed at her icy wharf until Monday, when she made two pleasant excursions for five or six miles up the Dela- sions for five or six miles up the Delaware. She was loaded each time with ware. She was loaded each time with three or four hundred passengers. On Tuesday she made two or three more excursions up the Delaware, for the day we learn, she will return to Lambertville. bertville. At the steam boat's landing and reception, v/e were struck with the hap- ception, v/e were struck with the happy coincidence to see a small tribe of py coincidence to see a small tribe of Indians led by their chief darting through the crowd with his and feathers, high above the white man's. But ers, high above the white man's. But a few years ago the site on which our borough now stands -- with its ten churches -- was the hunting ground of the happy, but wild savage Indians. It was then their privilege and pleasure alone to cross and navigate the ure alone to cross and navigate the Delaware in their canoes, but now the Indian looks with wonder and delight upon the steam-horse at the "Forks of the Delaware," and doubts no longer that the white man, in power and greatness, is next to the "Great Spirit." it." March 17, 1852. Classical School. The subscribers, graduates of Princeton college, will open a select English ton college, will open a select English and classical school on the first Monday of April, 1852, in the Model school day of April, 1852, in the Model school building, adjoining Lafayette college, Easton, Pa. From some years experience in teaching they flatter them- ience in teaching they flatter themselves that they can open a school, selves that they can open a school, worthy the patronage of all. Those desiring their sons either for business siring their sons either for business or college will find advantage here, not surpassed by those of any similar institution, as every means will be used by the principals, for the intellectual and moral improvements of lectual and moral improvements of their pupils. The sons and wards of those who may send here from a distance will board with the principals. tance will board with the principals. Terms of tuition five and seven dollars per quarter. For reference and lars per quarter. For reference and other particulars inquire of the principals, of the Rev. D. V. McLean, D. D., cipals, of the Rev. D. V. McLean, D. D., president of Lafayette college. W. H. WOODS, A. M. WOODS, Principals. Easton, Maicli 17, 1852. Died. On the 13th of June in Emaus, Lehigh county, Mr. Jacob Wilt, aged 92 high county, Mr. Jacob Wilt, aged 92 years. The deceased was a Revolutionary soldier, and served under Gen- tionary soldier, and served under Generals Washington and Lafayette. erals Washington and Lafayette. July 7, 1852. The celebration of the Fourth of July 1852, was in strong contrast to the observance of this national anniversary, servance of this national anniversary, as reported for 1903. There was genuine patriotism in those days. uine patriotism in those days. The National Jubilee in Easton. The glorious anniversary of our national independence was observed in tional independence was observed in a becoming and appropriate manner, aye, most patriotically respected, if firing of suibs, fire-crackers, rockets and pyrotechnic displays generally, are nny evi:Ience of respect for the great rr.til (l?.-y of An^erican Independence. Saturday and Monday, the third and fifth of July, were gala days, and Sunday, the glorious fourth itself, was celebrated by our many eminent Divines by sermons appropriate to the vines by sermons appropriate to the occasion. In accordance with long-established custom, our citizens were tablished custom, our citizens were aroused from their quiet slumbers on the morning of the 3rd and 5th by .liCo2 =:oul-t:iriiling national airs, "Hail Columbia, Yankee Doodle, etc." discoursed in their usually superb style coursed in their usually superb style by the Easton Brass band -- ^ by the cannon's thunder -- the spirit-stirring notes of the fife and drum, and the nmsic of the churchbells! The spirit of the day seemed to hover over our beautiful borough, infusing universal joy and gladness into every heart. An appropriate Centenary address, in commemoration of the Hundredth birthday of old Northampton county, was delivei-ed in the German Reformed church, by the Hon. James M. Por- ed church, by the Hon. James M. Porter; and oration appropriate to the ter; and oration appropriate to the glorious fourth by H. D. Maxwell, Esq. J i.e aJJresses were both excellent -that of Mr. Maxwell, in particular, that of Mr. Maxwell, in particular, was beautiful and poetic in the highest degree, and the only regret we est degree, and the only regret we experienced on the occasion, was, that so few of the good citizens of Easton honored the day and the distinguished orators by their presence. Those ed orators by their presence. Those who staid away missed a rare intellectual treat. On the afternoon of the tual treat. On the afternoon of the 3rd, the streets of our borough were pretty v^fell thronged by our country friends anxious to see "the elephant." in the evening, with torches in their hands, paraded our streets and created quite a sensation beside making a. fine display. The morning of the 5th was announced by the same extravaganT nounced by the same extravaganT symptoms of joy that heralded the 3rd. An an early hour of the day, a large delegation of the patriotic citizens from Allentown, arrived in town, zens from Allentown, arrived in town, preceded by the Allentown band, which performed most admirably through the various streets of Easton. Thousands of our country friends thronged the streets of our borough at an early hour of the day -- in fact we have seldom seen such imiversal joy and re- dom seen such imiversal joy and rejoicing characterize the day. In the joicing characterize the day. In the afternoon, the fire companies with their beautiful apparatus, accompanied by the unrivalled Easton Brass nied by the unrivalled Easton Brass Band, and at a later hour by the Allentown Band, who performed admir- lentown Band, who performed admirably, paraded the streets and togeth- ably, paraded the streets and together with the National Guards, made a er with the National Guards, made a fine display. The "Indians" were in attendance, and seemed to create quite a sensation among the lovers of the romantic and novel. Every thing passed off in fine style. To-,vards the close of the day, an immense concourse having assembled in mense concourse having assembled in front of the Washington house, were addressed by several distinguished i;peakers, in a style appropriate to the glorious occasion that assembled them together. In the evening a fine pyrotechnic display was made in the rotechnic display was made in the public square. Fire works of every description were let off in fine style. Several appropriate, patriotic addresses were delivered to the multitude who es were delivered to the multitude who bad assembled to witness the grand display. The German Brass Band enlivened the assembly by their pres- livened the assembly by their presence and contributed greatly to the ence and contributed greatly to the festivities of the evening. We are gratified to announce that no accident of any kind occurred to mar the universal joy. And we rejoice still more that while fanatics rave about the horrors of slavery, and southern fire eaters threaten dissolution, that the great mass of the Amer- tion, that the great mass of the American people are true to the memories ican people are true to the memories of their Revolutionary sires -- true to our glorious, blood bought Confederacy -- true to the cause of liberty eracy -- true to the cause of liberty and the interests of universal humanity -- at such annual occasion of ity -- at such annual occasion of celebrating the neve(r-to-be-forgotten day that gave the United States a noble and independent position in the ble and independent position in the great family of nations. May it ever be so until the last syllable of recorded time! May the fiight of centuries ed time! May the fiight of centuries find this day observed throughout the length and breadth of our land by a happy, prosperous and united people. Lafayette Classical School. An exhibition of this school will take place Tuesday evening, September 1, at the Odd Fellows' Hall. The friends of education are invited to attend This institution is of recent origin, but under its efficient principals, has already acquired a favorable position among the male schools of our Borough. We are pleased to find that the ough. We are pleased to find that the labors and well directed efforts of the Messrs. Woods, are appreciated. The exercises on Tuesday evening will be interesting, and teachers as well as pupils should be encouraged by the attendance of those interested in the school. August 25. 1852. Philadelphia, Easton and Water Gap Railroad Comapny. There was a great mass meeting held at the Sansom Street hall, Philadelphia, on Saturday evening, the 9th delphia, on Saturday evening, the 9th of October instant, 1852, composed of the bone and sinew of the Philadelphia business men -- for the purpose of adopting measures to insure the completion of the railroad from Philadelp- pletion of the railroad from Philadelpphia to Easton and the Water Gap. phia to Easton and the Water Gap. John M. Read, Esq., of Philadelphia, and James M. Porter, Esq., of this place, by invitation, attended and made addresses. We have procured a summary of the address of the latter gentleman, which contains much ter gentleman, which contains much interesting geographical and statistical information. cal information. Mr. Porter said: -- That he was pleased to see the interest ed to see the interest which Philadelphia felt in this matter, of which the large meeting assembled furnished such conclusive evidence. Some four or five clusive evidence. Some four or five years since, he had com.e to Philadelphia, on a similar errand, to call public phia, on a similar errand, to call public attention to the importance of a railroad communication between Philadel- road communication between Philadelphia and Easton, and notwithstanding phia and Easton, and notwithstanding great exertions were made by publications in the leading newspapers, and tions in the leading newspapers, and by hand bills, freely circulated, the whole amount of persons they were able to collect together, at the Exchange, was only fifty-one, and no citi- change, was only fifty-one, and no citizen of Philadelphia could be persuad- zen of Philadelphia could be persuaded to subscribe for a single share of ed to subscribe for a single share of the stock. Perhaps it might have been that the public had held out to them the attraction that he was to make a speech to them and that might have affected the number of the meeting. The valley in which Easton is situated in the great Kittatinny Valley, ated in the great Kittatinny Valley, Which extends from near Lake Champlain through Bennington. Vermont, lain through Bennington. Vermont, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Orange county, N. Y., Sussex and Warren, N. J. ty, N. Y., Sussex and Warren, N. J. Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland and Franklin counties, Pennsylvania, Washington county. Maryland, by Winchester and Staunton, Virginia on to Tennessee. It is the largest valley in the world; bounded on the north by the Kitatinny or Blue mountains, on the south ny or Blue mountains, on the south by the South mountain (the Blue Ridge of Virginia, the Highlands of New York and the Green mountains of Vermont) it maintained essentially its geographical characteristics from one end to the other. Its southern half is a rich limestone soil. Its northern rests on argillaceous slate; the whole being one of the finest agricultural regions in the world. Along the northern base of the South mountain, (the southern side of the val- tain, (the southern side of the valley) its whole extent contained depos- ley) its whole extent contained deposits of the finest hematite from ore-a its of the finest hematite from ore-a srmilar deposit was also found, generally near the junction of the lime erally near the junction of the lime and slate and at the point of junction there was found in almost the en- tion there was found in almost the entire length of the valley as fine hy- tire length of the valley as fine hydraulic cement as ever was used. draulic cement as ever was used. The South mountain contained au almost continuous belt of primitive magnetic iron ore, of an unusually rich character. Beyond this valley, north of the Blue or Kittatinny mountain commencing on the Lehigh and extending near- ing on the Lehigh and extending nearly to the Susquehanna, was the great ly to the Susquehanna, was the great body of anthracite coal, which, with the iron of our state was more valuable and of more real importance to ble and of more real importance to the growth, morals and prosperity of Pennsylvania, than the gold mines in other states of the Union, were to them. The proximity of the anthracite coal to the iron ore, enabled the ite coal to the iron ore, enabled the people to bring them together, and as he had been informed, one sixth of the entire product of anthracite iron in the Union was now manufactured within twenty miles of Easton. Cooper's furnace in New Jersey, opposite Easton, had two stacks. Thom- posite Easton, had two stacks. Thomas and Mills, in South Easton, had as and Mills, in South Easton, had one stack. Jackson's furnaces, at Glendcn, had two stacks. The Allentov/n iron works two stacks. The tov/n iron works two stacks. The Crane Iron Works at Catasauqua, five stacks, and the Durham Furnace one stack, which yielded on the aggregate from 1,0U0 to 1,500 tons pig metal per week. The Kittatinny valley as had been remarked, was one of the finest grain growing countries in the world. Before we had any canals or railroads, our means of sending produce to markets were the Durham boats, descending the Delaware river. (These boats took tiieir name from the Durham furnace, for carrying the iron from which they were first constructed.) By these, in that, now the olden time we were wont to send at least 100,000 barrels of flour to the Philadelphia market per annum, besides (he hoped our temper- num, besides (he hoped our temperance friends would not take umbrage ance friends would not take umbrage at it,) no inconsiderable quantity of whiskey for the distillation of which immense quantities of rye and corn were used. Our agricultural products had been greatly increased by improved farming, yet it was very probable ed farming, yet it was very probable that we did not send more flour to the Philadelphia market now, than formerly, for the operatives at the coal ly, for the operatives at the coal aixues up tae Lehigh and the furnaces which lined Ihe stream, now furnished a market tor large quantities of our products, and Philadelphia instead of getting that portion of our products in flour and whiskey as formerly, now gets it in the shape of ly, now gets it in the shape of coal and iron at an increased value. We can hardly credit the increase cf our coal trade. About the year 1^22, the whole amount of anthracite coal sent to the Atlantic, except what might have gone down the Susquehannah in arks from Wilkesbarre, was nah in arks from Wilkesbarre, was about 6,000 tons. That all went from the Lehigh -- and it is said, that about this season of the year or perhaps earlier, when that amount had arrived in lier, when that amount had arrived in Philadelphia, that Jonathan Fell, then president of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation company, wrote to Messrs. gation company, wrote to Messrs. White and Hazard, the acting managers at Mauch Chunk, that they should gers at Mauch Chunk, that they should desist for sending any more, as the market was glutted, and they would not be able to sell what they had on hand. This year the Coal Lehigh region alone had sent about 870,000 tons, and l^efore the close of the season it would probably be augmented to 1,250,000 tons, while the Schuylkill, Susquehannah, and Lackawanna, would add at nah, and Lackawanna, would add at least two millions of tons to the amount. The amount sent from the Lehigh this year, was about as much as the Lehigh and Delaware Division canals could carry, and it would be essentially necessary to increase the means of transportation of coal from the Lehigh region, in order to supply this growing and increasing demand. Taking what thirty years had done in increasing this trade, and looking to its probable increase in the next thirty years, this necessity must be obvious to all. The trade and business of Easton and its v^ inity, had been for years intimately connected with Philadelphia. Its value in the products sent phia. Its value in the products sent to market, might be in some measure appreciated by what has been stated. The amount of goods sold by Philadelphia merchants to that region, was delphia merchants to that region, was probably worth $3,000,000 per year. This trade the Philadelphia merchants had heretofore had. This they could to a very great extent retain, if they made this road, and this trade they would mainly and inevitably lose, if they did not construct a rail-road communication between those points. For munication between those points. For New York had constructed the NewJersey Central railroad, which placed Jersey Central railroad, which placed us within seventy-miles, or three hours ride by railroad of that city. The population of Easton in the last thirty-five years had grown from 2,000 to 10,000 inhabitants, and other towns and villages had sprung up, ?,ud the entire population of the region had increased in a corresponding ratio. It was no much-room growth. It was a healthy and gradual increase. Bethlehem and Allentown too, had also lehem and Allentown too, had also grown and increased, nearly if not quite at a corresponding rate; and since the construction of the Lehigh canal, South Easton, Freemansburg and Catasauqua, had sprung up to be towns of considerable importance, along its shores, in the KittatinnyValley. ley. Independent of the coal and iron trade and the other products of this valley, the proposed railroad would be the southeastern end of a great chain of railroads, connecting Philadelphia with the northeastern counties of Pennsylvania with Southern and Western New York, and Lake Erie and ern New York, and Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The proposed road would be less than sixty miles to Freemansburg, thence to Mauch Chunk 37 and would enable them to send coal from Mauch Chunk in 96 or 97 miles at all seasons of the year. From Freemansburg to Easton was ten miles, thence to the DelaAvare Water Gap 24 miles and thence to Scranton by the surveyed route of the proposed railroad, now in use, 47 miles to the Breat Bend; making the entire distance from Philadelphia to Great Bend, on the New adelphia to Great Bend, on the New York and Erie railroad 197 miles. Whilst from New York to the same point, by Piermont, the distance on the New York and Erie railroad is 210 miles. The distance is shortened nine miles, it is true, by taking the Ramapo road at Sufftins, but that road is a different gauge from the New York and Erie railroad, and is principally used for passengers only; tne freight still passing by Piermont. But Philadelphia would have the advantage of New York, even by the vantage of New York, even by the shortened route of four miles. It is thus seen that by this connection Philadelphia could compete suc- tion Philadelphia could compete successfully with New York for the trade cessfully with New York for the trade of the whole length of the Erie road from Great Bend to Dunkirk on Lake Erie, a distance of 259 miles and for them trade of the lake itself and all the great West connected with it. A railroad is now constructed from Oswego on Lake Ontario to Syracuse a distance of 35 miles. That road is about being extended from Syracuse to Binghamton on the New York and Erie railroad, a short distance west of Great Bend. Mr. P. said he could not speak of the distance in exact miles from memory, but the fact was stated to him by gentlemen from Syracuse, who were pushing the road from that place to Binghamton, with a view in .port of reaching the Wyoming coal fields at Scranton, that the distance by railroad from Oswego to Philadelphia by their route would not be more than 10 or 12 miles further than to New \ork, by the nearest and most direct route, through Albany Again the railroad from the Delaware at Easton up the Lehigh was in ware at Easton up the Lehigh was in progress of construction and the fact might be depended on that it would be finished to Mauch Chunk in eighteen months time. The company was teen months time. The company was authorized to extend a branch up the Mahoning valley to Tamaqua. At Mauch Chunk it connected with the Beaver Meadow road, which was nowextending to Hazleton. This road, at extending to Hazleton. This road, at this time, only required ten miles of railroad to connect it, from the mouth of Quacake with the railroad which was now in use from the Lehigh at White Haven to Wilkesbarre, in the very heart of the Wyoming valley. At Weatherly, on the Quacake, the Catawissa railroad, as it is usually called, leaves the Beaver Meadow road and extends to the Susquehanna at Catawissa. It is all graded. The mai^onry of the bridges constructed and i^onry of the bridges constructed and it is said that the company has made arrangements for laying the superstructure during the coming year. A structure during the coming year. A line had been explored from Catawis.sa to Williamsport, which was found .sa to Williamsport, which was found perfectly practicable. The road coming eastward from the Susquehanna ing eastward from the Susquehanna would have no grade exceeding 30 or 35 feet to the mile. There were all so many feeders for the road from Freemansburg to Philadelphia. mansburg to Philadelphia. Besides the advantages of through travel and freight, persons engaged in constructing railroads, have a right to expect large receipts from travel and v/ay freight. Railroads introduced facilities for reaching market that in- cilities for reaching market that induced people to carry to the city things duced people to carry to the city things which they could not afford to do, without such facilities, for the expenses would over-reach the profits. All es would over-reach the profits. All the short railroads leading to and from our large cities paid well. Such was the case with roads of that description connected with Philadelphia; scription connected with Philadelphia; with New York, and with Boston. On the New York and Erie railroad, which passed through Orange county, the item of milk now paid in tolls and transportation upward of $60,000 per annum and they carried milk on it as much as PS0 miles. The proposed road from Philadelphia to Easton, in the neighborhood of Quakertcwn would pass through an excellent grazing and dairy country, which v/ould make up a large item of freight and tolls and add a rich supply of the products of the dairy to the Philadelphia market. He urged the necessity of opening new avenues for transporting the mineral and agricultural wealth of our country to market,to meet the increasing necessities of our trade and busi- ing necessities of our trade and business. As to the particular route of ness. As to the particular route of this road, between the termini, he bad nothing to say. If made, it ought to be made upon the shortest feasible route, so as to be capable of transporting upon it in the short- porting upon it in the shortest possible time and at the est possible time and at the lowest possible expense. It was the public that should be accommodated, not individuals or particular places to be favored. Our internal improvements had cost the state and the com- ments had cost the state and the companies that constructed them, a great panies that constructed them, a great deal more than they ought. This might in some measure be attributed to the want of experience in our engineers, in the beginning, and perhaps gineers, in the beginning, and perhaps to other causes since. The enormous ccct of constructing railroads had deterred many persons from entering in- terred many persons from entering into them. to them. It was all important that the engineer should be a man of undoubted ca- neer should be a man of undoubted capacity and experience, as well as in- pacity and experience, as well as integrity--one who knew how to do tegrity--one who knew how to do the work well -- who would see that the contractors did their work well, and who would not become partner with the contractors to the piejudice of the stockholders, of which, from what he had heard, there had been more than one instance in the history of railroad in this country. He meant to be road in this country. He meant to be entirely impersonal in this matter, but threw out these hints as matters to which railroad directors in all companies, should keep their attention panies, should keep their attention directed ,and he would advise all railroad directors to keep the reins in road directors to keep the reins in their own hands, and not give them entirely over to others. He remarked that there had been some objections urged to this as an efficient coal road, for want of a terminus on the Delaware, whence coal minus on the Delaware, whence coal would be shipped. This he said could easily be obviated. If the road was constructed by what was called the Wissahickon route, from Line Lexington tov/ards Philadelphia, he had heard ton tov/ards Philadelphia, he had heard it suggested as feasible to have the Wissahickon about the mouth of Sandy run, in Whitemarsh, and strike the dy run, in Whitemarsh, and strike the headwaters of the Taconey or Frankford creek, and reach the Delaware at ford creek, and reach the Delaware at Bridesburg, or that neighborhood where coal could be shipped, perhaps with as much facility as at (Port) Richmond, the terminus of the Reading railroad. ing railroad. He spoke of the munificent charities which had characterized Philadelphia, and on which they had expended so much of the solid wealth and capital v/hicn her citizens possessed. That altho' slow to adopt new measures or make new investments in new objects, yet when the prosperity of their city required it, they never were unwilling to furnish the means for the object, 'that this was a measure of vital imrortance to them, and intimately con- rortance to them, and intimately connected with the properity of their nected with the properity of their city. He thanked his audience for their attention, and closed his remarks whico tention, and closed his remarks whico occupied nearly an hour. Died. In this borough, Easton, Pa., on Saturday last, December 18. 1852, Mrs. Maria Barbara Nungesser. The deceased T/as the oldest inhabitant of this ed T/as the oldest inhabitant of this place. She was born in 1758, and would have been 95 years old in March next. Since the decease of this venerable lady, Mr. John Herster, remains rable lady, Mr. John Herster, remains amongst us as the oldest citizen, who is in his 95th year. The funeral of Mrs. Nungesser took place yesterday (December 22,) at St. John's church, when a funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Bomberger. ger. The long and christian life of the deceased calls for more than passing ceased calls for more than passing notice. She was naturally endowed with uncommon powers of mind, of which she was in possession until the last moment of her earthly existence; a blessing for which she was very grateful. In early life she united herself with the German Reformed church, and adorned her profession by a consistent walk and conversation. She made the Bible the rule of her conduct, and stored her memory with its precious truths. The strong faith, the deep humility, the peacefulness and enduring fortitude, which shone in her character, tude, which shone in her character, proves that she was taught of Jesus, and that He had added his blessing. Her flow of spirits and genial disposition chased gloom from her domes- position chased gloom from her domestic circle and enabled her cheerfully tic circle and enabled her cheerfully to bear up under the trials and sorrows incident to humanity. The kind- rows incident to humanity. The kindness which she extended to others was ness which she extended to others was tloubly I'eturned by the deep interest and tender affections with which she was regarded by all of her children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and friends snd told each of them, she was happy; inexpressibly happy; and going home. Having blessed them all, ing home. Having blessed them all, she added. "Oh! prepare to meet me in Heaven." When the last hour arrived, she gently fell asleep in Jesus. He was mani- ly fell asleep in Jesus. He was manifestly Vvfith her and his presence illum- festly Vvfith her and his presence illumed the dark valley and shadow of ed the dark valley and shadow of death. it is unspeakable comfort to those who remain, to know that she has ex( hanged earth for Heaven. For her ( hanged earth for Heaven. For her it is a happy change. She has put off this mortal, that she may put on immortality. mortality. She has long been waiting and anxiously looking for the bridegroom, and iously looking for the bridegroom, and we trust she has gone up to the "marriage supper of the Lamb," and that riage supper of the Lamb," and that she is now among the ransomed multitude before the throne, having on her titude before the throne, having on her head a crown of life and in her hand a palm of victory. Happy saint! thy conflicts here are o'er. Angels conduct thee to the heavenly shore; And 'tis the Saviour's hand presents the crown of life. E. 1853-- '54. EARLY HISTORY OF EASTON. The Washington Hotel. Mr. Hetrich: -Sir: -- Historians, such as Day, Rupp, Sir: -- Historians, such as Day, Rupp, Senseman, Richards, and others, which I have perused, are evidently all in error respecting this building, in ascribing the original building forming this hotel to have been one of the ing this hotel to have been one of the oldest in Easton; secondly that the Moravians had built it for a Brother's house, and thirdly that this house had been purchased in 1762 by the Lutheran congregation for a church and par- an congregation for a church and parsonage^ (The latter, Rev. Richards sonage^ (The latter, Rev. Richards says in his farewell sermon of 9th March, 1851.) In connection with those errors (as mentioned ) there is another into which our townsman, J. M. Porter, Esq., has also fallen, in common with all the other writers on the subject, .n his centenary oration on the third of July last, wherein he stated that Easton was surveyed and laid out in 1737 or 1738, by William Parsons, who, 'ae states, was then the surveyor general. Easton was laid out and sur- eral. Easton was laid out and surveyed by Nicholas Scull in 1750, the veyed by Nicholas Scull in 1750, the first lots were sold in 1750. William i-'arsons was appointed surveyor general in 1742. Scull as his successor eral in 1742. Scull as his successor was appointed in 1748. Previous to the laying out of Easton, the Ferry (at the point or junction of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers) was establish- ware and Lehigh rivers) was established in the year 1739. It appears that ed in the year 1739. It appears that David Martin had obtained the grant tor establishing the ferry. In a petition in 1745 for a road, it says in the records of Bucks county, thus: 'The petition of David Martin was read, showing that the petitioners has obtained a patent under the great seal of this province, for keeping a ferry or ferries on the western shore of the river Delaware within certain bounds, by virtue whereof he has settled a ferry-boat at the forks of the Delaware, ry-boat at the forks of the Delaware, and that the Moravians settled in Bethlehem are very desirous a road may be laid out from their settlement to his said ferry, which will be a great convenience to them and others, travelling to and from Bethlehem and elling to and from Bethlehem and New York, and therefore pray for an order to lay out a road from the Moravian settlement at Bethlehem to the vian settlement at Bethlehem to the ?.'cv3 ferry at the Forks.' This petition shows that Easton had not been tion shows that Easton had not been laid out in 1745. John Okely, a Moravian, living at Eethlehem, a justice of the peace, a scrivener, a gentleman of superior talents, was one of the delegates to the ents, was one of the delegates to the provincial convention in forming the constitution of Pennsylvania in 1775, and in other public capacities, and in the secular affairs of the iVIoravians v^as universally employed and looked to for advice. The records show a number of tracts of land that he purchased in his own name which he sub- chased in his own name which he subsequently conveyed to the Moravian sequently conveyed to the Moravian society. Amongst the rest, Mr. Okely purchased lots Nos. 120 and 121; ly purchased lots Nos. 120 and 121; ] 20 feet front on South Pomfret street, in Easton, and 230 feet In depth, as per deed of conveyance, March 7, 1757, by Thomas Penn and John Penn. On these lots he erected the house, originally part of the Washington hotel in nally part of the Washington hotel in occupancy of Peter Bellis. In the year 1762 Mr. Okely sold these lots and house to Thomas Seidel, the proprietary of the Moravian lands in Penn- tary of the Moravian lands in Pennsylvania, for PS450, in 1765, Nathaniel sylvania, for PS450, in 1765, Nathaniel Seidel conveys these lots and building to Conrad Shreuber (a tanner) for PS400, and in the same year Elizabeth M. Schreuber, executrix of Conrad Shreuber conveys them to David Beringer. They subsequently came into inger. They subsequently came into the possession of Bachman, and eventually were sold by the sheriff and pur- tually were sold by the sheriff and purchased by Jacob Abel, Esq., about the chased by Jacob Abel, Esq., about the year 1775. I find from the records that Mr. Okely purchased a number of tracts of ly purchased a number of tracts of land, some of which he subsequently conveyed to Nathaniel Seidel. It is well known amongst the Moravians, that these purchased by Mr. Okely created considerable uneasiness with the clergy of the society, as they, in some gy of the society, as they, in some measure, were under obligations to Okely to take these purchases off his hands, yet they thought that he went itywhichthey(teclergy)didnotrelis e at too fast and thus assumed an authority which they (the clergy) did not ity which they (the clergy) did not relish. More particularly the purchase of these lots in Easton, was not chase of these lots in Easton, was not in unison with the feelings of the Moravians. Easton, from its being the ravians. Easton, from its being the county town of Northampton, would of course admit persons of all descriptions settling in it, which in itself tions settling in it, which in itself would create a state of things entirely at variance with Moravian policy. They wanted to live and act entirely independent of all control by persons come in contact with them. Mr. OkeIv, and not the Moravians built this Iv, and not the Moravians built this house between 1757 and 1759. Moravian history does not show that the vian history does not show that the house had ever been occupied by any Moravians, and certainly never was used as a Brethren's house, (which term means being occupied by a number of Moravians either single or mar- ber of Moravians either single or married, living in it.) Rev. Levin Reichel, ried, living in it.) Rev. Levin Reichel, who is now engaged in writing a history of the Moravians, informed me. tory of the Moravians, informed me. that in his researches in the archives, be has not found any mention made of such having been the case. Rev. Henry Muhlenberg in his report to Halle, in Germany, on the port to Halle, in Germany, on the church matters of the Lutherans in Pennsylvania says that 'On the 13th of May, 1763, a man from Easton visited me who informed me that the ited me who informed me that the Lutheran congregation of that place, had bought a large house for PS400 ($1066) which they intend to use as a church and parsonage.' This may be correct for aught I know. But Rev. Richards' conclusions, that the house nov; forming part of Washington hotel is the house they purchased, is ev- tel is the house they purchased, is evidently contradicted by the records. idently contradicted by the records. Yours, H. M. S. HENRY. Died. In Bushkill township, on the 4th of October last, (1853), Mrs Eva Rosina Fehr, at the advanced age of 96 years, 7 months and 27 days. The deceased v>fas bom in the year 1757, in Tinicum township, Bucks county, and in early youth became a mem- ty, and in early youth became a member of the Lutheran church. She was ber of the Lutheran church. She was united in matrimony to John Fehr, in the year 1773, with whom she lived very happily for more than three score years. Since the death of her husband v"rhich occurred in the year 1833, she had enjoyed very good health, and with the exception of a partial dimness of sight, her faculties remained perfect to the day of her death. She fect to the day of her death. She was the mother of thirteen children, r.ine of v/^hom are living, ninety grandchildren, 242 great grand-children, and children, 242 great grand-children, and 23 great-great-great-grandchildren. She was a regular attendant upon divine service, until a short time before her death when the infirmities of age compelled her to deny herself the privilege pelled her to deny herself the privilege of joining her neighbors in worshipping her Maker in the house of God. ping her Maker in the house of God. After an illness of a few days, which she bore with Christian fortitude and resignation, she breathed her last in the blessed hope of a glorious immortality. tality. First Visit to a Town. An astonishing fact was related a few days since, of a man whose name is Schug, who, according to his own statement, is about twenty-six years of age, and resided only six miles from this place, and never saw a town or visited Easton before last week. In this progressive age, a circumstance like this truly surprising. It is said that a certain Roman lived sixty years in the city of Rome, without ever going outside of its walls, but that an intelligent Dutch Yankee should live twen- ligent Dutch Yankee should live twenty-six years so near Easton, without ty-six years so near Easton, without seeing it, is much more marvellous Bamum need not trouble himself about him. He could not make a trump out of such a chap. (December 14, 1853.) We publish to-day the interesting proceedings and able address connected with the celebration by the students ed with the celebration by the students of Lafayette, on the completion of the Gubscription of $100,000 as an endownment fund of the college. ment fund of the college. The illumination of the College building was rea'ly beautiful and the torch ing was rea'ly beautiful and the torch light procession was conducted in a highly creditable manner. There can no longer be any doubt ot the future prosperitv of thv; institution, in which tlie citizens of Easlju. auj this entire section cf country, are so much interested. Arrangements are now being ested. Arrangements are now being n:adc to improve the old btnldings, and the erection of new ones, for the accommodation of a large number of new commodation of a large number of new students. Dr. McLean has been untiring in his labours to relieve the insti- ing in his labours to relieve the institution from its pecuniary embarrass- tution from its pecuniary embarrassments. He has been successful be- ments. He has been successful beyond even the expectations of many yond even the expectations of many of the warmest friends of the College. (January 11, 1854.) *0'mitted in these notes. Interesting Correspondence. With pleasure we lay before our readers the following correspondence between the Members of the Northampton county Bar and the Citizens thampton county Bar and the Citizens of Easton and the Hon. J. M. Porter, on the occasion of his retiring from our midst, by accepting the President Judgeship of the 22nd Judicial District. It speaks for itself. trict. It speaks for itself. Easton, November 30, 1853. Hon. J. M. Porter Sir; -- Your friends, members of the bar of Northampton county, cannot permit the occasion to pass.which not permit the occasion to pass.which calls you away from your professional avocations among us to a judicial station, without the expression of our re- tion, without the expression of our regret at severing the intercourse of gret at severing the intercourse of years, marked by so much that will ever be held in pleasant and grateful remembrance, and at the same time making some public demonstration of our high appreciation of your merits and abilities, as a lawyer and a citizen. We v/ould, therefore, respectfully, zen. We v/ould, therefore, respectfully, request you to name a day that will suit you to meet us at a public dinner. Respectfully yours. Maximillian Goepp, Philip Johnson, Henry F. Steckle, Henry Green, A. H. Reeder, M. H. Jones ,H. D. Maxwell, George W. Yates, S. C. Cook,, Jr. Easton December 30, 1853. Gentlemen: -- I avail myself of the first opportunity afforded me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter nowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th. ult. forwarded to me at Honesdale, in which, as members of the Northampton County Bar, you express your regret at the severing of press your regret at the severing of our professional intercourse by my acceptance of the Presidency of the ceptance of the Presidency of the adjoining Judicial District and tender me a public dinner and etc. For thirty-five years, and upwards, I have been a member of and connected with your bar, confessedly one of ed with your bar, confessedly one of the ablest and most learned in the State. I have met or acted with you all as opi)onents or colleagues in many a hard fought trial of professional skill. Whilst I sincerely regret that we shall probably no more meet professionally, as we have done, I cannot fessionally, as we have done, I cannot but be gratified that we part with the warm sentiments of personal friendship, of which your letter gives me the ship, of which your letter gives me the assurance, and I shall carry with me to the grave the lively recollection of the many pleasant hours we have spent together, in the forum and in the domestic circle. Much as I should be pleased to meet you at the festive board and talk of "Auld Lang Syne,' the nature of my engagements are such that I must decline your kind invitation t6 a public dinner. I sincerely regret that I am compelled to do so and am, led to do so and am, Very Truly yours. J. M. Porter. To A. H. Reeder, M. H. Jones, H. D. Maxwell, Esqs., and others, members of the Easton Bar. Hon J. M. Porter; -Sir: -- The undersigned your friends Sir: -- The undersigned your friends of the Borough of Easton cannot allow this occasion to pass where you are about to leave a community in which you have spent so many years of usefulness and made so many warm and sincere friends, without some demonstration of their high regard for your many good qualities and their appreciation of your merits and abilities. ties. Entertaining the most grateful recollection of your service to the commun- lection of your service to the community and of the pleasant relation which ity and of the pleasant relation which have subsisted between yourself and them, they beg leave to tender you a public dinner at such time as will suit your convenience. Very respectfully yours. Thomas McKeen, David D. Wagner, John Davis, William H. Lawall, Benjamin Ihrie. George W. Stein, David jamin Ihrie. George W. Stein, David Barnet, T. R. Sitgreaves, Peter Bellis, John Konn, C. Heckman, Isbon Benedict, Henry S. Troxell, A. Berlin, John dict, Henry S. Troxell, A. Berlin, John Micke, John S. Noble, J. A. Innes, Abraham Sigman, D. H. Neiman, John Titus, William Maxwell, David Able, William H. Pomp, Joseph Lane, John A. Sletor, P. Mixsell, Jr., John J. Herster, C.Nicholas, Mushback & Angle, ter, C.Nicholas, Mushback & Angle, David Garis, William Walker, Ed. P. Field. E. A. Atlee, J. N. Hutchinson, J. H. Wilking, Wm. Hackett, Thomas Sletor, Charles Innes, Samuel Siegfried, P. F. Eilenberger, William J. fried, P. F. Eilenberger, William J. Brown, T. B. Curtis, Charles Green, Samuel Stem, Horace E. Wolf, John Maxwell, A. Coryell, James Morison, S. L. Rodenbough, E. P. Hill, James Shoemaker, Levi Bennet.Samuel Sandt Frederick Seitz, B. F. Amdt, John Bachman. Peter M. Correll, Jared R. Cook, Mahlon Taylor, H. Detwiller, C. Pomp, Michael Weaver, J. C. Lowthrop. James McCullough, Samuel Adamis, Jacob Able, Jr. David, Conner, Wm. H. Atwood, J. C. Hagenbuch, Edward Seip. C. Kitchen. Robert Gue, Robert McDowell, Jesse B. Shipman, R. B. Templin, J. Murphy, Jr.. D. Lachenour. Adam Yohe, William J. Harmany. Wm. B. Levan, Robert C. Pyle. Charles J. Craig, Henry Keller, Charles M. Stout, U. T. Wame, John Tindall. Josiah P. Hetrich, Simon Lattig, Mahlon West. George Hess, Peter Winter, James F. Randolph, H. Hamman, Wm. M. Patterson. H. B. Duffin, John Hall. Wil- terson. H. B. Duffin, John Hall. William Paul. Jos. M. Hester, Samuel liam Paul. Jos. M. Hester, Samuel Able, Frederick Thompson, Philip H. Mattes, McEvers Forman, J. T. Knight, Peter Tellier, Lewis Stout, Frederick W. Noble, A. Miller. Easton, Dec. 30, 1^53 Gentlemen:-- On mv return from the Pike county court, I received with grateful emotions your letter expressive of your kind feelings towards me. ive of your kind feelings towards me. your appreciation of my character ani of my services in the community of which I have been so long a member, and your desire to tender me a public dinner. My engagement, I regret to say, will not permit me to accept your kind and flattering invitation. But I must thank you for the sentiments you have exipressed towards me individually. I have lived a^riong you for near- ally. I have lived a^riong you for nearly thirty-six years and have to some ly thirty-six years and have to some extent been identified with the progress of this beautiful and prosperous gress of this beautiful and prosperous place. I came among you as it were. a youth and a stranger-- you took me kindly by the hand and encouraged my efforts to rise in my profession. You have conferred upon me many immis takable evidences of your confidence and your letter assures me that I have not betrayed it. I have passed from early youth to more than three score years in your midst and to retain the confidence, esteem, and friendship of such a community as Easton, is an ample recompense for a life of toil and devotion to the interests of my fellow citizens. The duties of the responsible situation which I now fill will legally sep- tion which I now fill will legally separate me from you. Yet I shall aways arate me from you. Yet I shall aways be with you in heart and in feeling, and as often in person as my avocations will "permit. I have seen our tions will "permit. I have seen our beauteous town grow from an ordinary village to be one of the largest inland towns in the state. "The Forks of the Delaware," are now a miniature and a model city. It is surrounded by scenery of almost unrivaled beauty and ery of almost unrivaled beauty and magnificence. Since my coming among you, you have expended nearly one hundred thousand dollars in the erection of churches, a college and literary tion of churches, a college and literary institutions. An equal amount in the improving and beautifying your streets, besides the sums expended upon private edifices, the amount of which I will not pretend to estimate. You have been an order loving and industrious community pervaded by a dustrious community pervaded by a high moral tone and a great regard to the proprieties of life. And you have reaped the reward due to the integrity of the character of your citizens rity of the character of your citizens in your prosperity. With you this is indeed the age of progress. The fertility of the soil of the region in which ity of the soil of the region in which you are placed enables your farmers to reach the rich reward of their industry. The bowels of the earth are dustry. The bowels of the earth are filled with mineral treasures which are being developed and are making yours the most productive iron region in the f^ountry. The lines of canals and railroads already in use bring you into roads already in use bring you into close prcxiruity with the commercial cities of the seaboard, the coal regions in the interior, and these fai^ilities are shortly to be increased by the completion of the additional lines of inter- tion of the additional lines of intercommunication now in progress. communication now in progress. With these advantages, your prosperity, under Providence, can only be perity, under Providence, can only be limited by the extent of your own exertions. That a kind and beningnant ertions. That a kind and beningnant Providence may continue to shower upon you its me''cies, enable you to maintain the high character which is universally conceded to you, and crown all your efforts to promote the spirit of libe'-ai beneficence and unostentatious hos])itality and charity, as tentatious hos])itality and charity, as has been yo;ir wont, is the sincere prayer of Your fellow citizen. J. M. PORTER. To David D. Wagener, J. H. Wilking, T. R. Sitgraves, John Davis, J. P. Hetrick, D. H. Neiman, Benj. Ihrie, Wm H. Lawall, and others, citizens of Easton, etc. THE END. FORKS OF DELAWARE-- POETS AND POETRY, Short Biographical Sketches. An Interesting: and Valuable Collection Compiled by a Delver Into Historical and Literary Reviews, Popular with Free Press Readers. views, Popular with Free Press Readers. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. Readers of the Free Press will be glad to learn that they are to again have laid before them an interesting series of articles from the pen of Ethan Allen Weaver, of Philadelphia, a former Eastonian, whose chief recreation lies in tonian, whose chief recreation lies in delving into the history of the Forks of the Delaware and preparing in readable form the results of his research. Mr. \^'eaver has compiled after many years of labor, considerable information concerning "Some of the Poets and Poetry cerning "Some of the Poets and Poetry of the Forks of the Delaware," and this is to be published in the Free Press from time to time in continued articles. Mr. Weaver's interesting compilation follows: A review of the local events of the last fifty years of Easton's first century as extracted f^'om the newspapers covering that period would be incomplete without reference to '"Some of the Poets and Poetry of the Forks of the Delaware." Tlie early newspajier files of Easton contain many contributions in verse from local writers several of whom became distinguished in literature. There was much tinguished in literature. There was much in the surroundings of Easton to give inspiration in this direction. Its l^eauti- spiration in this direction. Its l^eautiful and romantic scenery, its early his- ful and romantic scenery, its early history in connection with the native Amer- tory in connection with the native American -- the Indian -- and the culture and ican -- the Indian -- and the culture and refinement of its people, influenced the literary tastes of those to whom mention will be made in this caption; others tion will be made in this caption; others have hidden tlieir identity under fictitious names. Many beautiful lines titious names. Many beautiful lines which have been written from the historic "forks" bear the names of the toric "forks" bear the names of the writers in such mysterious names as Nunez, Memoria, Mira, J. D. S., Rambler, H., H. B., Mercy, D. K. J., Sarah, Jack, Lack, D. W. B.," Ralph, Visitor, Juvenis, Dylace, S. N. D., Dvlock, Fanny, F. M. L., r! H. T., N. L. E.I N. E., Z., E., L., W., n., Fstelle, J. W. C, M., Lafavette Bard, Aunt, W. G., Delta, C, C. J. J., D. E. P., Ketchum, O. Junior, Lizzie, Henry, Abelard, Nate, H. E. B., Frank, Incognitas, lard, Nate, H. E. B., Frank, Incognitas, Eleanor, et. al. The names of the following also appeaar: "Fanny Foxglove" (Mrs. John S. peaar: "Fanny Foxglove" (Mrs. John S. Lehn), Louisa Boidelman (daughter of Rev. .John P. Hecht), H. B. Brotzman, W. H. Luckenbach, Rev. James Lowry, Ella Moore, of Belvidere, N. J., Solon Horn, Rev. William Barns, Rev. A. B. Burrell, S. D. Patterson, Margaret Junkin (Preston), Mrs. E. S. Swift, Jane kin (Preston), Mrs. E. S. Swift, Jane Lewers Gray, Braincrd Williamson, Frank B. Copp, INIrs. Stout and others. Those wh?) recall the advertising verses of Pyle's Easton Hall of Fashion, will learn perhaps for the first time that these were the productions of Mrs. Beidelman and Mrs. Swift. There is a pathos in the lines of "Fanny Foxglove" which give tliem a high rank in the poetry of the times, and their publication in book form would bring into existence a deliglitful collection of poetry of local in- liglitful collection of poetry of local interest. terest. WILLIAM MOORE SMITH. The earliest of the poets to treat of local subjects in verse was William Moore cal subjects in verse was William Moore Smith, a son of the Rev. William Smith, D. D., the first Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who was one of the contributors, in 1755, to the public school tributors, in 1755, to the public school fund of Easton. He was born in 1759 and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1775. Soon after leaving col- sylvania in 1775. Soon after leaving college he located at Easton where he read lege he located at Easton where he read law, remaining there for some years, when he received the agency for the settlement of British claims in America tlement of British claims in America provided for in Jay's treaty which required his presence in England and he ac- quired his presence in England and he accordingly visited that country success- cordingly visited that country successfully accomplishing the purpose for fully accomplishing the purpose for which his services had been engaged. LTpon his return to America he retired from his professional practice to a country residence on the Old York Road near try residence on the Old York Road near (Jermantown, Penna., where he continued to reside, engaged chiefly in literary pursuits initil his death in 1821. In 1796-97 he was Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of the State of Pennsylvania and presented the address of the Grand Lodge to General Washington on his retirement from the Presi- ington on his retirement from the Presidency of the United States. dency of the United States. Mr. Smith was remarkably studious and his great ac(]uisitions in knowledge of every kind Glided by a renuirkably retentive memory, made his mind a rich tentive memory, made his mind a rich treasury of learning. It has been observed respecting him that he was a served respecting him that he was a living index of what had passed as well as to what was passing before him, and his references were seldom marked by erior. The following poem is from a work entitled: "Poems on Several Occasions Written in Pennsvlvania-- By WILLIAM MOORE SMITH, "Esq.; 'Nee Lusisse Pudet.' " riiiladelijhia. Printed: Ixmdon, Re])rinled by C. Dilly, MDCCLXXXVI. ])rinled by C. Dilly, MDCCLXXXVI. An Ode To the River Lehigh. Oh thou, who lead'st the wand'ringwave, By BETHLEHEM'S pensive BRETHThe gay, luxuriant meads to lave, The gay, luxuriant meads to lave, REN prest, And view'st, dark frowning o'er the plains, The sullen* mansion that contains The sorrows of the widow'd breast; Where, by thy willow-fringed shores, MONOCKISY in torrents pours His cooling streams, to mix with thine; If e'er thou staid'st thy course, to hear The pious hymn, the solemn air, That echo'd from the CLOISTER'S** shrine; If e'er the deep-drawn sigh could please, If e'er thy gently waving trees To hopeless love have lent their shade; If e'er the notes of Grief were dear. If e'er you drank the silent tear, By meek Devotion's Sisters paid; Attend, mild Stream, to me attend, And be once more the wretch's friend, From hopeless love my sorrows flow. Ye tow'ring oaks, your branches spread Thou humbler willow, bend thy head To shade the furrow'd brow of woe! Yet, ah! -- to me your shades are vain, They cannot sooth the lover's pain. When ling'ring Hope has wing'd away; They cannot stop the starting tear. Nor o'er thy dreary gloom. Despair, Can shed a single chearing ray. Thy banks, mild Flood, no more can please, No more the waving of thy trees, To me, a transport can impart; The verdure fades, the landscape dies. Each air-drawn scone of Fancy flies. When Anguish rankles at the heart. If by thy flow'ry banks I rove, Or wander thro' the silent grove, That shados thy waters as they flow; The tear still bulges in my eye. Still Recollection call the sigh. And points the venom'd sting of woe. Yet once along thy shores I stray'd. Or, careless of each grief, I play'd. Thy rose-encircled bow'rs among; Then Fancy's wreaths I gaily twin'd. Or in the tuneful chorus joined. While to the woods the throstles sung. And, would LOUISA bless her swain. Thy banks, mild stream, would please again. And ])rightor vorduo deck each grove; Oft, wand'ring then those banks along. For her I'd tune my artless song. And thou should'st smile upon my love. *The Widows' house at Bethlehem. **The Single Sisters' house. MARGARET JUNKIN PRESTON. The best known of Easton's poets is one whose name is intimately associated with the beginning and early history of Easton's college -- Margai-et Junkin Preston, daughter of Rev. George Junkin, D. ton, daughter of Rev. George Junkin, D. D., the first President of Lafayette College, whose personal sacrifices, more than lege, whose personal sacrifices, more than those of any other individual, kept the college alive in its struggling days. I have before me an interesting volume recently published entitled "The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston," by Elizabeth Preston Allan. The ton," by Elizabeth Preston Allan. The book is replete with interest, for in connection with the biography of this tal- nection with the biography of this talented woman is given her journal of war ented woman is given her journal of war times which relates to her experiences and many of the events of the Rebellion as she saw them whilst a resident of Lexington, Va. From this interesting little volume I extract most of the following: Margaret Junkin Preston was born at Milton, Penna., May 19, 1820, her father a minister in the Associate Reformed Church having removed to that village after his marriage. When she was ten years of age Dr. Junkin removed to Germantown. Pa., to take charge of the mantown. Pa., to take charge of the Manual Labor School there. [The location and buildings which this occupied, tion and buildings which this occupied, are within sight of my home, where this contribution is written.] This brought the City of Philadelphia and the friends of her mother's girl-hood days within reach of an afternoon's call, and the two years spent within the glamour of city ways, where life was eased somewhat of burden and drudgery, brightened with opportunities of sight-seeing, and sweetened by ties of kindred and family af- ened by ties of kindred and family affection, were the red-letter days in the fection, were the red-letter days in the memory of the child and maiden, and even of the old woman. Slie never afterwards lived in the city until her declin- wards lived in the city until her declining years brought her to Baltimore, and ing years brought her to Baltimore, and then four walls bounded the world for her, but the two years in Gormantown were memorable in Margaret's life for the beginning of that rare blessedness and life long friendship. One of Dr. Junkin's teachers in the Manual I^ibor School who followed him to Easton and gave valuable aid in the founding of Lafayette College was Charles F. McCay, who aiterwards filled the chair of Mathematics in wards filled the chair of Mathematics in the University of Georgia and was for a time President of the College of South Carolina. He was the dearest of ]\Iargaret Jimkin's early friends and as her garet Jimkin's early friends and as her biographer says, she has seen in the light of her eyes when she spoke of him fifty years afterwards, the reflection from that great distance of his bright lovable nature. Mr. McCay was to little Margaret an unselfish elder brother. He was garet an unselfish elder brother. He was ten years her senior but seems to have found nothing more to his tastes than the companionship of the two little girls Margaret and her sister Eleanor whose studies he fostered and encouraged, whose sedate little games he enlivened with boyish spirits, and whose dear comrade he was in a thousand helpful ways, rade he was in a thousand helpful ways, and one of the sweetest and brightest blessings of her life God had kept for Margaret Junkin in her declining years, when she lived in Baltimore with her eldest son at whose home she died. A est son at whose home she died. A daughter of Prof. MeCay he had named Julia Junkin for I\Irs. Preston's mother. The friendship which struck root first at C4ermantown and grew apace while the Junkins lived at Easton was tenderly cherished during the quarter of a century that Mrs. Preston lived in Virginia, while Mr. McCay was engaged in educational work in Ceorgia ; but its sweetest tional work in Ceorgia ; but its sweetest blossom flowered into beauty during those years of decline in Baltimore when the same Julia Junkin McCay brought the fragrance of her sweet presence into the sad old life, and became the daily companion, amanuensis, and comforter of her panion, amanuensis, and comforter of her father's dearest friend. The removal of Dr. Junkin from Cermantown to Easton was in the interest mantown to Easton was in the interest of an educational enthusiasm which was then paramount with him. He had left his country churches in 1829 to take the presidency of Pennsylvania's Manual Labor School, at Germantown, "convinced," he says himself, "that I might vinced," he says himself, "that I might be useful in bringing into the ministry men of the right stamp, and thus do more than I could in my pastoral position." For this Manual Labor School tion." For this Manual Labor School was not intended primarih' to make artisans, mechanics, or artists of any sort, tisans, mechanics, or artists of any sort, but "had been inaugurated by philanthropic gentlemen of the Presbyterian thropic gentlemen of the Presbyterian Church, in and around Philadelphia, with a view to facilitate the education of young men for the Christian ministry." After carrying on this Germantown enter))rise for two years, filling the school ter))rise for two years, filling the school with students and doing conspicuously good work in organizing new and improved methods, Dr. Junkin found that proved methods, Dr. Junkin found that liis board of trustees were minded to leave to him not only the management, but the financial responsibility of the school. As a matter of fact, many of the pecuniary claims of those two years were met out of his private fortune. .And so ready was this man to sj)end and be spent for his fellowmen that it seems likely he would have gone on supplying this deficit as long as he had a plying this deficit as long as he had a dollar left, if another factor had not entered into the question; one which was three times to ujiroot his plans and his home. This was his unfaltering and outspoken loyalty to conviction. It is not necessary to enter here upon those dissensions in the Presbyterian Church which resulted in its division into the "Old" and the "New" schools; suf- to the "Old" and the "New" schools; suffice it to say that this line, falling be- fice it to say that this line, falling between Dr. Junkin and his trustees at tween Dr. Junkin and his trustees at Germantown, made him willing to entertain the proposal to remove to Eas- tertain the proposal to remove to Easton, Pa., where an embryo college offered ton, Pa., where an embryo college offered a fine opportunity for realizing the enthusiast's dreams of education which thusiast's dreams of education which should be at once theoretical and practical. cal. To this new home the Junkins moved when Margaret was twelve years old; when he took up his residence on College Hill he occupied the rooms in the basement and floors above of the east end of ment and floors above of the east end of what is now South College. His "study" faced the town, and it and the dining room and kitchen were in the basement -- "tombs;" and here, with an interval spent -- as we shall see later -- in Ohio, the child grew into womanhood, and lived sixteen eager, busy, ambitious years. Here, of course, her education went on under the most favorable circumstances; favorable, that is to say, cumstances; favorable, that is to say, for the mental culture per se. One still doubts, whether a judicious mixture of the frivolous, a little more of the companionship of nonsense, wovild not have panionship of nonsense, wovild not have been more wholesome for a highly romantic soul, much given to introspection. mantic soul, much given to introspection. But that might have spoiled the poet. Who can say? At Easton, as elsewhere, but perhaps especially at Easton, her father's intense and absorbing purpose, which resulted in the establishment of Lafayette College, was the chief factor in the girl's lege, was the chief factor in the girl's education. How full of splendid moral tonic must have been the atmosphere of that home, where personal interests were not first, an end to which work and salary were only means; but where the ary were only means; but where the work was first, and the family a noble fellowship, whose highest aims were to further the work -- for God and man ! What were Greek and Latin and French and history, compared to this school of life, in which her father, and no less her unselfish, high-souled mother, were her lesson-books! And yet the Greek and Latin and literature were much, and at Easton, ^Lar- erature were much, and at Easton, ^Largaret's home studies were widened by garet's home studies were widened by private lessons from the nascent college's professors and tutors. Her application was intense. And as she was not relieved from domestic duties during these ed from domestic duties during these years of hard study, but on the contrary assumed conscientiously (as the eldest daughter) a large part of them, the strain must have been very great. In after years her husband would playfullj^ tell her -- towering above her small stature -that it was the weight of these studies that it was the weight of these studies in early life that had stunted her growth, and made her, as Browning says, "the smallest lady alive." There was, however, another tradition in the family as to the cause of Margaret's small size, for she had been tossed ret's small size, for she had been tossed on the horns of a cow, as a little toddler, a year or two old; and everybody knows the Scotch superstition which attributes to this mishap the power to dwarf a little child's growth. tle child's growth. Mrs. Preston often spoke of the difference between the avocations of her young ence between the avocations of her young life and the so much lighter tasks of girls at the end of the century; "we made everything we Avore, when I was a young lady, my dear," she often said, "from our hand-embroidered collars and cuffs and tlie worked edging on our underclothes, our corsets, and our hem- derclothes, our corsets, and our hemstitched handkerchiefs, to our gaiter- stitched handkerchiefs, to our gaitertops, which we stitched, and then had tops, which we stitched, and then had soled at the shoemaker's, not to speak of stitching linen shirts by the dozen (with collars and cuffs attached) for our father and brothers. All this, remember, was done by hand." "How did you ever find time to read or write?" her listener would exclaim, and thus put on her mettle, the older \Aoman would count up the classic authors in history, fiction and poetry which thors in history, fiction and poetry which she and her sisters read under their mother's guidance in those early, busy days. "We would have been ashamed to confess ignorance of these writers," she would insist; "all educated women in my youth were expected to have at least so much knowledge." But the circle of girls whose May-time was in the sixties and seventies, instead of the thirties and forties of the century, shook tlieir heads (heads often in- tury, shook tlieir heads (heads often innocent of (Jibbon and Hume, of Coleridge, nocent of (Jibbon and Hume, of Coleridge, Soutliey and Wordsworth), and doubted whether the poetess was not judging her contemporaries by herself. Perhaps their suspicions were right. Another reminiscence of Margaret Junkin's student days took the form of a keen regret in later years; for it was connected witli that loss of good eyesight which so earl}' sot a limit to the sight which so earl}' sot a limit to the girl's otherwise unbounded ambition. 'Tlie only time," she said, "that I had to prepare my Greek lessons was after the family bedtime; the only time my busy father could hear me recite* was before our early bro;ikfast; so tliat study and recitation were both done by the inefficient light of our primitive candles. I am sure the close sight thus re- dles. I am sure the close sight thus required by the Greek text put a strain quired by the Greek text put a strain upon my eyes which was the beginning of my trouble." "Many a time," her children remember hearing her say "when we would kiss our mother good-night, she would say to sister Ellie, 'Be sure you put out Maggie's ter Ellie, 'Be sure you put out Maggie's candle when you go to bed;' but when Ellie would offer to discharge her mission, I would raise my finger in half-ser- sion, I would raise my finger in half-serious threat, and say, 'Touch it if you ious threat, and say, 'Touch it if you dare!' It was the only respect in which I disobeyed my mother's wishes, and as my father encouraged my undertaking more than I could possibly do in the daytime, I felt justified. But in this, as in eAcrything else, my mother was far u'iser than I." Some years before Mrs. Preston's death, when an admirer spoke of her scholarship, she answered with an almost angry disclaimer, "How can you most angry disclaimer, "How can you speak of one as a scholar whose studies were cut short at twenty-one, never to be resumed!" And if one limits the word "study" to systematic lessons, this was true. For at that age Margaret's eyes were in such a condition that loss of sight was feared, and for about seven years she was hardly allowed any reading, much less study; for part of that time she liAcd in a darkened room, often suffering acute pain, and during the whole time her impatient spirit was chafed and fretted by thwarted ambition. She took entire charge of the housekeeping during those years, walked and visited, and ing those years, walked and visited, and helped on th.e education of the younger children as far as her "ball and chain" would permit. Before tliis period of semi-blindness, and afterwards, the education of her brothers and sisters was the most strenuous purpose of her life, and they bear uous purpose of her life, and they bear record today to her unwearied efforts to interest them in good reading and in nu^niorizing poetry, besides helping them in daily and less enlivening tasks. One of the pleasin-es which this failure of ej'osight denied the young student ure of ej'osight denied the young student was the use of pencil and brush. She had very decided artistic talent, and although want of thorough instruction and though want of thorough instruction and this earlv embargo upon the use of her eyes threw her out of the race for any prize in this respect, she always said it was the work she loved best, and that if she had been free to choose, she would willingly liave thrown away her pen for crayon or ])alette. It must have been soon after going to Easton that Margaret began to write. No record can be found -- how interesting sucli would 1)0! -- of hor first attempt at versp-making. Her kindred now living cannot remember a time when she did not write verses and rhj-ming letters; so tliat it is left to our imagination to picture the little girl, her small fair face ture the little girl, her small fair face flushed with eagerness, her hands trembling, her pulses galloping, as she feels ling, her pulses galloping, as she feels tlie first breath of that divine afflatus which was later to take possession of her spirit, making her a priestess of no mean order in this cult. As we cannot find, in that dim past, the beginning of her intellectual life, neither is there any record of the beginning of the deeper life which we call ginning of the deeper life which we call religion. Did she grow into that sweet inheritance of faith, which is the happy privilege of children of the covenant, hardly knowing when she made the great decision, stepping over the boundary between natural and revealed religion so tween natural and revealed religion so early that it was an invisible line ? We cannot remember to have heard her tell the story of her conversion; but the impression her after-Christian life made pression her after-Christian life made was that of one who had had deep conviction of sin, anxious fears, more or viction of sin, anxious fears, more or less struggle as if the way had proved straight and narrow to her young soul. There came dark days in her life afterwards when she questions the reality terwards when she questions the reality of her conversion; but she was the only one who could doubt the sincerity of a faith and devotion that for threescore years "constrained" her; holding her to convictions of duty, prompting daily loving-kindness, calling forth constant ing-kindness, calling forth constant acknov>ledgment of God's greatness and praise of His goodness, even when unable to feel assured of her own acceptance with him. The tone of Calvinistic religion seventy years ago was sternly distant from enty years ago was sternly distant from our Lord's tender words, "Suffer the little children to come unto me, and for- tle children to come unto me, and forbid them not." One reminiscence of ^Irs. bid them not." One reminiscence of ^Irs. Preston's childhood will serve to show how cruelly uuAvise and unlike their Master some "of those very good Christians ter some "of those very good Christians were in this respect. J\Irs. Preston used to tell us, with a shiver at the recollection (and her little hearers shivered tion (and her little hearers shivered with her) of a certain Sabbath afternoon when the child, playing out in God's sunshine and sweet air. was caught by a sol- shine and sweet air. was caught by a solemn-faced thelogical student, a compara- emn-faced thelogical student, a comparative stranger, and carried oflf to a dark- tive stranger, and carried oflf to a darkened room, to be questioned about the ened room, to be questioned about the safety of her soul! The little one was .hardly old enough to know that she had a soul, and certainly its interests could have been safely left with her Heavenly Father; but the pious young prig, not getting satisfactory answers, told her that he was very much afraid her soul was going to be lost! Let us hope that conscience tormented the saintly idiot properly, in after days, for putting this cruel and wicked thought into the heart of a little child of the covenant, whose blessed privilege it ought to have been at that age to know only the love of God in Christ Jesus. One must not, of course, set down to a creed the faults of its fanatics. Those lofty views of God's holiness, of his allwise and powerful control, which men wise and powerful control, which men call Calvinism, were the foundation stones of Mrs. Preston's character; but we are at liberty to rejoice, as she did afterwards, that God's infinite lovingkindness has had its proper emphasis in kindness has had its proper emphasis in the teaching of this generation. There was another incident, associated in the minds of ]\Trs. Preston's children with this last, which also had a most unhappy effect upon her childhood; its evil happy effect upon her childhood; its evil spell was never quite exercised. This, too, had for its background a happy little child and a bright autumn day in tle child and a bright autumn day in which the young heart was rejoicing. This time she was taken, without knowing where she was going, into a house of ing where she was going, into a house of mourning, where people sat in solemn rows (waiting no doubt for a funeral service) and wearing looks of woe. The vice) and wearing looks of woe. The child was terrified at the awful silence and gloom, and when she was lifted for a sight of the white face in its coffin, and her warm little hand was taken in an older hand and laid on the dead brow, the terrible unknown chill sent a shock to her sensitive nature from which it was never to recover. * As long as she lived, :Mrs. Preston could never again bring herself to look upon the face of the dead, not even her best beloved; and no faith, no hope, no promise, was able to banish from her life the haunting, nameless dread of its inevitable end. less dread of its inevitable end. There are found only a few letters belonging to this period of Margaret Junkin's life, most of them written to the friend of her childhood. Professor ]McCay,-then living at Athens, Ga. They are old-fashioned sheets, folded so as to be mailed without envelopes (which were not known then), and marked "25 cents" for postage. One is inclined to regret the large part rhyme and sentiment play in these letters. The poet's philosophies were later on put into so much better verse that one would gladly exchange three pages of this dainty rhyme for half a page of facts about her life at that time. But we must remember, on the other hand, that it was for the poetical value they were kept. These graceful, unextraordinary verses served as an antisejjtic, preserving for us pages which tisejjtic, preserving for us pages which would otherwise have gone the way of the whole century's epistles. The first of 'these letters is dated "Mount Lafayette, Easton, Nov. L3, 1840," and is "entirely in rhyme, being an e])ithalamium, written to Mr. McCay immediately after his marriage. There are several pages of wedding- song, and then comes this bit of retrospection, which I am allowed to quote, with a smile at the word "remember" from a girl of twenty: "I well remember all your care (would I had prized it more) ; To open to my wayward mind the gems of Roman lore; When with you I o'ertraced the paths the pious Trojan roved. And sighed to think how fruitlessly the Tj rian Dido loved. And when I read the story now, beside me still you seem, And childhood's thoughts float o'er my heart, as mist floats o'er a stream." Commonplace enough these lines are, but interesting to Margaret Junkin's biographer, as being the first word from herself about her childhood. Another verse pleases, from the evidence it gives of youthful happiness, in spite of its sentimental and poetic tinge of melancholy. timental and poetic tinge of melancholy. "Why do the birds seem now to pour less thrilling strains along. Than when our childish hearts were wont to echo to their song? Ah, Memory hath a wizard power her halo light to cast. On all the cherished images that throng the peopled past! E'en when the pall of grief is thrown across our early years. When Memory gazes back 'tis through the rainbow of her tears! But these are musings strange for one whose brow hath felt no care; For sorrow's finger leaveth not a trace of anguish there. Thanks to the higher Power above! My path as yet discloses Few lurking thorns concealed amid life's many scattered roses!" This artless and care-free sentimentality is very becoming in "Sweet-and- tality is very becoming in "Sweet-andtwenty," while the perfect rhythm and twenty," while the perfect rhythm and spirited fancy give -- even this early -promise of the poet's riper powers. But promise of the poet's riper powers. But in our ignorance concerning the details of her girlhood, we can but sigh over the ])Ostscript, wliich confesses there is much to say that had to be left out, "Not that I had not room or time. But just because they would not rhyme." The next letter from Easton which Mr. McCay kept was also treasured, doubtless because of verses which the young less because of verses which the young poet had written on the last page for her friend's wife, then sorrowing over the death of a child. W^e catch in the first pages a glimpse of Margaret's life in Easton : November 14, 1845. * * * Just now we, that is the la- dies of Easton, are very busily engaged in preparing for a Bazaar, offer the model of the recent one held by the Philadelphia ladies. Its object is to liquidate a phia ladies. Its object is to liquidate a debt which remains upon the college, and if its results are at all commensurate with the zeal and energy displayed by our ladies, we will realize something handsome. It is to be held during Christmas week, and the afl'air is to be termin- mas week, and the afl'air is to be terminated by a tea-party, to which all the ated by a tea-party, to which all the town people are to be invited. So you see that at present I have employment foi' all my faculties. The following poetical appeal for aid in the Bazaar is from another of Easton's poets, Mrs. Jane Lewars Gray, and ton's poets, Mrs. Jane Lewars Gray, and appeared in the Presbyterian at the time: The Ladies' Fair. The ladles of Easton, and many there are. Whom even the beaux of your city think fair, If we judge by their conduct, when silly they come And lure our sweet maidens from kindred and home -- * Well, sir, these fair ladles resolve and agree To write you a letter, and for scribe they cliose me; Unworthy I own, and unable am I To act as their proxy on mission so high -Kut without further preface, my task I essay. Kut without further preface, my task I essay. Though not as I would, I will write as I may. You ask on what subject? Dear sir, you must know We thought of a plan, about three months ago To promote the advancement of science and knowledge; To aid and uphold and give strength to our college. lege. Whose shoulders now bend 'neath the burden of care Too great for the strength of a stripling to bear. What a pity It is that a youngster, who yet Has scarce entered his teens, sliould be loaded with debt! Had it been his own doing, he ne'er had our pity, Nor would we now trouble his friends In the city; But it was his young brother, a promising youth* That has caused this distress, sir, and that is the truth -Well, now for our plan, as our ladies were sad. Well, now for our plan, as our ladies were sad. To see how It stunted the growth of the lad. Who was always a pet with our fair ones in town Since the very first day that he set himself down. On the hill Just above us where evening and morning. We see him, his place and his calling adorning; His conduct so studious surpassing his years To the aged and youthful his conduct endears -You, who Wnow him yourself, sir, his habits and You, who Wnow him yourself, sir, his habits and sti'.tion. May judire if my praises are exaggeration -Unt pardon my wanilering -- To get up a fair** Unt pardon my wanilering -- To get up a fair** We have made many things that are handsome and rare, Tho' I say we have made, yet I own tliat my doing Would not do mucli to rescue our favorite from ruin; But as drones ever buzz round the honey bees' home. Sipping sweets others toll for, then carelessly roam. Re we have among us some vagabond elves. Who'd rather nee any one work but themselves. Yet such are employed in their proper vocation And that to the theme of my song brings me back Though again I have wandered away from the track. I wish you would come up some evening and see How happy, and jocund, and active are we; Some taxing their wits for an article neat. Which others with fingers and genius complete -Some knit the bead purse, which, in brilliant Some knit the bead purse, which, in brilliant display, Might rival the dew-drops and brighten the spray, Though I'm free to confess that the metal is thrown To grace and embellish the outside alone! Some brolder the slipper in scarlet aud goldSome weave the soft neck-tie to keep out the Some weave the soft neck-tie to keep out the cold -While others, with Industry, worthy and proper, While others, with Industry, worthy and proper, For gentlemen make the gay calico wrapper. And here Is displayed, too, so faithful a scene*** So true to the life, that old winter, I ween. Might deem it the work of his own wither'd hand, Though hy one of the fairest young maids of our hind! So now the old fellow ma.v come and may go, We're (juite independent of him for our snow. Tliere's a head of a Beatrice, lovely and sweet, Wliere firmness and gentleness mingle and meet; The blue eye's sweet languish, the brow soft and fair And the bright sunny curls of that long glossy hair To nature so true that you long to entwine With your fingers, the ringlets that flowingly shine -Ah! .Why should we grieve that old Guido has Ah! .Why should we grieve that old Guido has gone, A light, that though brilliant, far, far from us slione. While we have a fair, rising orb of our own! Again I've digressed from tlie aim of my story -But now. sir. I'll lay it out plainly before ye -- But now. sir. I'll lay it out plainly before ye -I'm deputed to ask. what perhaps you can spare. I'm deputed to ask. what perhaps you can spare. Some Books! Have you any? to sell at our Fair! A man like yourself, sir, whose name has gone forth. Througli the length of our country, for talents and worth, Wliose word is a law, and whose fiat Is fate, Wlicn tlie author comes trembling and knocks at your gate. With wishes most kind, and so forth, and so forth. And compliments due to your learning and worth. He leaves you a handsome bound copy with pleasure. And begs you to glance at It, just at your leisure In your columns, perhaps, speak a kind word or two Sliould you deem his work worthy a notice from you. As this kind of thing comes again and again. Your .shelves must be burden'd****the matter is plain Now. sir, as we value your talents aud learning. Your kindness, your goodness, your tact and discerning We know tliat we only need ask to receive. So our cause in your hands we with confidence leave. And duly we'll prize as a present from you, Tliose books at our Fair, be they many or few, Tliere are others, your friends, sir, whose names we could name, Wliose praises are loud in the trumpet of fame, .\h! would we with them an aeciuaintance could claim -There's Chandler, who comes just at evening There's Chandler, who comes just at evening you see And ever give relish and zest to our tea***** And Graham and Godey. one gentlemen's ware. The otlier a festival finds for tlie fair; Names ever dear to the. good and tlie wise. For virtue and learning both merit the prize. Then tliere's tlie American -- he of the North, So famous for talents, and learning, and worth -The Sentinel too, that honest old fellow, The Sentinel too, that honest old fellow, I.Ike wine that with age grows more spicy and mellow. The Ledger, the Times, and the Sun that unite To shed o'er our country a lialo of liglit^ Ah! if we but knew them, sir as we know you. We would write. Just to each other. How do you do? We would beg them to open their stores and their heart. And out of their plenty, just send us a part! Now if any unnamed in our city should feel An interest deep in our woe or our weal, .Vnd send us a present, we will not refuse. For though books we have named, we presume not to choose. 'TIs kinder and pleasanter too, we believe. Nay, we know it is better to give than receive; For we tested its truth, sir, by sending you down A box. when a fair you got up in your town; And now the sweet privileges we would afford, And the blessings, we tasted, to you would accord! cord! But we must say good bye -- may the coming year bring A .burden of blessings and peace on its wing -And may Christmas time bring to your bosom And may Christmas time bring to your bosom and boiird The very best gifts that our land can afford. With an appetite keen for the good things you feast on. Are the wishes and hopes of the Ladies of Easton! ton! On behalf of the Committee of Ladies. J. L. G. Easton. Pa.. December 8, 1845. *The present effort is on behalf of the build- ing in which the academical department is taught. (Old West College.) **To be holden on Christmas Eve. ***A painting of Winter Scenery, by a young lady. ****The ladies suppose that editors have a great many pretty books, while tliey know that tliey are the patrons of every enterprise for the diffusion of knowderge. *****The "United States Gazette," ever wel- come as it is intellectual, arrives here now late in the afternoon. ******The ladies of Easton sent a box to the fair recently held on behalf of the Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia. December 24, 1845. This "Bazaar" was not without a sad and far reaching effect on Margaret Junkin's life, as we gather from mention made by a member of her family. tion made by a member of her family. Speaking of the breaking down of Margaret's eyesight, her sister says: "She garet's eyesight, her sister says: "She did her share of the family sewing -- no machines in those days -- read everything she could lay her hands on, stud- thing she could lay her hands on, studied, practiced music (she never became a ied, practiced music (she never became a good musician) ; did a good deal of pencil-drawing and water-color painting; -- cil-drawing and water-color painting; -rising often at five o'clock, and studying rising often at five o'clock, and studying until after midnight. All. this laid the foundation for that suffering with her eyes which handicapped the later years of her life. When she was about 25 she had a severe attack of rheumatic fever, which continued for some months. Before she was sufficiently recovered from this, she b?came interested in a Bazaar, which was held in Easton for Lafayette College, and did for it some fine painting, which causod the first absolute breakdown with her eyes, and solute breakdown with her eyes, and from which they never really recovered." (This ])icture, a copy in sepia of ed." (This ])icture, a copy in sepia of the pathetic head of Beatrice Cenci, was afterwards recovered by the family, and now hangs on her son's wall). To a less resolute character, the persistent infirmity of eyesight, which was sistent infirmity of eyesight, which was henceforth to hamper the student to the end of life, would have proved a mountain of difficulty, but Margaret Junkin tain of difficulty, but Margaret Junkin refused to be daunted. Ah, that old covenanting blood was "game!" enanting blood was "game!" This handful of old letters (from which a few more extracts will be given) and the dates written on certain stories and poems show that during those years Margaret was an eager reader, with her own or borrowed eyes; a busy writer of poems, stories, and letters, with her own or the round, childish ters, with her own or the round, childish writing of a little amanuensis; and that she had already appeared in print as a paid contributor. The late Eev. Dr. Thomas C. Porter, of Easton, confirms this statement. He writes : "I am sorry to say that I can give you no recollections of Mrs. Preston as a little girl; our acquaintance only began when, in the autumn of 1836, I entered Lafayette College as a 14-year-old Freshman. She was two years my senior. A taste for literary piirsuits soon ior. A taste for literary piirsuits soon drew us together, and a warm friendship sprang up, which continued unbroken imtil the day of her death. Her remarkable poetical talent had even then markable poetical talent had even then won the admiration of her associates, and to have been admitted into the charmed circle of which she was the centre, where literature and literary work tre, where literature and literary work were discussed, admired, and appreciated, I have ever counted a high privilege. ed, I have ever counted a high privilege. Two incidents, out of many which might be given, will serve to illustrate how her presence and exami)le wrought. One happened during a visit in company with a classmate Dr. J. M. Lowrie. pany with a classmate Dr. J. M. Lowrie. Miss Margaret, who had just been reading Stevenson's "Travels in Greece," ing Stevenson's "Travels in Greece," called our attention to this passage in the book: "A young Sciote, who had returned to his native isle for the first turned to his native isle for the first time after the Turkish invasion, in 1822, entered his father's gateway, and foimd the dwelling of his cliildhood a desolate ruin. He wandered to the garden, and strayed through its orange and lemon groves in silence, until passing a large vase in which a beautiful ])lant was wildly growing, he murmured indistinctly, 'Le meme vase!'" She then proposed ly, 'Le meme vase!'" She then proposed that each of us should fashion indejiendently a poem which would inter- jiendently a poem which would interjiret the cause and meaning of that sad jiret the cause and meaning of that sad exclamation. The three poems were written and critically compared." The otiier incident shaped itself thus: "Seated one evening on the porch," the doctor wrote, "our talk began to flow in the usual cliannel. After a while, her sister Eleanor, (afterwards the wife of "Major (ienoral 'Stonewall' Jackson, of the Confederate Army), whose liking for poetry was not so intense, put in a remonstrance with a tense, put in a remonstrance with a 'toujovu's perdrix,' and said, in a vein of raillery, that she believed it utterly impossible for us twain to be together ten minutes without discoursing about the riders of Pegasus. We repelled the accusation. She then replied, 'whichever of you, when we meet here again, ever of you, when we meet here again, is the first to introduce into our conversation anything of the kind, he or she sation anything of the kind, he or she must pay a forfeit, and that forfeit shall be fifty lines of verse on some very hard subject.' We agreed to the terms. It was asked 'What shall the subject be?' Many topics having been named and rejected, she chanced to look over into a neighboring field, and saw there a patch of cabbages, and cried in a gaj' tone, 'Now I have it -- fifty lines on a head of cabbage! Let that be the penalty.' Of course, at our next meeting alty.' Of course, at our next meeting an ambiguous word or phrase supplied a sufficient pretext for my condemnation. There was no escape. I had to tion. There was no escape. I had to do it. The production is printed below just as it was written, and that, not on account of any special literary merit, but for two reasons -- first, to gratify an old college friend of the same period, who wislies a copy, and second, to show what a college youth of seventeen may be constrained to do under pressure." Lines On a Head of Cabbage. Let frog-devouring France and beef-fed Bull Distain thee. Cabbage, when their mouths are full; Let lazy Neapolitan discard, Who eats his macaroni by the yard, And Chinese gourmand think that dish the best Which savors of the swallow's gluey nest, Or, brought from distant ocean-isles, prefer The relish of the costly biche-de-mer ; Let Abyssinian cut the quivering flesh From flic live heifer and devour it fresh. While Alpine monk esteems the slimy snail Above the juice of croccoli or kale; Let Paddy whistle at the very thought Of new paratces boiling in the pot. And Yankee tell, with rapture in his eye. The varied virtues of the pumpkin pie -But, as for me, sprung of Teutonic But, as for me, sprung of Teutonic blood, Give me the cabbage as the choicest food. O far-famed Saner Kraut! compared with thee. All dainties rifled from the land iijid sea Were heaps of trash, and viands on the boards Of prodifial Lucnllvis, or the hoards Of whicli renowned Apicus could boast, Detestably insipid -- and the host That followed Epicurus, at the best, Mere common swine, unpampered and unblest.* Had but the Gods on high Olympus' brow Caught thy rich oder wafted from below Loathing as bitter their celestial bread, Thev all in haste to Germany had 'fled. What gave the fierce Barbarian strength to wield His ponderous weapon on the battlefield, field, When from the North his brawny right arm hurled A bolt of vengeance o'er the Roman world ? Thy hidden power, O matchless Cabbage, thine. Dweller upon the Danube and the Rhine. Ye vain philosophers of titled worth. Go to this lowly denizen of earth. And read a lesson from his furrowed leaves ; Their words are truth; that volume ne'er deceives. Castles and monuments have passed away. Pillars and temples crumbled to decay, Leaving no trace behind them to proclaim claim To after ages their possessors' fame, While on his brow imfaded yet appears The krinkled wisdom of six thousand years. I love thine honest countenance, old friend ; My earliest memories with thy history blend, And Hallow Eve, free to the wile and plot Of boyish cunning, cannot be forgot; The ringing shout, the merry laugh and cheer. Still and will ever linger in mine ear. May never he who slanders thy good name Have his recorded on the scroll of fame! May he ne'er taste thee whose proud looks despise. But Time increase thine honor as he flies! Thos. C. Porter, '40. "*Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises. Epicuri de grege procum." -- Hor. Ep, 1-4; Ifl. There are a few letters belonging to Alargaret .Junkin's life at Easton, written to her brother George just after he ten to her brother George just after he had left home to begin life for himself. But they are too entirely the letters an absent member of a familj' likes to receive, to be of interest to posterity. They are taken up with detailed accounts of events which have lost their counts of events which have lost their interest: this one's health; that one's love affair; the other's illness and death; a great fire and her father's skill and masterfulness in coping with it; sharp differences with college trustees; church meetings aTid interests; one friend's loss of mind; another's loss of fortune; the vicissitudes of her brother's experiments in teaching, and in practicing medicine ; the progress of the younger children in their studies. But through them all, three chief interests shine: religion, family affection, terests shine: religion, family affection, and a repressed enthusiasm for what Margaret must by this time have felt to be her special vocation, writing. Along with expressions of religious devotion and loving interest in each mem- votion and loving interest in each member of her family, these letters all con- ber of her family, these letters all contain hints of poems and stories offered tain hints of poems and stories offered in various dii'ections; sometimes accepted, sometimes refused, but alwaj's re- ted, sometimes refused, but alwaj's regarded by the writer herself with that garded by the writer herself with that mixture of confidence in her own powers, and shy distrust of the worth of her work to any outside public, which characterized her as long as she lived. acterized her as long as she lived. It is time now to speak of the two years' absence of the Junkins from Easton and their return to it. Indeed this ton and their return to it. Indeed this episode antedates any letter that exists of Margaret Junkin's, except the one in rhyme already quoted; an uninteresting child letter; and one other from ing child letter; and one other from which we shall presently quote, written during that absence. ten during that absence. In 1841, after giving eight years of toil and sacrifice to Lafayette College, pouring out upon its interests the deepest affection of his heart, Dr. Junkin est affection of his heart, Dr. Junkin came to a time of great discouragement. It grew out of a case of djsci- ment. It grew out of a case of djscijiline, in which the president upheld his jiline, in which the president upheld his faculty, while the trustees of the college, men entirely dcA'oid of experience lege, men entirely dcA'oid of experience in such matters, took the part of the refractor}- student. fractor}- student. It was like tearing out his heart to abandon his "lovely Lafayette," as President Junkin fondly called the college of ident Junkin fondly called the college of his own making; but he had no gift for comprninise, and while his most imscrupulous enemy could not suspect him scrupulous enemy could not suspect him of any self-seeking or dishonesty of purpose, he did not always inspire his best pose, he did not always inspire his best friends with confidence in his judgment. Many of his opinions were ahead of his time, and have since been justified; but with all his great qualities, he lacked that serene equipoise of temper and speech, necessary to a successful leader of men. At this crisis in the affairs of Lafayette College, Dr. Junkin was elected to yette College, Dr. Junkin was elected to the presidency of Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, and with keen regret decided to resign to other hands the Eas- cided to resign to other hands the Easton enterprise, so dear to his heart and ton enterprise, so dear to his heart and so successful vuider his management. It must have been grateful to this sore heart to receive, on leaving Easton, an impromptu tribute of love from almost the entire population; a great crowd of citizens, young and old, lining the riverbank in a povu-ing rain, as the Junkins bank in a povu-ing rain, as the Junkins set out by boat to Philadelphia. Margaret Junkin continued her contributions to the Easton papers after her tributions to the Easton papers after her removal to Ohio and afterwards to Virginia. ginia. Of those years in Ohio Mrs. Preston was rarely heard to speak, so far as we, who knew her later, can remember. The family made friends there, as they did wherever they set up their household goods; but Dr. Junkin had taken the helm of this State College in a time of great agitation, and from first to last he was buffeted by storm and stress. Another man, even as honest a man as other man, even as honest a man as George Junkin, might have soothed the agitation and disarmed hostility; but the new president of Miami had no such gifts. Kis Calvinism, his anti-abolition views, and his prompt punishment of unworthy conduct among students accustomed to lax discipline, kept several customed to lax discipline, kept several bands of enemies on the warpath, and the years he devoted to Miami were tempestuous times for himself and his family. Only one letter remains, bearing the Oxford, Ohio, postmark. It is to Margaret's favorite cousin. Miss Helen garet's favorite cousin. Miss Helen Dickey, of Oxford, renn. As one unfolds the large sheet, as large as a din- folds the large sheet, as large as a dinner napkin, and finds four closely writ- ner napkin, and finds four closely written pages, crossed in several places by ten pages, crossed in several places by the delicate, beautiful handwriting already characteristic of our poet, one ex- ready characteristic of our poet, one expects a full chapter of life experiences at pects a full chapter of life experiences at that time. It is, on the contrary, a girlish effusion, full of sentimentality, which, however natural at her age, the writer of tlie letter never intended for the public. The tone of this letter is distinctly buoyant, in spite of the various trials chronicled in it. Financial difficulties, disappointment in her brother's plans, her mother's frail health, the uncongenial climate, and especially the perse- genial climate, and especially the persecution her father was undergoing -- all cution her father was undergoing -- all these things are told in words which show Margaret's keen sympathy and share in them all. But the "vernal Hush" of which she wrote almost enviously later in life, -- viously later in life, -"With all its clear auroral glory "With all its clear auroral glory Enrobed her like a fairy queen. Within a realm of fairy story," -and the very breath of morning exhales and the very breath of morning exhales from these yellow, faded, old pages. The story of her father's trials, which were in a few months to end by a return to Easton, is told in this letter, but need not be given here. Margaret writes to her girl cousin in girl fashion: "As to coming East this summer (though I wish it -- oh, how much!), I might as well talk of a voyage to Cochin China. I give it up with a sigh. Ellie -- dear Ellie -- 'longs to go somewhere,' but since she cannot, is going to be contented at home. When she gets letters from her young friends, and they tell of parties, fine dresses, company, and 'loads of beaux,' she cannot help but wish herself where she not help but wish herself where she might share such things. But, good humor prevails, and she soon grows con- mor prevails, and she soon grows contented again." tented again." On another page of this letter, the young writer says, "We have much cause for gratitude. What I have said inay seem like complaint, but dearest it is not. When there is so much sorrow in the world. I would not dare to murmur if we too are called to bear a small share of the burden; for small are all our troubles, compared with many that we constantly hear of." The trials of the family at Miami University were almost over when this was written. In October, 1844, Dr. Junkin was recalled to Easton and to the kin was recalled to Easton and to the presidency of his beloved college by a unanimous vote of Lafayette's trustees and the flattering urgency of Easton's citizens. His salary was now assured to him, and the financial responsibility of the college assumed by the proper authorities. thorities. For four successful years Dr. Junkin continued at the head of this college, which was all the while growing in numbers and reputation. "'Oiu- college," ]\Iar- bers and reputation. "'Oiu- college," ]\Iargaret writes to Mr. McCay in 184.'i, "is garet writes to Mr. McCay in 184.'i, "is in very successful operation at present. The number of students on the ground is over one himdred; the community .take an interest in it which they never so thoroughly took before, and there is reason to think that hereafter there will be smooth sailing." But in a few years the skies were again dark with clouds of hostility. Tliis time the trouble liegan witli animosity in the First Presbyterian Church, mosity in the First Presbyterian Church, of Easton, because of Dr. Junkin's connection with a plan for organizing a nection with a plan for organizing a second and in his opinion a much-needed church. It did not seem to lie in this velicineiit soul to li\e peaceably with those licineiit soul to li\e peaceably with those who opposed what he thoiiirlit right. Several of his trustees were officers and eral of his trustees were officers and members of the old church, and their ill will soon involved the college in a contention with its president. tention with its president. One would hardly expect a man in the prime of such vigor and firmness as Dr. Junkin possessed to give up successful work on account of discouragements like these; but another trial was overshadowing him, one from God's hand, not owing him, one from God's hand, not man's, and it seemed to point to a removal from Easton. This was the failing moval from Easton. This was the failing health of Joseph Junkin, the second son, who had developed signs of pulmonary trouble, and whose condition demanded a milder climate. The call to Washington College, Virginia, came at this time of perplexity as ginia, came at this time of perplexity as to public duties and anxiety in the hitherto happy home circle; and in spite of erto happy home circle; and in spite of a tremendous demonstration of good will on the part of the students and citizens of Easton, Dr. Junkin accepted the zens of Easton, Dr. Junkin accepted the presidency of Washington College [now Washington and Lee University], and with his farailv removed to Lexington, Va., in the fall" of 1848. This second farewell to Easton sharply divides Margaret Junkin's life, and fixes her earthly destiny. Henceforth her lot is cast with the Southern people, who eagerly claim her as their poet, and boast of her work as the product of Southern talent. But Mrs. Preston herself never ern talent. But Mrs. Preston herself never foreswore allegiance to her native State, even in the dark days of war, when prejudice was most bitter. While her sym- udice was most bitter. While her symI)athy was with the cause of her adopted I)athy was with the cause of her adopted people, and her prayer was for their success, she believed in the honesty and cess, she believed in the honesty and patriotism of the North, and bravely risked the friendship of those she loved, and upon whose good will her happiness depended, rather than acquiesce in the uni"ersal denunciation of "the enemy," which prevailed both North and South. Since the next chapter opens a new era in Margaret Junkin'.s life, we may now ])ause, and looking back over the sixteen years at Easton, credit them with the formation of her religious character and the development and exl)ansion and quickening of her intellec- l)ansion and quickening of her intellectual life. tual life. The influence of her family life, elevaling and yet demanding self-denial valing and yet demanding self-denial and e\en drudgery, has already been shown. The association with cultivated and refined people is taken for gi'anted in a college president's family; but there was one element in her Easton training which her brother George points out as having perhaps a good deal to do wifh forming her poetic and artistic tastes. This was the beautiful and highly romanlic scenery of Easton. by which she manlic scenery of Easton. by which she was surrounded from chililhood. One who has looked upon the wooded hills, the fertile fields, the shining waters of this locality ,can readily picture the young dreamer and artist and poet, framed in the rosy dawns and glowing sunsets, the white wintry beauty, and smiling summer fairness of such a landscape. mer fairness of such a landscape. A single poem of those days, when Margaret was about sixteen, may be given as a fair sample of the sweet \ersifying accomplished during her immature years. There are several vol- mature years. There are several volumes of such verses extant, which she umes of such verses extant, which she only preserved is mementos of her youth, not counting them of any value nor giving them any place in her published volumes; but their inferiority to lished volumes; but their inferiority to her later work onlj' serves to mark the steady advance of her powers. Even in these early poems, however, one finds unusual hiusic of rhythm and delicacy of fancy, qualities for which she was afterwards held to be conspicuous. During Dr. Jiuikin's residence at Lexington Margaret became the wife of ington Margaret became the wife of Major J. T. L. Preston, Professor of Latin in the Virginia Military Institute, a widower with seven children, the oldest son twenty-two years of age and est son twenty-two years of age and the j'oungest five. Major Preston was a typical Virginian; was educated at Washington College, University of Virginia and at Yale, the best education his ginia and at Yale, the best education his country afforded in his day and his natural gifts were of no mean order. Her ural gifts were of no mean order. Her sister Eleanor had become the wife of Thomas J. Jackson, better known as the distinguished Confederate "Stonewall Jackson;" another sister Julia, married Professor Junius M. Fishburn, of Washington College. During the period of the ington College. During the period of the Civil War Major Preston served in the Confederate Army and General "Stonewall Jackson's" career and unfortunate wall Jackson's" career and unfortunate loss to the Confederacy early in the war are matters of history. The war journal kept by Mrs. Preston during the try- nal kept by Mrs. Preston during the trying periods of '01 to '05 serves well to ing periods of '01 to '05 serves well to show the trials of the women during the period of the war especially those lesiding on Southern soil. Col. Preston died at his home in Lexington, Va., in lS!)0,and the two years following his death INIrs. Preston spent in the home of her step-daughter at Lexington, Va. She had suflered a slight shock of paralysis in the first two montlis of her great bereavement and she no^*er walked again reavement and she no^*er walked again except to take a few steps across the floor with crutch or cane and leaning on strong arm. In the last weeks of 1802 Mrs. Preston made the dreaded journey to Balti- ton made the dreaded journey to Baltimore with the help of tw'O sons and more with the help of tw'O sons and maid, and from that time until her death she was domesticated in the family of her oldest son. Dr. (leorge J. Pres- ily of her oldest son. Dr. (leorge J. Preston, of I'altimoro. Tier many letters ton, of I'altimoro. Tier many letters published ill the biography are of deep interest. Her poems have been published in several volumes. Her first lished in several volumes. Her first poems were unquestionably written whilst residing at Easton and were contributed to the local press. Some of tributed to the local press. Some of these, as follows, are reproduced as showing the trend of her mind when yet a young girl : Childhood. "The wiieels of lime work heavily, V'e marvel day by day, 'J'o see how from the chain of life, 'I'hc Liliditig wears awav." L. E. L. I cannot brook the bitter thought, #J'hat Sunny childliood's gone That all its careless joyousness. Is now fore\er llown -Tliat I niust look upon the world. Tliat I niust look upon the world. With less of thoughtless glee And find 'tis not the fairy land, That once it seemed to be! Oh! childhood! childhood! There's charm \Vithin the very word Tlsat wafts more music to my ear Than song of suuuner bird; -Far o'er the mirror memory holds Far o'er the mirror memory holds Before my spirit's eye, its visions Hit like butterflies Across a cloudless sky ! How gay and winged were my thoughts, When life was bright and new! Ah ! since my heart has had to learn The actual -- the true -Sweet fancy now is taught to yield Sweet fancy now is taught to yield To Reason's calmer sway. And fair, tho' childish things depart Like stars before the day! Would magic power were mine, to call \iy childhood back again! With all its fond imaginings. So cherished, yet so vain -With all the hopes that used to clothe, With all the hopes that used to clothe, The far and future years in sunliglit. which hath since been dimjn'd. Full many a time with tears! -A Child, r\(' waiuh'red gathering shells. I 'poll Time's wa\e-bound shore; Still deeming newest ones more rare, Than aught I had before. .\iul oft fve dropp'd the lirilliant things liecause before me far. i"ve seen a something in my path. That glittered like a star! And then to seize the seeming gem. With eager liaste I'^e flown. And found t'was but the sun that lent Its brlL'htiu^SN to a stone! Then wDuid 1 mourn that I had cast My gather's shells away -And search the beach for smoothest And search the beach for smoothest ones, Borne thither by the spray. Hope's sunlight thus doth ever gild The things that are before, And e\en touch with brilliancy, 'I'he pebbles on the shore -And happy he who tosses not And happy he who tosses not .\way into the main. His present joys for future ones, That may be quench'd in pain! Kaston. .Tune 24th, 1840.1 M. J. [Following is some of the poetry written by Margaret Junkin Pi-eston.] ten by Margaret Junkin Pi-eston.] THE FOREST GRAVE. "Poor Marianne ! they made her grave away in the forest and covered it with moss." "Twas not in t}ie place where the sculptur'd urn. tur'd urn. Is reared o'er the sleeper's head; "I" was not where the monument marble awakes Hemembr.ances of the dead. -- # "I'wa.s not where an ancient and hollj' pile Whs pointingr its top to the sky, And hallowing sweetly the spot where the dust Of the lov'd -- the departed lie. Ah! no -- in a wild-wood, deep and dark. Where the oak and the pine tree . wave, And close out the light with their shrouding arms, 'i'liey chose her a lowly grave. rnmarked is the place of her final rest, .Mone in that forest wide; Ttiey raised above it no graven stone. To tell how the maiden died. A mossy mantle of kindly green. O'er her sliaded couch is thrown; "Twas spread by those who had loved her well. . ul who wept that tlicii- sistei- was gone. Sad niusii' and low the winds will make. 'Mirl tlH> myriad leaves at play; .V requieni mournful, but very sweet, I<"',')i- the one who has passed away! We weep o'er her bodv in loneliness laid I'.ut tlie spirit \ye cherished is gone Where back she in pity may look on us here, . d sorrow that we are alone. Alone -- in our wandering's as pilgrims -- alone! Hut happy assurance is given. That she who has left us so lonely on earth, Sluill meet us and know us in heaven. I Kast:)n. .Tulv 2.'?rd. 1,S40.] M. J. ^54 WHERE DWELLETH THE SCENT OF THE ROSE ! Suggested by hearing a child ask "where the scent of the rose lived ?" I went to the g-arden to-night, mamma, To the spot where the rose-tree gro^vp, And I bent down a branch of your favorite bush. And gatlier'd a beautiful rose. It bore sucli a sweet perfume, mamma. I thought it must be its breath, And I liusii'd my own. while I listen'd to hear. But the rose was as still as death. Then I look'd at the pale pink color, mamma. And I thought it perchance dwelt tliere. But ofteii there glows on my sister's cheek. A tinge tliat is ju.=!t as fair. And all! troni iieartii fires lately gay How mournfully have passed away. Some cherished faces. But tearful eyes will look in vain For those sweet ones to come again. And fill their places. There, little children, sigh to miss. There Mother's voice -- her good night kiss -And they are weeping. And they are weeping. To think that earth is on her face. To think that in so cold a place -She now is sleeping. She now is sleeping. Earth's griefs! Thou God alone canst heal. These sorrows that thy children feel -To us be given -- To us be given -Hearts that can bow submissive still Hearts that can bow submissive still Without a murmur to the will. Of righteous Heaven. M. J. [Oxford. Ohio, Dec. 20, 1841.] I Iiad heard them tell of the fairies. m:imma. That danced when the moon was bright. And who sometimes slept in the heart of the rose To escape from the dews of the night. Then I tore the flower apart, mamma, And scattered its leaves around. But no little fairy with scented wings. Was anywhere there to be found. And now I have gathered another, mamma, A.s fragrant as any that grows. And I bring it to you that you may tell. Where dwelleth the scent of the rose? M. J. [September 7th. 1840.] LINES. ^^'ritten on Reading Letters Bringing Us Sad News From Easton. Again -- again the written scroll. Bears tidings that another soul. H-1S hence departed. That children have been orphans left. Or that a daughter is bereft *And broken-hearted. Earth! fCarth! tiiou art the home of grief. Our lines of life though few and brief, .^re full of sadness -One hour a smile is on the face. One hour a smile is on the face. The next -- and tears blot every trace. Of former gladness. We la.v our bodies down to rest. In .ioyfullness because our breast. Is free from sorrow. Forgetful that a cloud may come. And hover darkly o'er our home. Before the morrow. "^weet home! so fondly once my own, How many a lieart tonight is lone Within thy dwellings. How many a hand is pressing now. An aching head or burning brow. To calm their swellings. OBITUARY. Died in this place, after a short illness, on Tuesday evening, the 20th in- ness, on Tuesday evening, the 20th instant, (August 1845), Mrs. Elizabeth,, stant, (August 1845), Mrs. Elizabeth,, wife of Dr. F. L. Crane, and daughter of the late James M. Howell, Esq. Love's Tribute to the Departed Occasion ed b>- the Death of Mrs. Crane. "I know that she is happy Witli her angel-plumage on; But my heart is very desolate. To think that she is gone." -- Park Benjamin. Gone -- gone! there's mockery in the thought! She has not passed away, -- * Her spirit would be loath to leave It.s lovely house of clay; Those eyes that o'er the friends she loved. Such starry radiance shed. Beamed bright when last 1 saw them, -- yet yet They tell me she is dead! Those chisl'd lips where beauty dwelt In her divinest mould How can I bear to hear them say That they are stiff and cold? How kind tlie words they always breathed! Ah! Death could hardly dare. Stern and relentless tho' he be. To lay his finger there! And yet that heart whose every pulse Was one of bounding joy. To whom life's loveliness and light Were bliss without alloy. Is stilled- -- Perhaps her Father bore Tlie angel message sweet And in the excess of ecstacy. Her heart forgot to beat.* And now, while we are bathed in tears. And feel oppressed with gloom; .A.nd shrink to know that we must lay Her body in the tomb. -She kneels at the Deliverer's feet. She kneels at the Deliverer's feet. Where she can do no more. In her full sense of blessedness. Than wonder and adore. We always gazed with looks of love Upon her sun-bright brow; But never in her fairest days. Seemed she so dear as now; For oft a fear would rise, that Earth Might prove to her a thrall, And claim too much her heart -- but God Now surely claims it all! She could not else, without pang. Have left that heart so lone. Whose life it was to minister To her, his idol one; -She could not have so calmly turned She could not have so calmly turned From those sweet children's eyes. Had she not hoped to meet them all Again in Paradise! She could not else have burst the tie Of most endearing power. That bound a Mother's soul to her, "The favorite and the flower;" She could not leave that widow'd one. Heart-worn and corely riven. Had not she felt her Father's voice Would hail his child in Heaven. It deemed it a dwelling-place lovelier far. Than the cloud with its fringes of light; And couched upon velvet, looked out on a star. With a new and exulting delight. 'Twas the joy of a moment! -- A beautiful girl. tiful girl. While straying thro' garden and bower. Paused lightly to show her companion the pearl That lay on the heart of the flower. " 'Tis a chalice containing an exquisite draught, Wliich, dearest, you only shall sip" -He said, as he gathered the rose-bud -- He said, as he gathered the rose-bud -she quaffed, she quaffed, And the pearl was dissolved on her lip! M. J. [Easton. Pa.. August 27. 184.^..] Yet with a shuddering sense of grief We bow the sorrowing head. To think a form so beautiful. Must moulder with the dead. The fresh blue skies with seamless fair. The earth, a desert track; She is not here to brighten them, -For who can call her back! For who can call her back! Peace-murmuring thought! Enough is given. To know that she is blest. To feel assured that sinful blight Shall never mar her rest Take we this lesson to our hearts -That neither love can save. That neither love can save. Nor youth can buy, nor beavity win Exemption from the grave! M. J. [Easton. May 22. 1845.] *Did not the spirit of her sainted Parent hover over her in life's last hour, waiting to be "her convoy up to Heaven?" -- and have we not reason to believe that when her faltering lips murmured in dying. "Father -- Father," "She heard a voice we could not hear. She saw a form we did not see!" THE FATE OF A RAIN-DROP. Its home was the breast of a, beautiful cloud. That brilliantly curtained the sky. And caught from the sun the full radiance that glowed. diance that glowed. Within his magnificent eye. The rain-drop lay watching the loveliness spread. ness spread. Beneath like a magical scene. Till it pined to repose on a canopied bed Of gorgeous and beautiful green. A zephyr careered thro' the mid-summer air. mer air. And just at the eventide close, I..aid gently the delicate freight that it bare. In the innermost cell of a rose. The crimson-wrought chamber, with tapestry hun.g. Completed the wanderer's bliss; For round it, when fairies their censers had swung. Had floated no fragrance like this. THOUGHTS. Suggested by Powers' Proserpine, a beautiful work of art in the pos.session of H. D. Maxwell, Esq., of Easton, Pennsylvania. sylvania. BY M. J. Hail, western world! our own fair Attica! Already is thy brow with honors crowned. And yet they thicken round thee. Thou hast sons Who have thy glory at their inmost heart. And who in every path of light are found. Competing with the foremost; -- not to win Distinctions high, wherewith to clothe themselves; But for a nobler purpose; to compel From half-reluctant lips the hard earned praise. And only feel it precious when 'tis laid. With true devotion, at their country's feet. A wanderer from the far Atlantic shore Becomes a dweller b.y the classic side Of Arno -- threads the pictur'd galleries. ies. And sculper'd halls and storied palaces Of queenly Florence -- muses, studies long; Converses closely with the mighty Past: Marks Nature's loveliest developments; l^earns how her muscles play, and pulses beat; Discourses thus withal that is sublime. And lofty, and enobling. till his mind. Filled to overflowing, can receive no more. He seeks expression for his thronging tlioughts. And writes them oxit in marble. Day by day. Jieneatli his plastic touch, the stone receives ceives Intense life -- the spirit breathes within; His dreams have found their richest utterances; .\iul I roserpine -- impersonation bright Of art and beauty -- dwells on earth again. By stary night and in the broad, cltar day, 'Mid crowded streets, and thro' his lonely hours. She still has followed, sweet and shadow-like, A breatliing' presence near him. Were it st ran, are -- # Since he has watched those lineaments so long -If to his eye the human countenance If to his eye the human countenance Should lose its remnant o' divinity? That half-averted face -- how passing fair! The smile that lingers round the curving mouth. ing mouth. With mournful meaning filled; the pensive bro^v. sive bro^v. So beautifully calm and passionless; The rounded cheek that seems as it would yield Beneath a finger's weight; the wavy hair About the imperial head; and more than all. The chasten'd. woman's look of tenderness. ness. Tliat pleads in every line, and longs to break The trembling silence of those breathing lips; ing lips; What marvel if this varied loveliness Should captive lead the sculptor's heart for years! Ascend. successful master! farther still. The pnth that lies before thee; take the torch (Then Ceres' brighter) which by thy genius lights At its own Etna fire, to guide thee on, . d go. a spirit-traveller, o'er the world. In tireless search of faultless excellence! lence! Outstrip tlie Grecian in his wondrous fame -Sliake in the grasp of Angelo the Sliake in the grasp of Angelo the palm -- # Receive the chisel from Canova's hand. . d catch Thorwalsden's mantle as it falls: Then to complete thy triumph, turn from all The grand magnificence of earthly art -ConfessinsT that its most transcendant ConfessinsT that its most transcendant skill Is less than nothing, laid beside His Power. Who fasliioned with a word a perfect man. And breathed into the clay a living soul! [Lexington. Va.. March 21. 1849.] THE OLD DOMINION. By Margaret Junkin. Ho! gallant old Dominion! I hail thee as the state. Of a eleven our thirty commonwealths. most proudly consecrates My pulse beats quicker as I feel by feet upon the sod. Which liurtured men of giant mind. which true born heroes trod; Where 'mid primeal forests rich in hues of varied green. The noble Raleigh planted first, the standard of his queen! When over all 'the old thirteen.' extended Britain's sway. tended Britain's sway. Thou ever weret the loyalest. the readest to obey; est to obey; The high. romantic chivali'y that marked thy gentle blood. Made thy forbearance virtue seem, and kept allegiance good; But when thy nature once was routed, tliy most heroic soul. Spurned in its consciousness of might, oppression's stern control. With generous heart thou didst obey thy country's rallying call, And pledge thyself for her dear sake, to sacrifice thine all. Tho' others laid with zeal as true, their offerings on the shrine. No gift was found so consecrate -- so ricli -- so pure, as thine -With Spartan matron's hope and price, With Spartan matron's hope and price, thou brought'st thy noblest son. And gavest to freedom's righteous cause, thy glorious Washington! Virginia! brave Virginia! a happy mother thou! Whose children's fame will ever shed, a splendor round thy brow; -- # The thrilling words of eloquence, that Henry's fervor fiung. -The simple majesty of thought that The simple majesty of thought that flowed from Marshall's tongue -The force and skill political which Jef- The force and skill political which Jefferson could show. ferson could show. The statesmanship of Madison -- the wisdom of Monroe; The biting sting of Randolph's wit, the matchless grace of Wirt, -N Alexander's zeal that leaves, no en- N Alexander's zeal that leaves, no energy inert. -- # ergy inert. -- # The saint-like piety of Rice-M'Dowell's wealth of thought, -- * The pure and classic mind of Rives, with lore so varied fraught; -Oh! where from Maine to Florida, from Oh! where from Maine to Florida, from east to western bound. Can such a shining Galaxy, of brilliant names be found! And Nature too lias dowered thee, the favorite of the band, And scattered beauties everywhere, with most unsparing hand. The azure mountain tops are seen, wliere'er I turn my eye. And stretched between in loveliness, the shadowy vallies lie; In Alpine grandeur Otter's Peaks uprear their lofty forms. rear their lofty forms. And stand serenely looking down on summer's passing storms. Afar among thy sloping hills, clear springs are bubbling bright, Egeria's fountain leap'd not up as freshly to the sight. Here health, the rosy-lipped and free with blue and laughing eye, Is often wooed and won besJ-.fe, the rills that murmur by; She hath a loving for the woods and for the rambling wild. That give to her the buoyancy of a delightful child. And wonders too are here -- an arch So rich in bye-gone memories -- grandly. Unsworn by wearing centuries, -- commensurate with time, -- mensurate with time, -A structure most signiflcent, -- a vast A structure most signiflcent, -- a vast stupendous span. That years itself as if to mock the aims of puny men; One only such in all the world -- and that upon thy sod. Thou favor'd land -- one only bridge, whose architect was God! It is not strangf that those who hrsl draw breath within a state proportionate sublime, nobly great, -Should sometimes boast, and manifest Should sometimes boast, and manifest an overwhelming pride. As if their birth-right lifted them o'er e\ ery stute beside; A pardonable weakness -- yet, we judgp of men alone, Not by their fathers' noble deeds and words, but by their own. But now from all these glowing scenes, my thoughts return again. With filial reverence to thee, dear sylvan land of Penn! van land of Penn! Thou too cans't boast a thousand charms that make thy vallies bright O'er which affection sweetly pours a flood of golden light. Thy shaded homes lie lovingly by many a sparkling stream, Thy rivers. mountains. fields and groves, how beautiful they seem. Beside Virginia's would I place thy .iustl.y honored name. And claim equally for thee upon the scroll of fame. But while with admiration deep. I humbly dedicate A heart of zealous loyalty to my adopted state -- ed state -Yet true to all my earliest love. I still Yet true to all my earliest love. I still will turn again. With fondlier feelings far to you. oh! sylvan shades of Penn! [Lexington, Virginia, Sept. 26, 1849.1 Had 1 sojLhtd lliy vveaiy hours With tile ministries of love. Listened to thy child-like longing For thy Father's house above -Had I heard thy word at parting. Had I heard thy word at parting. Had my cheek to thine been prest -Had I followed thy dear body Had I followed thy dear body To its place of final rest -Then a fuller consolation Then a fuller consolation Would lia'e mingled witli my tears. And tliese mem'ries. sad and sacred. Been the treasure of my years. But afar from home and kindred. Thou wert doomed to fade away; One lone mourner only bending O'er thy pale, deserted clay; None besides, who loved thee, saw thee. Laid where Southern forests wave; None are privileged to linger Round thy solitary grave! Yet beneath this grief oppressive. Like a fount of joy so deep. While I drink its precious #waters. I am wondering why I weep. ()! it was a sweet translation. Thus to close thy weary eyes. And. without a sense of dying. Wake, an angel in tlie skies! Dare I then, in vain regrettings. Give one selfish murmur room. Even though T see tliee taken In thy manhood's loveliest bloom? No!-- a hymn of high thanksgiving. Rather let my spirit pour; Gratitude absorb my sorrow -Tliou art saved! -- I ask no more! Tliou art saved! -- I ask no more! [Oct. 10, 1849.] THE SOLACED GRIEF. By Margaret Junkin. I am yearning for thy presence As the star\ing yearn for bread; And I cannot still the craving. With the thought that -- thou art dead! Dead! my spirit's utmost effort Strives to grasp the trutli in vain. Only dimly compi'ehending Thou can'st ne'er return again. Spring, with countless beauties laden. Bird, and flower, and leafy boua-h. Genial air and pleasant sunshine All are here -- but where art thou? Can tlie softer skies that wooed thee. Not our wanderer restore? Must we never watch and wait thee -Never gi'eet thy coming more? Never gi'eet thy coming more? Ah! I only mock my sorrow -Only tantalize my grief. Only tantalize my grief. Vainly thinking thus to offer To m.v pining heart relief; Let the orooze unheeded pass me I>et the sun unprized shine on; What to me is now the fresh nes.^i -- # What the brierhtness -- thou art gone' I can e\-en hear to miss tliee 'Mid the garnisliness of da.v. Wlien, like mists of morning, feelings Sad and tender melt away. But wlien twilight summons round me Sweet, old memories again. Oh! with wliat intenser anguish Does my spirit mourn then! Had I only watched beside thee -- * Cooled tliy lip. and fanned thy brow -- Seen with wliat seri'ue submission. Seen with wliat seri'ue submission. Thou were gcntl\- taught tf) V)ow: GALILEO BEFORE THE INQUISITION Wliy wrapped he not a martyi-'s robe. Around his lofty form? Why bore he not with dauntless brow The bursting of the storm? Why cringed the mind that proudly scared Where otliers gazed dismayed, V'ith servile will before the power Whose .grasp was on liim laid? Tliey tell us it was fear that bowed His miglit.v spirit, wlien He stooped l:)eneath tlie rusty links Of superstition's chain -- The dungeon cell was dark. -- and light Was pleasant to his eye. And. hob' tho" tlie trutli. for it He did not dare to die. I<"ear! what had he to do with fear, Who ventured out abroad. I'n-piloted. thro' pathless space. I5y angels only trod; Who wondon-d with unfailing light. Creation's vastness o'er. And brought to liglit an infinite. So unconceived before. W'lu'ii gazing on tlnose worlds which first He was allowed to scan. ^ How pun.v would appear the aims . d littleness of man! .A.ii(l proud his inward e >nseiousness That lie had dared to be .V sharer in the mysteries Of God's Immensity. When back to earth he turned again. -Such lirilliant vissions past Such lirilliant vissions past How most contemptible would seem The tranmii'Is i-ound him cast! *58 And \-t-l his lofty character Submitted to the stain; And lulling: i.ernorance entwined Her weak, Delilah chain. Strang-e that the ray which beamed for him With such intense delight. Should for a sing-le moment lose Its glory in his sight; -- * Strange that the ye whose strength could pierce From world to world afar. Should suffer fear to cloud the blaze Of Truth's diviner star; [December 19. 1849.] THE POLISH BOY. By Margaret Junkin. Suggested by an incident related in Stephen's Travels in Greece, Turkey, Po- phen's Travels in Greece, Turkey, Poland, &c. land, &c. "And wouldst thou leave thy mother. boy. forsaken and alone, \Vith none to shed a solace o'er her grief if thou wert gone? Thy gallant brother leaves my side, to face the haughty foe. But thou my youngest, dearest one -- I cannot let thee go!" "Not to revenge my country's wrongs -m.v noble father's blood! m.v noble father's blood! Not go to shield the holv cause of liberty it God! erty it God! Whei'e is the patriotic flre, that warmed and nerved thy heart. ^^#hen with a flashing eye thou bad'st husband and friends depart? "l had not read my mother thus -- I thought her lofty brow Had scorned to bend its nobleness to siich as ask it now -I thought that all her woman's soul I thought that all her woman's soul witli Spartan pride would swell. In yielding to her fatherland those whom she loves so well! "And can thy bleeding country's life Of less beloved by thee Than mine, which is a vvrorthless thing if Poland is not free? No! thou wouldst rather lay thee down upon my father's sod. Than live to see thy native soil by tvrant conquerers trod." "B >y. tliou hast scanned my heart aright -- my life's best gift I gave. Becaust I would not. could not see a l^olander a slave; And now w^hen comes the call again, to arm against the foe, I yield thy brother up -- but thee -- I cannot let thee go!" not let thee go!" The boy beside liis brother stood, with fire in every vein. And saw him plume his brow and give his pernacing steed the rein; And whfn the swords and serried spears flashed in the morning air. His spirit burned with eagerness to be tlie foremost there. With martial pomp and pride they passed, to meet the dread array. Whose might.v phalanxes before their ranks would melt a'way; And when the deaf'ning boom arose amid the trumpet's swell, Tlie listening mother seemed to hear Iier darling's dying knell. Tis o'er -- the "Forest of the Dead" is strewn with heaps of slain, And Warsaw's saddened street resound the charger's tramp again, The broken bands come wearied back with plumes and pennons torn; Oh! mournful sights their eyes have seen since shone the sun at morn". The mother's eagle eye hath found her young and noble boy She clasps him, and her agony dissolves itself in joy; She clasps him -- joy which, meteor-like, gleamed o'er her spirit's sky, I, eaves hut a darker grief -- he falls into her arms -- to die!' Proudly he fell! His spring-like heart did its first fragrance bring. And laid on Freedom's sacred shrine the holy offering; And victory's shout was on his lip, and triumph on his tongue. As his exulting spirit passed, in patriotic song! otic song! Now Poland's homes are desolate -- her ancient glories fled -And Freedom's altar broken lies be- And Freedom's altar broken lies beneath the despot's tread; neath the despot's tread; But the harsh Russ will strive to iiuench that altar's spark in vain, And from the smouldering ashes yet. 'twill brightly gleam again! [January 30. 18.50.] JANE LEWERS GRAY. Jane Lewers Gray was the daughter of William Lewers, of Castle Blaney, Ireland, where she was born August 2, 1796. land, where she was born August 2, 1796. Her brother, Rev. James Lewers, was for many years pastor of the Musconetcong Valley Church, near New Hamp- cong Valley Church, near New Hampton, N. J. "(circa 1839-1855) and after- ton, N. J. "(circa 1839-1855) and afterwards until his death about 1867, at wards until his death about 1867, at Catasauqua, Pa. She was educated at the celebrated Moravian Seminary of Grace Hill near Belfast and at an early age was married to the Rev. John Gray, D. D., of County Monaghan, Ireland. In 1820 she embarked with her husband for America and after a stormy passage for more than six months during which she suffered many great perils, landed on the Island of Bermuda from which she subsequently sailed for the British Province of New Brunswick. After a resi- vince of New Brunswick. After a residence there of eighteen months they re- dence there of eighteen months they removed to the city of New York. In Sep- moved to the city of New York. In September, 1822, her husband was called tember, 1822, her husband was called to the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Easton, Pa., which import- ian Church of Easton, Pa., which important position he continued to occupy for ant position he continued to occupy for forty-five years, his death occurring on the 12th day of January, 1868. Four years later, on the 18th of November, 1871, Mrs. Gray at the ripe old age of seventy-five years calmly fell asleep in Jesus. They are both buried in the old First Chinch churchyard. A cherished volume in my library is entitled "American Female Poets," published in 1848; in it are contained bio- lished in 1848; in it are contained biographical sketches and selected poems of graphical sketches and selected poems of Mrs. Gray.. Margaret Juiikin and Mis. Elizabeth Swift -- three of Easton's poets. Mrs. Gray is known as a truthful and pleasing writer and has gained an honorable distinction among the female poets rable distinction among the female poets of this country. One of her effusions has been pul)lished in an Engli.sh periodical as exliibiting a favorable specimen of American Poetry; and others, without her knowledge, have been translated and published in other countries. Her poetry is not studied -- not labored -- it is the poetry of feeling. It is bored -- it is the poetry of feeling. It is a faithful exhibition of her own character. She has a delicate conception of the ter. She has a delicate conception of the beautiful -- a vivid imagination -- great veneration -- much sympathy and affection -- and a warmth of expression char- tion -- and a warmth of expression characteristic of her own tongue. acteristic of her own tongue. Most of her poetry is of a religious character the result of her great veneration. Her sympathy and affection lead tion. Her sympathy and affection lead iier to write -- furnish the subject and location of her poems -- and to some degree control her imagination. Religion gree control her imagination. Religion -- Native Country -- Warm Friends, Beauty, &c., are most prominent thoughts. Her language is pure and Avell chosen, but in all her pieces there is a language of feeling peculiar to herself. The lines written in the album of Miss Fanny B., beneath a crayon sketch of her deceased mother, which are herein reproduced, were not intended for the public. In them, there is much imagination, religion, veneration and affection, tion, religion, veneration and affection, the the most pi'ominent feelings. Love, sympathy, beauty, fill up the piece. There is natural poetry, and it exhibits the principal characteristics of the composition of this beautiful poetess. position of this beautiful poetess. Mrs. Gray's effusions are all of a serious cast. Her "Sabbath Reminiscences" ous cast. Her "Sabbath Reminiscences" is a vivid and tr\ithfui picture of persons and places embalmed in her effec- sons and places embalmed in her effectionate memory. It has been published tionate memory. It has been published in an English periodical, as presenting a favourable specimen of American poetry. In speaking of these a writer says: ry. In speaking of these a writer says: "We will not trust ourselves to speak the fervent praises its heart-melting simplicity awakes; but to us it is far more useful than the most learned and eloquent sermon could be upon the fourth comniandinent. "IMorn" was published without the writer's knowledge in lished without the writer's knowledge in England, where it was so highly appreciated as to be translated into other lan- ciated as to be translated into other languages. James Montgomery, of Shef- guages. James Montgomery, of Sheffield, says, in a letter to Dr. Gray, "The field, says, in a letter to Dr. Gray, "The critics who have mistaken the beautiful stanzas, 'Morn,' for mine, have done me honor; but I willingly forego the claim, and am happy to recognize a sister-poet in the writer." As a writer of strictly religious poetry, Mrs. Gray is. in our estimation, almost unrivalled. HYMN. To be sung at the anniversary meeting of the Brainard Evangelical Society ing of the Brainard Evangelical Society of Lafaj'ette College on the evening of the 1st inst. Come thou. God of Israel come. Bow thy Heav'ns and meet us here; Make tliis place a chosen home. Where thy glory shall appear May thy choicest dews distil On this mount, to science giv'n; May its brow, like Zion's hill. Catch the brig-htest beams of Heav'n! Not on Zion's height alone. Ndw thy worshiper may dwell; -- From all lands beneath the sun From all lands beneath the sun Pray'r may rise and praises swell. In this Hall, whose doors we now For thy worship tirst unfold Oft the suppliant throng shall bow -Oft thy praises shall be told! Oft thy praises shall be told! Science here shall learn to warm With demotion's holier flame; . d Religion's lovely form Meekly wear the wreath of fame. Hence may Zion's soldiers go Conq'ring thro' their Saviour's bl -)od -Hence may fresh'ning rivers flow Hence may fresh'ning rivers flow To glad the city of our God. Come then. God of Israel, come. Bow thy Heav'ns and meet us here; Make this plnce thy chosen home. Oft in pardoning love draw near -Come! and from this happy liour. Come! and from this happy liour. Here thy beauty still unfold -Come, display thy glorious power. Come, display thy glorious power. Still as years on vears are roll'd. [Easton, Pa.. April 1. 1834.1 SABBATH REMINISCENCES. I remember. I remember, when Sabbath morning rose. We chang'd for garments neat and clean, our soiled and week-day clothes: And yet no gaude nor finery, nor broach nor Jewel rare. But hands and faces polished bright, and smoothly parted hair, 'Twas not the decking of the head, my father used to say. But careful clothing of the heart, that graced that holy day -'Twas not the bonnet nor the dress; -- 'Twas not the bonnet nor the dress; -and I believed it true; -- and I believed it true; -But tliese were simple times, and I was But tliese were simple times, and I was simple too. I remember, I remember, the parlor where we met; Its v>apered wall, its polished floor, and maiiile black as jet; -'Twas there we raised our morning 'Twas there we raised our morning hymn, melodious, sweet and clear. . d .ioined in prayer witli tliat loved ' voice, which we no more may hear Our morning sacrifice thus made, then to llie lio\ise of God. How solemnly. & silently. & cheerfully we trod! I see e'en now its low thatched roof, its floor of trodden clay. .And our old Pastor's time-worn face. :md wig of silver grey. I reniemljer, I remember, how hushed and mute we were While he led our snirits up to God. in heartfelt, melting prayer; T#^ grace his action or his voice, no studied charm was lent. >6u Pure, fervent, glowing from the heart. so to the heart it went. Then came the sermon, long and quaint, but full of gospel truth; -Ah me! I was no judge of that, for I Ah me! I was no judge of that, for I was then a youth. But I have heard my father say, and well my father knew. In it was meat for full grown men, and milk for children too. I remember. I remember, as 'twere but yesterday The Psalms in Rouse's Version sung, a rude but lovely lay. Nor yet tliough fashion's hand has tried, to train my wayward ear. Can I find aught in modern verse, so holy or so dear! And well do I remember too, our old Precentor's face As he read out and sung the line, with patriarchal grace: Thjugh rudely rustic w^as the sound, Pm sure that God was praised When David's words, to David's tune,* five hundred voices raised! I remember, I remember, the morning sermon done. And how of intermission come, we wandered in the sun -How hoary farmers sat them down, How hoary farmers sat them down, upon the daisy sod. And talked of bounteous nature's stores, and nature's bounteous God;-And matrons talked, as matrons will, And matrons talked, as matrons will, of sickness and of health -Of birtlis and deaths, and marriages, of Of birtlis and deaths, and marriages, of poverty and wealth; -- * And youths and maidens stole apart, within the shady grove. And whispered 'neath its spreading boughs, perchance some tale of 1 Dve ! But these were very simple times, and I was very young -The world has grown much older, these The world has grown much older, these sun-bright Sabbath days -The world has grown much older since, The world has grown much older since, and she has changed her ways -Some say that she has wiser grown, ah Some say that she has wiser grown, ah me! it may be true As wisdom comes by length of years, but so does dotage too Oh! happy, happy years of youth, how beautiful, how fair To memory's retrospective eye, your trodden pathways are! -- * The thorns forgot, remembered still, the fragrance and the flowers; The loved companions of my youth, and sunny, Sabbath hours! -And onward, onward, onward still, suc- And onward, onward, onward still, successive Sabbaths come cessive Sabbaths come As guides to lead us on the road, to our eternal home. Or like the visioned ladder on,ce, to slumbering Jacob given. From heaven descending to the earth. lead back from earth to heaven! Easton, Pa. J. L. G. *St David's was -one of the few tunes used by the congregation to which I have allusion. [October 2, 1839.] MORN. , By Mrs. J. L. Graj', Easton, Pa. Morn is the time to w^ake -"^I'he eyelids to unclose -- "^I'he eyelids to unclose -Spring from the arms of sleep, and Spring from the arms of sleep, and break "I'he fetters of repose; Walk at the dewy dawn abroad. And hold sweet fellowship with God. I remember. I remember, how^ to the churchyard lone, , I've stolen away and sat me down, beside the rude grave stone. side the rude grave stone. Or read the names of those who slept. beneath the clay-cold clod. And tliought of spirits glittering bright, before the throne of God! Or where the little rivulet, danced sportively and briglit. Receiving on its limpid breast, the sun's meridian light I've wandered forth, and thought if hearts were pure like this sweet stream. How fair to heaven they might reflect, heaven's uncreated beam! r remember. I remember, the second sermon o'er. We turned our faces once again, to our paternal door; .*Vnd round the well-filled, ample board. sat no reluctant guest. For exercise gave appetite, and loved ones shared the feast! Then ere the sunset hour arrived, as we were wont to do. The Catechism's well-conned page, we sa'd it through and througli; -And childhood's faltering tongue was And childhood's faltering tongue was heard, to lisp the holy word. .d older voices read aloud, the mes- d older voices read aloud, the message of the Lord. sage of the Lord. Away back in those days of yore, perhaps the fault was mine. haps the fault was mine. I used to think tlie sabbatli-day, dear Lord was wholl.v thine. When it behoved to keep the heart and bridle fast the tongue Morn is the time to pray How lonely and how sweet To send our earliest thoughts away, Up to the mercy seat! Ambassadors for us to claim. A blessing in our Master's name. Morn is the time to sing, How charming 'tis to hear. The mingling notes of nature ring. In the delightful ear. And with that swelling anthem raise The soul's fresh matin song of praise. Morn is the time to sow The seeds of lieavenly truth While balmly breezes softly blow, r^pon the soul of youtli! And look to thee nor look in vain. Our God, for sunsliine and for rain. Morn is the time to love -As tendrils of the vine, As tendrils of the vine, The young affections fondly rove. And seek them where to twine Around thyself in thine embrace. Lord, let them find their resting place. Morn is the time to shine. Where skies are clear and blue -Reflect the rays of light divine, Reflect the rays of light divine, .*\s morning dewdrops do. Like early stars be early bright. And melt away like them in light. Morn is the time to weep -O'er mornin- hours misspent -- O'er mornin- hours misspent -Alas! how oft from peaceful sleep Alas! how oft from peaceful sleep On foiiv madly bent. We've left the straight and narrow road. .And wandered from our guardian God. Morn is the time tu think. VVliile tlioug-hts are fresh and free, Of life just balanced on the brink Of dark eternity, And ask our souls if they should meet. To stand before the judg-ment seat. Morn is the time to die. Just as the dawn of day. When stars are fading in the sky. To fade like them away. But lost in lig-ht more brilliant far. Than ever merged the morning' star. Morn is the time to rise The resurrection morn. Upspringing- to the g-lorious skies. On new found pinions borne To meet a Saviour's smile divine Be such ecstatic rising: mine? [May 15, 1841.] AN ODE. Written for tlie "Sons of Temperance' by Mrs. J. L. Gray. Air -- "'Greenland's Icy Mountains." Arise ye "Sons of Temperance," And lift your voices high; Hear, every hill and valley Our liberated cry. For we have burst our bondage. Now shall our anthem be. Peace, happiness and concord. The bonds that bind the free! We long had lain in ruin, I'nconscious of our cliain; Smiled at our own undoing; Our children wept in vain -Our homes were sad and desolate -- Our homes were sad and desolate -Our hearths were cold and drear; Our hearths were cold and drear; Peace fled before our comingr, Nor sought an entrance there. Until by Temperance lighted. We waked at length to see Our lot. how lorn and blighted. How deep its misery! By hand of friendship aided. We broke tlie galling chain Whose rent and riven fetters. Shall never bind again. Ye who disgraced, degraded, Tn want and ruin lie. O! be ye by us persuaded. The remedy to try:Come, east your lot among us; -- # Come, east your lot among us; -- # Come .ioin our ranks and see How soft, yet strong the bondage Of peace and amity' We know your strong temptation; We know your trials sore; We know you can be rescued. To fall and sink no more. Then fear ye not, nor faUer, Let hearts be firm and true; -Before the sacred altar. Before the sacred altar. We seek not yours, b\il you. Then praise to our Redeemer Let every heart accord; Not unto us be honour; Give glory to the Lord! He gave the will and power. And b.' his grace shall we Continue ever faithful! To God ano fjiberty! Go forth then "Sons of Temperance" Proclaim your creed abroad. To happiness make converts -Bring proselytes to God; Bring proselytes to God; 'Till round oxir land a plialanx Of faithful hearts shall be. Our motto. Love and Concord -Our w;itchword. unity ! Our w;itchword. unity ! FKaston. Marcli ^^. 184ri,] THE CRYSTAL SPRING. Lines written by request for the Crystal Spring Section, No. 54, Cadets of tal Spring Section, No. 54, Cadets of Temperance, for their New Year's Celebration, January 1st, 1849, by Mrs. J. L. bration, January 1st, 1849, by Mrs. J. L. (J ray. Come brothers of the Crystal Spring Now we a^am have met -In praise of Temperance let us sing. In praise of Temperance let us sing. And ne'er her laws forget. We'll take a bright and brimming cup. And make the welkin ring With three times three, we'll drink it up. The toast "our Crystal Spring". Our own pure "Crystal Spring" my boys. Our own pure Crystal Spring. It blights no hopes, it mars no joys So here's our Crystal Spring. Come Easton boys espouse our cause, Witli you we'll freely share -- # Our password, secrets, love and laws. .And all tliat's just and fair, -\Vc promise you no mad'ning bowl. \Vc promise you no mad'ning bowl. No burning brand.y sling; But good for body and for soul You'll find our Crystal Spring. You're welcome to our Spring my boys Our sparkling Crystal Spring. It blights no liopes. it mars no joys Come taste our Crystal Spring. The wine may move itself arigh.t. Like melted rubies fair; Yet will it like a serpent bite. Oh Easton boys beware; Tlie strongei- drink in after days. Will like an adder sting. But safety, health and happiness Are in our Crystal Spring -- * Then taste the Cr.ystal Spring my boy.s. Then taste the Crystal Spring -It Ijlights no hopes it mars no joys. It Ijlights no hopes it mars no joys. So taste our Cr.ystal Spring. 1'he worm that gives the liquid fire. O. may we not regard -Emblem of tliat undying worm. Emblem of tliat undying worm. Tile drunkard's sure reward -To death our parents lioary heads. To death our parents lioary heads. Its baneful sweets may bring. But many a mothers' blessing rests rpon our Crystal Spring -I'pon our Crystal Spring, m.v bo.vs , I'pon our Crystal Spring, m.v bo.vs , Upon our Crystal Spring. But many a mothers' blessing rests. Upon our Crystal Spring. 'Twas Satfin mixed tlie binning l>owl. -And gave tlie vain desire -'I'o quench the flame that scoi-cli the 'I'o quench the flame that scoi-cli the s.iul. P.y adding liquid wire; -What would the tottering dr\inkard What would the tottering dr\inkard gi\e Away his cups to fling -A temperate, happy life to live. A temperate, happy life to live. And love the Crystal Spring; And lo'e the Crystal Spring, my boys. .And love the Crystal Spring; .A temperate happy life to live. .And lo\(' the Crvstal Spring. ^^"hen God pronounced Ills creatures good. No mad'ning draught was there -But many a spring and rivulet. But many a spring and rivulet. Flow'd sparkling cool and fair -What God lias blessed, what God has What God lias blessed, what God has given That only would we bring; The liquid cnme direct from heaven. That fills our Crystal Spring ->62 >62 That ttUs our Crystal Spring, my boys. That nils our Crystal Spring -- * The liquid came direct from heaven, Tliat tills our Crystal Spring. [January 3, 1849.1 ",y iLLIAM THE NEGRO BOY. A True Tale. By Mrs. Jane L. Gray, Easton, Penna. It once befel, upon a day When chilling winds did blow, And winter had his mantle on Of white and dazzling snow; And every pDnd and rivulet Were briglit and smooth as glass,. Some boys went out. a sportive hour Lpon the ice to pass. Oh, many a mother's hope was there, Witli kerchief round his chin, And mittens warm upon his liands. And cap of sable skin. And there was many a gentle youth, Their parents' pride and joy; There, too, was William Patterson A humble negro-boy. Oh, but they were a jolly band. And pleasant 'twas to see How gracefully upon the ice They went, and merrily Now here, now there, now up, now down. While laugh, and joke, and shout. Were heard upon the sparkling lake. And echoed round about. Alas! for in the very height Of all their sport and glee, The treacherous stay beneath their feet Was broken suddenly; Down, down they sink -- seven precious souls. Beneath the ice bound wave; Oh. who of all that shared their sport Wilt risk his life to save? "Oh. Patterson, Will Patterson! In agony they cry! "Our comrades, come, oh, quickly, come, Save, save them, or they die!" He heard, he flew, small need had they To call upon him twice; Like lightning flash at summer's eve. He's down beneath the ice. And soon up to the slippery verge. His sable arms upbore Two shivering youths, the rescued ones, #V nd carried safe to shore. "I'll save them all, I'll save them all" 'I'he youthful hero cried; Again the daring boy went down. Rose, struggled, sink, and died. Vain were thy efforts, noble boy -He died but could not save. He died but could not save. And many a mourning mother's price Lies with him 'neath the wave. How changed the scene -- for laugh and shout. -For frolic, sport and glee. For frolic, sport and glee. Are heard around this fatal spot. Wild shrieks of agony. And dare we woo to muse for thee. Dark Afric's sable son? Thy name might shine in glowing lines -Be graved in lasting stone. Be graved in lasting stone. For bold and fearless was thy heart. Though black might be tliy skin; The hero on the blood stained field Could scarce thy laurels win. And now unto his mother's home, He left so blithe at morn, A stiff cold corpse her darling boy Was sadly, slowly borne! She laid him in his wintry grave. He earthly stay is gone -Poor woman -- Oh! God pity her. Poor woman -- Oh! God pity her. She's lost a noble son. And now to all that may have read This short and simple lay, A word or two before we part, An humble bard would say; Oh, life is fleeting, death is sure. Think of the judgment -- day. [April 11, 1S49.] LINES WRITTEN IN THE ALBUM OF MISS FANNY B. Yes, Fanny, I remember well, thy mother's gentle mein The broad expanse of that fair brow, all passionless, serene; -The blue eye's lengthened languish; The blue eye's lengthened languish; the cheek's soft peach like hue, Yes. I remember she was fair, yet not so fair as you. I see her now, as I was wont, that dark, brown glossy hair. So modestly and smoothly combed, upon her forehead fair; The smile, so transient, yet so sweet, that o'er her features moved. The voice so soft, the words so kind, all loved, for all were loved. The very robe that wraps her form, seemed made the heart to win, For purity and grade without, forth figured grade within; No glittering gem shone on her brow, her hand no diamond bore; A meek and quiet spirit was, the ornament she wore. nament she wore. O! Fanny when that loving lip was first to thine imprest She fondly dreampt of years to come, in shadeless pleasure drest; Her fancy brightly pictured thee, to woman's stature grown. In all thv youth and loveliness, her beautiful, her own. When on thy infant face she gazed, in rapture's fondest mood. She thought of many a blandishment to lure thee to be good; -Of many a gentle, kind reproof, of Of many a gentle, kind reproof, of warnings to be given; -Of flowers, to strewn along the path, Of flowers, to strewn along the path, she trod with thee to heaven. Yet when she heard her Saviour's voice, in sweetest accents say, "Come my beloved" she rose in haste, to take her heavenward way; -- . ^ ^ Oh! if there was one earthly grief, her joyful spirit knew One tear to dim her raptured eye, that tear was shed for you. When severed were the links that bound the spirit and the clay. And the bright wing was gladly poised, to bear the soul away; -Yet was one silken tie unloosed, one Yet was one silken tie unloosed, one golden band unriven Maternal love, a lengthening chain, united earth and heaven. Perhaps when others sleep, she comes,, upon thy brow to gaze And watches all thy slumbering' thoughts, and all thy waking ways When devotion to the right or left, thy wandering footsteps stray She long's to breathe a warning word, and point the narrow way. And can it be, her soul and mine, that blend together now! Is this her soft etherial wing, which fans my fevered brow? With the dim distant spirit-land can such communings be? Her hovering shade indite the lines my fingers trace for thee? No form I see, no voice I hear, nor sign, nor sound reveal. The pure emotions, undefined, that o'er my spirit steal; Thoughts high, unutterable, vast, to my rapt soul are given. Revealings bright, communings sweet, strange intercourse with heaven. Oh I cause of many an anxious thought, of many a tender tear. Of sorrow and of happiness, of mingling hope and fear; ling hope and fear; From earth's templations. sins and fears, fly to the Saviour's breast; There, only there, is safety found, and blessedness and rest. For beauty fadeth, as the flower upon the frail may rose; -Favor is transient as the stay, of Favor is transient as the stay, of April's falling snows; -But she whose willing feet delight to But she whose willing feet delight to tread fair wisdom's w^ays. Whose thoughts are pure, w^hose actions right, she, she, shall tions right, she, she, shall have the praise. Oh I blame not. praise not. that I write, for you these wai'ning words. My passive harp was tuned and strung another touched its cords; Hopes cherished by thy cradle-bed; nrayers, that thou didst not hear; Her spirit breathed into my soul, to whisper in thine ear, (December 5. 1849.] THE PASTOR'S FUNERAL. By Mrs. J. L. Gray. 1. -- A stranger paused in our village street. Before the church-yard gate. For the sexton there, with his thin grey hair. On a funeral seemed to wait; And the wailing swell of the solemn bell Sent forth its mournful tone -"And who is dead?" the stranger said, "And who is dead?" the stranger said, "And who to his rest hath gone? For fair and ween the fame hath been. Of that departed one." 2. -- The old man dashed from his eye a tear. As he leaned on his earth-worn spade. "Ah! one is gone, whom all bemoan." The old man sadly said. "O! suddenly, suddenly called to rest Hath our pastor passed away. And his people come, in tears and gloom. To burv his honoured clay; For a faithful friend was he to them. A laborour night and day," 3.-- "They gather, they gather, from hut and hall. They gather from vale and hill. And the liouse is full, and the porch is full. And yet they are gathering still! And the solemn hearse, with its nodding plume. ding plume. And its trappings rich and rare; And the steed in vain, that scorns the rein. Stands proudly chafing there -O fair tlie pastor's life hath been. O fair tlie pastor's life hath been. His funeral shall be fair." 4. -- Now the stranger went in, to a lowly room. The face of the dead to see. And the furniture scant, it spoke of want. And it whispered -- poverty; -And the pastor lay there, in his thin And the pastor lay there, in his thin white shroud. With his hands on his moveless breast; And O. his brow is as placid now As a babe's in its cradled rest -He care and woe. no more shall know. He care and woe. no more shall know. For his home is with the blest. 5.-- And the widow, she sat by that eoffin head. With a young child, on her knee, But she bowed so low, 'neath her load of woe, 1'hat her face he could not see -A little girl leaned on her mother's A little girl leaned on her mother's lap; She had sobbed herself to sleep. And a boy of four, sat on the floor. And wept to see them weep -And even the knell of that funeral And even the knell of that funeral bell. Boomed sad in the silence deep. 6. -- And they bore him forth, from the parsonage gate. To his bed in tlie church-yard cold; And all spoke well of the pnstor gone. And all of his virtues told; -And his children fair, they followed And his children fair, they followed there; .And his widow, O! sad to see!-The gathered crowd spoke praises The gathered crowd spoke praises loud. But not one word spoke she! For by her side the children cried. And sobbed convulsively. 7. -- The grief of the crowd is high and loud. Rut her's is silent and deep -- Her stay, her prop, her youth's fair Her stay, her prop, her youth's fair hope. Now sleeps his dreamless sleep!-O. where shall she for shelter flee. O. where shall she for shelter flee. When the funeral pomp is o'er! The home that there, his hands made fair. Her home shall be no more; .Another's tread shall sound instead. On that dear cottage floor' S, -- The stranger, he mingles with the throng. That to the church-yard sped; And he hears them speak of a monument. ment. To honour their pastor dead; -Of a marble stone of sculpture rare. Of a marble stone of sculpture rare. With an epitaph fair to see. But no one spoke nf the widowed-one. d the poor little ornhans three; d the poor little ornhans three; .Xlns! that in our Christian lond Such thoughtless hearts should be! fl. -- "And was he faithful." the stranger said. er said. "Tt srive you the hrend of life? And can voii let his cliildren want. Nor help his helpless wife? By night and day. T hear you say. He' madiJ vour wants his care. By the sick-bed's sioom. in tlie darkened room, ened room, Where grief and sorrow were, And want, and pain, held fearful reign. Your minister was there." 10. -- "In time of health ye gathered wealth. But he had none to spare; You doled, 'tis said, his daily bread. As liis daily wantings were. No trophy he needs, that your hands can raise, F^or he owns a crown and a throne! -O cheer the life of his widowed wife; O cheer the life of his widowed wife; hush his orphans' moan; Nor be it said, they cried for bread. And that you gave -- a stone!" 11. -- Now was there one among the throng. 1 may not name his name. For the generous blush for generous deeds. Though the vile blush not for shame; And he took her, as John did Mary take. A boon by his Master given -For the homeless ones a home he For the homeless ones a home he found. And balm for the bosom riven; May blessings cluster round his path -May he find his rest in heaven! May he find his rest in heaven! [Easton. Pennsylvania.] ELIZABETH SHEWELL LORRAINE SWIFT. Was born at Geniiantown, Pa., in 1795, the daughter of John and Lydia Shewell Lorraine, the former a prominent merchant of Philadelphia. She was married chant of Philadelphia. She was married to Joseph Kimmersley Swift, M. D., a well known physician of Easton, who for many years resided in the northwest corner of the square. She died at Easton in ner of the square. She died at Easton in May, 1872, Dr. Swift having died the year previous. Mrs. Swift for many years was a contributor not only to the local press, but her poems are frequently found in Neill's Saturday Gazette and other literary journals of the day. They were written less for the public than for a circle of warmly attached friends, and have been all generously written. A writer, ir. referring to her* compositions, says: "There is a dignity of thought and htnguage in all she writes, and though her imagination is not the most vivid, in her ])oems there is no dearth of incident. "Her thoughts are noble-- elevated -thrilling; her language pure, very pure. thrilling; her language pure, very pure. She approaches everything with dignity; this gives to her poetry a slight appearance of labor, but does not disturb its ance of labor, but does not disturb its l)urity. At times she is gay, but always dignified. Love- -Tenderness- -Friendshiprun through her effusions, but they are run through her effusions, but they are witliout familiarit}'. *'The saying of Rousseau -- 'Le monde est le livre des fcmmes' -- may be true as to most women, but it certainly is not as to Mrs. Swift; she has learned much from the 'black and white.' Her poetry is learned, and of a high order." The following are selected from those published in the newspapers of Easton some of which however appeared in other publications: er publications: Lines suggested by the death of MISS iMARY ANN RALSTON, THE AGED MOTHER AND HER DEAD CHILD. By Mrs. E. S. Swift. "Now boast thee, Death, in thy possession lies, sion lies, A maid unparalled. -- Shakespeare. Mournful Mother, stilly sitting, By thy dead and cherished one. Grief all other eyes are filling, Thine, seem turned to stone. With what deep and untold anguish, Dost thou gaze upon that face; Soon, too soon to be enshrouded, From thy close and long embrace. Those dear lips, that opened smiling. With fond words thy ear to bless, Who will fill for thee their silence ? Who, their faith and truth express? She, thy lost and only treasure. Idol, worshipped thro' a life -How thy yearning heart will quiver, How thy yearning heart will quiver, Struggling with its bitter strife! Ho\y for thee shall memory waken. By her bird, her book, her flower, Looks and tones, that gone forever; Shall thy spirit overpower. But for thee lone one, a dawning Of a glorious day shall come; Brief will be thy painful parting. Christian -- God shall call thee home. \Mio shall paint the holy rapture. Of the mother and her child ? Who can speak the blest reunion. Of the pure and undefiled? Unto Thee -- oh! pitying Saviour, Be all praise and glory given, O'er the grays with sorrow laden, Thou has poured the light of Heaven. [Easton, Pa., Sepi. 12, 1845.] A CHRISTMAS CAROL, Addressed to Mrs. E. F. Ellet by Mrs. E. S. Swift. Summer has gone, with its bloom and its fountains. Hushed is the music from valley and hill; The frost-king now reigns on the snowcovered mountains. covered mountains. And ice-fetters prison the river and rill But Lady-bird still thy sweet strains are awaking The sun-shine that dwelt in the longperished bowers. perished bowers. And the soft wooing zephyrs are playfully shaking ly shaking 26s The rich gushing perfume from many hued flowers, Enchanted we turn from the cold and the real, To wander with thee in fancy's rich dream ; And in the far land of the poet's ideal, To watch the bright -sparkle of Helcion's stream. What matters it, if on the face of creation, ation, The snow-drift lies deep, and the stormy winds shriek, Undisturbed by the dreary and wide desolation. olation. We shut out its darkness thy pages to seek, But May will retiu'n with her garland of roses, The woods shall be vocal with carol and lay ; The "'forget me not" bank where the wild bee reposes, Will twine with star-flowers each delicate spr?y cate spr?y From earth, air and water, sweet sounds shall come stealing, And in one joyous pean ascend to the skies. And nature, in leaf, bud and blossom revealing. vealing. Her }nystical workmanship gladden our eyes. Then Lady-bird come to our Eden-no pinion That Hies by our groves shall be as welcome as thine, come as thine, All true hearts shall bow to thy gentle dominion, And worshippers throng to thy laurelwreathed shrine, wreathed shrine, Now to her who has poured forth her mind's choicest treasure, To clieer llie dark season of torpor and care. From the type of herself, in full crystal measure, We will toast, ''our sweet Ellet, the joyous and fair." ous and fair." lEaston, Pa., April 15, 184t).] LINES TO LEIGH HUNT. On reading his lines of the Italian Poets. B\ Mrs. K. S. Swift. I send a grateful thought to thee, dear cousin of my heart. For o'er the broad Atlantic's wave its viewless |)inions dart. Tho' wintry tempests rend the skies, still with unerring flight. It soars amid the dark profound, tho' ai)t in deepest night. The myriads on the shipwrecked bark, struggling in death's last throe. The cries of drowning mariners, the wail of woman's woe. And c'hiidliood's shriek of agony upstarting from the rest, ing from the rest, Where cherub heads were pillowed upon a mother's breast, Xow daslvmid furious waters ascending mountain high, Then in unfathomable depths, all stilled the victims lie! Such is its pathwaj' o'er the deep, that ever restless Power That yearly breaks fond human hearts, bestowing sudden dower Of orphanage and widowed -- O dread mysterious Main! '"CJive back the dead," grief's piercing cry fore\er poured in vain. Onward-still onward flies my thought and now on Albion's strand, illustrious in her gifted sons, revered, time honored land! It pauses by thy study chair, in that soft shadowed room, Where genius and fancy wreathe flowers of immortal bloom. J'hose thoughtful eyes-their full dark orbs are brimming o'er w ith joy, As Dante's lyre or Petrach's lute the charmed horns employ. And with thy pen -- an iris plume, dropped from an angel's king. ped from an angel's king. Again Italia's minstrel bards, their deathless number sing, less number sing, I'ntil in this far western world the echo has been heard. Filling our hearts with new delight, like sununer's earliest bird. Ah! I remember full well, when at our grundsire's knee A proud delighted child, I read the Odes of "cousin Leigh" AvA thy first letter (thou wert then a happy Easton boy) And still i-eligiously 'tis kept, how could my hand destroy The mystic characters o'er which my loving glsLUces poured? t'onning each sentence day by day -- like miser o'er his hoard. And yet thy words have power to wake within my breast a thrill, Witli thee I mourn o'er Shelly's fate, or P.yron's darker still! Or with a fearless step I rove with thee, my trusts guide. \ here dragons hiss, and trees have tongues, and wicked gnomes abide. Intil, magician as thou are, in radiant li^L'ht unfurl'd, Px'fore my dazzled sense appears a new and wondrous world. Soft music floats upon the breeze, heart touching, wild and sweet. Love bowered in roses nestles there, with Peauty at his feet. And graceful Fancy, wild RomaTice, with fair> F.hcs at l>lay. Disport in that enchanted land, beneath the moon's mild ray, All lovely things of earth and air for thee their charms unclose, Thy spirit walks abroad with bliss, the Poet only knows. And long to that true, earnest soul may such high gifts be given, L'ntil it seeks its native home, among the pure in Heaven! TEaston, Pa., April 22, 1840.] STANZAS. "Friends who by practice of some envious skill Were torn apart, a wide wound, mind from mind, She did unite with visions dear Of fond affection, and of truth sincere." --Shelley. Not on this earth, beloved, shall we meet; Not in this weary world of sighs and tears. Where life is meted out by days and years. Shall we again our plighted faith repeat : peat : But in some mansion blest, Where happy spirits rest. Some star perchance is space, where faroff light off light (Ileam'd on thy upturn'd brow, when first you swore To love me always, love me evermore. Passion's bright dawn, that set in darkest night. est night. In loneliness and silence oft I gaze Upon the midnight glories of the skies. When world on- world man's feeble sense defies. Till overwhelm'd by the refulgent blaze Of Deity reveal'd, my soul is still'd, And with its immortality is fiU'd Ah! then for thee, in deep but wordless prayer My spirit, as if borne on angel-wings Pleads for thee with the mighty King of Kings, To guide and guard thee safe through every snare. For both, the sorrow that makes desolate Hath brim'd a cup whose anguish and dismay Wither'd the spring-buds of life's early day ; Dreamers upon the brink of adverse fate. With chiliHike trust its stormy billows greeting At morn's farewell, and evening's blessed meeting. Love threw his rainbow on the coming cloud, And Faith, the angel of this world of tears. Pointed with radiant brow to future years. Alas! for us the i'uture wove Love's shroud ! [1849.] HANNAH. Samuel 1st Book, 1st Chapter. Written by ilrs. E. S. Swift. Hark to the gathering tread of many feet. Still pressing onward to the sacred fane To offer yearly sacrifice in Shiloh! Kings, lords, and priests, childhood and hoary age. The matron, and the maid, from whose bright eyes Her glad yoimg spirit shone with starry light. All radiant in the fullness of its joy -The friend more true than brother, and The friend more true than brother, and the foe Who nurst in his revengeful breast a Ha me Prompting to deeds of hate -- with one accord Approach the temple, sanctified to Him The great 1 am ; From every human heart The veil is lifted -- as with prostrate form. They bow before the Mercy Seat, o'erspread spread With wings of Cherubim, whose beaten gold In elHuent splendours blaze like living fire: Now slowly o'er the multitude ascends The costly incense,, scenting the wide space As perfume gathered fresh from countless flowers ; less flowers ; And in full sympathy, triumphal strains Of praise and prayer in choral hymns resoimd Sacred communions- -ministrations high-Types of the glorious, advent of the Types of the glorious, advent of the Cross, Still shadowed forth as ages rolled away Employed the worshippers. Silentserene -- serene -The evening hour drew near; when the The evening hour drew near; when the High Priest Proclaimed the rites completed -- and at morn Bade them again attend for sacrifice. The moving hosts departed, and no sound Disturb'd the holy stillness of the place; 'hen aged Eli lingering by the porch Beheld a kneeling woman. From her lips No voice was heard, and the indignant priest Accosted her as one whom love of wine Despoiled of reason. Hannah gently rose And turning her sweet face, still wet with tears. To lier accuser, said-"No -- no my lord, "No -- no my lord, Such sin was never mine; before my God I have poured forth a spirit stricken deep With ceaseless sorrow -- asking for His aid To bear my burden, or to bless my prayer." The Eli answered, "Daugliter, go in peace. The God of Israel giant thee thy desire." sire." Years passed away; a multifarious throng Again within the Tabernacle met To offer homage to the King of Kings. And one was there, Avhose s'oft and gentle eyes, Filled with a Mother's love, fond glances cast Upon her first-born smiling at her side; A boy of scarce two summers, but as fair As early May bud opening to the day; His bright young head was pillowed on her hand Half hid amid the 'clustering curls, which fell Like rays of woven sunshine o'er his brow, His infant face suggested thoughts of Heaven, Its seraph innocence so purely shone. Threading with cautious step the mingled crowd, Her darling circled by her sheltering arm. The matron sought a pathway to the shrine Where Eli fed with fragrant spice and gums The sacrificial fire, now tlaming high In crested shapes of orange, blue and gold When thus she spoke, -"As thy soul lives my lord, "As thy soul lives my lord, 1 am the woman that stood by thee here. Praying unto the Lord. P'or this dear ch'" ' Voiceless, though deep, was my petition made; For I was childless, and the scorn of her Blest with fair offspring in my distant home. My prayer was granted, and lo, now I come With grateful heart, to lend liim to uiy God As long as he shall live." Then from her lips Gushed forth a tliankful song of earnest praise, O'erflowing gladness and exulting joy. And Sanuiel in a linen ephod clad -A tender nursling, gentle, pure and fair. A tender nursling, gentle, pure and fair. Beside the aged Eli meoklv stood. And ministered unto the Lord of Lords. [Easton, Pa., December 4, 18.50.] SONNET. Written by Mrs. E. S. Swift. It is the Sunset hour -- but stormy clouds Blacker than midnight veil his parting beams, Like the dark pall that some young face enshrouds That erst was fairer than the Poet's dreams. Ah glorious Sun ! how oft at eventide I've watched thy setting, when the glowing sky ing sky Seems like the golden path where angels glide From heaven to earth to waft blest souls on high. And o'er thy gorgeous couch rich colours rose Painting the clouds with more than limners are. ners are. Till the o'er dazzled eye would tearful close. And feel the scene reflected on the heart. The grateful heart, that felt the love, the Power, Which made for man this calm delicious hour. [Easton, Pa., Dec. 12, 1850.] LINKS TO THE MEMORY OF DR. JOHN COOPER.* By Mrs. E. S. Swift. "How shall we mourn thee! With a lofty trust Our life's iinmortal birth-right from above." 1 too would place upon thy bier, Bereaved friend a tear dimmed leaf, A record of my love and grief. For loss of one so dear. The grave now hides that honored head! Hush'd is the faint and struggling breath ; But o'er the victory of Death How many hearts have bled! And she -- thine own, in weal or woe. Thy loved companion, friend and wife, The long and fondest tie to life. Her grief, no balm can know ! All loved thee for thy spotless truth. The genial mind, whose vernal spring t'ould sunshine o'er earth's pathway fling, 'ith all the zest of youth. Amid the pains and ills of life. How often has thy clieering voice, Bade the j^ale sufferer rejoice. And left him, peace for strife. Blessings from grateful lips combine; And all must mourn, that never more To pac'li familiar liousehnld door, Shall come that step of thine. But tho' we weep earth's broken ties, Vet o'er the meek and holy dead, A radiant beam from Heaven is shed Which says -- they shall arise! Arise immortal from the sod! Upspringing from sepulchral glooms They shall infold their angel plumes, In presenc*! of their God ! [Easton Pa., Feb. 14, 1851.] *Dr. John Cooper was one of Easton's most prominent physicians. A daughter married the Rev. John Vanderveer, D. D., of Easton. Descendants in the male line are prominent in New York City. SAMUEL DEWEES PATTERSON. Another poet whose contributions are found in the literary journals of the period, as well as in the local newspapers, though never a resident of Eas- papers, though never a resident of Easton, spent much of his time there, and ton, spent much of his time there, and doubtless received much of his inspiration from the beautiful and attractive tion from the beautiful and attractive scenery for which Easton was long famous. He married a daughter of an mous. He married a daughter of an Eastonian -- Sarah Ann Mott, the daughter of William Beckett ]\^>tt and Eliza- ter of William Beckett ]\^>tt and Elizabeth Sarah Moore, daughter of Samuel beth Sarah Moore, daughter of Samuel ]\Ioore and Sarah (^reen, of Easton. Toward the close of the eighteenth century (1708) two brothers, John Patterson tury (1708) two brothers, John Patterson and Samuel Patterson, came to America fjom Belfast, Ireland, in which locality they were probably brought up. Their father's name was Samuel, as is evidenced in the postscript to a letter writ- denced in the postscript to a letter written by him (prior to 1815) from his ten by him (prior to 1815) from his home in Ireland to his sons John and Samuel in America. This postscript is detached from the letter of which it was a part, and is signed "SI. Patterson;" it is in possession of his great-great-granddaughter, Mary M. Patterson Weaver. daughter, Mary M. Patterson Weaver. Both brothers located in Montgomery county. Pa., in the vicinity of Norristown, where about the saiue time had town, where about the saiue time had located the Hamills, Stuarts, Pattersons (believed to have been near kin to the above of the same name) and other North of Ireland families. Samuel Dewees Patterson, who was born in the old inn at Jeffersonville, 7 June, 1807. His father having died when he was a youth of 8; (his mother died when he was 18) he was early tpprenticed to James \^'innard, publisher of the ticed to James \^'innard, publisher of the Norristown Register, then the leading Democratic journal in the State, to learn the "art preservative of all arts" -- printing. Of a studious tiirn of mind and ing. Of a studious tiirn of mind and gifted with extraordinary natural talents, he devoted his hours of leisure to ents, he devoted his hours of leisure to reading (the fondness for which has descended to th(^ third generation) and scended to th(^ third generation) and study -- opportunities for these having been aft'orded him by the Hon. Levi Pawling, who generously placed at his dis- ling, who generously placed at his disposal the use of his library. The trend posal the use of his library. The trend of his mind, however, was towards composition and at the age of 17 (1824) his position and at the age of 17 (1824) his verses ai)peared in the New England Farmer (Boston, Mass.) and in the colunms mer (Boston, Mass.) and in the colunms of the Register, and in 1828 before he had atained his majority, he became the editor of the Register continuing as such until 1834, and again for a time in 1849 during the spirited political campaign. In 18.33 he was Recorder of Deeds of Montgomery county, Pa. From 1834 to 1837 in partnership with the late Hon, Simon Cameron, he published and edited the "Pennsylvania Reporter," during which time also by appointment of Governor George Wolf, he was the State ernor George Wolf, he was the State Printer, and resided at Harrisburg, Pa. On 12 September, 1837, he was commissioned by President Van Buren United missioned by President Van Buren United States Marshal of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, residing in Philadelphia; upon the election of General Harrison to the Presidency, he in 1841 retired from oflfice with the most flatering commendations of the bench and bar. tions of the bench and bar. On 18 February, 1839, Governor David R. Porter appointed him an aide-de-camp on ins staff with rank of Colonel. From 1843 and until 1848 he published "The Saturday Evening Post" (founded by Benjamin Franklin, 1728) then in the zenith of its prosperity as a family newspaper. It had then among its contribu- paper. It had then among its contributors Poe, Willis, Hawthorne, Longfellow, tors Poe, Willis, Hawthorne, Longfellow, Cooper, Neal, G. P. R. James, Bayard Taylor, Mrs. Osgood, Mrs. Stephens, Mrs. Sigourney and IMary Howitt. Colonel Patterson also frecjuently contributed to its columns. It was in the "Post" at this time that Bayard Taylor first contributed an account of foreign travel in tributed an account of foreign travel in liis letters from Europe entitled "Views Afo(_)t" and it was Colonel Patterson's financial assistance which enabled this rustic youth from Chester county to make his first trip abroad, pleasant acknowledgement of which was made by knowledgement of which was made by Mr. Taylor in the first published volume of these letters (1846). In 1845 President Polk appointed him Navy Agent at Philadelphia, which ofl^ce he held until 1848. About this time he was also associated with John W. Forney. ^lilHin Parry, Joseph Neal and A. ney. ^lilHin Parry, Joseph Neal and A. Boyd Hamilton in the publication of the *Pennsylvanian" -- the predecessor of the Pliiladeli)hia Press. From 1848 to 1850 he published "Graham's Magazine," which had enjoyed ham's Magazine," which had enjoyed great popularity and success for many years; in the latter year, however, began its deolino, and Cnlnnel Patterson mot witli financial losses from which he never recovered. About 1851 he removed to "Woodt)ourne," al)ont three miles from Schuyl- t)ourne," al)ont three miles from Schuylkill Haven, where he occupied a position kill Haven, where he occupied a position with the Silver Creek Coal Minino- Company. Here his wife died 12 July, 1853. pany. Here his wife died 12 July, 1853. in 1S55 or 185(i he took up his residence in the bucolic village of Evansburg, near Terkiomen Bridge, Lower Providence townshi]), ]\Iontgomery county. Pa., where he served for some years as a justice of the ])eace, frequently contributing tice of the ])eace, frequently contributing in i)oetry and jnose to the local and city newspapers. He died here 9 February, 18()0, and his remains with those of his wife (Sarah Ann Mott Patterson) their son James Buchanan Patterson (died "1844) and also those of Mr. Patterson's parents and two children -- an infant son ( died 1830) and Samuel Sherwood Patterson (died 1833) removed from the terson (died 1833) removed from the First Presbyterian Church yard, Norristown. Pa., in 1890 (above referred to) town. Pa., in 1890 (above referred to) and another son Samuel Davenport Pattersojj, M.D. (died 1890) are buried in the tersojj, M.D. (died 1890) are buried in the section bordering the plaza where once "tood the picturesque chapel, opposite to the classic north entrance to beautiful Laurel Hill cemetery, Philadeljjhia. Colonel Patterson as a political writer wielded a pen at the same time quiet, forcible and bold, and its strength and power was keenly felt in the heated discussion of the questions of the day. His cussion of the questions of the day. His greatest accomplishments, however, were in the fields of literature to which he gave much of his time; he frequently contributed not only to the Journals and magazines mentioned, but also to the various "annuals" -- the National Gleaner, Opal, Family Messenger, Casket, The (Jift, The Foimtnin and to Godey's Ladies' National Magazine, Episcopal Re- dies' National Magazine, Episcopal Recorder, Pennsylvanian, Washington Un- corder, Pennsylvanian, Washington Union, etc. ion, etc. Of his poetical writings -- the lines "My Mother" (1839) and "The Little Straw Hat" written shortly after the death of his youngest son (1844) -- for aflfectionate feeling; and "A Salt River Voyage" ate feeling; and "A Salt River Voyage" (1848) a political satire with the poetical sentiment pleasing,, the wit pungent cal sentiment pleasing,, the wit pungent and the satire just -- are among his best. His writings, including five volumes in manuscript both prose and poetry, have been collected by his eldest grandchild, Mrs. Mary M. Patterson Weaver. Many of these are in liis own hand writing -- he having early kept copies of his compositions. tions. In his social relations Colonel Patterson was conspicuous for his scholarly attainments and refinement; his associations ments and refinement; his associations were with the literary and political leaders of the times. He was the intimate ders of the times. He was the intimate friend and correspondent of President Buchanan who frequently visited his home, and who was godfather to two of his children. He was a friend to many of the struggling writers of nearly sixty years ago who afterwards became famous and he was generous to a fault. Colonel Patei'son was sincere Christian, a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church in which he long served as a vestryman. He was an honorary member and Past #Master of Union Lodge, No. 121, A. Y. M., wherein he was initiated a member 20 November, 184", and a companion of Jerusalem Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., since 2(i Februarv. 184G, and of Harmony Lodge I. O. O. F.,"(184f)) all of Philadelphia. He delivered the address at the dedication of the Odd Fellows Hall, Sixth street, Philadelphia, 17 September, 184(). He was adelphia, 17 September, 184(). He was also a member of the Hibernian Society of Philadelphia, and an hororary member of the Franklin Literary Society of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Two sons fayette College, Easton, Pa. Two sons survived the father -- one of them -- Samuel Davenport Patterson graduated at uel Davenport Patterson graduated at Jefferson jNIedical College and served during the war in the Union army and navy, ing the war in the Union army and navy, and died a few years ago at Evansburg, near Norristown, Pa.; the other son, William Mott Patterson was educated at liam Mott Patterson was educated at Vanderveer's Academy, Easton, Pa., and at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He married S\isan Burke Winter, of Easton, who died during the past j^ear at ton, who died during the past j^ear at Phillipsburg, N. J. Mr. Patterson died in 1875. Both sons, like their father, were gifted writers. It would not be inappropriate, if our sjjace permitted, to refer in detail to the early and later productions in prose and poetry, which has given to Colonel Patterson so much distinction in belles let- terson so much distinction in belles lettres. tres. There is a deep and sublime sj)irit of moral sentiment that pervades many of his poetic essays, and the golden tint of true jioetry colors with its pure hues the sentiments of the verse. Mr. Patterson touches the heart with the delicacy and effect which are so often found in the melodies of j\Ioore. The lines addressed to his mother, for real merit, affectionate feeling, filial loyalty and poetic genius, will compare with any similar jiroductions. It was from his mother that he received those lessons in the Christian virtues which have ever marked his conduct and character. He revered her memory, as he acknowledged his gratitude for her maternal care. The presidential election of 1848 having terminated, certain premonitory ing terminated, certain premonitory symptoms were felt by the occupants of government ])osts that their term of service was drawing to a close. vice was drawing to a close. Colonel Patterson felt the attack in its lightest form. He turned for solace to the muses, which had so often been his com})anions in "troublous times." They vouchsafed their inspiration, and a poem of great merit, much satire, and remarkable popularity, was produced from his able popularity, was produced from his pen, entitled, as a significant index to his political position, "The Salt River Voyage." and "Homeward Bound". The extended and favorable notices these poems received from both poetical and political critics, mark their excellence. MY MOTHER. My Mother! how that sacred name Awakens in my bosom's core, Visions of bliss 1 once could claim. But which I now may claim no more: Bliss, such as mark'd my childhood's years, When wrapp'd in thy belov'd embrace, I knew no cares, nor hopes nor fears, Beyond that holy resting place. Mother! since those blest joys I knew, How many changes time has wrought. On all that met my childhood's view, Or occu])ied my childhood's thought. How many wand'ring steps I've stray'd -How many anxious fears endur'd -- How many anxious fears endur'd -How often mourn'd o'er hopes betray'd. How often mourn'd o'er hopes betray'd. How often smil'd o'er bliss secur'd! "i'et, though I've wandered far and wide, Have (juafi'd of Pleasure's rosy bowl -Have launch'd upon Ambition's tide. Have launch'd upon Ambition's tide. And yielded to its wild control: Still, from the fondest, brightest dream, That life and hope can bring to me. Does mem'ry with its magic gleam. Glance back to childhood's hours -- and thee. I see thee as, when by thy side, I knelt in infant hours of peace, And heard thy prayer, that Heaven would guide. My footsteps o'er life's wilderness: That he who dried the widow's tears, Would fondly guard the widow's joy; And through the lapse of future years, Protect, sustain, preserve thy boy. My young heart knew not then how much Would be its need, in after time. Of the strength pray'd for, from the touch Of dark temptation and of crime. To save it. -- But I since have learn'd Enough of life's bewild'ring snares. To bless the power which kindly turn'd And listen'd to my mother's prayers. Mother! the prayers address'd by thee, Fill'd with the fervour of thy love Have been a talisman to me. To guard and shield -- protect -- reprove. And now when bending o'er thy tomb, Thy Son affection's tribute pays Faitli breaks trivunphant through the gloom. And sheds abroad its heavenly rays: It whispers that thy sainted soul From its high home beholds me still-And that thy love will yet control. And that thy love will yet control. Correct and guide my wayward will! That, at the mercy seat, thy prayer Will, for the earthly loved ascend, Until the ransom d mets thee there. His praises, with thine own, to blend. Written for the Germantown Pa. Telegraph, 1839. graph, 1839. REMEMBER THE POOR. A new solo, by Samuel D. Patterson Esq. arranged and adapted to music by Mr. Watson, and sung by Mrs. Watson, at the Concert for the benefit of the poor of North Mulberry Ward. "The poor have ye with you," the bless'd Savior said. While on earth, on his mission of mercy, he stayed -That mission which ransom'd and saved That mission which ransom'd and saved from despair. Souls shrouded in sorrow and darkened by fear. The poor were his care, and his counsel imparts A lesson of love to be born in our hearts -And the promise he gave will forever And the promise he gave will forever endure, That his favor shall rest on the friends of the poor. The poor -- they are with us. Grim penury stalks. In its withering gloom, through the world's busy walks. Life's vast panorama reveals to the view, In rapid succession, scenes varying and true : The glory of wealth, with its glitter and glare, Is followed by phantoms of sorrow and care -And the brow that we mark, bright with And the brow that we mark, bright with ])leasure's rich glow. Passes on, to give place to one shaded by woe. The poor -- they are wiMi us. 0! let U3 then give Of our fulness, their sufferings and wants to relieve; Let us dry the big tear-drop on misery's cheek. Sj)eak jjeace to the wretched, and comfort the weak; . fort the weak; . Soothe the throbbings of sorrow, and still the sad moan V^^ich bursts from the heart of the friendless and lone -And prove, by our deeds, that we love and And prove, by our deeds, that we love and adore That Savior who bade us remember the poor! (From the Phila. Ledger.) THE SISTER OF LAZARUS. By Samuel D. Patterson, "The Master is come and calleth for thee."-- John xi : 28. A sister hung sad o'er the grave of the loved, And tears of affliction streamed fast from her eyes, And she bowed 'neath the rod of the Chastener, and proved That those blessings fly . first which most fondly we prize. She mused on his virtues, his kindness, his truth -On the love that was borne her, so On the love that was borne her, so fervent and high. By the playmate ot childhood, companion of youth. Thus called, in the fresh bloom of beauty, to die -And the scalding tears fell on tue grave And the scalding tears fell on tue grave of the dead, As that fond sister mourned o'er the cherished one fled. But listen! a voice by the mourner is heard, Whose tones send the music of peace to her soul-The loud sobs of anguish are calmed at The loud sobs of anguish are calmed at a word. And the tear-drops no longer in bitterness roll -- * ness roll -- * Hope breaks through the gloom that enshrouds her sad heart. shrouds her sad heart. And her bosom expands with a rapturous glow; turous glow; Firm faith and full trust their blest comforts impart, forts impart, As she hears, from the lips of the Messenger, flow senger, flow The tidings which bid her deep agony flee-"The Master is come and he calleth for "The Master is come and he calleth for thee." So Christian -- though gloomy and sad be thy days, And the tempests of sorrow encompass thee black; Though no sunsliine of promise or hope slieds its rays, To illumine and cheer thy life's desolate track; late track; Though thy soul writhes in anguish, and bitter tears flow O'er the wreck of fond joys from thy bleeding heart riven -- * Check thy sorrowing murmurs, thou lone one, and know That the chastened on earth are the purest for Heaven; And remember, though gloomy the present may be. ent may be. That the Master is coming -- and coming to thee! May G, 1843. RELIGION. There is a power which cheers the soul. Where storms of grief and anguish rise. When lightnings flash and thimders roll. And clouds o'ercast life's sunny skies. It breaks the chain which care has bound It soothes the heart by grief appress'd, And sheds a blissful radience round -A holy calm, a heavenly rest. A holy calm, a heavenly rest. 'Tis blest Religion, power divine. Which dissipates the blackest gloom, And bids bright hopes of Glory shine. To gild the darkness of the tomb. Xor are these hopes of glory vain. Nor are they changing insecure -They fade not, die not, but remain They fade not, die not, but remain ^^#hile endless ages shall endure. [July 1, 1843.] STANZAS. "I am the Way and the Truth and the Life." -- John xiv : 6. ^''hilst wandering in this vale of tears, Beset with sorrows and with fears, We turn our anxious eyes abroad, To seek a pathway, find a road, To lead us to a happier home. Where neither grief nor pain can come -Our search is vain, our hopes betray. Our search is vain, our hopes betray. Unless we turn to Thee -- the Way. Though pondrous volumes lie before Our earnest gaze -- the learned lore Imprinted on their pages wide. Will fail our faltering steps to guide -Nor cast a ray of light to clear Nor cast a ray of light to clear The doubt and gloom which meet us here, And trembling age, and ardent youth, Alike must turn to Thee -- the Truth. Though proud Ambition lures us on And fancy paints the Goal as won -That goal which places on our brows That goal which places on our brows The richest prize a conqueror knows; -And Fame with all that ])0wer can give, Becords our names and bids them live -'ain is the conipicst, vain the strife. 'ain is the conipicst, vain the strife. Unless we turn to Thee -- the Life. Thou art the Way, the Truth, the Life-And hearts that with presumption rife, And hearts that with presumption rife, Would seek through other means to gain IJght, truth and lite, but toil in vain; Thy hand alone conti'ols our way. Thy truth bids darkness turn to day; And they eternal life have gain'd Whose names are written on thy hand. [December 9. 1843.] STAY NOT YOUR FLIGHT! By Samuel D. Patterson. [From Graham's Magazine for May, '44.] Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter -- ^latt. xxiv: 20. Xot till tempest clouds Of Life's drear winter lower, and the gloom Of gathering care enshi'ouds The racked frame and worn spirit -- when the tomb Opens to welcome dust to dust again, Stay not your flight till then! Spring hath its early flowers, Which bud in hope, and bloom in loveliness; ness; And Summer's rosy bowers Are rich in fragrance, redolent of bliss; And the heart owns, as times and reasons fall. sons fall. His hand who made them all. He clothes Life's vernal morn With buds of hope and promise, and the flowers Which radiantly adorn And shed bright lustre o'er its summer hours. Are good gifts that a parent's hand has given To children born for Heaven. He calls his offspring home -And, in youth's spring, and manhood's And, in youth's spring, and manhood's summer glow. His mercy bids them come. His face to seek, his sacred presence know, And taste the peace his holy love imparts parts To pure, believing hearts. 'Tis sad that earth should bind The soul in slavish chains, and bid it waste Its vigor in a blind. Bewildering search for good it may not taste; Earth yields no hope unmingled with a fear, No joy without a tear. Peace, perfect peace is known By those who trust the promise, and rest Their faith on God alone. Who seek him early, find him, and are blessed. His strength upholds them, and his care sustains. In trials and in pains. Fly then to him, and bear The full rich ottering of the young heart's love ! Press on ! Nor doubt, nor fear -His promise stands, and it will ne'er re- His promise stands, and it will ne'er remove, move, Thougli earth, and seas, and skies, shall pass away. To ruin and decay. Not till the tempest clouds Of Life's drear winter lower -- and the gloom Of gathering care enshrouds The racked frame and worn spirit -- when the tomb Opens to welcome dust to dust again -Stay not your flight till then! Stay not your flight till then! THE BROKEN CIRCLE. By Samuel D. Patterson. From Godey's Lady Book. We mourn for the loved and cherish'd, Called hence in her early bloom, Like a fair young flower, which perish'd In the glow of its rich perfume: We weep for the Circle broken -- * For affection's severed ties -And embalm every garnered token And embalm every garnered token Of the lost one in hallowed sighs. But we mourn not in hopeless sorrow -Our darkness is not all gloom -- Our darkness is not all gloom -For from Faith can our torn hearts For from Faith can our torn hearts borrow A light that illumes the tomb: And a message of peace doth greet us. From the loved one borne to her rest -Tho' she comes not to earth to meet us. Tho' she comes not to earth to meet us. We shall go to her and be blest. June 15, 1844. ♦️WEEP YE NOT FOR THE DEAD. By Samuel D. Patterson. Saturday Even ng Post. March 28, 1846. Weep ye not for the dead, Who sleep their dreamless sleep within the grave Where drooping willows spread Their branches, and the fretful night winds wave A requiem o'er the cold and lifeless clay, Now crumbling in decay. What though the summons came In Life's morning, when the heart was briglit With hope's inspiring flame -And all tlie future, to the ardent sight, And all tlie future, to the ardent sight, Seemed full of promise, loveliness and Joy, Pure and witliout alloy? Oh! shed no tear for him. Thus early called away. The word which bade The lamp of Life grow dim, And quenched its glowing ray -- that word conveyed His souls to joys too perfect -- bliss too bright. For mortal ken or sight-Ere yet the chilling blast Ere yet the chilling blast Of disappointment fell upon his heart; Or care or sorrows cast Their many shadows-- or the poisoned dart Of calumny, had rankled in his breast, Killing the spirit's rest. Or if in manhood's prime And all its majesty, and strength, and pride, Th' insatiate scythe of Time Hath cut him down -- Oh! murmur not, nor chide His Providence, who doeth all things well, Nor let your hearts rebel. Earth has its many cares, Whicli prey upon the heart and eat it up : And he, percliance, who bears His fate with lirmness, drains a bitter cup, In silent, guarded agony, the while His visage wears a smile. And if in hoary age -As fruit, when fully ripe, drops from the As fruit, when fully ripe, drops from the tree -The reverend and the sage. The reverend and the sage. Are called awav from earth -- to live and be Blest in His holy presence, where alone Eternal peace is known. Why sliould the sorrowing tear Fall, when the pure and pearly gates inclose. close. And bright-winged seraphs bear Souls, tired of earth, and sickened of its woes, To an enduring home in realms above, With Him whose name is Love? For them Death has no sting -Nor c(mld the cold, still valley of the Nor c(mld the cold, still valley of the tomb, A passing terror fling Upon their spirits, 'mid its deepest gloom, Their star of Faith shone brightest and its ray Cheered and illumined their way. Then weep not for the dead! Who sleep their dreamless sleep within the grave. Where drooping willows spread Their branches, and the fretful night winds Avave A requiem o'er the cold and lifeless clay Now crumbling in decay. * Jeremiah XXH, 10. THE DAYSPRING. S. D. P. Fr in (iraham's MRy, 1848. Mourner bending o'er the tomb. Where thy heart's dear treasure lies, Dark and dreary is thy gloom. Deep and burdened are thy sighs: From thy path the light, whose rays Cheered and guided thee, is gone, And the future's desert waste Thou must sadly tread alone. 'Neath the drooping willow's shade. Where the mourning cypress grows. The beloved & lost is laid In a quiet, calm repose. Silent now the voice whose tones Wakened rapture in thy breast -Dull the ear -- thy anguished groans Dull the ear -- thy anguished groans Break not on tlie sleeper's rest. (Jrace and lovliness are fled Broken is the "Golden bowl," Loosed the "silver chord," whose thread Boinid to earth th' immortal soul. Closed the eyes whose glance so dear Once love's language fond could speak, And the worm, foul banqueter. Riots on that matchless cheek. And the night winds, as they sweep In their solmen grandeur by. ^^'ith a cadence wild and deep, ^lournfully their requiem sigh. And each plant and leaf and flower Bows responsive to the wail, Chanted, at the midnight hour. By the spirits of the gale. Truly has thy sun gone down In the deepest, darkest gloom. And the fondest joys thou'st known Buried are within that tomb. Earth no solace e'er can bring To thy torn & bleeding heart -Time nor art extract the sting Time nor art extract the sting h'roni the comjueror's poisoned dart. But, amid thy load of wo. Turn, Ihou stricken one, tliine eyes I'pward, and behold that glow Spreading brightly o'er the skies! 'T is the day-star, beaming fair In the blue expanse above ; Look on high, and know that there Dwells the object of thy love, I.iie's bright harp of thousand strings By the spoiler's hand was riven, Bui the reahn serapliic rings Witli the victor notes of heaven. Over death triumphant -- lo! See tliy cherished one appear! Mourner, dry thy tears of wo, Trust, believe, & meet her there! MY OWN DEAR NATIVE LAND. By Samuel D. Patterson. I've wandered far in distant lands, Beyond old ocean's wave. And stranger hearts and kindly hands A generous welcome gave; 1 ve stood among the high and great In many a lofty hall. Where titled wealth and glittering state Held joyous carnival. But, kind and generous and warm As were the hearts I met. Their welcome had no power to charm, Or lure me to forget ^ly own loved land. The memory came, In bower or stately dome. Across my soul with magic gleam. Of my dear native home. What though its fields are wild and rude? Its mountains rough and high ? And tempest-floods, in angry mood, And turbulent, rush by ? It is the land of free-born men. Who spurn Oppression's thrall, And every mountain, pass and glen. Echo to Freedom's call. No tyrant foe shall ever wave His conquering sceptre here; The heritage our fathers gave, Their offspring will hold dear. With high resolve and faith sincere, A patriot host they stand. To guard the fame, unstain'd and clear. Of our loved native land. [May 19, 1847.] THE SALT RIVER RHYMES. From the Washington (D C. ) Union of November 23, 1848 "Mr. Samuel D. Patterson is amply compensated for being rowed up Salt river, by the compliments which have been paid to his rhymes. In this city they have been admired by everybody we hjive seen. Whig or Democrat. At his own home, where proverbially 'no man is a prophet,' and scarcely a poet, the press is sounding the praise which they deserve. The Pennsylvanian has repub- serve. The Pennsylvanian has republished them with the compliment, that "it lished them with the compliment, that "it is appropriate -- the poetic sentiment p'easing -- the wit pungent and the satire just. Nothing published since the last political campaign closed affords half as good a chance for a hearty laugh as does this voyage to the saline headcjuarters.' "Even the whigery of the Philadelphia Inquirer has not destroyed its ap- phia Inquirer has not destroyed its appveciation of their wit; and it remarks, pveciation of their wit; and it remarks, in a liberal spirit, 'that our friend. Col. Sumuel D. Patterson, has been amusing himself by preparing a poetical sketch of 'A Salt River Voyage.' It is published at eiigth in the Washington Union, and is liighly and deservedly complimented by the Official. The Colonel appears to think that the defeated party may as well be merry as sad under the circumstances, and in this he manifests no little stances, and in this he manifests no little philosophy.' "But another compliment has been pain to the author, which a true knight Aill most highly appreciate. The fairy hands of ladies have clipped his verses from the columns of the Union to preserve in their beautiful scrap-books." serve in their beautiful scrap-books." VIVE LA BAGATELLE. From the Washington (D C.) Ubion of November 19, lP4g ^^'e have received a nicely printed ticket from Baltimore (we give her whigs all the honor of the invention), sealed with black wax and a black riband, which runs in the following vein : *'The 'Noise and Confusion, will not pre- vent the Steamer from starting." FOR SALT RIVER, On the 4th of March next, at 12 o'clock. The superior steamer "FREE TRADE." This ticket will insure to a comfortable passage to Salt River. "Baggage at the risk of the o" ners." Lewis Cass, Capt. W. 0. Butler, Clerk. (4ideon J. Pillow, Leader of "the Band." Thomas Ritchie (alias nous verrons) Pilot. ' -Circumstances' have placed it in our power to furnish you a speedy passage. Insurance has been effected against Polk Stalks." The recipt of a copy of the above ticket by a respectable office-holder in Philadelphia has given rise to the followin.", lines. To this miserable piece of in.", lines. To this miserable piece of badinage we are indebted for one of the happiest jeux d'esprit which the present times have produced. We think with the correspondent who has forwarded the verses to us, that "we may as well be merry as sad" under our disappointment. The "defeat came on us like the shower bath-- but one shwk and all was over. It operated as a tonic, and leaves the patient stronger and tinner than ever. Our tient stronger and tinner than ever. Our friends among the Whigs may as well spare their witless witticisms and their attected sympathies. They are thrown aay upon us. We are too old campaigners to care for such paper shot. paigners to care for such paper shot. They proposed to "take us back to old Virginny." Many thanks for their kindness! We desire no better place than ness! We desire no better place than thip polished and refined metropolis, where we find many a kind heart and cordial v,-e!come. Besides, our place is here. We have some political work to do here in the course of the next four years. We have to assist in rowing them up Salt river^ as we did in '44, after our defeat in '4U -- or, rather, they will assist us feat in '4U -- or, rather, they will assist us to row themselves up. A SALT RIVER VOYAGE. By Samuel D. Patterson. For the head of Salt river! In strength and in pride The good bark "Democracy" floats on the tide-Her anchors aweigh -- her provisions are Her anchors aweigh -- her provisions are stored -And all that she needs is the pilot on And all that she needs is the pilot on board. Her decks are all clean, and her rigging all taut. And her crew, men who fear not, and will not be bought -And aloft from the mast head her flag is And aloft from the mast head her flag is displayed. With the motto, "Defeated, but never dismayed ! " Her commander, brave Cass, on the quarter-deck stands. ter-deck stands. And his brow liglits with pleasure, and his bosom expands. As, prouder than victor, he marks with delight The bold hearts and free that he led to the fight. And Butler is there, the chivalric and true. Whose courage no quailing or faltering e'er knew. With the same noble bearing, the same eye of fire, That melting in peace, covdd in battle inspire. And here comes the Pilot. Elastic his tread, As it was ere Time scattered its snows o'er his head; But those snows, as they fell, could no coldness impart. To dampen the fervor and zeal of his heart. 'Tis the veteran Ritchie -- the patriot who stirred In the Mouis of his Inethren an answering chord. And awakened the echoes of valley and hill, ^^'ith Democracy's clarion, lofty and shrill. His hands on the helm -- see, the signal is spread ; On board, one and all, ere our bark moves ahead -There's "a good time before vis," and There's "a good time before vis," and frolic and glee Our transit shall mark o'er this wonderful sea. ful sea. Captain Lynch o'er the site of dead cities may sail. And the arts and fair science his coming may hail. But nought on his log will instruct or amuse Like the sights we shall see on our Salt river cruise. Embarked on our voyage, our course we'll pursue, Observing each object that rises to view; Enjoying the prospect -- but noting with care Wherever a rapid or rock may appear. And a lookout we'll keep, lest the lubbers above, In the heat of their ardor, the zeal of their love For the plunder and spoils, on our bows should be thrown, Anci use themselves up, in their haste to come down. And then the old relics we'll meet on the way -Odd notions and projects which flour- Odd notions and projects which flourished their day. ished their day. But had "obsolete" grown, in Whig parlance, because -- lance, because -Good reason -- those Whigs could not Good reason -- those Whigs could not make all our laws. Now whigerv's triumph will galvanize all-And one and another, the mighty and And one and another, the mighty and small. Of these favorite whims we shall find, as we go. Floating down, with the tide, to the regions below. gions below. A national bank will most likely be met -Taking precedence, justly, as whigery's Taking precedence, justly, as whigery's pet -Cfiming down on a broad horn, with Cfiming down on a broad horn, with Clay at the oar, 'J'ugging hard, with his compeers, to bring it ashore. Its marble may shine in the rays of the siui. As Sergeant and Clayton are aiding it on; Eul, bright as the vision may be to the And now comes Tom Corwin, embarked eye, on a scow ; "I'i-i a sepulchre whitened that there we More coniijlaccment and happy he ne'er descry. Immortal for aye will thy memory be, Biave Jackson, the guardian and shield of the free! Thy hand drove the monster, in terror, to hide In the caves at the head of the Salt River tide. And should the grim tyrant again strive to bind A nation in fetters, enslaving the mind, ilaj' some patriot arm, like thine own, strike a blow For the rights of a people in bondage laid low! And next, round a headland, looms up into view to view A craft called "The Tariff of Old '42"-A tight little vessel -- but widely she A tight little vessel -- but widely she yaws. For the helmsman, through tippling, or some other cause, Seems little to heed whether evil or good Like his namesake of old, Billy Morgan's looked then now ; I'or his hands are all gory, and many a soil On his garments betoken how earnest his toil III digging deep graves in a far distant land. To "welcome" the heroes -- fair Liberty's band -Who answered the call of their country, Who answered the call of their country, and rose . In their might, to encounter and vanquish its foes. quish its foes. A raft heaves in sight. It bears Stevens afloat. With one only companion, a masculine goat ; He bought it to learn from his goat-ship the lore Of an Odd Fellow's lodge, that he fain v.'ould explore. But Billy proved silent, or deaf as a post. Shall come to "the tariff" on Salt River's flood. The crew were all gulled -- Stewart's object was won -- ject was won -'J'hc rest will be known when the voyage 'J'hc rest will be known when the voyage is don". A speck on the waters. An Indian canoe, Witli the speed of an arrow, the billows cleaves through; Ore occupant only is there; and his eyes Roll wildly around, as in doubt or surprise. prise. 'Tis Webster, the "godlike," who hastens along. Among, though not of, the great carnival throng, val throng, And his uplifted voice trembles strangely enow. As he wistfully asks of us, "Where shall I go?" # A black flag behold, as a flat boat draws nigh -'Tis no rose scent we breathe, nor yet 'Tis no rose scent we breathe, nor yet Araby's sigh : Who are these? On the flag abolition appears, pears, And beneath, the proud name of Van Bmen it bears. Lo! John, the great "Prince," leads the ebony band, Whose loud strains of m,usic are borne to the land. While Hale, the immaculate, guides on its way The boat, to' the tune of "The Devil's to Pay." poor ghost; And Stevens is grave, as he ponders with pain On his long years of trial and labor in vain. 'I'lius the grand panorama glides swiftly along, 'ilid music and feasting, and revel, and song; Their banishment ended, they hurry away From the Salt River region, so pleasant and gay. But the quarters they left us, we doubtless shall find less shall find Commodious and airy, and quite to our mind; For the Whigs-- well they know it -- like shrewd, cunning elves. Are famous for taking good care of themselves. selves. Away to the head of Salt River we go. Each heart bounding high with a patriot's glow. ot's glow. We're beaten-- what of it? A good cause will ne'er Let its advocates sink into gloomy despair : spair : Clouds break into sunshine -- the darkness of night Is the prelude which ushers the dawning of light; And the spirit that iiuails not when ad, verse fate lowers, , verse fate lowers, Enhances its virtue^ increases its powers. Then onward, on this the gieat cruise of our lives; And hene\^r we drink to our "sweethearts and wives," hearts and wives," Let us offer a prayer that the Power above Wil! carefully guard the dear land of our love ; That no spirit of discord may sever the chain, ' But the bond of our Union unbroken remain; main; And the banner of freedom be ever unfurled, furled, The light of all nations, the hope of the world. Fr.im the Washington I'.r., Unl .n of Nov 25,1848. VIVE LA BAGATELLE-- AGAIN. The poet of "Salt River" must be highly gratified to see the praises which are ly gratified to see the praises which are Un ished on his verses. They are in a course of republication in the democratic papers. They are much admired in the refined circles of Washington. Witty in themselves, they are like Falstaff"-- the cause of wit in others. The following jeu d'esprit is the fruit of the inspira- tion which they have infused into Mr. Sawyer, of the Norfolk Argus: "We refer our readers to a spirited and piquant poetical sketch of a voyage up salt river, taken from the Washington Union. It aff'ords us much pleasure to announce to our friends the arrival of the steamer Free Trade, Cass master, at the head of Salt River, and give the following extract from her log book: lowing extract from her log book: "Met steamer Whig, Captain Taylor, below Availability bar, where she had been aground since 1844, her crew in a state of mutin}', having thrown her old commander (Clay) overboard. We learn that Capt. Taylor succeeded in lighting his boat over the bar by throwing his entile cargo of notions overboard, and is tile cargo of notions overboard, and is now making arrangements to refit the old boat or build a new one ready for a trip up Salt river in 1852, where "he is bound to go. This mutiny grew out of a division of the spoils. A new shoal, cPS'lled Wilmot point, has recently been discovered, which renders the navigation extremely dangerous, and many sawyers are found in the river. That faithful old pilot, Tom Herald, (editor of the Norfolk Herald) refused to come down in the folk Herald) refused to come down in the steamer Whig, stating that it was of no use, as he would have to return so soon. He is acting governor of the territory pro tem, on account of his faithful services to his old commander, Clay." HOMEWARD BOUND. A Salt River Lyric. To the Salt river's head, where our good bark lies moored. In a quiet, snug berth, by her anchors secured. And her flag floating gaily and free in the breeze. With her motto displayed, and her crew at their ease, A summons is borne on the wings of the air. As it comes in the sport of its revelry there. Which speaks to the heart, and awakens a glow. That repays, with its rapture, an exile of woe. Homeward Bound! is the word -- and the boatswain's pipe shrill Calls each sleeper to join, with a voice and a will, In the wide-ringing chorus of glorious huzzas Which bursts from our lips on this proudest of days. Our quarters, commodious, are freely resigned. As our sails are all spread to the favoring wind. ing wind. For we know they are coming, whose rights to this spot Are secured by prescription -- and ours are not. Again o'er the waters our trim vessel speeds. Unharmed by past conflicts, prepared for new deeds Of valor and fame in the cause of the right. Whether conquering for truth, or o'erpowered by might: powered by might: Her flag high aloft, as the gale bears her on, Sl.akes its gallant folds loose in the rays of the sun, And that banner, the ensign of glory, will ne'er Be sullied by falsehood, or lowered by fear. Our transit is rapid. 'Twas well that we sped With so little delay from the Salt river's head. For nearer and nearer already They come Who are bound to that region, the place of their home: But a brief time has passed since, with music and glee, They sailed, full of joy, on a smooth, glassy sea, To the haven of promise to find their hopes vain. And straightway embark for Salt river again. The tirst who approach us seem gloomy and sad -Cai it be that such stricken ones ever Cai it be that such stricken ones ever were glad ? And a sulphurous odor is borne on the breeze As they near us, so strong- that it tempts us to sneeze. Whence conies it? 'Tis caused by the "Blue-Lights" they bear, And to which, like their "Blue Laws," they strictly adhere -An odd-tangled whim, but queer notions An odd-tangled whim, but queer notions belong Tn the President's "Bay State," so famous in song. mous in song. Slowly and moodily upward they go, With Truman Smith looking the image of wo, As his thoughts wander back to the time when his skill Could trick Old Connecticut quite to his will. Hir power has vanished, for True Men are there. Ingenuous and honest, and strangers 1*1 fear. Who thwart all his schemes, from his arts turn away, Xor value his "frank" at Eight Dollars a Day. A steamer approaches, the "Empire State" pours Out its thousands on thousands, to cover the shores At the head of Salt River, to wait for the day Which may never come nigh, to recall them away. And Seward, and Greeley and Raymond, and all The leaders and parasites, mighty and small, FpcI how weak and how vain their eft'orts an<l toilsj . To conquer the people, and fatten on "spoils." And here from the Hoosier State came up a throng; The Salt River forests to wander among; And a legion of coons, of all sizes and sorts, Are brought in their train to enliven their s])orts. 'Tis the very |)lace for them -- for coons of all grades For years had made famous the Salt River glades. Until last November we put them to flight;-The idea is good -- Indiana's all W-Right. The idea is good -- Indiana's all W-Right. iho sound of a rifle gives note to the eaiThat the sons of Kentucky are now draw- That the sons of Kentucky are now drawing near. ing near. They loved their bold Clay, and, through evil and good. Came "up to the rack" where their great leader stood; But as to the fountain the pitcher may go FulToft ere it catches the last crushing blow. So "Kaintuck's bold hunters" at length see the daj' Wlien their Marshall is vanquished as well as their Clay. And here, from the far-famed and fair Tennessee, The State of the ardent, and gallant and free, A host are embarked for the Salt River shore. To return to their own native mountains no more. Tneir pilot is Brown, who looks wondrously Blue, drously Blue, At a contest so strange, and an issue so new. And thinks that a people must grievously Who a rough, hardy soldier to him could prefer. From the Chesapeake's shore, too, a The people were right-- and all honor to sound is sent forth, thee. Of a -clipper," with coons just embarked Thou land of sound hearts and strong hands, Tennessee; From thee came a Jackson, whose patriot zeal Each wish and each want of his country could feel. Whose eyes never slumbered when danger was near. And 'whose courage ne'er faltered in dutv's career -He lived for the nation-- and cherished He lived for the nation-- and cherished will be His memory and fame, while that nation is free. for the North, 'Tis of Baltimore build, and insured to hold way With the lightest craft launched on the Salt River spray; Old :Maryland, hail! In thy triumph we see What wonders we wrought by the bold and the free. And thy banished ones own, as they upwards sail on, wards sail on, That the right cause has conquered, and justice been done. And Polk, too, was thine, whose bright deeds liave a place On history's page that time ne'er can efface; ^Mio ruled us in wisdom, and circled the n"Tr>e Ox our country beloved with the halo of fame; Who guarded our rights with a vigilant care, By slander unmoved, and unshackled by fear. Kis deeds his best monument prove -- and they live Enshrined in a lustre no marble can give. 'Twas meet that a State which such sons had bestowed On the nation, to serve and to govern for good. Should spurn the strong cords the designing would bind ing would bind In venomous folds, to enfetter the mind; And nobly stand forth in defence of the cause Of justice and truth, equal rights, equal laws -And teach them that falsehood and fraud And teach them that falsehood and fraud cannot be Tht passports to trust, with the pure and the free. And others are with thee. The word has gone forth In the East and the West, and the South and the North, And ]iroudlv our banner is steaming on high. Emblazoned in glory and light from the sky. It waves o'er bold hearts all resolved for the right, It waves o'er strong hands all prepared for the fight, And the spirit of justice will bear it sublime Through the crushing of worlds and the ruins of time. GRAHAM'S MAGAZINE. January, 1849. SOFTLY O'ER i\IY MEMORY STEALING. ING. Music composed for Graham's Magazine, by Professor John A. Janke, Jr.; zine, by Professor John A. Janke, Jr.; words by Samuel D. Patterson. Softly o'er # my memory stealing Conies the light of other days, Visions of past joys revealing Lit by Hope's enchanting rays. 'Twas in that blest time I knew thee And thy glance and gentle tone, Tiirill'd with magic influence tlirough me, Waking joys till then unknown. Time has sped with ceaseless motion; Chance and change have wrought their willBut my heart, with fond devotion, But my heart, with fond devotion, Clings to thee, belov'd one, still. Nor can life yield richer pleasure, Or a brighter gift impart, Then the pure and priceless treasure Of thy fond and faithful heart. HOME. By Samuel D. Patterson. Kome! there's magic in the word, A music in the soimd. Which makes the pulses of the heart With ecstacy abound ; And brings before the mental sight, A vision rich and rare. Of cheerful brows and smiles of light, ^^'aiting to meet us there. 'Tis sweet to gather roimd the hearth, 'Mid winter's gloomy reign, The treasures God has gi\en to bless Life's wilderness of pain; When wife and children, and the friends We prize, assembled, pure Their kind affections, and bestow Fond words and looks of love. What though around, the hoarse wind wild Ir madden'd fury roars ; And on the frosty-fetter'd earth. An icy deluge pours; We reck not all the world without, Who see our world within, ^'llere childhood's laughing, mei'ry shout, Outrings tempest's din. And. oh! 'tis sweet, at day's decline, United to repair. Around the altar's sacred shrine. And pay our offerings there -To thank, with grateful hearts, that To thank, with grateful hearts, that powei'. From wliom all good gifts come, An(' pray that he may freely pour New blessings on our home. That as we journey onward through Life's pilgrimage, our way May be illumin'd by the light Of life's celestial ray -And, when the last dark hour shall come, And, when the last dark hour shall come, We, and the loved ones given By Him, may find another home. Lasting and ])ure, in Heaven. [April 17. 1S,50.] The following beautiful verses, written for the Washington Union, are from the pen of Col. Samuel D. Patterson, to whose poetical abilities the literary Morld is already much indebted. His "Voyage to Salt River," written immediately after (4en. Taylor's election, will iately after (4en. Taylor's election, will \<,n<X be remembered as a monument of liift penius, either poetically or politioalIv considered. Iv considered. OT.TR UNION. #'IMssolve this confederacy! -- tear down the glorious Union under whose banner we liave advanced to such astonishing greatness, and made to ourselves a renown that causes every man who bears nown that causes every man who bears the name of American to be respected to tlie remotest corners of the world -- which has secured peace and unbounded prosperity at home! We cannot listen to perity at home! We cannot listen to such a proposition with indifference." -[Editorial in Washington Union of Aug- [Editorial in Washington Union of August 24, 18.50.] ust 24, 18.50.] What ! Break the ties asunder Which bind these States in one, And treat as an unworthy thing The prize oiu- fathers won ! Elot out the stars which clustering On fieedom's banner, pour Their light to guide the pilgrim's way To freedom's happy shore ! Say, shall that proud flag ever In bright fold cease to wave O CI sons united in its love, With fervent hearts and brave? -Sons who, no mean thoughts knowing, Sons who, no mean thoughts knowing, All narrow bounds discard. And North and South, and East and \^'est. Alike as home regard. Shall differing interests startle Fraternal love away And in vindictive, ruthless strife Friend against friend array ? Shall sacred ties be sundered -Jiroken all holy bands -- Jiroken all holy bands -And freedom's altar be profaned And freedom's altar be profaned By rude and impious hands? It cannot be. Each nature Would shrink, each cheek grow pale! To deem that counsels such as these Should govern and' prevail. All patriot hearts would falter -All patriot eyes grow dim -- All patriot eyes grow dim -For sadl.y from the ground would wail For sadl.y from the ground would wail A nation's funeral hymn. Its dirge-like tones would utter Words of immeasured wo, ']iich. echoing through the world, would mark Freedom's expiring throe; And tyrant voices then might swell Their chorus loud and free, In trium))h that our light was quenched In hopeless misery. Brothers ! let doom so dreadful Ne'er on our land be cast, To strain its future, and elTace The lustre of its past; Tiiat past with grateful memories stored, With glorious actions bright -E\ents transcending fiction's dreams E\ents transcending fiction's dreams Or fancy's loftiest flight. By all our fathers' trials, Their sufl'erings and their zeal -- # By the sweet incense of the love We for their ashes feel -By all the bonds of kindred blood -- By all the bonds of kindred blood -By all our hopes of Heaven -- By all our hopes of Heaven -Let us resolve to gvuird and save Let us resolve to gvuird and save The freedom God has given! Pioudly among the nations Our glorious Union stands; Its ruin must not be the work Of parricidal hands. No ; perish every feeling That would its beauty mar, Or from its spangled flag of fame, Obliterates one star! THE BETTER WORLD. *'Oh that I had wings like a dove! For then would I flee away and be at rest." -- I'salm iv, 6. Before me fairer prospects lie. In realms of pure, celestial bliss, Which amply shall repay each sigh I've breathed in such a world as this. As some tired bird with flagging king, Seeks out the quiet of its nest, So longs my anxious soul to fling Its cares away and be at rest. Ye bright and glowing stars which shine In the blue firmament above. Holding high watch in spheres divine -Spheres of eternal light and love -- * Spheres of eternal light and love -- * Above, beyond thy mystic maze. Shall my enfranchised spirit, soar, And there, of living streams of grace Quaft' heavenly draughts, and thirst no more ! [The Weekly Press, September 24, 185}*.] The following political and miscellaneous local poems are interesting and are neous local poems are interesting and are the productions of native talent. It is to be regretted that their true names are unknown: POLITICAL. ACROSTIC. THE STATESMAN OF THE WEST. His genius sparkles in the Senate Hall -Enlightening nations, setting captives Enlightening nations, setting captives free ; Nor yet forgetful of the oppressed and poor. Regardless, still, of envy's darkest frowns. Yonder he stands, on fame's exalted top, Caressed in love bv thousands of the good. Long may lie live to enjoy the world's esteem. And sliine with fadeless splendor. So shall Youth and age, alike, revere his name. MEMORIA. ilaston, July 5, 1832. To the Editor of the Whig: I send you for publication a song. There is truth in it, whatever may be said of the poetry. It will accommodate itself to several common and popular tunes, as "Auld Lang .Syne," "Coming Thro' the Rye," "The Preachers," "St. Clair's Defeat," etc. And it may perhaps accommodate itself to the feelings of many wlio, whilst true Democrats, have some misgivings as to that which in modern days asks to be so exclusively considered. H. W. D. SONG, L Xow here's a cup to Harrison, Here's to that hero bold; Glide faith I ken -- an honest man Is better far than gold. Then join with me mine ancient friend In auld remembrance join -Here take a cup of kindness yet, Here take a cup of kindness yet, For Auld Lang Syne.* 2. When Proctor triumphed in the west. Then was a day of gloom -And many a gallant heart mun rest And many a gallant heart mun rest In Eaisin's bloody tomb. On whom did then that bleeding land In hour of need rely? Ah, who led on her gallant hand To fame and victory. 3. And here's to you -- and tell me true Where was VauBiiren then. When Harrison, with sword in hand. Led on his Western men ? The truth to tell, mine honest friend, He ne'er loved weapon-schaw,** But was mousing over petty schemes, An quibbles the Law. 4. In days gone by -- nor yon not I, Had ever dreamed to see Silk stocking Dandies held so high By stern Democracy. An gin' he be a Democrat The Diel mun be one too. An a'be gude Republicans, Among his long tailed crew. 'Tis time my friend to judge of all, Na by their words -- but deeds; And hold him for his country's friend; Who for that country bleeds! Make ready then along with me To breast Noxcmber's storm! Huzza for Oneral Harrison, For granger and Reform. * Repeat the four last lines of each stanza. * 'The military array, or gathering of a country in arms. September 28, 1836. BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. Dark hung the night o'er Tippecanoe, O'er Wabash's tide the darkness flew, And Prophet's Town in midnight hue Was shrouded deep and gloomily. Calm pass'd their waters, rolling on, And not a murmuring sound was known, Nor rolling Drum nor winding horn, Disturb'd the deep tranquility. But morning brings another sight. Upon the Town fast rolls a fight. And through the Dawn's thick, hazy light Far rolls the sounding battle cry. Then as by magic art essayed, From every point a war fire blazed And Indians yelling fury, raised Their hosts to battle's revelry. The Battle join'd with furious roar. Artillery red Hash'd bright afar And muskets pealing notes of war, Dealt death with fierce rapidity. Then shook old Wabash's rolling tide. And Tippecanoe's meek stream replied, Alike disturb'd; and onward hied Red with the blood of chivalry. Loud roll'd the Battle o'er the field. Where Harrison's battalions wheel'd And many men and Banners reel'd Throughout the fierce contested fray. Now fight Kentucky's heroes brave. On high Ohio's banners wave, And quick their homes and hearths to save. Rush Indiana's chivalry. The contest's fury onward flies, ^^'hile thick the clouds of Battle rise, And wildly ring the savage cries. From neatli the dingy canopy. Upon a hill's o'erlooking brow, The Prophet sat; and loudly now Cries "Warriors charge, and Manitou, Will strike the pale face fearfully." Then shook Columbia's pennon bright, And tried was every foenian's might, Till Harriscm dash'd through the fight, And onward led to victory. Then loudly rang a j)iercing cry, Tlie routed Indians wildly fly, ^^#hi!e kiird and wounded scatter'd lie, Spread o'er the field confusedly. Here, Oweu, Spencer, Warrick fell. And Davies' lame let history tell. Till fair Columbia's deepest fell. Shall echo with their chivalry. Now o'er the held our Banners shine, The glory Harrison is thine. And on thy Brow shall fame entwine Her Laurel wreath of victory. Rise, rise, thou chieftain, proudly rise, ihy country's calls and freemen's cries, Ring o'er the land and reach the skies. While telling of thy victory. Stand up thou veteran, while the names, (.)f Tippecanoe, Fort JNleigs and Thames, Sound far abroad and Fame proclaims, 'I'hou art the people's champion. R. .Mav 13. 1840. THE HURRAH SONG. Hurrah! for General Harrison. Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! He is Columbia's chosen son; Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! He i.s the Hero of the Thames. From gratitude your votes he claims. Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Behold, he cometh in his might! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! As wlien the British he did fight. Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! He comes to vanquish Matty Van The President on Hickory's plan, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurra h ! Hurrah ! Hurrah ! Tiie laurels that his valor won. Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Bdiiit to him as the chosen one, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! To l.e the poor man's President, Just fit a helping hand to lent, Hurrali! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! ( oHie all ye good and honest men Hurrah! Hurrah! H u r rah ! From Mississippi to ]\laine Hurrah! Hurrah! Plurrah ! \(ite for the farmer of North Bend, And Mat Van Buren home be sent Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! The cry is still they come! they come! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! 'lo save their country, friends and home; Hurrah! Hiu-rah! Hurrah! We'll vote for brave old Harrison, Who bravely fought and bravely won, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! His country's saviour he shiill be, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! To guide the councils of the free, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Then let us ciioose brave Harrison, He is tlie "second Washington," Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrali! Hurrah! P. W. [Nazareth, July 30, 1840.] "ULD ROUGH AND READY." Tune -- "Yankee Doodle." Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, 'Tis vain for you to try it, He loves fair play And he'll not cheat to make a fortune by it. He's ever ready, always thar. His duty to perform, sir! He'll never flinch, nor jield an inch, To anything that's born, sir! Old "-'Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Tho' Jimin.y Polk, and other folk, May refuse to re-enforce him, He'll go ahead, nor care what's said, Tho' ev'ry knave may curse him. Old "'Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Our Presidents^ and other gents, May try to use him up, sir! 'Tis all in vain, He's thar again, Old Zach will ne'er give up, sir! Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. The British tools, like other fools. Thought they would beat him surely, But fire and ball were not the all, To fix old Zach securely. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. The Indians, too, made much ado. To trap old ''Rough and Ready," But 't wouldn't do, they rued it, too. For he was brave and steady. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. The Rancheros then came to blows. As others did before them. They did their best, but like the rest. He death and slaughter bore them. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. "Did wooden leg" he oft may beg, To have "old fool'" knock under, He's not my tame and timid game, But awav let's go his thunder. "83 Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Now Jimmy Polk, oh, what a joke! With others of his clan, sir! Would try his skill, old Zack to kill. But he was not the man, sir! Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. They, too, will find, if not quite blind, Old Zack is so tender, But "Rough and Ready" always steady, Never will surrender. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Now you, Jim Polk and other folk! Who would reduce his forces! He'll drive your mouse from your white house, As with a troop of horses, Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. We people say, he'll gain the day, As he had alway done it. Yes! yes! old Zack will drive all back. Or they, like Sant, must run it. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Now, President ! why was't you went. Such lengths against our man, sir! Your base intent has all been spent. To fix you like Sant Ann, sir! Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Let Polk and Cass botli go to grass. And all who did stand by them. They'd ne'er relie\e, but trouble give. To our man, who did defy them, Old "Rough and Read}'" Can't be beat, etc. The time has come, when we, at home. Must follow other stations, By driving out, to the right-about. All who abuse their stations. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. Our cf)imtry now, wise men allow. Should have an honest man, sir! Who'll lay aside all selfish pride. And do all the good he can, sir! Old "Rouah and Ready" Can't be beatj etc. Ovii- 'ashington was the first one, Who serv'd bis country truly. And so old Zack will never lack, To cure what e'er's unruly. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beatj etc. Then here we go for an honest man. His name is "Rough and Ready," For he's the man, to rout the elan, Who for country are unsteady. Old "Rough and Ready" Can't be beat, etc. OLD NORTHAMPTON. Easton, July 4, 1848. MISCELLANEOUS LOCAL. LOTTERY SPECULATORS. Come let us hitch the pony up to our little cutter. tle cutter. And ride to town and buy a prize of Christian Jacob Hutter; And if we cannot suit ourselves, we'll pass by Jacob Butter's, And down we'll go that pretty walk to Michael Odenwelder's. And if we find no prizes there, w e'll be as stiff as sawyers; We'll crack our whip -- away we'll go across to Davy Mover's. If Davy won't insure a prize, we will no longer bother; We'll keep the money in our purse, and then we'll try another. We then will cut it down the street and" call on Harry Hammon, But not a prize at all we found, nor nothing of that gammon -- ing of that gammon -The one reply'd we'll have to go, 'tis The one reply'd we'll have to go, 'tis nearly time for dinner-You know we'll have to stop once more You know we'll have to stop once more and call on Tommy Gwinner. Ah! ah! thinks Tom, Pm sure they're seen th(ise "bread and butter slices. And now they're come to buj' of me, they're sure that I have prizes. . But in their cutter they did jump and wbip'd up little pony, And swore they'd stop once more, and that should be with Cooney. When Cooney s])i'd them before the door, he hopp'd round like a cricket; Said he. walk in, young gentlemen; Pm sure you want a ticket! Since we can't find no prize at all good-bye you bloody sinner; good-bye you bloody sinner; \^'e'll now cut down to Washington Hall and there we'll have our dinner! Conundrums -- ^\^ly is a lottery office like the hospital in the city of Philadelphia'? D'ye give it \ip! Because many phia'? D'ye give it \ip! Because many fools visit it. Why is a carriage crossing the Delaware bridge like a good story"? D'ye give ware bridge like a good story"? D'ye give it up'? Because it is well tol'd. January 18, 18.31. 28+ CONUNDRUM. Lottery and Exchange Office, No. 153 North Second street, Phihidelphia, directly opposite the Buck tavern and rectly opposite the Buck tavern and Frankford stage office. 1 wonder if those merry blades Who ranged all Easton through, On Lottery Speculation bent. Ne'er tasted "mountain dew?" I wonder if the wight who turn'd Their journey into rhyme, Admitting he had common sense, Will e\er soar sublime? 1 wonder if so many lines Can anywhere be found, Wherein the charms of reason fall A sacrifice to sound? And kist, I wonder why he call'd One man a "bloody sinner," Say gifted bard, say was it not To make a rhyme for "'dinner?" Conundrum -- Why is the author of the conundrum, reflecting on the inmates of the Philadelphia Hospital, like a penniless beggar? D'ye give it up? Because less beggar? D'ye give it up? Because he had no cents (sense). UNION CANAL L0TTJ!.RY. Class number two, for 1831, to be drawn at the Philadelphia Arcade, on Saturday, the 29th instant. Sixty-six number lottery -- nine drawn ballots. ALL PRIZES! ! NO BLANKS! ! ! BRILLIANT SCHEME. One prize of $30,000. 1 do. $20,000. 1 do. $lu.OOO. 1 do. $5,000. 2 do. $3,fl30. 5 do. $2,110. 5 do. .$2,000. 10 do. $1,000, etc. Tickets 10 dollars, shares in proportion. .# orders for tickets (enclosing cash or prize tickets) will be thankfully re(*ei\ed and piinctiuilly attended to if (*ei\ed and piinctiuilly attended to if addressed to A. J. Bunn, number 153 N't rth Second street, Philadelphia. January 25, 1831. On wings of science man attempts To soar above his fellow men, And knowing that his flight depends On the production of his pen. With eagerness he giasps the quill 'i'o make a great, a grand display. Of mind and genius, wit and skill, . d move, whate'er obstructs the way. S(Miie high on fancy's pinions soar Beyond the highest top of fame. And here they fain would raise a tower. And thus achieve themselves a name. But fancy's wings, how soon they're lopp'd When science lifts her lengthen'd sword ; Their burden x\h! how soon 'tis dropp'd -Here's lost what ne'er can be re- Here's lost what ne'er can be restored. stored. The man who thus himself sets free From rivals; mounts on vie'try's horns, Hence may poets disagree. And oft c(mtend for words and forms. Our friend and correspondent "Y," The spirit of the age has caught; Wherein his giant mind to try, In "X's" middle he has sought. His wisdom and discerning powers, Appear in all their lustre here; The labours of a few more hours. Will sham the learn'd Doctor Blair. An error lurking in the sense, The place of which he does explain; But 'tis not there, 'tis far from thence, 'Tis lurking in his senseless brain. He condescends quite courteously. To take the Dutchman "as he means," Since, what he says does not convey The meaning, as to "Y" it seems. And yet what else can we expect ? When "Y" a Dutchman's riddle sees -That he should it at first correct, That he should it at first correct, Before that he an answer gives. Yet fears he seems to entertain That he the author may mistake, That the Marauder may not gain. Occasion, aught therefrom to take. Directly, he to us doth show Him; and an honester purpose. And very kindly lets us knowThat "some" think, as he also does. That "some" think, as he also does. Since now such kindness we have seen, And to the Dutchman gentleness; Who could forbear to give to him Tlie pronoun my instead of his. And since the Dutchman's overcome He to the earth must prostrate fall, And sighing view the lofty dome, To which he sought, and lost his all. But n()l)U' "Y" lias here achiev'd, A vic'try which shall only end, When time shall have herself reliev'd From his and every poet's name. Z. |. January 25. 1831.] #'I'd rather be a cat and cry mew! Than one of these ballad mongers." -- Shakespeare. "Fools are my theme, let satire be my song." -- Byron. Hail glorious bards! -- bright candidates for fame! Whose numbers flow most lamentably lame -Hail enigmatic 'X' and solving 'Y', Hail enigmatic 'X' and solving 'Y', Why should you thus in clashing discord vie ? Say, wh}^ arouse the deeply rooted scorn Of him who talks of 'mounting vict'ry's horn?" Superb idea ! how worthy of thy head, Acute, expressive, meaphoric Zed! Nay, "Minor's self, who erst put forth his claim To no small share of literary fame -And Mr. 'LegaJ,' whose poetic cries And Mr. 'LegaJ,' whose poetic cries Hath lately oped the 'Argus' hundred eyes -- # With 'X' and "V and would-be-witty 'Ben,' All shrink beneath thy energetic pen. Then pause not 'Z' -- thy glorious course pursue Till bright Paranassus meets thy longing view ; Hasten thy flight -- 'on fancj^'s pinions soar,' Higher than any goose e'er flew before. Each Dutchman proudly hails thy unsought praise , sought praise , And asses join in sympathetic brays; What would you more -- encouragement so great Ne'er blessed the oflspring of old Homer's pate, For tho' the Greecian bard had common sense Vou scorn the gift-with Reason's self dispense. pense. And thus prepared, assume the critic's tone. Find fault in others, but o'erlook your own () glorious Easton, what Prophet ever ever thought 'J'hv sons would thus witli poetry be frauglitV That tluis the pot of genius should boil Spontaneous o'er your highly favoured soil ? And 0, most horrible! when some poor cit, First sees in print, the oflspring of his wit. Behold a critic Titan, from the earth Springs up and chokes the infant in its # birtii ! Then in his turn the Titan's self is nail'd, One day assailing, and the next assail'd. Thus all pursue the chase with loud acclaim. claim. And each at length becomes ignoble game. Then babble on, and let your rhyming rage ing rage Still prostitute our literary age; -And if the wise withhold you their And if the wise withhold you their praise And criticism scorns your mongiel bays. Seek thou of fools the prize of high renown, nown, Receive from them the intellectual crown, And let each dunce, to compensate your pains, Bestow his smiles on your unenvied strains. E. See the effusion of "Z" in the Whig, published on the 25th ult., verse five. I February 8, 1831.] ANTICIPATIONS OF THE FUTURE. A few more cheerless winters -- a few more heating snows, And life, with ail its trying scenes (to me at least) will close 'ihe toilsome cares of earth will pass, as vapiiurs in the wind. And death will sound his awful knell and tell me life must end. Farewell then, earthly pleasures (the meteor of the day) And unsubstantial bliss, adieu, for you too pass away; Your Meeting and delusive charms are transient as the morn. Which goes away obscured in clouds and hides behind the storm. 'I'he ^\ heels of time are bounding on, and will cease to roll, '{"he bell that sounds my funeral dirge will soon begin to toll; The "cotiin, earth and winding sheet" will soon my scutchions be And time will soon, eternity, be wholly lost in thee. But shall I cast an eye of gloom tovards the mournful spot. 'hcre, palled in death's cold embrace, tliese acti\e limbs must rot Sliall 1 reluctant, count my years and see they're passing by And still with eager grasp hold on to lite, and dread to die! Ah no, the Son of (iod was slain, that sinners still might live, And from this sacred work proclaims "T freely will forgive" He laid him down within the tomb -- but soon we see him rise, .And having drawn the string of death -- triumphant mount the skies. Then I'll not fear the gloomy path-- its terrors are removed. It leads to bliss beyond this life -- to joys reserved above. Let all death's billows o'er me flow -- let wave still follow wave Amidst the storm I'll hear Him say: "I still have power to save." Then, on an Angel's pinion borne, I'll mount the upper skies, And with the thousands round the throne, who never (there) will die Recount the wonders of his grace, and tell my story o'er, How Jesus saved me by his grace -- and saves me evermore. MEMORIA. [June 26, 1832.] I AM AN AMERICAN. I love the land that gave me birth -The fairest of this wide-spread earth; The fairest of this wide-spread earth; 'Tis freedom's home -- the tyrant-'s dread, From which oppression once has fled. I love to wander o'er her hills, And trace her gently winding rills ; To see her fields and meadows round With golden harvests richly crowned. I see, too, from her altars rise, In grateful offering to the skies; From all her temples -- all her parts The incense of a million hearts. Hail! Happy land, in thee alone, The way-worn pilgrim finds a home. From tyrants and from despots free, And tastes the sweets of liberty. One blot, alone we still retain, The black-man groans beneath his chain, And freedom's flag, though waving high. Is sullied with a crimson dye. Go, sons of freedom, seek and find, In sun-lit Africa's golden clime A home for Ham's dejected seed. Where Negroes live unshackled -- freed. MEMORIA. [July 3, 1832.] THE WANDERER. See, where in gloom, he wanders From home, that once was dear, Nor in his heart, he ponders A parent's falling tear. A mother's heart yearns o'er him, Her sighs pursues his track; A sister still bemoans him. And seeks to bring him back. We loved him, while in childhood He was a friend most dear; And when advanced to manhood, -A brother still was near. A brother still was near. Together in sweet harmonj^, \^'e hailed each rising day; IJut now our path is lonely -Our brother's far away. Our brother's far away. He mingles among strangers, -His tears are shed alone; His tears are shed alone; He travels among dangers, -Far, far away from home. Far, far away from home. He once was gay and cheerful His cheerfulness has fled; He is now is faint and fearful -His heart is filled with dread. His heart is filled with dread. Oh haste thee back my brother. Nor stay no longer -- no Come cheer thy failing mother, Ere death shall lay her low. Behold her tears of sorrow. And hear that heeding sigh, Oh haste thee, or tomorrow. We close her languid eye. Come now, or earth will never Behold our mingled tears; For sooii we'll meet together. Beyond the vale of tears. There naught shall part us longer, Nor death dissolve the ties. That binds our hearts yet stronger. Together in the skies. MEMORIA. [Easton, July 10, 1832.] HOME. How brief are the pleasures life's journey affords. To earth's hapless children -- her slaves and her lords; How dark is the pathway through which we must roam, To find in the graveyard a long dreary home. How big are the tear drops that steal from our eyes. As we look through a vista of years to the skies. And reflect on the past, as we wander alone. Through a desert-like world, to that heavenly home. Life's sorrows, like ocean in troubled array, Engulph us in darkness, where no light of day Oilds the journey of life, while we travel in gloom. Nor points to the Mansion prepared for our home. We move for a moment in circles of joy, And we revel in pleasure that has no allov; lov; But the cold hand of sickness points down to the tomb, And says in low whispers, "This is not thy home." We start in the morning of life with delight, light, And we run tow'rds the goal and rejoice in our might; But the chill winds of even soon murmur our doom. And tell us where pilgrims are always at home. Then hasten ye moments, and linger no more. Bear me on with delight 'till the warfare is o'er. Till I rest with the weary where all things are sure, And the home of the Christian shall ever endure. When* peace shall be lasting, and day without night, Where hope is forgotten, and faith turned to sight, Where tears flow no more, and the exile's at rest, In the home of the pilgrim -- the land of the blest. MEMORIA. Easton, August 9, 1832. SUNSET. How sweet 'tis to wander at closing of day 'Mid scenes of retirement -- far from the hum Of busy commotion -- to kneel down and pray That the will of "Our Father" on earth may be done. How cheering to gaze on the glories displayed. played. By the sun's setting splendid -- far, in the west When his bright noonday beams are in milder tints laid. As he sinks in his own native beauties to rest. 0, that is the hour the reflecting mind loves In sweet meditation their thoughts flit away From the world's vain allurments to scenery above. Where the light of eternity ne'er known decay. The world's boasted pleasures -- how short lived are they They fade as the rainbow or set with the sun, But hope points us on tow'ds a far brighter day Which forever in heaven will be but begun. There suns never set, and the day knows no close And the fadeless effulgence still beams from the throne While the souls of the righteous have endless repose And enjoy such delights as earth never has known. Then roll on, orb of day, 'till thy settings are done And eternity calls thee to rise to the sky. Where the blaze shall be lost in the beams of that Son Whose brilliance ne'er fades and whose tints never die. MEMORIA. Easton, September 22, 1832, THE MOTHER. Wlio was it that watched o'er my infantile years ? tile years ? And hushed every sigh -- wiped away all my tears, Who was it protected in childhood's weak hour. When storms beat round me and tempests did lower? pests did lower? Who was it that taught me to lisp a fond name, And call for my "mother" when sorrow or pain Tore my labouring bosom with bitterest grief. And no other source could afford me relief? lief? Who was it procured me my wants and my ease, (Through poverty's vale, too, she struggled for these) gled for these) And made my life happy and caused me to see, Perspective enjoyments? My Mother 'twas thee. Who was it when sickness confined nie in bed, Angel-like, on her bosom supported my head, And wiped the cold dew from my deathstricken face, stricken face, And pressed me yet closer in anxious embrace brace And when the glad symptoms of health came again. Who was it rejoiced at my freedom from pain? And looked with delight to the time when her cares Might rest on the child she had watched o'er with tears. 'I was thou, fondest mother, who watched o'er my youth And guided my feet in the pathway of truth-To look, for protection, to Heaven's own To look, for protection, to Heaven's own hands, And taught me submission to all his commands. May thy life be as long as to me it is dear, And the sun of thy days ever shine bright and clear. And when they are ended on earth, then may 1 Embrace thee, my mother, where friends never die. MEMORIA. [Easton, Sept. 26th, 1832.] LINES. Written on a visit to Scotch Plains, New Jersey, after an absence of many years. O, ye lovely scenes, the scenes of youth, I visit ye again. And my wondering eyes delighted trace, your green and sunny plain; I can see the very garden walks in infancy I roved, fancy I roved, And can hear, me thinks, the very birds whose early songs I loved. There's nothing changed, I still can see the field I joyed to stray, Ere the crowded haunts of men I sought, and grew as cold as they, O, there's nothing changed, delightful scenes, there's nothing changed in thee. The air as sweetly glides along, o'er bower, brook and tree, er, brook and tree, The flowers spring beside the road, where nosegays I have made. And from the very stems, indeed, in blossoms still arrayed; There's not a house and scarce a tree, but I remember well. There's not a wicket but to me some childish tale could tell, But where my infant playmates are, O, there's the lonely change. I see them not, They're past away, and every hand is strange; There's scarce a smile to welcome me, not one that used to beam, In childhood's hour, as gay as mine, when life was all a dream -A dream of fairy happiness -- but 0, how A dream of fairy happiness -- but 0, how soon to fade! And leave a blight upon the heart, that festers in the shade. The hours of Youth, how calm and sweet, when all the world is fair, And boyhood's tranquil brow hath felt, no trace of dark despair -O, 'tis the happiest time of life, so art- O, 'tis the happiest time of life, so artless and so gay, less and so gay, Its very memory afterward, should chase the tear away; But O, that memory brings us back the blighted hopes and dreams That have forever past away, like bubbles on the streams -- bles on the streams -The gentle streams whose flowery banks The gentle streams whose flowery banks our early feet have prest, 'hile their waters softly murmuring, have soothed the guileless breast. (), where are they? yet, where are they, the lovely and the fair, They've mingled with the world like me, but all is coldness there. And sorrow may have marked their brows as it has wrinkled mine, For Pleasure's golden chalice still, is filled with poisoned wine, And some are not, who once were gay, and some who are, are sad. There's little in this world to make the wounded spirit glad And some have known the smile of wealth and some the cheerless wo, Of sorrow, pain and poverty, and all the ills we know Yet could we all together meet, how strange the tale would be. We might relate to others' ears, where once we danced in glee; But this will not, this cannot be, -- no, never be again-Our feet can ne'er together press, again Our feet can ne'er together press, again our native plain. And though the very flowers bloom, around the school house green. That many a young delighted eye in other days hath seen. er days hath seen. We never more shall laugh in joy, as when with fancy gay, W^e gathered on that school house green, and joined in frolic play. VISITOR. [June 18, 1833.] ON THE BATTLE OF TRENTON. The whistling wind was loud and cold. And through the night roar'd drearily; When Freedom's host and chieftains bold, For Trenton's fight march'd cheerily. The Delaware, fierce, was rolling by, The ice was crashing fearfully; Its deaf'ning roar ascending high, ^^'as heard by them undauntedly. Bravely they stem the roaring tide. And o'er it urge quite fearlessly And as through the dang'rous stream they ride, Loudly they shout "for Liberty ?" Safely they pass the crushing ice, And forming into war's array "For Trent(tn" now their chieftain cries, "There, there, to strike for Liberty." They march, and just at morning's dawn, They meet their foe exultingly With weary limbs the fight they join Their battle cry is "Liberty." The Hessian sentinels, dismay'd Perceive their foe, "to arms" they cry Each warrior grasps his battle blade And hastes to join the bloody fray. Heedlessly the fight they join, "God for St. George" they loudly cry Confus'd, surpris'd, they hurry on. And o'er them Britain's banners fly. Men rush on men their bay'nets gleam And swords on swords clash furiously; And soon from wounds the crimson stream Of blood, is flowing rapidly. Heavy the deep mouth's cannons roar, And loudly peals the musketry The sound of battle rolling far Told of the bloody revelry. Thick rolls the smoke the banners fly, And Freedom's sons shout Victory, And o'er the plain soon thickly lie. The dying slaves of tyranny. The carnage o'er, the battle's won. The foe are flying rapidly; And 'round their leader, Washington His men are crowding joyfully. Above their heads with fitful gleam, Columbia's waving banners fly And Trenton's fight has deck'd with fame The diadem of Liberty. Aug. 27, 183.3. Henry. PRAYER. Go when the morning shineth Go when the moon is bright Go when the eve declineth, Go in the hush of night Go with pure mind and feeling, Fling earthly thoughts away And in thy chamber kneeling Do thou in secret pray. Remember all who love thee. All who are loved by thee Pray for those who hate thee If any such there be; Then for thyself in meekness A blessing humbly claim And link with each petition Thv great Redeemer's name. Or if 'tis ere denied thee. In solitude to pray, Should holy thoughts come o'er thee, When friends are round thy way; E'en the silent breathing, Of thy spirit raised above. Will reach his throne of glory Who is Mercy, Truth and Love. Oh ! not a joy or blessing. With this can we compare The poMer that he hath given us To put our souls in prayer. When'er thou pinest in sadness Before his footstool fall And remember in thy gladness His grace who gave thee all. [September 3, 1833.] Lines suggested by visiting the graveyard at Bethlehem, Pa., a short time yard at Bethlehem, Pa., a short time since. In Beth'lem's graveyard sad I stood My heart oppress'd with gloom And there with rapid glance survey'd Man's resting place -- the Tomb. Thick rose the graves and many bore An aged tombstone gray Which on its time worn face proclaim'd The dead's short history. As 'mong the tombs I slowly trod. And o'er them cast my eye. It seem'd as though I heard from them, The words "thou too must die." I pass'd the graves where forms once fair And lovely, mould'ring lay; They who wore beauty's brightest garb Here crumble to decay. Once they were gay, with beauty deck'd Bright was their youthful bloom, Death came^ the "King of Terrors," spoke They sunk into the tomb. Here too among the sleeping dead, Were many strangers' graves Who from far distant climes had come Beyond Atlantic waves. They left their friends, they cross'd the deep And dwelt from home afar They've gone, they sleep, and o'er their tombs The stranger drops a tear. Beth'lem's graves told to my soul. All we can call our own, Is coffin, shroud, and winding sheet, And the damp silent Tomb. Farewell ye slumb'ring dead farewel/ Sleep on in peace to rise, When Gabriel his trumpet sounds, To call vou to the skies. HENRY. [September 3, 1833.] The following splendid piece of poetry, the production of a lady of this place, we copy from the last number of the Presbyterian : terian : THE MISSIONARY TO AFRICA. Lines to the Rev. Mr. Laird, missionary to Africa, on hearing his farewell address before the Brainard Society of Lafayette College,Easton, Pa. Go, thou messenger of heaven. Bound for Africa's burning shore; Tell of sins by blood forgiven. Take the heaven-sent messenger o'er. Some will listen, Tell the tidings o'er and o'er. Home and country -- would they bind thee ? Would they urge thy guilty stay ? Look not, look not once, behind thee, Onward -- onward lies thy way; Farewell, stranger. Hasten, onward lies thy way. Do a mother's arms enfold thee? Do they clasp thee to her heart? Let not fond affections hold thee. Louder duty calls, depart. Duty calls thee. Herald of the cross-- depart. Dost thou dread the restless ocean? Safely o'er thy bark shall ride; Fear not then its wild commotion. He who rules its waves -- thy guide; At His bidding. Wildest tempests must subside. Dost thou fear the with'ring pow'r Of the tropics sick'ning ray ? Dost thou dread the midnight hour? Deserts lone -- and beasts of prey? Trembling stranger Trust -- not lonely is thy way. Israel's cloudy veil will shade thee From the noonday's dazzling light; Israel's burning pillar lead thee Through the desert's darkest night; Trust the promise, God -- thy God, will be thy light. Go in faith -- thou silent weeper, Sow thy precious Gospel seed. Thou shalt come a joyful reaper. Souls thy harvest -- Heaven thy name; Faithful laborer Go and sow the Gospel seed. May the God of light protect thee, Favoring gales thy canvas swell, ]\Iay his grade and power direct thee, And His Spirit with thee dwell; May He bless thee. Go in peace -- farewell, farewell. October 8, 1833. A DIRGE. By the Rev. G. Croly. ''Earth to Earth and Dust to Dust," Here the evil and the just, Here the youthful and the old. Here the fearful and the bold; Here the matron and the maid, In one silent bed are laid; Here the vassal and the king Side by side lie withering. Here the sword and sceptre rust, "Earth to earth and dust to dust." Age on age shall roll along. O'er this pale and mighty throng; Those that wept and those that weep, All shall with these sleepers sleep. Brothers, sisters of the worm. Summer's sting, or winter's storm, Song of peace, or battle roar. Ne'er shall break their slumbers more, Death shall keep his sullen trust, "Earth to earth and dust to dust." But a day is coming fa,st. Earth, thy mightiest and thy last! It shall come in fear and wonder: Heralded by trump and thunder -It shall come in strife and toil; It shall come in strife and toil; It shall come in blood and spoil -It shall come in empire's groans. It shall come in empire's groans. Burning temples, tumbled thrones -Then ambition, rue thy lust! Then ambition, rue thy lust! "Earth to earth and dust to dust." Then shall come the judgment sign, In the east the King shall shine -Flashing from Heaven's golden gate, Flashing from Heaven's golden gate, Thousand thousands round his state -Spirits with the crowns and plume Spirits with the crowns and plume Tremble then thou sullen tomb? Heaven shall open on our sight Earth be turned to living light. Kingdom of the ransom'd Just! "Earth to earth and dust to dust." Then thy mount Jerusalem, Shall be gorgeous as a gem; Then shall in the desert rise Fruits of more than Paradise -Earth by angels' feet be trod. Earth by angels' feet be trod. One great garden of her God! Till are dried the Martyr's tears Through a thousand glorious years; Now in hope of him we trust, "Earth to earth and dust to dust." April 1, 1834. LINES *it ten bj' request for the students of ifayette College and sung at the anuirsary of the Literary Societies on the rsary of the Literary Societies on the h of July, 1834: Columbia! Columbia! Why weepest thou now? Why bind with dark cypress Thy beautiful brow '! This day of rejoicing, The laurel might be, More fitting adornment. Young nation for thee. look, in thy grandeur Rejoicingly forth, The winds waft thee treasures From South and from North, Thy hast mines in thy mountains -And tlocks on the plain, And tlocks on the plain, And thy navies float proudly. At home on the main. rhy harvests are bending. Like gold in the breeze; rhy fruits in their fragrance, Hand bright on the trees, rhy daughters are lovely, Thy sons -- they are free, ^Lnd despots may tremble While gazing on thee. 3! things, and tidings. Have come to our shore, rhe friend of our need Lafayette is no more. When foes were around us And help we had none. He flew to our rescue Unaided, alone. jreat Sun of two worlds, Shall thy freedom-li-ray Jnheeded, unsung. Pass in brilliance away? iVhile nations awaking. Have seen by its light rhat chains were around them, And blushed at the sight? d shall not a tear To his memory be given, rhe angel of freedom Vouchsafed us by heaven? In midst of our triumphs, shall there not be, )ne moment held sacred To sorrow and thee? fes, Columbis shall weep For the generous, the brave, rhe tears of her freemen Shall hallow his grave, May we be forgotten. If thee we forget, rhou friend of the friendless, Beloved Lafayette. July 8, 1834.] The following splendid poetry has been written for the celebration of the coming anniversary of the "Brainerd Missionary Society" of Lafayette College. It will be remembered that Easton, then called "The Forks of Delaware," was the principal station of the devoted missionary of the cross, David Brainerd, for sionary of the cross, David Brainerd, for whom the society has been appropriately named, when he preached the glad tidings of salvation to the Aborigines of the soil, nearly a century since. -- Ed. Whig. On a mount ,whose fair summit o'erlooked the dark wave ed the dark wave Of the Delaware, rolling majestic away ; Where the Lehigh its tribute of bright waters gave. And the Bushkill leaped forth like a child at its play, Alone, in his sadness, a desolate sage Looked down on the scene through the mist of his tears; Though furrowed, his brow was not furrowed by age. rowed by age. Ah, many his sorrows, but few were his years. And weary and far was the way he had trod -And long had he labored; alas it was And long had he labored; alas it was vain ! He led the dark sons of the forest to God, But oh ! they had turned to their idols again. He knelt iin the depths of his agony there ; And bitter and sad were the tears that he shed. As he poured forth his soul to the hearer of prayer, That his spirit might breathe on the desolate dead. For the heathen he wept ; for the heathen he prayed -And a rapture of peace to his bosom And a rapture of peace to his bosom was given; While the finger of sleep on his eyelids was laid, The veil of the future before him was riven -And fair was the vision that rose on his And fair was the vision that rose on his sight ; And soft were the voices that whispering stole ing stole Like dew when it falls on the flowers at night. Reviving, they fell on his sorrowing soul. then had some pitying angel been sent, A messenger missioned to dry up his tears, To show him the shade of each comiag event, And point him away through the vista of 3'ears -Had lie seen on the spot by his sorrow Had lie seen on the spot by his sorrow bedewed, Tliis temple majestic in beauty arise; And heard in the tenantless lone solitude Your anthems of glory ascend to the skies! Though little his joy to have known that you bear, His name on the banner your faith has unfurled -But 0! had he known you to be Avhat you But 0! had he known you to be Avhat you are. The heralds of hope to a perishing world ; In holiest rapture, his soul at the sight, Like Simeon's had long'd to be rid of its clay ; Forgetful of earth in its boundless delight. light. Would gladly have soared to its glory away. On you rests his mantle -- on you rests his name; The fervor and hope of his spirit be yours ; Like his be your courage in glory cs shame, And faith in his Saviour your triumpK secures ! Then Brainerds arise! 'tis that Saviour aloud. Commands you to gird on the conquering swords ; ing swords ; And fear not -- the heart of the fierce and the proud Shall bow at the feet of your crucified Lord. [March 11, 1835.] Exegit monumentum aere perrennius, Regalia siter pyramidum altins, Quod non imber edax, non aquilo impotens tens Possit diruere; aut innumerabilis Annorum series, aut fuga temporum. -- Horace. Why are the hours of sleep not left alone, L^nburdened by the sunshine cares of life, In native solitude to pass in peace ? Oh! If the eyelids did shut out the world. Then sleep were sweet, and slumber wanted rest ; ed rest ; But some divinity of soul, abstract, Not known in wakeful hours, communes with man. When in the imag'ry of death, he would, Forgetting earth, forgotten, be alone. Night is the oracle that tells unask'd, The mysteries of her own etherial realm, And eases reason of niyh half her toil. A dream -- perchance 'twas dreampt in sleep -- but dream. Or vision, or a something heard, or read, Directs my pen, as we are influenced here By causes unforseen; and tossed like ships By contrary winds, upon the sea of life. Me thought, on Ida's top a being sat In pensive loneliness, wrapt up in thought, And seemingly, embarrassed to a blush U'ith cogitations strangely new to man. His head, inclined by weighty thoughts within, Uplifting, he surveyed the adjacent scene, \Miere Lehi's waters meet the Delaware, And where their murmurings salute the ears Of people boroughed in the vale below. And first, he uttered a most dolorous, j\Iost piercing groan, because no gazer there Had ever penned the beauties of that place In "lasting Form" for other minds to enjoy. So philanthropic he, with ready pen, Well wet in poke-juice, thus the work beiian. Which seemed a chronicle, as found below. low. Down through the vista of old wornouttimes. times. Scarce checked by Noah's flood he traced the scene. And saw Parnassus and her sister hills "Merge from the mighty deluge," then, faithful He attests, that streams rushed from their source And ran down hill to meet the ocean's wave. 'A change come o'er the spirit of my dream And gloomy forests rose before his sight: Deer drank the waters, and old bruin growl'd. Soon came the Indian, whose imtemperate eyes ate eyes Drank up the scene, and for the draught he paid The Great Spirit praise. Up rose the wigwam. And council fires now gleamed upon the wave; The feathered Indian now stole through the glade, 'A change came o'er the spirit of my dream. The Friend smoked peace pipes with the Indian, Who, breathing air in ignorance before, Was almost stranger to the peace of smoke. The Friend soon drove the Indian far away; And in the course of time the Old Point Tavern Rose, (which seemed the focus of the writer's hopes; Its scenes of yore, of jolity and fun, Seemed quite to wrap in rapture all his soul, And make him pray for large descriptive powers). There, all the ancient worthies of the place Assembled nightly. There Shook, -"that prince of hosts "that prince of hosts And king of wags" in full commissioiij brought Old madeira up. Our worthy fathers, Our sober, our respected sires, thera played On "all fours" (just as modern monkiea might ) And like them, lightly laughed to hear a gun. Go off, or see a card or tumbler fall. Good Shook, with laughter shook his sides, when rum Shook reason out, and high his cholor rose When any one, not drunk, was sad within. in. Thus qualified, to graver matters now They turned. Affairs of State were wisely scanned, ly scanned, And each momentous question sifted well. Nor did they fail on much contested points, To count the ayes the voting bullfrogs gave. And then too, in that spirit stirring time, When for her rights our infant nation strove. Some glorious victory would reach their ears, Both frogs and fathers, they would raise a shout (Each one "se inflans" as the poet says,) As patriotic as the 'bumpers quaffed' Were large; -- for then no temperance pledge Did gauge a glass, nor 'good society' Make ungenteel the mystic 'hug-em-snug.' Now Penn's old swivel told the parting boat. And wives, and children took a sad farewell. well. Again, the maidens on the shore would greet With welcomes kind, and osculations sweet, Our fathers' safe return whose thirsty eyes Most steadfast looked at beer casks on the shore. But now no swivel's find -- no tears are shed, To soothe the hardships of the boatman's life; For girls, no sailors, safe within the house. Leave coal and boxes to fill up the wharf. 'A change came o'er the spirit of my dream' ; And like a carpet, spread beneath his feet A prosperous Borough lay. Canals and locks. And weigh-locks, basins and bridges, steeples. And enormities like these, destroyed the view ; But thanks to Heaven's all strong preserving power, serving power, The mountains are not blown away or moved. Nor has the Delaware run out its track! ! Here was the Finis of the 'lasting' tale ; To say farewell, me thought the being rose. And sealing twice the history he had writ, With deifying capitals within, And praying future chronicles to read. Was 'lost in all but spirit;' nor surmise. Strange, (like Orpheus' lyre for having played so well) Was made a star, whose friendly visit late, To gaze on the 'sweet spot' some dullards call'd A comet, come to burn the world with fire. S. N. D. [Easton, Nov. 25, 1835.] EASTON, PA. Hail, Easton, hail! The lyre is strung for thee! Daughter of beauty! in thy vale serene! rene! Girt by the mountain peaks, and fair they be As are thy rivers with their silver sheen. That pay their tribute to the mighty sea -With inland navies tracing valleys With inland navies tracing valleys green ! Hail! Easton, hail! -- permit the music to bring To thee her first but faithful offering. Thou sit'st beneath the white clouds of the sky; Whose azure brightness all the senses please ; Like some fair bird descended from on high To sing its carols mid the woodland trees. Gem of the hills! -- thou charmest the wand'rer's eye While Health roves playful on the balmy breeze, And her pure spirit like the happy dove Hallows the green fields of her early love. Temples to Him who made thee what thou art, Who gave thy hills their verdure and their bloom, Who bade the fountains thee their gifts impart Who filled the air with summer's soft perfume. Temples to Him -- who rules the human heart From dawn till eve -- the cradle to the tomb ; Rear their gay spires, pointing to the sky The home of Truth -- of Love -- of Deity. And science too hath reared her classic pile -High towering stand her academic High towering stand her academic groves, O'erlooking thee^ as with a sage's smile, She'd beckon all to climb the hill she loves.* And merry youth and beauty's eyes beguile guile At evening's hour the pathway leisure roves, And plenty crowns thee with the rolling year, With summer joys and winter's stores to cheer. The rushing Lehigh sweeps thy southern shore, The torrent Bushkill laves thy northern bound, ern bound, Along thy east the Delaware doth pour Her roaring waters with commingled sound; While sportive skiffs are lightly roaming o'er. The restless current as it dances round -Where once the Indian in his frail canoe Where once the Indian in his frail canoe Hath gamboll'd on the watery surface too. His son hath cease! -- no more he wakes to ire No more he reveals on thy banks or stream No more he lights his mystic council fire -Or treads his war dance by its fitful Or treads his war dance by its fitful gleam. His form departed -- as the sparks expire, pire, Or as the startled shadows of a dream, And wealth and art have reared their temples where The wolf and panthers slumbered in their lair. The stately mansion marks the wandering view. ing view. The hum of business falls upon the ear, The massy bridges strike the fancy too That sweep o'er every gushing river near -Then Easton hail! -- long may the arts Then Easton hail! -- long may the arts pursue A worthy pathway -- and increased career; reer; And health and plenty mark thy onward way. Till Time shall cease to usher in the day. W. *"0h who can tell how hard it is to climb The hill where fam's proud temple stands afar." [December 2nd, 1835.] TO CUPID ON HIS RECENT ILEVATION. TION. Dear Cupid! since by just award, Our wise Town Council did accord, That you should be the sovereign Lord Of this great town; Let me my humble praise record, 'Tis all thine own. I prise thee, not, that thou art great, But that thou fillest the chair with weight, And that thou justly doomest the fate Of rogues is seen, And, that, thy Peers have crowned that pate With Laurels green! Cupid! before thy stately thread, 'J'he naughty boys shall flee with dread, The homeless vagrant bend his head, And own thy*pow'r And at thy frown shall tears be shed. When it doth low'r! Cupid! thy shafts each rogue shall goad, The fishman with his stinking load, The butcher with his stall ill stowed, And three day veal ; And pigs invading the high road Thy power shall feel. Cupid! those sparks who now delight To vex the quiet ear of night By singing glees with all their might, Through our grave City; Thou'lt turn their glee into affright. And doleful ditty! Thou'lt make them quaver when they sway. Invades the tenor of their way. And makes them treble costs to pay, For their cursed din; Or Christian leads them base away, And bars them in ! Cupid ! those rogues who boxes take, And bridges build and lanterns break, And those who love to kill a snake, And make worm fences; You'll find for them, or I mistake. Their sober senses! Cupid! the civic wreath is thine. Long may thy deeds resplendent shine; Long may you hold the cat and nine, The rogues to score 'em; Long mayest thou wield the sword divine, And in terrorera! And now farewell; into thy charge. Secure we trust our town at large; Our roads and rivers, boat and barge. Our wives and chickens; No more we'll dread the rogues at large. As darkness thickens! [March 30, 1836.] HOME. "Home! sweet Home! There is no place like Home." How oft I reflect on the scenes of my childhood, The groves and the fields where the wild flowers grew -The lawns and the walks, and the thick- The lawns and the walks, and the thickwoven wildwood woven wildwood And the rural delights that my boyhood knew. hood knew. I remember the road with the carriage wheel roaring And the green waving willows, that hedged in the way The place where the bees the sweet honey were storing To crown our repast on a cold winter's day. Nor have I forgot when a shower was coming And I heard the loud noise of the winds in the trees How I ran by the log where the partridge was drumming tridge was drumming And 'fore I got home was as wet as you please. I remember the old mansion we lived in, With the landscape of valleys and hills plain in view The grove and the lawn where the red robin built in, And the tree down the lane where the pineapple grew. 'Neath the star-spangled sky in the big grassy meadow Where the nightingale warbled so sweetly his lay How oft in the muse of the moon's ample shadow I wondered at ease on the close of the day. And whence comes the cause of this happy enjoyment? Not the house nor the walks nor the prospects so fair, Not the orchards nor lawns nor playful employment -But the dearly loved ones of my bosom But the dearly loved ones of my bosom are there. These much-loved enjoyments how fair yet how fickle, They bud and they bloom like the flowers of May, But time and vexation thrust in the sharp sickle, They're cut down and wither and fade in a day. Thus I meditate oft on the scenes of my childhood, And in wrapt admiration am wafted away. But I see them no more, nor hear from the wildwood, The song of the sweet bird that puss dared to slay. W. [May 18, 1836.] COMMIN' THROUGH THE SQUARE. If a body meet a body, Commin' through the square; If a body dun a body. Need a body care. H'ka body owes a body, All the Banks run dry -Neer a one can pay his debts; Neer a one can pay his debts; Then why the duce should I! If a body meet a body, Commin' by the jail -If a body nab a body If a body nab a body Must a body fail? H'ka a body shows his shinnies Nane they say have I; But now and then a tailor trusts, Then wherefore should I sigh, But now and then a tailor trusts. Then what the duce care I. [June 28, 1837.] "Canst thou blind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? Canst thou bring forth ]\Iaccaroth in his season, or canst thou guide Arctunis with his sons." "The Heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth His handy work." -- Scripture. Some heavenly power assist me, whilst I try To sing the beauties of the empyrean sky. Bestow on me the skill, by which in song. The Oegrean Orpheus drew the woods along. And first arouud the Northern of th? poles, The mighty Dragon wreathes his massy fohls. In order next is Ursa swift she flies And shapes her course around the studded skies. ded skies. The bright Arcturus shows Bootes near, Who with his dogs drives Ursa round the sphere, The fleet Asterian presses on behind And Chara swifter than the Eastern wind. Hard by these the mighty Lion stands Which ranged at pleasure o'er Nemean lands. Till overpowered by Alcmena's son, (Who by his death immortal honors won) He then was placed among the ethereal signs And now a beauteous constellation shines, Next him the fair Astrean virgin flies Who last of all th" immortals sought the skies. Near to Astrea's the loquacious Crow Whose raven plummage once was white as snow Which, for his tattling, Phebus changed, alack, From snowy whiteness to a glossy black, But as a solace for his beauty lost. He holds a station 'mong the heavenly host. Next! when Antares shows his ruddy face, The impoisened arms of Scorpia embrace. The Scorpian there extends his fearful claws And breathes destruction from envenomed jaws. ed jaws. From where the Boreal crown delights the ej^e The hideous serpent stretches o'er the sky, His length across the galaxy extends. And toward Aquil's constellation bends. Proceeding upwards, Ophiucus stands Grasping old Scorpius in his mighty hands O'er a vast space the great Alcides spreads, Embracing Hydra with her massy heads. The sacred harp of Orpheus next we see By which he gained the last Eurydice Unrivalled here the radiant Lyra shines, The most resplendent of celestial signs. Approaching closer to the northern sphere The downy plumes of Cygnus now appear. Here to be found the lady in her chair And last of all succeeds the lesser bear. Around the North these constellations mo\e In perfect order through the realms above, '"Forever singing as they shine, "The hand that made them is Divine." JUVENIS. [July 12, 1837.] THE RIVER DELAWARE. From mountain limits of an Empire State The break'st, bold stream, thy solitary way Here shaded by dark cliff's, there bright in day Bathing our western verge, serenely great. As fitly deemed the lordly Hudson's mate The dimpling lights that on thy billow play Are such as on thy broader surface lay When peaceful Penn upon thy edge sate; And by the shadowing Elm in friendly guise, With feathered sachems joined in counsel sage Vaunting no acts of chivalrous emprise But seer-like buying wealth for future age, LavC; bloodless still, the peaceful heritage, tage, Nor carnag*^ e'er thy virgin wave surprise. prise. [November 29, 1837.] The following is the address of a letter received at the Easton post office a few days ago: There the Delaware winds its meand'ring course, Where the Bushkill lies cold, whilst old Boreas hoarse, In rude blasts round Mount Jefferson roars, To Uncle Sam's agent, the Post Master there, In Northampton county, I go, To he'll hand me with care, There all that within me I'll show. [1838.] A PEEP AT THE FAIR. Believe me, 'tis a wondrous thing, Of which I now a while would sing. You might have seen, had you been there The lovely beauties of the Fair. But since this has not been your fate, Be pleased to stay while I relate, What I did see, that you know \Miat made it such a beauteous show. From first to last, I ever tried. But have not yet been satisfied By looking at their toys, but still Must admire the ladies' skill. Who i)lanned and made such nicety And all for sake of charity What handsome things were there to sell I cannot now delay to tell For sure 't would make my song too long, Which would you know be very wrong The articles were very neat, And those who sold would never cheat. The sight was worth the pay at least To eyes like mine it was a feast To see such beauty, nicety And usefulness Avith rarity But he who was displeased with these It would to hearts contentment please, To see the smiling fair Who were the great attraction there Who may, had they been pleased to tell. Had wished, and tried themselves to sell I hope they'll think it no offense To say they have such preference For who would trade her own dear self For all this glittering shining pelf. Let this be howso'er it may At least I thought they looked quite gay And none would think it any harm If hearts should yield to such a charm, Let those who wish to slander girls Behold, and not admire those curls, Those rosy cheeks and that kind smile Which playes upon them all the while Although I'm by no means inclined Nor have the least intent, or mind To flatter any to their face, I must confess, that in their place. They looked so neat and very smart, I scarce escaped and kept my heart. RALPH. [Easton, Jan. 2, 1839.] ADVICE TO MY FRIEN "RALPH." Frien "Ralph" they say that ye hae been. Where lade like you sud no be seen, Indeed I saw my sell yestreen Your ain confession Ye had fu' finely dress'd it in Poetic version. Ye say ye was weel pleased to see Sae mickle fun an' hearty glee; I dinna doubt, my hearty flea But "Ralph" himsel Some wee queer jobs an' tricks did see And weel could tell. Far in a jinkie snug and fight, But no as to be out o' sight, Some queans had letters there that night, Monie an' empty ihey threep'd them on some luckless wight, Right sair an' plenty. An' aiblims "Ralph" ye've maybe seen Some callant dress'd fu' spruce an' keen Devouring wi' his greedy eens, A Billet Doux Which maybe he had got that een Frae his own joe. Now "Ralph" (I was na' there to see) I heard some ill faur'd scoundrels say Ye glowr'd amang an' looked sae A a' the lasses; As would hae gar't them one day. Avert their faces. I tell you "Ralph" ye maun' nal gie Scandel sic powers to catch thee. Now 'ea' the door sae wide agree That lets her in, Ye dinna ken how ready she Is to leap in. Tak my advice an' bide at hame An' dinna gang to "fars" again Your heart is amorous ye ken An' eas'ly proddit Sure as ye gang to sie again. They'll rob you o' it. Now "Ralph" I've tell'd you as a frien, Dinna slight the advice I've gien, But let it, after this, be seen Your graver grown. An' mae sae foolish as you've been But wiser grown. RABBIDIE-AT-HAME. [Easton, Jan. 9, 1839.] Written after reading the lines, "I remember, I remember." member, I remember." Yes and I, too, to memory can recollections bring tions bring Which came as freshly o'er my heart as the balm breath of spring; The hope of happy childhood, which always seemed to me ways seemed to me The fairest spot on all the earth -- paradise to be, dise to be, I remember, I remember still the clustering musk rose; ing musk rose; How I hasted in the early morn before the sun arose. To call its night expanded flowers from off" their slender stem Before a single sunbeam's glance could could dry or wither them. The jas'mine by the garden gate, w^hich formed an arching bower -[ always plucked a sprig away. It is my [ always plucked a sprig away. It is my favorite flower. I know not how it is, these things possess a wondrous art. sess a wondrous art. But what we loved in childhood best clings closest to the heart That Jessamine and clustering rose T never can forget. It were a joy unto my heart to know they're living yet. And then the pine trees walk -- the lofty silver pine t)h! how I loved in Summer hours beneath them to recline. neath them to recline. To listen to the sighing winds that through their tall tops played And music like the murmuring tunes of distant waters made, The arbor on the grassy mound, with vines all interlaced Where coral honeysuckle blooms, with woodbines pale embraced, Where busy bees and humming birds the live long day would come And chant from morn till eventide, their low unceasing hum; Fearless I'd climb its highest round, and there I'd sit and sing Or try to catch the humming bird while hov'ring on the wing. And when my childish heart leaped high to think I held it fast Away -- away the tiny thing flew like a sunbeam past; And often did my wond'ring eyes rest on the far off sky, I thought the blue arch bent so low, that it must be close by, Had I but wings, I'd fly and reach the horizon's utmost bound, And then I'd climb up into Heav'n, and tread on holy ground; And well do I remember yet one lovely, spring time day, 'Ihe apple trees were in full bloom -- it was the month of May The blue birds mid the branches sung, the Heav'ns above were bright The blosom leaves from ofl' the trees flew by like things of light, The fresh spring grass with dewy beads on ev'ry side was hung Which living diamonds seemed to be on threads of em'rald strung. The air it might have come from Heav'n, it was so pure and bland. So loaded with delicious sweets from countless blossoms fanned, I stood upon a verdant knoll and gazed with childlike glee. It seemeth but yesterday so fresh it is to me; I looked on earth 'twas fairy land and then I looked above. ]My little heart it seemed to grow with happiness and love, I clasped my hands close to my heart while tears of deep delight Were rising from my swelling heart and swimming in my sight; My bosom scarcely could contain the joy that in it sprung. And oh ! I am too happy now burst from my heart and tongue But never, never have I known, and ne'er shall know again. While gazing upon lovely scenes, the joy that filled me then And never too much happiness again my soul shall bless. L'ntil indeed I climb to Heaven and there its bliss possess. F. M. L. (Easton, February 1, 1840.] REPLY TO "CHILDHOOD." Yes! and I, too, to memory Can recollections bring Of sunny days and visions bright In childhood's early spring; I, too, the "fond imaginings So cherished" can recall, And see again the flowers I loved Forever fade and fall. And oft I love to wander back Far in the distance now. And con\erse hold with childhood's days Ere care had touched my brow; When life was full of life, and hope On airy pinions flew. And fancy all my future scenes 'ith magic pencil drew. And yet I would not wish again Those sunlight hours to see; Nor lisp again my evening song Beside mj' mother's knee; Nor seek again the "seeking gems" Which in the distance shone Nor wish to dwell upon my ear, Each loved companion's tone. Those happy hours I lost, are now Too often kindly given; My mother sings more sweetly now Among the harps of heaven; How many tones I loved are now In death forever hushed! And can I wish again to see My hopes in sadness crushed? 'Tis true I have -- and ought to have -My hours of sadness now My hours of sadness now And shades of care at times will pass Across my manhood's brow But brighter hopes upon my heart, With pure celestial ray. Are dawning now, and purer joys Than childhood's brightest day. I feel existence was not given A bone of little worth; I feel our brightest joys are not The fleeing joys of earth ; Far out before my vision now, A pros])ect opens wide; The world before me where to choose And Providence my guide! My childhood's eyes could weep to see The tear of anguish start; But now my manhood's voice can ease The anguish of the heart My childhood's heart could sympathize With misery's falling tear; But now my manhood's hand can smooth The wrinkle brow of care. I cannot wish for childhood's hours Though memory loves their sight, I only wish to view them now In memory's visions bright; My hopes, my fears, my joys are changed ; Beyond time's solemn shore, A brighter crown than earth can give Is glittering far before! Oh! "happy he who tosses not Away into the main, His present joys for future ones That may be quenched in pain!" Yet if religion on thy path Its hallowed radiance pours, Methinks it were a selfish thing To wish for childhood's hours. N. L. E. [Easton, July 3, 1840.] TO MARY. Though chilling winds blow from the North, The sun may yet shine clearly, And days arrive with joy and mirth. And all that we love dearly. Sweet Mary, when the snow is gone. When spring returns so mildly. We'll cull the flowers by setting sun. Which grow so gay and wildly, When nature decks herself anew, In her green mantle flowing. We'll wander forth whilst morning dew. Is on the rose fresh blowing, I've seen thee by the streamlet side. So like a wood nymph wander. Far up the vale both long and wide. Which often made me ponder. Thus nature clad in flowery dress. Held o'er thee so much power, Thou thus thy homage didst express, By brake and lovely boAver. Loved moments! as we sallied forth, The feathered tribes sang sweetly, Return sweet hours of so much worth. Why did ye pass so fleetly? Thus Mary when I think of thee, These sentiments press on me, Yet from such thoughts I'd not be free. Nor India's wealth could won me. R. H. T. Feb. 17, 1841. A WINTER GLEE. 'Tis the crack of the whip, and away we go. For a glee let us stir up our hearts with joy; All care for a time, be banished below, And mirth be unmixed with aught to alloy, For the sport will be o'er you know When the sun has melted the snow. Like the rush of the wind, o'er the ground we fly, Unmindful of dangers, regardless of fear. For sport we are bound, and for it we'll try, While winter and cold abide with us here; For sleighing no more we'll go. When the sun has melted the snow. List, the bells, how they ring in the cold, clear air; Throw your books on the shelf and forget them awhile To taste of delight; while prospects are fair And time with innocent mirth beguile ; guile ; For back to our task we'll go, When the sun has melted the snow. Crack awav, and away in a haste we'll fly, Far away o'er the hills, where the sport is gay; Haste on, while with glee our spirits are high And we shall be there to share in the play; For ne'er can we frolic so. When the sun has melted the snow. Crack awav, and awav in a haste we'l' fly. Far away o'er the hills, where the sport is gay ; Haste on, while with glee our spirits high. And we shall be there to share in the play ; For ne'er can we frolic so. When the sun has melted the snow. RALPH. February 17, 1841. From the Wilkes-Barre Advocate. TO THE LADIES OF THE LATE WYOMING MONUMENTAL ASSO- MING MONUMENTAL ASSOCIATION. CIATION. The Ladies of Easton send Greeting. Dear Sisters: We beg you accept of the gift we bestow. For the object we greatly approve, The names to exalt of the dead who lie low, 'Neath the soil of the valley you love. A valley baptized in the blood of the brave, Meetest spot on the earth for a warrior's grave, rior's grave, Tlie hero who sleeps 'neath its bloodbedewed sod, bedewed sod, Is the hero who fought for his hearth nnd liis God. Let the sons of those sires forget as There's an apron of silk for a lady to tll6V lllfiV wght, The men ana the means that ennobled And if torn there are needles to amend their day 't. Let the State' that reaps laurels from fields of their fame, There's a bag that was made for a neat Refuse e'en a wreath to encircle their little girl, name, Her years as you see are not many, Yet arise! 6 ye Gertrudes and honor the Of crewel 'tis worked of tke color called spot. Lest the days and the deeds of the dead be forgot. As we claim to be sisters we claim too a share pearl And we call her our dear little Annie. If aught is forgotten, prey pardon the muse -- * To err like her sex, she's addicted. In the mound of the brave which is Her mite, to contribute, how could she raised by the fair, O! May hearts as heroic the weak ever save, And fair ones as grateful embellish their graves. refuse. Though in time she was greatly restricted. stricted. On Behalf of the Ladies of Easton, June 25, 1841. Yet judge not the heart by the trifle it STUDENTS' FAREWELL TO EASTON. sends, But take it just as intended, Could we send you a ready built monument friends. ment friends. Believe us we cheerfully send it. There's a basket of fruit, ripe, ruddy and fair. Yet hardly are fair as the donor. And a pair of cloth slippers for gentlemen's wear, men's wear, Which must be made up by the owner. We go, farewell the brightest spot on earth, Where hearts of love are ever found. Invites us back, to circle round the hearth And share the joy that flows around, The empty seat, reminds the anxious mother, One wanders from the household broken, A sister thinks of her long absent brother When'er she views the mournful token. There are cushions to set on your toilet so neat, There's a basket of shells from the ocean , -j j -iu But oh ! a holier thought, a deeper strain, And two boxes embroidered with roses . u^^^i-u^A f^^^ u't. J ^"=,."r" so sweet. Well fitted to hold any notion. There are lamp-stands and lamp-lighter boxes to boot And bags fit for ladies to carry. And ten "hard time pocketbooks" say will they suit, The beaux who reside in Wilkes-Barre? We send you a lady, her name is Ruth Prim, Let some bachelor take her, she'll be unto him, A model of silence and duty. Is breathed from hearts at vespers there. The eye on heaven asks shall we meet again Him bowing once with us in prayer. How can we linger? Bid us not, we go, Our thoughts so brightly run before. In visioned sights like pictures brightly glow The throng that crowd the homestead door. Farewell, ye mounts and meads mementos dear. tos dear. Of students lonely quiet walk, There's a cart and a wheelbarrow, both ^^ft thought returning back shall wanto assist. to assist. In raising your monument higher. And two handsome card baskets none can resist. Their neatness and grace to admire. There's a basket of Coral, a harp, a guitar. And slippers for fairies intended, der here. And with the past in spirit talk. Here nature blends sublimely beauties wrousiht. Upon the distant mountains brow, With vales and hills in humble grandeur fraught. While all between the rivers flow. ajestic round the difls, rock- bound and grey And gentle woodlands slopes of green hat shadow o'er the flowing silvery wave, Their image on the broad deep stream. o smile was lost, no favor to stranger shown, In sickness or in cheerful health ut gratitude was deep though all untold. told. It ever, ever will be felt. ike rain upon the thirsty parching flower, That blooms and pines and sighs alone 3 acts of kindness fall with secret power On wanderers from their long loved home. he tear that fell with ours around the grave. Where lie the loved ones sleeping dust, old sympathetic sorrow had its wave To swell and break and weep with us. h! think! though voiceless we may all depart. As alone, unknown as first we came, here leaves remembrance in many j% heart Too deep to bear an earthly name. irewell, our thoughts will never cease to cling, To beauties linn'd by nature here ut holier spreads the grateful spirits wing. Oh pinions breathing thanks on high. offer up sincere a parting prayer, For friends from whom we now must sever, et on through life the happy hope we bear, To meet and part no more forever. Easton, Sept. 2.3, 1841. L. essrs. Editors: The following lines are at your dis)sal. They were composed in the stage )sal. They were composed in the stage ach while passing the place where lie le remains of those who fell in the mascre at Wyoming Valley. It is known cre at Wyoming Valley. It is known many readers that the ladies of that vely valley, with the nobleness of lirit for which they are so distinguished e now endeavoring to raise a monuent to the memory of the heroes who ent to the memory of the heroes who ere fought and fell. Every generous lirit will wish them success, and if at ly coming time war should visit that vely vale, the monument now erecting ill be the centre round which will rally ose who like their sires will be ready to die for home and liberty. That monument will tell them that they all shall ment will tell them that they all shall be remembered. Peace to the buried brave, Green be their honored giave They died their land to save, Peace to their memory. Their name and deed shall be The theme of poetry; They died to set us free, Bless'd be their memory. We'll n'er forget their grave. While the stars and stripes shall wave. O'er hearts both free and brave. We'll cherish their mem'ry Raise! raise! the column high, Pointing upward to the sky, That so all who pass by, May think upon their mem'ry. Think not the project vain. Do not treat with disdain -For if you do you'll stain, For if you do you'll stain, Their gallant memory. Accept brave men the song. Although it is not long-'Tis from one whose love is strong. 'Tis from one whose love is strong. Towards your memory. N. E. November 2, 1841. FROM THE WEEKLY MESSENGER. If I steal a minister's thoughts and turn them into verse, ought they not to be returned to him in some way? So I dedicate this homble effort of turning prose into poetry, to my friend the Rev. B. C. Wolfl". F. M. L. And who are they that nearest stand Unto the burning throne? A white-robed throng -- a shining band Circling the Holy One. Above, around, where 'ere I turn -Beings of joy and light. Beings of joy and light. Like the stars of glory seem to burn Dazzling the wond'ring sight. But brighter than the brightest there, That inner circle glow. Purer the robes of light they wear, Than's earth's new fallen snow. Oh bliss of heaven! what rapturous noteS Thrill and entrance the soul, Now like a distant strain it floats. Then burst with mighty roll, It dies and swells away, away -Throughout the angelic throng. Throughout the angelic throng. The shining ones repeat the lay. Their glittering ranks along -But hark ! a song breaks on my ear. But hark ! a song breaks on my ear. Rising close to the throne -No notes like those, in Heaven I hear. No notes like those, in Heaven I hear. No theme like to its own, Say, what that song, and who are they Who next the glory stand? And why so white the bright array, Of that rejoicing band? -And know'st thou not the blood bought And know'st thou not the blood bought throng Behold their crown and palm -Catch now the burden of their song, Catch now the burden of their song, "All glory to the Lamb; Glory to him that once was slain. Who washed us in his blood. Glory to him who lives again, And ransomed us to God." Dec. 15, 1841. At a general meeting of all the dogs of the borough of Easton held in Dog alley on Saturday evening, the 1.5th of July, 1842, Dash Weygandt was called to ithe chair. Shark Connor, Ban Jones and Don Sitgreaves, were chosen vice presidents, and Bounce Ihrie and Beauty Wolf, were appointed secretaries. The object of the meeting was explained by the president, and the following address, reported by Nathaniel Bumpo Hand, was unanimously adopted. After which the meeting adjourned to the Bushkill to take a drink; where the officers treated the company, and Bull Pollock and Philo ]\Iichler acted as grog bosses. Petition of All the Dogs. Wise guardians of this widespread town Of civic wreath and mural crown We sufl'ring now beneath your frown Our griefs express. And from the grace to others shown, We ask redress. Our wrongs we can no longer bear. We who have made your goods our care, Are now deprived of light and air, By legal clogs; And therefore we present this prayer Of all the dogs. 'Tis known that by your dire decree We, once the faithful and the free. Pointer and cur of low degree. Both dog and pup, Must have our jaws in misery, Or be tied up. Doth not our glorious law secure. Freedom of speech to rich and poor. And can you calmly thus endure Our mouths to muzzle, To speak or bark through them 'twere sure. Old Nick to puzzle. And from your handbill too 'tis clear. We of our lives are put in fear; For by your "Draco's laws" severe "Tis not denied, You contemplate by club and spear. Fell dog-i-cide. Wherefore, wise Council, is it thus. That you should wreak your rage on us? Have you not dogs that make more fuss Than we have done? Take up the dogs that drink and cuss, And let us rvm. Take up the dogs that stand about, And make on politics a rout; To see them slaver, fume and spout. It looks too bad, They drink no water, and no doubt You'll find they're mad! Take up the dogs who yelp all night, And wake the children in affright. Who serenade, or raise a fight, They don't care which. Such chaps are much more apt to bite Than dog or b -- eh. Muzzle the lying, sneaking crew. Who snarl and growl, and spit and mew, To bring their neighbors faults to view, Their own imheeding. (live them the strap and collar too, 'Twill mend their breeding. Muzzle the larks who drink their grog So strong that they can scarcely jog, Tlien down they tumble like a log. And then grow sicker Here each is a cold water dog; We drink no liquor. Shame that hen Temperance rules the roost, We who from all creation boost That pure cold water is our toast This to enslave us. We are a true cold water boss: Mc en, save us? So now we humbly plead our cause. We'll weigh our service 'gainst your laws And trust you'll pass some saving clause For our dear freedom. As for our foes, who'd bid you pause, They're rogues, don't heed 'em. Thus then we say, by day and night We guard your homes, protect your right Shield honest men, and rogues affright, And so 'tis written, That any scamp we chance to bite, He should be bitten. We for these reasons humbly pray, To be released by night and day. And through the streets have leave to play. And light or dark, We will our bounden duty pay And ever bark, [July 20, 1842.] STANZAS. Oh, would that I could breathe again. The mountain breezes far away, And once more tune mj^ harp's wild strain Where the sweet rivers gently play. Where the smooth Lehigh calm and clear Keeps ever on its sluggish pace, And little islands bright appear, Like fairy grottos on its face. And where with bolder, stronger force, The merry sparkling Delaware, Leaps o'er the rocks which check its course. And sweeps along the valley fair. Where the high hills, o'erlook the scene. And to the wandering eyes, disclose A varied landscape, rich and green, Spread out in nature's soft repose. Sweet scenes, beloved, and ever fair? Still upon my heart ye dwell! Oh, would that I were wandering there, Along the paths remembered well. Fain would I quit the Hudson's side, To view the Delaware once more, And o'er the Lehigh calm, to glide, And listen to the dipping oar. Or, sweeter far, to hear the voice Of friends, unchanged by changing years, And in their welcome to rejoice, The same, through life, 'mid smiles or tears. Oh, when shall I again be there! In freedom o'er each spot to roam; When shall I breathe that mountain air, To me the air of peace and home! Estelle. July 19, 1843. THE VALE OF THE DELAWARE BY MOONLIGHT. At night a vision came; 'twas not a dream, I saw with earthly eye, untouched by sleep ; I saw a vale lit up by moonlight's gleam, While e'en its central basin, dark and deep, Shone iright in many a soft, reflected beam, That sparkled back from distant crag and steep While sank down in the east a pearltinged cloud tinged cloud As tho' 'twere a moon-worshipper lowbowed. bowed. Slumber was on the earth ; the river lay Like a silver band on her dreamy bow; The soft light winds, in their frolicsome play, Rippled o'er the waters with fairylike plough, like plough, And sparkles of light shone over their way. As the ocean at night, when cleft by the prow. And on the wave, the tree shades softly fell, Like noontide shadows in some forest dell. Around me a gay town lay calmly sleeping And none might deem amid those dwellings fair. That eyes once bright were now in sadness weeping, ness weeping, And joyous lips were sealed, for aye, in mute despair, That loving hearts were now their vigils keeping O'er those who soon would need no earthly care And that in many a dark and loathsome den Vice his herorgies from the sight of men. Here once the red man from the forest saw Dian! thy radiant face, to all most fair. And in his ignorance would seek to draw, From thee, chaste Goddess of the golden hair! en hair! Nature's great secret and the Spirit's law. But thou wert dumb unto his earnest prayer. W^ould he had come, not unto thee, by night. But as the Rabbi did, for spirit light! And in the west shone out a bright-eyed star, That gazed so calm, so earnestly below I could not deem it but a world afar; Some sun cheering its system with its glow; Or planet wheeling its airy car And coolly gazing, centuries, on human woe. man woe. No, it should be the spirit of the dell. With sleepless eve, guarding the sleeping well! Easton, Dec. 19, 1844. TO THE WILLOW. (Opposite My Window.) Willow, why forever droop. Through the summer days! Why, to earth so lowly stoop 'Neath the glad sun's rays! Do tliy weeping boughs conceal Some (lark, nameless grief? Wliieh thou fearest to reveal By a rising leaf? Or \ith voiceless language filled, Would'st thou preach to me. Lessons, till vain pride is stilled, Of humanity. Till the listning ear is stirred In its inmost cell. With an eloquence, but heard By the spirit's psell. Yet, benevolent, as sad, In thy loneliness, Thou dost spread a cooling Many a heart to bless. shade, Old men sit at sunset there, Freed from toil and strife, Talking, with contented air, Thus enjoying life. Envying neither rich nor great. Placed in higher sphere. Feeling in their tranquil state Far more happy here. Matrons, with indulgent smiles, But with earnest eyes, Watch the merrj^ urchins' wiles As Time onward flies. Careless childhood, ever gay, Age of frolic mirth! Full of pleasure, full of play. Loveliest sight on earth! From my window's calm retreat, 1 delighted to gaze. Till the day and evening, meet In tiie twiiigut rays. Watching in the fading light. While sweet fancies press. Many a living picture, bright With life's happiness. Willow thou are ever there, Graceful, drooping tree! Bowing in thy beauty rare. To thy destiny. Filling thine allotted part In great Nature's plan. Emblem to the himian heart, Of sympathy with man. Estelle. Easton, July 29, 1845. KATYDIDS. Night is coming, night is coming! Katydids begin their songs; Summer's going, summer's going! Autumn will be here, ere long. Katydids your voices warn us Of the summer's passing flowers, As we listen to your music. In the nights' increasing hours. Now, oh now, your nightly concert. Keeps my busy thoughts awake. They are wandering near the Harbour, And the stul and peaceful lakEUR Fancy sees the scenes so lovely, In my youth's bright summer dream. Willows, drooping near the water, Lillies, bathing in the stream. Clustering cedars, on the hill-tops, Brooklets, from the mountain sides, Wilding roses, by the hedges. Where tne frightened squirrel hides. Snow-drops, opening in the meadows, Violets, with their soft blue eyes, Pee])ing out, like angels gazing Through a quaint and sweet disguise. guise. AMiite sails, spreading to the breezes. Wont so gracefully to glide, Far into the ocean's outlet. With the water's ebbing tide. Every vision still is peopled With the forms which once were dear; In their spirit -presence, here. Katydids your voices bring them Darkness hides the scenes around me, Memory flies on wings of light, I can fancy ye are singing Near my old loved home tonight. Katydids, ye all are sisters! Know ye not those sylvan shades? Come ye hither, iiow, to tell me. Change on all things there invades? Would that I could hear your music, Even as I heard it there -On the self-same spot reclining, On the self-same spot reclining, Breathing the same balmy air. Wooing tnoughts of earth and heaven, heaven. Scarcely conscious which were best; While the world appeared and Eden, In its pristine beauty drest. Time is passing, time is passing! Years have fled, and changes come, Since I heard the same wild chanting, Round my long deserted home. 30s Ah, mj^ feelings have grown sadder! Though your notes are still the same ; Heaven seems only now worth winning, ning, Earthly joys are but a name! Katydids, oh, ye are sounding Still your deep and solemn knell, O'er tlie young hopes which have fleeted, Whither, oh, ye cannot tell! Nightly ye repeat your chorus. Through the dark and silent hours, Nightly ye return to warn us, Life is passing like the flowers. May we heed the sad monitions, Which so loudly ye proclaim. May we turn from earthly visions. And the shade of earthly fame. Gaining from your voices, wisdom. While your little breath ye spend. May we seek the better portion Of the bliss, which has no end. Estelle. (Easton, August 28, 184.5.) It is with feelings of sincerest pleasure that I find in my possession the manuscript of a hymn written by the beloved script of a hymn written by the beloved Miss Ralston, for the Brainerd E. Society, of Lafayette College. And as it ciety, of Lafayette College. And as it may be, to her friends, a small memento of departed worth, breathing as it does, the soul of piety, which was ever conspicuous in her life, I most cheerfully spicuous in her life, I most cheerfully give it, praying that while they preserve it in memory of one they loved, serve it in memory of one they loved, they may also possess the spirit it breathes -- being prepared to meet her in a better world. J. W. C. Saviour! Saviour, hear our prayer! Now upborne upon the air; Suppliants at Thy glorious throne, Grace we ask, of Thee alone; Friend of Missions, in Thy cause, We would not a moment pause. Oh, unloose each sin-born tie. Raise our hearts to Thee on high, Like the Patriarch* of our band. May we leave our Father -land, Casting not one look behind, So intent the lost to find. Shields us by Thy "cloud by day" From the sun-beams fervid ray; By Thy "pillar's" glorious light. May we pierce the shade of night; Rest we not by land or sea. Till the lost we bring to Thee. Oh ! the bliss one soul to lave. In Bethesda's healing wave; Seeing sins of deepest dye, Merge in love to Thee on high. On Thy promise. Lord we lean "Thou canst make the vilest clean." *The Rev. David Brainerd. [September 24, 1845. EASTON. I've looked on many a scene, where Nature's hand Has clothed this transient earth in loveliness ; But in my spirit's dreams of fairy land, Ne'er fancied I a fairer scene than this. Oh, I have gazed from Easton's hills, and felt That God has made this world so beautiful. That all should worship Him, whose love thus dwelt On creatures, of his gifts insensible. The darker passions of the human heart. Are lulled to sleep, amid the wonders wrought By the Omnipresent; and works of art. With their vain pagentry, sink into nought. W-Tiat human mind can comprehend the plan Of the vast Universe; -- Or even here. This little spot, far as the eye can scan. Now, in the glory of the waning year. The autumn tints, magnificently gay. Have tinged the forest; and each sloping hill. ing hill. In hues of gold and crimson decked, display play The matchless coloring of Almighty skill. Between the parted mountains, on each side, In lofty grandeur, shadowing a vale Bright as Ovoca's, the soft rivers glide. And meeting, to each other tell their tale. Bold in my Muse, to touch upon a theme, Long linked to the immortal Poet's song* -Yet by these meeting waters here, I Yet by these meeting waters here, I dream Such things, as but to poetry belong. Sweet scenes of beauty! well may ye inspire spire My humble efforts, and were feelings, words. How would I breathe them o'er the speaking lyre. And wake to melofy, its simple chords. _3o6 Easton, I love thy rocks, and hills, and streams -The great Creator's works! -- I love to The great Creator's works! -- I love to gaze When the bright sun spreads out his glorious beams Or the pale moon sheds forth her milder rays. der rays. At morn, at eve, or at the twilight hoir When rainbow hues pass o'er the changeful sky, Or when red lightnings flash, or storm clouds lower, Or glittering stars look from their throne on high. All times, all seasons, beautiful thou art! In spring's green mantle robed, or gaily clad ly clad In summer flowers, which yield as they depart, I'D autumn's splendid livery -- though sad. And winter's snows! how passing fair they seem, On thy dark mountains, and thy leafless trees! less trees! The scene springs up before me, as a dream. Filling my heart with pleasjint memories. ries. made, And soon, familiar grows the world, farewell. Pleasures fade. And changes o'er the tide of life must swell -This world, alas! was but for partings This world, alas! was but for partings How tight they've got their ribs all In faulting. Ladies, wearing gold? Have they not courage to speak out. Or are they 'fraid the girls might pout At hearing, how they go now dress'd, And not to see how far behind. They are, the age of Peter, bold iuog s^pof^ ui :>saj3:nii uu j^oas puy 'puiiq OS A\ou ifSja^f) jno aau jq uiBj^ ^PPI^ 311^ '/^"S 91^ ujBAv ox To flee from sin, from wrath to come, press'd, Sweet Easton I must leave thee! Estelle. *Moore's Irish Melodies. Easton, October 10, 1845. A Petition to Doctor Junkin, in behalf of the Young Ladies of Easton, by half of the Young Ladies of Easton, by a member of the Junior Class of Lafayete College, Easton, Pa. yete College, Easton, Pa. Dear Doctor! tell us if you can. Since you're an Easton Clerg;'7nan, A\Tiat Ministers now mean to do With all the painted, bustl'd crew ? For to Young Men they only preach, As if old Maids dare not teach How they, the ways of vice should shun, And in tlie paths of virtue run. Have they to full perfection grown, With all their flow'rs so fully blown, Tiiat Preachers now their voice refrain, "What ropes, and steel, their sides compress. press. To make their bodies somewhat less?" Poor fools! they'll live not half their days. So tightly lac'd within their stays, To fashion they've become a prey, To modesty they've bid good day. By day, by night, they're out from home, .4nd on the streets forever roam. Some by night the streets do wander Tease young men their means to squander. der. In haunts of vice, at hen s own gates, Wiiere Satan hardy soldiers makes, Others, by day their fin'ry shown Alas! liow big their bustles grow. Meantime their brains become depress'd, And for a beau they're quite distress'd Who then will say that woma"1i could. From hearing sermons get no good? Why then should Ministers conceal. The truth which duty bids reveal? Try now, Dear Doctor, if you can. Since all the Preachers preach to man, A course of Lectures to prepare. Full of advice, of wisdom rare. For Easton's daughters' benefit? To church they come, in crowds they sit, To hear what misdeeds we have done. E'en in God's house they make their fun. Now Doctor teach them if you can, How to become helps, meet for man. To tlirow away their big bran sacks, ^Miich look like mountains on their backs. [February 4, 1846.] The following piece of good poetry, was written by a gifted citizen of this place, upon hearing of the death of the brave Major Ringgold from wounotj re ceived in the battle of Matamoras, on the eighth of May last, between the army of the LTnited States and a superior Mexican force. It appeared originally in a ican force. It appeared originally in a city paper, but we transfer it to our columns with pride, not only on account of its beauty and patriotic sentiment, but also on account of the locality of its authorship. Air -- "Lutzou's Wilde Jagd." 'iiie trumpets have sunk to a funeral wail Which so gaily for victory sounded. The war steeds are check'd, the riders are pale, me muffled drum beats, banners drop on the gale, And with mourners, the bier is surrounded; rounded; Would any the cause of our sorrowing know ? 'Tis our Chieftain, who fell in pursuit of the foe. Secure in their number and lurking unseen, seen, 'me crafty foe ventured to brave us; Their death shots were kindling the chapperal green; Each thicket was gleaming with bayonets keen ; nets keen ; But we felt that our valor would save us; Then -- then did each bosom with estacy glow, As our gallant Chief led us to dash on the foe. Our cannon were sweeping each thicket and wood Where the foemen in ambush were lying; ing; The sabres were flashing in carnage and blood, The muskets were belching their fiery flood, And the Spaniard in terror was flying, But our hearts in the hour of our pride were brought low. For our Chieftain had fallen in pursuit of the foe. He fell in the noon of his glorious fame, Where death its wild harvest was reaping, ing, His shroud be a banner. Inscribe we his name On the stone which we raise, midst the smoke and the flame To mark where a hero is sleeping; And it shames not our manhood that bitter tears flow ter tears flow O'er the hero who fell in pursuit of the foe. Then makes we his bed by the Bravo's wild wavej Where swiftly its current is gliding. And plant our proud banner above his lone grave. For meet resting place for the dauntless and brave Is a stream hostile nations dividing; And that flag its haughty defiance shall throw From the sod where he rests secure from the foe. Easton, May, 1846. A. E. B. [A. E. Browne. [ July, 8, 1846. their friends, and the public generally, in such refreshments as they may find it convenient and agi-eeable to send, will be very thankfully received at the armory' on the day of sale, or by Mrs. F. Brown, at any time previous. "The Fair of the Roses!" Who'l buy a sweet rose? To commence on the tenth night of June we propose. And got up by the Fair, ah, who can refuse ? Tho' announced by the pen of no humble a muse -- ble a muse -When Belles in attendance are blooming When Belles in attendance are blooming and fair. We need not resent what else will be there. And the public of Easton, so generous to all. We need not solicit to give us a call. Contributions we ask for sweet charity's sake, In Bon-bons or Ice-creams -- Flowers or Cake. Little Trinity often has made a demand. mand. And Eastonians extended a liberal hand: May thev ever in peace and prosperity du'ell, And still in all graces and virtues excel, May each note of discord and unkindness 'cease, ness 'cease, And Easton be known as the valley of [May 27, 1846.] The Young Ladies, interested in the Fair for Trinity Church Parsonage, propose commencing the sale of fancy arti- pose commencing the sale of fancy articles, on the evening of Wednesday, the cles, on the evening of Wednesday, the 10th of June next, at the National Guards' Armory, Contributions from The following address was distributed on the first inst., by the carrier of the Whig and Journal. The unusual liberality of the subscribers in Easton has ality of the subscribers in Easton has filled his pockets and excited his vanity a little. He thinks his piece is not without merit. Agreeing with him as to the out merit. Agreeing with him as to the qualities of his song, we insert it for the persusal of our subscribers beyond his bounds. CARRIER'S ADDRESS. Once more we greet our patrons with a smile, Once more address them, and request awhile Their kind attention, while our lyric muse Adjusts her compliments, and brings the "news." 'Tis New Year's morn, earth once more has run Her annual pleasure trip around the sun. Once more anew begins her wonted course, Tmpell'd as erst by that impulsive force She first received, when Chaos fled abhorred, horred, Yielding his sceptre to Creation's Lord. Anotlier year, with ricli profusion Let lis rejoice! Does grief afflict, or crowned care? Of health and joy has rolled its seasons Let us, awhile, forget affliction's rod, round, Recount our mercies, and adore our God. Summer has trodden on the steps of Spring, Xaturc around us her profusion spreads, And yellow Autumn bowed to Winter's Her countless stores of blessings crown Ivinf. our heads. Rich fields have waved their crops of Here in rich beauty clad, in smiles argolden grain, rayed, golden grain, rayed, And nodding sheaves bedeck'd the fertile Her sweetest charms are everywhere plain displayed. Our garners groan beneath the precious Here "cloud clapp'd" peaks of hoary store, mountains rise, Our joy is full, our crop is running o'er Whose tow 'ring summits seem to pierce No season^ this for sorrows plaintive the skies. mood. Here lay outstretched the meadows and A father's smiles demand our gratitude. the lawn Nor would the "Whig and Journal" be Where Flora holds her court at early the last, dawn; To conjure up the pleasures of the past. Here fields of yellow grain their harvest Our ''Carrier" comes, joy dances on his yield; cheek Here nodding corn o'ers spreads the amAnd pleasures beam from eyes that al- ple field; And pleasures beam from eyes that al- ple field; most speak; ' With wild-flowers thickly strewn, the Nay! Ladies, patience! send him not forest glade awav. Invites young lovers to its peaceful But list a moment to his simple lay, shade. And while you listen with attentive ear. Prepare your tribute to the new born 'Twere easy to conceive some Fairy's year. spell Had here commingled grotto, cave, and Since last we met to hail the opening . , , ^ / j j v >j ^ '^ And shady copse, and wood embower a How many friends have found an early . , ?* , , j i i , * , * And gurgling brook, and pleasure glaneSome from their kindred have been rude- ", ,'""," ' , , , i 4.1 * _ Some from their kindred have been rude- ", ,'""," ' , , , i 4.1 * _ J , The laughing streamlet, and the river And some on billows of temptation _,, '"' . , ,, 1 j. " , ^ The mossy margin, and the rocky steep. c! 'j -J.! 1 * But, nav! The rock, the hill, the dale, Some, seard with age, as leaves in .,.,."',,,,;",,;"" fl^",_V j" +>,. i.r,.u, .ra Autumn shed Have gone to swell the number of the ^he lordly oak of grass the tender spear ^ , All, all proclaim creations s God is Some, in the furnace of affliction tried. Have mourned a parent, some a lovely ^t o * j. 1 " 1 1 1 n . "j , . , ' ' *' Here Science too, has rear d her hallowed bride ; " ' Some, too, have sung the requiem of the , >i t r' xj. 1 t ." 4.u" ,""n" . . * 1 Lov d Lafayette ! Long may thy walls While some have reel'd into a durnkard's , , , % j , 4. # j.- " ,av, A band of ardent patriotic youth, "= # Whose bosoms burn with love of sacred truth ! Here, while we view the havoc Time has From the pure fountain many rich made -- streams go forth -Since for life's voyage we our anchor Glad'ning the East, the West, the South, weighed- the North! And mark the relics of his crumbling May light attend thy sons where ere hand, they go, Here, let us pause! a moment let us And truth and justice from their instand, fluence flow! stand, fluence flow! And ask what we have sufi'ered? What By such a Motlier nursed, they scarce our gains? ' can fail Our losses, what? What source of joy -With her rich precepts stored-with remains? --zeal assail If crown'd with blessings such as few Tlie haunts of Vice and Ignorance; and can share, storm The bigot's fortress; and with vigor Encircling man, o'er all tht breadth and warm, length Attack the baseless fabric of a creed Of earth, and freeing him from slav-rys Whose votaries scoff while Truth and chains, Virtue bleed. A manumission gives; The spirit reigns. Long may they noble founder, Junkin, Not vile potations reeking from the live, still, His zeal, his talent, and his care, to give But curbed desires, govern now the will. To thee his "eldest born," to keep thy 1 11 But let us take a more expansive view From evil influence free! Within thy Of things in gen'ral-as all Carriers do-^^]lg And mark the important movements of ^^]lg And mark the important movements of May peace, Morality, and Virtue dwell, the year, And every grace! And may thy numbers The signs of change that everywhere swell, appear, Till-- like an Eaglet from his eyrie On hist'ry's page, since here we sung our heio'ht, ^^y^ When first he essays to approach the To list'ning patrons on last "New God of light-- Year's Day." Thy wings shall spread, thy towering head shall rise And fame shall waft thee to her native skies ! When "Union," "Harvard," "Yale," and "Nassau Hall" "Cambridge" and "Amherst" and "Bowdoin," shall fall doin," shall fall When "Forty-six" began, the Loco-focos, --Lifting their heads on high like lofty cocoas, Off'ring their shade (a thing n-er possessed,) To weary pilgrims with the heat opWhen these shall all in course of years, ^^.^ trthefaVrer, "Neath our spreading When these shall all in course of years, ^^.^ trthefaVrer, "Neath our spreading decline, -- Smitten by naught -- save old relentless Time -- less Time -Still like an Eagle, may thy youth re- Still like an Eagle, may thy youth renewed. newed. Permit thme eye to gaze upon thy brood ^^j ^ .^ ^^^^^ ^^ undismayed! Far scatter'd to the earth's remotest " ., . ^ , " , , .,, " , #' bound. The world's extreme, with Fame and Honor crown'd. tree Peace reigns, and Plenty, only come and see. See how we love our country. \Vho'8 afraid ? Pardon, dear patrons, if our muse's love. Britain shall bend, with all her power and might, Phyphtv, phour-phorty, we will have, or phyght!" And have they got it? No sir-ee. I guess For Truth and Science, led her wing to They ha int. Bob Peel got safely thro' rove. that mess. She now returns, takes up the pleasing Columby river warnt so plaguy small. That John Bull willingly would give up all His claims. 'Twas far too good a joke, To yield so much to please old "Jemmy Polk." Next came the Tariff, here, the Whigs defeated. Looked calmly on and saw the lab'rer cheated. The Farmer gull'd, the poor mechanic fleeced. strain Her theme renews, her blessings counts again. Here Art with Nature vies. To show her skill The stream is made to mount the College hill, lege hill, Schuylkill and Croton, may no longer boast. While Delaware, assumes a higher post. Religious temples too have here a place The merchant robb'd, and Locos' fingers Here even Churches lend their aid to greased, grace \Miy cmly? 'Cause why? Wliy 'cause I Our pleasant streets, the eighth shall say, fall They could'nt help it. Polk had all the When falls great Babylon. (How great sway. that fall!) Then War, with ruthless, devastating Here Temperance' Sons, a noble phalanx hand, prove Commenced his horrors on the Rio That "Purity,, Fidelity, and Love." Grande. United, from a threefold cord of Some think these horrors all are multistrength, plied, strength, plied, "Tis true," say tliey 'that some brave men have died; But then we've gained a more exalted name, And our expolits are trumpeted by "Fame." We grant the boast of this admiration, That "honor's gained and Fame and reputation." putation." V> then we ask is Justiee on our side? If so, ho matter what our troop betide. If not, the names of th' illustrious dead Will call for retribution on the head Of him whose folly led him on to wage Offensive war, and sacrifice a Page, A Ringgold, Blake, a Putnam and a Brown And hosts of others, who for high renown. nown. And noble daring, would to no man yield. Their blood alas! now stains the battle field. "Tvesaca de la Palma. -- fought in May -- # \itli Palo Alto and strong Monterey" Our soldiers write, "have all given way before us Tampico's fallen as well as Matamoras Barrita's ours and soon we'll let the foe see They can't long hold San Luis Potosi," "Juan de Ullioa" will be taken soon For Wise is rigging up his big balloon, Laden with bomb shells, a five mile cable, And ballast, just enough to keep it stable. # Wise is'nt foolish, he knows what He's about He'll quickly drive those wretched "dons" all out, (Jly eyes, how I should like to see them scovit ! ) He'll supersede the use -- on land or water -Of trooi s or navies. He'll complete the Of trooi s or navies. He'll complete the slaughter Of the whole herd. The halls of IMontezuma zuma (As quick as possible, if not sooner) Will be vacated by "las Mexicanos," And filled with Yankees, puffing rich havanas. Seeing the bomb shells, fall from heaven like rain. They'll never dare to lift their heads airain. Thus, after twenty millions are expended Heads and hearts broken, and old treaties mended, ties mended, The troops -- if any are left -- will be disbanded banded And "rough and ready" come back empty handed. Mexico will pay two millions and proclaim claim A peace, which cost us twenty to obtain. tain. What other things to note, we scarce can tell Except how often, stocks rose, and quickly fell, How many vessels for the Gulf have sailed Why Peel resigned, and why potatoes failed, Of monster clocks, weighing, sev'n thousand povuid. sand povuid. Ounpowder cotton, and the deaf'ning sound Of mammoth organs; gas for dead'ning pain, The Frenchman's marriage with the Court of Spain -Of foreign actors flocking here in groups, Of foreign actors flocking here in groups, The concentration of old John Bull's troops. The fame of "Powers" -- tho' but a young beginner, "Polks last Message" and the "Webster dinner," ster dinner," Th' Atlantic's wreck, De Myers' piano forte. The Vallenois danseuse -- (no more than forty!) Of all the "lions" in the cities to be seen. And Bancroft's dinner with the British Queen. But we forbear, lest e'en your patience fail, We've no desire to lengthen the detail. We've touched, we think, each subject that pertains To "Forty-six," Ah! no, one yet remains, mains, Tho' last recorded, yet are all inclined To rank it first 'mong triumphs of the mind, A planet in our solar system placed. Has full six thousand years his orbit traced. Unknown to man, unseen to mortal eyes Far off amid the wonders of the skies. Till "Le Verrier," on Genius' pinions soar'd Beyond the bounds of Herschell and explored. plored. What erst was decm'd the realms of bountless space. Gazed on the wanderer in his unknown race; His orbit trac'd, marked out his farthest bound, His size and density, and motion found Say when did Herschell, or famed Newton, stray ton, stray So far bevond th' effulgent "God of day"" Herschell, 'tis true. Uranus first observed But then 'twas accident. The fame deserved served By "Le Verrier" as far outweighs his claim To large discov-ry, as the piercing flame Of noonday sun, exceeds the glim-ring ray That ushers in the dawn of perfect day. Le Verrier's name that orb alone should bear Since none can with him in his glory share Le Verrier's name, tho' hitherto obscure scure Mut travel space, while Time and Space endure, We close at last. Our Muse, a ling-ring guest, Leaves Fancy's pencil to portray the rest. Farewell dear Patrons, may Religion cheer Thy path with blessings through the coming year! (January 6, 1847.) INVITATION TO THE LADIES FESTIVAL. VAL. Hasten neighbors one and all, Hasten to our Festival! Ladies fair provide the feast, Ladies welcome every guest; Come though January lowers. Here are green and fragrant bowers, Sweeter scent than that of roses Shall regale your raptured noses. Roasted pig and tender chicken, Turkeys fat, well worth the picking, Sandwiches and b\ittered bread. Hams by our farmers fed. Apple tart and pumpkin pie, "Cold Slaw" nice, and celery. Tea most fragrant, strong and sweet, Shall give gusto to the treat. Coffee brilliant, brown and strong, Worthy of a loftier song. Should a timely fall of snow. Its pure mantle round us throw; To sleighing parties from a distance. We shall gladly lend assistance, And provide for all who come Supper hot and transient home. Hovering round our ample feast, To attend on every guest, Faston's maids shall waiting stand With winning smile and ready band; Come then neighbors one and all Hasten to our Festival ! Lest you should mistake the time, I will sit it down in rhyme, Any time from half-past four You shall find as oj en door, 'Till six, when sup] er being past Shall retire each smiling guest. So that ladies young and fair May the evening treat prepare Open doors again at seven. Shall ensure a ]ileasant even'; So return it your inclined, Smiling welcome you shall find. With all lighter luxuries; You can mention such as these; Oyster stews and Spanish cream, Ices, jellies, grapes that seem Cathered freshly from the tree, Telegraphed from Italy. When the ladies, might I speak Of blushes bright and damask cheek, Of eyes, that like the diamond beam. Of forms as light as fairies dream, Of ruby lips and shining hair. And R])arkling sniiles-but I forebear -Hasten, hasten one and all. Hasten, hasten one and all. Meet them at the Festival! Easton, January 2.'ith, 1847. THE BANKS OF THE DELAWARE. Oh ! for the place I love. The home of my youth ever fair; For the grove and the mossy seat. On the banks of the Delaware! For the sweet romantic stream. Where I loved at eve to stray. When the moon's resplendent beam Robed all in a mantle gay. ( >h ! for the friends I love. For the friends I long to see; For the hour that brings me back To the maiden dear to me; For the happy time to meet, For the sweet embraces there; For I'^ve's delightsome life. On the banks of the Delaware. Lac. May 1!), 1847. TO THE DELAWARE. By D. E. P. Roll proudly on, thou noble stream ! And toss thy spray in air; or thee, beneath the pale moon's beam; I'll sing, broad Delaware! I love thy billows' deafening roar. As their crests to the stars they bear, And break upon the trembling shore Of my foaming Delaware. Thou rushest through the mountains wild, And o'er the vallies fair -Freedom's resistless, wayward, child -- Freedom's resistless, wayward, child -Majestic Delaware! Majestic Delaware! Away with the din of festive tnrong! I find no pleasure there; But my soul euraptiu-ed melts in song, On the banks of Delaware. Now in thy brink I lay my head. Forgetting e\ ery care; While thnu roil'st down thy sandy bed, Mv nuicli loved Delaware! Tlip busy crowds of yonder town Enwrapt in slumber are; But softer to me tlian beds of down Are the banks of Delaware. Ol boldly leap to the boundless sea! Like a gallant steed to the war. Where thy waters may roll to eternityRoll proudly on, Delaware! Roll proudly on, Delaware! [June 27, 184").] VIEW FROM MY W^INDOW. With raptured eyes 1 gaze, Ui on the lovely landscape, as it lays Outstretched before my window -- even now, Tlie mist is sweejiing from the mountain's brow ; ain's brow ; For it is early morning; and the sun His course has just begun. How beautiful the sce^^e, Of hill on hill arising, while between, The river li';:e a silvery streak, appears, And rugged rocks, the monuments of years, Resemble the old castles on the Rhine V'hich look down on the vine. No clustering grapes, 'tis true, Hang from the-^e mountain sides, to meet the view ; But fairer than the vineyards, is the slight Of our luxuriant forests; which, despite 'i lie change of nations, hold their ancient place. Lost in the Indian race. Untiring, I survey The prosj ect from my window, day by day -Something forgotten, though just seen Something forgotten, though just seen before; Something of novelty of beauty, more 1 lian yet discovered, ever charms my eyes. And kes a fresh surprise. And thus, when o'er my heart A weary tliought is stealing, while ayart From friends, and the gay world, 1 sit alone, With life's dark veil upon the future thrown. I look from out mv window, and there, find, A solace for the mind. The Indian summer's breath. Sights gently o'er the fallen leaflet's death ; And bids the Frost-king linger on his wav Till Autumn's tints have brightened o'er decay. What other clime can such rich painting show ? Tell us, if any know! Estelle. Easton October 1847 OH! I LOV^E HER, SHE'S A MAX'S DAUGHTER. RICH Oh ! I love her still yet. Though her hair is not jet, And her voice does not flow like tiie waters; Though her cheek's not like rose. And though blushful her nose. Oh, I love her, she's a rich man's daughter. ter. She is no way so smart. Loves not science or art, Is not graceful, grace never was taught her; But lier lips are like cherries. And her dad has the berries, Oh! I love her, she's a rich man's daughter. ter. Though she's not great in mind, Still I feel much inclined, J'or 'tis not for mind that I sought her; But her money you know. For her dad has the dough. Oh! I love her, she's a rich nuin's daughter. ter. Some say she lacks sense, If she does she has pence, And jewels her money has bought her; And I laugh when I think, How I'll "pocket the chink" When I marry the old rich man's daughter. ter. Oil no one will laugh, Or e'er call me calf. Be she simple or wise, when I've caught her; For the world never mocks. Where the dad has the rocks. And hands over well to the daughter. As for the old man, I have fixed on a plan, I will tell him my love, he will "siich it;" When the wedding is o'er, I shall only implore, That the old man may soon "kick the bucket." Folks may say what they please, Money "raises the breeze," For the girl, I care little about her; After marriage I'll fi.x it. To soon make my exit. And then have the money without her. Ketchem. August 8, 1840. i}Y=*A THE RESTING PLACE OF MY GRAND-FATHER AND GRAND- .. MOTHER. By Dylace. 'Tis where the river Delaware, Flows on with ceaseless tide, My father's mother and his sire, Sleep only side by side.. Two marble head-stones upward rise. Above their lowly graves^ And close beside the deep stream lies, Witli gentle murmuring waves. When sun is sinking in the west, And evening shade is cast. Upon the two mounds where they rest. From mountains huge and vast. At little distance rear the cots, Of Stockport small and neat. Amid the broad and level lots. That cheer the lone retreat. "Lay me beside that river deep -The stream so much I love," The stream so much I love," My grandsire said, and sunk in sleep, To wake in climes above. Oh! often had he floated on The bosom of that stream, In years that long were past and gone, And there he wished to dream. And there they lie upon that shore. In undisturbed repose, But never will they wander more, Where Delaware now flows. Honesdale, Dec. 9, 1847. LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, E ASTON, PA. High on a mount of deathless fame Our ColIcL-e jiroudly stands, And be;u-s the great great iieroic name Its laurel'd height demands. In its own scientific might It looks most nobly down And beaming forth in sunbeams briglit, Surve's our beauteous town. Its spire in golden glory glows, And hails each rising day, When flow-ry plains their" charms disclose close To deck tlie Queen of May. The warbling songsters of the spring "J'heir tuneful voices raise, And round tlie College sweetly sing Tlioir great Creator's [iraise. The well-known bell, in loudest sounds, Rolls on the ambient air, And ev'ry Student quickly bounds His classic feast to share The learned Presidential sage. That guides the youthful throng. In studying many an ancient page Shall soon their praise prolong. For with the diplomatic prize He shall their glory crown. And bid them take without disguise What science showers down In College Halls, so fraught with fame, Some giant minds have grown, And cloudless as Lafayette's name Their starry splendor shone. The Puljjit, Senate, and the Bar, Afl'ord extensive S] heres, To spread their nobles deeds afar Through many rolling years And many sons of noble sires. Within our College walls. Shall blaze with fame's ijnmortal fires, And bless the sacred Halls. Then let us all show forth the praise Of our own College Hill, And our most cheerful voices raise To sound its praises still, Let sages, saints and statesmen sing. What learning can unfold, And sliew that our Pierian spring. Has treasures yet untold. Let virains, blooming as the rose On Sharon's dew-deck'd plain, 1'heir sweetest, softest, songs compose To charm eacli College swain; With smiles of innocence and joy. Urge on each noMc- youth. And bid him all liis pow'rs employ For learning, grace, and truth. Our Fagle then shall higher soar. With fame's loud trumiet's sound, And freedom's blessings freely pour On all tlie nations roimd. Columbia tl en sliall rai>e her voice In freedom's noble cause. And bid the world with us rejoice, That Freedom makes our laws. Our daughters bright as sun-lit skies. And pure as winter's snow, Sliall be our country's highest prize, Where streams of learning flow. Their fame shall sound in loudest lays, Mid our own College Hall, Shall add some tribute to their praise. And crown them best of all. W. B. Faston, Pa. Nov. 7, 1849. THE SONG OF EASTON. A response to The "Song of Lafayette College" by W. B. A bard of Easton's nmneroiis throng His ready pen has tried, And sung a song to Lafayette, Her beauty and her pride, -Of the higli and beautiful that cling, Of the higli and beautiful that cling, Like magic to her name, And thrown o'er eacli harmonious line, His prophet's ken of fame. And say; shall no resjjonse be given, To this complimental strain, And the notes breeze-borne to Lafayette Not echoed back again? It may not be while e'en the bare And rugged heights around, When their slumbering echoes deep are waked, Will give you back the sound. Too deep, too fond, too thrilling, are, The memories that wake. At the utterance of her classic name. In breasts of generous make. To let the song, sung to her fame. Fade like a parted strain; And from the heart's recesses bring No answering tone again. Ah ; there are hearts in distant climes, That beat a quicker flow. And feel the memory of the past, In brighter colors glow, -When the cherished name of La Fayette When the cherished name of La Fayette Falls on the ear of care, Bringing too, memories of a scene Of beauty passing fair. -Of a valley that, mid circling hills Of a valley that, mid circling hills Of changeful vendure, lies All wild and beautiful as though 'Twere meant tliat other skies, More deeply, more intensely blue, Of brightness more serene, -Should ever smile upon the lines Should ever smile upon the lines Of so divine a scene. Sure, beings of a purer sphere. With finer sense might range Forever, o'er those deepening charms, Without a wish to change. But those there are, that habit here. Who feel the full, deep tide Of beauty that forever flows From every mountain side. The framing of this picture fair. Arc the dark and rooky hills. Yet inner lines of liglit are there -The silver-erested rills; The silver-erested rills; Whose graceful forms, like Graces meet, In sister-like embrace, Combining with their different charms, Its beauties to increase. Fair scenes.' shall aught of darkness chase The bloom that now we wear? Is the future tinged with clouds of gloom To damp your summer air? Shall the liuht and loveliness that smile. From ruby lips and sparkling eyes. Or scenes of Nature's beauteonsness, Be tarnished 'neath vour skies? LA FAYETTENSIS. * November 28, 1849. THE EASTON CEMETERY. A voice from the Easton Cemetry, encouraging its ])roject, and shewing to the couraging its ])roject, and shewing to the people its loveliness and beauty, and setting forth to the inhabitants of Easton, ting forth to the inhabitants of Easton, the propriety of selecting a hand.some s])ot of ground on which they must shortly die. When we shall sink at last in death's embrace And fade from earth, where can we find a spot More meet for calm repose than this lone place "The world forgetting, by the world forgot." Inclosed by verdant hills in beauty clad. Enshrined by Bushkill's gently murmuring stream, muring stream, Here stay thy steps poor earthly wanderer, derer, And pray for that calm sleep that knows no dream. Each hill that points with finger to the sky. Teaches frail man the path he too should tread. And wakens feelings of a blissful hope. Here in the future dwelling of the dead. Tho' man, when his brief course of life is run. Recites to seek his lonely place of re-t. And little recks where the worn frame may lie, So the immortal living part be blest. Yet 'tis a mournful pleasure to behold A home like this when our cares shall close. Removed from all the turmoil of the world. And softly wooing us to calm repose. Dec. 31, 1849. G. AN INTERESTING BIT OF HISTORY Showing the Spirit of the Times Hereabouts Early Last Century. abouts Early Last Century. Contributed by Ethan A. Weaver. The following was printed in the Easton "Centinel" in 1819. To the student of ton "Centinel" in 1819. To the student of local history it contains much of local interest : terest : Picture of Easton, Pa. Pennsylvania formerly the property of several tribes of Indians was granted by King Charles 2nd of England to William Pcnn in consideration of his father's services to the crown, on the 4th March vices to the crown, on the 4th March 1081. -- In 1099 William Penn arrived in America with his '"charter of privileges." -- In 1700 the Susquehanna Indians granted to Penn all their lands on each side ed to Penn all their lands on each side of the river Sus(|uehanna. -- The Conestoga chiefs in 1701 ratified the above toga chiefs in 1701 ratified the above grant. -- In 1708 all the lands on the Delaware river belonging to other tribes were ware river belonging to other tribes were also added by "fair purchase" to the proprietary domain. The unlimited toleration of the proprietary government towards all denomi- prietary government towards all denominations of Christians as well as Jews, nations of Christians as well as Jews, soon attracted the enterprising sons of Europe, who scorned bondage and loved liberty, to emigrate to the colony of Penns. -- Among the nations of the old world who most liberally contributed to populate the fertile wilds of Pennsylvania, were those of Germany and Ire- vania, were those of Germany and Ireland, countries which had equally ex- land, countries which had equally experienced the horrors of religious reform perienced the horrors of religious reform and fanatacism, peculiar to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which had extended its baneful influence to some of tended its baneful influence to some of the colonies in North America and determined our Irish and German Ancestry termined our Irish and German Ancestry to establish themselves in Pennsylvania. Having said thus much relative to the population of Pennsylvania, my readers will now permit me to describe Easton, then unknown except to the savage herds which resided on the banks of the Delaware, and in the sequestered vale, where ware, and in the sequestered vale, where now stands the rich and commercial borough of Easton which was once the Ely- ough of Easton which was once the Elysium of Indians, their safe retreat, and sium of Indians, their safe retreat, and their burying ground; until the adventurous sons of Europe discovered from turous sons of Europe discovered from the tops of the mountains the "Forks of the Delaware" blooming with uncultivated verdure, diversified by the most pic- ted verdure, diversified by the most pictiu'esque scenery in nature as rivers, tiu'esque scenery in nature as rivers, mountains, hills and dales, evidently finished by the creating "fiat," which determined the rugged and enterprising an- termined the rugged and enterprising ancestors of Easton to plant themselves in cestors of Easton to plant themselves in this rich and fertile dale. To the proprietary government it was a subject of rejoicing, when they considered the richness of the soil at the forks ered the richness of the soil at the forks of the Delaware (as it was then denominated) its contiguity to Philadelphia, and nated) its contiguity to Philadelphia, and the three beautiful rivers which washed the banks of this ronumtic corner of creation. -- Accordingly the proprietors ation. -- Accordingly the proprietors caused this eligible and valuable site, to be surveyed into town lots, about the year 1755, and called it Easton, since which it has been incorporated into a borough -- and is now the seat of justice for Xorthampton county. -- Easton is situated on the west side of the river Dela- uated on the west side of the river Delaware, and between the river Lehigh and ware, and between the river Lehigh and Bushkill creek. -- It is 12 miles N. E. from Pethlehem-- 57 N. of Philadelphia, and 73 S. W. of New York -- And is surrounded by mountains as described above, collectively forming one of the most romantic tively forming one of the most romantic and beautiful landscapes in Pennsylvania. -- Some of the moimtains in the vi- nia. -- Some of the moimtains in the vicinity of the borough have been named, cinity of the borough have been named, Ida, Olympus, Parnasus -- Atlas -- and j/^efierson, on tiie latter the anniversary of the birth day of the nation is annually celebrated. -"The birthright which our Fathers gave -- "The birthright which our Fathers gave -Laws equal, mild, and just, and pure, Laws equal, mild, and just, and pure, Freedom from anarchy secure. Firesides where heavenly bliss has flow'd, And Altars consecrate to God. -- " Easton contains the following public buildings, viz: -- One court house, two chxu-ches, two banks, one jail, one academy, one countj^ house, one market house, emy, one countj^ house, one market house, and the library building, the latter "founded in 1811" containing 1000 volumes and manuscripts -- tolerably well umes and manuscripts -- tolerably well selected; and considerably improved by the literati of Easton. -- There are also four bridges, viz: the Delaware bridge, which connects the Pennsylvania with the Jersey shore, at Phillipsburg -- The Lehigh bridge suspended on chains, which connects Easton with Reedersville, is a light and beautiful structure, belonging to the county -- and the old stone, and new frame bridges across the Bushkill both within the borough of Easton. Easton contains from 350 to 400 dwelling houses, and from 3000 to 3500 inhabi- ing houses, and from 3000 to 3500 inhabitants. -- There are 20 wholesale and retail tants. -- There are 20 wholesale and retail stores, 14 taverns, 3 drug and medicine stores. 3 millinery shops. 9 confectionary and huckster shops. 5 mills for the manufacture of flour, oil, &c., 1 distillery, 3 facture of flour, oil, &c., 1 distillery, 3 tanneries, 4 silversmith shops, 7 bootshoe and saddler shops, coojier's do. 4 shoe and saddler shops, coojier's do. 4 blacksmiths do. 3 -wheelrights do. 1 locksmith do. 2 tin and coppersmiths do. gunsmith do. 10 taylors do. 1 fife do. 4 smith do. 2 tin and coppersmiths do. gunsmith do. 10 taylors do. 1 fife do. 4 chair manufactories, 5 cabinet do. 1 book store, 3 printing presses, 2 book binderies, 7 coverlet-weavers, 5 board yards, 30 ies, 7 coverlet-weavers, 5 board yards, 30 Durham boats, 4 bakeries, 3 barber shops, and 4 oyster "Halls and Hotels" in part constitute the obvious callings pursued in Easton. -- There are also 9 schools, in some of which are taught "the languages," mathematics. Algebra, surveying, geography, English and German grammar, el- raphy, English and German grammar, elocution, spelling, reading, penmanship, ocution, spelling, reading, penmanship, embroidery, music, and several other branches of education, both ornamental & necessary -- Easton in point of professional numbers is not inferior to any sional numbers is not inferior to any other town of its size in Pennsylvania -for it employs four divines, and has for it employs four divines, and has eight lawyers and eight physicians. The citizens of Easton liave not been backrd in im])roving their boroiigh, when we consider the expense of the following improvements, although some lowing improvements, although some travellers have strongly intimated the utility of pavements, as trie) "v/ith splash, with scramble & with bound" have passed througli this borough. List of Improvements, Expenses, Etc. "The Easton Delaware Bridge Company" was incorporated by the legisla- pany" was incorporated by the legislatures of Pennsylvania & New Jersey as tures of Pennsylvania & New Jersey as early as the year 1793, when the piers were erected, and many of the materials collected, which were suffered to decay until Samuel Sitgreaves esq. volunteered his services and effected the erection of this valuable and useful structure, "The Delaware Bridge" during the years 18045-() & 7 -- at an expense to the company 5-() & 7 -- at an expense to the company of "eighty five thousand dollars." This bridge rests on two piers and two abutments -- has three arches, is housed and ments -- has three arches, is housed and measures about "three hundred and fifty feet." -- The Delaware bridge company received some assistance from this state, in a loan, which has since been refunded by the stockholders, whose dividends are "fifteen per cent" per annum, contingent funds not accepted, and is probably the best bridge stock in Pennsylvania. "The Lehigh Chain Bridge" was erected in 1811 at an expense to the borough and county of "seventeen thousand dollars" a free bridge. lars" a free bridge. "The old stone bridge" across the Bushkill creek is supposed to have cost "two kill creek is supposed to have cost "two thousand dollars" to the first settlers of this borough. -- "The new frame bridge" across the same stream was erected in 1818, by the liberal donations of a few individuals in Easton for "one thousand dollars." "The Court-House" in which are held the quarterly courts of Oyer and Terminer, Quarter Sessions and Common miner, Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas, &c., was erected in 1762, at an expense of "six thousand dollars" to the pense of "six thousand dollars" to the county. "The .Tiiil," an old stone l)uilding, whose tliick limestone walls, massive grates and ))<)'iderous doors, which seems equally to frown on time as it bids defiance to esca])e, was erected about the year 17(Jl -- ca])e, was erected about the year 17(Jl -and ]u-obably cost the county together and ]u-obably cost the county together Avith its more recent improvements at least "four thousand dollars." "The County House," situated in the Eastern Angle of centre square, is a one story stone building -- containing the Prothonotary, Register, Commissioners and Sheriff's offices -- was erected in 1793, at an expense of "two thousand dollars" to the borough and county. The United German Presbyterian and Lutheran Congregations, erected at an expense to their societies an "elegant stone church" on Pomfret street, the mason work was done by Mixell, and son work was done by Mixell, and was finished by John Cimnius in 177G -twentj'-one years after the survey of twentj'-one years after the survey of Easton, by Pierson, surveyer general of Pennsylvania, and first Prothonotary of Northampton county -- at an expense of "five thousand dollars." -- The builders of this fabric are said to have suffered materially by the depreciation of Continen- terially by the depreciation of Continental money, with which they Avere paid. tal money, with which they Avere paid. "The new brick meeting-house" situa, ted on Bushkill street near Bushkill , ted on Bushkill street near Bushkill creek, and in a retired and pleasant part of this borough, was built by "the English Presbyterian Congregation" in 1818 lish Presbyterian Congregation" in 1818 and 19, under the superintendance of Mr. John Green, at an expense to the above society of "eight thousand dollars" donations included. -- The stile of this build- nations included. -- The stile of this building is modern, chaste and elegant. ing is modern, chaste and elegant. "The Aaston Academj'," was erected by donations from several enterprising and liberal citizens in the year 1794 -- This building is situated on what has since been denominated "Science Hill," an ele^*ated conical piece of ground not far ^*ated conical piece of ground not far from the centre of the borough, which completely overlooks the town. It contains four large school rooms, in which tains four large school rooms, in which three schools are taught at present, under the superintendance of the Eev'd Mr. Bishop, Mr. Wilson and IMr. Kinsey. The erection of this building was under the immediate superintendance of Mr. John Bai-net, and is said to have cost "four thousand dollars" including a small donation from the state of "three or foiu* tion from the state of "three or foiu* hundred dollars." Tn 1811 "The Easton Library Com])any" erected an elegant brick building, ])any" erected an elegant brick building, capable of containing GOOO volumes, at an exjiense lot and building included, of "'eleven luuulrcd dollars" to the company. This institution was projected by Messrs. f]ndres, Ewing and Sitgreaves. "'I'he Easton Water Comjjany" was incorporated in 1817, for which subscrip- corporated in 1817, for which subscriptions were procured to the amoiint of tions were procured to the amoiint of "ten thousand dollars," of which $8000 liave been expended in this laudable undertaking -- This comi)any comiuenced its dertaking -- This comi)any comiuenced its operations in 1818 and finished tliem in 1819, superintended cliiefiy by Philip H. Mattes, esq. to wlioni much credit is due for his ingenuity and exertions, in ellecting this noble and praise worthy improve- ing this noble and praise worthy improvement. Their water supply is procured ment. Their water supply is procured from four or five springs one mile N. West of Easton on Chestnut hill, and is convoyed through aqueducts of wood and iron into the grand cistern on the South West base of Mount Jeft'crson, from whence the town is supplied with "Hydrant Water." drant Water." '"The Easton Humane Fire Company" was instituted in 1807.-- In 181G "The Easton Fire Company" was also instituted -- Both have excellent Engines, and ted -- Both have excellent Engines, and the necessary apparatus. Of Roads and Turnpikes. -- "The Easton and Wilkesbarre Turnpike, cost "'sixty thousand dollars" -- which is partly owned in Easton, and has yielded a dividend of #"tluee per cent per anniun." The road along the Delaware river above Easton cost "three thousand dollars." -- The road below Easton on the lars." -- The road below Easton on the banks of the Delaware is said to have cost "'seventeen thousand dollars," both are free roads -- and are worthy specimens of the liberality of the Eastonians. Of Banks. -- Easton contains two Banking institutions, viz. '"The Office of Dis- ing institutions, viz. '"The Office of Discount & Deposit," a branch of the Bank count & Deposit," a branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania, established in 1808, -and "The P^aston Bank" chartered in and "The P^aston Bank" chartered in 1814, with an allowance of "two hundred and forty thousand dollars" for their capital stock. ital stock. Of Associations and Societies. -- "The Easton INIasonic Lodge" was chartered and instituted in 1817 -- their regular meetings are held in the court house, whei'e this society has a room fitted up for their occupation. "The Easton Female Reading Association" was founded in 1816. -- This institu- tion" was founded in 1816. -- This institution is intended to improve the mind by tion is intended to improve the mind by reading, composition and conversation. "The Easton Ugly Club Society" was instituted in 1815. -- "Their Uglinesses" meet regularly once eA'ery other week at their '-Hall." "The Easton Sunday School Association," was instituted in 1816. -- It has al- tion," was instituted in 1816. -- It has already proved a blessing to many, particu- ready proved a blessing to many, particularly to children of indigent parents, larly to children of indigent parents, many of whom \e discovered a degi'ce nf aptness for the reception of learning eijual to those who have had a better opportunity. portunity. "The Bible Society of Northampton County auxiliary to the Bible Society of Pliiladelphia." was instituted No^*embor Sth 1819-- By whom the Bible is to be "circulated without note or comment both in the English and German languages. And any person on paying $10, guages. And any person on paying $10, becomes a member for iife." Of the Military.~Our last war with (ireat Britain aroused the lethargic spirit of Liberty, and nerved the avenging it of Liberty, and nerved the avenging arm of republicans throughout the United States to defend tlieir common coun- ted States to defend tlieir common country.-- Among this throng of gallant spir- try.-- Among this throng of gallant spirits, East(m contributed her "two com- its, East(m contributed her "two companies of volunteers" for the defence of panies of volunteers" for the defence of this state; commanded by capt. Peter Nungesser Jr. and capt. Abraham Horn Jr. who marched to "]\Iarcus Hook and Camp du Pont" shortly after that disgraceful and melancholy atlair, the de- graceful and melancholy atlair, the destruction of "the capitol",' at Washington, struction of "the capitol",' at Washington, by tlie modern Coths and Vandals of Europe in 1814. -- Out of these companies ope in 1814. -- Out of these companies have been embodied "The Easton Union Guards, a well disciplined band of '"one hundred and eighteen men," and a band of superior musicians; at present under the command of capt. David D. Wagner. In 1817 several enterprising young men who were tired of the militia, united and formed a military corps of "eighty vniiformed men" called "The Easton Artiller- formed men" called "The Easton Artillerists" comanded by capt. William K. Sit- ists" comanded by capt. William K. Sitgreaves. -- They have two brass pieces of greaves. -- They have two brass pieces of ordnance mounted, of the "Cherburg" manufactorj^ said to have been a present from the French to the continental congress during the war of the revolution -- gress during the war of the revolution -their names are "La Foudre and L'Am- their names are "La Foudre and L'Ambuscade." -- To the above company also buscade." -- To the above company also belongs an excellent band of musicians instructed by Mr. Weiss. "To me be Nature's volume broad display'd. play'd. And to peruse its all-instructing page, My sole delight." It is not unusual when treating of certain districts of country, to pay some at- tain districts of country, to pay some attention to their geology -- then permii> tention to their geology -- then permii> me to call the attention of my readers, to an inquiry relative to the scite of wliich Easton now stands.-- ^From my own observations and the remarks of those persons who have been engaged in sinking wells, it appears that originally the scite of this borough, was a lake or pond of water, created by the conlluance of the rivers Delaware, Lehigh and Bushkill, meeting at this point among the kill, meeting at this point among the mountains, comingling their currents, and collectively depositing the lighter particles of earth and stone, in this common cles of earth and stone, in this common reservoir, for a lajjse of age", until a firmament of Earth arose above the floods. That the foregoing sujiposition is a fact, may be inferred from the following circumstances, viz.: The known changes in the bed of the Delaware river-- that there was a large pond in the centre of the borough, inhabited by beavers (Castor Fibor.) That the spring freshets tor Fibor.) That the spring freshets formerly passed off by a natural channel near the base of Science-hill, in a S. Westerly direction to the river Leiiigh -that wells in the borough require to be that wells in the borough require to be sunk from 50 to 70 feet, or below the beds of the rivers-- that "the fragments of trees" have been found 20 feet below the surface of the Earth -- that a well belonging to maj. William Burnett, "rises longing to maj. William Burnett, "rises and falls with the freshets" -- Also the several strata or layers of Earth and pebbles above the limestone rocks, the primitive base on which these depositions have been made satisfactorily demonstrates to the most sceptical observer the strates to the most sceptical observer the aquatic origin of the scite of Easton. The principal Earths found in Easton are Lime, Alumine and Silex. There are also the following fossils Asbestos, Soap stone, Pyritese, Mica, Quartz, Rockchrystal. Slate and Beryl -- the latter discover- tal. Slate and Beryl -- the latter discovered by the author of this Picture, in 1818 ed by the author of this Picture, in 1818 -- and is found embodied in the primitive rocks on Chestnuthill, highly variegated with tints of green, smalt and sky blue -chrystalized the same as Emeralds -- and chrystalized the same as Emeralds -- and nearly as hard and transparent as Topaz. [The reader will notice the peculiar punctuation and capitalization prevalent in newspaper "write-ups" of eighty-six years ago. BD 239. W.^ ^^ ^ .' 0' .i^^' O ' ^deg-v .00" v-Ul 0" v-Ul .40, *^S" &^ '--^^ 0' ^^^ WW.' ^^ .*^^r ^. .. s* ,0^ I -^^0^ HO ^ov-. ^^ ^^ 4 cu >^IW* ^^ ^^ *'. %\ v\^ ,-^o< >"# ^^-^^^ Ao, r^ o ^0 "vrc,-^' -3^ ^o .0^ 'b V^ -n-o^

mild gibberish

22006848

The cults of Cisalpine Gaul as seen in the inscriptions

Murley, Joseph Clyde

cultsofcisalpine00murl_djvu.txt

OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND LITERATURE 3Jj* Imtwratg of QUjtragn The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions A DISSERTATION GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MENASHA, WISCONSIN SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY JOSEPH CLYDE MURLEY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LATIN BY JOSEPH CLYDE MURLEY 31 1? f vEollrglatr flrta* GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY MEN ASH A, WISCONSIN tf% To Professor John Strayer Mcintosh, Ph.D., My Teacher, Colleague, and Benefactor mm *M* is 19^2 PREFACE The general purpose of this dissertation is to present in an orderly manner the inscriptional evidence bearing on the pagan cults of Cisalpine Gaul with some interpretation, where desirable, of that evidence. In addition to the classification of gods in terms of their local origin, wherever the prevalence of a given cult made it feasible I have distinguished between early and late, or authentic and modified or contaminated, forms of that cult. The preservation of such fied or contaminated, forms of that cult. The preservation of such distinctions has sometimes involved the discussion of distinct cults of the same deities under two or more chapter headings, and in every case inscriptions have been presented where they seemed essentially to belong without regard to the fact that the form of appellation might include the names of gods treated under other headings. For example, Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter Dolichenus, and Jupiter Poeninus appear respectively under the Roman, Oriental, and Celtic groupings. Somewhat greater latitude of discussion has been allowed in the case of some cults which are, wholly or in the main, restricted to Cisalpine Gaul; where the evidence for this region seems merely to square with the evidence elsewhere the treatment has been more summary and statistical. Certain generalizations which might have mary and statistical. Certain generalizations which might have been offered in an introduction have been included, for convenience, in the chapter on Dedicants and their Social Groups. Part of the conclusions there set down may be summarized in these statements: that the largest number of dedications are inscribed to the Roman gods; that the numbers range downward in order as given through Greek, Celtic and Italic (of equal prominence), and Oriental gods to deified abstractions, syncretistic conceptions, and Divi; that women make a larger proportion of their offerings to the Italic gods (among which are included several important female deities) than do men, and Roman gods are in especially high favor with slaves; and that Jupiter, Mercury, Hercules, the Matrons, Silvanus, Minerva, and Mithras are, in descending order, the gods most often worshipped. The statement of the provenance of inscriptions follows the running titles of the Corpus of Latin Inscriptions, which localize them ning titles of the Corpus of Latin Inscriptions, which localize them sufficiently for our purpose. Except where ambiguity would arise thereby, references to the fifth volume of that work have been made iv Preface by number only, to other volumes by volume and number, in both cases without the abbreviation CIL. Reproduction of the epigraphical form of inscriptions is, of course, only approximate; where, how- cal form of inscriptions is, of course, only approximate; where, however, significant features are not reproduced they are described. ever, significant features are not reproduced they are described. The classification of gods, with few exceptions, and, to some extent, the order of treatment follow the plan of Wissowa's Religion tent, the order of treatment follow the plan of Wissowa's Religion und Kultus der Rbmer, which admirable and indispensable work, needless to say, has been consulted constantly. Begun under the direction of Professor Gordon Laing, the dissertation has benefited throughout by his criticisms and suggestions. Where matters of etymology are involved, assistance has been given in some instances by Professor Carl Darling Buck. J. C. M. CONTENTS PAGE Bibliography of Citations vi CHAPTER I. Roman Gods 1 Jupiter, Mars, Virtus and Bellona, Vesta, Penates, Lares, Genius, Tutela, Juno, Saturn, Bona Dea, Marica, Florentes, Terra Mater, Silvanus, tela, Juno, Saturn, Bona Dea, Marica, Florentes, Terra Mater, Silvanus, Vires, Fontes, Nymphae and Lymphae, Mefitis, Neptune, Vulcan, Di Manes, Di Inferi, Di Parentes, Di Paterni. II. Italic Gods 39 Diana, Minerva, Fortuna, Aquae Aponi, Timavus, Feronia, Venus, Libitina, Priapus. III. Greek Gods 50 The Fates, Castor and Pollux, Hercules, Apollo, Ceres, Liber and Libera, Mercury, Aesculapius and Hygia, Dis, Proserpina, Aerecura, Hera, Luna, Zeus. IV. Deified Abstractions 65 Concordia, Victoria, Spes, Virtus, Juventus, Bonus Eventus, Aequitas, Aeternitas, Providentia, Nemesis. V. Divi 70 VI. Oriental Gods 72 Mater Deum, Jupiter Dolichenus etc., Isis, Serapis, Anubis, Mithras, Cautopates and Cautes, Venus Caelestis. VII. Celtic Gods 81 Jupiter Poeninus etc., Mars Cemenelus etc., Segomo, Hercules Saxanus etc., Matronae, Junones, Dominae, Fruges and Feminae, Belenus, Deus Abinius, Deus Orevaius, Alantedoba, Alus, Bergimus, Boria, Brasennus, Centondis, Cuslanus, Dorminus and Sueta, Deus Ducavavius, sennus, Centondis, Cuslanus, Dorminus and Sueta, Deus Ducavavius, Eia, Fonio, Histria, Ihamnagalla Sqnnagalla, Louciannus, Ludrianus, Numen Melesocus, Nati or Natae, Nebres, Paronnus, Revinus, Seixomnia Leucitica, Surgasteus, Tullinus, Veica Noriceia. nia Leucitica, Surgasteus, Tullinus, Veica Noriceia. VIII. Syncretistic Tendencies 94 Di Deae, Pantheus, composite cult-titles. IX. Dedicants and Their Social Groups 96 Index of Passages 107 General Index 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CITATIONS EPIGRAPHICAL Branbach, Corpus Inscriptionum Rhenanarum. Elberfeldoe, 1867. Cagnat, Cours oVkpigraphie Latine. 2d ed., Paris, 1890. Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis Inscriptionum Latinarum. Kiel, 1889. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Vol. XIV, Berlin 1890. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, especially vol. I (Editio altera, Pars prior, 1893) and vol. V (Pars prior, 1872; Pars posterior, 1877). Berlin. Dessau, Inscriptions Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892-1916. Diehl, Altlateinische Inschriften. Bonn, 1911. Egbert, Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions. Revised ed., New York, 1896. Ephemeris Epigraphica. Vols. I-IX, Berlin, 1892-1913. Fabretti, Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum. Turin, 1867-1872. Vannee fcpigraphique. Paris, 1888Lindsay, Handbook of Latin Inscriptions. London and Boston, 1897, Lindsay, Handbook of Latin Inscriptions. London and Boston, 1897, Maionica, Epigraphisches aus Aquileia. Vienna, 1885. Notizie degli Scavi di Antichitd Communicate alia Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Rome, 1890. Olcott, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Epigraphicae. Rome, 1904Orelli-Henzen, ^Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima Collectio. Zurich, Orelli-Henzen, ^Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima Collectio. Zurich, vols. I-II, 1828; vol. Ill, 1856. Pais, Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum Supplementum Italicum. Rome, 1884. 'Rhys,, The Celtic Inscriptions of Gaul. London, 1911. Zilken, De Inscriptionibus Latinis Graecis Bilinguibus. Bonn, 1909. Linguistic Ahrens, De Graecae Linguae Dialectis. Gottingen, 1839-1843. Allen, Remnants of Early Latin. Boston, 1880. Bennett, The Latin Language. Boston, 1907. Brugmann, Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Indogermanischen Spracktn. 2d ed., Strassburg, 1897-1916. Corrsen, Beitrdge zur Italischen Sprachkunde. Leipsic, 1876. Corssen. Uber Aussprache Vokalismus und Betonung der Lateinischen Sprache. Leipsic, 1868. Harpers' Latin Dictionary. Oxford, 1884. Holder, Alt-Celtische Sprachschatz. Leipsic, vol. I, 1896; vol. II, 1904. Lindsay, The Latin Language. Oxford, 1894. Neue- Wagner, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache. Leipsic, 1902-1905. Sturtevant, The Pronunciation of Greek and Latin. Chicago, 1920. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Leipsic, 1900Walde, Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. 2ded. Heidelberg, 1910. Walde, Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. 2ded. Heidelberg, 1910. Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica. Berlin, 1871. Religious Aust, Die Religion der Romer. Munster i.w., 1899. Axtell, Deification of Abstract Ideas in Roman Literature and Inscriptions. Chicago, 1907. Bibliography of Citations vii Braun, Jupiter Dolichenus. Bonn, 1852. Bruchmann, Epitheta Deorum quae apud Poetas Craecas leguntur. Teubner, 1893. Bruzza, Bassorilievo con Epigrafe Greco, proveniente da Filippopoli; Ann. d. Inst. XXXIII 387 f . Burchett, Janus in Roman Life and Cult. Menasha, 1918. Carter, The Cognomina of the Goddess l( Fortuna ,, ) ' Trans. A. P. A. XXI 60-68. Cook, Zeus. Cambridge, 1914. Cook, Zeus, Jupiter and the Oak; CI. Rev. XVIII, 368. Cumont, Les Mysteres de Mithra. 2d ed. Paris, 1902. Cumont, Textes et Monuments Figures relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra. Brussels, 1896-1899. De-Marchi, II Culto privato di Roma antica. Milan, 1896. Detlefson, Iscrizioni di Trastevere; Bull. d. Inst., 1861, 177 ff. Domaszewski, Magna Mater in Latin Inscriptions; Journ. Rom. Stud. I 53. Dottin, La Religion des Celtes. Paris, 1908. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States. Oxford, 1896-1909. Fiedler, Die Gripsivalder Matronen und Mercuriussteine. Bonn, 1863. Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People from the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus. London, 1911. Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic. London, 1916. Fowler, Roman Ideas of Deity in the Last Century before the Christian Era. London, 1914. Frazer, Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship. London, 1905. Frazer, The Golden Bough. London, 1894-1915. Freudenberg, Das Denkmal des Hercules Saxanus in Brohlthal. Bonn, 1862. Gaidoz, Dis Pater et Aere-cura; Rev. Arch., 3d series, XX, 198-207. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Edinburgh, 1908. Henzen, Iscrizione delta Bona dea; Bull. d. Inst., 1864, 63 f . (cf. p. 33). Hepding, Attis, seine Mythen und sein Kult. Gieszen, 1903. Hermann, Ein Bilrgereid des griechischen Alterthums; Philol. IX 699. Hettner, De love Dolicheno. Bonn, 1877. Ihm, Der Mutter- oder Matronenkultus und seine Denkmaler; Bonn. Jahrb. LXXXIII (1887) 1 ff. Jordan, Ausdriicke des Bauernlateins; Hermes VII 197. Kan, De lovis Dolicheni Cultu. Groningen, 1901. Koehler, Personifikationen Abstrakter Begriffe auf Rbmischen Milnzen. Konigsberg, 1910. Linde, De Iano Summo Romanorum Deo. Lund, 1891. Maas, Orpheus. Munich, 1895. Marini, Gli Atti e Monumenti de' Fratelli Arvali. Rome, 1795. Mommsen in Arch. Anz. zur Arch. Zeitung XXIII 88 ff. Mommsen, Rbmische Urkunden; Zeitschr. fur Gesch. Rechtswissenschaft XV 330. Mowat, Decouverte d'une Inscription Gauloise a Paris; Rev. Arch. (n. s.) XXXV 105. Mowat, Le Dieu Allobrox et les Matrae Allobrogicae; ibid. XL 48 f. Miinsterberg and Patsch, Reise nach Istrien und den Inseln des Quarnero; Arch. Epig. Mitth. XV 50. Orti, Iscrizioni di Aquileja; Butt. d. Inst., 1839, 130. Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie. Berlin, 1894-1919. viii Bibliography of Citations Preller- Jordan, Romische Mythologie. 3d ed., Berlin, 1881-1883. Richter, De Deorum Barbarorum Inter pretatione Roniana. Halle, 1906. Roscher, Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie (articles by Birt, Ihm, Peter, Roscher, Schultz, Steuding). Leipsic, 1884Roscher, Rev. of Linde's De Iano summo Romanorum deo; Berlin. Philol. Wochenschr. Roscher, Rev. of Linde's De Iano summo Romanorum deo; Berlin. Philol. Wochenschr. XI (1891) 931-934. Showerman, The Great Mother of the Gods. Madison, 1901. Thulin, Die Etruskische Disciplin. Goteborg, 1906. Tomaschek, Miscellen; B. B. IX 98. Toutain, Les Cultes Pa'iens dans I' Empire Romain. Paris 1907 and 1911. Usener, Gbtternamen. Bonn, 1896. Villefosse, A propos de Vinscription de Gordien conservee au Musee de Bordeaux; Bull. Epigr. de la Gaule I 163. Wissowa, De Feriis Anni Romanorum Vetustissimi Quaestiones Selectae. Marburg, 1891 -- Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Romischen Religions- und Stadtgeschichte (Munich, 1904), ch. VII. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Romer. 2d ed., Munich, 1912. Zumpt, De Lavinio et Laurentibus Lavinatibus. Berlin, 1845. Miscellaneous Abbott, Society and Politics in Ancient Rome. New York, 1912. Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquitis Grecques et Romaines. Paris, 1873-1919. Friedlander, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 8th ed., Leipsic, 1910. Haverfield, The Romanization of Roman Britain. London, 1905. Lanciani, Wanderings in the Roman Campagna. Boston, 1909. Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894CHAPTER I CHAPTER I ROMAN GODS JUPITER Early Conceptions diovis Of all the inscriptions to Jupiter in Cisalpine Gaul, the two which offer the clearest evidence of an early date bear a surprising resemblance. They appear in Dessau, Inscr. Lat. Select. II 1, as (a) 2992 blance. They appear in Dessau, Inscr. Lat. Select. II 1, as (a) 2992 W (*) TAMPIA.L.F TAMPIAI DIOVEI DIOVEI and (b) 2993 ; only the latter is given in the Corpus of Latin Inscriptions, where it is said to have been inscribed on an ornate stone found tions, where it is said to have been inscribed on an ornate stone found near Patavium, commemorating a gift to the god by feminae gentis Tampiae 1 or, less definitely, Tampiae mulieres. 2 Like (b), on the top of a column, but at Aquileia in this instance, is inscription (a). 3 Dessau comments on (b) thus: Fortasse hie quoque fuit "Tampia L. f" and cites Pais. 3 The initial D and the termination -ei in the name of the god, in the case of (b) the termination -ai in the designation of the dedicants (if it be correct), and the antique form of the tion of the dedicants (if it be correct), and the antique form of the letters, 4 taken together, place the inscriptions well back in the republican period. 5 can period. 5 JUPITER DIANUS In the study of Roman religion, special interest attaches to the persistence in later times of original and indigenous ideas. Accordingly, in our analysis of the cult of Jupiter in this district, we are ingly, in our analysis of the cult of Jupiter in this district, we are concerned to know what traces are left of the primitive Roman conception of him as a god of the sky and its phenomena, in spite of the ception of him as a god of the sky and its phenomena, in spite of the growing sophistication of thought and the successive layers of superimposed foreign strata that tended to obscure it. The cult-title imposed foreign strata that tended to obscure it. The cult-title 1 1 1435. ay 2799. 3 Pais, CIL suppl. Ital., n. 593. 4 Mommsen ad loc. 6 The nom. in -ai occurs in the S. C. de Batch, of 186 B. C. (I 2 58), where however it is probably archaistic. For gen. and dat. sg. in -ai in inscr. see Diehl, Alttat. Inschr., index, p. 77. While the evidence from this spelling as to the date of our inscr. is not 2 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 10 VI, DIANO C.HERRE N.NIVS. (sic) CANDID VS V.S.L.M conveying the most general expression of this conception is contained in an inscription of Aquileia (783). The apex over the O of DIANO, having the later simplified form, dates the inscription at some time in the Early Empire, the first century preferably. 6 The word Dianus, whether as epithet or otherwise, is not found elsewhere; but, as regards etymology, 7 probably belongs with Varro's Group 8 (Diovis, gards etymology, 7 probably belongs with Varro's Group 8 (Diovis, Diespiter, dei, dius, divum, sub dio), 9 to which may be added: dies, Dialis, Diana, Zeus, Skr. dydus ("sky") etc., -- all from a root meaning "to shine." 10 Jupiter Dianus becomes, on this hypothesis, ing "to shine." 10 Jupiter Dianus becomes, on this hypothesis, Jupiter in his capacity as god of the light of day or of the bright sky. But there is no unanimity as to the significance of Dianus here. Orti 11 thought it either a local title (fantastically connecting it with Dianium, a maritime "castle in Spain," or with an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea -- despite the discovery of the inscription in Cisalpine Gaul), or a title reflecting a wild tale of an amour of Jupiter, in which the god is represented as having assumed the form of the maiden goddess for a purpose quite inconsistent with his disguise. Henzen 12 presumably considered the inscription to be in honor of Jupiter and final, since there are revivals of it even in late Imperial times, taken with other details of orthography here it is convincing: cf. Lindsay, Lat. Lang., 242. 29. The dat. -ei is found as late as the first c. B. C. (I 202 & 34 of 61 B.C.; I 295 of 49 B. C; I 206 of 45 B. C.) : cf. id. ibid. 244f. 34. The initial D is, by itself, the most conclusive of the three details and greatly enhances the significance of the other two. Cf . 1 638 (but note VI 438) and, for other case-forms of Diovis, I 2 39, 60, 360-1, 558 and Bull, communale di Roma 1906, p. 226, table 9. 1; cf. Lindsay, ibid. 263. 6 Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis Inscr. Lat., p. 4. 7 Rosch. Lex. I 1 1002 s. v. Diana, but cf . Dar.-Sagl. Ill 610 for a concise statement of conflicting theories. 8 L. L. v 66. Cf. Paul., p. 71. 87, Gell. v 12. 5, cited passim. 9 Cf. sub love, Hor. Carm. i 1. 25; madidum Iovem, Mart, vii 36 1. 10 Walde, Etym. Wrtbuch., s. v. deus. 11 Bull. delV Inst., 1839. 130. 12 Orelli-H. 5622. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 3 Janus. 13 Corssen 14 definitely advanced the theory of the identification of Dianus and Janus and has been followed by several scholars tion of Dianus and Janus and has been followed by several scholars with varying interpretations of the relations between Iovi and Diano in the inscription under discussion. In his monograph, De Iano Summo Romanorum Deo, Linde 15 indulges in a rather naive petitio quaestionis *#: Ut vero utramque formam et Ianam et Dianam Latinisinlitterisinvenimus, ita etiam praeter I anum Dianus scribitur, nam (!) in inscriptione Aquiliensi legimus: Iovi Diano etc. The mere occurrence of the word Dianus once is given as the proof that it was regularly used in place of Ianus. Linde proceeds to say that Iovi is here used, not as the name of the god, but to stand for the sky as an epithet of Janus: 16 it is as if he were to reconstruct the first two lines as caelo Iano. Now, in the time of this inscription the epithets of gods took the form of adjectives, or of verbal nouns like Conservator, Stator, Custos. In other words, it was only in very early, ingenuous times that men used the name of some object or physical phenomenon in apposition with that of a deity, making deity and that which the epithet indicated identical, -- said Iuppiter Fulgur and conceived the god actually to be the lightning. Such instances of this latter practice as are found in imperial times are mere survivals and, even so, need to be well established by evidence. In order, then, to support his interpretation, Linde would have to prove that Iuppiter ( = caelum) had been an ancient cult-title of Janus, and was a sporadic survival later; which would be very difficult to prove. There is left the improbability that the "epithet" would in that case precede the name of the god. Aust 17 comments: Gegeniiber der Behauptung Linde's die Inschrif t zeuge fur einen Himmelsgott Janus, hat Roscher 18 mit Recht geltend gemacht, dass die Voranstellung des Beinamens Iovi alien Regeln lateinischer Wortstellung wieder- stellung des Beinamens Iovi alien Regeln lateinischer Wortstellung wiederstreiten wiirde. streiten wiirde. 13 Though admitting that "many other inscr. can be found in which the names of divinities are combined without punctuation or conjunction," Miss Burchett (Janus in Roman Life and Cult, p. 64) represents H. as assigning this inscr. "to a single deity, Jupiter- Janus." I cannot see how she infers this from his note, "Dianus idem qui Ianus, ut Diovis pro Iovis sermone antiquiore dicebant." 14 Beitrage zur Italisch. Sprachk., 359ff; Ausspr. 2 1 212. 15 p. 10. 16 Ibid, and note. But in the note on p. 20 it seems to be Janus who is identified with the sky. Frazer, Led. on the Early Hist, of the Kingship, p. 286, likewise regards Janus as a sky-god. 17 In Rosch. Lex II 1 751 s. v. Iuppiter. 18 Berlin. Phttol. Wochenschr. (1891) nos. 29, 39. 933n. 4 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Passing rapidly through much detail and ingenious suggestion in the process of establishing Jupiter as a tri-f orm god of the oak, in which capacity he is supposed to have been preceded originally by Janus, A. B. Cook 19 follows Linde 20 in a curt assumption: "Next note that Jupiter was actually surnamed Ianus; for an inscription from Aquileia records a dedication Iovi Diano." Although some tion from Aquileia records a dedication Iovi Diano." Although some evidence is cited for the connection of Janus with Jupiter and his prime importance in Roman worship, the interpretation of Dianus as equivalent to Janus is implied and not argued. Frazer 21 identifies the two. Miss Burchett 22 inclines to the opinion that IOVI/DIANO means Iovi et Iano: but, reasoning that " there was little in common between Jupiter Optimus Maximus .... and Janus," she takes refuge in the summary solution of proclaiming the inscription "useless as evidence about the name of the god, when even the name of the man who set it up is incorrectly written." To this may be said: first, that the name appears in Orelli-Henzen 23 and Bull. delV Inst. 23 as HERRE/NONIVS, 24 without the interpunction to which Miss Burchett objects; more conclusively, -- that the names of gods (in the case of which we can check errors of orthography as we cannot in the case of men's names) are often misspelled; 25 that the pointing within a word (even more than once) is common, 26 apparently a spacing device of the stone-cutter's art; and that neither of these faults ing device of the stone-cutter's art; and that neither of these faults has invalidated such inscriptions (and they are many) in the opinion of the editors. Birt, 27 while conceding that Ianus may have come from a form*Dianus, denies on logical 28 and etymological 29 grounds 19 CI. Rev. XVIII 368. For an informal summary of theories about the nature of Janus, see Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, p. 125. ™️ Ibid. 367. n. 21 Led. on the Early Hist, of the Kingship, p. 285; Golden Bough II 190 & 381. 22 Janus in Roman Life and Cult, p. 64. 23 Loc. cit. 24 The name Herennius is seen in no. 5904. 25 Poeninus, e. g., is spelled in five different ways in inscr. of Cisalpine Gaul; see p. 104. 28 Cf. Not. d. Scav. 1892. 7 ({F]OR. TV. NA. I/TEC. TO.RI/ME. AE/VN. DI. NE), 1880. 212; CILV190, 3256, 5534, 5536, 7871. On p. 70 (op. cit.) Miss Burchett refers to this inscr. as "the poorly cut Narbonensian inscr." Aquileia, where it was found, is of course in Venetia and almost on the Adriatic. 27 Rosch. Lex. I 1 1003. 28 /fori, line 51ff. 29 Jta*.line4ff. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 5 the connection of this *Dianus with Diana. Roscher 30 considers the linguistic relationship with ianus and ianua far more probable; 31 denies, as does Birt, the connection with Diana; and misses the thunder and lightning that are attributes of all Indo-European sky-gods except Linde's. 32 Preller, 33 who inclines toward Linde's theories, is thus corrected by Jordan: 34 Die besonders von Corssen 35 a. 0. vertheidigte Annahme Ianus --Dianus (vgl. Iovis=Diovis, luturna--Diuturnd) sei das Masculinum zu Diana, ist sprachlich nicht unbedenklich und wird nicht durch die Inschrift von Aquileia CIL. V 783 erwiesen, da hier Dianus wohl Epitheton und sein Zusammenhang mit Ianus sehr unwahrscheinlich ist. Steuding 36 calls Dianus an epithet of Jupiter and Wissowa 37 so lists it. It is not, I think, a negligible consideration that, whereas Diovis and its inflectional forms, and even Diuturna, occur a number of times in extant sources, 38 this supposedly original form of so important a god as Janus does not appear at all, unless in the instance tant a god as Janus does not appear at all, unless in the instance under dispute. 39 In any case, it is unsafe in view of the uncertainties and definite objections reviewed above, to base upon this one inscription the assertion that Dianus is Janus and a companion god to tion the assertion that Dianus is Janus and a companion god to Diana. On the other hand, the fact that this is the sole occurrence of the word is not nearly so serious an objection to accepting it as an epithet of Jupiter. For the actual name of Janus was necessarily 30 Ji. P933. 31 With a curious insensibility to the ways of primitive religious thought, Linde (op. cit. p. 5) denominates as "incredible" the derivation of the name of so important a god from a thing "so cheap and vulgar" as a door, considers the naming of the door from the god equally strange, and brands the whole conception as "ridiculous." 82 For a systematic presentation and refutation of the various arguments which Linde uses in the support of his thesis (matter which does not come within the province of this dissertation), see Roscher in Berlin. Philol. Wochenschr. (1891) nos. 29, 30. 931-4. " Rom. Myth. 1167. 34 Ibid., n. 2. Cf . Birt in Rosch. Lex. I 1 1003. 4ff. 38 See p. 3, n. 14. 36 Rosch. Lex., s. v. Dianus. * 7 R.K.,p. 604. 38 See p. 1, n. 5 and VI 30957. 39 This inscription is of the time of the Empire; the Hymn to Janus (Varro, L. L. vii 26, Lindsay, Handbook of Latin Inscr., p. 27.) of early Republican times. On the evidence for the date of the latter iaduonus, see Lindsay, Lat. Lang., pp. 265 & 268. Cf. also the old prayers to Janus in Cato, Agr., as quoted on p. 72 of Allen's Remnants of Early Latin. 6 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions used frequently; but that one of the eighty or more epithets of Jove should appear only once, is not at all surprising. 40 Further, the epithet, in general, represents a far more prevalent type of indication than the juxtaposition without connective, or even the compounding, of the names of two gods. In the absence, then, of any other tenable interpretation of the inscription, and relying upon the evidence from etymology, general religious usage of the time, and the nature of the worship of Jupiter, we accept this as an epithet, another expression of the great god of the shining heaven. JUPITER FULMINARIS The most dramatic phenomenon of the sky, and the one most suggestive of a directing personality, is the lightning with its accompaniments. One of a group of epithets 41 which credit this phenomenon paniments. One of a group of epithets 41 which credit this phenomenon to Jupiter appears in an inscription at Ateste (2474). Pointing IOVI . SACR F VLMINARI T.TREBIVS T.F in the same direction is the phrase ex premissa fulguris potesiate in an inscription to Jupiter Optimus Maximus Conservator, together with the thunderbolt represented in the decoration of the stone on which that inscription appears. 42 Of that interesting practice of burying and inclosing as religiosum an object or a spot struck by lightning, the institution of the puteal to which the Germans give the picturesque name Blitzgrab, there are three instances preserved in the inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul: one at Opitergium (1965 add ), D E . C AELO T ACT VM ET CONDIT VM the wording of which would suggest that an object, rather than the ground itself, had been struck, 43 another at Eporedia (6778), where 40 Cf., e. g., Jupiter O. M. Divus Fulguralis in III 1086, Jupiter Fultninans in XI 3773, Zeus Tholes in CIG XIV 2337. 41 Cf. Fulgur, VJJI 2626; Fulgurator, VI377, III 821.1596.1677.6342; Fulminator, III 3593-4, L'onnie fipigr. 1898.103; Fulguralis, III 1086; Fulgur Fulmen, XII 1807. 42 5670; see p. 10. 48 The general form of expression found in this inscr. is found also in II 2421 and XIV 245; in the latter instance, a tree had been struck and "the lightning buried." Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 7 DIVOM.FVLGUR DIVOM CONDITVM FVLGVR ..CONDITVM perhaps only the earth had been disturbed and thereupon formally turned over and inclosed. In the second case the lettering was duplicated on two sides of the monument, but with a difference of line division as here shown. Divom is a provincial variant 44 of the dium which occurs elsewhere in this phrase. 45 Finally, the word FVLGVR alone constitutes an inscription of Aquileia (Suppl. Hal. 158). JUPITER SUMMANUS Similar in function to Jupiter Fulminaris is Jupiter Summanus. Although the name Summanus is found elsewhere alone, 46 as a cult-title of Jupiter it seems to occur only in Cisalpine Gaul, in the two inscriptions below. The first of these, from Verona (3256), .IOVI. S VM M AN T . CAECILI .VS. SEXTIO was found on a small altar. The other (5660), to Jupiter Altus V.S.L.M.IOVI AL TO . S VM M ANO . FELICI ANVS PRI MI VS C V M SVI S D D D Summanus from the Ager Mediolaniensis, is expanded by Mommsen: V(ptum) s(olvit) l{ibens) m(erito) Iovi Alto Summano Felicianus Primi v{otum) s{olvit [aut Priamus] cum suis d{pnum) d(at) d{edicat) . 44 Thulin, Die Etruskische DisciplinI 104, pp. 99-107, gives a general discussion of puteal and bidental. 46 VI 205, 30878, X 40. " The Calendar for June 20:SVMMAN[O] AD CIRC[VM] MAXIM[VMJ; Ov. Fast, vi 731; Festus 284 Th. de P. 5. v. Provorsum; Pliny N. H. ii 52; Epit. Livy xiv; Cic. De Div. i 10. 8 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions The L at the end of vs. 1 resembles a ligature LT, M and / in vs. 5 are only faintly visible, and the S at the end of vs. 6 is, in the original, so displaced as to be as near the end of vs. 5 as of 6. There is nothing in these two inscriptions to indicate the nature of this god. Putealia found elsewhere, however, dedicated (to speak more exactly, treated as sacred, religiosum) to him, 47 give part of the explanation and literary sources complete it. Pliny 48 says that the Etruscans had nine gods who hurled thunder, but the Romans had retained only two, "diuma attribuentes Iovi, nocturna Sutnniano." Similarly, Festus: 49 "quod diuma Iovis, nocturna Summani fulgura habentur." The independent god Summanus first had a cult in the third century before Christ, 50 but thus appears in Imperial times reduced to a cult-title of Jove as the great god of thunder. The etymology commonly accepted for the name is sub-manus, "before the dawn"; 51 monly accepted for the name is sub-manus, "before the dawn"; 51 hence the meaning, the god of the nightly thunder. 52 It would seem natural, then, that the inscription to Jupiter Altus Summanus was in connection with the paying of a vow for property or life preserved from lightning, and that the other had some similar occasion. Wissowa 53 thinks that with Summanus, the god of the thunder by night, may originally have been identified Nocturnus, an inscription to whom 54 records the payment of a vow by a Brixian who had, apparently, won some victory over his fellow townsmen. Jupiter Sanctusis the recipient of a solitary votive offering at Verona (3255). Sanctus 55 is not included in the lists of the god's epithets usually published; Jordan 56 sees some connection between Sanctus and Semo Sancus = Dius Fidius, but the latter is too obscure itself to throw much light elsewhere. An inscription of 47 VI 206 (FULGVR/SVM.CONDIT), 30879, 30889. **N.H. ii 52. 49 284 Th. de P. 60 See Wissowa, R. K., p. 53. 51 Cf. Fowler, Rom. FesL, 161; Preller, Rom. Myth., I 244; Rosch. Lex., s. v. 62 For a general discussion of this god, see Preller, op. cit., I 243ff ; Fowler, op. til., 160f ; Rosch. Lex. s. v. For an account of the founding of his temple near the Circus Maximus, see the foregoing, Epit. Livy xiv and Cic. De Div. i 10. 58 R.K. 135. 64 4287. 65 Cf. Diana Sancta, p. 41. " In Preller, op. cit., II 271, n. 1. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 9 Brixia to Jupiter O.M.Jurarius may be cited here for comparison. 57 son. 57 Jupiter L a p i s is essentially represented by the fetialis of 4329. Though the office of augur was originally connected with the worship of Jupiter, no effort is made here to duplicate the Corpus index by listing occurrences of this office in the inscriptions. As belonging to an early priesthood, the sodalis Titius of no. 24 may be mentioned here for convenience. tioned here for convenience. Later Conceptions jupiter optimus maximus As regards the universal cult of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, it will be anticipated that Cisalpine Gaul can show little which is distinctive as contrasted with other districts. In so far as there are distinctive features in this connection they will naturally be not of the main cult but of certain Celtic or other foreign adaptations of it, more or less closely associated with the Roman worship. Such adaptations will be treated in later chapters and are not included in the statistics of foot-note 64; they are distinguished by these additional titles: Aeternus, 58 Dolichenus, 59 Ambisagrus, 60 Agganaicus tional titles: Aeternus, 58 Dolichenus, 59 Ambisagrus, 60 Agganaicus or Adceneicus, 61 Coliocinus et Parmarus, 62 and Poeninus. 63 The mere bulk of inscriptions to J.O.M. without additional titles, 117 (142, counting additional titles) 64 out of 200 to Jupiter all told, is the notable fact rather than any peculiarity of these inscriptions. An "Seep. 11. 68 See p. 73f. 69 See p. 74ff. 60 See p. 81f. * See p. 82. 68 Milan. 5782, indexed simply as J. O. M. in CIL V; see p. 83. 63 See p. 83f . M 13-15, 427, 784-8, 1963, 2037-8, 2381, 3244-53, 3905, 4023-4, 4136, 4141,4158, 4189, 4234-40, 4898, 4984, 5213, 5222, 5225, 5250-1, 5456, 5458, 5463, 5470-4, 5493, 5499, 5530, 5536-7, 5565, 5569, 5576, 5580-3, 5597, 5604, 5607, 5647, 5699, 5702, 5725, 5740, 5744, 5772-81, 6408, 6502a, 6503a (see p. 41 under Diana), 6566, 6569, 6571-2 add , 6606-7, 6630, 6637, 6652, 6755, 6774, 6948, 7209, 7239, 7461, 7632, 7860, 8131, 8204, 8231, 8842, 8890, 8917; Notizie 1877. 74, 1890. 273, 1909. 4, 1912.421; Uann. &pigr. 1909.204, 1913.199; Suppl. Ital. 843, 162 (= Notizie 1883.158). In combinations with other gods, or with additional epithets, are the following: 790, 1863, 2475, 3254, 4014, 4241, 5500-1, 5509, 5543, 5546, 5608-9, 5633, 5661, 5670, 5726, 5784-5, 6594, 6767, 7809, 7870, Suppl. Ital. 896, 1272 ( = Notizie 1886.3). 10 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions ethnic group, Aneuniates™️ are the dedicants in one case, a collegium veteranorum in another. 66 J.O.M. Augustus is represented by a votive offering of Arilica. 67 An inscription of Verona 68 honors J.O.M. Conservator, being set up by P. Pomponius Cornelianus consularis curator tor, being set up by P. Pomponius Cornelianus consularis curator rerum publicarum. Another 69 runs: lovi O(ptimo) M(aximo) Conservatori possessionum Rosciorum, Paculi Aeliani n(ostri) cons(ulis) servatori possessionum Rosciorum, Paculi Aeliani n(ostri) cons(ulis) et Bassaefiliorumque eorum, ex voto L(ucius) Roscius Eubulus nutrit(or) et pro cur at (or) cum P(ublio) Roscio lib(erto) proc(uratore) eor(um). On the side of the monument is the date: D(atum ante diem) quartum Non(as) Mart(ias) Iuliano iterum et Crispino cons(ulibus) . The following inscription was found in the Ager Mediolaniensis (5670). (thunderbolt) I . O . M . CO EX . PREMISSA F VLGVRIS POTE STATE FLAVIVS . VALENS V.C.EX.D.V.S.L.M D P Mommsen appended a question-mark to his expansion of CO as Conservatori and I find only one (and that a doubtful) parallel in the indices of the Corpus. 70 If this is the correct expansion, the phrase ex premissa 71 fulguris potestate would seem to name the occasion of the dedication. But the lightning may have been merely a favorable omen. The V.C of vs. 6 shows that the inscription is not earlier able omen. The V.C of vs. 6 shows that the inscription is not earlier 65 Notizie 1909.4 = L'ann. Epigr. 1909.204. Aneuniates is taken to mean Anaunenses, but the inhabitants of Anauni were some distance from home when they set up ses, but the inhabitants of Anauni were some distance from home when they set up this inscr. at Gera. 86 784: collegium veteranorum posuit sub patre Titiano, scribsit (sic) Ulpius Amantius s. tius s. 67 4014. An inscr. to I. Augustus (6955) was set up according to instructions given in the will of an ex-decurion of Taurini and Eporedia. 68 3254. Mommsen ad. loc. dates this conjecturally A. D. 237. * 9 Brixia. 4241. Paculius Aelianus was consul in A. D. 223, Julianus and Crispinus in 224. 70 V 790; see p. 81. 71 One of the copies in Orelli-H. (1219) reads PRAEMISSA, and that would be understood in any case. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 1 1 than the end of the first century A.D. 72 In spite of the redundance with V.S.L.M, Mommsen suggested as the meaning of EX.D in the same line ex devotione. For inscriptions to J.O.M. C(onservator), Liber Pater viniarum conservator and to J.O.M. Co(nservatorP) et Ambisagrus, see no. 5543 (p. 56) and no. 790 (p. 81f) respectively. See below also, Jupiter Conservator. 73 J.O.M. Jurarius (op/ctos) is once addressed. 74 JUPITER AS VICTOR AND PROTECTOR Of like antiquity with the main cult of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is that of Jupiter Victor. 75 To him is addressed a votive inscription from Anauni (5063). From Verona comes a sepulchral inscription (3413), the first six and a half lines of which are quite usual: Naeviae L(ucii) fiiliae) Naeviolae quae vixit ann{ps) duos et viginti menses quattuor dies quinque, M(arcus) Clodius M(arci) fiilius) Candidus quattuorvir i(ure) d(icundo) et q(uaestor) aerari Veronae. Then follow sacerdos and Lavin(as) separated by a half -line best described in Mommsen's own words: "What is concealed, I do not make out; certainly what I expected LAVRENT does not suit the traces remaining, which are these. The first letter is I rather than L; the second seems to have been O or C; the third is V; the fourth I; the fifth seems to have been V; the sixth which is lacking was narrow; the seventh seems to have been X or V; the eighth is T. It was perhaps IOVI VICT(ori)." Surely he is right in expecting LAVRENT. 76 But, though his suggested IOVI VICT resembles the RENT. 76 But, though his suggested IOVI VICT resembles the portions of letters remaining more closely than would any words that I might suggest, that such a phrase stood (originally, at least) in such a context is quite unthinkable. To be classed with inscriptions to Jupiter Victor is one addressed (Albintimilium. 7809) Victoriae Aeterni Imvicti (sic) Iovis Optimi Maximi, by the restorer of a fortress. The cult of Jupiter Victor is closely associated with, and finally more or less superseded by, that of Victory, 77 numerous inscriptions to whom appear in this 72 See Egbert, Lat. Inscr., pp. 168 & 472. 73 Nos. 11, 12, 3243 on p. 12. 74 Suppl. Ital. 1272=Notizie 1886. 3; cf. 1 1105=VI 379. 75 Wissowa, R. K., 123; Rosch. Lex. IP 679. 76 The Sacerdos Laurens Lavinas is mentioned rarely by writers but often in inscr. Cf. Zumpt, De Lavinio et Laurentibus Lavinatibus, 1. 77 Wissowa, R. K., 139f . 12 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions district and are cited later in this dissertation. 78 Since this is commonly given as one of the frequent instances of the development of monly given as one of the frequent instances of the development of a cult-title into an independent divinity, the dedications to Victory should not be disregarded in this connection. 79 To Jupiter Conservator an altar has been set up by a freedman of Pola (12); and another inscription to him, on broken marble, belongs to the same locality (11). Still another at Verona (3243) is in consideration of the health of P. Pomponius Cornelianus, Julia Magia, his wife, and their sons, Julianus and Magianus. By including the inscriptions to J.O.M. Conservator, we find the god regarded as protector of possessions, 80 crops, 81 and health. 82 One may compare also inscriptions to di conservator es 83 and Iuppiter et di conservator es. u servator es. u Similar in significance is the epithet C u s t o s from Ceneta (8795), which appears twice elsewhere 85 in inscriptions. A votive offering of Ateste (2473) honors Jupiter Depulsor, a cult apparently popular with the army. 86 An inscription in the Ager Saluzzensis (7634) consists simply of the word DEFENSORI; since there is elsewhere an inscription to Jupiter Defensor, 87 this word may conceivably refer to that god. Here may be cited also a votive offering by C. Hostilius Aemilianus of Brixia (4243), inscribed IOVIS. ing by C. Hostilius Aemilianus of Brixia (4243), inscribed IOVIS. TVTELAE. 88 Conservator, 89 Custos, 90 Depulsor and similar titles 78 See p. 65f . 79 But cf. Axtell, Deification of Abstract Ideas, 16ff. 80 4241; seep. 10. 81 5543; seep. 11. 82 3243 above. 83 See p. 94. 84 See pp. 13 and 94, n. 7. 86 VI 376, XIV 3557. 86 Cf. II 2414; III 895, 3269, 4018, 4033-4, 4111, 4786, 5160, 5460, 5494: note that all these, except the first, are in border provinces -- Dacia, Pannonia, Noricum -where soldiers were quartered. where soldiers were quartered. 87 III 1590 = Eph. Epigr. II 446. CIL V 8372, having the name in the nominative and being on a stone of sepulchral form, is probably not to be included here. Cf . PaulyW. IV 2365 on Defensor Civitatis and CIL V 4459. Similarly, Liberato(r) Patriae W. IV 2365 on Defensor Civitatis and CIL V 4459. Similarly, Liberato(r) Patriae De(fensor?) in 5509 to J. O. M. is to be taken with the name of the dedicant; no. 6963 is probably of the same character. 88 Cf. 3304, 4982, XII 1837 and see pp. 13, 21 and 67. 89 Cf . Rosch. Lex. II 1 745. 60, 748. 32, 749. 16. 90 Significantly frequent on coins after the time of Nero. Cf. Rosch. Lex. II 750. 61. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 13 finally came to indicate especially the activity of the god as protector of the emperors. 91 IDEA IOVIS A peculiar inscription, consisting simply of the phrase IDEA. IOVIS, has been found in the Ager Comensis (5462). 'I8ka occurs in Cic. Or. iii 10; Ac. i 8.30; Tusc. i 24.58; transliterated to idea, in Sen. Ep. 58 med. The Platonic theory of ideas had passed through an extensive philosophical tradition and might have become, in a crude form, more or less known even to people without much education: in that case, the phrase Idea Iovis may have been used as a tion: in that case, the phrase Idea Iovis may have been used as a periphrasis practically equivalent to Iuppiter, a periphrasis like those so frequent in Lucretius 92 Iovis Tutela of no. 4243 affords a parallel to such an expression as this. 93 Similarly, one finds dedications to the Numen or Genius of a deity. 94 COMBINATIONS The largest group of those inscriptions in which the name of Jupiter is coupled with designations of other gods is made up of dedications to Jupiter with all the gods. The forms of dedication employed are as follows: Iovi et dibus deabus (5669), diis deabus cum love (5245), . , . et dis cum love (5738), I.O.M. D.D. (2475), /. (0)M. dis [de] abu [s] (5609), I.O.M. diis deabus (5784), I.O.M. dis deabus (5608), Iovi Opt. Max. et dis deab. (6767), Iovi O.M. qum dis deabusque (5661), I.O.M. una cum dibus dia. (5509), I.O.M. et diis deab. omnibus (5500, 5633, 5785), Iovi O.M. ceterisq. immort. (7870). All but two of these are stated to be in connection with the payment of vows: one for the health of the emperors (2475); another for that of a patron's daughter and for the crops (5609); a third for that of a master (5500); two others for that of the dedicant and his family (5661, 5784). Number 5661 involves the erection of a rather elaborate altar; number 5738, of an altar and a small temple. A dedication to Iuppiter et di conservatores celebrates the escape of a soldier from the dangers of battle (5062). 91 Cf. Wissowa, R. K., 128 and 129 with note; Preller, Rom. Myth. I 208f. 92 Cf., e. g., iii 43, animi naturam -- animum. Cf. also "His Highness" "His Excellency" etc. 98 See p. 12. 94 See pp. 22 and 68. 14 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Six inscriptions represent the connection of the god with the other members of the triad of the Capitol. Three of these (3242, 96 3902, 5771) are votive inscriptions; the second runs [Iovi Iuno] ni Min. ceterisque dis deabusque, being set up by a freedman on behalf of the health of his patron and others. Number 5546 is indecipherable except for the address, I.O.M. Iunoni M.; no. 5588 is in- able except for the address, I.O.M. Iunoni M.; no. 5588 is inscribed on a square pedestal to the same three gods. The remaining scribed on a square pedestal to the same three gods. The remaining inscription (Augusta Praetoria. 6829) is here reproduced from a small altar. IOVI . IVNON . MINER ANTONIA . M . LIB APHRODISIA.SCYPHOS.il. VENEREM SPECVLVM DONVM DEDIT An altar as a votive offering is accorded to J.O.M. along with Mercury (Suppl. Ital. 896). There is an inscription to Isis Regina, Jupiter, Sol and Serapis (3232); another to Jupiter and Sol (8233). The latter was found in the ruins of a temple of Isis at Aquileia; it may be in honor of Jupiter-Sol, as III 3020 seems to be. Number 5501 connects the god with the Matrons in a votive offering consisting of a large altar terminating at the top in the shape of a shell. Likewise, a very large altar in the field about Novaria bears a votive inscription (6594) to I.O.M. Matronae indulgentes Mercurius lucrorum potens. A very dubious inscription (5726) associates Jupiter with dei penates. As indicated on p. 11, J.O.M. Conservator appears with Liber Pater viniarum conservator (5543) 96 and Ambisagrus (790) 97 Finally, no. 1863, from Iulium Carnicum, is reconstructed as follows from very crude letters cut on the face of a cliff on the Italian slope of Monte della Croce, a hundred feet below its crest and about the same distance from an ancient road: 98 [I(ovi) o(ptimo)] miaximo) [Triviis quadri] viis ceterisque dib(us) aram o[b solutum merit] o sollemne votum d[ed (it)] Hermias susceptor o peris aeterni; titulum immanent, montem Alpinum ingentem litteris inscripsit, quot saepe invium, comm[e] antium periclitante popu[l]o ad pontem iransitum non p[raeb]uit, cur ante Attio Braetiano qiuaestore) eorum viro ornato, viam nov(am) demonstrate Hermia. Multanimis fides operisque paratus -- unanimes omnes -- hanc viam explicuit. 95 Wrongly indexed as 3292 in the Corpus. 96 See p. 56. 97 See p. 81f. 98 Mommsen ad he. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 15 These dedications to two or more divinities in conjunction are often, of course, very useful in determining the provinces and functions of obscure and less important deities. In the case of the supreme tions of obscure and less important deities. In the case of the supreme god, however, they can offer little suggestion. Once a deity has reached such preeminence, he is apt to be invoked on occasion in almost any matter and in company with almost any god. SUMMARY The following summary of the Jupiter cults of Cisalpine Gaul leaves out of account the Oriental cults of chap. VI and the Celtic cults of chap. VII. Without epithet: 1759, 2472, 2799 = 1 1435, 3241, 3903, 4022, 4047, 4093, 4148, 4188, 4229-32, 4855, 4895, 5006, 5054, 5093, 5441, 5449, 5594, 6503, 7449, 7459, Notizie 1883. 194 ( = SuppL Hal. 512), 1900.80, Dessau 2992, SuppL ItaL 161.. 29 Early cult-titles: Dianus 783; Fulminaris 2474, (putealia) 1965"", 6778, SuppL ItaL 168; Summanus 3256, 5660; Nocturnus 4287; Sanctus 3255 9 Optimus Maximus (See list on p. 9, n. 64) 117 O. M. combined with other gods: di deae 2475, 5500, 5509, 5608-9, 5633, 5661, 5784-5, 6767, 7870; Trivia Quadrivia ceterique dii 1863; Matronae 5501, Matronae, Mercurius 6594; Juno, Minerva 5546; Mercury SuppL ItaL 896; Penates 5726 17 O. M. with additional titles: Augustus 4041; Conservator 4254, 4241, 5670, 5533, 790; Iurarius SuppL ItaL 1272( = Notizie 1886.3) ; Victoria aeterni imvicti I.O.M. 7809 8 142 Other epithets: Augustus 6955; Victor 5063; Conservator 11,12, 3243; Custos 8795; Depulsor 2473; Iovis Tutela 4=24=3, Idea Iovls 5462 9 Combined with other gods (not including combinations with J.O.M.): Isis, Sol, Serapis 3232; Sol 8233; Juno, Minerva 3242, 5588, 5771, 6829; Juno, Minerva ceterique di deaeque 3902; di conservatores 5062; di deae 5245, 5669, 5738 (Cf. p. 13 11 Total 200 16 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions MARS Rather striking, especially when one considers the large number of inscriptions to certain little known deities, like Belenus, is the small representation of the god Mars, whom we might naturally expect to be prominent anywhere in an empire that ruled the world by arms. There are but nineteen references to him all told, and of that number all but nine are involved in some combination with other gods and special local cults or are for other reasons not fully representative. Of the five addressed simply to Mars," the last two listed sentative. Of the five addressed simply to Mars," the last two listed in the note are votive inscriptions. One (6478) is set up by two freedmen in honor of a military officer. The old epithet G r a d i v u s 100 appears in an inscription found lying on the floor of an ancient shrine; the restoration of this shrine by the dedicant is the occasion of the inscription (Aquileia. 8236). Mars Augustus is the recipient of a votive offering (Verona. 3263) and of a figurine with the following inscription (SubMARTI.AVG MARTI.AVG CONSERVATORI CORPORIS. SVI MERCVRIALIS . AVG N . VII . EX.IVSSV.NVMi NIS . IPSIVS . SIGILLVM MARMOREVM . POSVIT lavio. 5081). On one side of a square pedestal (Vercellae. 6653) is an inscription to the emperor Vespasian, on another side in crude letters (perhaps a later addition) the words Deo Marti Conservator i. Jupiter bears the same epithet in this district. 101 tor i. Jupiter bears the same epithet in this district. 101 There are two Celtic titles, Cemenelus (7871) and L e u c im a 1 a c u s (7862a), attached to Mars' name in inscriptions in m a 1 a c u s (7862a), attached to Mars' name in inscriptions in Cisalpine Gaul; they will be considered in the chapter on Celtic Gods. 102 The other occurrences of the word Mars are in combinations. Mars is named (Anauni. 5052) along with the other planets in one instance. 103 He appears once each with Appollo (sic) (Ager Novar99 3261, 5064, 6478, 4900, Notizie 1894. 188. 99 3261, 5064, 6478, 4900, Notizie 1894. 188. 100 Cf. Ill 6279, VIII 2581. 14635. 17625, XIV 2580-1. 101 See p. 12. "*Seep.84f. 1M See p. 64. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 1 7 iensis. 6603), Luna (Aquileia. 794), and Mercury (Aquileia. 795), the inscription in the last case being carved in rude, crooked letters on an altar. Twice 104 Mars and Minerva are coupled; once 105 the association is cum dis deabus. A temple-servant of the god, aeditimus Martis per annos XLV, is found in no. 5306 of Comum, a flamen Martialis in nos. 4921-2 of Trumplini; Salii are mentioned frequently. 106 quently. 106 There is a cryptic inscription to the M a r t e s, apparently, found on the walls of an ancient castle (Verona. 3262). Search P.FIRMINVS.MARTIBVS.L.P.A. C.N.Q.A.ONESIMIANO.V.S.L.M. through the indices of the Corpus and elsewhere fails to discover a parallel to such a conception; in the absence of that support, accordingly, I suggest that an unintentional metathesis might have sub- ingly, I suggest that an unintentional metathesis might have substituted this form for MATRIBVS. An expansion of the unknown stituted this form for MATRIBVS. An expansion of the unknown abbreviations would perhaps throw light on the identity of the deities. Bidden by a vision, L. Petronius Callistratus set up a small altar to V i r t u s and B e 1 1 o n a (Novaria. 6507). DOMESTIC DEITIES Of the domestic group, V e s t a is honored in but three inscriptions. 107 In one of them only can her name be made out with cer- tions. 107 In one of them only can her name be made out with certainty (Arusnates. 3920). Another, carved in uneven lines on a large, tainty (Arusnates. 3920). Another, carved in uneven lines on a large, square pedestal, registers the payment of a vow to her by Q. Cassius Verus (Arusnates. 3919). Laelius Tiiti) lib(ertus) sevir et Euhodus augustalis set up a monument of some kind at Concordia (8655) and provide 2000 sesterces for its maintenance. An altar at Patavium is inscribed simply DIS.PENATIBVS in letters rude rather than ancient (2802). The Penates are also addressed in combination with dei deae (Tergeste. 514). 1M Sabini. 4901, Bergomum. 5114. Cf. p. 59, n. 76. 105 Ad Lacum Larium. 5240. 106 1812, 1978, 2851, 3117, 4347, 4492 (cf. Catull. xvii and notes thereon in the Merrill and Friedrich editions), 6431. 107 For the inf requency of inscr. to the domestic deities as an unfair indication of their relative importance, see Fowler, Roman Ideas of Deity, 15. 18 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions LARES Two freedmen of Aquileia (791) make a contribution from their means to the Lares; freemen of Brixia (4245) and Ceneta (8796), respectively, offer to them, the one a bronze tablet, the other a rather spectively, offer to them, the one a bronze tablet, the other a rather large brazen bowl with the inscription traced on the inside with dots made by a pointed tool. Some dedication is made at Aquileia (792) by magistri ; 108 what would appear to be the names, now in a mutilated condition, of five of these magistri are listed in the inscription, two of the men being referred to as socii portorii and bearing names which suggest servitude. On a round altar at Ora Genuas (7739) it is indicated that the steward of Petinia Posilla, in payment of his vow, set up this altar at the cross-roads in honor of the Lares. 109 D(eis) Laribus is roughly cut on an altar of Anauni (Sup pi. Ital. 714). Two men of Augusta Bagiennorum (7689) address the Lares A ug u s t i on what had been an architrave of shining marble; another g u s t i on what had been an architrave of shining marble; another architrave (Benacenses. 4865) bears, in large letters, the words Augustis Laribus. A traveler through Aquileia, in accordance with a decree of the local senate, 110 adds his tribute to the Lares Augusti (8234); to them also is a dedication (4087) made by nineteen slaves at Betriacum in 58 B. C, the year of the consulship of Caesar and Calpurnius. A small temple is erected to them at Verona (3258) in consideration of the health of the emperor Hadrian. We find at the same place an inscription (3259), Laribus Agustorum (sic) Dominorum nostrorum et Casarum (sic), to which we may compare inscriptions to the Genius of the emperor. 111 On a pedestal of Dalmatian marble bearing traces of two statues, runs this legend (Patavium. 2795): Genio Domnorum 112 Cereri. T. Poblicius Crescens Laribus Publicis 113 dedit imagines argent (eas) duas testamento ex binis sestertiis. Genius and Ceres are plainly the Lares whose statues were once above these lines; though one expects Penates to be used as a general term to stand for various guardian gods at different times, the exceptional character of such a use of 108 Cf. 3257 on p. 19 and IX 3424 with De-Marchi, II Culto Privato I 114, n. 2. 109 Following the amended form, 7739 add . This inscr. is to L. Compitales (see p. 19); it is cited by Wissowa, R. K., 168, n. 4. 110 Expanding S(enatus) c(onsulto) p(osuit). m Cf. 3104 on p. 20. 112 Cf. 3259 above to the Lares of the emperors. 118 See Wissowa, R. K., 170 and n. 6. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 19 Lares is apparent, for instance, from the last clause on p. 162 of Wissowa's Religion und Kultus der Rbmer. An interesting, though fragmentary, inscription of Brixia (4440) reads: [M]arcellin(us) colleg(io) Larum dedit sestertia duo et dimidium } ut no[bis Rosalibus] et Parentalib{us) [sepulcrum decor aretur or something similar]. 114 The collegium Larum appears also in another inscription (Brixia. 4432), in which cultores collegi Larum join with others in a tribute to their well-deserving patron. In one instance (Brixia. 4340), the cultores Larum of a certain XVvir sacris faciundis set up an honorary inscription to him. Three free men, magistri, and three slaves, ministri, record in an inscription at Verona (3257) that they have restored a shrine of the Lares Compitale s, 115 putting into position its roof, walls, folding-doors and threshold at their own expense. The date is A.V.C. 753. GENIUS Dedications to the Genius of a private person are sometimes without indication of the dedicant. 116 Number 7596 is apparently to the Genius of the Petronius of no. 7532, by his parents; 7514 to that of an intimate friend; Suppl. Ital. 1286 to Genius P a t r i u s; 7142 h{pnoris c(ausa). 117 Slaves 118 address the Genii of their masters; freedmen 119 thus honor those who are presumably their patrons. Number 6951 is to a patron's Genius; 7469-70 are dedications to the Genii of their patrons by the guilds of smiths and rag-dealers, respectively. Likewise, the college of pastophoroi of Industria honors its ively. Likewise, the college of pastophoroi of Industria honors its patron, addressing the Genius and H o n o r of a Roman knight, curator kalendariorum rei publicae. This inscription (7486) is on a large bronze tablet in crude letters, one line still showing traces of the silver with which the hollows of the letters were filled. The inscriptions to Genius and Honor are uniformly long as compared with most religious inscriptions. One (Brixia. 4449) includes the information that to the Genius and Honor of three seviri Augustales a memorial has been erected by five magistri collegiorum. The portion 114 Cf . 4016 and 4871 {Rosalia et Parentalia omnibus annis in perpetuum procuranda) , 2090, 2176, 2315, 4015, 4017, 4410, 7357, and passim. 116 Cf. 7739 on p. 18. 116 7236 (to the Genius of a local senator and duovir), 7532, 2212. 117 Cf. 2947, 7007, 7481. 118 1868 (with a small altar in payment of a vow), 7143, 7471. 119 6502, 7238, 7505, Notizie 1904. 40 (in good letters of the first c). 20 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions of the inscription of most concern to us is as follows : Gen(io) et hon(pri) (of the three seviri), d(atis) in tutel(am 120 sestertiis) n{ummis mille), ut d(ie) K. Febr. sacrif(icetur), et in profusione(m 121 sestertiis) n{ummis mille (names of the donors). Magistri s(upra) s(cripti) titulo mis mille (names of the donors). Magistri s(upra) s(cripti) titulo honoris usi, datis in tutelam (sestertiis) niummis mille), ut ex usur(is) eorum quod anniis) die III id(us) Apriles per officiates 122 sacrificetur, et oleo et propiinatione) dedicaver(unt). 123 That is, the five officials provided the inscription and the first two thousand sesterces at their own expense, then added a thousand sesterces in their official capacity for another sacrifice. 124 In 5869 (Milan) the guilds of smiths and city for another sacrifice. 124 In 5869 (Milan) the guilds of smiths and rag-dealers of the place invoke the Genius and Honor of Magus German (us) Statori(us) Marcian(us), Roman Knight equo publico, and the Juno of his wife, Cissonia Aphrodite, patrons of the guilds. Number 5892 (Milan) is of the same type. Four times in all 125 there occur inscriptions addressed to the Genius of a man in combination with the Juno of a woman. The common practice of supplicating the Genius of the emperor is represented by the line GENIO PRINCIPIS (Vicetia. 3104) and no. 2795 on p. 18. For Genius Lib(eri) Aug(usti) see no. 326 on p. 56 under Liber. We come next to evidence of the worship of the Genii of various groups: of guilds, a town, colonies, counties. The Genius of the guild of rag-dealers of Alba Pompeia is honored in a tribute to the memory of a Roman knight paid by his mother and sister (7595). The Genius of the guild of dray-men appears in a Brixian inscription (4211). A monument which seems to have been transported from Greece 126 is inscribed: Veneri sacrum et Genio collegi aug(usti) Corinth(i) (Altinum. 8818). A fragmentary inscription in Notizie 1915, (i) (Altinum. 8818). A fragmentary inscription in Notizie 1915, p. 145 may be classed here, and perhaps the G.C.D. of 2794 is to be expanded G(enio) C(ollegi) D(endrophororum) ; no. 7363 from Segusio, Maric(ae) Miner (vae) et Geniio) aer(. ..)sacr(um), probably had to do 120 Cf., for parallels to this phrase, 4294 (p. 35), 4416, 4418, 4488, 5005 (p. 51.). 121 Cf. Marini, Frat. Arv., p. 562; Fabr. pp. 147, 182. 122 Cf. 4488-9, 5272; De-Marchi, II Culto Privato, II 147. 123 Cf. 5272. 1. 25. 124 Mommsen ad. loc. 125 5869 above (to the Genius and Honor of a man and the Juno of his wife) , 6950 (on a base supporting a Hermes), 7237 (by a slave), 7593 (by a slave or freedman). See p. 23f . for inscriptions to the Juno of a woman. 126 Mommsen ad loc. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 21 with a guild of coppersmiths. At the same town, the Genius of the Municipium Segusinum is the recipient of a marble tablet, put up in accordance with the terms of a woman's will from the funds left after the construction of some monument in honor of Vertumnus (7235): no. 7234 is addressed to the same spirit, and SuppL Ital. 958 to Genius Municipii Industriensis by a sevir augus talis. A decurio of Brixia pays his tribute to the Genius Coloniae Civicae Augustae Brixiae (4212); no. 4202 is probably in honor of the same spirit and Bergimus. 127 We find also Genius pagi Livi (Trumplini. 4909), Genius populi pagi Iu[li] (Ibid. 4911), and Genius pagi Arusnatium in combination with the nymphs. 128 With the Matrons are associated the Genii Ausuciatium, 129 and no. 5216 of the same place, which begins Genio Asc, may be an address to the same spirit, though a man's name is an alternative explanation. Besides the combinations of Genius with Venus (8818), Bergimus (4202), Nymphae Augustae (3915), Matronae (5227), and Marica 130 and Minerva (7363) already cited, there are to be added those with the Manes (Pola. 246) and Numen (Fines Cotti. 7212). Genii are occasionally represented in carvings on sepulchral and other monuments, e. g., 2044, 4085. ments, e. g., 2044, 4085. Comparable in conception with the protecting Genius of a man or group is the T u t e 1 a who sometimes appears. An inscription at Verona (3304) runs: Tute[lae] dom[us] Rupil[ianae] etc. 131 A decurio of Brixia pays a vow (Riva. 4982) to Tutela August a. 132 Number 4243, mentioned before in connection with certain ideas in the Jupiter cult, 133 and involving the payment of a vow to lovis Tutela, 1 * 4 suggests the sort of use out of which arose the conception of Tutela as an independent spirit. As the Roman about to enter some contest, in praying to Jupiter Victor had his mind mainly on the epithet rather than the god, as one may say, and thus that epithet presently was furnished forth with a personality of its own as Victoria ; 127 See p. 90. 128 Arusnates. 3915; see p. 90. 129 Ad Lacum Larium. 5227. 130 See p. 27. 131 Cf. De-Marchi, 11 Culto Privato II 44 and I 80, also p. viii, n. 2. 132 Cf. Bull, tpigr. de la Gaule I 163. 133 See p. 13. 134 See pp. 12 and 57, n. 55. Cf. XII 1837, though there are two possibilities of interpretation there. 22 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions so, from praying for the protection of Jove there was no very far cry to praying to it: the Iovis Genio of I 603.17 affords a close parallel. Preller 135 regards Tutela as a female counterpart of Genius; which makes her a Juno 136 or, as he prefers to identify her, Fortuna. Wissowa 137 attempts no such identification, but refers to Tutela as a wa 137 attempts no such identification, but refers to Tutela as a goddess who ultimately attained some independence from Genius and appealed especially to women worshipers. After reviewing several interpretations, De-Marchi 138 inclines to the view that Tutela is Genius; favoring that understanding of the identity of the spirit, as against those which make it a female counterpart of Genius, is the invocation, Genio urbis Romae she mas sive feniina, 139 which goes back to the period in the history of Roman religion when deities were conceived of as daemonic and sexless or of uncertain sex. 140 JUNO Three votive offerings are made to Juno without cult-titles: no. 4224a on a tiny cippus at Brixia, no. 2087 at Asolo, and no. 2798 on a bronze tablet of Patavium. With regard to the last, the editor of the Corpus quotes an interesting statement from Livy (x 2.14): rostra navium spoliaque Laconum in aede Iunonis veteri fixa multi supersunt qui viderunt Patavii. Livy may well have talked with some of his fellow townsmen who had seen these ex-votos. Gran San Bernardo furnishes a brief inscription to Juno Augusta (Notizie 1887.469). Tib(erius) Cl(audius) Hilarinus of Camunni and Val- eria) Prima, his wife, pay a vow (4939) to Juno R e g i n a, as does Luculena Tatias of Riva (4938). The remaining inscription of this last-named cult (Albintimilium. 7811) illustrates the often compliIVNONI REGINAE SACR IVNONI REGINAE SACR OB HONOREM . MEMORIAMQVE VERGINIAE . P . F PATERNAE . P . VERGINIVS RHODION LIB . NOMINE SVO ET METILIAE TERTVLLINAE FLAMINIc VXORIS SVAE ET LIBERORVM SVORVM VERGINIORVM QVIETI 185 Rom. Myth. II 185, 202; I 87. 136 See p. 23f for this conception of Juno. 187 R. K., 179; see n. 2 there for a list of occurrences. 188 Op. cit. y p. viii, n. 2. 189 Serv. Aen. ii 251. 140 Cf . Fowler, Rom. Fest. 67, 73. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 23 PATERNAE RESTITVTAE ET.QVIETAE S P P cated motivation of inscriptions. It is inscribed to Juno, but also in memory of the dead daughter and further dedicated to what one could almost call a deified abstraction, the Quies of the dead. 141 For an inscription to Juno Luna Regina (Verona. 3233) see p. 62 under Luna. The rest of the inscriptions to Juno involve that conception which associates her with Genius in the private cult; they are to the several guardian spirits of individual women. Number 6954 (Taurini), from the pedestal of a bust, is dedicated to the Juno of Tullia rini), from the pedestal of a bust, is dedicated to the Juno of Tullia Flaminica Julia Augusta. 142 A libertus and liberta in no. 7472 (Industria) appeal to "the Juno of our Julia;" similarly, Albanus, dispensator ria) appeal to "the Juno of our Julia;" similarly, Albanus, dispensator and probably slave, 143 addresses "the Juno of our Cornelia" (Ticinum. 6407) : nostri is used in the same way with the names of patrons and masters elsewhere. 144 In the following inscription on an altar (Pola. C.FANNIVS.PSALMVS SIBI.ET. FANNIAE. C.LIB.NOE IVNONI.EIVS. FANNIAE . PRISCAE V.F 160), a difficulty presents itself. While the names Psalmus andiV^e strike one as Oriental and incongruous, the real trouble lies in the phrase Iunoni eius in the fourth line. Mommsen's comment is: u Iunoni eius seems to have been added on this account, in order that it might be known that she was dead by the time this inscription was set up." This requires the understanding of another connective before the name of the second woman. Mommsen's reasoning as to the phrase in question is to be accepted only in lieu of a better, for an inscription to a woman's Juno would ordinarily prove that she was alive, not dead. A more normal expression is the sibi et dis 141 As a matter of Latinity and of the Roman attitude toward death, the word restitutae is surprising here, being more appropriate to one who has recovered than to one who has died. "Restored to the earth from whence she came" is, I think, a modern rather than an ancient commonplace. 142 She appears also in 7629. 143 Cf . VI 64, servus dispensator. 144 No. 7143, 7471, 7505, 7593; cf. 3259 on p. 18. 24 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions manibus Iuliae Fortunatae uxoris of no. 3494, used with the V.F as here. For comparison with what precedes, and for inscriptions to the Juno of a woman in combination with the Genius of a man, see nos. 5869, 6950, 7237, 7593 on p. 20. To be compared, likewise, with dedications in honor of the Genius of a canton 145 is an inscription of Bergomum (5112): IVNONI (in antica), PAGI/FORTVNENSIS (in postica). The numerous inscriptions invoking Junones do not have to do with these guardian spirits with which we have been dealing; nor do they so vitally relate themselves to the Juno cult in general as to the Celtic-German cult of the Matronae or Matres, 146 since Iunones became practically a variant for the latter names in Cisalpine Gaul and elsewhere. The correctness of this statement is attested not only by a consideration of the different conception of the Junos of the private cult from that of these Matrons collectively worshiped, but also by the occurrence of inscriptions to Matronae Junones 147 and Junones Matronae. 148 I have accordingly thought best to postpone discussion of these divinities to the section on Matronae in the pone discussion of these divinities to the section on Matronae in the Celtic group. The several instances of the Jupiter-Juno-Minerva combination may be found listed under Jupiter. 149 The only other combination in which Juno appears is that with Feronia. 150 SATURN To Saturn there are four votive offerings with no epithet in the accompanying inscriptions, 151 besides an inscription from Arusnates (3916) and the reference to the planet Saturn in connection with nates (3916) and the reference to the planet Saturn in connection with other planets in 5056 (p. 64). There are also four votive inscriptions to Saturnus A u g u s t u s. 152 Part of a pillar of red marble is distinguished with an inscription to Saturnus Conservator 146 See p. 21. 146 Cf. Wissowa, R. K., 191. 147 No. 5450; see p. 88. 148 Nos. 3237, 5249; see ibid. "Seep. 14* 160 See no. 412 on p. 47. 161 2382, 5022, 5068a-9. 162 3291-2, 5024, 8844. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 25 (Verona. 3293). The next inscription -- to D o m i n u s Saturnus 153 -- appears on a bronze plate from which a balance was afterward made in such a way that part of the inscription was cut off, part concealed by the cheeks of the balance 154 which were added. There is an altar also to D(ominus?) Saturnus (Tridentum. 5023) in payment of a vow. Ten dedicants join in a well-cut inscription to D(ominus?) Saturnus Augustus (Anauni. 5068). D(ominus?) S(a n c t u s?) Saturnus is given a small altar (Riva. 5000) and a statue resting on the square pedestal on which a dedicant of Tridentum has recorded the preservation of his own and his family's health (5021). corded the preservation of his own and his family's health (5021). An inscription to Deus Alus Saturnus (Brixia. 4198) will be met later (p. 90) among the Celtic deities. Curatores Saturni are to be noted (5067). BONA DEA Aquileia provides all the inscriptions to Bona Dea. The only one without epithet is no. 847: M.B.D.D.D: the initial only (M) of the dedicant represents a practice not uncommon; 155 the D.D, standing as it does at the end, is almost certainly for donum dedit or some ing as it does at the end, is almost certainly for donum dedit or some similar phrase, and Bona Dea is the most obvious expansion of the rest. Number 756 addresses Bona Dea Augusta. The following (760) may be a dedication to Augusta Bona Dea Castrensis, A V G V S T A E.B onae Deae? CASTRENSI . EX FERONIA.LIBANI.LIB TI.CLAVDIVS.STEPHAN i lib. though it has been referred to Julia Domna mater castrorum. 15 * The right edge is missing and there is a crack roughly parallel to the fracture at the right, without, however, making the portion affected illegible. The phrase mater castrorum appearing after the names of certain of the empresses, being a set formula of honor, would not be apt to be altered into castrensis or any equivalent phrase; it is unlikely, then, that Julia Domna is meant here rather than Bona Dea. likely, then, that Julia Domna is meant here rather than Bona Dea. Whether we should understand castrensis to indicate "goddess of the camp" or, more specifically, "goddess of Castrum " is not so 153 E. bank of L. Benacus. 4013. 164 Cf. Vitr. x 8. 156 Cf. nos. 3252, 4158, 4215, 4218, 5562. m Mommsen ad loc. Cf . VI 30854. 26 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions certain in the light of VI 70, beginning Bonae Diae Castr. Font., where one is to expand Castr(i) Font(anorum) or some such unknown place-name. 157 Bona Dea P a g a n a (762) is the recipient of an offering from two of her magistrae and of a temple from two of her ministrae. Orelli compares his no. 1521, to Bona Dea Agrestis. BONAE. DEAE. PAGANAE RVFRIA. C.F. FESTA CAESILIA.Q.L.SCYLACE MAGISTRAE D . P . S DECIDIA. L. F. VAVLIna ET.PVPIA.L.L.PEREGRINa MINISTRAE BONAE . DEAE AEDEM . FECERVNT D . P . S In no. 757, likewise, three magistrae, and in no. 759 one, are mentioned. 158 The Augusta Bona Dea C e r e r i a of no. 761 in the tioned. 158 The Augusta Bona Dea C e r e r i a of no. 761 in the same locality is also essentially Bona Dea. 159 The juxtaposition with other inscriptions to the goddess and the adjectival form of Cereria are in favor of this; cf. also VI 72 (Bona Dea Hygia 160 . On the other hand, in VI 76 (Bona Dea Venus) and Eph. Epigr. II 649 (Bona Dea Juno) Bona Dea is plainly the epithet. The discovery of the AVRIBVS B.D.D PETRVSIA PROBA MAGISTRA inscription above (Aquileia. 759) with others to Bona Dea, and the fact that a priestess is mentioned, are against expanding B (eleno) D(eo). The auribus is the real difficulty. Though ear-rings are occasionally dedicated to deities {vita Alexandri 52 is cited), yet this form of dedication is extraordinary. 161 The best explanation is given by R. Peter: 162 187 Editors ad loc. 188 See Rosch. Lex. F 790. 45-52. 169 See Mommsen ad loc. 160 Mommsen would identify also (see his note on 761) with Bona Dea the Mater Deum Magna Cereria of 796, found at Aquileia like the others above; but there is no adequate evidence for such complicated syncretism here. See p. 95. 1,1 See Mommsen ad loc. M Rosch. Lex. I 1 791. 65 to 792. 25. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 27 In ihrem Temple zu Rom befand sich eine Apotheke, aus der die Priesterinnen Heilmittel verabreichten; man verglich sie mit Medea (Macrob. i 12. 26) innen Heilmittel verabreichten; man verglich sie mit Medea (Macrob. i 12. 26) und identificierte sie mit Hygia (Henzen, Bullet, d. Inst. 1864, p. 33 u. 63f.); sie erhalt das Symbol der Schlange (so auf dem Altar CIL VI 55; Plut. Caes. erwahnt ein Tempelbild der Bona Dea mit einer Schlange); in ihrem Tempel wahnt ein Tempelbild der Bona Dea mit einer Schlange); in ihrem Tempel hielten sich Schlangen auf (Macrob. a. a. O.) ; CIL VI 68 wird ihr die Heilung von Augenleiden zugeschreiben; aus gleicher Veranlassung erhalt sie den Beinamen Oclata d. i. oculata (CIL VI 75) vgl. Preller, Ausgew. Aufs. 309f, Detlefsen im Bull. d. Inst. 1861, p. 177ff, Bruzza in Ann. d. Inst. 33, 1861, 387f.) 163 Vielleicht gehort hierher die Bona Dea Lucifera (CIL VI 73), falls das Beiwort sie nicht etwa als Geburtsgottin bezeichnet. Auf Kraftigung einer Kranken muss die Widmung Bonae Deae Conpoti (CIL VI 71) bezogen werden, auf Befreiung von einem Ohreniibel Dedikation Auribus Bonae Deae = Bonae Deae Auritae, wit Oclata (CIL V 759) u.Mommsen das., Jordan bei Preller a. a. 0. 404, A. 2; vgl. Auribus Aesculapi et Hygiae CIL III 986 u. Friedlander, Sittengesch. 3, 5 539. The goddess is addressed (Aquileia. 8242) along with the Parcae in an inscription carved in very small, beautiful letters on an altar. Decidia Egloge gives the altar to the Parcae and a silver phial to Bona Dea. 164 Marica, adopted from Minturnae in Campania, sometimes loosely identified with Bona Dea 165 or the consort of Faunus times loosely identified with Bona Dea 165 or the consort of Faunus under other names, appears in an inscription which Mommsen MARIC . MINER . ET . GEN . AER . SACR warns us may be interpolated, if not a forgery entire (Segusio. 7363). Worth noting also in this connection is the inscription (3303) to S i 1 v a n a e on p. 31 and the discussion there, though I cannot point to any instance of the singular Silvana = Fauna = Bona Dea as Silvanus = Faunus. In the same general group of deities concerned in the fructification of animal and vegetable life are the cerned in the fructification of animal and vegetable life are the Florentes, "gottliche Personifikationen der Blute (vgl. Flora) oder der Jugendkraft" m an inscription to whom was found near Montona (408). Uannee fipigraphique (1913.14) publishes an inscription from Istria which accompanies a votive offering toTerraMater, 168 Mommsen on VI 75: Deae cognomen quod est oclatae videtur explicari collato titulo a Felice publico Bonae Deae agresti posito ob luminibus restitutis n. 68. lM See p. 52. 166 See Peter in Rosch. Lex. IP 2375 for this identification of Preller's among others. Cf . Preller, Rom. Myth. 1 412f . 1M Steuding in Rosch. Lex., s. v., I 2 1487. 28 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions and Sup pi. Ital. (169) another in which a knight and sevir of Aquileia is the donor. SILVANUS Bona Dea appeared variously in the Roman Pantheon as the daughter or wife of Faunus; 167 but before that the phrase Bona Dea had existed as an epithet of Fauna, wife, sister or daughter of Faunus. 168 To Faunus or Fauna, as such, no inscriptions are found in Cisalpine Gaul. 169 When one looks beneath the surface, however, he finds the former represented in the person of the later Silvanus, so popular with the common people and in the outlying districts of the West. So Wissowa 170 speaks of a relationship "zwischen Silvanus und Faunus. . . . von denen letzerer als der altursprungliche Gott in Staatskulte alleinige Verehrung geniesst, dagegen in der privaten Religionsiibung durch Silvanus vollig zuriickgedrangt worden ist." The inscription below (Aquileia. 815) introduces Silvanus with a SIL V ANO SACRvM SECTORES MATERIARVM AQVILEIENSES ET . INCOLAE POSVERVNT ET . MENSAM typical background. The habitat of the god is properly the wood, 171 though he appears frequently in a somewhat more civilized setting. 172 In Serv. Aen. viii 601 Silvanus is said to be vXucdsOeos, hoc est deus T7/s v )s or, as Servius later points out, deus materiae. The ambiguity there of the last word does not invalidate the citation. The lines below (Ateste. 2477), probably to Silvanus, seem to have the same L.MINVCIVS.L.L.OPTATVS S.V.S.L.M.IDEM.STRAVIT 167 But see under Fonio, p. 91. 168 See Rosch, Lex. I 1 789. 169 See Wissowa, PS. K. 216. 170 R. K. 53; cf. 213 and Preller, Rom. Myth. I 392. 171 See Preller, ibid . 172 See Wissowa, R. K. 214. There are many inscr. to the god even in the city of Rome; he was worshiped in parks and gardens there (Preller, op. cit. I 396). Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 29 back-ground. One may assume, with some probability at least, that the offering consisted of some piece of rustic construction 173 and that the man who dedicated it also laid a floor or pavement for the building or precinct. Four inscriptions are on altars, rudely constructed in all probability, 174 as comported with the sphere of the god's activities. The altar of no. 8243 (Aquileia) was in a rustic hut, no. 5800 (Mediolanium) was very roughly cut, and no. 7704 (Augusta Bagiennorum) is found on a small altar with carvings: at the left of the lettering, an animal lying on a rock, -- at the right, trees, -- and below, Silvanus holding a branch with a dog beside him. 175 There is something artistically appealing in the constant effort of the ancients to suit the offerings to the various gods; and the presentation of natural, often crude, objects to this god of the out-of-doors is comparable to the worship of God by the Druids in God-made forests parable to the worship of God by the Druids in God-made forests only, and to the altars of the Hebrews wrought of earth or un-hewn stone. 176 In no. 3297-8 (Verona) a stag balancing on two feet forms a part of the ornamentation of the large, square pedestal on which is preserved a hopelessly corrupt inscription. Number 5119 (Bergomum) records a votive gift of a statue and a temple to [S]il [vanus] "pro bene adorato numine." Slaves are three times 177 the dedicants of votive offerings, in no. 5557 in consideration of the health of one who is probably the master. Three or more dancers pay a vow in one instance. 178 Again, in no. 3295 (Verona), for example, it is a sevir who makes the dedication and six fasces are graven on the reverse side of the stone. 179 D e u s Silvanus is the form of dedication in no. 5544 (Infra Lacum Verbanum) and no. 7876 (Cemenelum), votive inscriptions; Daeus Santus Silvanus in a third (Pola. 8136). The epithet 173 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 214, n. 5; Preller, Rom. Myth. I 393. 174 This inscr. is cited with 815 above in Preller, op. cit. I 394, n. 1; see Wissowa, R. K. 214. 176 No. 5538 is the fourth inscr.; cf. the altar to S. Aug. in Suppl. Ital. 168. 176 Exodus xx 24-5. 177 Nos. 3296, 5457, 5557. 178 Infra Lacum Verbanum. 5548; cf. 2383 under S. Aug., p. 30. 179 The remaining inscr. contain nothing distinctive excepting such evidence as is offered, by a study of the names of the dedicants, as to their social status, -- a study which, for this and the other gods, will be found in chap. IX on p. 96ff. The other inscr. are: 816, 2478, 4288-9, 4947, 5118, 5481, 5524, 5526, 5564, 5707, 5717, 5799, 7364, 7875, 8900-1, Notizie 1897. 234= Suppl. Ital. 626, Suppl. Ital. 742. 30 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Sanctus here intended is interpreted 180 as marking the oversight of property and boundaries exercised by the god. D(eus) S(anctus) S(ilvanus) Aug(ustus) is seen in Sup pi. Ital. 715. Silvanus A u g u st u s is worshiped on every hand. 181 Above the lettering of no. 2383 t u s is worshiped on every hand. 181 Above the lettering of no. 2383 (Ferrara), in which a dancer, 182 C. Ingenuvius Helius, announces the payment of a vow, there is represented on the stone a youth with long hair, having the ends of his girdle thrown over his left shoulder and holding a sickle in his right hand, a pine branch in his left. The dog, which appears so frequently in these portrayals of Silvanus, 183 and is appropriate to his function as a guardian of property, is sitting at the left. In contradistinction to the crude lettering of the rustic inscriptions to this divinity are the elegant letters of nos. 824 and 833 from Aquileia; in the case of the latter on a square urn with fine carvings on three sides. Six other dedications, 184 in addition to these two, are by those denominated as freed- tions, 184 in addition to these two, are by those denominated as freedmen; with them belong, doubtless, inscriptions set up by the seviri 1Sf> men; with them belong, doubtless, inscriptions set up by the seviri 1Sf> or in honor of them. 186 An inscription (820) is set up by a vilicus f one (5007) by a knight, another (825) in honor of a soldier. The remainder are more noncommittal. Number 7146 (Pedemontanae mainder are more noncommittal. Number 7146 (Pedemontanae Incertae) shows, below the lettering, a half-naked man standing and holding in his right hand a shepherd's crook, sharp below and terminating in some sort of ornament above, in his left a branch. Near him is a dog sitting and a tree. A picturesque touch is given in the following inscription [Verona. 3302: Silvano fel(ici), u * P. Falerius Trophimus, venator, ornamentis decurional(ibus)], by the presence of the word venator. lSd Perhaps we may couple the god's epithet, Felix, not elsewhere found in this district, with the man's 180 See Preller, Rom. Myth. I 396; Wissowa, R. K. 213. 181 It is quite customary (cf. Preller, op. cit. I 394, n. 1) for S. Aug. to be regarded as the protecting spirit of the emperor and his house. In none of the numerous inscriptions to that god in Cisalpine Gaul, however, is there any reference to a member of the tions to that god in Cisalpine Gaul, however, is there any reference to a member of the imperial house. 182 Cf . no. 5548 on p. 29. 188 Cf. no. 7704 on p. 29 and 7146 below, for example, and Wissowa, R. K. 214. 184 Nos. 821, 826, 829, 832, 3300, 8244. 186 Nos. 819, 827, 3299. 188 Nos. 827-8,830. 187 Nos. 818, 822-3, 831, 3301, 4290, 7146, Suppl. Ital. 168. 188 Oxfeliicissimo), as the Corpus index has it. 189 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 215, line 12 and CIL VII 451. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 31 epithet, Venator, and guess that Trophimus had had a lucky day's sport and was making acknowledgment to the appropriate god. Out of sixty-one inscriptions to Silvanus, only one (Aquileia. 8245, to Silvanus Augustus and Mercury) involves any combination with another god. This fact, taken with the large number of inscriptions (second only to the number of those to Jupiter among the tions (second only to the number of those to Jupiter among the Roman gods), proclaims the strong hold which the cult had in Cisalpine Gaul, as elsewere. 190 In other parts of the Empire Silvanus appears more frequently in combinations. 191 Two inscriptions, not counted above, reflect a later adaptation of the cult, or, more correctly speaking, a later transference of terms. Calybe pays a vow (Aquileia. 817) to the S i 1 v a n i, Flavia Donata (Verona. 3303) to the S i 1 v a n a e. These plurals have to do with the taking over of the names Silvani and Fauni as synonyms for Satyri -- owing to Greek influence, of course -- just as Silvanus was made equal to Pan 192 or Silenus. Similarly, Silvanae became a variant for Nymphae. All this confusion was helped on by the poets and even by prose writers, who used the terms indiscriminately for the sake of variety or other literary effect. 193 VIRES The attendants on this rustic god Silvanus were represented in later time as Nymphae and Dryades, but originally as Vires or Virae. lu The word Vires has such widely different associations as those with Virbius, 195 with Mater 196 and with Mithras; 197 but in most of the occurrences in Cisalpine Gaul it is to be applied to the associates of Silvanus. 198 To the Vires there are three votive offerings; 199 in the description of all three there is mention made of crude carving, quite in harmony with the interpretation of the divinities as wood-nymphs. 190 It was prevalent in the Gauls and Germanies generally; e. g., Gallia Narbonensis reveals 45 inscr. In the city of Rome there are 124. bonensis reveals 45 inscr. In the city of Rome there are 124. 191 For a list of such combinations see Preller, Rom. Myth. I 396, n. 1. 192 See id. I 397; Wissowa, R. K. 215. 193 See Wissowa, ibid., n. 10-13. 194 See Preller, op. cit. I. 397. 196 See Wissowa, R. K. 249. 198 See p. 73. 197 See p. 32. 198 Cf. Preller, op. cit. I lOOf. 199 Nos. 1964, 2479 (?), 8247. 32 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions > ™️ H < > S" Gfl 70 L . ANTONIVS ^ g * PS * VIRIBVS !j # PS3 t/3 V.S.L.w w 2wo^ 3 w Number 8247 (Aquileia) is here reproduced. The more rudely cut inscription on the side of the altar, says Mommsen, corrupta a quadratario sic emendanda est: Viribus Festus Ursionis Aug(usti) li[b(erti)] s[e] r(vus) ara{m) vot(o) rest{ituit). Number 1964 is also on an altar. L. Terentius Hermes, sevir, had an inscription (Aquileia. 8248) set up to the Vires Augusta e. Another inscription (Ager Mediolaniensis. 5648) addresses these goddesses along with the water-nymphs called Lymphae (here spelled Lymfae). 200 In no. 4285 (Brixia) the inscriptions, on the one side Neptuno V.S.L.M., on the other Viribus V.S.L.M., favor the interpretation of Vires as water-nymphs in that case. 201 The payment of vows to the Vires and Deus Magnus Pantheus is recorded in no. 5798 (Mediolanium). One might perhaps regard the latter as Silvanus Pantheus, and so connect both Pantheus and Vires here with the cult of Mithras. 203 An inscription to Vis Divina (Aquileia. 837) -- for which I find no parallel elsewhere -- by reason of the singular number and the modifying adjective, I should consider the deification of an abstract idea 204 ing adjective, I should consider the deification of an abstract idea 204 rather than one of the Nymphs. FONTES, NYMPHAE, LYMPHAE In other districts 205 Fons is invoked without epithet, in which case there is more probability of a reference to an original god Fons. 206 A small altar here (Aquileia. 8250) bears the following doubtful inscription, which may be more plausibly assigned to Fontes A u g- ful inscription, which may be more plausibly assigned to Fontes A u g200 Cf. Nymphae et Vires Augustae of XI 1162. 200 Cf. Nymphae et Vires Augustae of XI 1162. 201 Cf. Neptunus et di Aquatiles of 5258 on p. 35. 202 Cf . VI 695, VII 1038. 208 See p. 31 and Cumont, Textes et Monuments Figures Relatifs aux Myst&res de Mithra I 147f . 204 See p. 68. 2 " E. g., see VI 152-3. 20 " Cf. Fowler, R. F. 240. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 33 u s t i than to other deities, though Fonio 207 is a possibility : Fonibius) Aug(ustis), Heracla posiuit). To Fontes D i v i n i is the votive inscription no. 4938 (Camunni); and a certain Agrycius (Mediolanium. 5766) has set up a gift toFons Perenni s. 208 Two inscrip- nium. 5766) has set up a gift toFons Perenni s. 208 Two inscriptions of Aquileia stand in honor of Fons B e 1 e n u s; 209 and no. 8250 tions of Aquileia stand in honor of Fons B e 1 e n u s; 209 and no. 8250 may likewise have been intended as Fon[t]i Beileno) Aug{usto) etc. Closely associated with Fontes 210 and often identical were the N y m p h a e and L y m p h a e, representing a Hellenized form of the early worship of springs in Italy. An ex-soldier in no. 2476 of Ateste pays his vow to the Nymphs. Number 5224, near Lacus Larius, is a mere scrawl, 211 but Mommsen thought he could recognize: [Ny] nfab(us) e viso Naice donu(tn) ; below the characters are two footprints: the dedicant in no. 4918 also is a woman. In an inscription prints: the dedicant in no. 4918 also is a woman. In an inscription of Arusnates (3915), C. Papirius Threptus honors Nymphae Augustae et Genius Pagi Arusnatium: the lettering is well-done and clear, and the appearance of a knife, other instruments of sacrifice, and a victim in the decorations suggests that it is cut on the surface of an altar. The victim is a brood-sow: such is the offering made by Martial 212 to one of the Nymphs and Horace 213 mentions the placating of a Genius with a porcus bimestris; indeed, swine are the preferred animals of sacrifice for gods of the private cult in general 214 and to the whole group of deities of the earth, who commonly, however, accept a bloodless offering. 215 The inscription below (Vicetia. 3106) associates two less offering. 215 The inscription below (Vicetia. 3106) associates two group-names which became practically synonymous. The Lymphae NYMPHIS LYMPHISQ AVGVSTIS.OB REDITVM AQVARVM P.POMPONIVS CORNELIANVS .C.I VT . VOVIT 207 Cf. nos. 757-8 on p. 91. 108 Cf . Ill 3382, 10462. 209 Nos. 754-5. 210 Cf . Fontibus et Nymphis in VI 166. 211 Cf. p. 98 for the incorrect spelling in this cult as an indication of the type of dedicants. 212 vi 47. 5. 218 Carm.iiil7. 15. 214 Cf . De-Marchi, // Culto Privaio I 92f . 216 Cf . Fowler, R. F. 295. 34 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions appear also with the Vires (5648), as noticed on p. 32, and with Belenus. 216 There is one inscription of Laus (6353) to M e f i t i s, 217 the god of subterranean vapors, which reads in good letters : Mefiti L. Caesius Asiaticus } Sevir Flavialis, aram et mensas quattuor dedit, l(oco) d(ato) d(ecreto) d{ecurionum) . NEPTUNE Number 7457 (Vardagate) represents, below the brief inscription to Neptune: a half-nude figure at the left; at the right, a man clad in a toga, raising a bough, and walking with face averted from a bull; behind him, a man holding a bowl in his hand and restraining the bull. The decorations of this monument seem to indicate a more nearly Italic conception of Neptune than does the following inscription, for instance. The bull, while a favorite beast of sacrifice in tion, for instance. The bull, while a favorite beast of sacrifice in several cults, belonged peculiarly to the suovetaurilia of the agricultural rite; and Neptune must have been connected with inland tural rite; and Neptune must have been connected with inland activities of this sort, presumably in relation to water-courses. In no. 7850 (Pedo) he is portrayed, in his Hellenized form, in the center, standing in a skiff and holding a horn in his right hand, in his left a trident driven into the ground. On each side of this figure and below it, are the names of a number of fishermen. As the god came to be worshipped by all who had any connection with the sea, so in this inscription he is the god of fishermen. It is interesting to note that, whereas so frequently there are found a pitcher on one side of an inscription and a bowl on the other, here the place of the pitcher is taken by a shell. The inscription, as will have been observed, was found a relatively short distance from the sea. For whatever significance the facts may have, it may be stated that the inscriptions to nificance the facts may have, it may be stated that the inscriptions to this god are found at approximately these distances from a body of water: no. 5098 between the Ollius and Sarius rivers, no. 6565 near the Ticinus and twenty miles from Lacus Verbanus, no. 4874 on Lacus Benacus, nos. 4285-6 fifteen miles from Lacus Benacus, nos. 5258 and 5279 on Lacus Larius, no. 328 at Parentium on the Adriatic, and no. 7457 at Vardagate near the Po. 516 Dessau 4867; see p. 89. 817 Cf. X 130-3 and see R. Peter in Rosch. Lex. IP 2519-21 (esp. 2520. 53-60), Wissowa, R. K. 246, Preller, Rom. Myth. II 144 & n. 4, Friedlander, Sittengesch. TV 201, n. 5, Tacitus, Hist, iii 34. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 35 Of three inscriptions to Neptune 218 other than those discussed above, no. 4874 is set up by the Benacenses as a group. A large altar of Brixia (4286) has a votive inscription to Neptunus Augustus. Number 5258 (Comum) connects the god with Di A q u a t i- tus. Number 5258 (Comum) connects the god with Di A q u a t i1 e s. Like the votive inscription to Neptune and Vires, 219 it appears 1 e s. Like the votive inscription to Neptune and Vires, 219 it appears to be unparalleled: Neptuno et Dis Aquatilib{us) pro salute et incolumit(ate) V.S.L.M. C. Quartius) Secundin(us). To Neptunus Deique Augusti is an inscription (Parentium. 328) as reproduced below. NEPTVNO.DEISQ.AVG T. ABVDIVS.VERVS. POST.SVB.PRAEFECT CLASSIS . RAVENN TEMPLO . RESTITVTO MOLIBVS . EXTRVCT DOMO . EXCVLTA IN.AREA D . D CONCESSA . SIBI . DICAVIT Mommsen does not approve of Furlanetti's expansion post subpraefect(uram) in line 3, is dissatisfied with Post- as the beginning of a fect(uram) in line 3, is dissatisfied with Post- as the beginning of a cognomen, but offers nothing else. A certain L. Caecilius Cilo [for himself and others, including a P. Caecilius Secundus whom Mommsen (Hermes III 60) identifies with the younger Pliny] 220 bequeathed sen (Hermes III 60) identifies with the younger Pliny] 220 bequeathed the sum of 40,000 sesterces to his fellow-townsmen of Comum, from the interest of which oil was to be furnished them throughout the Neptunalia on the Campus and in the public baths (5279). VULCAN A collective dedication to Vulcan was made (4293) by the people of Brixia. At the same place, three men dedicated some small monument to Volkanus Augustus, and the guild of dray-men provided 400 sesterces for its maintenance (4294). Before the principal gate of Aquileia is a votive inscription by a man and a 318 Nos. 4874, 5098, 6565. 219 No. 4285. 220 To Pliny also are to be credited nos. 5262-4. 36 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions woman to Volcanus Augustus (838). Wissowa 221 bases his interpretation of the cult of Vulcan, to a considerable extent, upon a Brixian tation of the cult of Vulcan, to a considerable extent, upon a Brixian inscription which begins: VOLK MITI SIVE . MVLCIBERO The word Mulciber 222 is taken by him as referring, not to the softening effect of heat upon metals, as has been held by some, 223 but to the checking of conflagration by the god. He compares Aen. i 66, where Aeolus is said fluctus mulcere, and Volcanus Quietus, invoked with Stata Mater ( = quae sistit incendia) by the magistri vicorum at Rome (VI 802). The epithet Mitis surely comports better with this interpretation than with any idea of smelting; and, like it, mulcere is a delicate word to be applied to a seething furnace. Vulcan becomes, on this interpretation, the god of the fire-element, considered especially as inimical to property; 224 and not the patron deity of metal workers. Only one combination with another god is found, in a votive inscription (5510): VOLKANO/ET ERQVLI. DEI MANES Nothing distinctive is to be expected in the realm of Dei Manes, who were perforce honored everywhere. Nor do sepulchral inscriptions, as such, come within the limits of this dissertation. There tions, as such, come within the limits of this dissertation. There are many representatives of the types beginning with D.M and DIS.MANIBVS; two 225 are inscribed DIS DEABVS MANIBVS. One tomb of Ora Genuas (7741) is decorated with a winged woman, with her knee resting on a bull, striking him with a knife, a decoration which suggests that the deceased was a devotee of an Oriental cult. Number 7747 of the same place, reading: Intra consaeptum maceria locus Deis Manibus consacratus, represents the idea that a certain place with its monument is set apart for the dead under the protec221 De feriis anni Romanorum vetustissimi quaestiones selectae, p. xiv ( = Romiscke 221 De feriis anni Romanorum vetustissimi quaestiones selectae, p. xiv ( = Romiscke Religions Geschichte, p. 172ff); R. K. 230f; Rosch. Lex, II 3224f. 222 Cf. XI 5741. 223 The following are cited as stating this explanation: Paul. p. 144; Macr. vi 5.2; Serv. Aen. viii 724 (as one of three explanations). 224 The Romans, having poor fire protection and suffering much from fire (Friedlander, Sittengesch. I 25f), would not be indisposed to such a conception of the god. lander, Sittengesch. I 25f), would not be indisposed to such a conception of the god. "6053, L'ann. &pigr. 1915. 130. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 37 tion of the Di Manes. 226 We may compare D.M. locus consacratus of VI 5176 and Diis Manibus locus occupatus of VI 19159. Number 2915 (Patavium) includes the clause: hunc locum monimentumque Diis Manibus do legoque; similar is III 191, dedicavit monumentum suum in sempitemum Diis Manibus, as is IX 3107, Dis Manibus locum consacravit. A large tombstone of Vercellae (6710) contains a point of special interest such as to warrant quoting it in full. D M VALERI . RESTI TVTI.POSVIT.BAS SAEVS . SEVERIA NVS . ET . OMNES DOMESTICI . SCI VNT.MANES.TVAE ME.VOLVISSE . ET LABORASSE.TE LI BERVM . . VIDERE SI ORA ET.FATVS DICTASSET The master, having added his own name thus to the slave's after the death of the latter before manumission, makes earnest and pathetic apology for the lateness of the act. 227 Dei I nf e r i occurs as a variant for Dei Manes in an inscription on an altar. 228 An account of the most important facts in the tion on an altar. 228 An account of the most important facts in the life of a certain woman is carved on a side of the altar, expressed in the first person; on an end is the phrase aram deum inferum. Fundamentally, the DeiParentes differ from the Dei Manes and the mentally, the DeiParentes differ from the Dei Manes and the Dei Inferi in that they involve the idea of the preservation of a family line, rather than absorption into the mass of the spirits of the departed; 229 and this distinction is apparent in the inscriptions of this district. The names of the dedicants appear in the nominative, in contrast to the genitive which is seen in the DIS.MANIBVS inscriptions. The nine dedications were all discovered at Verona: of these, three are indicated as votive offerings; 230 another, containing 226 See Wissowa, R. K. 239. 227 Cf . Mommsen ad. loc. 228 Aquileia. 1071. 229 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 239. 280 Nos. 3287, 3289; Notizie 1891. 16. 38 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions the phrase pro salute cuius, is probably so (3283); the latter parts of three are lost, so that they may well have been so; 231 and only one is demonstrably otherwise (3285). Finally, a large rock bears this inscription (3290) on each side: Diis Parentibus Augustis porticum dedit L. Iunius M.f. Pauper. For an inscription toDiPaterni see p. 92; cf. also no. 6568. 281 Nos. 3284,3286,3288. CHAPTER II ITALIC GODS DIANA The name of the goddess Diana is in three inscriptions spelled Deana. 1 A dative Diane occurs in no. 6613, a genitive Diane in no. 6503a. These orthographical peculiarities are common in Imperial and late Latin. 2 Of the forty inscriptions to Diana unassociated with other deities, fifteen are with votive offerings. 3 The dedicants are men in twenty-six instances, 4 women in five cases; 5 the other nine inscriptions are set up by both men and women, 6 or do not furnish the names of the dedicants. 7 In four instances the men are nish the names of the dedicants. 7 In four instances the men are officials; 8 but a vilicus officer no. 8668, a freeman and his wife no. 5630. The setting up of the latter is motivated by the phrase, pro SALVTE . C / ////NI . SECVNDI. Though Labus thus indicated an apparent absence of four letters instead of three, the rest of the name, considered with the occurrence in the vicinity 9 of five other inscriptions containing the name of C. Plinius Secundus, inclines one to the assumption that Pliny the Younger is meant here also. DIANA AUGUSTA Diana Augusta is invoked in four inscriptions of Aquileia. A small altar represents the payment of a vow to her by a freedman, in honor of an indulgent patron (772). A second inscription (8216) 1 2086, 5763, Vann. Epigr. 1900. 93. 2 Cf. Lindsay, Lat. Inscr. 115. 3 3102, 3223, 5011, 5048, 5092, 5573, 5668, 6613-4, 6828, 7353, 7592, 8942; (Augusta) 772, 8216; (Lucifera) 7355. gusta) 772, 8216; (Lucifera) 7355. 4 513, 3102, 5048, 5092, 5209, 5573, 5668, 6613-4, 6828, 7353, 7592, 8942, Suppl. Ital. 664, 832; (Augusta) 771-2, 8216; (Conservatrix) 3223; (Lucifera) 7355, Notizie 1906.391; (Lucifera Luna) 3224; (Sancta) 5011, 5090; (Virgo) 6503a; (aedes Dianae) 5763. 6 2086, 5764, Vann. Epigr. 1900. 93; (signum Dianae) 3222; (Numen D. Augustae) 7633. *5630, Notizie 1885.58 = Suppl. Ital. 1238; (Augusta) Vann. tpigr. 1900. 94; (Caelestis D. Augusta) 5765. 7 6493, 7750, Suppl. Ital. 665; (Augusta) 7645, Suppl. Ital. 157. 8 513, 3102, 5092, 6828. 9 5667, also in the Ager Mediolaniensis, and 5262-4, 5279, Notizie 1880. 336 = Suppl. Ital. 745, near the neighboring Comum. 40 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions is somewhat naively phrased thus: Dianae Aug(ustae) sacrum, Q. Claudius Severinus, sevir Aquil(iensis), voto suscept(o) remonente dea, solvi. A third (771) is reproduced below. 10 LAB of line 5 is not for labrum, as Muratori suggested, but possibly for laborantibus, a term D I AN AVG . SAC FLAVIVS SEVERVS CVM.SVIS.LAB RESTITVIT applied to students. So Mommsen: but I should prefer to either of these rather unusual expansions labentem, which would go naturally with restituit as other inscriptions 11 show. The location of the inscription would easily supply the noun with which the participle would agree. An inscription of Savigliano {Vann. Epigr. 1900.94) is set up by a magistra pagi. 12 The Ager Saluzzensis furnishes two interpolated copies, as Mommsen thought, of the same inscription (7645). The prevalence of the last phrase of (b) would favor the (a) on a chapel (b) within the chapel DIANAE.AVG.SACRVM.ASCIADIANAE.SACRVM.SVB.ASCIA acceptance of (b) if either version is to be discarded. Some object is dedicated at Milan by a man and his wife usu imperiove C a e I e stis Dianae Augustae. (5765); and there is an inscription of the tis Dianae Augustae. (5765); and there is an inscription of the Ager Saluzzensis (7633) in which a magistra addresses N u m e n Dianae Aug(ustae). DIANA CONSERVATRIX, LUCIFERA, SANCTA, VIRGO To Diana Conservatrix a freedman pays his vow for the preservation of the health of a consularis (Verona. 3223). Diana Lucifera receives the payment of a vow from another freedman (Clastidium. 7355). Her name is likewise inscribed on one side of a coin of IMP.CLAVDIVS.P.F.AVG, and the goddess appears thereon holding a torch as she walks (Pavia. Notizie 1906. 391). A pedestal at Tridentum attests the payment of a vow to Diana 10 The fourth is Suppl. Ital. 157. 11 Cf. Suppl. Ital. 1095; CIL V 7228, 5795, 309. 18 Cf. 762, 814, 847, 5026; see p. 18, n. 108, Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 41 S a n c t a (5011); still another, in the upper valley of the Athesis and inscribed in 217 or 246 A.D., 13 bears this legend (5090): In hipnorem) dipmus) d{ivinae) sanct{isimae) Dianae aram cum signo Aetetus Aug{ustorum) n{ostrorum) lib{ertus) p(rae) p(o situs) stat{ionis) Maiens{is quadragesimae) Gall{iarum) dedic(avit) id. Aug. Praesent {e) cos. A dedication was made at Novaria to Jupiter O. M. ex preceptu v i r g i n i s u Diane. (6503a). COMBINATIONS Diana appears once with Apollo (Brixia. 4199). She is associated with Luna in the following inscription transcribed from a square pedestal from Verona inscribed and carved on three sides (3224): {in front) DIANAE LVCIF {Diana with a dog) {on one side) {on the other side) SEX . IVENT . SVAVIS LVNAE {man holding a bowl) {Luna standing with a veil over her head) Two copies of an inscription from Chieri (7493-4), the second much mutilated, include Fortuna and Victoria with the goddess in a votive offering set up in the name of a certain family on their own estate. Again, the Matrons are so included (Ager Novariensis. 6497a). Trivia Quadrivia is worshiped with Jupiter in no. 1863 of Iulium Carnicum. 16 The following inscription, cut in duplicate on the front and back of a large stone found in an amphitheatre near Verona, presumably NOMINE Q.DOMITII ALPINI LICINIA.MATER SIGNVM.DIANAE.ET.VENATIONEM ET . SALIENTES T.F.I 13 See Mommsen ad loc. for the date, expansion of the inscr. as above, and other notes. 14 Cf . VI 124 and Latin poets passim. 16 See p. 14 and for an inscr. to Dom(inae?) Triviae, p. 84. Cf. Seixomnia Leucitica on p. 92. citica on p. 92. 42 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions announces the gift to Diana of a statue of herself, together with other gifts, according to the terms of a will (3222). The erection or restoration of a temple to the goddess may be understood from two lines of rude characters remaining from an inscription of Milan (5763). MINERVA The name appears with the spelling Menerva in two inscriptions of the republican period. 16 In one of them 17 the old dative 18 Menervai is used: this inscription is carved on the architrave of a temple and announces the gift of columns and something additional to the goddess by a portitor, mag(isterio) fi[li sui et s]uo. 19 To republican times belongs also no. 704, 20 in which Abennaeus records a donation at his own expense of a wall, turrets and doors. The will of a certain official of Concordia (1892) arranges for the paving of the streets about a temple of Minerva. In an inscription of Brixia 21 the payment of a vow takes the form of the decoration of an altar and a temple with stucco or something similar; a marble altar is given the goddess near Lacus Verbanus {Sup pi. Ital. 897). Gallus, a slave and steward, paid his vow (Industria. 7473) pro salute Destici Iubae C. V. et Destici Sallusti Iubae CI. Iuvenis et I(ubae) fil(iae) Sallustiae Plotinae Clarissimae. In the debris of an ancient temple of the Arusnates a number of simae. In the debris of an ancient temple of the Arusnates a number of votive offerings have been discovered; 22 there are numerous other votive inscriptions 23 to Minerva, as well as some which cannot be so classified. 24 MINERVA AUGUSTA Minerva Augusta is addressed in several votive 25 and other 26 inscriptions. Number 801 of Aquileia is of special interest. The i6 799=1 1457 (Utteris aetatis liber -ae rei publicae--Ed.) and 703=1 1462. 17 Ager Tergestinus. 703. 18 See p. 1, n. 5. 19 Mommsen I 1462. 20 (Ager Tergestinus) =1 1463. a Suppl. Ital. 127 5 =Notizie 1885. 231. 22 3908 (rudely in the form of the sole of a foot and perforated for hanging on the wall), 3909-10, 3912, 3914; cf. 3911, 3913 to M. Aug. from the same ruin; 3907, also discovered there, preserves nothing to link it with Minerva's name. 23 3270-1, 3273, 3275, 4126, 4162, 4274-8, 4281, 4856, 4913, 4945-6, 5016, 5096-7, 5665-6, 5674, 5794, 6479, 6608, 6659, 7220. 24 3272, 3274, 4273, 4279-80, 6489. 26 800, 3276, 3906, 3911, 3914, 5065, 6412; cf. above inscr. to Min., found in the debris of the same temple as were 3911, 3913. 26 801-2, 3277 (small altar), 4282, 8238, Suppl. Ital. 164. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 43 MINERVAE AVG . SACR M . VALERIVS VENVSTVS ET . MVICEDATIA . TAIS GENTILIBVS ARTORIAIS . LOTORIBVS ARAM.D.D lotores are fullers, and fullers are under Minerva's patronage. 27 The Gentiles Artoria[n]i were probably barbarian captives entrusted to Artorius and by him organized into a guild for operating a fuller's shop. 28 Petilia Sabina, a priestess of Minerva, is mentioned as paying a vow along with M. Claudius Firmus (Ticinum. 6412); and a sepulchral inscription of Pola (170) has been set up by one who is perhaps chral inscription of Pola (170) has been set up by one who is perhaps a temple-servant of the goddess; 29 for that there was a temple to her at Pola may be gathered from no. 244 on one interpretation, 30 and no. 8139, also of Pola, mentions an insula Minervia, possibly, as Mommsen thinks, an actual island on which was a temple. Another sepulchral inscription (E. bank of L. Verbanus. 5503) designates an individual as curator salt{us) Firronani item templi Minervae. For the worship of Minerva in conjunction with other gods, see p. 14 under Jupiter, 31 p. 17 under Mars (4901, 5114) and p. 21 under Genius (7363). There are four other incidental references to Minerva in Cisalpine Gaul. 32 FORTUNE The old dative 33 Fortunai is seen in Notizie 1892.7, and in no. 3103 inscribed on a square base. As might be expected from the province 27 See Mommsen, Zeilschrift fur Gesch. Rechtwissenschaft XV 330; cf. I 1406. 28 Mommsen ad loc. 29 But see Mommsen ad loc. 80 See Id. on no. 8139. " 3242, 3902, 5546, 5588, 5771, 6829. 82 At the end of four imperial military diploma ta (4056, 4091, Suppl. Ital. 941, 957 ( =Ephem. Epigr. IV 185, 513) granting citizenship or ius conubii or both to certain soldiers who had served their terms acceptably, occurs the phrase Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula aenea quae fixa est Romae in muro post templum Divi Aug(usti) ad Minervam. The ad Minervam refers to the temple of Minerva in immediate juxtaposition to that of Castor and Pollux (Rosch. Lex. II 2 2990. 22 ft*.). Cf. p. 59, n. 76. position to that of Castor and Pollux (Rosch. Lex. II 2 2990. 22 ft*.). Cf. p. 59, n. 76. 83 See p. 1, n. 5. 44 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions of the goddess, most of the inscriptions are ex-votos. 34 D e a Fortuna is once 35 the form of address ; while a broken altar of Aquileia adorned on one side of the letters with a representation of a woman standing on a globe, which is divided into zones, and holding a helm in her hand, on the other with a bowl and a wreath decorated with pendant ribbons, is inscribed (8219) to F o r s Fortuna. 36 The letters F.M. of no. 2793 and of Notizie 1883.221 = 1906.169 are perhaps to be expanded F(ortunae) M(u I i e b r i), in which case these inscriptions represent one of the oldest of the cults of Fortune known. 37 tions represent one of the oldest of the cults of Fortune known. 37 The former was found at Patavium, as was no. 2792 to Fortune; and under the caption Sortes in CIL I, p. 267, Mommsen refers to the presence of a temple to the goddess near that town, quoting from Suetonius {Tiber 14): Cum Illyricum petens iuxta Pata- ing from Suetonius {Tiber 14): Cum Illyricum petens iuxta Patavium adisset Geryonis oraculum, sorte tracta, qua monebatur, ut de vium adisset Geryonis oraculum, sorte tracta, qua monebatur, ut de consultationibus in Aponi fontem talos aureos iaceret, evenit ut summum numerum iacti ab eo tali ostenderent; hodieque sub aqua visun- mum numerum iacti ab eo tali ostenderent; hodieque sub aqua visuntur hi tali. That there was a connection between the worship tur hi tali. That there was a connection between the worship of Fortuna and that of Aponus here is, he thinks, suggested by the discovery, beside the inscriptions concluding A.A.V.S.L.M, 38 of one of similar form concluding F.V.S.L.M; the fact that only F was cut indicated the prominence of the cult of Fortune which made the carving of the whole name unnecessary. The seventeen lots commonly but erroneously called Sortes Praenestinae, Mommsen identifies monly but erroneously called Sortes Praenestinae, Mommsen identifies as belonging rather to Patavium, and accordingly prints them on pp. 268-70 (I 1438-54) after the discussion which I am summarizing. He does so because the MSS containing them include numerous izing. He does so because the MSS containing them include numerous inscriptions of this locality, and because of the presence of the temple of Fortuna, taken with the alternation of A. A and F in the inscriptions mentioned above. 39 From such connections as this of Fortuna with the waters the cult of Fortuna Balnearis 40 may have 34 779, 2792, 3103, 3226, (on a large round base), 3899, 4210, 7233, Notizie 1899. 120 (by a slave); cf. 1758, 1810, 1869, 5009, 5246-7, Notizie 1883. 221 = 1906. 169: not such, however, are: 2471, 2791, Notizie 1892. 7 (see p. 4, n. 26). ^Vann.&pigr. 1914.257. 36 For the decoration of the stone, cf. 1867, p. 45 and note thereon. 37 Carter, Cognomina of the Goddess "Fortuna" Trans. A. P. A., XXXI 67. 38 See p. 46. 39 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 260, n. 4. 40 Cf. II 2701, 2763; the former addressing her as a goddess of healing by reason of the curative properties of the waters. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 45 arisen. Since the latter was worshiped as a goddess of healing (cf. II 2701, cited above) and the Aquae Aponi were medicinal springs, 41 the connection of Fortuna with the springs here is not surprising. Considered as propitious, the deity is called Obsequens 42 in two votive inscriptions, nos. 5246 43 and 5247 from Comum, of which the former reads: Fortunae Obsequenti ord(o) Comens(is) voto pro salute civium suscepto. The Dea Obsequens honored by a mag(istra) 44, of Aquileia (814) may very well be Fortuna. 45 Fortuna (istra) 44, of Aquileia (814) may very well be Fortuna. 45 Fortuna Redux, whose cult signalized the return of Augustus from the East, 46 is represented by ah ex-voto from Riva (5009) and a coin of Gignod. 47 Three vows are paid to Fortuna Augusta (1758, 1810, 1867); in the last-named, as decorations of the stone are: a pine or other tree, a helm resting on a globe beneath, and a cornucopia holding apples, grapes and other fruit. 48 Like that of Fortuna copia holding apples, grapes and other fruit. 48 Like that of Fortuna Redux, this was a cult of the emperors. 49 Aquileia provides an inscription to Fortuna Viruniensis (778), for which Kandler proposed Virunensis; for there was at Virunum in Noricum a cult of the goddess. 50 Near some small sacred edifice in the Ager Mediolaniensis, was found the following inscription (5598), with its reference to a temple and temple-servant of Fortuna: Q. Quintieni Quintiani haruspicis et aeditui templi Fortunae, filii patri piisimo. Inscriptions no. 7493-4 41 Cf. Martial vi 42.4; Lucan vii 193; Pliny, N. H., xxxi 6.61; Claudian, Carm. Min., 26; Cassiodorus, Var., ii 39. According to Ker's note (ad loc.) in the Loeb CI. Libr., Martial's phrase rudes puellis is a tribute to the chastity of the Patavian women; but some religious tabu may lurk behind it. The custom involved is curious indeed if no. 2793 of Patavium is really in honor of Fortuna Muliebris (see p. 44). 42 Cf. 1 1153 (very old), VI 191, Plaut. Asin. 716, Plut. Defort. Rom. 16. Obsequens as a title of Jupiter in XI 658 is a translation from Zeus Mei\lx<-os (Plut. 1. c). MeiXPSx"* was a little of Tyche (see Carter, op. cit. 62). There was a temple of Venus Obsequens at the Circus Maximus. 43 Not indexed in the Corpus. 44 See p. 18. n. 108. 45 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 263. 46 Notizie 1914. 409. This title was common on coins (Preller, Rom. Myth. II 187). Redux is applied to Jupiter in X 57. 47 Cf. Rosch. Lex. P 1506; Wissowa, R. K. 264. 48 Cf, Wissowa, R. K. 263; Axtell, Deification of Abstract Ideas, 10. 49 Mommsen ad loc. 50 Cf. Ill 4778. 46 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions of Chieri connect the goddess with Diana and Victoria, the latter being naturally a frequent associate of Fortuna. Besides the singular, there are found instances of the plural, Fortunae; thus, an inscription of the Ager Novariensis (8929) consists of the word FORTVNAB and a fragment of the name of the dedicant below. 61 The corresponding Greek deity, Tyche, 52 is the one honored in an inscription of some length (3408 = CIG XIV 2309) on one side of a stone at Verona, which, after giving the name and distinctions of the dedicant, concludes: Idem in porticu quae ducitat (sic)ludum publicum) columnas quattuor cum superficie et stratura pictura volente um) columnas quattuor cum superficie et stratura pictura volente populo dedit. On the back of the stone are the words: ftPA KAI TTXH. AQUAE APONI The warm springs near the village of Abano southwest of Patavium, famous in ancient 53 as in modern times and once sacred to vium, famous in ancient 53 as in modern times and once sacred to Aponus, were the occasion of several, mostly votive, inscriptions 64 of the form A. A, an abbreviation which is to be expanded A(quae) A(poni) or possibly A(pono) A(ugusto), but not A(pollini) A(ugusto) t despite Schol. Veron. on Verg. Aen. i 249. 55 A sepulchral inscription to a musically inclined husband and father, calamaulae Aponensi f reproduced with the rather elaborate carvings in Notizie 1896.317, suggests that something of a community had grown up about Aquae Aponi. 56 The fact, often mentioned by classical authors, 67 that the stream or fountain of Timavus near Aquileia was an object of veneration, is supported by the discovery of a solitary dedicatory offering to it. 68 The following lines are carved on one side and an end of an altar. 61 Cf. VI 182 and Fronto, De Oral. 157 Nab. 62 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 261. 63 Cf. Sil. It. xii 218; Mart, vi 42. 4; Lucan vii 193ff. M 2783-90, 8990 from Patavium. Number 3101 from Vicetia presents some difficulty in the word ministros; but, since it contains the usual form of address, A. A, ficulty in the word ministros; but, since it contains the usual form of address, A. A, and the distance from Abano to Vicetia (some 17 miles) as against the 6 from Abano to Padua is not fatal to such assignment, this inscription may plausibly be grouped with the others. As to such inscr. as these, cf. Claudian, Idyll vi 5-6. 68 On the oracle here, see p. 44f. 66 Suppl. Ital. 951 (Vardagate) may be to Aponus (A. V. S. L. L.), but the location is unfavorable to that opinion; Apollo is a safer conjecture. 67 See CIL V p. 75, preface to chap. XII, col. 2. 68 Ad Tricesimum. Suppl. Ital. 380= Notizie 1884. 56 = Dessau 3900. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 47 TI . POPPAI TI . F TEMAVO D . D . L . M The letters are of ancient form, hardly later than the time of Sulla, the location somewhat removed from the waters themselves, so that it has been suggested that the inscription may have been set up by an Aquileian trader on one of his journeys. 59 Knowledge of the fundamental nature of Feronia in Italy as a whole is derived most certainly from a series of inscriptions in Cisalpine Gaul; 60 for here certain Feronenses aquatores are seen in inscriptions of Aquileia (8307-8), and the inference is that Feronia was a goddess of springs. A certain T. Kanius Ianuarius 61 is prominent in no. 8307 above and in nos. 776 and 8218, also of Aquileia and nent in no. 8307 above and in nos. 776 and 8218, also of Aquileia and dedicated to Feronia. A temple, a statue and a portico were given by a woman of Montona at her own expense to Juno and Feronia (412); unless, since there is no connective between the names (a fact in itself by no means conclusive) and because Feronia was regarded as the consort of Jupiter Anxurus or as the equivalent of Juno Virgo, we are to understand her name here as rather an epithet of Juno. 62 It was from means left over from an opus Vertumni that a woman's heir, according to the terms of her will, made an offering to the Genius Municipi Segusini (7235). VENUS Only two inscriptions 63 address Venus without a title; two of Aquileia hail her as Venus Augusta (835, reproduced below, and V E N E R I A VG p P I L L I A . L . F M A R C E L L I N A 59 See Mommsen, Suppl. Ital. 1. c. and Dessau /. c. For some general comment on the worship of hot springs in ancient and modern times, cf. Pliny, N. H. ii 103, 227; id. xxxi 6, 61; Wissowa, R. K. 224, n. 6; Frazer, Golden Bough V 206-216. See also pp. 32ff and 91 of this dissertation. 60 See Wissowa, R. K. 286f . Outside Middle Italy, she is found only at Aquileia (Pauly-W. VI 2218). 61 Named also in 755. 62 Cf. Preller, Rom. Myth. I 429 and n. 3; Pauly-W. VI 2218f ; Serv. Aen. vii 799. 63 3107 on a square pedestal, Notizie 1893. 13. 48 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions ATTIA . MATER ORNAMENT.EIVS.EXORNAVIT 836). Mommsen states what is certainly the correct understanding of this inscription, that the daughter had the statue made and the mother provided its ornamentation. Number 836 is set up by a mother in memory of her daughter. 64 Venus Caelestisis the form of address in two inscriptions of Pola (8137-8); but we have here in reality the Syrian Astarte re-named. 65 Venus V i c t r i x is honored in two inscriptions, one (2805) set up by a woman of Patavium visu iussa, the other (8249) by a man of Aquileia. An inscrip- vium visu iussa, the other (8249) by a man of Aquileia. An inscription found at Altinum (8818) but certainly transported thither from tion found at Altinum (8818) but certainly transported thither from Greece 66 begins: Veneri sacrum et Genio Collegi Aug(usti) Corinth(i). What was perhaps a statue of Venus was among the gifts to the triad of the Capitol in no. 6829, 67 and a statue of the goddess was doubtless above her name in the group of nine planets represented in no. 5055. 68 The only dedications by men are one (8138) to the Syrian Venus Caelestis and one (8249) to the militarized Venus Victrix. The goddess of burial, L i b i t i n a, who later under the name Lubentia (formed by contamination of the original word with lubido etc.) 69 became identified with Venus, 70 in the inscription reproduced in part below (Bergomum. 5128) preserves her original character. Preceded by the name and honors of the patron and followed by an announcement of what is to be a perpetual veneration of his effigy, are these lines. CVIVS.EXIMIA.LIBERALITAS. POST MVLTAS.LARGITIONES . HVCVSQVE ENITVIT . VT . LVCAR.LIBITINAE REDEMPTVM.A.RE P SVA VNIVERSIS CIVIBVS . SVIS . INPERPETVVM REMITTERET 64 No. 1872 = 8654, indexed in CIL V under Venus Augusta, belongs to Ceres Augusta (see 8654). 65 See Preller, Rom. Myth. II 395, 406 and p. 80 of this dissertation. 66 See Mommsen ad loc. 67 See p. 14. e8 See p. 64. 69 Cf. Varro L. L. vi 47. 70 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 245. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 49 Mommsen's interpretation is that lucar 71 Libitinae is a fee paid the goddess or the state in connection with interment, and that Lupercianus had set aside a sum of money the interest from which was to cianus had set aside a sum of money the interest from which was to pay this fee for his fellow-citizens for all time to come. 72 There are two votive offerings to P r i a p u s. 73 A dedication to Di Manes states that in the place assigned for the monument is a small temple of Priapus (Verona. 3634). Considerable literary interest attaches to the following elegiacs (Patavium. 2803), in that they est attaches to the following elegiacs (Patavium. 2803), in that they have been assigned by some to Tibullus. 74 VILLICVS.AERARI.QVONDAM.NVNC.CVLTOR.AGELLI HAEC.TIBI.PERSPECTVS.TEMPLA.PRIAPE.DICO PRO.QVIBVS.OFFICEIS.SI.FAS.EST.SANCTE.PACISCOR ADSIDVVS.CVSTOS.RVRIS.VT.ESSE.VELIS IMPROBVS.VT.SI.QVIS.NOSTRVM.VIOLABIT.AGELLVM HVNC.TV.SED.TENTO.SCIS.PVTO.QVOD.SEQVITVR 71 For the usual meaning of lucar see Wissowa, R. K. 451, n. 6. 72 Cf . Wissowa in Rosch. Lex. IF 2034f . 73 5117, Notizie 1912. \=Uann Epigr. 1912. 247, the latter on a block of marble. 74 See CIL ad loc; Tibullus p. 85 Bahrens. CHAPTER III GREEK GODS THE FATES The spelling Fatabus is seen in no. 4209, on a very small altar of Brixia given as a votive offering, as also in 5005. Since there is an inscription to Matronae Dervonnae (5791), the spirits addressed Fatis Dervonibus may reasonably be regarded as female: 1 feminine forms occur elsewhere, of course. 2 The Fatis[ ]ixibus of Suppl. Ital. 739 shows similar modification of the name and the same ambiguity of gender. The pathetic addendum to no. 67 10 3 contains a masculine form and 4296 another; similarly, an ex-voto (5002) addresses Fati Masculi: there are numerous parallels in this instance also. 4 Finally, the address takes the form YATIS.FATAbus in no. 5005 below (as perhaps in 5012), the form DIS.DEAB / FATALIBVS in 8802. The dative form of address obscures the gender in other instances; 5 but even in these it is to be presumed that one or the other is intended: dedicants were no longer inclined to leave the gender, much less the personality, of the spirits indeterminate, as had been the case with so many Roman deities of the early time. In Gaul and Germany the Fata, the sum-total of the "dooms" adjudged an individual, were confused, -- not only with the Greek Moirae, the Three Fates, -- but also with local spirits. 6 The distinction between the Roman and Gallic conceptions is sharply drawn in a votive inscription of Aquileia (775), beginning: FATIS.DIVIN / ET. BARBARIC, where only the Roman spirits, apparently, received the epithet Divini. 7 Number 5005 from Riva deserves closer scru1 4208. Cf. Rosch. Lex., s.v. Dervones. 1 4208. Cf. Rosch. Lex., s.v. Dervones. *E. g. t II 89. 3727, III 4157, XII 1281. 3045. 3 See p. 37. " III 1854, VI 4379. 6932. 10127. 11592, X 5753. Cf. also other inscriptional and literary references in Neue-W, Formenlehre I 797. Other inscr. than those cited as masculine are so listed in the index of CIL V, but I do not see on what evidence. 6 5012 and the vot. inscr. 705, 8217, the last on a small altar. Fatorum follows some indecipherable word in 4296. Possibly 6568 addresses the Fates with other deities. 6 Cf. Peter in Rosch. Lex. I 2 1452; Jordan in Hermes VII 197. 7 Cf. Mommsen ad loc; Wissowa, R. K. 265; VI 145. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 51 tiny. The Fati and Fatae of this inscription are not altogether F A T I S.F A T A bus DRVINVS . M . NOm ARRI . MVCIANI . C . v ACTOR 8 . PRAEDIORVw TVBLINAT . TEGVRIVM A.SOLO.INPENDIO.SVO.FE CIT.ET.IN. TVTELA.EIVS -H-S.N.CC . CONLVSTRIO FVNDI.VETTIANI . DEDIT orthodox, for they seem to be conceived as special spirits associated with Mucianus 9 after the manner of the Lares. 10 A very primitive form of sacred structure is indicated by the tegurium of line 5, 11 which was erected by the vilicus in his master's honor. The difficulty of interpretation inheres in the last three lines, and Mommsen did not wholly dispose of it in the following note: "It seems to have been dedicated with a provision that annually there the praedia Tublinatia should be lustrated, the further condition being appended that at the same time the fundus Vettianus should be lustrated. But, as the Tublinatia praedia still bear that name, so perhaps the fundus Vettianus properly suggests the pagus Vezzano." Jordan 12 rightly objects that, in the phrase in tutela(m) eius, eius could refer only to tegurium, that the whole phrase here must mean "for the upkeep of the shrine" 13 -- not being "the formulaic expression in tutela dei" -- and that conlustrio in the sense of a lustration with, or at the same time as, another is dubious. The definition of conlustrium in Harper's Latin Dictionary as "a corporation that procured the lustration of the fields of a district" is based, apparently, only upon this inscription, 14 and has no merit except that of providing easy syntax for the Latin of it. The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae gives the safest translation of the word, viz., lustratio, though we should expect it to indicate a somewhat more thorough or elaborate form of lustratio. 8 Cf. 90, 1035, 1049, 5048, 5318, 7473. s Consul 201 A. D. 10 See Jordan in Hermes VII 197 for the Fates in the rdle of Lares or Genius. " Id. ibid. 193-7. 12 Id. ibid. 197-8. 13 Cf. 4294, 4416, 4418, 4449, 4488. 14 There cited as Orelli 1773. 52 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions But, whether we translate the word so, or as a kind of ablative of attendant circumstance or conditionality as Mommsen took it, the latter part of the inscription should mean that the endowment was for the maintenance of the shrine and the lustration of the Fundus Vettianus: the lustration of the Praedia Tublinatia is only implied at most. Three inscriptions of Verona, 15 set up, one by a woman, the others by men of some local distinction, address Parcae Augusta e. Liber and Libera (?) are associated with the Parcae in a joint ta e. Liber and Libera (?) are associated with the Parcae in a joint offering, 16 as is Bona Dea in the following inscription of Aquileia (8242) DECIDIA . EGLOGe ARAM . PARCABVS ET . BONAE . DEAE PHIALAM.ARG.P.IS- 17 DONO DEDIT carved in minute and beautiful letters on an altar. The Parcae in this district have the pure Greek background, 18 with no relation to the Italian birth-goddess who was the true antecedent to the Roman Parcae. HERCULES Against two isolated inscriptions to Castor or the Castors, 19 stand a host of inscriptions to Hercules. The name is twice spelled Hercli, 20 twice represented by the initial only. 21 Of (those in which the god bears no title, the large majority are votive inscriptions. 22 Upon opposite edges of the upper surface of a large stone, cut in 16 3281, 3282 (vot. inscr.), 3283. 16 8235; see p. 56. 17 Expanded ad loc: Arg(enti) p(ondo) I (unciarum) s(eptem). 18 See Wissowa, R. K. 264, n. 4 ad fin. 19 4154 to Castor and PoUux, Notizie 1885. 331= Suppl. Ital. 1266 to Castor Deus ex visu. SS& 20 4213, 5498; cf. XII 5733. . j 81 6344, 8220. " Forty-five are ex-votos: 515-6, 3228, 4147, 4155-6, 4213, 4215-6, 4318, 5462*M 5467, 5498, 5507, 5521, 5528, 5533, 5559, 5561, 5632, 5686-7, 5694, 5718, 5721, 5723,' 5743, 5767, 6344-52,6484, 6622, 7144, 7240, 8220, 8931, Suppl. Ital. 376 (which, though it has only the initial of the hero's name, is on an altar found with the altar on which stands Suppl. Ital. 375 to Deus Hercules), id. 893 = Notizie, 1883. 150. Seventeen are not indicated as such: 4127, 4214, 4248, 5466, 5520, 5558, 5688, 5703a add , 6570, add , 6581 add , 6947, 6952, 7869, 8221, 8930, Suppl. Ital. 724 = Notizie 1884. 56. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 53 duplicate but with the copies so placed relatively to one another that one would be read by those passing on one side, the other by those passing on the other, was the following legend (Tergeste. 515): L.MVTILIVS.MAGNI.L.BASSVS.H.B.M.V.S.L.M. Mommsen explains the three letters before the final formula as H(erculi) b(ene) m(erito). 23 A somewhat unusual redundancy marks the combination ex voto v.s.l.m of no. 5632 and Suppl. Ital. &93 = Notizie 1883. 150. In no. 4156 the human touch is felt in the phrase de suo parcimonio. 2 * The form of address is D e o Herculi or Herculi Deo in two instances, 25 Herculi A u g(u s t o) in two others. 26 The most famous stances, 25 Herculi A u g(u s t o) in two others. 26 The most famous cult of the god bears in this district the epithet I n v i c t u s 27 rather than Victor, though the latter is shown in one copy of no. 5508. A corrupt inscription (Ausugum. 5049) of the first century gives the record of a woman who had played for public favor, lost, won by Hercules' help, 28 and been threatened with loss again, but could still conclude with a dedication to Hercules Invictus. 29 To the title Invicto there is added, in a partially preserved inscription of the Ager Mediolaniensis, 30 the additional epithet Conservatori Iuventiarum; with this latter phrase no. 5693 to Hercules J u v e n i s may be compared. The deity is addressed by certain cultores as Hercules Invictus D e u s (5593) ; again, to Invictus inpetrabilis is added in no. 5769, that epithet occurring separately in the trabilis is added in no. 5769, that epithet occurring separately in the votive inscription (5768) on an altar at Milan. Mertronnus Anteportanus, Ovanius and Saxanus as epithets of the god will be portanus, Ovanius and Saxanus as epithets of the god will be considered among the Celtic cults. 31 Hercules appears in two combinations, dedications to D(i) S(ancti) Hercules et Iunones (Benacenses. tions, dedications to D(i) S(ancti) Hercules et Iunones (Benacenses. 4854) and Volkanus et Erqules (Lacus Verbanus. 5510). 23 Cf. I 1175, 1220. 24 Pauper in 3290 on p. 38 is probably a cognomen. 26 Suppl. Ital. 375 and CIL V 4004. 26 No. 9 and Notizie 1877. 233=Suppl. Ital. 669; in the latter case the gift is made by three men from 2200 sesterces collected as initiation fees from the members of the guilds of sailors. 27 5049, 5645, 5724, 5759. 28 Sed sanctus deus hie felicius i[llud] transtulit in melius. For the epithet Sanctus cf . 4854 and Preller, Rom. Myth. II 286. 29 This is the only instance in Cisalpine Gaul in which a woman is concerned in the worship of Hercules; for the exclusion of women therefrom cf. Preller, Rom. Myth. II 293; Fowler, R. F. 194. 30 5606; the cult of H. is prominent in and about Milan. 31 See p. 85f in chap. VII. 54 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Nine of the inscriptions to him are known to have been carved on altars, 32 one on a small column (8220). A temple is mentioned in nos. 1830-1 of Iulium Carnicum, in the former as having been built, restored or embellished in some way at the expense of certain men, a list of whose names constitutes the bulk of the rather long inscription. A vilicus restores a statue and sees to the repairing of a temple (5558). Number 3312 from Verona should, perhaps, be understood as C . AMVRII . TACMNVS ET . HERMES. LIB . VI . VIR . AVG SIGN . ABACVM . CVM . SIGNIS.II HERCVLE. ET. AMPHALE. COLLEG (sic) DENDROFOR.D.D. (sic) announcing the gift, by these two men as representatives of the collegium dendrophororum™️ of statues or busts of Hercules and Omphale respectively and of an ornamental piece of furniture designed to support a display of such objects. Goblets are given in one case. 34 Magistri of the god cooperate with magistri vici Zh in the service to the god cited above as recorded in no. 1830; the name of one, perhaps the principal one, of the former group recurs in nos. 1831-3: the four inscriptions are of the same locality. The word cultores of no. 5593, ambiguous as commonly, may mean merely worshippers or, somewhat more probably here, I think, members of a college of some kind having oversight of matters pertaining to the cult. The brief fragment (5742): HERCVLI / MODICIA / TES. IOVENII presents two uncertainties: "The Iovenii who are named here and in no. 5664," says Mommsen, "are perhaps to be compared with iuvenis and iuvenatibus of inscriptions no. 5134, 5907. " 36 As to Modiciates, he comments: "The ancient name of Monza seems to have been preserved in inscription no. 5472 which the Modiciates consecrate to Hercules; and it is still retained by Paulus Diaconus, who in iv. 22.49 refers to Modiciam; hence modern Monza." zl The villagers as a group address Hercules in no. 5528. As we pass to the 32 3228, 5703a add (?), 5768, 6570 add , 6581 add , 6952, 7804, 8221, Suppl. Ital. 375. 33 See Wissowa, R. K. 322, n. 5 init. 34 6952; cf. 6829 on p. 14. 35 See Wissowa, ibid. 17 Iff. 36 Cf . p. 53. 37 CIL V p. 613, preface to chap. LXVI. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 55 consideration of the lay dedicants, the most striking fact, though normal enough in the cult, is that with one exception 38 they are men, 39 in so far as the names are legible, though such a phrase as cum suis* is sometimes added. A pontifex (6345), an eques Romanus equo publico (6349), several seviri 41 are among the dedicants. On the other hand, slaves, 42 a mercator (6350), a messor (7804), a faber tignuarius (4216), and lapidarii (7869) represent the lower orders. APOLLO Apollo received several votive offerings, 43 two of them small altars. 44 Of the three remaining inscriptions, 45 one (3217) is set up by two linen- weavers. The numerous inscriptions to Apollo B e 1 en u s will be considered under the god Belenus, 46 since the latter n u s will be considered under the god Belenus, 46 since the latter seems dominant in the Celtic conception of Apollo Belenus. L. Naevius Secundinus pays a vow for the preservation of his health and that of his family to the N u m e n of Apollo. 47 Apollo and Diana are once (4199) addressed together, Mars and Appollo (sic) once (6603). The mis-spelling of the god's name in the second instance, the use of a vulgar form of the letter L, 48 and the dedicant's name, December, indicate that the devotee is of low extraction. The names Admetus and Alcestis in the nominative 49 are cut on a chest from Aquileia, illustrated by representations of a veiled woman and a bearded shepherd leaning upon his crook. CERES Two officials of Concordia made some gift to Ceres Augusta and added a sum for its maintenance. 50 On the reverse of a bronze 38 5049; seep. 53. 39 Cf. p. 53, n. 29. 4 deg5561, 5606, 5686, 5703a add , 5718, 5769, 7144. 41 5688, 5768, 6347-9, 6351, Notizie 1877. 233. 42 5521, 5558. 43 2782, 4127, 4198a, 7232, 7910. Suppl. ltd. 951, ending A. V. S. L. L, may perhaps be most plausibly placed here. haps be most plausibly placed here. 44 2782, 7810. 46 2463, 3217, 5762. 46 See p. 89. 47 Lacus Verbanus. 5514. 48 See p. 98, n. 6. 49 8265; cf. VI 142. Cf. Silvanus in nom. (5717), the gen. Matronarum (3264), and ace. Bonum Eventum (4203) . 60 This inscr. (1872 = 8654) is indexed by mistake under Venus Augusta in CIL. 56 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions medal of Vespasian are the name of Ceres Augusta and her figure as she stands holding a head of grain and a sceptre. 61 The following inscription of Patavium (2795) is carved on a pedestal of Dalmatian GENIO . DOMNOR CERERI T.POBLICVS CRESCENS LARIBVS PVBLICIS.DEDIT IMAGINES ARGENT DVAS TESTAMENTO EX (2 sestertia) marble bearing traces of two statues. Ceres is plainly selected here as one of the two Lares Publici; for the exceptional nature of such a conception see p. 18f. In no. 796 Cereria becomes an epithet of Mater Deum Magna (see p. 72), but see p. 26, n. 160 for Mommsen's view that this deity is Bona Dea., as is, probably, Augusta Bona Dea Cereria of 761 (p. 26). LIBER One vow is paid to Liber at Verona (3260); Maionica 52 cites an inscription of Aquileia to him. Liber Pater appears several times; 53 a sevir of Aquileia made some dedication to Liber et Libera at their command (793). To Liber (perhaps in company with Libera and the Parcae) 54 a woman of the same city gave a pool and a statue or statues (8235). Jupiter is joined with Liber Pater in the following rudely cut inscription near Lacus Verbanus (5543): I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) C (onservatori) et Liber o Patri viniarum (sic) conservator i f Verus et Valerius Valeri Maximini v.s.l.m. Liber Augustus is recognized in Suppl. Ital. 1095 of Pola, the surviving fragment of which reads: L(ibero) Aiugusto) s(acrum), Octavianu(s) Aug(ustus) n(oster) aedem vetustat(e) conlasp(am) (sic). . . . , and in no. 326 of Parentium to Genius Lib(eri) Aug(usti). Though an address to the protecting spirit of a god seems to us an extreme refinement of theistic conception, there are parallels to support Mommsen's expansion of the abbreviations in the second inscription. 55 51 From Pavia, Notizie 1906. 391. 62 Epigraphisches aus Aquileia, p. 10. See Suppl. Ital. 1113. 68 2110, 6956 (vot. insc), Notizie 1894. 397; the first is of Tarvisium, the last two are of Taurini. 64 See Mommsen ad loc. 56 1 603. 17, lovis Genio; VI 151, Genio Numinis Fontis; XI 357, Genio Larum Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 57 MERCURY Of the one hundred and two inscriptions to Mercury with no epithet added, all but nineteen 56 are obviously votive inscriptions; eighty-six 67 are set up by men and three 58 by women, thirteen 59 being without the names of the dedicants or set up by both men and women. 60 The dedicants include seviri, 61 quattuorviri iure dicundo, 62 soldiers, 63 a clothes dealer (6777), a merchant, 64 a freedman cundo, 62 soldiers, 63 a clothes dealer (6777), a merchant, 64 a freedman paying a vow libertatis caussa (sic) (6574). A number of altars were given; 65 large letters cut on a large architrave record the erection, by a dedicant on his own ground, of a temple to the god, with a statue (4266). The gift of another takes the form of dracones aureos libr(arum) quinque, adiectis ornamentiis) et cortina. m Other inscriptions (arum) quinque, adiectis ornamentiis) et cortina. m Other inscriptions were carved on a tile (6760), a chest (5495), a concave rock made to resemble a tortoise shell (presumably by way of reminiscence of the god's reputed invention of the lyre) (4942), a square pedestal (6505), and a table so inscribed on the four margins that the lines on opposite horrei Pupiani. Considering the close connection, even occasional identity, of Genius and Tutela, Genius Tutelae (II 2991) is especially striking. See Fowler, Roman Ideas of Deity p. 20f . 56 797, 3265, 4248, 4252, 4257, 4941, 4943, 5053, 5094, 5254, 5452, 5495, 5562, 5673, 6411, 6505, 6777, Notizie 1896. M6 = L'ann. Epigr. 1897. 25, Suppl. Ital. 163. "521, 3267-8, 4036, 4249-52, 4254-61, 4264-72, 4912, 4941-3, 5014-5, 5094-5, 5355-7, 5442, 5451-2, 5478-80, 5491, 5495, 5522, 5547, 5590, 5599, 5601 add , 5631, 5672, 5700, 5711, 5745-6, 5760, 5792-3, 6410, 6471, 6505-6, 6573-4, 6576-78 add , 6620, 6760, 6777, 6830, 6957, 7145, 7463, 7553, 7597, 7874, 8843; Suppl. Ital. 959; Notizie 1888. 271, 1896. te6=L'ann. itpigr. 1897. 25; Uann. Epigr. 1907. 118. 68 4944, 5563, 5650. 5 " 797, 3265, 3269, 4248, 4253, 5053, 5115, 5254, 5464, 5562, 6411, 6610, Suppl. Ital. 163. 90 In compiling these statistics, some inscr. have been included from a group bearing only the initial M by way of indicating the god. By means of the provenance of these insc-;., the discovery with them of others in which the names of the gods were given in full, and by other indications, this group has been conjecturally assigned thus : Minerva 3908, 3910; Matronae 7224-5, 7241-2; Mercury 521,5495, 6471,6482,6573-4, 6760, 7463, 7553, 7597, Suppl. Ital. 959, Notizie 1888. 271, Uann. Epigr. 1907. 118. 61 5257, 6482, 6505, 6576, 6777, Suppl. Ital. 959; see p. 58, n. 67. * 2 5478, Notizie 1896. 446 = Uann. Epigr. 1897. 25. 63 5451, 7553; cf. 522. 64 7145, unless Mercator be a cognomen. *4270, 5451 (with a roof), 5700, 6577-8 add , 7553, Suppl. Ital. 740. 66 Notizie 1896. U6 = L'ann Epigr. 1897. 25. Cf. 6965. 58 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions margins were identical (4941). The purpose of the vow is indicated OPTATVS . CASSIVS OPTIONIS.F SVSCEPTVM.MERITO VOTVM.TIBI wERCVRI . SOL VI VT.FACIAS.HILARES SEMPER.TVA TEMPLA . COLAMVS in no. 6506 (Novaria). For the remains of a representation of the planet Mercury, see no. 5053, p. 64. MERCURIUS DEUS, AUGUSTUS, REDUX, ARPAX A certain dedicant of Brixia paid two vows to D e u s Mercurius (4262-3). Mercurius Augustus is addressed by a soldier (522), and by a mother in memory of her son (2801). Two inscriptions record respectively the enlarging (4161) and the restoration tions record respectively the enlarging (4161) and the restoration (8237) of some edifice, presumably, sacred to Mercurius Augustus; and an altar bears his name, followed by the names of numerous dedicants (788). 67 Mercurius lucrorum p o t e n s e t conservator receives a votive offering from an official in the vicinity servator receives a votive offering from an official in the vicinity of Novaria (6596). There is one inscription to Mercurius Redu[c e n s (?)]. 68 Another, indexed in the Corpus with those which [c e n s (?)]. 68 Another, indexed in the Corpus with those which bear no epithet, reads MERCVRIO ARPAGI (5706). Arpax in the sense of "grabber" or "cheat" at games of chance is found on bone tesserae, 69 and Arpagius was "apparently used at Lugudunum as a term of affection applied to children and young persons carried off by premature death." 70 Although I do not find Arpax or Harpax fl7 Steuding in Rosch. Lex. II 2 2818 f.: "Dass freilich sonst iiberall, wo M. den Beinamen Aug. f tihrt, an Kaiserkult zu denken sei, durfte kaum zu erweisen sei, da bekanntlich dieser Beiname den Gottern an erster Stelle zukommt . . . ; wahrscheinlich ist dies aber der Fall, wenn Augustales, seviri et Augustales oder seviri scheinlich ist dies aber der Fall, wenn Augustales, seviri et Augustales oder seviri Augustales als Dedikanten ercheinen, obwohl dieselben iiberhaupt in einem engen Zusammenhange mit den Mercurdienste stehen mochten, da sie haufig auch auf Inschriften sammenhange mit den Mercurdienste stehen mochten, da sie haufig auch auf Inschriften auftreten, wo Mercur den Beinamen Aug. nicht fiihrt (z.B., CIL V 5257, 6505, 6777)." 88 4025. So the Corpus expansion, but I should prefer Redu(x); cf. Fortuna Redux, p. 45. 69 IX 6089 1 , 8070 8 ; see Olcott, Tkesaur. L. L. Epig. s. v. 70 XIII 2065, 2073 (Olcott, op. cit. s. v.) Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 59 in any list of the epithets of Mercury or Hermes, it seems to me that one of the two ideas here suggested, theft in general or the snatching away of souls (cf.'Ep^s ^rvxayuyos) , may be present in the word Arpax as an epithet of Mercury in this inscription. See in this connection, if the expansion of Pais may stand, the reference to Dis Rapax on p. 60. Cf. Kaibel, Epigr. 272 and apiranTrip 'A18tjs in Callimachus ii 6. Mercury is associated with M a i a (6354), Deus Mars, 71 J.O.M., 72 and -- here compare no. 6596 above -- with J.O.M. and Matronae Indulgentes™️ bearing in the last instance the epithet lucrorum potens, as mentioned above. AESCULAPIUS The name is spelled Aesculapius seven times, 74 Aesclapius three, 75 Asclepius three. 76 There are four inscriptions to the god without title, 77 five to Aesculapius A u g u s t u s, 78 two to Aesculapius and H y g i a, 79 and two to Aesculapius et Hygia Augusti. 80 Definite references to health occur in nos. 8207 and 6970, the former reading: Aescul(apio) et Hygiai 81 pro sal{ute) liber(orum) suor{um) et Anton(iae) Callistes coniug(is), C. Turran{ius) Onesimus v(otum) s(olvit), the latter -- inscribed on a stone at Taurini supporting a Hermes -DIVO DIVO TR AI AN C.QVINTVS ABASCANTVS TEST . LEG MEDICIS.TAVR CVLTOR 71 795; see p. 17. 72 Suppl. Ital. 896; see p. 14. 73 6954; see pp. 14 and 88. 74 726, 729-31, 2036, 8206-7. 76 727-8, Suppl. Hal. 155. 78 6, 2034, 6970. Certain fragments of physicians' prescriptions (6414-5) from Milan, which begin with a claim of efficacy to relieve "obscura fati quaerella (sic) deum praesidio" direct the patient to placate Jupiter, Minerva, (Bona) Valetudo, Esculapius, and Mars. Then follow the prescriptions proper. 77 727, 2034, 8206, Suppl. Ital. 155. 78 6, 726, 728-9, 2036. 79 6970, 8207. 80 730-1. 81 For the ending see p. 1, n. 5. 60 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions ASCLEPI.ET HYGIAE as here reproduced. The expansion is: Divo Traian(o). C. Quintius Abascantus test(amento) leg(avit) medicis Taur(inis), cultor(ibus) Asclepi et Hygiae. The dedicants range from sevir (731) to slave (727); are men in six cases, women in three, with three inscriptions indeterminate on this point. Four are votive inscriptions, one of them (8207 above) containing the phrase pro salute; in another instance (2034), the words monitus posuit give the occasion. DIS, PROSERPINA, AERECURA Pais in SuppL Ital. 732 publishes a metrical inscription found at Comum, vs. 53 of which contains a passing reference to Dis:. . Dit]em non vestra [superabitis arte rapacem. . . Dis Pater is carved on a column of Aquileia (773), and so runs the form of address in a vocive inscription of Verona (3225). Proserpina appears once (Patavium. 2804): Iussu Proserpina(e) L. Calventius L(ucii) liibertus) Festus aram posit (sic) sacrum. In no. 725 of Aquileia, a veteran pays a vow to Dis Pater et A e r e c u r a. The first name was readily restored on the strength of the association of the two deities in other inscriptions, 82 but that of this goddess-consort has evoked no small discussion. Mommsen 83 denied the former reading Abra Cur a (afipa Kovpa) and explained Aerecura, his reading, as of Latin origin, with the meaning Geldschafferin. Jordan 84 considers it a non-Latin word and is followed in this ferin. Jordan 84 considers it a non-Latin word and is followed in this by Roscher. 86 H. Gaidoz, 86 however, followed by Wissowa, 87 accepts Mommsen's view; but carries it to something more conclusive. He sets before the reader, in addition to certain inscriptions from outside Cisalpine Gaul, 88 no. 8126, HERAE / SACR (on a small altar at 82 III 4395, VI 142, Brambach, Corp. Inscr. Rhenan. 1867, no. 1638. 83 Arch. Anz. zurArch. Zeit. XXIII (1865), pp. 88*-90*. 84 Preller, Rom. Myth. II 65, n. 2. 85 Rosch. Lex. I 1 86-87. 86 Rev. Arch. 3d ser. XX (1892), pp. 198-207. This is the fullest and best discussion of all the occurrences of Aerecura and related forms. 87 Op. cit., p. 313. 88 III 4395, VI 142 (for discussions and reproductions of the interesting frescoes which this inscr. accompanies, see Orelli-H. Ill p. 198; Dar.-Sagl. II 280, fig. 2468 ; Gaidoz. loc. cit., p. 200f ; Maas, Orpheus pp. 207ff; VIII 5524, 6962. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 61 Nesactium in Histria), no. 8200, inscribed on both sides of a bronze tablet, thus: Haerae Dominae Sextilia Propontis pro salute et reditu filiorum suorum vipturn) l(ibens) s(olvit), and more especially no. 8970a of Aquileia, 89 here transcribed. His explanation is that LVCVM DITI MACERIEM.ARAS ERAE >ATRI MOLEM.sEDILIA SACR SACR Q . CERFONIVS CHRySEROS ACC.COS.III III VIR FLORENTIA FECIT Aerecura is a phonetic imitation of "KpaicvpLa; while this latter combination has not been discovered in any ancient record, yet as KvpLa nation has not been discovered in any ancient record, yet as KvpLa was used with the names Artemis, Isis, Nemesis and others, and /ScunXts, j8a(uXeia and avavaa were used with Hera's, it is a safe assumption, if we compare domina in no. 8200, that Kvpla was applied to tion, if we compare domina in no. 8200, that Kvpla was applied to Hera to whose power it was specially suitable. Once the name, Aerecura was formed by the modification of the Greek words, popular etymology grasped at elements aes and cura which it seemed to recognize and established the Roman conception of a goddess of economy associated with Dis (from dives), god of wealth. The variant Aeracura, found in the catacombs, is taken as a corruption. This reasoning is not only ingenious, but plausible. LUNA Luna appears independently only once (16) in dedications; identified with the moon (5051), she is a member of the group of heavenly bodies described on p. 64. On one side of a square pedestal at Verona 90 the name of a dedicant is cut, on the front DIANAE LVCIF, and on the other side LVNAE with the figure of a goddess standing, a veil above her head. A fragmentary stone of Tergeste (CIG XIV 2383) preserves the word AOTKI^EPA and, below, the phrase 0210 KAI AIKAK2, with a representation of two uplifted hands in the center of the stone. The inscription relates itself 89 =32*, but see ed. note on 8970a. *"3224; see p. 41. 62 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions naturally to one of these two deities of similar function. 91 Syncretism is seen in the following from Verona (3233): Iun{oni) Lun(ae) tism is seen in the following from Verona (3233): Iun{oni) Lun(ae) Regiinae) sacr(um), P. Vitullius Philologus (!) sevir Aug(ustalis) imperio. The next inscription (Aquileia. 794) suggests comparison LVNAE.MARTI FRVTICIAE . TBYmeles ROGATV M.STATINIVS.DOR^ with the group of heavenly bodies above referred to; for on what other basis these two divinities could naturally associate is somewhat dubious. And yet, to be sure, there was nothing to prevent Fruticia Thymele from being, for different reasons, interested in two very different gods -- interested in the second, one might surmise, out of anxiety for some soldier friend or relative, Dorus for example. Sol and Luna are honored together in nos. 3917-8 of Arusnates; the latter is all but indecipherable, but the former, in large and beautiful letters, is dedicated by a certain Q. Sertorius Q.f. Festus f flamen. MISCELLANEOUS Att 0aX# Tiifiepcos) 'IouXios MajuepTtws avedj]Kev, -- such was an inscription cut in uneven characters on an altar at Aquileia. 92 Tholes is not mentioned among cult titles of Zeus in the handbooks or included in the lists of his epithets which are available; 93 but Usener cites it in his Gotternamen, 94 referring to this inscription. He compares Zeus Taletitas 95 and Zeus Tallaios 96 of other inscriptions with Zeus Thales, 97 gaining an idea of the significance of all three through a further comparison with the female deity Thallo 98 who caused plants to sprout. Zeus Thales would, then, represent a natural 91 In general, see Mordtmann, Mitth. des Athen. Instil. X llff. 92 CIG XIV 2337. 93 E. g., Pauly-W. s. v.; Rosch Lex. s. v.; Bruchmann, Epitheta Deorum quae apud Poetas Graecas Leguntur; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States; Preller, Gr. Myth.; Cook, Zeus, I 730, n. 8 cites Usener's discussion. 94 P. 131. 96 Le Bas-Foucart n. 162k, p. 143. 96 CIG XIII 2554. 95. 178. 97 For the interchange of smooth and aspirate mutes, Usener refers to Ahrens, Dial. Dor. p. 82f and Hermann in Philol. IX 699. 98 See Usener, op. cit. 134. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 63 transference of functions from those of the sky to those of the earth as affected by the phenomena of the sky. An inscription found at Verona" is cut on the four sides of a square pedestal. In front, not preceded by the D.M of Roman sepulchral usage but construed substantially as if it were, 100 is: Aveniae Bassaridis filiae optim(ae); then follows the name of Avenianus (the father, presumably) in the nominative. On one side is a nus (the father, presumably) in the nominative. On one side is a statement of the age and character of some one not there named; but the age, twenty-five, and the phrase omni sensu vita pietate perfectissim(a), taken with the context and position on the stone, make it sim(a), taken with the context and position on the stone, make it plain that Bassaris was meant. On the back is: 0EA / XAPIS / BA2SAPIS. Only these Greek words and the name Bassaris directly SAPIS. Only these Greek words and the name Bassaris directly concern us. Since the three words are in the nominative rather than in the dative and goddess-Charis-Bassaris( = .Bacc/ja"te) 101 would be an incongruous, impossible combination considered as the object of a dedication, I prefer to think that the father is calling his daughter 102 a goddess, one of the graces, that the Greek characters of her name are for concinnity with the immediate context, and that its position is determined by its length as compared with that of the two other words, by regard, that is, for epigraphical appearance. The letters IRID constitute what remains of an inscription from Gran San Bernardo (Notizie 1892.73). The one line, at any rate, is complete; and, while the name of a person may lurk in it, the probability is that the goddess was invoked. Number 523 from Tergeste is reproduced below. The prima facie E X.R E S P O N S O ANTISTITUM PROSPOLOIS C . LVCANVS.SEVERVS PRO L . LVCANO . FILIO interpretation of prospoloi as temple-servants is rendered inadmissible by the context. Severus would not dedicate any object to temple"3382 = C7GXIV2307. "3382 = C7GXIV2307. 100 Cf. Orelli-H. II 4586. 101 See Liddell and Scott, Lex. s. v. Paaaapa, Schultz in Rosch. Lex. I 1 751 and lit. cited there, Preller, Gr. Myth. 698, n. 3 and 699, n. 2. 108 Cf. Orelli-H. ibid. Ed. of CFG ad loc. comments: "0"A x*P" /3a<nropfs: pratdicala ad nominis similitudinem inventa." dicala ad nominis similitudinem inventa." 64 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions servants, nor would the priests (antistites) direct him to do so. These prospoloi are best understood as daipoves, spirits attendant upon the greater deities. 103 Pedestals on which once rested representations of the moon and five planets have been found at Anauni; 104 LVNAE (5051), MARTI (5052), MERCVR (5053), IOVI (5054), VENERI (5055), SATVRNO (5056). The bases so inscribed were in the form of small VRNO (5056). The bases so inscribed were in the form of small altars. Mommsen believed that there must have been a seventh image also, dedicated to Sol. On a marble tablet at Aquileia, superimposed horizontally on two small pillars, two concentric circles are described, the one but a little smaller than the other, whose perimeters are so cut by lines drawn from the one to the other that they are divided into eight arcs, each containing the name of that wind the direction of which corresponds to the position of the given arc. There are inscribed in order the names: Auster, Africus, Favonius, Aquilo, Septentrio, Boreas, Desolinus, Eurus. 105 The tablet bears also the name of the maker and certain further designs. A fragment of a calendar from Guidizzola was published in Notizie 1892 . 9. See Sup pi. Ital. 1273 for a law of dedication from Brixia. 103 See Rosch. Lex. IIP 3129-32; Note 3130. 33 for the spelling. 104 Cf. 3466, Planetam suum procurare vos moneo; this planetary group is paralleled by XIII 2869, 4206, 4467. 108 Suppl. Ital. 204, which see for discussion of the relation between the form and position of this tablet and the plan of construction of the city. Cf . Vitr. i 6ff, cited by Mommsen there. * CHAPTER IV DEIFIED ABSTRACTIONS STATE CULTS OF THE REPUBLIC 1 F o r t u ri a, who attained such importance and a real personality, has been discussed on pp. 43-46. There is one inscription ity, has been discussed on pp. 43-46. There is one inscription {Suppl. Ital. 156) to Concordia without title or other additions. Two brothers of Anauni gave an altar and a statue in payment of a vow (5058) to Concordia Augusta. A dedicant of Hasta, in memory of his sister, addresses the Concordia collegii fabrum Hastensium (7555); the Concordia curatorum arcae collegii fabrum et centonum sium (7555); the Concordia curatorum arcae collegii fabrum et centonum Mediolaniensium receives a dedicatory offering in no. 5612, and the Concordia collegii dendrophororum Pollentini is referred to in no. 761 7. 2 On the reverse of a coin of Aurelian occurs the phrase Concordia militum (Notizie 1914.410). cordia militum (Notizie 1914.410). VICTORY Most of the inscriptions to Victory accompany votive offerings; 8 one dedicant adds the phrase pro salute followed by a name in the genitive as an explanation of his vow (4292), and such perhaps is the explanation of an abbreviation in No. 4915. The following inscription (Laus. 6355) concludes with a puzzling phrase. Of L . HOSTILIVS VRSIANVS VICTORIAE V. S.L. M ITEMQVE . L A VIT Mommsen's two explanations, the one which attempts to connect the word lavare with the same word in the Lex Cornelia against fraudulent processes used on gold and silver coins is, as he admits, 1 Following here and later the classification in Axtell, Deif. Abst. Ideas. 2 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 329, n. 7. 3 4291-2, 4915, 4949, 5703, 6355, (6535 in the Corpus index is an error), 6579* dd , 6819b, 7147, 7695, 7721, 8832. Cf. 6959, 7833. 66 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions as obscure as the phrase itself. That some sort of coating of the statue to prevent rust was resorted to is his other, and less improbable, suggestion. 4 Without more evidence than is available, I should able, suggestion. 4 Without more evidence than is available, I should rather understand a simple cleansing process, or, better, a ceremonial lavatio. Several non-votive inscriptions also are found, 5 including one (7861) set up according to the terms of a will. There are, further, ten inscriptions to Victoria Augusta; 6 one of these (5025) substitutes the word cultor for the name of the dedicant. In no. 4089 stitutes the word cultor for the name of the dedicant. In no. 4089 the full form of address is: VICTORIAE.AVG / ANTONINI.ET. VERI; in Notizie 1906.391 the reverse of a coin reads: VICTORIAE DD.NN.AVG.ET CAE. Similarly, no. 6970 adds pro imperio Nervae, and no. 7643 is to the Numen Victoriae imp(eratoris) Caes(aris) M(arci) Aure[li] Antonini Aug(usti) Invicti Principis. A (aris) M(arci) Aure[li] Antonini Aug(usti) Invicti Principis. A restorer of a fortress honors Victoria Aeterni Imvicti (sic) Iovis O. M. (7809). Fortuna, Diana and Victoria are worshiped together in nos. 7493-4. 7 Altars are given the goddess in nos. 5025, 6579 add , 7844, -- the restoration (presumably) of her temple and a marble pediment of a portico reported in no. 7614. Globes, 8 wreaths, 9 a palm ment of a portico reported in no. 7614. Globes, 8 wreaths, 9 a palm (7147), a wheel (7861), a sheep (7147), and the form of a Victory 10 (usually winged) appear with a number of inscriptions. Spes Augusta, one of the several deities drawn into the imperial circle, has five inscriptions here, 11 two with the phrase pro salute. 12 Virtus, always a military conception, appears with Bellona in no. 6507; 13 Saltuarius Virtutis, u as applied to the dedicant in no. 2385 to Silvanus Augustus, is translated by Harper's Latin Dictionary s.v. saltuarius "keeper of the grove of Virtue." Virtue 4 He cites Pliny, N. H. xv 8. 34. 5 7644, 7844 (not containing the name of the goddess and not indexed under her name, but beside her figure on the stone), 7861. 6 4986, 5025, 5070, 6959-60, 7831, 7833, 7843(F), Notizie 1881. 149 = 5"^/. ltd. 1011. 7 See p. 41. under Diana. 8 4089, 7861. 9 6960, 7147, 7843-4, 7861, Notizie U9=Suppl. Ital. 1011, Notizie 1906. 391. 10 4089, 6960, 7147, 7844, 7861, Notizie 1881. U9 = Suppl. Ital. 1011. Cf. 7833. 11 706-8, 834, Notizie 1878. 288= Suppl. Ital. 410, all votive inscr. but the last. Cf. Axtell, Deif. Abst. Ideas, 20; Wissowa, R. K. 330. 12 706, 708. 13 The two may be conceived as one here; cf. Axtell, op. cit. 25f ; Wissowa, R. K. 350, n. 10 with context. 14 Not indexed in the Corpus. Cf. Lanciani, Wanderings in Rom. Camp. 311 f. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 67 certainly had temples 15 and may well have had a grove. Juventus (the name a variant of earlier Iuventas) had a statue, apparently, dedicated by a collegium Artanorum (4088), and there is one inscription (4244) to the Juventus of an individual. Bonus Eventus tion (4244) to the Juventus of an individual. Bonus Eventus appears in nos. 3218 and 4203, but as dative and accusative of a form Bonum Eventum. In the latter, two seviri Augustales, Curatores Ordinis Sevirum Sociorum, have set aside a sum, from the interest on which a celebration with the sacrificial portions is to be carried out on the 15th of May. STATE CULTS OF THE EMPIRE AEQVITAS AVGVST S.C and a representation of that goddess with a balance and a sceptre appear on the reverse of a coin of Vespasian. 16 It may have been the younger Pliny, completing what was begun by his adoptive father, 17 who dedicated certain porticos and their appurtenances toAeternitas, Roma and Augustus. A coin of Augustus bears the word Providentia, which came to have the religious significance, in connection with the imperial office, of its English derivative. 18 The cognomen Augusta, so characteristic of these imperially sanctioned cults, 19 is added in no. 1871. acteristic of these imperially sanctioned cults, 19 is added in no. 1871. In the phrase Iovis T u t e I a, the second word is possibly a common noun, -- at most, a force thought of somewhat distinctively (as is Numen at times) but intimately connected with the great god. 20 There are three inscriptions to N e m e s i s, 21 five to Nemesis Augusta. 22 As a very late addition to the Roman worship, 23 she belongs, from another point of view, with the Oriental cults. In Suppl. ItaL 167, NEMESI / EX / VISO, 24 the decorations of helm 15 Cf. Preller, Rom. Myth. II 249; Wissowa, R. K. 149f. 16 Notizie 1906. 391. Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 332 as to the classification as a state cult, and, per contra, Axtell, op. cit., 32f. For abstracts on coins in general see Koehler, Personifikationen Abstrakter Begriffe auf Rbmischen Miinzen. 17 Notizie 1880. 336= Suppl. Ital. 745. See Mommsen's note in the latter and p. 39. n. 9. herein. 18 Notizie 1906. 392. Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 336; Axtell, op. cit. 38. 19 Cf. Wissowa, R.K.&5. 20 4243; see pp. 12f, 21f and cf. Axtell, op. cit. 40ff. I 1456 may have been dedicated to Tutela, but see p. 2 If. cated to Tutela, but see p. 2 If. 21 812, 3105, Suppl. Ital. 167. 22 813, 8134-5, 8241 Suppl. Ital. 166. 23 See Axtell, op. cit. 44; Wissowa, R. K. 378. 24 Cf. ex visu in 813 to N. Aug. 68 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions and winged wheel suggest the frequent confusion of this deity with Fortuna; 25 the dogs holding a hare and deer in no. 813 suggest the still commoner confusion with Diana. 26 This cult, so popular elsewhere with soldiers, 27 shows one soldier-dedicant here (3105). It where with soldiers, 27 shows one soldier-dedicant here (3105). It is probably too much to infer from the fact that three out of nine inscriptions are irregularly cut 28 that the cult made a special appeal to the lower classes, especially as a sevir is among the dedicants (813). Four are votive inscriptions. 29 On the tomb at Verona of Glaucus of Mutina, boxer, killed in his eighth match at the age of thirty-three, are these words ad fin. (3466): Aurelia marito b(ene) mierenti) et amatores huius. Planetam 30 suum procurare vos moneo; in Nemese nefidem habeatis; sic sum deceptus. 31 Ave. Vale. Fata became so thoroughly invested with personality that they scarcely belong in this discussion; but see p. 49 and n. 6 there. N u m e n Maiestas que imperatoris of Notizie 1881.336 32 is paralleled in VIII 12062-3; such an expression is very close to the periphrastic form of addressing kings and dignitaries of modern times. An altar at Aquileia is inscribed on three sides with VI.DIVINAE SACRVM (837). While this may refer to the taurobolium in the worship of the Great Mother, 33 Viribus Aug(ustis) of 8248 and Lymfis Viribius) of 5648 probably involve more independent abstractions. A coin of Gignod and a medallion of Pavia show the word tions. A coin of Gignod and a medallion of Pavia show the word Consecratio {Notizie 1914.409 and 1906.392) and on a bronze sheath is the word U b ertas (Id. lSS0A35 = Suppl. Ital. 1087. 7). M Several of the inscriptions to N u m i n a have been, or will be, treated under other deities: Numen et Genius (7212) on p. 21, Numen Dianae Augustae (7633) on p. 40, the Numen of Apollo on p. 55, Numen Victoriae Imperatoris Caesaris (7643) on p. 66, Numina 25 See Axtell, ibid.; Wissowa, R. iT. 377. 26 See Axtell, ibid. 27 See Wissowa, ibid. 28 812, 8241, Suppl. Ital. 167. 29 3105, 8134-5, 8241. 30 This reference to astral influence, with the phrase studiosus astrologiae of 5893, and certain amulets {Notizie 1904. 432 & Vann. Epigr. 1905. 200) are the only relics of magic preserved. 31 Cf. 4612, utrisquae numinibus deceptus, on p. 69. 82 Cf. Arch. Epig. Mitth. XV 50. 33 Cf. 6961-2, Viribus aeterni taurobolio, and Axtell, op. cit. 56. 34 Axtell, ibid, does not cite Consecratio, Ubertas, Numen; the problem is to distinguish between deification and mere personification. tinguish between deification and mere personification. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 69 Augustorum, Iuppiter Poeninus (6885) on p. 84, and Numen Melesocus Augustus (8127) on p. 92; Numen Maiestasque imperatoris has been cited above. 35 In no. 6876 to Poeninus, quoted on p. 84, is the phrase Numen adoro tuum. There is a dedication to the Numen of Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus on a huge stone of Patavium (2817). Finally, in the following instance (Brixia. 4612) Numina is used without H E L VIAE L A E N I D E DOMNE . ET . CONIV GI KARISSIMAE C.P E T R A N I V S A S C L E P I A D Es AB VTRISQVAE (sic) NVMINIBVS.DECEPTVS dependence on the name of god or emperor. The errors in orthography, especially that in karissimae™️ taken in connection with the raphy, especially that in karissimae™️ taken in connection with the Greek proper names, might incline one to discount this inscription as evidence of the orthodox Italian conception of Numen. In any case, the plural form removes us in this instance from the realm of the abstract, since it is equivalent to deis. The absence of indication as to any two individual deities to whom the phrase utrisquae numinibus could naturally be referred leads me to think the dedicant meant bus could naturally be referred leads me to think the dedicant meant "both groups of gods," as, for example, the gods of the living and the gods of the dead (this being, I think, a sepulchral inscription). 87 In general, numen is not an independent abstract concept. 38 36 The index of CIL V would add Numen (?) Fatorum (4296), but Mommsen has a different reading ad loc. 36 But cf. 6483, 6487, e. g. 37 Cf. sepulchral inscr. 3466 on p. 68. See 6535 for another such expression of strong feeling. 38 For Pantheus as approaching an abstraction, see p. 94 and n. 12 there; for Valetudo, p. 59, n. 76. CHAPTER V DIVI Priesthoods included among the distinctions of individuals, whose memory is preserved in inscriptions of various kinds, constitute almost the only evidence of the worship of the deified emperors and the members of their families found in this district; the treatment of the Divi here will be, accordingly, very summary. Two flamines Iuliani (1812, 2536), two flamines Divi Iuli (4348, 4459), and a sacerdos Caesaris (4966) represent the first of the group. Augustus, of course, is most conspicuous: Sodalis Augustalis (24, 531, 865, 4954, 5909), Sodalis Augustalis Claudialis (6977-81,); Flamines Augustales (3223 add , 2524, 3341, 7259, 7425, 7428); Flamines Divi Augusti (4386, 5266-7, 6797, 7007, [perpetuus] 7605); Sacerdotes Augustales (4950, 4960, 4965) ; Sacerdos [Divi] Augusti (4442). There is one dedication to Divus Augustus (2812); the obverse of two coins bears the words DIVUS AVGVSTVS PATER {Notizie 1906.391-2); and in certain military diplomata 1 there is a passing reference to a temple of Divus Augustus at Rome as near to one of Minerva, by way of indicating the location of a certain bronze tablet inscribed with a law. There are to be included here Flamines Romae et Augusti (3376, 3420, 3427, 3936, 5036, Notizie 1880. 208 = Suppl. Ital. 624), and a sacerdos Romae et Augusti (5511): cf. Sacerdotes Urbis Romae Aeternae (4484, 6991) and a Flamen Romae et Divi Claudii (6431). On the architrave of a temple at Pola is the following inscription: ROMAE . ET . AVGVSTO . C AES ARI . DIVI . F . P ATRI . PATRIAE For a dedication to Aeternitas Roma et Augustus, see p. 67. In addition to the Sodalis Augustalis Claudialis (6977-81) and the Flamen tion to the Sodalis Augustalis Claudialis (6977-81) and the Flamen Romae et Divi Claudii (6431) cited above, there are Flamines Divi Claudii (534-5, 875, 5126). For other emperors there are the following priesthoods here represented: Flamines Divi Vespasiani (6360, ing priesthoods here represented: Flamines Divi Vespasiani (6360, 6513-4, 6797, 7021); a Flamen Divi Titi Augusti Vespasiani (5239), a Flamen Divi T. Augusti (5667), a Flamen Divi Titi (6995); a Flamen Perpetuus Divi Nervae (7458); a Flamen Perpetuus [Imp. Caesaris] Traiani [Augusti] (7458), Flamines Divi Traiani (4368, 5126, 5312, 5908, 6513, 6520, 6797, 7375); a Sodalis Hadrianalis (1969, 1 4056, 4091, Suppl. ltd. 941 =Ephem. Epig. IV pp. 185, 513; see p. 43, n. 32. i Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 71 2112, 7783), Flamines Divi Hadriani (6513, 8880), a Flamen Hadrianalis (543); a Flamen Divi Severi (7783); a Sodalis Aurelianus Antonin- alis (543); a Flamen Divi Severi (7783); a Sodalis Aurelianus Antoninianus (3223). Several inscriptions preserve only the phrase Flamen ianus (3223). Several inscriptions preserve only the phrase Flamen Divi . . . (6514, 6517(?), 7002) or Sacerdos Divi . . . (8808) with the name of the emperor missing; in the case of the first inscription only is there any suggestion of damnatio memoriae. A Sacerdos Divarum (520) will be noted on p. 72. The following priesthoods of the um (520) will be noted on p. 72. The following priesthoods of the Divae are mentioned: Flaminica Divae Augustae (7788 twice), Sacerdos Divae Augustae (4458), Flaminica Divae Drusillae (7345), Sacerdos Divae Domitillae (2829), Sacerdos Divae Plotinae (4387, 4485, 7617), Sacerdos Divae Faustinae Maioris and [Minoris] (7617), Flaminica Divae Sabinae (6514), Sacerdos Divae Matidiae (5647). The dedications to Augustus {Suppl. Ital. 170), Augustus or Augusta {id. 2, 697), Augusti or Augustae (3305-6), and Augusta (2840, of temple and altar) very probably belong to the group of Divi and Divae, together with the Flamen Augustorum of no. 47. CHAPTER VI ORIENTAL GODS THE MOTHER OF THE GODS The goddess is addressed as Mater Deum twice (4940, 4985), the dedicant in the second instance, a man of freedman birth, having enlarged her fane. A woman addresses her (6956a) as M(ater) M(a g n a). There are three inscriptions to M(ater) D(eum) M(agna) : in no. 519, cut on a hexagonal pedestal, the dedicants are a sacerdos, an aedituus, and a cymbalistria of the goddess; in no. 529 a son honors the memory of his mother, a sacerdos divarum; in no. 795a a soldier is acting pro salute coniugis. Mater Deum Magna C e r e r i a is seen in no. 796 on a square pedestal of Aquileia; 1 a vow to Mater Deum et I sis takes the form of the restoration of a fane and a portico (4007). References to sacer dotes Matris Deum occur in nos. 3438, 3419(?), 5881; a sacerdos of Mater Magna is perhaps the explanation of no. 518; and a sacerdos of Mater Magna Deum Idea appears in no. 5862, of Mater Deorum Magna Idaea in no. 81. 2 To the sacerdos, aedituus and cymbalistria of no. 519 above may be added an archigallus of no. 488. The fact that a certain priest of the Great Mother makes a gift (81) of a plot of ground for burial purposes 3 to the Dendrophori Polensium, taken with the activity of the collegia dendrophororum generally in connection with the bringing in of the sacred tree on March 22nd, 4 leads Mommsen 5 to the conclusion that these collegia, while not wholly religious bodies, were closely connected with the worship of the Great Mother. Showerman 6 explains that, while there were collegia dendrophororum connected with other divinities, or having no religious significance, many collegia were 1 See p. 26, n. 160; cf. Aug. De Civ. Dei vii 16. 2 The commonest form of address (Showerman, Great Mother of the Gods 296). 3 Domaszewski (Journ. Rom. Stud. I 53) denies that the dendrophori were originally/a^' tignarii who chose M. M. as patron goddess and avers that they were rather nally/a^' tignarii who chose M. M. as patron goddess and avers that they were rather a funeral guild for the disposal of corpses, the necessarily low-caste priests being suited for the office by the rites in which they mourned Attis. 4 See Mommsen, CIL I p. 389 under March 22nd; cf. Wissowa, R. K. 321 and the literature cited in n. 7 there, and Showerman, op. cit. 277 '. 8 Note on no. 81. 6 Op. cit. 275-6. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 73 definitely and exclusively devoted to the Great Mother of the Gods. 7 There is to be included here also the reference in a woman's epitaph (4400) to her having been sacerdos XVviralis, since a sacerdos of the Magna Mater "directly appointed and equipped with insignia by" the quindecimviri was so designated. 8 Says Wissowa: 9 Wenn sich in den Inschriften Priester und Priesterinnen der Gottermutter in italischen und gallischen Stadten als sacerdotales XVvirales bezeichnen 10 und wir erfahren, dass ihre Wahl der Bestatigung durch die Quindecimvirn bedarf, so ist diese ganz vereinzelt dastehende Unterstellung municipaler Kulte unter die romischen Quindecimvirn off enbar eine Massregel der Sakralpolizei, die zu der Zeit eingefuhrt wurde, als man den Zutritt zum Priestertume der Grossen Mutter den romischen Biirgern freigab. The sacerdotes are men in nos. 81, 519, 5814, 5862, 5881; women in nos. 520 (divarum), 3438, 4400: no. 518 is too fragmentary to classify. A pair of inscriptions from Taurini (6961-2) are dedicated Viribus aeterni (sic) taurobolio, the one on an altar, the other on a marble column, and an altar at Aquileia is inscribed (837) with Vi Divinae Sacrum on three sides. 11 Number 766, which Mommsen inclines to classify with inscriptions to Cautopates, Roscher 12 and Cumont 13 identify with Attis Papas. JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS AETERNUS The cognomen Aeternus is used of Sol, Mithras and Caelus, 14 all Oriental deities, and its use with the name of Jupiter in nos. 789 and 8232 marks this conception of the god as Oriental. 15 This cognomen, however, often stands alone; in such cases Jupiter is probably to be thought of none the less. 16 D e u s Aeternus appears twice at 7 For inscr. relating to them, see CIL V index under Aquileia, Bergomum, Brixia, Cemenelum, Comum, Feltria, Mediolanium, Pola, Pollentia, Verona; Notizie 1880.335, 1888. 408; p. M. 8 Showerman, op. cit. 272. * 320f. Cf . Domaszewski, I. c. supra, p. 70, n. 3. 10 For other cases of this use of terms, see Wissowa, ibid. n. 9. 11 Cf. p. 68. 12 Rosch. Lex. I 1 715. 18 Textes, II 123. 14 Steuding in Rosch. Lex. F 88. 16 See Wissowa, R. K. 364f. Cf. Fowler, Rom. Ideas of Deity 44f. 18 Rosch Lex. ibid. 74 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Aquileia; 17 an altar of Verona is inscribed (3221), Deo Magno Aetern(o) Liucius) Statius Diodorus quot se precibus compotem fecisset (o) Liucius) Statius Diodorus quot se precibus compotem fecisset v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito); and a cippus of Aquileia reads (8208), Deo Aet(emo) Exaudit{ori) Antonius Valens somnio monitus pro sal(ute) sua suorumq(ue) omnium et viciniae. DOLICHENUS Dolichenus [here spelled Dolichinus (1870) and Dolicenus (2313)] 18 is a local cult-title from Doliche in Commagene, 19 whence it was spread by Syrian soldiers. The god is represented in art as a bearded, mail-clad figure, with lightning in his left hand, a double-bitted axe in his right, and standing upon a bull's back; 20 his cult belongs mainly to the later Empire, and was associated with the emperors, as two of the three inscriptions of this region suggest, and with the aristocracy. 21 The first inscription reproduced here is from a bronze I O . P . M DOLICHINO PRO SALVTE . IMP COMMODI.AVG PII.FEL.VAL.MAXI MVS CENIVRIO LEG (sic) IIII FLAV ET PRO SVIS EX VISO FHCID tablet of Concordia (1870). The point between the and P of line 1 is an error; 22 FHCID is for fecit with 77 for e and the common confusion of d and t.* 3 The agnomen Felix dates the inscription as 185-192 A.D. 24 Another bronze tablet, from Atria, preserves the following faultily spelled inscription of 222-235 A.D. (2313): Pro salute Imp(eratoris) Caesaeris M(arci) Aureli Severi Alexsandri Pii Felicis Aug(usti) Iovi 17 769 pro salute alicuius, 770 on a small altar. 18 Cf. the spelling in III 1201a, b; VIII 2623ff ; IX 948; Ephem. Epig. II 422, 529; id. Ill 3462. See other variants in Dar.-Sagl. II 330, where they are accounted for by the ignorance of the worshipers. 19 Cf. Braun, Jupiter Dolichenus p. 6f; Hettner, De love Dolicheno p. 2; Kan, De lovis Dolicheni Cultu p. 1 ; Cook, Zeus I 606. 20 Hettner, op. cit. p. 2; Wissowa, R. K. 362. 21 See Wissowa, op. cit. 366; Cumont in Pauly-W. V 1278. 22 See Hettner, op. cit. 45 and cf. II 2386; V 4235, 5500, 6869; VII 378, 380. 23 Cf. Notizie 1895. 351. 24 Hettner, ibid . Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 75 Optimo Maximo Doliceno. With these two inscriptions in mind, Hettner observes 25 that it is in maritime districts that most inscriptions to this god are found, and suggests that merchants may have tions to this god are found, and suggests that merchants may have been important disseminators of the cult. According to one interpretation, a side-light on Roman politics is furnished by the following interesting inscription from an altar I . O . M . D EX . IVSSV.EIVS M . PVB . CLODIAN CANDID NEQ . IN HAC.ARA SETATVSACRITVLI/ at Brixia (4242). Commenting upon Mommsen's expansion of the inscription [I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) D(olicheno) ex iussu eius M. Pub(licius?) Clodian(us). Candid(atus) ne q(uis) in hac ara s{cribat) et . . . . extrema non intellego.], Hettner says 26 that he does not know, if candidatus is to be read, whether the meaning is candidatus legionis or candidatus collegii Dolicheni cultorum. Apparently he understands Mommsen as referring the word to Clodianus. But Mommsen puts a period after this name, and what he means is, plainly, "Let no candidate write on this altar," using it for campaign purposes. 27 I think, however, that, while the order candidatus ne is good usage in literature, it is not probable in epigraphy where the simplest and most obvious words, word-arrangements and constructions necessarily obtain. Hettner offers what I consider a better structions necessarily obtain. Hettner offers what I consider a better interpretation of the whole inscription, borrowing a suggestion from Buecheler. He compares CIL III 3955, addressed to Heliopolitanus, another god of the Syrian group, and bearing the legend litanus, another god of the Syrian group, and bearing the legend Nequis in hac ara porcos agi facere velit. This Brixian inscription is then read: Ne quis in hac ara s(a) etatu(m) sacri[f(icare)] v[e] li [/]. Saetatum } "with bristles," may seem absurdly periphrastic, but it may be that the dedicant thought it well to avoid even the name porcum as offensive to the god; this would not be more extreme than many odd taboos. This interpretation, at any rate, has the virtue of accounting for the last line with something like completeness. a Op. cit. p. 15. 28 Op. cit. p. 45. 27 Op. cit. pp. 23-4. 76 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions Hettner calls attention 28 to seven cult-titles of Jupiter beginning with D; but, by reason of the prevalence of the cult in the localities concerned, does not hesitate to assign to Dolichenus a certain group including this inscription, though they have only that initial letter . ISIS Isis, Isis Augusta, 29 Isis Regina, 30 Isis Myrionyma (5080), and Domna Isis 31 are comprised among the forms of address to this divinity; Isis Regina, Sol, Jupiter and Serapis are collectively honored in ity; Isis Regina, Sol, Jupiter and Serapis are collectively honored in no. 3232, Isis and Serapis in no. 821 1, 32 Serapis Augustus and Isis Regina in no. 3294, Mater Deum and Isis in no. 4007. 33 Iside stands as a dative form in no. 4220. There is some doubt as to the true interpretation of no. 8211 of Aquileia. Mommsen reads tentatively: (on one side) (on the other) AB M ISE.ET IVVEN SERAP MAG.VI DEO I Ab Ise et Serap(ide) deo m(agistri) iuven(um) mag(istri) vi(ci) primi, considering the phrase at the left as a local designation. But if one could account for the AB, since ISE is already an incorrect form there would be no difficulty in accepting it as a dative like the Iside of no. 4220 and other such forms. The natural presumption surely is that the two gods are addressed. Only seven out of thirty-two inscriptions announce votive offerings. 34 Women are dedicants but twice; 35 there are included among the dedicants: seviri™️ an aedile and flamen Romae et Augusti, 37 a soldier (4041), a clothing-dealer, 38 a freedman (2009), a slave. 39 Isidis inperio (sic) (10), ex monitueius 28 See Abbott, Society and Politics in Ancient Rome p. 5. 29 571, 3229, 5079, 8223, 8227. 30 2109, 2797, 3231, 8228. 31 160, Notizie 1880. 208 = Suppl. ltd. 624. 32 But see below. 33 Cf. p. 72. 34 3230, 4007, 4219-20, 5079, 5770, 6953. 35 4219, 6406; eight are indeterminate on this point. 36 484, 779, 3229, Suppl. Ital. 159. 37 Notizie 1880. 208= Suppl. Ital. 624. 38 Suppl. Ital. 159; cf . 6777, p. 101, 774, p. 103. 39 The same servus arkarius in 5079-80. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 77 (484), pro salute alicuius (8229), and beneficio ordinis 40 are the motives assigned for dedication. One stone is ornamented with graver's tools, a bowl, a wand with serpents, a sistrum, sl small chest, and a winged Genius leading a panther, and with various paraphernalia of the worship of Isis (10). Number 2797 was cut on a column, nalia of the worship of Isis (10). Number 2797 was cut on a column, no. 6953 on a large, square pedestal worn by the feet of visitors, no. 8228 found in the ruins of a temple of Isis at Aquileia. The gifts consist of temples (4041, 5469), the restoration of a temple and addition of a portico, 41 altars, 42 and a statue of Harpocrates (2796), the only conception of the Egyptian Horus known to the Greeks. 43 A perpetual sacerdos of Isis Augusta, likewise pastophorus, of Vicetia seems to have made some offering, according to a stone of Patavium (2806) ; and mention is made of a collegium pastophorum u Industriensium in no. 7468, dedicated to Genius and Honor. 45 Serapis has sium in no. 7468, dedicated to Genius and Honor. 45 Serapis has already appeared above in connection with Isis 46 and other gods, while a separate dedication to Sarapis (sic) O(ptimus) M(aximus) is found at Verona, an obvious case of contamination. 47 A woman of Aquileia paid a vow toAnubis Augustus (8210). MITHRAS The titles and combinations of titles by which Mithras and his associate or alter ego, Sol, were invoked were multiform: on the one hand, Deus Mithras, 48 augmented to Deus Invictus Mithras, 49 that in turn abbreviated to Invictus Mithras (6831) or Deus Invictus, 50 finally to Invictus (5204), this last expanded to Invictus Patrius (5797); on the other hand, Sol, 51 Deus Sol, 52 Sol Deus Invictus, 53 -44 Sup pi. Ital. 159; vesliarius tenuarius, sevir, beneficio ordinis. 44 Sup pi. Ital. 159; vesliarius tenuarius, sevir, beneficio ordinis. 41 4007 to Mater Deum and Isis. " 10, 3294, 4220, 8223, Suppl. Ital. 159. 43 See Rosch. Lex. I 2 2747. 44 See Wissowa, R. K. 357. 45 See p. 19. 46 3232, 3294, 8211; seep. 76. 47 Cf. Jupiter Sarapis, III 3, 4560-1, 6164. 48 5704, 8132, 8239. "805, [D(eo) Knvicto) I(nvicto?) M(ithrae)); cf. Mommsen, ad. he, 808-9,5019, 5066, 5659, 5796, 7474, 8240, Suppl. Ital. 165. 50 804, 2800 (I. D.), 5116, 8939. 61 764, 3278, Lann. Epigr. 1914. 256. 62 803, 4284, 6958 (Soli Deo), Notizie 1897. 272. M 807, 4283. 78 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions varied by Sol Divinus (4948) and Dominus Sol (8970); again, by blending of the two, Sol Invictus Mithras 54 and Deus Sol Invictus Mithras, 56 with an occurrence once each of Deus Invictus Mithras with Sol Socius (5082) and Sol Mithras Numen Invictus Deus. 56 There are to be added also the combinations with other gods: Jupiter Sol (8233), Sol and Luna (3917-8), Isis Regina, Jupiter, Sol, Serapis. 57 Only once is a woman the dedicant, 58 as against men in thirty inscriptions. The dedicants include Diocletian and Maximian, 59 the city of Brixia, 60 seviri, 61 a flamen (3917), a sacerdos Dei Mithrae (?) (5704) or Diet) S(olis) linmcti) M{ithrae) (5893), soldiers, 62 freedmen, 63 and a slave (810). One dedicant bears the title Pater Nomimus (764); "un irariip j/6/ujuos," says Cumont, 64 "est mentionne sur une des inscriptions inedites de Sidon"; he refers to his monument no. 4. But fourteen out of thirty-nine are avowedly votive inscriptions. 65 One inscription is on a fragment of an architrave (8240); tions. 65 One inscription is on a fragment of an architrave (8240); others are on pedestals 66 or altars; 67 for the relief work in no. 5066, depicting a scene of Mithraic worship, see Cumont, Textes II, mon. 114. Number 807 may indicate a gift of statues; no. 810 announces the preparation, by a vilicus, of a speleum™️ cum omni apparatu y and no. 5795 of Milan here reproduced, tells of the restoration of such a D . S I . M P . ACIL . PISO NIANVS . PATER 54 806, Cumont, Textes 184 (see mon. 115). 56 5477, 5795, 5893, 7362 (D. S. M. I.), Cumont, Textes, 17& = Arch. Epig. Mittk. XV 50 of 244-7 A. D. 66 Suppl. ltd. 392; cf. CIL V 8997. Cumont (Textes II inscr. no. 188a) referring to his mon. 114b, regards V 5471 to J.O. M., with decorations of a god striking a giant, as dedicated to Mithras, on what basis I do not see. 67 3232; cf. p. 76. 68 5659; eight are indeterminate on this point. 59 803; in Notizie 1917. 272 a temple is erected at their command. 60 4284; Res Publ{ica) is the form; cf. 5795, p. 79. 81 806, 4283, 5466, 7362. 62 808, 811, Suppl. Ital. 165. M 804, Cumont, Textes 178. M Textes II 166, p. 123. 96 805-8, 2800, 3278, 4283, 5082, 5204, 5659, 5796, 6831, 8939, Suppl. Ital. 165. 66 5019-20, 8939. " 7 8239, on an altar in the form of a mystic chest, 5659, 6831. 68 See Wissowa, R. K. 369f. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 79 PATRATVS . QVI HOC . SPELEVM VI IGNIS . AB SVMTVM . COM PARATA.AREA.A RE PVBL . MEDIOL PECVNIA . SVA RESTITVIT speleum. Of religious officials, there are mentioned the sacerdotes* 9 and pater nomimus (764) cited above, patres in no. 805, and a pater patratus in no. 5795, reproduced above. 70 Some form of lustration on behalf of one another is reported of certain soldiers in no. 808 of 244 A.D., and Suppl. Ital. 165 names a soldier as engaging, similarly, in a lustration in honor of Mithras. The cult flourished larly, in a lustration in honor of Mithras. The cult flourished especially at Aquileia. 71 CAUTOPATES AND CAUTES Two aspects of Mithras, Cautopates and Cautes, developed a certain amount of separate individuality as attendants upon Mithras. 72 Three inscriptions here are dedicated to Cautopates; 73 no. ras. 72 Three inscriptions here are dedicated to Cautopates; 73 no. 1809, on a rude pedestal, to D e u s Cautopates; Vann. JZpigr. 1894. 161 provides an instance of Cautes. Number 763, according to Mommsen, shows a form CAVTO; but Cumont 74 believes that Labus was right in reading CAVTOP. Number 5465 is set up by two men holding the Mithraic office of leones leg{ati) ; 75 for the appearance of this stone cf. Cumont, Textes, mon. 113. The first line of a ance of this stone cf. Cumont, Textes, mon. 113. The first line of a votive inscription of Aquileia (811) preserves only the letters PTI, which Cumont 76 conjectures to have been originally Cautopati. 17 **5704,5893. 70 Cf . 763 under Cautopates. 71 Cf. Cumont, Mystires de Mithra 55; for its importance as a religious center generally, see id., op. cit., 60 and the statistics in Maionica, Epigraphisches aus Aquileia, 5f. leia, 5f. 72 See Wissowa, R. K. 371, n. 5 & context. 73 765, 4935, 5465. No. 766, hesitatingly classed here by Mommsen, is assigned to Attis by Roscher and Cumont; see p. 73. Cumont, Textes II 123, no. 171 may well be a dedication to Cautopates. ™️ Textes II 122. 76 Cf. Wissowa, R. K. 370; Dessau 4259 suggests leg{itimi). 78 Textes II 123, no. 171. He interprets no. 766 {ibid.) as being to Attis Papas, not Cautopates. See Hepding, Attis seine Mythen und sein Kult, p. 208. 77 For an additional reference to the Mithras cult, see p. 32 with n. 203. 80 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions A square pedestal of Tridentum bears the legend: Gen(etrici) n pro geinitura) dei, Q. Muiel(ius) cum s(uis). The reference is, of course, to the periodic rebirth of Mithras. 79 Two dedications of Pola (8137-8) are to Venus Caelestis, under which guise lurks the Syrian Astarte. 80 In crooked letters on a small altar of Aquileia is an inscription (Suppl. Ital. 288) to Hecate. 78 Such is the expansion of the Corpus index and in Dessau 4249; the expansion Gen{io) in the body of the Corpus must be a slip on the part of the editor. 76 Cf . Ill 4424. 80 See p. 48 and n. 65. CHAPTER VII CELTIC GODS JUPITER AMBISAGRUS (?) On a small altar at Aquileia Jupiter is addressed as in the accompanying inscription (790) - 1 The Corpus index interprets: I.O.M. panying inscription (790) - 1 The Corpus index interprets: I.O.M. I . O . M . CO TE AMBI . S A GR VS P RI M VS O P E R I.P 0/ L .L Co(nservator) et Ambisagrus. 2 The names of the gods are, then, in the nominative; but, though very unusual, this is not unprecedented. 3 The meaning of Ambisagrus is thus explained by Steuding: 4 Der Name ist wohl aus ambhi = um, zu beiden Seiten und einer Ableitung von saghura -- haltend, gewaltig, gebildet, so dass er der Bedeutung nach mit conservator oder der Beinamen tutor, tutator, custos zusammenfallen wiirde. The question would still remain as to whether Ambisagrus is the name of a Celtic god of similar function associated with Jupiter Conservator or an additional epithet reduplicating the first. 5 But Holder, although he follows this word-division in his first volume, 6 substitutes in the second: 7 I.O.M Coteambi Sagrus Primus and regards Sagrus as part of the dedicant's name. This reading allows gards Sagrus as part of the dedicant's name. This reading allows the second ligature 1 to stand, as it ought, 8 for TE instead of ET, suits the pointing of line 2 better, 9 and provides the normal case for 1 There are three ligatures in the first two lines, CO, TE (or ET?) and MB. 2 Spelled Ambisager by error. 3 Cf. 4934, 5717, 8265. 4 In Rosch. Lex. s. v. 6 See Ihm in Pauly-W. s. v. * Alt-Celt. Sprachschatz I 122 (pub. 1896). 7 II 1295 (pub. 1904). See Rhys, The Celtic Inscr. of Gaul 74f for a discussion of Sagrus as a separate linguistic element. 8 See Egbert, Lat. Inscr. 67. But there is no consistency of usage; et is indicated by the ligature with bars of the E to the right in 4023, 4400, 5069,-- to the left in 5002, 5068, 5082. # This is not in itself conclusive; see n. 26 on p. 4 with its context. 82 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions the god's name. Further, Conservator as an epithet of J.O.M. is usually given in full, and I find only one instance (V 5670) n the indices of the Corpus where CO is used as an abbreviation for it. Opera posuit may well be the intention of line 5. A little weight of evidence may be added to the second spelling of the god's name by the fact that the crowding of letters and use of ligatures give place at the point in the second line to generous spacing; the graver would perhaps be more likely to change at the end than in the middle of a word. There are preserved two inscriptions to J.O.M. with the added titles Agganaicus and Adceneicus respectively. Only the former spelling finds a place in Roscher's Lexicon and Pauly-Wissowa under Adceneicus refers to the other. It is suggested 10 that the title Agganaicus indicates elevation and has some resemblance to Capitolinus. Commentators 11 compare an inscription to Matronae et inus. Commentators 11 compare an inscription to Matronae et Adganai, 12 the latter being regarded as Celtic goddesses. 11 That inscription is in turn compared to another (5716) to Matronae et vicani; but this is going from the unknown to the unknown. There is here a Celtic conception of Jupiter; farther than this we cannot certainly go. Both of the inscriptions we are here concerned with accompany votive gifts, the one to Adceneicus on a part of an old altar at Milan (5783), the other at Ticinum (6409). It is worth noting that the two towns, Milan and Ticinum, are only about twenty miles apart, and that the inscription to Matronae et vicani was found in the country around Milan. A unique dedication is that to Jupiter Felvennis (Arusnates. 3904), made at expense of 800 sesterces according to the last will and testament of P. Calpurnius Mandatus. This epithet also is regarded as Celtic; for the presence of Celtic Cenomani in this vicinity, there are cited: 14 Plin. N. H. iii 19. 130, Livy v 35, Justin xx 5.8, Ptol. iii 1. 27, Catull. lxvii 34. I O V I . BR . AR P . APIDIVS . P . L OM VNCIO V. S.L. M 18 Steuding in Rosch. Lex. s. v. 11 Mommsen on 6409; Pauly-W., Rosch. Lex. and Holder op. cit. t s. v. ,s 5671; seep. M. 18 See Rosch. Lex., s. v. 14 Lex. s. v., after Mommsen. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 83 For the Jupiter who is the recipient of this offering no one offers any explanation. If one is inclined to consider the abbreviations as standing for local designations, 15 BR.AR may be expanded Br~ [ixiano et] Ar[usnatiensi\. Brixia and Arusnates are the most important names in the Tenth Region which begin with there letters respectively, the localities are but twenty-five or thirty miles apart, and the inscription was found near Brixia. Number 4128 seems to be in honor of Jupiter P a g a n i c u s, 16 no. 5782 of I.O.M. Coliocinuset P a r m a r u s. 17 Coliacini occurs in II 2697 as the designation of a group of dedicants, and Parmarus might suggest Parma, some seventy miles, however, from Milan where this inscription was found. POENINUS By far the most important of all cults of Jove which bear Celtic titles is that of Jupiter Poennus or J.O.M. Poeninus, a temple to whom, with many votive tablets, has been discovered at Gran San Bernardo in the Poenine Alps. 18 From the point of view of the worship of Jupiter, Poeninus is a local cult-title, the foreign god having been adopted by the Romans; 19 but, as regards the original, independent Poeninus, the situation seems to have been the reverse, for the mountains were named after the god. 20 The local character of no god could be more plainly proclaimed; the inscriptions are uniformly found in the Poenine Alps. The forms of address are: Jupiter Poeninus, 21 J.O.M. Poeninus 22 and Poeninus; 23 but there can be but little doubt that the Celtic element is dominant and original, with the name of Jupiter sometimes gracing that of the local 16 Cf. J. Poeninus (infra), J. Dolichenus (p. 72f), J. Vesuvius (X 3806), J. Appenninus (VIII 7961). " Cf. 2482?, 4148, X 3772, XI 5375. 17 Titles not indexed in CIL. 18 For plans of the temple see Notizie 1890. 294ff, 1892. 68ff & 440ff, 1894. 33tt. Cf . Lanciani, Wand, in the Rom. Camp. 32 ff. 19 See Rosch. Lex. IIP 2593. 60ff. Poeninus occurs alone in more than half the inscr. 20 Cf. Livy xxi 38. 21 6867, 6873, 6878, 6881, 6887, L'ann. tpigr. 1894. 151 ( = Notizie 1894. 36) & 1904. 170. 23 6865, 6868-9, 6880, 6888, Notizie 1889. 234, L'ann. PSpigr. 1892. 68, 135. 23 6866, 6871-2, 6874-5, 6877, 6879, 6883-4, Notizie 1887. 468 (4 inscr.), 1892. 68, 445 & 1893.73, L'ann. tpigr. 1892.134. 84 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions god by way of embellishment. Pro salute alicuius is the motive in no. 6865 and Notizie 1887.468, and the travel through the pass is reflected in the pro itu (et) reditu of 6873 and 6875. The rough and ready character of the frequently illiterate dedicants is set forth on p. 103f. The object dedicated in the great majority of instances is a bronze tablet; 24 once (L'ann.Epigr. 1904.170) it is a little, curiously shaped silver wheel. All but two 25 of the inscriptions are in connection with the payment of vows. 26 Number 6876, being naively worded and cast in the form of a prayer, is transcribed below. Though some of the more obvious errors here might perhaps be accounted for C IVL RVFVS.POENINO.V.S.L.M. AT TVA.TEMPLA LVBENS VOTA SVSCEPTA.PEREGI ACCEPTA.VT TIBI SINT.NVMEN ADORO TVVM INPENSIS.NON.MACNA QVIDEM.TE SANCTe PRECAMVr MAIoREM SACVLO NOSTRVM ANINVM ACCIPIAS by the fact that the inscription was pricked on bronze with a sharp instrument, the number of errors {at for ad in line 2, macna for magna -- with the less usual inpensis -- in line 4, saculo for sacculo and aninum for animum in line 5), taken with the faulty syntax of the last two lines, accords with the prevalent misspelling of the god's name 27 in revealing the personnel of the dedicants. Only one combination of this god with others is extant, no. 6885 inscribed to Numina Aug(ustorum), 28 Iuppiter Poeninus. MARS Mars Cemenelusis the recipient of a vow at Cemenelum in the Alpes Maritimae (7871). The title is of course local. 29 Mommsen compares a dedication by an inhabitant of the same town to sen compares a dedication by an inhabitant of the same town to Mars Vintius at the neighboring town of Vintium (Orelli 2066 = XII 3). A decurion of the same general region paid a vow to D e u s Mars Leucimalacus (7862a); another votive offering to Leucimalacus was found with this at Pedo (7862), given at the 24 6865-9, 6871-8, 6880-1, 6883-5, 6887-8, Notizie 1889. 2$ = L'ann. Spigr. 1889. 82. 24 6866, Notizie 1893. 73. 26 Add to nos. in n. 24: L'ann. &pigr. 1892. 68, 134, 445; 1894. 151 & 1904. 170. 27 See p. 104. 28 Cf., e. g., XIII 389, 944-7, 1774-7. i9 See Holder, op. cit. s. v. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 85 Plostralia, which Mommsen regarded as a festival of mule-drivers; 80 supporting this conjecture is an inscription of Crayon to Martimulio. 31 Holder 32 quotes Ernault as interpreting Leucimalacus to mean "digne de louange par son eclat." Similarly, Mowat 33 compares other epithets of the god -- Leucetius, 34 Loucetius 35 Louc(ius?), Candidus and Albiorix -- all signifying brightness. S e g o m o, 36 commonly so spelled and used as an epithet of Mars, appears as Egomo Cuntinus in no. 7868 from Cemenelum. Steuding 37 suggests that Cuntinus is a place-epithet, if the third line, Vic(us) Cunitinus), should be thus expanded. Holder 38 interprets the same Segomo as from sego-, "Kraft, Macht, Sieg," and prets the same Segomo as from sego-, "Kraft, Macht, Sieg," and translates it "siegreichen, machtigen." Segomo is most prominent in Lugdunensis. HERCULES Hercules S a x a n u s, most of the inscriptions to whom are from the Brohl valley near Andernach 39 and who was certainly German rather than Celtic in origin, 40 has one votive inscription in Cisalpine Gaul, no. 5013 of Tridentum. One might be inclined to compare no. 7869 in which certain lapidarii honor Hercules; and there are, as a matter of fact, three inscriptions in the Moselle valley to Hercules Saxanus set up by soldiers engaged apparently in working quarries. 41 But, though the popular interpretation of the epithet may not have continued to follow its etymology and early history, it is 30 Cf. R. Mowat, Rev. Arch. n. s. XXXV (1878) 105; Sturtevant, Pronunciation of Greek and Latin, p. 59. 31 See Mowat, ibid., p. 106. 32 Op. cit., s. v. 33 See n. 30. 34 XIII 7242, 7412, 7608; cf. Jupiter Lucetius. See Hastings, Encyc. Rel. and Ethics III 280. 35 XIII 3087, 6221, 7241, 7661; VII 36; see Wissowa, R. K. 114, n. 3; cf. G. Dottin, Rel. des Celtes, p. 14. 38 See Ihm in Rosch. Lex. IIP 600. 87 Op. cit. P 931. **0p. cit. II 1448; cf. Rev. Arch. XXXV 161 and Grdr> II 1. 351. Dottin (/. c.) takes it as from a personal name Segomaros or from a place-name Segodunum. "XIII 4623-5, 7697, 7720; Orelli-H. 2007, 2009-10, 3479, 5657; Brambach, Corp. Inscr. Rhen. 651ff : cf. Freudenberg, Das Denkmal des H. Sax. in Brohlthal p. 4ff; Richter, De Deorum Barbarorum Interpretation Romana, 31ff; Preller, Rom. Myth. II 297 and note. 40 Cf. Dessau, CIL XIV 3543, note. 41 XIII 4625, note. 86 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions denied 42 that the word saxanus is connected with Latin saxum, R.Peter regarding Hercules Saxanus as a war-god. 43 Below Lake Verbanus was found a dedication to Hercules Mertronnus Anteportanus (5534), which runs: Herculi tronnus Anteportanus (5534), which runs: Herculi Mertronno Anteportano pro inpe(trata) sa{lute) -- or, pro inpe(n)sa -Rusticio v.s.l.m. Rusticio v.s.l.m. Pais 44 prints a votive inscription to Hercules v a n i u s. The etymology given by Holder 45 for Ovan suggests a possible connection of this cult with that of Hercules Iuvenis. 46 THE MATRONS Especially prominent in the Gauls are the Matronae; 47 there are some sixty inscriptions to them in this region alone, in addition to half as many to the practically identical Iunones. The dative is spelled Matronabus in three instances, 48 and one inscription (3264) begins with a genitive Matronarium). In inscriptions beginning with the name Matronae or its equivalent standing alone, where the sex can be distinguished a third as lent standing alone, where the sex can be distinguished a third as many dedicants are women as are men, a very fair representation for the former as inscriptions go. Numbers 4134 and 4137 are set up by one woman in each case for another; the phrases cum suis (5788), cumfilis (5789) and pro natis (5790) occur. On a monument ornamented with figures of women dancing, of a man sacrificing and making libation capite velato, of another playing a flute etc., Narcissus, slave of Gaius Caesar, honors the Matrons pro salute C. Caesaris Augusti Germanici (Lacus Verbanus. 6641). Altars are given in nos. 5252, 5789 and 6615. 49 Decorations on the monuments include, besides those described above, five stola-clad matrons with hands joined (7210) and three women one of whom holds a chest (7703). The letters of no. 6488 were once gilded. All but five inscriptions 50 42 By Peter in Rosch. Lex. I 2 3015. 29f ; cf. Dottin, Rel. des Celtes, p. 13. " L. c, 11. 17f. "Suppl. Ital. 844 (Sestocalende). 46 Op. cit. II 891. * Cf . 5693 on p. 53. 47 Cf. Haverfield, Romanization of Rom. Brit. p. 71; Dottin, Rel. des Celtes p. 20. 48 4137, 4159, Notizie 1897. 6. 49 Cf. Suppl. Ital. 847= Notizie 1882. 407 to Sanctae M. 40 5502, 5587, 7210-1, Suppl. Ital. 847. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 87 record votive offerings. 51 The following lines seem inconsistent D M MATRONIAE L . LVCILIVS. VXO RIS DONO D.D (Comum. 5253): Mommsen takes them somewhat doubtfully as a dedication to the Matrons. They certainly begin like a sepulchral inscription; but, in spite of this fact and the spelling in the second line, the phrase uxoris dono lends support to Mommsen's suggestion. The word nundinis in no. 5476 indicates that the vow was paid on a market-day. 52 To D i v a e Matronae a vow is paid (Fines Cotti. 7228) which takes the form of the restoration of a cross-roads altar which had fallen into ruin. A number of barbaric, usually local, titles are added to the Matronae. The words Braecorium Gallianatium are cut in large, rude letters on an altar of Cantii {Notizie 1882.407 = Suppl. Hal. 847). "Braecores igitur nescio qui Gallianates aetate Romana ibi degebant, ubi nunc est Galliano vicus," comments Pais. Soldiers have set up two inscriptions (7872-3) to Matronae Vediantiae, also local deities, 53 at Cemenelum in the Maritime Alps and Deae Vediantiae is to be safely conjectured from a fragmentary inscription of the tiae is to be safely conjectured from a fragmentary inscription of the same general region (Suppl. Ital. 1042). There are also Matronae Dervonnae, M Labus took this title in connection with a village Dervo or Dervio of the Milan region. 55 Number 5584 (Infra Lacum Verbanum) reads as follows: Sanctis Matronis Ucellasicis Concanaunis, num) reads as follows: Sanctis Matronis Ucellasicis Concanaunis, Novellius Marcianus Primuli f. votutn Masvonnum v.s.l.m. 56 " 3264, 4134, 4137, 4159-60, 4246-7, 5226, 5252, 5475-6, 5638, 5689, 5727, 5786-90, 6488, 6804, 6615, 6619, 6654, 7225-7, 7241 add -3, 7690, 7703,7848-9; Notizie 1888. 673, 1897. 6 & 1903. 265, Suppl. Ital. 853. 12 Mommsen compares Orelli 1518, votum solvit iunic[e] alba libens animo. M See chap, preface in CIL V pt. 2, p. 916, col. 2; Mowat in Rev. Arch. XL 48f. 64 5791; cf. the Fati Dervones of 4208, p. 50: the one is at Milan, the other at the near-by Brixia. w Mommsen ad loc. 68 For a profusion of such local designations of the Matrons, see Vann. PSpigr. 1889. 164; 1891. 22, 23; 1892. 128-30; 1898. 116 and the index on p. 16 at the end of the 18981901 vol. See also in general Fiedler, Die Gripswalder Matronen und Mercuriussteine. 1901 vol. See also in general Fiedler, Die Gripswalder Matronen und Mercuriussteine. 88 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions The Matrons appear in various combinations. The Matronis et Adganais of no. 5761 57 has been compared to the Matronis et vicanis of no. 5716, 58 and the word Adganais to Adceneicus (5783) and Agganaicus (6409), epithets of J.O.M. 59 For J.O.M. and Matronae (5501) and I.O.M. Matronae indulgentes, Mercurius lucrorum potens (6954), see under Jupiter, p. 14; for Diana and the Matrons (6497a) under Diana, p. 41; for Matronae di deaeque or et di deae (6491, 6575 add ) under the latter, p. 94; and for Matronae et Genii Ausuciatium (5227) under Genius, p. 21. JUNONES Beside the general similarity of conception and correspondence of the provenance of the two, there are to support the virtual identity of Junones and Matronae certain inscriptions to the Junones Matronae (3237, 5249) or Matronae Junones (5450). Especially signifi- ronae (3237, 5249) or Matronae Junones (5450). Especially significant is no. 5249, having as it does Iunonibus Matron(is) on the front cant is no. 5249, having as it does Iunonibus Matron(is) on the front face and on the sides Iun{onibus) alone. All but six 60 of the dedications to these divinities are votive offerings. 61 A little altar is the tions to these divinities are votive offerings. 61 A little altar is the gift in Suppl. Ital. 625 = Notizie 1883.320. The payment of a vow in no. 781 includes a temple, three statues, a portico with a wall, a kitchen, and the site, a piece of private ground. There are three inscriptions to Junones Augustae (3238-40). Junones are once associated with Hercules asDi Sancti (4854). To be identified with the Matrons probably are also the D o mn a e (774, 8246) or D o m i n a e {Notizie 1887.469). 62 Number n a e (774, 8246) or D o m i n a e {Notizie 1887.469). 62 Number 8246 is in honor of Domnae T r e s or perhaps Domnae Trivia e. M Somewhat similar to the Matrons may be the F e m i n a e in an inscription to Fruges et Feminae. M scription to Fruges et Feminae. M 67 Of Cantu, as Suppl. Ital. 847 above. 58 Cf. Ihm, Ann. Rhenan. LXXXIII (1887) p. 36. 59 See p. 82. 60 780, 3234-5, 4246, 8230, Notizie 1912. 11 =L'ann. Epigr. 1912. 248. "781-2, 2380, 3236, 3901, 4157, 4221-5, 4227-8, 5248, 5535, Suppl. Ital. 625 = Notizie 1883.3201. 62 Cf . Ihm, Der Mutter- oder Matronenkultus und seine Denkmaler, p. 98. 63 The fragments of no. 3307, containing the phrase ad dominant in an unintelligible context, can hardly be classed here. 64 3227; see Steuding in Rosch. Lex. P 1558. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 89 BELENUS The thirty-four inscriptions to this god give him a considerable prominence in Cisalpine Gaul, where all but four of the inscriptions in his honor are found. 65 The name is spelled Belenus seventeen times, Belinus ten times, and in other cases abbreviated. The epithet Augustus is frequently added; 66 but no. 1866, which runs: M. Pore. Tertius Bel. Augus. Concord., Mommsen thought might be expanded in the second line Belieno) Augus (talis) Concord (iae). Belenus Defensor Augustus appears in L'ann. Epigr. 1895.39, Apollo Belenus 67 or Apollo Belenus Augustus 68 occasion- ally: the sphere of Belenus is in part the same as that of Apollo, if one accepts the etymology which makes his name mean brilliant. 6 * There is considerable diversity among the dedicants. 69 Number 744, besides being dedicated to the god, is in memory of certain persons and in honor of certain others; no. 749 is in honor of an official. The dedications take these forms: small altars, 70 a seal (1866), a statue of Cupid (741), a square pedestal with what it once supported (743), and the restoration of a temple and gift of five gilded shields and two statues (1829). One inscription (735 add ) is in Roman letters up to the last two lines; these are in Greek and consist of the god's name in the dative, BEAENI, 71 and the word XAIPE respectively. For F o n s Belenus see under Fontes, p. 33: 754 add , 755 and 8250. A votive offering of an altar is made to Belinus and the Nymphs. 72 MISCELLANEOUS A pair of inscriptions of Cemenelum, otherwise identical and set up by the same centurion, dedicate the altars on which they are inscribed to Deus Abinius and Deus Orevaius respectively (7865-6). An Abianus (deus) appears in L'ann. Epigr. pectively (7865-6). An Abianus (deus) appears in L'ann. Epigr. 1888.22. 65 For the etymology of the name and a list of such inscr. and literary references to the god, see Holder, op. cit., s. v. 66 733-4, 738, 742, 744-5, 752, 1866(?), 2144, 2146, L'ann. tpigr. 1898. 85. 67 ^acM 737j 8212 . 68 741, 748-9, 753. 69 Cf. 732 add , 740, 746, 751, 1829, 2143, 8212, L'ann. Epigr. 1895. 36-8. 70 733-4 (by the same dedicant), 8212. 71 Cf. XII 5693. 12. See in general Zilken, De Inscr. Lat. Graec. Bilinguibus. 72 Dessau 4867 from Maionica in Arch. Triestino 1895, p. 191. 90 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions The goddess Alantedoba, to whom a certain man pays a vow in no. 4934 of Camunni, may be compared, says Steuding, 73 as regards the first part of her name, with the god A 1 u s, to whom two inscriptions (4197-8) are found in near-by Brixia. In no. 4198 the full form of address 74 is Deus Alus Saturnus. 75 This creates a presumption that Alus, like Saturn, was an agricultural deity. 76 A certain Q. Samicius Successus, both before and after his manumission, paid a vow toLacusBenacusin conjunction with mission, paid a vow toLacusBenacusin conjunction with some divinity whose name is missing in part. 77 In the vicinity of Brixia are a number of inscriptions to B e r gi m u s. 78 While the name is probably to be connected with the i m u s. 78 While the name is probably to be connected with the neighboring Bergomum, there is in the words a Celtic root meaning "high," and Bergimus is doubtless a mountain spirit. 79 Number 4200 was cut on a little altar, and the restoration of an altar by an aedile of Brixia ex postulation(e) pleb(is) is recorded in no. 4981. Mommsen would so expand no. 4202 as to have it addressed to Genius coloniae Brixiae et Bergimus. There is found one poorly cut inscription to B o r i a (7), understood to be the North Wind, still called Bora in these regions as stood to be the North Wind, still called Bora in these regions as Boreas among the Greeks. 80 Evancelus (sic) colonorum Polensium Boriae v.s.l.m. On a fragment of a column from the house of a certain vilicus of Trumplini is an inscription (4932) to a Celtic god Brasennus. An altar of Cemenelum bears a votive inscription to C e n t o nd i s (7867). Steuding 81 compares the stem of the Celtic city-name d i s (7867). Steuding 81 compares the stem of the Celtic city-name Centobriga in Celtiberia. A Celtic god C u s 1 a n u s appears in an inscription of Arusnates (3898). Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica p. 766, compares Cosli and 73 Rosch. Lex., s. v. 74 D D in the first, of 4197 may be for D(omino) D(eo). 75 For the prevalence of Saturnus as a cognomen of outlandish gods, see Wissowa, op. cit. 207, n. 12. 76 Cf. Steuding in Rosch, Lex., s. v. 77 East bank of Lake Benacus. 3998; cf. Verg. Am. x 205. 78 4200-2, 4981. 79 See Rosch. Lex. and Holder, op. cit., s. v. 80 See Rosch. Lex. I 1 814, Mommsen ad. loc, Holder, op. cit., s. v. and Tomaschek in B. B. IX 98. 81 Rosch. Lex. I 1 859. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 91 Cuses (Orelli 484); Cosli he connects (p. 1077) with Old G. cosl = corylus, "hazel-shrub." 82 Number 7504 of Aquae Statiellae announces the payment of a vow to Dorminus and S u e t a; Ihm suggests 83 they may be a god and goddess of springs, since the warm springs of the place were once frequented. Number 5057 toaDeus Ducavavius has the Us made in a vulgar form. 84 Some goddess named E i a is represented by three inscriptions: Notizie 1888.556 of Verona and, as far away as Istria, no. 8 of Polaand Suppl. Ital. 1 on a small altar of Nesactium, the last two being votive inscriptions to Eia Augusta. ANINIA . M . F . MAGNA . ET SEIA.IONIS.ET.CORNELIA.EPHYRE MAGISTRAE.B.D PORTICVM . RESTITVERVNT . E T AEDICVLVM . FONIONIS The inscription above (757) and no. 758 in which Seia Ionis Mag(istra) alone makes an offering to F o n i o, both inscriptions being of Aquileia, by their association of the attendants of the Bona Dea with this god suggest to Steuding 85 that his name is only a by-form of Faunus. See p. 33 for a possible third inscription to Fonio. Number 309 from Rovigno records the completion and dedication, by a son, of a fane to Histria which had been begun by tion, by a son, of a fane to Histria which had been begun by his father; and a small altar found in the debris before a temple of Neptune shows a votive inscription (327) to Histria Terra by a woman of Parentium. The location of Rovigno and Parentium in Istria establish the inference from the name. 86 Number 3900 of Arusnates is in honor of a god graced by the name Ihamnagalla Sqnnagall a. 87 The dative of the inscription is in -e for -ae, 82 See id., s. v. Cuslanus and Felvennis. 83 Id. IIP 1590. See the article Dorminus in Pauly-W. V 1568. CIL V index has Dominus by mistake. 84 See p. 98, n. 6. 86 Rosch. Lex. F 1496. 86 Cf. Mowat, Rev. Arch. 1880, pt. 2 (XL), p. 48 init. 87 The dedicant recurs in 3926-8. 92 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions At Bellunum is a votive inscription toLouccianus (Suppl. Ital. 442 ad CIL V 8804). Cf. the comment on Leucimalacus , p. 85 A deity Ludrianus seems to be addressed on an altar (2066) by a woman of Feltria, 88 A vow is paid to Numen Melesocus Augustus (8127). Melesocus is related by Mommsen to an Istrian tribe-name; but Tomaschek 89 "by way of indication of the relationship between the Illyrian and Greek languages, offers the name of this Istrian deity in connection with the stem jueXes, 'song'; in that case Melesocus would be, like Apollo or Orpheus, 'the melodious, the one who soothes.' " Number 6642 accompanies a votive offering to N a t i or Na t a e, deities unknown. The N e b r e s of no. 8133 from Pola are regarded by the editor of the Corpus (cf. veppis) as Istrian deities worshipped by Bacchantes. An altar forms the votive offering to a god Paronnus at Brixia. 90 Pais 91 reminds us that the field where the altar was found is still called by the rustics Campo Paronno. There is one votive inscription to a divinity called R e v i n u s (4875). An inscription in ancient characters and grammatical form, which Mommsen regarded as the oldest so far found in Istria, is no. 8184 of Rovigno: Seixomniai Leuciticai Polates. Holder 92 accepts the name as Celtic and the deity seems to be local. Tomaschek defines the deity as "die sieghafte Diana." 93 chek defines the deity as "die sieghafte Diana." 93 DIS PATERNIS SVRGASTEO MAGNO PATRO Q.M.TRYPHON V.S.L.M To Surgasteus in this inscription (Brixia. 4206) Eckhel 94 has 88 But the word appears as a man's name in DeVit's Onomasticon (Ihm in Rosch. Lex. II 2 2147). 89 In B. B. IX (1885) p. 98, as reported by Peter in Rosch. Lex. IP 2628. ™️Notizie 1882. 289 = Suppl. Ital. 741; cf. Holder, op. cit., s. v. 91 Suppl. Ital. 741. 92 Op. cit. II 1460. 93 B. B. IX 99; cf. Louccianus above and cross reference there. 94 Doctr. Num. Vet. II 438. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 93 compared certain coins of Tios in Bithynia, inscribed ZET2 STPrAZTHS. 2vpya<TT7]s is then derived from avvepyaar^s = avvepyaTTjs , "cooperator." 95 Surgasteus is also connected by some with Suregethes. 96 Mommsen (ad loc.) and Dessau (IF135) after Labus refer Patro to a certain Patarus, reputed founder of Tios. In the midst of an altar at Trumplini is an inscription consisting of the one word TVLLINO (4914), the Us being of a familiar vulgar type. 97 There is one Istrian dedication toVeica Noriceia (717). 98 The spelling coir {aver unt) attests its antiquity. 95 Cf. Mordtmann, Rev. Arch. n. s. XXXVI (1878) 292; Kammel, Herakleotica 47, n. 2. 96 See Hofer in Rosch. Lex. IV 1607; cf. Weinreich, Ath. Mitt. XXXVII (1912) 40f. 97 See n. 6 on p. 98; cf. VII 1337. 59-60. 98 =1 1465. CHAPTER VIII SYNCRETISTIC TENDENCIES DI DEAE A considerable number of inscriptions are without the name of any specific god. These take the following forms: dea, 1 deae (8213), deus (4204), dei deaeque or the like, 2 di omnes, 3 di deae omnes* di deae immortales , 5 deus augustus* (Neptunus) deique augusti (328), di conservator -es, 7 dei patrii* di omnes et Caesar es (5736), (I.O.M.) dei deae or the like, 9 (Mars cum) diis deabus (5240), (Matronae et) di deae or the like, 10 dei deae (et dei Penates, 514). A curious inscription is no. 5634 of the Ager Mediolaniensis: votis omnibus caelestibus tion is no. 5634 of the Ager Mediolaniensis: votis omnibus caelestibus consentientibus benevertentibusq(ue) L. Parius Hermes. PANTHEUS Pantheus is u ed as a cognomen of Jupiter, Liber, Priapus, Serapis and Silvanus in various localities; 11 but occasionally in Cisalpine Gaul, as elsewhere, an independent god of this name is in evidence, conceived, apparently, as some sort of epitome of the qualities or personalities of all the gods. 12 In an inscription of the first or second century 13 he appears, and again as D i v u s Panteus. 14 A dedicant who honored the Vires on the same stone at Milan (5798) paid some vow to Deus Magnus Pantheus 15 , adding a statue as well; and Pantheus Augustus is found once (3279). 1 6965, with the gift of a gilded serpent; cf. n. 66 on p. 57 with context. 2 767, 3219, 4936 (gift of table), 5061, 5560 (gift of temple), 5640. 3 4937, 6949. * 768, 4205, 5059-60, 5497, 8215. *8214(?); cf. 7870 on p. 13. 6 3220; cf. 328, 2480, 3305-6. 7 4864, with the phrase pro salute; cf. 5062 to luppiter etdi conservatores on p. 13. For di con., see Toutain, Les Cultes Paiens dans l' Empire Romain, p. 441. 8 4207; cf. di paterni of 4206. 9 See p. 13. "6491, 6575 add . 11 Cf. Wissowa, op. cit. 91, n. 6. 11 Id., op. cit. 92. As such, the god might be classed with deified abstractions, 13 5099; see Peter in Rosch. Lex. Ill 1 1157. 23-5. 14 5523; for such epigraphical evidence of the pronunciation of Lat. th, see Bennett, Lat. Lang. 31. 4. 16 See p. 32. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 95 Both the di deae and the Pantheus conceptions look somewhat away from literal and unqualified polytheism toward something synthetic. The former may at times have arisen from motives of economy or fear of offending some deities by showing preference to others, but the germ of syncretism is present. And when votaries of Pantheus arise there is a still longer step taken in the direction of monotheism. The really typical instances, however, of syncretism proper are the following cults, whose varying forms and degrees of internal relationship, as between the respective members of the several pairs of deities involved, have been discussed in previous pages : Genius Liberi Augusti, 16 Deus Alus Saturnus, 17 Augusta Bona Dea Cereria, 18 Mater Deum Magna Cereria, 19 Venus Caelestis, 20 Apollo Belenus, 21 Juno Luna Regina, 22 Nemesis Fortuna Diana, 23 Jupiter Dolichenus, 24 Sarapis Optimus Maximus, 25 Mithras Sol, 26 the Celtic cults of Jupiter (p. 81 ff), Mars (p. 84f) and Hercules (p. 85f), Matronae Junones (p. 88), Seixomnia Leucitica = Diana. 27 There are a number of dedications, nearly all votive offerings, in which the name of the deity is either wanting or indecipherable. 28 16 326; see pp. 20 and 56. 17 3198; see pp. 25 and 90. 18 761 ; see pp. 26 and 56. 19 796; see pp. 26, n. 160, 56, and 72. 20 8137-8; see pp. 48 and 80. 21 See pp. 55 and 89. 22 3233; see pp. 23 and 62. 23 See p. 67 f. 24 See pp. 9 and 74 ff. 26 See p. 77. 26 See p. 77 f. 27 8184 on one interpretation; see pp. 41 (n. 15), 92. 28 1835, 6413, 8201, 8364, I 1456 (to be reconstructed after this fashion: [CAELICOJLIS . SACR(VM) / [FACIVNDVJM. COIR (AVERVNT) / D D / [V . LVCRJETIVS . V. F / [L . HORJATIVS . L. F), Suppl. ltd. 695, Notizie 1882. 94 & 287, 1885. 331, L'ann. tpigr. 1894. 149-50, Inscr. Gr. ad Res Rom. pertinentes 1 483: KXavdta, KaXXucpdreia xal Kopx^Xtos AtaSov/xevdi |g kiriTayrjs 6eov rbv (3<andv foedriKav. CHAPTER IX DEDICANTS AND THEIR SOCIAL GROUPS THE CLASSIFICATION Any study of the personnel of dedicants involves difficulties and limitations. Many inscriptions are wholly or in part without name or indication of the dedicant. Further, in an attempt to determine the social status of those worshipping each of the several individual gods or groups of gods, after account has been taken of such information as is expressly given in the inscriptions, 1 the main dependence tion as is expressly given in the inscriptions, 1 the main dependence must be placed on a study of the dedicants' names for information not expressly furnished. In this instance, care has been taken to utilize known Roman usage as to names in every available way, in the effort to arrive at a right classification; that usage, however, varied as time passed while few inscriptions are datable, and was not always adhered to by the dedicants, owing to personal or local vagaries or epigraphical exigency. And yet, since approved criteria are consistently used throughout, though individual figures in the tables sistently used throughout, though individual figures in the tables upon which the following generalizations are based may be occasionally inexact, these errors will be so far negligible as not to impair the ally inexact, these errors will be so far negligible as not to impair the validity of the generalizations, the more as none of the latter are derived from minute differences in the statistics. The dedicants will be considered mainly in two sets of groups, the sets not, as will be obvious, mutually exclusive: 1. (a) men and (b) women; 2. (a) free persons, (b) libertini or libertinae, and (c) slaves of either sex. For convenience, the words "freemen" and "freedmen," like the word ' 'slaves," will be used to include both sexes. Occasional mention will be made of officials, priests, soldiers etc.; but there are not sufficient numbers of these groups so that one can with assurance make deductions from the figures, nor are the officials widely representative, being usually seviri. The comparisons of the prevalence of a god or class of gods as between groups (a) and (b) respectively of 1 or (a), (b) and (c) respectively of 2 are on the basis of the ratio of the number of dedications in honor of that god or class of gods to the total number of dedications to all gods by members 1 Only such thoroughly dependable information has been utilized previously in the dissertation; hence some apparent discrepancies in statistics between this more intensive study and some earlier statements. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 97 of the group in question. For example, 3% of the men dedicants worship Diana and 8% of the women dedicants; these two ratios are accordingly compared. Since there are six and a half times as many men dedicants all told as women dedicants, there are only three deities in the case of which there are numerically as many women dedicants as men; but it would be misleading to proceed on a literal numerical basis to the assertion that all but three of the numerous deities made their appeal chiefly to men, and no distinctions could be made on such a basis. Similarly, the actual numbers of free persons, f reedmen and slaves are roughly as 3 :2 : 1 . The predominance claimed in what follows for various gods will often be numerical as well as proportional; but where the choice of terms does not distinguish the two the proportional is to be understood. tinguish the two the proportional is to be understood. ROMAN GODS With all five groups the Roman gods, largely by reason of the inclusion of Jupiter, are the most popular, very markedly so with the slaves, somewhat more so with men than with women. About a third of all dedications in Cisalpine Gaul are to them. Jupiter leads in every group of worshipers, but most noticeably among the slaves, who set up a fifth of their inscriptions to him, as opposed to a tenth, for instance, among the freedmen. In an inscription (4984) reading: I.O.M. / Tib. Claud[iu]s / prim.lucr. / v.s.l.m., the next to the last line brings a verdict of non liquet from Mommsen. It may be that a slave had vowed his first earnings as a freedman to Jupiter and here records payment of the vow. Sometimes the dedicants are vicani or other groups. 2 Seven soldiers, thirteen officials and two priests honor the god. The few dedications to M a r s are usually by men, more often proportionally by slaves than by the other two groups: only one soldier is distinguishable. Vesta and the Lares and Penates, oddly enough, are addressed by men only; there are fifteen inscriptions altogether. Those to the Lares partake of an official character; they are by magistri and ministri (3257; cf. 792), cultores collegii Larum (4432), or the steward of the estate (7739); nineteen slaves collectively address the Lares Augusti (4087), and there are dedications to the Lares of the imperial house (3259; cf. 2795, 3258). To the Lares, as to the Genius, of a patron inscriptions are addressed (4340, 4432). Naturally, men preponderate among 2 5471, 5604, 784, Notisie 1909. 4 = L'ow". Epigr. 1909. 204. 98 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions dedicants to G e n i u s, with freemen in a decided minority, because doubtless of the custom of honoring a master's or patron's Genius; guilds make collective offerings several times. 3 Parents honor a son's Genius (7596), men their friend's (7514). J u n o is relatively slighted by the free-born and is, like Bona D e a, more popular with women than with men, whereas S a t u r n is favored by men. What has been said of Genius will apply to Juno in so far as the latter is regarded as the female principle corresponding to the former; freedmen and slaves honoring the Juno of patroness or mistress are prominent. Her magistrae are notable among the worshipers of Bona Dea. 4 Silvanus, who enjoys great prominence wherever men are in the majority, while seventh* in the list among free-born dedicants, is third* among slaves and freedmen, only Mercury and Hercules crowding him from rank next Jupiter among all dedicants. His cult is next to Jupiter's in prevalence among the Roman gods. The spelling Daeus Santus Silvanus in no. 8136 is suggestive of the popularity of this god with the lower classes, as is the poor carving mentioned by the editors 6 and the use of the rustic form of L. 6 One notices in the same connection the vilicus (820), the foresters, 7 the wood-cutters of Aquileia (815) and the hunter (3302) as dedicants, and the little altar in a rustic hut (8243). Numbers 2383 and 5548 are inscribed by dancers. Women and slaves predominate in inscriptions to the Nymphs, Fontes and the like. Here again we meet, tions to the Nymphs, Fontes and the like. Here again we meet, with the same significance as in the case of Silvanus, uncertain spelling: Nimphae (3184), Numphae (4918), Nynfaef number 5224 is in form as much a scrawl as the graffiti of Pompeian walls; the one soldier dedicant is not thus illiterate (2476). There is a hint of Neptune's original character, practical and of inland and riparian waters rather than of the high seas, at variance with the lordly Poseidon, in a dedication by fishermen in the Maritime Alps 3 See pp. 19ff. 4 757, 759, 762. 6 5800, Sup pi. Ital. 742. 6 2799, 3297-8; cf. 4914, 5057, 5213, 5217, 5533, 5604, 5661, 6603, 6642, 7494. See Egbert, Lat. Inscr. 32; Cagnat, Cours d'Apigr. Lat. 18, the last form in each case. 7 2383, 5548. 8 5224; cf. Lymfae of 5468 and Lumpae of IV 815. See Sturtevant, The Pronunciation of Greek and Latin, 28. ciation of Greek and Latin, 28. * An asterisk signifies that a rank is shared by two or more gods. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 99 country. 9 The Benacenses as a group consecrate some offering to the god (4874). In the case ofDi Manes no elaborate study of epigraphical material is required to inform us that all classes from emperor to slave were fully represented among the dedicants. Freemen are in the majority in the occasional worship of D e i P a r e n- men are in the majority in the occasional worship of D e i P a r e nt e s. t e s. ITALIC GODS The Italic gods are the one class in which the women have a larger ratio of representation than the men -- more than twice as large ; for comprised here are the female deities: Diana, Minerva, Feronia, Venus. Whereas this class stands fourth with men, with free-born, freedmen and slaves, it stands second with women, above the Greek and Celtic cults which precede in the other groups. Besides being much stronger proportionally with women than with men, Diana seems to have appealed especially to libertini; perhaps the occasional misspelling of the name as Deana may contribute a little additional evidence that the goddess was a favorite with the lower orders. 10 A number of minor officials, however, and a clarissimus vir are to be credited to her; 11 a magistra appears twice. 12 Minerva, Fort u n a and Venus have much the larger ratio of representation t u n a and Venus have much the larger ratio of representation among women, and the first two are worshipped by freemen, freedmen and slaves in order of frequency as named. Minerva, Diana men and slaves in order of frequency as named. Minerva, Diana and Fortuna are third, fourth and fifth among all gods with women, Venus being sixth:* all four are relatively low among other groups except that Minerva shares with Hercules the fourth place in the freemen's group. A decurio (1892), seviri 13 and one of her priestesses (6412) are among Minerva's worshippers. We see direct contact in no. 801 between the occupation, not of the dedicants, but of certain persons in whom they are interested and the natural domain of the goddess; for the dedicants, in setting up an altar to Minerva Augusta, are acting on behalf of certain slaves, fullers owned by a certain Artorius, if we accept Mommsen's interpretation of the 9 7850; but see p. 34 for the carvings of the monument, which point in the other direction. 10 2086, 5763, L'ann. tipigr. 1900. 93; but this may indicate the date of the inscriptions rather; see p. M. Perhaps the worship of Diana in Aventino by freedmen may tions rather; see p. M. Perhaps the worship of Diana in Aventino by freedmen may have sent out some influence to Cisalpine Gaul. "513,3102,6828,8216,5092. 12 7633, Uann. PSpigr. 1900. 94. 18 3272, 4282. 100 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions lines. 14 The dozen inscriptions to A p o n u s and the three to Priapus are all by men, most of the former by freemen. A soldier (2784), an official (2785) and an actor (2787) bring not a little diversity into the small group of devotees of Aponus. GREEK GODS The Greek gods are second in order of frequency of appearance in every group but that of women, where they stand fourth, having little more than half the ratio for the Italic. The men make a decidedly better showing than the women, and slaves appear somewhat more partial to these Greek deities than do freemen and freed- what more partial to these Greek deities than do freemen and freedmen. Between a fifth and a fourth of all dedications are to them. men. Between a fifth and a fourth of all dedications are to them. The Fates have a larger ratio of women worshippers; but Hercules and Mercury, the gods most prominent in this class, have big majorities of men dedicants. What few inscriptions there are to C e r e s, ties of men dedicants. What few inscriptions there are to C e r e s, Aesculapius, Dis, and Luna are set up by men. Hercules, who is eighth with women dedicants, is third with men, next cules, who is eighth with women dedicants, is third with men, next after Mercury. With the free-born he is fourth,* third* with the slaves, and second with freedmen. The predominance of the lower classes is rather striking. While a man's references to his own poverty are often to be taken cum grano salis, the phrase de suo parcimonio in no. 4156 adds a bit of evidence here. There may be listed also the vilicus of 5558, the carpenter of 4216, the stone-masons of 7869, the reaper of 7804, and the mercator of 6350. Several, usually minor, officials appear also; 15 there are dedications by magistri vici (1830), certain cultores (5593), a collegium dendrophororum (3312), and other group offerings. 16 The chequered career orum (3312), and other group offerings. 16 The chequered career of a certain woman who provided the plebs with panem et circenses y suffered reverses, gained prestige by Hercules' favor and was made a patroness, being honored with a gilded statue, faced jealousy and violence, but could still conclude with a tribute to Hercules Invictus, may be deciphered from a corrupt inscription of some length (5049), carved in letters whose form suggests the first century. Mercury varies from second place with men, the free-born, and slaves to fifth with freedmen and sixth* with women. Among his dedicants are 14 See p. 43. 18 See p. 54. 16 5528, 5742. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 101 three soldiers, eleven officials, 17 a traveler (4249), a trader (7145), a clothier (6777), and a freedman paying a vow for liberty secured (6574). Number 6506 closes with the prayer, "ut (sc. nos) facias hilar es, semper tua templa colamus.*' The significant thing to note in the case of this god is the tremendous vogue he had rather than any special distinctiveness of his devotees. It may be noted in passing that, according to no. 6970, a bequest was left "to the medical ing that, according to no. 6970, a bequest was left "to the medical profession in Taurini, worshippers of Asclepius and Hygia": less appropriate is a dedication to Apollo by linen-weavers (3217). DEIFIED ABSTRACTIONS The Deified Abstractions are sixth in point of prominence in every group but that of the women, where they are entirely wanting. Freedmen, freemen, slaves is the order in the other set of groups. The presence here of soldiers among the dedicants is rather marked. Victory (7861), S p e s (701), and Nemesis (3105) are chosen by them. It is plain that the boxer's wife who in no. 3466 laments her husband's early death in the outburst, "Put no faith in Nemesis, so deceived have I been!," had been a votary of that deity. The editor's comment, "pessimis litteris," in the case of inscriptions to Nemesis, 18 though varied by "litteris elegantibus" in one instance (Suppl. Ital. 166), inclines one to the thought of a humble clientele for the divinity. An anonymous cultor addresses Victory (5025); a knight and official, Spes (708); a sevir, Nemesis (813). There are often group offerings to the Abstractions: by the collegium (Artanorum) to Iuventus Artanorum (4088), by the Curators of the um) to Iuventus Artanorum (4088), by the Curators of the Order of Associated Sevirs to the BonumEventumof the Order (4203) ; similarly, when one meets an invocation to the Concord of the curators of the guilds of smiths and rag-dealers (5612), cord of the curators of the guilds of smiths and rag-dealers (5612), of the guild of smiths alone (7555), or of the guild of dendrophori (7617), he assumes that the dedicants are members of these guilds or otherwise closely associated with them. The people of Comum hail the N u m e n and M a j e s t y of the reigning emperor (Notizie 1881.336). It is a vir clarissimus t corrector Italiae, who addresses the Numen of Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Pius etc. (2817). It 17 See p. 57. 18 812, 8241. 102 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions is probably Pliny the Younger who assists in a dedication to A e t e rn i t a s Roma and Augustus. 19 n i t a s Roma and Augustus. 19 DIVI Few dedications to the Divi have been found in Cisalpine Gaul; those who include priesthoods of the Divi among their various distinctions have been reported on p. 70f. ORIENTAL GODS The Oriental gods are fifth in all the groups. Men and women show about the same interest in them, slaves about half the interest shown by freemen and freedmen. Magna Mater has among women three times the ratio of representation among men; the ratios of freemen, slaves and freedmen are in the descending order of the group-names as given. To be cited among her dedicants are: sacerdos, aedituus and cymbalistria of the goddess (519), a soldier (795a), and a son honoring his mother's memory (520). The freeman who sets up no. 3221 toAeternus gives as his reason "quot se precibus compotem fecisset" One of the three inscriptions to J.O.M. Dolichenusisbya soldier (1870). I s i s is tenth of all the gods in popularity; men and women are about equally her devotees and freedmen lead in the other three groups. Only Mithras Sol excels her among the Oriental gods. Seviri, 20 a. flamen Romae et Augusti and official, 21 a sacerdos Isidis Augustae (2806), a soldier (4041), usti and official, 21 a sacerdos Isidis Augustae (2806), a soldier (4041), magistri (8211), a clothier {Suppl. Ital. 159) and a cellarius (3294) are of interest among the dedicants. Mithras So l, 22 who was most prominent in this class, is sixth among all gods with the freeborn and seventh with men, but tenth* with freedmen, thirteenth* with women and fourteenth* with slaves. He is more than two and a half times as popular with men as with women, twice as popular with freemen and freedmen as with slaves. Of individual dedicants there are: four sevirs 23 , another under-official (4935), the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, 24 three soldiers, 25 a haruspex and Dei 19 Suppl. Ital. 745 =Notizie 1880.336; see p. 67. 20 See p. 76, n. 36. 21 Suppl. Ital. 624 = Notizie 1880. 208. 22 Cautus is included, as a phase of Mithras. 23 See p. 78, n. 61. 24 803; cf. Notizie 1917. 272. 26 See p. 78. n. 62. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 103 Mithrae sacerdos (5704), a pater patratus, 26 a pater nomimus (764), a flamen (3917), a negotiator (8939), a vilicus (810), and res publica y that is, the city of Brixia (4284). CELTIC GODS The Celtic gods are third in each of the five groups, preceded by the Roman and Greek cults, except that the Italic are substituted for the Greek in the women's group. In fact, they claim almost exactly a sixth of the dedicants in every group but that of the slaves, where they have only a tenth. B e 1 e n u s stands ninth among all gods with men and freedmen and seventh* with freemen, but is practically unrecognized by women and slaves. In the Celtic class he is second to the Matrons in importance, standing virtually the same with men, freeborn and freedmen. The following appear as dedicants: seviri, 27 magistri vici (1829), the emperors Diocletianus and Maximianus (732 add ), soldiers, 28 a trader, 29 a steward (737), a sacerdos Laurens Lavinas (746), a knight, vir egregiuSj 30 and a member, presumably, of a guild of smiths and rag-dealers (749). The Matronae Junones are second to Jupiter alone among women dedicants, fourth with men, third with the freeborn and libertini* and fifth with slaves. In the Celtic class they come first with every group. Soldiers, 31 sevirs, 32 a steward (7211), a mercator and viator™️ a smith (4225), a clothier (774), and two groups, the Cornelii (6491), and the masvonnes who pay their vow by proxy, 84 constitute the persons of interest here. The personnel of the dedicants toPoeninus seems to correspond to the rugged and not cants toPoeninus seems to correspond to the rugged and not easily accessible locale of the cult : all are men, except that a woman's name is once included by one who is presumably her husband (6872), soldiers are prominent, 36 slaves appear, 36 and the frequent uncer26 5795; cf. 763. 26 5795; cf. 763. 27 740, 743-4, 751-2, 2143-4, 8212. 28 748, Uann. PSpigr. 1895. 36 fir 38. 29 Uann. llpigr. 1898. 85. 30 Ibid. 1895. 38. 81 774, 7872-3, Notizie 1887.469. # 781, 3239, 5348= Notizie 1917.272. 33 5788, 6654, -- unless these are cognomina. M See p. 87. 16 6868-9, 6872, 6874, 6879, 6881, 6883. * 6878, 6884 etc. 104 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions tainties of orthography suggest the lower classes. Besides the correct spelling, Poeninus, we see Poininus, 37 Poninus 3 * Peoninus 39 Pyninus, 40 Peoeninus (6879) and Puoeninus (6871). One may compare the numerous errors in no. 6876, quoted on p. 84. A tabellarius pare the numerous errors in no. 6876, quoted on p. 84. A tabellarius coloniae Sequanorum is seen in no. 6887. The inscriptions which involve a syncretistic tendency, such notably as those to Dei Deae and Pantheus, 41 are dency, such notably as those to Dei Deae and Pantheus, 41 are almost evenly distributed, about 23/PS% of the inscriptions in each of the five groups. There is an occasional instance among those to Dei Deae of the types met repeatedly before: officials, 42 a mercator (5640), a soldier (328), a group (6491). SUMMARY The most general statement which can be made as to the distribution of inscriptions is that the Roman cults, and the Italic and bution of inscriptions is that the Roman cults, and the Italic and Greek combined, receive each approximately 35% and the other classes combined 30%: this is true whether or not we include some 320 inscriptions without name or indication of dedicant. Including these, the order and the percentages run thus: (1) Roman gods 35 .8%, (2) Greek gods 21 .5%, (3) Italic and Celtic gods each 13 .4%, (5) Oriental gods 8.8%, (6) Deified abstractions 5%, (7) Syncretistic dedications 2%. The exclusion of these nameless inscriptions tic dedications 2%. The exclusion of these nameless inscriptions would merely change certain ratios by not more than 1%, except that the Celtic cults would be thereby increased relatively 2% and put definitely into third place, where they stand in all five groups cited above. It must be added also that there are at most, including several dubious lines, seven dedications to the Divi and Dea Roma; the more than a hundred references to the holding of priesthoods of the Divi, merely incidental to the enumeration of various honors, though they have a slight religious bearing, are not dedications and do not belong here. The following table gives the standing of the seven classes of gods (the Divi being, as stated, negligible) in each of the five groups of dedicants in descending order of percentages, 37 Notizie 1887.468. 38 Id. 1892.445. * 9 L'ann. Epigr. 1894. 151 = Notizie 1894. 36. **Id. 1904. 170. 41 See Wissowa, R. K. 92. 42 4204, 6965. Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions 105 Rom. Grk. Celt. Ital. Orient. Abstr. Syncr. MEN 34.7 23. 16.1 11.1 7.7 4.9 2.5 WOMEN 30.7 15.4 16.8 27.1 7.3 0. 2.7 FREE 32.5 21.6 16. 14.4 8.1 4.9 2.5 FREED 33.3 21.4 16.2 13.2 7.9 5.6 2.4 SLAVE 44. 27.3 10.6 8.3 3.8 3. 3. TOTAL 35.8 21.5 13.4 13.4 8.8 5.1 2. (nameless included) except where italics call attention to a variation. The significant facts apparent in the table have, in the main, been noticed above: the variation on the part of the women in favor of the Italic class (including the prominent female deities) as against the Greek, and their ignoring the Abstractions; and the thorough-going orthodoxy of the slaves, who slight Celtic and Oriental cults (both highly doxy of the slaves, who slight Celtic and Oriental cults (both highly regular in the other groups of dedicants) and Abstractions and favor the Roman deities with over 2/5 of their total, and the Roman and the well-established Greek deities combined with nearly 3/4 of their total. Eliminating the similarities of the groups in the two sets and selecting what is distinctive, we discover that the following gods, in order of their popularity, 43 are markedly more popular with men than with women; Mercury (2), Hercules (3), Silvanus(5), Genius (6), Mithras (7), Belenus (9), Poeninus (11), Mars (14); and these more popular with women: Matronae (2), Minerva (3), Diana (4), Fortuna (5), Venus (6), Juno (9), Nymphs and Mater (10). The distinction is one that would tend to obtain anywhere: the men worship the male gods, the women the female. Men predominate in the Roman and Greek classes and Abstractions; women in the Italic. As to the other set of groups, the greatest popularity of Minerva (4) and Fortuna (12) is among the freeborn; of Hercules (2), Matronae (3), Diana (6), and Isis (10) among the freed; of Jupiter (1), Mercury (2), Silvanus (3), Genius (6), Apollo (7), Mars and the Nymphs (10) among slaves. Slaves claim precedence among the Roman and Greek classes, in which are all the gods just assigned them; freemen and freedmen share the lead in the Mithras and Belenus cults and in Celtic, Italic and Oriental classes as wholes, standing together also, 43 The numbers in parentheses after the names show the order of each in a complete list of the gods as worshiped by the group (men, women; free, freed, slave) under consideration in the phrase or clause; gaps in the sequence stand for such gods as are of sideration in the phrase or clause; gaps in the sequence stand for such gods as are of about the same importance in both or the three groups as the case may be. 106 Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions though not in the lead, as to the Greek gods; and slaves and freedmen are predominant in the Silvanus (and incidentally the Juno) cult, standing together as to Eortuna lower in the scale. For purposes of comparison it may be added in conclusion that, counting also the nameless dedications, "The Twelve Great Gods" of Cisalpine Gaul were, in order of importance (reading down) : IVPPITER MATRONAE* DIANA MERCVRIVS MINERVA ISIS HERCVLES MITHRAS BELENVS SILVANVS* GENIVS POENINVS INDEX OF PASSAGES Augustine, De Civ. Dei vii 16 72 n. 1 Callimachus ii 6 59 Cassiodorus, Var, ii 39 45 n. 41 Cato,Zfc Agr. 134 5n.39 Catullus xvii 17 n. 106 lxvii34. 82 Cicero, Ac. i 8.30 13 De Div. i 10 7 n. 46, 8 n. 52 O.iiilO 13 7W.i24.58 13 Cl&udian, Idyll vi5-6. . .45 n. 41, 46 n. 54 Epigr . Gr. 272 (Kaibel) 59 Exodus xx 24-5 29 n. 176 Festus 50, 62 Th. de P. (71, 87 M) . . 2 n. 8 284Th. deP. (75M) 7 n. 46, 8 125Th.deP. (144M) 36 n. 223 Fronto, De Oral. 157 Nab 46 n. 51 Gellius v 12.5 2 n. 8 Horace, Carm. i 1 .25 2 n. 9 iii 17.15 33 Justin xx5. 8 82 Livyv35 82 x2.14 ..22 xxi 38 83 n. 20 EpiL xiv 7 n. 46, 8 n. 42 Lucan vii 193 ff 46 n. 53 Lucretius iii 43 13 Martial vi 42 .4 46 n. 53 vi47.5 33 vii 36.1 2 n. 9 Macrobiusi 12.26 27 vi5.2 ...36n.223 Ovid, Fast, vi 731 7 n. 46 Paulus, Historia Langobardorum iv 22.49 54 Plautus, Asin. 716 45 n. 42 Pliny, N.H.H52 7 n. 46, 8 ii 103. 227 47 n. 59 iii 19. 130 82 xv8.34 66n.4 xxxi6.61 47 n. 59 Plutarch, Caes. 9 27 De Fort. Rom. 16 45 n. 42 Ptolemy iii 1.27 82 Schol. Veron. on Verg., Aen. i 249 46 Seneca, Ep. 58med 13 Servius, Aen. ii 251 22 n. 139 vii 799 47 n. 62 viii601 28 viii 724 36 n. 223 Silius Ital. xii 218 46 n. 53 Suetonius, Tiber, 14 44 Tacitus, Hist, iii 34 34 n. 217 Tibullus58Bahrens 49 Varro, L.L. v 66 2 n. 8 vi 47 48 n. 69 vii 26 5n. 39 Vergil, Aen. i 66 36 x205 90n.77 Vitruvius i 6 ff 64 n. 105 x8 25 n. 154 GENERAL INDEX Abianus (Deus) 89 Abinius, Deus 89 Adganai, Matronae and 82, 88 Admetus and Alcestis 55 Astarte 80 Aequitas Augusta 67 Aerecura 60 f . Aesculapius 59 f., 100 f. Augustus 59 and Hygia 59 f . Aeternitas, Roma and Augustus 67, 102 Aeturnus 73 f ., 102 Alantedoba90 Alcestis, Admetus and 55 Alus25,90 Deus A. Saturnus 25, 90, 95 Ambisagrus, J.O.M. Conservator and 81 f. Amphale 54 Anubis Augustus 77 Apollo 55, 101, 105 Belenus 55, 89, 95 Numen of 55 and Diana 41, 55 Aponi, Aquae 44 ff., 100 Aquatiles, Neptune and dei 35 astrologiae studiosus 68, n. 30 Attis Papas 73 Augusti, Neptune and dei 35 Augustus, Roma and 67, 102 Belenus 89, 103, 105 f. Apollo 55, 89, 95 Augustus 89 Defensor Augustus 89 Fons Belenus 33, 89 Bellona 17, 66 Benacus, Lacus 90 Bergimus 90 Bona Dea 25 ff., 98 Augusta 25 f. Cereria 26, 95 Pagana 26 magistrae, ministrae 26 Bonus Eventus 67, 101 Boria 90 Brasennus 90 calendar 64 Castor Deus 52 and Pollux 52 Cautes and Cautopates 73, 79 Deus Cautopates 79 hones 79 Centondis 90 Ceres 55 f., 100 Augusta 55 f . See Cereria 26, 72, 95 charms 68 n. 30 Concordia 65, 101 Augusta 65 collegiorum 65 militum 65 dendrophoroi 65, 101 Consecratio 68 Cuslanus 90 Defensor 12; see J. Def. di deae 94, 104 augusti 94 jatales 50 immorlales 94 omnes 94 dedication, law of 64 Diana 39 ff., 68, 92, 95, 97, 99, 105 f. Augusta 39 f . Caelestis 40 Conservatrix 40 Lucifera 40 f . Numen of 40 Sancta 41 Trivia Quadrivia 41 Virgo 41 magistrae 40 signum 41 Dis 60 f., 100 Pater and Aerecura 60 f . Divi and Divae 70 f . Dominae 88 Triviae 88 Dorminus and Sueta 91 General Index Ducavavius Deus 91 Eia91 Augusta 91 Fatae or Fati 50 ff., 68, 100 Dervones 50 Di Deae Fatales 50 Divini and Barbarici 50 Masculi 50 Feminae, Fruges and 88 Feronia and Juno 24, 47 Florentes27 f. Fonio 33, 91 Fontes 32 f. Augusti 32 Belenus, Fons 33, 89 Divini 33 Perennis, Fons 33 Fortuna 43 ff., 65, 95 Augusta 45 Balnearis 44 Dea44 Fors44 Muliebris 44 Obsequens 45 Redux 45 Virilis 45 Viruniensis 45 aedituus templi 45 and Nemesis 68, 95 Fortunae 46 Fruges and Feminae 88 Genetrix 80 Genius 19 ff., 47, 77, 80 n. 78, 98, 105 f. Patrius 19 of groups 20 f., 27 Principis 20 Libert Augusti 56, 95 collegii dendropkororum 20 pastophoroi 19 and Honor 19 f. and Manes 21 Harpocratis signum 77 Hecate 80 Hera 60 f . Hercules 52 ff., 85 f., 99 f., 105 f. Augustus 53 Conservator Inventiarum 53 Deus 53 Impetrabilis 53 Invictus (Deus) 53 Juvenis 53 Mertronnus Anteportanus 86 Ovanius 86 Sanctus and Junones 53 Saxanus 85 f . Victor 53 cultores 53 f . dendrophoroi 54 magistri 54 See Amphale 54 Histria (Terra) 91 Hygia, Aesculapius and 59 f., 101 Ihamnagalla Sqnnagalla 91 Inferi, Dei 37 Iris 63 Isis 76 f., 102, 105 f . Augusta 76 f . Domna 76 Myrionyma 76 Regina 76 pastophoroi, sacerdos 77 and Mater 76 Sol, Jupiter, and Serapis 76 Juno 22 ff., 98, 105 f. Augusta 22 Luna Regina 23, 62, 95 Regina 22 f . of individual woman 23 f . with Jupiter and Minerva 14 Junones 24, 88, 95, 103 Augustae 88 Di Sancti and Hercules 88 Jupiter 1 ff., 41, 59 n. 76, 64, 73 ff., 81 ff. 97 f., 105 f. Adceneicus 82 Aeternus, Deus or D. Magnus 73 f. Aeternus Exauditor, Deus 74 Agganaicus 82 Ambisagrus 81 f. Augustus 10 Brixianus and Arusnatiensis 82 f. Coliocinus and Parmarus 83 Conservator 10 ff., 56, 81 f. Coteambis 81 f. Custos 12 Defensor 12 General Index Depulsor 12 Dianus 1 ff. Diovis 1 Dolichenus 74 ff., 95, 102 Felvennis 82 Fulminaris 6 f . Idea Iovis 13 Jurarius 9 Lapis 9 Nocturnus 8 Optimus Maximus 9 ff., 73 ff., 81 ff. Paganicus 83 Poeninus 83 f . Sanctus 8 Summanus 7 f . Tulela Iovis 12 f., 21 f., 57 n. 55, 67 Victor 11, 21 augur,fetialis9 with Juno and Minerva 14 Juventus 67, 101 Lares 18 f., 97 Augusti 18 Compi tales 19 Dei IS Public! 18 cultores, ministri 19 magistri 18 f. lavatio 65 f . Liber 56 Augustus 56 Genius Liber i Augusti 56 Pater 56 viniarum conservator 56 with Libera and Parcae 56 Libitinae lucar 48 f. Louccianus 92 Ludrianus 92 Luna 61 f., 64, 100 Juno Luna Regina 62, 95 flamen 62 and Diana 41 and Sol 62 lustrationes 79 Lymphae 33f, 68 Maia and Mercury 59 Majestas and Numen 68 f., 101 Manes, Dei 36 f., 99 and Genius 21 Marica with Minerva and Genius 20 f., Mars 16 f., 59 n. 76, 64, 84 f., 97, 105 Augustus 16 Cemenelus 84 f . Conservator, Deus 16 Gradivus 16 Leucimalacus, (Deus) 84 f. (S)egomo 85 aeditimus, flamen, Salii 17 Martes (?) 17 Mater Deum 72 f., 102, 105 Cereria 72, 95 Idaea 72 Magna 72 aedituus, archigallus, collegia dendrophororum y cymbalistria, sacerdotes phororum y cymbalistria, sacerdotes 72 f. taurobolium 68, 73 and Isis 72 Matronae 21, 82, 86 f., 103, 105 f . Braecorium Gallianatium 87 Dervonnae 87 Divae 87 Indulgentes 59, 88 Junones 24, 88, 95, 103 Ucellasicae Concanaunae, Sanctae 87 Vediantiae 87 Mefitis 34 Melesocus Augustus, Numen 69, 92 Mercury 57 ff., 64, 100, 105 f. Arpax58f. Augustus 58 Deus 58 lucrorum potens et conservator 58 Redux 58 and Maia 59 Minerva 42 f ., 59 n. 76, 99, 105 f . Augusta 42 f . curator templi, sacerdos, temple-servant 43 ant 43 insula Minervia 43 temple at Rome 43 n. 32 with Jupiter and Juno 14 Mithras 77 ff., 95, 102 f., 105 f. Deus (Invictus) 77 Patrius 77 genitura dei 80 General Index pater nominus, paler patratus, sacerdos 78 f. and Vires 31 See Sol Mulciber 36, 54 Natae, Nati 92 Nebres 92 Nemesis 67 f., 95, 101 Augusta 67 Neptune 34 f., 98 f. Augustus 35 Nocturnus 8 Numen 68, 78 of Apollo 55, 68 Augustorum and Poeninus 68 f., 84 of Diana 40, 68 Fatorum 69 n. 35 Melesocus Augustus 69, 92 of Victory 66, 68 numinibus deceptus utrisquae 69 and Genius 21, 68 and Majestas 68 f., 101 Nymphae 31, 33, 89, 98, 105 Obsequens, Dea 45 magistra 45 Orevaius, Deus 89 Pantheus94,104 Augustus 94 Deus Magnus 94 Divus 94 Parcae 27, 52, 56 Augustae 52 Parentes, Dei 37 f., 99 Paronnus 92 Paterni, Dei 38, 92 Penates, Dei 17, 97 planets 64; cf. 68 Pliny the Younger 35, 39, 67, 102 Plostralia 85 Poeninus 83 f., 103 f., 105 f. Jupiter 83 f . Pollux, Castor and 52 Priapus 49, 100 Proserpina 60 prospoloi 63 f . antistites 63 f . Providentia 67 Augusta 67 puteal 6 ff. Revinus 92 Roma and Augustus 70, 102 Saturn 24, 64, 90, 98 Augustus 24 f . Conservator 24 Deus Alus 25, 90, 95 Dominus (Sanctus) 25 curator 25 (S)egomo Cuntinus 85 Seixomnia Leucitica 92, 95 Serapis 76 f. f 95 with Sol, Jupiter, and Isis 76 Silvanus28ff.,98,105f. Augustus 30, 66 Deus 29 Deus Sanctus (Aug.) 29 f . Felix 30 f . Silvanae and Silvani 27, 31 Sol 77 f., 95, 102 Deus (Invictus) 77 Divinus 78 Dominus 78 Jupiter 78 Mithras 78, 95 Socius 78 speleum 78 f . with Isis, Jupiter and Serapis 78 with Luna 78 See Mithras "SortesPraenestinae" 44 Spes Augusta 66 Sueta, Dorminus and 91 Surgasteus 92 f . syncretism 26 n. 160, 60 f ., 94 f. Terra Mater 27f. Timavus 46 f . Titius, sodalis 9 Tullinus 93 Tutela 12 f., 21 f., 57 n. 55, 67 in tutelam 20 n. 120, 51 TTXH 46 Ubertas 68 Valetudo 59 n. 76 Veica Noriceia 93 Venus 47 f., 64, 99, 105 Augusta 47 f . Caelestis 48, 80, 95 u General Index Victrix 48 statues 48, 64 and Genius 48 Vertumni, opus 21, 47 Vesta 17, 97 Victory 41, 46, 65 f . Augusta 66 of emperors 66 of Jupiter 66 cultor 66, 101 with Fortuna and Diana 41, 66 Vires 31 f., 68 and Pantheus 94 See Vis Divina Virtus, 17, 66 f . saliuarkis 66 f . Vis Divina 32, 68, 73 See Vires Vulcan 35 f . Augustus 35 f Mitis or Mulciber 36 Winds, table of 64 XAPIS 63 ZET2 6AAH2 62 /":

mild gibberish

16006956

Three plays and a curtain raiser,

Noel, Joseph

threeplaysandcur00noel_djvu.txt

THE CLARIDGE PRESS JOSEPH NOEL COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. CURTAIN RAISER The plays in this vokime are in a sense an attempt to translate into terms of the stage a strip or two of reality. TERMS OF PEACE, although written before the present debacle in Europe, comes under this head. While it has been modified recently, it was first copyrighted in 1912. At that time an astute Broadway manager, after seriously considering a production, refused it because the conditions de- sidering a production, refused it because the conditions depicted were too far away. Now no doubt they are too near. picted were too far away. Now no doubt they are too near. A combination of two ideas gave birth to THE WASTERS. One of these was furnished by Laurence Shubert of the well known theatrical family. Against a background of divorce and its effect on children with two houses to live in and no home, which I had long contemplated as the basis of a drama, I laid in Mr. Shubert's templated as the basis of a drama, I laid in Mr. Shubert's conception of tit for tat. Credit is therefore due him for suggesting that a play might be fashioned out of a brother seeking revenge in kind for an injury done his sister. The Author. authors' league a'kolian building new york city THE HOUSE OF REST THE HOUSE OF REST CHARACTERS Louis A Man about town Fanchon A truth-seeking young woman able to reason from cause to effect. Curiosity seekers, and a gendarme. Scene -- Interior of the Paris morgue. Entire rear of stage is encased in glass. Behind the glass are a half do^en suicides. These are : AN ANARCHIST A BEGGAR . A BUSINESS MAN A MIDINETTE A BOULEVARDIER THE WIFE Fanchon is one of the morbid crowd moving from figure to figure that enters L. and exits R. A Sister of Charity enters and tells her beads in front of each figure as she moves slowly along. A Gendarme sits on a chair and searches his pocket for tobacco for his pipe. He finds it, and makes it obinous that he goes off to smoke. Time -- Early morning. Enter Louis R. He wears evening clothes, silk hat and overcoat. He carries a cane, and is quite tipsy. Louis {Addressing no one in particular) -- What hotel is this? Passer-by -- This is not a hotel, monsieur. Louis -- Strange {Comes dozvn). And I haven't been drinking more than usual. {Addresses a zvoman) What church is ing more than usual. {Addresses a zvoman) What church is this? I always like to know the name of the saint that 12 THE HOUSE OF REST protects the church I pray in. {The woman moves away without speaking.) {Louis grabs a man by arm) What's the name of this church? Man -- This is not a church, monsieur. Louis -- No! You surprise me {The man breaks aiuay). Then it's a museum. Man {Going up toivard figures) -- It's not a museum either. Louis {Looking at figures) -- I have it. It's silent vaudeville. What an improvement ! I'll recommend this. {Fan- ville. What an improvement ! I'll recommend this. {Fanchon moves near him) Pardon me, but can vou tell me the chon moves near him) Pardon me, but can vou tell me the inventor of this inarticulate cabaret? Fanchon -- This is not a cabaret, monsieur. It is the morgue. Louis -- The two are not so far apart as you think. This is the real house of mirth. {With slight laugh) And these {Indicating figures) are all life's comedians grown tired of the applause. Fanchon -- Possibly, monsieur. Louis -- It's not merely possible. It's true. Are they here for good ? Fanchon -- No. Only until they are identified. Louis -- They sit there grinning at us until we discover what label they used among us, then we tuck them away and make room for more. In my opinion the government should freeze these and let them stay here permanently as a warning. Fanchon -- More room would have to be furnished for those who decided today that the Seine makes a nice bed. Louis -- But these would be here as horrible examples. Fanchon -- That wouldn't reduce the disenchantment with life. Then there's tomorrow's disenchantment to be reckoned with, and next week and next year's. A definite per- oned with, and next week and next year's. A definite percentage of Paris' population goes out by the back door every centage of Paris' population goes out by the back door every day. Louis {Soberly) -- A definite percentage! You seem to have considered this subject very curiously. Fanchon -- You flatter me, monsieur. THE HOUSE OF REST 13 Louis -- Do I? Well, I didn't intend to. You see, a person that knows the arithmetic of disenchantment must be immune to anything so ordinary as a compliment. Fanci-ion (Retreating as if offended) -- Bon jour, monsieur, I only answered your questions. sieur, I only answered your questions. Louis -- Yes, that's right you did. Only you seem to have figured out the answers in advance. That's enough to make one lose his sense of humor. Do you lose yours in this place ? Fanchon -- I don't know, monsieur. Louis -- You come here often? Fanchon -- Yes. Louis -- Looking for some one? Fanchon (Making it obvious that she is not taking him into her confidence) -- Well, just to see the latest additions. Louis -- Mon Dieu, you never had a sense of humor to lose. Fanchon (Going toivard R.) -- Thank you -- for nothing. Louis (Follozving her, indifferent to her displeasure) -- Do you know any of the guests? (Takes off hat and bows) Ladies and gentlemen, at your service. Fanchon -- I know all that I want to know. Louis -- Ah, indeed ! Before or after ? Fanchon -- Both. There's little new to be said about any of us after we kiss the lips of the one true democracy. Louis -- Do we all become so hopelessly and emphatically similar after we cross the border? Fanchon -- We don't become -- we are. Nothing is being said that hasn't been said ; nothing is being done that hasn't been done. By the clothes a man wears, more than anything else, you can determine his life, what he thinks and what he is. Louis -- Well, my vocabulary in skirts, unfold me the private life of yon grizzly customer. (He indicates one of the figures.) 14 THE HOUSE OF REST Fanchon {After glancing at figure) -- Anarchist. A product of Montmartre tainted by philosophy just enough to duct of Montmartre tainted by philosophy just enough to keep from being a brawler. To prove his own individuahty he denied the individuality of everyone else that didn't thinlc as he did. Louis -- Right. Went to meetings nightly where the members practice their discourtesies on one another. {Goes up bers practice their discourtesies on one another. {Goes up to figure) Bon jour, you quenched fire-brand! Are you a Syndicalist over there? Do you still screech for the proletariat that in your heart you despise? You turned your letariat that in your heart you despise? You turned your back on God. Now God turns his back on you ! Fanchon -- Pardon, monsieur, you are showing heat. You are vindictive beyond the grave. Louis {Comes down) -- The enemies of our social order must be taught their place, living or dead. Fanchon -- That's why you would use God as a scourge? Louis -- When God ceases to be a scourge, he ceases to be God. Fanchon -- Indeed. Evidently your God is the creation of a moralist who needed help to inflict his morality. Louis {Addressing another figure) -- What do you think of that ? Is it true ? You know everything there is to know. You tore aside the veil. What's on the other side? Fanchon-- That fellow was a grocer. His desertion of life was not that he might pursue knowledge. Louis -- He looks as if his soul had the double chin of success. It is evident that he took a headlong plunge into the hereafter to escape the need of meeting himself face to face every morning. Fanchon^ -- Where do you think his double-chined soul is now ? Louis -- Haggling with Charon at the St3^x. He'll cheat the ferryman out of his fare. Fanchon -- Possibly trick him out of his boat and get a monopoly of the right of way. Louis -- When we go, we may be compelled to ride on the Styx Limited, and pay tribute to a corporation. Fanchon -- Old Cinquocento seems quite calm about it. THE HOUSE OF REST 15 Louis -- That's the cahnness of superior stupidity. Leave him to his ledgers. Do you know Celestin? (Indicating figure of girl.) Fanciion (She shozvs that she is affected) -- A little. LouLS -- She brought her smiles to market. Yes? Fanciion (Sadly) -- With few buyers at the end. Louis (Addressing female figure) -- Your face I have forgotten, ma belle, and I knew them all. gotten, ma belle, and I knew them all. Fanchon -- The river washed away the rouge that made recognition possible. Louis (To figure) -- You were no cloistered Venus. Neither fear nor reason held your emotions in check. What of those glances you hungered for? What of those nights inacarnadined -- ? (Turns to Fanchon) Come to think of it, this sad-e3fed daughter of Joy was no better and no worse than every charming woman I have ever met. Fanciion -- Do you wish to compliment the dead or reflect on the living? Louis -- Merely state a truth. Like them she was graciously immoral without a feeling of guilt. ciously immoral without a feeling of guilt. Fanchon -- Ah, you are a student of the sex. Louis -- Just that. A student. At the end of my millionth reincarnation, Ell still be just a student. This much I do know : the more men any normal woman can be faithful to at one time, the happier she is. Fanciion -- Evidently you have made your investigations pay you in exact knowledge. Louis -- I wonder if Celestin found in her multiplicity of loves all the platitudes of marriage? Fanchon -- What do you think? You have had a great deal of experience. Louis -- That's why she's here. Having nothing left in life to be curious about, she put an end to it. Fanchon (Showing that the talk about Celestin is more or less displeasing) -- Do you consider the old gentleman interesting? (Indicating old man's figure.) teresting? (Indicating old man's figure.) 16 THE HOUSE OF REST Louis -- Looks as if he had a soft boiled intellect. (Makes a closer inspection.) Why he's the old beggar that used to stand near the bridge. Poor old devil, life had become to him just a dull headache on a noisy street. Fanchon -- He did well to stuff his ears with the cotton of oblivion. Louis -- I'm sorry to see him go -- this way. Fanchon -- How like a man! The latch string of your sympathy is out for him. Why? Because as a beggar he was never possible as a rival. You could never imagine him robbing you of a kiss or taking the bread out of your mouth. In payment for his discretion you dole him out a tear. Louis -- Do you think you have me on the operating table searching for my soul with a scalpel ? Fanchon -- I have no curiosity about your soul. 1 know it too well. Louis -- When did it receive an introduction to you ? Fanchon -- When I first met your type. Your three meals a day, your bed, your coat, your hat, your habit of thought, your left-handed love affairs -- how different are they from his? (Indicating figure of Boulevardier) Instead of waiting until Saturday as you are doing, he died on Monday and gained a whole week on eternity. Louis (Looking closely at the figure) -- I knew him. That is my friend Gilbert Goncourt. Fanchon -- You do know him ! Louis -- And you? Fanchon -- Oh, yes. I knew him. We're all of a family here this morning. Gilbert found life a continual recurrence of minor idiocies. Louis -- Celestin might have been one of them. Fanchon -- She was. Louis -- Strange they should both be here at once. Was she his ? Fanchon (Gloomily) -- For a week, a month, a year. He plucked the blossom of her youth, then tossed her away. THE HOUSE OF REST 17 Louis (Lightly) -- Well, someone else would have plucked the blossom if he had overlooked the chance. Fanchon -- True, monsieur. Louis -- She had the laughter and the song. Fanchon -- ^The song, I remember, had a sob in it. The laughter -- ! There was no laughter. Louis -- You knew her very well? Fanchon -- She was my sister. Louis -- Pardon me, but do you think this is the place to keep her on exhibition ? Fanchon -- How tender we are of our wrecks once we prove our success as wreckers. I kept her here until he should come. Louis (Starting) -- You knew he would come? Fanchon -- I did. Louis -- Perhaps you brought him to this? Fanchon -- He rushed headlong into it -- our little Celestin here died because she couldn't satisfy desires for luxury he had cultivated in her. Louis -- At least he gave her one sip of the wine of life. Fanchon -- But the dregs were near the rim of the cup. He left her to gulp them while he went off to drink deep. Louis -- Of happiness with someone else. Did it ever strike you as odd that the joy water of existence must be taken in company? Fanchon -- The company this time had a triple veil on her face. Louis -- Ah! Literesting. Married, no doubt. (Turns to figure) Gilbert, you always were a rogue. Fanchon -- I was never able to penetrate her identity, but I learned that she Avas the wife of his best friend. Louis (Laughing) -- His best friend! Oh, Gilbert! You rascal, you carry your sense of humor beyond the grave. That's one of the finest things I've heard in a month. Fanchon -- That's the laughter that puts a halo on the head of Sin. 18 THE HOUSE OF REST Louis -- I agree with you. Sin needs a halo once in a while. Fanchon -- Do you know what his actions meant? Louis -- Assuredly, Happiness ! Stolen happiness, the sweetest. Think of all those kisses and caresses ! They belonged to someone else and he collected them. Oh, if you were only married ! What joy to hoodwink a stupid husband. All husbands are stupid. band. All husbands are stupid. Fanchon -- I believe you. Louis -- I can see her going home -- {Looks at figure of Boulevardier.) Oh, you rogue! She is quite sedate. Very gentle, very kind. Ah, much kinder than usual. There's an air of lassitude about her. She looks as if she were praying. The husband is sure that she is going in for charity, possibly religion. Oh, the clown ! What a joke on him! Fanchon -- Yes, monsieur, but it was a sad joke for me when I found my little Celestin here last night. Louis -- Oh, well, that's all in the game. I'd like to know that other one. Is she waiting for him at their rendezvous ? Perhaps the husband found him out. That's why he's here. Fanchon -- No, I found him out, monsieur. Louis -- I knew you had a hand in it, you kill- joy. What did you do? Fanchon -- Last night I left my little Celestin at the end of her journey, and went in search of the man who had started her on the road. Louis -- You're making a tragedy of nothing. Wasn't it better for her after all, this taste of life, than an eternity of thoroughly domesticated passion? Fanchon -- Be that as it may, I arrived at his hotel in time to see the woman of the triple veil enter. Louis -- The wife of his best friend ! Fanchon -- I waited. Louis -- That was considerate of you. Nothing equals that first ten minutes of heaven -- with the wife of your best friend. THE HOUSE OF REST 19 Fanchon -- Then I bought the services of an Apache that I knew. Together we dashed at the door of their room. I screamed for her to run as all was discovered. She jumped out of the window. Louis -- And Gilbert ? Fanchon -- I was one of a mob that chased him to the river. There was a splash. Here he is. Louis -- What a climax to such a tender romance! You have no mercy. Tell me, what became of the wife of his best friend? Fanchon -- ^The fall killed her. She is also here, monsieur. sieur. Louis -- Here! {Looks around) Where? Fanchon {Points to female figure) -- There she is. Louis {Goes to figure) -- It is possible that I may know her -- good God, it's my wife. Fanchon {Afraid) -- Your wife! Louis {Shakes fist at wife's figure) -- Oh -- you -- to betray -- {JFIe turns to Boulevardier) And you, you dog. You tray -- {JFIe turns to Boulevardier) And you, you dog. You cur. You robbed me of everything worth while in my life. Fanchon {Grimly) -- Things look just a little different now. Louis -- ^They are different. {Goes to Fanchon) You are responsible for it all. I was going along with my eyes shut. Happy. We all have to keep our eyes shut to be happy. Then you came looking for justice and truth and morality. You broke into her life {Indicating Celestin), then into his {Indicating Boulevardier), then into hers {Indicating wife), and mine. Mine worst of all. But, by God, you're going to pay. Fanchon {Trying to get past him) -- Help! Louis {Grasping her by throat) -- Too late. {Enter Gendarme and some of the crowd. They rush to Louis and seize him. Fanchon falls from his grasp. One of the crowd bends over her and feels her heart.) Man -- She is dead. Louis -- An addition to your collection, gentlemen. She was too moral for this world. Curtain TERA/IS OF PEACE TERMS OF PEACE CHARACTERS John Stevenson An American Millionaire, appointed delegate to the PEACE CONGRESS at the egate to the PEACE CONGRESS at the Hague. Crandall Deposed delegate to the Congress Carin Meredith With zvhom Stevenson is in love Prince Soblov Russian delegate Mannie Secretary to Stevenson Pascual Assistant to Carin Ming Servant Von Holst German delegate to the Congress Graham English delegate Takahari Japanese delegate Mrs. Pierson Carin' s sister Delpiiine Mrs. Pierson' s daughter Commandant, General, stretcher hearers, soldiers, etc. Synopsis of Scenes ACT I The first act takes place in the living room of the American Peace Mansion. ACT II Act two takes place in the same room, next day. ACT III Act three takes place in the living room of an old chateau at the front. 'WARACT I ACT I Scene -- Interior of well-furnished living room in the American Mansion of Peace. Entrances rear and R. and ican Mansion of Peace. Entrances rear and R. and L. There is a window on an angle in upper L. corner. Curtains are draped in front of it, and as it is in a sort of recess, a bench or couch, with cushions, is built in so as to conform to the shape of the recess. Between this zvindow, and door rear, is a good sized desk. Down front is a large library table on which arc books and papers and a telephone. Right is a couch. There are two chairs near table and a few other chairs scattered about room. All shozv, with the rest of the surroundings, the dignity of the position held by the occupants. At rise Carin and Pascual are discovered. Pascual is operating typeivriter at desk. Carin is glancing through official papers at table. Carin (Looking up from document she is reading) -- Are you nearly done, Pascual? Pascual (Stops zvriting) -- Your ladyship shall have the last page in two more minutes. (Writes. House bell rings. Enter Ming with card. He is in dress of high class Chinese servant.) Ming -- Mr. Crandall, him not here ? (Pascual stops writing and reads MSS., though shozving that he is listening. ing and reads MSS., though shozving that he is listening. Carin takes quick look at him.) Carin (Taking card from salver held my Ming) -- Show Prince Soblov in. (Pascual resumes zvriting.) Mr. Crandall will be disengaged shortly. (Exit Ming, rear.) Carin (To Pascual) -- Are you nearly through, Pascual? Pascual -- Your Highness shall have the last page in two minutes. Carin -- It is five minutes since you said that before. TERMS OF PEACE 25 Pascual -- Your Supreme Graciousness is right. ( Writes very fast. Enter Ming showing in Sohlov. Rear exit Ming. Soblov advances and kisses Carin's hand.) Carin -- Good evening. Soblov -- You grow more charming every day, Miss Meredith. dith. Carin {Lightly) -- Pm afraid you formed the habit of saying that in Washington, and now think you must keep it up in Europe. {Goes L.) Soblov -- Wait, I have news for you. {She stops at door) John Stevenson has arrived from America. {She turns) I thought that would interest you. Carin {Coldly) -- Have you a special reason for thinking so, Prince Soblov? Soblov -- ^Ask your heart that question. Carin -- You seem to forget that I am engaged to marry Mr. Crandall. Soblov {Quizzically) -- ^We have records of hands being bound and hearts remaining free. Carin -- I see you are not in a serious mood. I'll tell Mr. Crandall you are here. {Exit L. Soblov gives a pectdiar snapping signal with his fingers. Pascual comes to him.) SoBLOv -- Well ? Pascual {After furtively looking around) -- ^The Prime Minister of England sent two messages, your highness. Soblov -- One yesterday, the other this morning. Pascual -- Your Highness has said it. Soblov -- I know all about them. What else? Pascual -- Andraive sent a message from Russia. Soblov -- What? {Starts). Another! How did it come? Pascual -- An English gentleman brought it. Soblov {Half to himself) -- ^The devil! These peace fanatics are becoming tricky; calling on an English gentleman atics are becoming tricky; calling on an English gentleman for courier! {Takes Pascual by arm). Andraive is now close to the Czar. He may mean defeat of our plans to stop 26 TERMS OF PEACE the destruction of the Russian Army, and the Russian Empire under guise of peace. You must learn the contents of pire under guise of peace. You must learn the contents of that letter. Sh -- {Enter Ming rear. Ming goes to windozv and pulls hack curtain and exits R.) dozv and pulls hack curtain and exits R.) Pascual (Goes up to desk) -- I am on the last page of the answer, your highness. SoBLOV {Watching Ming as he goes) -- Takahari should change his man. Pascual {Comes zvith sheet of paper taken from typewriter. Holding out letter) -- Here's the answer, Prince. writer. Holding out letter) -- Here's the answer, Prince. SoBLOV {Knocking letter from his hand) -- Fool. That's not an answer to Andraive's letter. If they trust you to copy it, there is nothing in it to interest me. Pascual {Picking up letter humbly) -- Right, my prince. {Sohlov gives peculiar signal again zvith his fingers. Pascual stands erect and tense). cual stands erect and tense). SoBLOv {Under his breath) -- Go. {Pascual starts rear. Enter Crandall L. He is a direct, straightforward man with one idea. He is somewhat of an idealist and dreamer, though trying to he practical and is ahout fifty years of age.) Crandall -- Good evening, Prince Soblov. SoBLOV {Shaking hands with him) -- There's always a welcome in your handclasp. come in your handclasp. Crandall {To Pascual) -- You may go, Pascual. Leave that letter. {Pascual lays letter on tahle and exits rear.) Soblov -- You sent for me? Crandall -- A very important matter has come up. Soblov -- Ah, the leader of our great movement to establish peace in the world needs my humble services ? lish peace in the world needs my humble services ? Crandall -- Prince Soblov, I sometimes question if some who identify themselves with the peace movement are not fervent advocates of war. Soblov {Surprise simulated) -- You think we have traitors in our camp? Crandall -- I know we have {Looks directly at Soblov). SoBLOV -- That is unfortunate. Still, we need have no concern. The delegates to the Peace Congress will vote to TERMS OF PEACE 27 forbid this war. Universal disarmament will follow as a matter of course. Crandall -- The delegates to the Peace Congress are evenly divided. SoBLOV (Making light of it) -- Then you as President of the Congress will cast the deciding vote. Crandall -- I'll cast the deciding vote if I am permitted to cast it. Prince Soblov. SoBLOv -- Why, who can stop you? Crandall -- The enemies of Peace are powerful. There has been a presidential election at home since my appointment. ment. SoBLOv (Evidently relieved) -- ^Ah, I see. You wish me to use v/hatever influence I possess to have you retained as delegate? I shall be honored. Crandall -- This is the crucial period of modern history. The change of one vote from the side of peace in this Congress to the side of war will leave the destructive element gress to the side of war will leave the destructive element in the ascendency. SoBLOv (Seriously) -- Such a change is to be regretted. Crandall -- You know what it will mean, Prince Soblov? The vast armies taken from the shop and the plough to learn the trade of murder in a uniform, will continue to learn that trade. The waste to maintain those armies will continue. Every working man will have a soldier on his back. The crushing of the hearts of the wives and mothers of the world will go on. Soblov (Affected)- -- A horrible picture. Can it be possible there are traitors among us who want that? sible there are traitors among us who want that? Crandall (Leaning over table close to Soblov) -- There is one traitor among us. SoBLOv -- You know who he is? Crandall -- I do. Soblov -- ^Who? Crandall -- ^You. Soblov (Puts hand in breast as if for weapon) -- Be careful ! 28 TERMS OF PEACE * Crandall -- Put that away -- {They hold steady look for a second, then Sohlov drops his eyes, and takes hand from breast.) I say nothing I cannot prove. (Pause.) I intend to place my proofs before your master. SoBLOv -- The Czar? Crandall -- The Czar. The meeting of the Peace Conference will be postponed. I leave tonight for St. Peters- ference will be postponed. I leave tonight for St. Petersburg. The audience has been arranged. burg. The audience has been arranged. SoBLOV -- By Andraive? Crandall -- By Andraive. A true friend of peace ! The one man of Russia who, if he had been sent to this conference in your place, would have obeyed the mandate of the ence in your place, would have obeyed the mandate of the Czar and forbidden this war the militarists have set their hearts on. SoBLOV -- ^What's your price? Crandall -- Now we'll talk business. Sit down. (They sit.) My price is your resignation, Prince Soblov. (Soblov makes vigorous movement.) Soblov -- No. Crandall -- You must resign immediately as delegate to THE PEACE CONGRESS. Soblov -- Never ! Crandall -- And in a letter to his Imperial Majesty, the Czar of Russia, you will clear the way for Andraive to be appointed your successor immediately. Soblov -- May I burn in hell if I do. Crandall (Rising as if thing was settled) -- Very good. War or no war, you will be dismissed in disgrace. I have documents to prove that you are in league with the military cliques in every European capital. You are not only a traitor to peace, you are a traitor to Russia, to the Russian people, to the Russian Czar. Soblov (Stopping in front of Crandall. He has recovered his poise) -- You have played the great American game ered his poise) -- You have played the great American game of poker ? Crandall -- Some. TERMS OF PEACE 29 SoBLOv -- You bluffed. Crandall -- One doesn't last long otherwise. SoBLOV -- You are bluffing now. Crandall -- You think so, Prince Soblov? You have heard of that inner circle of men in every European nation who call themselves The State? They are looked upon as The State no matter who may be the ruler, no matter what the form of government? Soblov -- Who has not? Crandall -- The group of men that constitute the Inner State in each country of Europe is a military group. They alone know the general who will lead an invasion or repel invaders. They know the secret formulae for the manufacture of explosives. facture of explosives. Soblov -- What has this to do with me ? Crandall -- This. You are a secret member of the Inner State of Russia. (Soblov shoivs that he is hit.) That group has entered into an alliance with every other military group in Europe to maintain the prestige of the Military caste. Soblov -- Where are your proofs ? Show them to me. Crandall -- I'll show them to his Imperial Majesty, the Czar of Russia. Soblov (After long pause) -- ^When shall I resign? Crandall -- At once. I want two copies of the resignation, both signed by you, tion, both signed by you, Soblov -- Call your secretary. (Crandall goes to door L. and opens it. He calls.) Crandall -- Carin -Soblov -- Just a minute. I don't want her to know. (Carin Soblov -- Just a minute. I don't want her to know. (Carin appears at door L.) Crandall (After second of hesitation. To Carin) -- Pascual has finished the letter. (Takes letter from table and cual has finished the letter. (Takes letter from table and gives it to her.) Look it over. Carin -- Shall I send it off? Crandall -- If you please. If it's alright. (Exit Carin.) 30 TERMS OF PEACE SoBLOv -- Thank you. I'll write the resignation myself. (Sits at table and picks tip pen. By his attitude he gives the impression that he will trick Crandall.) Crandall (Thoughtfully. He suspects a trick) -- I want them worded exactly alike. Can you use a typewriter? (Crandall brings typewriter to table.) SoBLOv -- I'm going to write in Russian. Crandall -- You're going to write in English. SoBLOv -- I'm a little afraid of my English. Make it French. Crandall (Bringing down box of carbons to table) -- English. Do you use the machine? English. Do you use the machine? SoBLOV (Glad at last) -- Never touched one in my life. Crandall (Placing sheet of carbon between two sheets of paper) -- Very good, I'll act as your secretary. (Sits at machine.) SoBLOV -- What shall I say? Crandall -- Write the letter to me as President of the Peace Congress. SoBLOV -- Go on. Crandall (Writes as he talks) -To the President of The Peace Congress, The To the President of The Peace Congress, The Hague. Dear Sir : Owing to the fact that my heart is no longer with the mandate of my Imperial Master, the Czar, to have peace at any price SoBLOv -- No. I'll write a straightforward resignation -nothing else. nothing else. Crandall -- (Writing) -And because I am a member of the Military Organi- And because I am a member of the Military Organization existing only for the purpose of strangling zation existing only for the purpose of strangling peace SoBLOV -- That will do. Crandall (Looking up) -- That's enough. (Writes.) I hereby tender my resignation as a member of the Peace Congress, TERMS OF PEACE 31 SoBLOV -- Do you want to ruin my life? One of those copies is for Andraive ! Crandall -- Sign. (Lays sheets on table, the carbon still between.) SoBLOV -- I won't. Crandall -- ^Very good. I'll see the Czar. SoBLOV -- You are bent on my destruction. Crandall -- You are bent on your own destruction. It must be written so to keep you in your proper place, Prince Soblov. (Soblov seises pen and signs.) SoBLOV -- ^You always win. In our first encounter while I was still an attache of the Russian legation at Washington, you won. (Crandall pulls sheet of carbon from be- ton, you won. (Crandall pulls sheet of carbon from betzveen the sheets of paper.) tzveen the sheets of paper.) Crandall -- Why rake up the past? We have enough in the present on which to base antagonism. See, you have signed both copies at once. One is a carbon copy. Soblov -- Shall I sign it twice? (Reaching for carbon copy.) Crandall -- No, this will do. You cannot deny your signature. You will not dare. nature. You will not dare. Soblov -- Dare ! Crandall -- I still hold the proofs. (Laying carbon sheet in box of carbons.) Soblov -- Those proofs come to me now for these. It's a fair exchange. (He lays hand on resignations.) Crandall -- What? Give up the weapon that defeated you? You could easily say that I coerced you to sign that. (Indicating resignation.) You can never deny my proofs that you betrayed your master, the Czar. Soblov -- (Placing resignations in pocket) -- ^Unless you give me your proofs so that I can destroy them, I cannot give you these. Crandall -- Very good. You know the price. If you are willing to fight, alright. Soblov -- ^We have run counter to one another, Crandall, since we first met. 32 TERMS OF PEACE Crandall -- No doubt we always shall. SoBLOV -- It is sometimes a hard matter for an intelligent man to forgive. Crandall -- When I ask forgiveness, Prince Soblov, you may grant it. Soblov -- I only want to warn you not to interfere with my life. Crandall -- Is that a threat ? Soblov -- Call it what you like -- {Pause.) Do you go to St. Petersburg? Crandall -- My train leaves at midnight. Soblov -- Very good. This is au revoir. {At door rear.) I'll return to say good bye. {Exit rear. Crandall pushes button. Enter Carin L.) Crandall -- I must go to St. Petersburg. Carin -- You could not force a resignation? Crandall -- He wanted to see my proofs. God, I wish they were real. I wish they were not so indefinite, so nonconclusive. conclusive. Carin -- You must see the Czar. Crandall -- I will. Let him decide. With Andraive in Soblov's place, peace would have a chance, even with a United States delegate in my place voting for militarism. Carin -- Hush -- {Going up. Quietly opens door, rear. Enter Pascual with letters. It is evident that he has been listening.) Thank you, Pascual. {Taking letters. EI e bows and exits rear. She waits at door until sure he has gone, then turns to Crandall.) Has the news that you are no longer delegate been given to the embassies? Crandall -- They have an inkling of it somehow. My forced resignation should be in the hands of the President today. I firmly believe that's why the opposition is ready to set a time for the vote. Carin -- They know you'll be unable to vote. I wonder who will be appointed your successor ! TERMS OF PEACE 33 Crandall -- Someone who will come full-armed to tear down in a day what it has taken me a lifetime to build up. Carin, dear, the world is turned wrong. Carin -- We are here to turn it right. Crandall -- Brave as ever ! If I had only ten days more, if I had five, I'd place in your lap the victory for which you have fought so well. I'd give, my life, for just ten days as delegate. Do you know the fear that's pressing in on me, Carin? {Dejected.) Carin -- What is it? Crandall -- With every ring of the door bell I expect to see my successor, a believer in legalized murder, enter with his credentials from the President of the United States, and order me out and war in. {Enter Ming.) Ming {Announcing) -- Mr. John Stevenson, Crandall -- I knew it! There he is. {To Ming) Show him in. {Exit Ming.) Carin -- He's the man! {Enter Stevenson, rear. They look at him strangely.) Steven.son {To Crandall and coming down) -- You don't seem particularly glad to see me, Mr, Crandall, Crandall -- I was just talking about you, John Stevenson. Stevenson -- I am honored. {To Carin) You had something to say, too? thing to say, too? Carin {Intense) -- Why did you come here now? Stevenson -- Shall I tell you? Carin -- Yes. Stevenson -- In the presence of Mr. Crandall ? Crandall -- Perhaps if I withdraw. {Goes to door L.) Carin -- Wait. {Crandall stops.) There is nothing Mr. Stevenson has to say to me that cannot be said in public. Stevenson -- Very well, Carin. I have the reputation of being a simple man and a direct one. I came here to get you. I want you to be my wife. You broke off our engagement in response to a whim, ment in response to a whim, Crandall {Surprised) -- Huh! 34 TERMS OF PEACE CiiANDALL -- Is that all you came to -- to see about? Carin -- I am engaged to marry Mr. Crandall. Stevenson -- Is that not enough? Stevenson (Shows he is hit, hut recovers) -- Engaged! I beg your pardon. {Goes to Crandall.) Permit me to congratulate you. {Shakes hands with him.) Of course, I'm gratulate you. {Shakes hands with him.) Of course, I'm sorry I intruded. Crandall {Warmly) -- Why, I thought you came to displace me as delegate to the Peace Congress, Stevenson. That place me as delegate to the Peace Congress, Stevenson. That accounts for the coldness of. my welcome. Won't you sit down? {Takes his arm and. leads him to chair. To Carin) Let's make amends, Carin^ Let Ming fetch some refreshments. ments. Carin {Grudgingly). -- I'll, get them. {Carin goes out R.) Crandall -- You know, Stevenson, although we're on different sides of this war question, I'm really glad to see you. ferent sides of this war question, I'm really glad to see you. Stevenson -- Thank you. Crandall -- Most of you millionaires at home are so busy piling up more millions that you don't have time to study social forces. There's no reflection intended, Stevenson, none whatever. You simply don't have time, that's all. Stevenson -- Some haven't the inclination. Crandall -- Don't tell me you're one of those. I won't believe it. Stevenson -- You forget that I am a manufacturer of armor plate. I thrive on war. Crandall -- I don't forget it, Stevenson. But you are too big a man, you have too big a brain to let your economic chains bind you to the destructive forces of society. Some day when you realize there are blood stains on your dividends, you'll refuse to take them. dends, you'll refuse to take them. Stevenson -- I'll travel long on the present road before I reach that turning. Crandall -- You'll reach it quicker than you think. Remember the lowly Nazarene. His gospel of peace and good member the lowly Nazarene. His gospel of peace and good will to man grips the heart Avhen you least expect it. Yours is an American heart. TERMS OF PEACE 35 Stevenson -- Men are alike the world over. Their hearts are the same where profits are concerned. Crandall -- Maybe. Anyhow, I want you to stay and see us turn Europe from a military camp, where half the people are ready to cut the throats of the other half, into a group of peace-loving countries, where the brotherhood of man will have a chance to get a foothold. Make this your headquarters. Stevenson -- You forget that I came here to take Carin away. Crandall {Indifferently) -- ^Well ? Stevenson -- You are going to marry her. Crandall -- What has that to do with it? Our engagement was so sudden and unexpected I haven't quite ad- ment was so sudden and unexpected I haven't quite adjusted myself to it yet. justed myself to it yet. Stevenson {Anxiously and zvith suggestion of surprise) -- Indeed ! When did it happen ? Crandall -- Last Thursday. Stevenson {Thoughtfully) -- You became engaged last Thursday ? Crandall -- Yes, Thursday. Stevenson -- That was the very day the newspapers announced my arrival in Europe. When will the marriage nounced my arrival in Europe. When will the marriage take place? Crandall {Tenderly) -- You'll have to ask Carin. She says it would be criminal to let love interfere with our work of the Peace Congress. Stevenson -- That sounds like her. (Enter Carin zvith tray, liquor and glasses.) Crandall -- Doesn't it? Stevenson {Obviously trying to change the subject) -You say the Peace Congress will soon vote on the all-im- You say the Peace Congress will soon vote on the all-important question of war or no war. portant question of war or no war. Crandall {Hesitating, yet sticking to his ideal of truthfulness) -- Well, I cannot say. You see, I have been afraid fulness) -- Well, I cannot say. You see, I have been afraid of forcing it to a decision right now. The elements we have to deal with are uncertain. You understand, Steven36 TERMS OF PEACE 36 TERMS OF PEACE son, there's a traitor in our camp. There are traitor governments, too, working openly for peace and secretly for ernments, too, working openly for peace and secretly for war. Carin {Offering liquor to Stevenson. Filling glasses.) -In spite of that we are in hopes that orders will go forth to In spite of that we are in hopes that orders will go forth to beat the swords into plowshares. Stevenson (To Crandall) -- If the dove of peace builds a permanent nest in the world, Crandall, most of the credit goes to you. Crandall -- Oh, no, Carin deserves more than I. Carin {Giving him liquor) -- I was the clerk, the bookkeeper of the movement. That's all. keeper of the movement. That's all. Crandall -- You always kept a stout heart. Many of us stumbled, some fell by the wayside. Even in our darkest days, when we were forcing on the consciousness of the world the possibility of democracy compelling the governments of Europe to forbid war, you never faltered. {Enter ments of Europe to forbid war, you never faltered. {Enter Mannie, rear. About 24.) Mannie {To Stevenson) -- Excuse me. This is an important telegram. portant telegram. Stevenson {To Crandall and Carin. Takes telegram.) -This is my private secretary, Mr. Mannie. Miss Meredith, This is my private secretary, Mr. Mannie. Miss Meredith, Mr. Crandall. {They hozv in acknowledgment.) Mannie -- I'm glad to meet you. {Exit Mannie, rear.) Stevenson -- A valuable man, that. Used to be an actor. Pardon me. {Opens and glances at telegram.) Carin {To Stevenson) -- He seemed to think that you are master of the house. Crandall {Fearfully) -- ^You are the delegate come to displace me ! Stevenson -- Have I presented any credentials? Has the President sent you a cablegram accepting your resignation? And naming your successor ? Crandall -- You know that my resignation is on the way to him ? Stevenson {Assuming indifference) -- Oh, many of us on the other side know that. As a matter of fact, it was expected long ago. pected long ago. TERMS OF PEACE 37 Crandall (Overcome) -- I forced delay to the very last minute. I want the vote against this war to be taken before I am compelled to retire. Carin (To Stevenson) -- Mr. Stevenson, I believe that you were the direct cause of Mr. Crandall being eliminated as delegate. Stevenson (With non-committal air) -- You over-estimate my powers, Carin. Crandall (To Stevenson) -- You were a strong factor in my defeat, Stevenson. Can you deny it? Stevenson (Laughingly) -- Oh, we all play politics more or less at home. Carin -- This is not politics. War is never politics. It's murder. (Enter Ming with card.) Crandall (Reading card) -- The German Delegate, the Baron Von Hoist. Show him into my study. I'll see him at once. (Exit Ming, rear. Crandall goes L.) I'm leaving for St. Petersburg at midnight, Stevenson. I want to talk to you before I go. Stevenson -- If Carin lets me stay until you get back, I'll be here. Crandall -- She will let you stay. There's not much she wouldn't do to win you to the side of peace. (Exit L.) Stevenson (To Carin) -- You'd do anything but give up the desire for individual war. Carin -- I am quite ready to war with you. You can't object. Those who advocate the sword should be willing to perish by the sword. Stevenson -- Did you break off our engagement and run away from America through fear that you might be tempted to use the sword on me? Carin -- I came here to aid Mr. Crandall in his work. Stevenson -- Of converting men into milk sops. Carin -- That's the usual argument. You would draw imaginary lines across a continent, give the inhabitants on either side a different language, and a different uniform, then order them to kill one another on sight. Stevenson -- You express nationality in the simplest terms. 38 TERMS OF PEACE Carin -- In its truest terms. Stevenson -- The development of a people and their institutions, backed up by manly courage, make a nation. The tutions, backed up by manly courage, make a nation. The men and the institutions that survive do so because they are fittest. Carin -- The egotism of success is now talking. Everybody is successful in America. I ran away to Europe to body is successful in America. I ran away to Europe to escape the echo of it. Stevenson -- You ran away to Europe, Carin Meredith, to escape marriage. Carin -- You forget, Mr. Stevenson, that I am engaged to marry Mr. Crandall. He is here. Stevenson -- You engaged yourself to him on Thursday, the day I arrived in Europe. Shall I tell you why? Carin -- Suppose you try. Stevenson -- Because you love me. Carin -- You forget the respect due the woman who is virtually the wife of your host. Stevenson -- I forget nothing. You once were engaged to me. You broke that engagement without cause. You broke it in spite of the fact that you love me and I love you. I never went after anything in my life that I didn't get. (She is held by his eyes as if fascinated, then recovers and backs away.) And I never wanted anything in my life so much as I want you. (Pascual appears rear.) Carin (Seeing Pascual) -- Pascual! Pascual (Comes down) -- Yes, your highness. Carin -- There is an American church on King William street, two blocks from here. Pascual -- I know where it is, your highness. Carin -- Go there at once. Get the Rev. Mr. Vedder. Tell him that I want to see him. Pascual -- Yes, madame. (Goes up.) Carin -- Tell him to come ready to perform a marriage ceremony. Pascual -- Tis done, your supreme graciousness. (Exit Pascual rear.) TERMS OF PEACE 39 Carin (T'urning to Stevenson) -- There's your answer. Stevenson -- You are going to marry him now ? Carin -- When Mr. Crandall goes to St. Petersburg tonight, he shall leave me the protection of his name. night, he shall leave me the protection of his name. Stevenson -- You do not love Crandall. Carin -- I love the nobility of his life. Stevenson -- But you don't love the man. Carin -- I love him enough to marry him. Stevenson -- There is room in your heart for only one man. You cannot forget those hours we spent together when you were trying to win me to your cause. You said it was the sweetest time of your life. It was the dearest time of mine. Your eyes told me that your soul belonged to me. They tell it to me now, Carin. (She backs away sloivly from him.) See the tears. Just as in the old days. You sway. I keep you from falling. {He takes her in his arms.) As in the old days Carin -- Good God ! (She covers her face ivith her hands and goes up.) Stevenson -- You are mine, Carin Meredith. You belong to me. Carin {Turning quickly) -- No {Comes down to table. Stevenson is on the other side. She speaks slowly and distinctly, placing emphasis on every zvord.) If ever a woman tinctly, placing emphasis on every zvord.) If ever a woman hated a man, John Stevenson, I hate you. I hate your success, I hate your life, I hate what you stand for before the cess, I hate your life, I hate what you stand for before the world. {Enter Crandall L. folloived by Von Hoist.) Crandall -- The Baron Von Hoist wants to greet you, Stevenson. Stevenson {Shaking hands ivith Von Hoist) -- How do you do, Baron? Von Holst -- I'm glad to see you again, Herr Stevenson. {To Carin) -- Fraulein Meredith, good evening. {Bowing to her.) Carin -- Good evening, Baron Von Hoist. Von Holst {To Stevenson) -- Fraulein Meredith is converting you to her ideas about the pending war, Herr Stev- verting you to her ideas about the pending war, Herr Stevenson! enson! 40 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson -- Her success has been slight. Carin -- No, Herr Baron, he is just as anxious for maintenance of the war spirit as you are yourself. He has as tenance of the war spirit as you are yourself. He has as much at stake. Von Holst -- I'm glad to hear it. War is needed to keep the race from becoming enfeebled. Crandall -- But chiefly is war needed to secure the old aristocracy of blood in its special privilege niche in the world. Carin (Looking significantly at Stevenson) -- And to guarantee the new aristocracy of money its dividends. {Enter Ming followed by Takahari rear.) Ming -- Count Takahari. Von Holst -- Takahari here, too? Stevenson -- This is becoming the rendezvous of the war party in the Peace Congress. Crandall (To Takahari, bowing) -- My dear Count, this is an honor. Takahari ( With dignity) -- 'Tis an honor to be received in such noble company. {Bowing slowly.) Von Holst -- Count Takahari, we were just wondering what was the special attraction for the advocates of war in this abode of peace. Takahari -- Peace is such a beautiful ideal, it attracts even the warriors who are determined to maintain war to achieve it. VoN Holst -- I'll confess that the Fraulein Meredith was the magnet that drew my feet. Carin -- Are you sure it wasn't Mr. Stevenson that attracted you both ? ( Von Hoist seems to resent the implica- tracted you both ? ( Von Hoist seems to resent the implication. He assumes a stern expression.) tion. He assumes a stern expression.) Stevenson -- Why should I draw the Baron Von Hoist and Count Takahari here ? Carin -- Shall I tell you? Stevenson -- Go ahead. Carin {To Stevenson) -- You are the most important manufacturer of armor plate in the United States. (He TERMS OF PEACE 41 nods.) After you have the ships and the forts of the world covered with your armor, it is to your interest to find something that will penetrate it -- a torpedo! (Von Hoist and thing that will penetrate it -- a torpedo! (Von Hoist and Takahari register this. She watches the effect.) I am right. (To Stevenson) You have found a torpedo. You are here making the nations of Europe bid against one another to get possession of it. Crandall -- Are you sure of your facts, Carin? Carin -- Yes, I am sure. I am also sure that Mr. Stevenson has found his proper level. son has found his proper level. Crandall -- His proper level ! Carin -- He is a peddler. Crandall -- Remember he is my guest. Carin -- He was the first to forget it. (Enter Pascual rear, followed by Sohlov.) Pascual (To Carin) -- Your highness, the Rev. Mr. Vedder will be here in five minutes. der will be here in five minutes. Carin -- I wish to bid the gentlemen present to remain for the marriage ceremony, Soblov (Coming down) -- Am I included? May I offer my congratulations ? Crandall -- What does this mean, Carin? Carin -- It means, with your permission, that. before you leave tonight for Russia, I shall be your wife. I want the protection that position warrants. Crandall -- You mean it, Carin? (Takes her hands in his.) VoN HoLST (To Crandall) -- You are the only man in the world I envy. Takahari (To Crandall) -- The honorable lady will confer much honor upon your household. fer much honor upon your household. Stevenson (To Crandall) -- You leave for St. Petersburg soon? (Enter Ming with liquors R.) burg soon? (Enter Ming with liquors R.) Crandall -- At midnight. Soblov (With meaning) -- You are going to St. Petersburg, Mr. Crandall? burg, Mr. Crandall? 42 TERMS OF PEACE Crandall (Sloivly and zvith emphasis) -- At midnight, Prince Soblov. Stevenson (Goes "/>)-- Good-bye. Carin (Insinuatingly) -- Won't you stay to see the marriage, Mr. Stevenson? riage, Mr. Stevenson? Stevenson -- Thank you, no. Can you spare Mr. Crandall for a few seconds; I want to talk to him. (She bozvs dall for a few seconds; I want to talk to him. (She bozvs acquiescence.) Carin -- Don't keep him long. Crandall (To Stevenson) -- Fll walk with you as far as the gate. Pardon me, gentlemen. I'll be back immediately. Stevenson -- Good evening. SoBLOV -- Good-bye. (Exeunt Stevenson and Crandall, rear. Soblov gives the peculiar signal with his fingers. Pascual comes dozvn and busies himself with glasses. He takes cual comes dozvn and busies himself with glasses. He takes tray from Ming, ivho protests in Chinese. Takahari says something to Ming in Chinese that causes him to zvithdraw. Enter Mannie L. He surveys the scene, getting intimatiott of correspondence between Soblov and Pascual. Von Hoist and Carin are up stage.) VoN Holst (Advancing to Takahari) -- Count Takahari, Miss Meredith suggests that we draw lots for the honor of being groomsman at her marriage. Takahari -- If I win, I shall make a memorial of it as the brightest historical event in the annals of the Takahari family. VoN Holst -- If the honor falls to me, I shall consider it v/orth a chapter in my memoirs. (During this Soblov has been tapping zvine glass with his nails. Pascual has been anszvering by tapping tray. Mannie observes the two closely. Exit Pascual rear. Soblov looks suspiciously at Mannie, who goes up as if going out rear.) SoBLOV (To Mannie. It is evident that he wants to keep Mannie azvay from Stevenson) -- Just a minute, Mr. Secretary. (Mannie stops.) Mr. Stevenson asked me to have tary. (Mannie stops.) Mr. Stevenson asked me to have you take this document to compare with one you will find on the desk in that room. (Leads Mannie R.) Mannie (Taking paper) -- This? TERMS OF PEACE 43 SoBLOv -- Yes, Mr. Secretary. When you read you will understand. {He urges Mannie into room R. and doses the door. Sohlov turns up and joins Carin, Von Hoist and Takahari. Enter Ming with card.) Carin {Taking card and reading it.) Show him in. {Exit Ming.) The Rev. Mr. Vedder has arrived, gentlemen. {Enter Mr. Vedder rear.) men. {Enter Mr. Vedder rear.) Carin -- I'm glad to see you. {Shakes hands with him.) You have met Prince Soblov and Count Takahari and Baron Von Hoist. {He bozvs to each. They acknowledge the salutation.) Soblov {To Carin from near zvindow) -- You are fully decided to marry Mr. Crandall? Carin -- I am. When Mr. Crandall was born God leaned out of Heaven and breathed into his heart a prayer that has become a benediction to the entire race. {Soblov goes near zvindozv. A shot is fired off.) What's that? {They all rush to zvindow.) SoBLOv -- A signal of some kind. Wait. {Carin is about to go out of window. He holds her back.) Here comes some one. Carin -- Somebody may be injured. I hear cries. VoN HoLST {Holding Carin back from zvindow) -- Let the men look after that. You stay here. {Enter Ming rear.) Ming -- Mr. Crandall. Pie is shot! Carin -- My God! Ming -- Him shot in garden. Takahari {In Chinese to Ming) -- Shut up, you fool. Carin {Going rear) -- I must go to him. SoBLOv -- You'll find that it is a mistake. {Exit Ming L. Von Hoist, Carin and Takahari and Soblov go off rear quickly. Pascual crawls into room through window. Pascual crosses to rear. Enter Ming L. He looks at Pascual cual crosses to rear. Enter Ming L. He looks at Pascual closely.) Ming -- You here all the time? Pascual {Frightened) -- Yes, yes. I was in Mr. Crandall's study. {Exit rear.) dall's study. {Exit rear.) 44 TERMS OF PEACE Ming {Lookmg after him) -- Maybe. {Ming looks at window, then bends down on knees and picks up mud from carpet, studies it. Enter Mannie R., who sees Ming rising from knees and looking as if he had just entered through the windozv. He withdraws R. Enter Takahari and Von Hoist and Rev. Vedder rear. Ming goes in alcove, closed window and pulls down curtains.) Von Holst -- We can only wait the decision of the doctors. {Enter Stevenson rear zvith Soblov.) tors. {Enter Stevenson rear zvith Soblov.) Stevenson -- It's the most cowardly thing I've ever heard of. Von Holst {To Stevenson) -- You think he'll die? SoBLOV -- The doctor announces that his death is only a matter of hours. Stevenson -- It seems impossible. I just left him a second or two before the shot was fired. ond or two before the shot was fired. SoBLOv -- You are to be congratulated just the same. Stevenson -- Congratulations over the possible death of Mr. Crandall? What do you mean? {Carin appears rear.) SoBLOV -- It clears the way for you to assume his duties as delegate to this Peace Conference at once. Stevenson -- Do you think I needed to wait for some one to shoot him for that? VoN Holst -- Then you are the delegate! {Shakes Stevenson's hand.) enson's hand.) Carin {To Stevenson, advancing into room.) You are? Stevenson -- My credentials are here. {Taps his pocket.) Carin -- Our suspicions were right. You are for war. The people of the United States are for peace. In a final test the people are the government. Now when you vote in the conference, what government will you represent? Stevenson -- I shall represent the silent government of finance. Curtain End of Act I TERMS OF PEACE ACT II Scene -- Same as Act I. Time -- The next evening. Mannie and Stevenson are discovered. Mannie is on his knees near ivindow. covered. Mannie is on his knees near ivindow. Stevenson is watching him. Mannie -- It looked as if Ming was crawling through the window just that way. Stevenson -- But there was no motive for Ming to do the shooting. Mannie (Rising) -- You forget Takahari? Stevenson -- Less motive than ever. Takahari knew Crandall was no longer delegate. Mannie -- The bullet may have been meant for you. Stevenson -- Impossible. Mannie -- Now you're on the ground, you must agree that nothing's impossible to the war party. Stevenson (With suggestion of impatience) -- But I'm one of that party. Mannie -- ^And the strongest one. Don't forget that. {Pause.) Stevenson -- ^Well, where are you leading? Mannie -- To the torpedo. Takahari may think he stands no show to buy it and if you die the secret of manufacturing it will die with you. ing it will die with you. Stevenson {Doubtfully) -- That might be. What have the police done? Mannie -- Surrounded the house and talked Dutch to one another in relays. Why they don't know their own names. 46 TERMS OF PEACE I'm sure they don't know ours. I was saluted as Herr Stevenson as I came in just now. enson as I came in just now. Stevenson -- We must clear this murder up ourselves. Wire Scotland Yard for a detective. Get Takahari here first. I'll try him out. Mannie -- Takahari is on the way. (Enter Pascual L. with box of papers that he proceeds to lay on table. They zvatch him.) Stevenson (To Pascual) -- Where were you when Mr. Crandall was shot? Pascual (After a moment of hesitation) -- In the blue room, your honor, closing the windows. Stevenson -- That's on this side of the house, isn't it? (hidicating R.) Mannie -- It adjoins this room on the north. Stevenson (To Pascual) -- If you were closing the windows, you saw the man run this way after the shot was dows, you saw the man run this way after the shot was fired! Pascual (Off his guard) -- No, he ran away from the house out of the garden. Stevenson -- Oh, you did see someone? What did he look like? Pascual (Nonplussed) -- Why, it vvas so dark, your honor. Stevenson -- Can't you give any idea ?. Was he tall ? Pascual -- No, not tall, your highness. Mannie -- Did he wear European clothes? Pascual (Craftily) -- It might be he had on a robe. Mannie -- Chinese ? Pascual -- Perhaps. Stevenson -- Then you'd have said a woman did it. Pascual -- No, it was a man, your highness. Stevenson (Emphatically) -- ^Wearing a Chinese robe, he'd have looked in the dim light of the garden like a woman. TERMS OF PEACE 47 Pascual -- It was a man, your worship. And he wore a robe. (Goes toivards door L.) Mannie-- Oh, would you mind letting Count Takahari in when he calls. Stevenson (To Pascual) -- You'd better take charge of our visiting list until we are settled. Let no one in you don't know personally. (Exit Stevenson R.) Pascual -- It shall be as you command, your honor. (Exit L. Enter Ming rear.) Ming (Announcing) -- Mrs. Pierson. Mannie^ -- Miss Meredith's sister. (Goes R. then turns to Ming at door) -- Is Mrs. Pierson's daughter with her?" Ming -- She is. (Enter Mrs. Pierson rear. Mannie glances at her quickly, and ejcits R. Delphine enters rear. Enter Carin L. She exes and kisses Mrs. Pierson and Delphine.) phine.) Mrs. Pierson -- How terrible, sister ! Carin -- Yes, terrible is the word. We'll talk it over later. (To Ming) -- Tell Mr. Stevenson that I am ready to go, and will turn over the documents of the office to him in a few minutes. We'll check them off here. Ming -- Yes, madame. (Exit Ming R.) Mrs. Pierson (To Carin) -- We came right back as soon as we heard. Carin -- Thank you. Delphine (Goes to Carin with shozv of affection) -- I'm so sorry for you, auntv. Carin -- Thank you, Delphine. I gave orders to pack your things so we can leave at once. Mr. Stevenson is in a great hurry to get possession. Mrs. Pierson -- Not John Stevenson? (Carin nods acquiescence.) quiescence.) Delphine -- He's a horrid thing. He's always bobbing up to interfere. Carin (Quickly) -- You mustn't speak that way about him. 48 TERMS OF PEACE Delphine {Looking quizzically at her) -- Oh, is that so? And I thought all along you hated him! Carin {To Mrs. Pierson) -- Let us get ready to go. {Exit Delphine -- I think she'd better go after that. Mrs. Pierson -- What do you mean, child? Delphine -- Do you know, you're getting so simple, mother, I can't trust you out of my sight. Mrs. Pierson -- Don't talk nonsense. Delphine -- Didn't you see how she flared up when I said that little nothing about Mr. Stevenson? Mrs. Pierson -- Well? Delphine -- Well. There's only one answer to it. Mrs. Pierson -- What is it? Delphine -- She's in love with him. Mrs. Pierson -- How you go on! You know more about affairs of the heart than I ever did. Delphine -- No wonder. I began where you left off. Mrs. Pierson -- You'd better leave off before I begin -- * again. Delphine -- Don't threaten me with a stepfather. Mrs. Pierson {Going L.) -- I've a notion to marry someone that will keep you in your place. {Exit L. Enter Man- one that will keep you in your place. {Exit L. Enter Mannie R.) nie R.) Delphine {Calling after her) -- If you do, I'll elope with him. Mannie -- Did you mention my name? Delphine {To Mannie) -- You? Mannie -- Glad as if you saw your own funeral, aren't you? Delphine -- Don't you know my mother's here? Mannie -- It's your mother's daughter that keeps mc guessing. TERMS OF PEACE 49 Delphine -- How ever did you get away from America? And how did you get here? You didn't break into the house, did you? (Enter Pascual rear with bundle of documents, which he lays on table. Mannie goes over and looks ments, which he lays on table. Mannie goes over and looks through them with business-like air.) Mannie {To Pascual) -- Bring the others later. I want to check these off now. Pascual (Going rear) -- It shall be as you command, your highness. (Mannie sits and sorts over the papers indifferent to Delphine, ivho stands watching him.) Delphine -- Well, I never! Mannie (With dignity) -- I beg your pardon, Miss. Were you speaking? Delphine (Disarranges papers on table) -- What's the meaning of all this ? Mannie (Fearfully) -- Don't touch those. Delphine (Starting back) -- What are they? Mannie (Indicates documents) -- They are the tail feathers of the Dove of Peace. Delphine -- Look as if they'd just been plucked. What have you to do v/ith them? What have you to do with this place ? Why did Pascual bow before you and take your commands? Why did he call you "your highness"? Mannie -- Oh -- (Indifferently) That -- well (Looking through papers) That, you see -- it's this way. I rather like being called "your highness." Sort of fits in with my personality. (Engrossed with document.) ality. (Engrossed with document.) Delphine -- Oh, you -- (Snatching documents from him and stamping her foot.) Mannie (Indifferently picking up document) -- Um -no -- that's wrong. I'll change that. This one, too. Your no -- that's wrong. I'll change that. This one, too. Your punctuation marks are all wrong. Plenty of periods, but no full stop. Delphine -- Stop this nonsense. Why are you here? What are you doing? What's your office? Mannie -- I am a true patriot. Delphine -- For a living? What else have you been doing since I saw you? ing since I saw you? 50 TERMS OF PEACE Mannie -- Nothing. Delphine -- Innocent ! Mannie -- Cross my heart. I'm really here because I wouldn't do something. Delphine -- ^What ? Man nie -- Marry. Delphine -- Who ? Mannie -- Janet Craden. Delphine -- That cat? Mannie -- Janet's a nice girl. Delphine {Huffed) -- Why don't you marry her? Mannie {Indifferently) -- Oh, I may. Delphine -- She has scads of money. Mannie -- Come to think of it, she does resemble a bank roll. A nice fat one. Delphine -- Well, why don't you marry her? Mannie -- Shall I tell you? Delphine {Assuming indifference) -- I don't care. Mannie -- I'll tell you, anyhow. I didn't marry her because I'm in love with someone else. cause I'm in love with someone else. Delphine -- What has love to do with it? Mannie -- Just this. {Kisses her.) Delphine -- What will mamma say? Mannie -- Are you going to take her into your confidence? Delphine -- I always do. Mannie -- Under similar circumstances? Delphine -- Under exactly similar circumstances. Mannie {Quickly) -- Oh, then you've had some experience of the same nature? ence of the same nature? Delphine {Deliberately) -- Of exactly the same nature. Do you think I'm an amateur? TERMS OF PEACE 51 Mannie (Throws documents down and shows that he is angry) -- ^That's what you meant when you spoke of eloping a minute ago. Delphine -- Well, suppose it is? Mannie (Towering over her) -- Who is the man? Delphine -- That's right, strike me. Mannie -- I will not. Delphine -- Then don't. Though I expect it from you. You're with the military party. Liable to hit anyone just to see him fall. Mannie -- I am. We need wars ! You understand, wars ! There are too many people in the world. Delphine -- Horrors ! Mannie -- Too many women, especially. Delphine -- When you stopped my runaway horse in Central Park I thought you were just a nice movie leading man. Mannie -- I want to play all parts. I entered this branch of activity so I could learn character. You know my range, from light comedian to heavy old man. I have all my makeup wigs and everything with me. up wigs and everything with me. Carin -- As long as you're for war why not play the part of a butcher ! Mannie -- Wait! Butcher! Did you say butcher? (Changing) As a matter of cold-blooded fact, I am dead set against the military party. I think war should be abolished. ished. Delphine (Taking opposite position) -- Is that so? Well, I think war is just splendid. We ought to have a new war every week. Just think how grand the soldiers look on parade. Mannie -- That's right. I forgot. Women always fall for a uniform. That's what keeps the military bunk going. Delphine -- Well, why not?' Mannie -- I know )'-ou're going to elope with some cheap little whipper-snapper with gold braid on his sleeve. Delphine (Mischievously) -- How did you ever guess it? 52 TERMS OF PEACE Mannie -- All right, I'm through. Voice {Off) -- Delphine! {They look at one another.) Delphine {To Mannie) -- It's about time. Mannie -- That's your mother calling? Delphine {Exes L) -- I'm going right now to tell her you stole a kiss from me. Mannie -- Heavens, don't. Delphine -- I will, unless you give it right back. Mannie -- Wait a minute. {Going to her. He almost has Delphine in his arms. Enter Mrs. Pierson L. Mannie keeps on ivalking past Delphine zuith indifference. Mrs. Pierson zvatches him. Exit Mannie L.) Mrs. Pierson -- Wasn't that your Central Park hero? Delphine {Innocently) -- Who do you mean, Mamma? Mrs. Pierson -- You know very weW whom I mean. The scamp of an actor that scared your horse so it ran away. Delphine {Snapping) -- He didn't. Mrs. Pierson -- Then chased you, and rescued you, and -Delphine -- That's all he did. Delphine -- That's all he did. Mrs. Pierson -- Kept on chasing you so he could rescue your fortune. Delphine -- You don't give my fatal attractiveness any credit at all. Mrs. Pierson -- I know him. He's just an ordinary fortune hunter. tune hunter. Delphine -- Does an ordinary fortune hunter turn up his nose at a fat one? Mrs. Pierson -- Fat what? Delphine -- Fortune. And female to go with it. Mrs. Pierson -- He wouldn't. Delphine -- Pie did. Mrs, Pierson -- Who? Delphine -- Janet Craden, TERMS OF PEACE 53 Mrs. Pierson -- Lucky for her. You introduced him to Janet, didn't you? Delphine -- I did. To put your theory to the test. All the Craden family just went wild to have him marry Janet. AIrs. Pierson -- Fools. They accepted him socially at your valuation. Delphine -- Oh no, they accepted him on Janet's. She thought him some Prince out of the Arabian Nights, cause she had seen him play in "Kismet." Mrs. Pierson -- You think something similar. I'm very glad Carin is through here so I'll be at liberty to take you away. Delphine (With mock seriousness) -- I'm afraid he'll follow us. Mrs. Pierson-- You're afraid he won't. For that reason you'll send the address. {Enter Mannie rear. He comes down to the table. Mrs. Pierson looks at him through lorgnette.) Evidently the clerk wishes to use the room, Delphine. We'd better go. (Exes L.) phine. We'd better go. (Exes L.) Delphine (Innocently. To Mannie.) -- Do you wish to use this room, Mr. Clerk? (Enter Pascual imth Ming R. Ming goes to table with documents.) Mannie (To Pascual) -- Would you kindly show the ladies through the building, Pascual? And, oh, yes, send dies through the building, Pascual? And, oh, yes, send word to Cook's that the House of Peace is closed to visitors. (Delphine registers enjoyment.) Mrs. Pierson -- Who is this person, Pascual? Mannie (To Pascual with command) -- The ladies are waiting for you, Pascual. Take them away. Pascual -- Yes, your highness. Delphine -- Come, Mamma. He's simply awful when he's cross. (Exit Pascual, Delphine and Mrs. Pierson. Enter Stevenson R. zvith bundle of documents and bundle of red tape.) Stevenson (To Ming) -- Here, Ming, I want you to make neat bundles of all the documents. Ming (Beginning to tie the documents ivith the tape) -Yes, sir. Yes, sir. 54 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson (Signs to Mannie to zvatch Ming) -- Do you recollect just where you were when Mr. Crandall was shot? Ming -- I Avas upstairs. Stevenson -- Didn't you see anyone through a window, say? Ming -- Not look through window. Mannie -- Did anyone see you? Ming -- Nobody see me, I see nobody. I hear nothing, I see nothing, I know nothing. {Enter Pascual rear.) Pascual -- Count Takahari. Stevenson {To Pascual, after significant look at Mannie) -- Tell him Fll see him in the blue room. You keep on Ming. {Exit Stevenson rear. Mannie hides hack of curtains at recess. Ming after hasty look around extracts document from bundle and hides it in blouse. Mannie appears from behind curtain. Ming takes another document from one of the bundles and slips it in blouse.) Mannie {Coming to table) -- Hadn't you better sit down, Ming ? ( Pushes chair over. Ming sits. Mannie stands behind Ming and watches him.) hind Ming and watches him.) Ming -- Very kind. Mannie -- Would you like to stay on and work for Mr. Stevenson ? Ming -- Very much. Mr. Stevenson delegate to Peace Congress. He take all these papers over. Mannie -- Well he'll take over what's left of them. I'll tell him that you want to stay on. Shall I? Ming -- Very kind. Mannie (Toying with end of Ming's queue) -- Not at all. Of course there are a few little things. Concessions, you know. Things you must give up before you get the job. Ming -- I knovv^, liken. All same graft. How much? Mannie (Wrapping end of queue around back of chair and tying it) -- Oh, we won't split hairs over that, {(roes to other side of table and faces Ming, who still ties up the papers.) It will all depend on how much you get for the information. TERMS OF PEACE 55 Ming (Quickly) -- Information? What information? Mannie -- The letters you just stole from this bundle. Ming (Jumping to his feet) -- You say I stole letters? (When he jumps, the queue which is tied to chair comes' off, showing Ming to he a Japanese.) Mannie -- I meant hair. You've lost your queue. Ming -- You Yankee pig! (Ming takes queue from hack of chair and rushes at Mannie. They struggle towards recess. Mannie is home back, hut recovers and hears Ming cess. Mannie is home back, hut recovers and hears Ming to floor. He snatches queue from Ming and zvraps it around his throat and pulls it until Ming is senseless, then drags Ming to recess and is seen exchanging clothes with him. Enter Takahari rear. Mannie zvraps handkerchief around face and enters.) Takahari (Quickly) -- What's wrong? ( Mannie making signs that his jaw is szvollen and makes gutteral sounds. ing signs that his jaw is szvollen and makes gutteral sounds. He hands two documents to Takahari. Takahari glances at them.) Good. Now, who fired the shot? You must find out. If Stevenson did it, the torpedo belongs to Japan without spending a yen. Mannie -- Sh -- (He disappears quickly in recess. Enter Stevenson rear.) Stevenson^ -- Pardon me for keeping you waiting, Count. My secretary made a mistake in the room. Takahari -- I am much honored for being privileged to wait for you, Mr. Stevenson. Stevenson -- ^Won't you sit down? (They sit.) Takahari -- Of course you know why I imposed mysell on your honorable privacy at this hour. Stevenson -- The torpedo? Takahari -- You are right, as is your habit, Mr. Stevenson. War will be declared very soon. Japan wants to be son. War will be declared very soon. Japan wants to be ready. Stevenson -- Well, the torpedo is for sale. Takahari -- How much? Stevenson -- Ten million dollars. Takahari -- You will permit a brief investigation? 56 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson -- None whatever. Your government must purchase it on the strength of the official tests already made. You must judge by the results. The time is too short before fighting begins. fore fighting begins. Takahari -- With your honorable permission we should like to see it manufactured. Stevenson -- A great many people would like to see it manufactured. When the money is paid, I'll teach the secret of making the torpedo, not before. {Enter Pascual followed by Von Hoist rear.) Pascual -- Pardon, your highness. I thought you were in the blue room. Stevenson -- It's all right, Pascual. (Exit Pascual.) Glad to see you, Baron Von Hoist. VoN Holst -- I am happy to meet you. (Shaking Stevenson's hand.) And you, too. Count Takahari. (Takahari son's hand.) And you, too. Count Takahari. (Takahari has risen.) You are not going? (Takahari bows.) Takahari -- Yes, Baron Von Hoist, I just called to extend my congratulations to the honorable successor of the tend my congratulations to the honorable successor of the honorable Mr. Crandall. Good evening. (Goes tip.) Stevenson -- Good evening. Count Takahari. (Exit Takahari rear.) ahari rear.) VoN HoLST (Looks after Takahari dubiously) -- Remember, Stevenson, these new people that sprang up over night ber, Stevenson, these new people that sprang up over night in the far Pacific, are the Greeks bearing gifts of destruction to our civilization. tion to our civilization. Stevenson -- Unless I am mistaken. Baron, you are here now to secure one of my personal gifts of destruction. VoN Holst -- I am here to buy, Mr. Stevenson. Stevenson -- Takahari also wants to buy. VoN HoLST -- You don't seem to grasp my meaning. Stevenson -- Very clearly, Herr Baron. You say in essence : "Don't sell your torpedo to the Japanese. They might sence : "Don't sell your torpedo to the Japanese. They might use it to hurt us." VoN HoLST -- They would use it to destroy European civilization. Stevenson -- I have no sentimentalities about European civilization. If Japan pays me my price, the torpedo will go to Tokio. TERMS OF PEACE 57 Von Holst -- You wouldn't use the yellow peril as a factor in our bargaining? Stevenson -- Now look here, Baron Von Hoist, I have a torpedo that has almost human intelligence. By means of a certain ray discovered by me, it can be guided anywhere within a radius of twenty miles on land or sea, against any fort or any ship. I offered it to Japan for ten million dollars. Do you raise me? lars. Do you raise me? VoN Holst -- Then you do use the Japanese as a factor? You know that race is beyond the pale. Their culture is not our culture. Stevenson -- I'm not going to haggle about cultures or the people that developed them. I'm now a salesman, pure and simple. Von Holst -- It is money, pure and simple -- money. Stevenson -- Right. i Von Holst -- What's your lowest figure? Stevenson -- As much as I can get over ten millions. Von Holst -- I want an option at ten million dollars. Stevenson -- There shall be no option. The torpedo goes to the first person that brings a certified check for ten million dollars. In three seconds he can have in his possession lion dollars. In three seconds he can have in his possession the documents containing the secret of the torpedo. Like all great inventions it is very simple. Von Holst -- But that's hardly business-like, do you think ? Stevenson -- The torpedo has been on the market fully tested for six months. You have all been waiting to see how this vote on war or no war would go before buying it. Now that war is inevitable you all want it. Von Holst -- You seem to forget that you and I are in agreement about the horrors of peace. Stevenson -- I don't forget it. But, also, I don't forget that during the agitation for disarmament my factories were compelled to shut down. Von Holst -- You can't expect me to sympathize with business reverses. 58 TERMS OF PEACF Stevenson -- I don't want your sympathy at all, Baron Von Hoist. I have no use for sympathy. I want you to know, however, that it cost the manufacturers of war material in the United States seven million dollars to throttle terial in the United States seven million dollars to throttle the peace movement there. (Enter Pascual rear.) Pascual {To Stevenson) -- Sir Edward Graham craves to be permitted to see you. Stevenson -- Send him in. {Exit Pascual rear.) VoN HoLST -- I don't want to meet the Englishman here. Stevenson -- He's one of the genuine peace advocates, isn't he? Von Holst -- Well, before you came he was. Do you mind if I go out this way? {Goes L.) Stevenson -- Not at all. VoN Holst {Turning at door) -- You'll find the English delegate very charming. And a good man at a bargain. Promise you won't sell the torpedo until you hear from me. Stevenson -- I promise. {Exit Von Hoist L. Enter Graham rear, escorted by Pascual.) ham rear, escorted by Pascual.) Graham -- Good afternoon, Stevenson. Stevenson {Shaking hands) -- Very glad to see you. Sir Edward. Graham -- I have called to ask you some questions about your latest engine of destruction. Stevenson -- My torpedo? I have made public all the data possible until it is sold. Graham -- I was in hopes that I could persuade you not to sell it, Stevenson. I know what it can do. Stevenson -- Glad to hear you know something of the technique of my little pacifier. Graham -- Yes. I know your little pacifier can kill as many peasants or fishermen as can be crowded into a fortress or battleship. Stevenson -- Well ? Graham -- It can add to the fictitious glory of a number of gentlemen who sit comfortably in their offices wearing high hats and frock coats. TERMS OF PEACE 59 Stevenson -- Anything else? Graham -- It can make profits for you. Stevenson -- There you've said all that need be said. Graham -- Do you know, Stevenson, I think that the mission of America is to tear the mask of glorified hypocrisy sion of America is to tear the mask of glorified hypocrisy from the face of war. You reduce militarism to terms of dollars and cents. Stevenson -- War was never anything else but a struggle over dollars and cents. Do you want to buy my torpedo? Graham -- Personally, if I had the m.oney I should purchase it and destroy it and its secret forever. chase it and destroy it and its secret forever. Stevenson -- My price is ten million dollars, to be paid at once. Graham -- Ten million? May I request you not to sell it until you hear from me again? Stevenson -- You'll have to hurry. You Englishmen have fallen into the easy habit of thinking that the universe will wait your convenience. My torpedo goes to the first that planks down the change. We are in for a war, Graham. You'll have to act quickly to beat the thunder of the guns. Graham -- I believe you are right. War is merely a matter of hours now. That's why I have put aside, by this ter of hours now. That's why I have put aside, by this visit, my conviction that the world had arrived at a sane, normal, man-to-man way of dealing with international problems. I see how impossible that ideal is so long as the lems. I see how impossible that ideal is so long as the freemasonry of destruction is allowed to persist. Stevenson -- Freemasonry of destruction? Graham -- That is the web and woof of a cold, calculating patriotism. That is why the Hun is at the gate. All the institutions built up by a plodding, inefficient, but kindly and tolerant democracy will go down before the oncoming military machine driven by an autocrat. And all because this tary machine driven by an autocrat. And all because this freemasonry of destruction, which is the archenemy of free, institutions, has its ramifications everywhere. The question you have to ask yourself is this : "Are you going to allow your torpedo to become an integral part of the paraphernalia of terror?" Stevenson -- My torpedo goes to the first comer with the cnsh. The people of Europe want war; I am not going to 60 TERMS OF PEACE stop them. If they didn't want it, they would wipe out this freemasonry of destruction of yours in a day, with all its secret treaties and its hidden, treacherous diplomacy. Do you know why they want war? Graham -- I have spent some time trying to find out. Stevenson -- Each national group is impelled toward war by a sort of divine egoism, back of which is the dominating desire for loot. You Englishmen, with your far-flung empire of self-governing units, are the greatest egoists of all. pire of self-governing units, are the greatest egoists of all. You think that because any given question is settled for you, it becomes automatically settled for the rest of mankind. Because you find easy pickings on every shore of the Seven Seas, and are well fed in consequence, you imagine that no one in the world should complain of hunger. Graham -- You are a gross materialist. Your sense of national morality is atrophied. Stevenson -- National morality stops at the water's edge. After that it becomes the cant of statesmen to cover a hidden design of aggression. den design of aggression. Graham -- I have muddled through so far with an entirely different conception. Stevenson -- The days of successful muddling are over. A hammer is being forged in Fate's blacksmith shop for muddlers that v/ill beat them to their knees. Graham -- Once on my knees, I'll pray to the God of my fathers for you, Stevenson. I'll pray that your eyes may be opened, your heart softened. (Enter Carin L.) Carin-- Pardon me. (Is about to return L.) Stevenson (To Carin) -- Don't leave us, please. Graham -- I'm sorry you weren't here earlier. Miss Meredith. dith. Carin -- Yes? Graham -- You would have learned that we, in our dream of universal democratic control of the war spirit, were living a truth that time has turned to lies. Good-bye. Carin -- Good-bye. (Exit Graham, rear. Carin follovus him to door, and looks after him. Enter Mannie from recess. ) cess. ) TERMS OF PEACE 61 Mannie (Crossing to Stevenson quickly) -- We are on the wrong track. Takahari had no hand in the killing of Crandall. Stevenson -- Sh -Carin (Coming down) -- I'm very glad you have a few- Carin (Coming down) -- I'm very glad you have a fewminutes to spare, Mr. Stevenson. minutes to spare, Mr. Stevenson. Stevenson -- I am always at your service, Carin. Carin -- Thank you. I'll detain you just long enough to comply with the usual formalities incident to turning the office over to you. Stevenson -- That can wait. Why not keep on as before? Now your sister and niece are here you. . . . Carin -- Thank you, no. Stevenson -- It will take my secretary some time to learn all the ins and outs of the office. Carin -- I wish to leave at once. Mannie -- It will take only a few days until I get the routine. Carin -- It is my intention to leave within the hour. Stevenson -- You can't run off that way. (To Mannie) Get that large portfolio on my desk. I want to ask some questions about its contents. (To Carin) We can't be left in the dark about everything. (Ming's head appears at alcove. He is dressed in blouse, and has his Chinese wig on.) cove. He is dressed in blouse, and has his Chinese wig on.) Mannie (Seeing Ming) -- Come along, Ming, and help me. Ming (In halting dazed fashion) -- What's matter? (Feels head and throat.) Mannie (Putting arm through Ming's) -- You've been dreaming, Ming. Wake up. (Exeunt Ming and Mannie L.) Carin (Exes L.) -- I'll go and instruct your secretary just what the portfolio contains. Stevenson (Interrupting her) -- Don't go, please. I want to ask you what has been done about trying to capture the assassin of Mr. Crandall. Carin -- That matter is in the hands of the American Consul. 62 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson -- Is there anyone you suspect? Carin -- No one. Stevenson -- You don't seem over-anxious. Carin -- Possibly I have become reconciled to the methods of the war party. Stevenson -- But this is murder. Carin -- Well, you justify murder, don't you? Militarists do automatically. Stevenson -- I stand for war. That's different. Carin -- When one man is killed, it's murder. When a thousand or a hundred thousand are killed, it's war. Personally I can see no difference. sonally I can see no difference. Stevenson -- I'll not follow the argument. My one wish is that we be friends. Carin -- You lost your opportunity, Mr. Stevenson, in this room -- yesterday. Stevenson -- Let me ask forgiveness. Crandall forgave me the hatred I confessed I felt. Carin (With touch of surprise) -- You hated Mr. Crandall? dall? Stevenson -- As I would hate any man that would come between us. Carin (Watching him curiously) -- You actually hated him ? Stevenson -- I did, for a minute. What strikes me as strange is the coincidence that Fate should remove him within the hour I learned he had won you. Carin -- You think Fate was fighting on your side? Stevenson -- Oh, no. If Fate had been fighting on my side, you'd never have broken off our engagement. We would be married by now, Carin (Interrupting him) -- I will not hear another word. You took advantage yesterday of a temporary weakness. Today ! Well, it's different. Stevenson -- What are you going to do? TERMS OF PEACE 63 Carin -- I am going back to America. Stevenson -- You think you will put the barrier of the ocean between us? Pascual and Sohlov appear rear. Sohlov signals for Pascual to leave. Pascual exits without be- lov signals for Pascual to leave. Pascual exits without being seen by Carin or Stevenson.) ing seen by Carin or Stevenson.) SoBLOV (Entering rear) -- Pardon me. Do I intrude? (Looks from one' to the other.) Carin (Joyously) -- Why, no, not at all. On the contrary, Prince Soblov. trary, Prince Soblov. SoBLOV (To Stevenson, with cunning sneer) -- Then I am not sorry I made a mistake. Your man said I should find you in the blue room. Isn't this it? Carin (Shaking head) -- No. Stevenson -- One is permitted to be color blind on occasion. (Going towards door L and turning handle.) sion. (Going towards door L and turning handle.) SoBLOv (Bozving to Stevenson) -- Thank you. Don't leave us, Mr. Stevenson. I want to see you. Stevenson (Turning) -- Yes? Anything particular? SoBLOV -- Very particular. I want to warn you. Stevenson -- Warn me? About what? SoBLOV -- Your life is in danger. Carin ( With anxiety, thereby betraying her genuine feeling for Stevenson) -- His life! (The men pause and look ing for Stevenson) -- His life! (The men pause and look at her. She proceeds with touch of embarrassment.) Why .... what is wrong? SoBLOV (To Carin) -- I am afraid it would affect you too much to know. Carin -- I insist on knowing. (She turns and sees Stevenson zvatching her, then speaks lightly.) Of course, if you son zvatching her, then speaks lightly.) Of course, if you don't wish to tell me, Prince Soblov, there is no harm done. You see, in addition to being a fellow human being, Mr. Stevenson is one of our representative Americans. I am still national enough in feeling to be interested. You understand . . derstand . . SoBLOV (With meaning) -- ^Yes, I understand. Carin (Laughing to cover her real feelings) -- Pm so glad. I'll go now. I'll leave you and Mr. Stevenson to 64 TERMS OF PEACE talk this matter over. Then come back. You see, I don't want to hear a word about it -- not a word. (Exit R.) SoBLOV (Going to all doors, opening them, looking out, then closing them) -- Do you mind? Stevenson -- Not at all. I like privacy. SoBLOV-- If we work in harmony, Mr. Stevenson, we can both make a good bargain. Stevenson -- Bargain ! You are using the language I can understand. But is this what you want to warn me about? Does my life hang on making a bargain? SoBLOV -- It does. Stevenson -- Indeed ! Go on. SoBLOV -- You personally own and control this new torpedo? pedo? Stevenson -- I am the inventor. I alone know its mechanism. anism. SoBLOV -- You have always confined yourself to armor plate heretofore, for ships and steel coverings for forts. Stevenson -- At home we call that working both ends against the middle. I build the house, then find a new way to set fire to it. SoBLOV -- Very good. But my government paid your company very well for armor plate, because it was impenetrable. pany very well for armor plate, because it was impenetrable. Stevenson -- There was no guarantee given that something would NOT be invented to penetrate it. thing would NOT be invented to penetrate it. SoBLOV -- When your new torpedo is sold, you will at once try to make armor plate that it cannot penetrate. Stevenson -- I am on the track of such an improvement right now. SoBLOV -- One might call that the vicious circle. Where is it going to stop ? Stevenson -- Come now. Prince Soblov, we understand one another. You don't want it stopped any more than I do. I know it. SoBLOV -- You do ? Stevenson -- If it ever stopped you would be worse ofif than most men. Armor plate, guns, torpedoes, armies and TERMS OF PEACE 65 army officers create war. War creates jobs for kings, courtiers, generals, diplomats (Pause) and peace envoys. tiers, generals, diplomats (Pause) and peace envoys. SoBLOV -- You are very cynical. Stevenson -- Merely truthful. If your country wants this torpedo you will have to bid against the other nations that are burdened as she is with military caste. SoBLOv -- Leave my country out of the discussion. We are going to deal for this torpedo man to man. Stevenson -- Oh, a personal purchase! SoBLOV -- Yes, a personal purchase. Stevenson -- Very good. I have been offered ten million dollars for the secret of its manufacture. I'll warrant it to float in the air or on the water. It will. go straight to any battleship or fort within a radius of twenty miles, and put them out of business. SoBLOV -- You were offered ten million dollars ? Stevenson -- Do you offer more? SoBLOv -- I do. Stevenson-- You're my man. SoBLOV -- I offer you silence. Stevenson -- What ? SoBLOV -- I offer you silence. Stevenson (As if about to go out of room) -- This is a serious question. When you are in a serious mood, I'll take it up with you, SoBLOV -- I am serious, Mr. Stevenson. When I offer you silence in exchange for your torpedo, I am offering you your life. Stevenson -- You may talk English, but you think in a language I don't quite get. SoBLOV (Comes close to Stevenson) -- I'll make myself clear. Who fired the shot at Mr. Crandall? Stevenson -- Oh, that's it? SoBLOV -- An American-made revolver was found in the garden. One chamber was empty. It still smelled of smoke. 66 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson-- Well, Europe is full of American-made revolvers. . volvers. . SoBLOV -- Who went out of this room with Mr. Crandall ten minutes before he died? Stevenson -- I did. SoBLOV -- You were seen by two witnesses leave Mr. Crandall in the garden, {Pause) after a quarrel with him. dall in the garden, {Pause) after a quarrel with him. Stevenson -- So that's the game. What else? SoBLOV -- You were seen to turn and whip out a revolver and fire. Stevenson {Quietly) -- Of course, the nationality of those two witnesses is the same as yours? SoBLOv -- It is. But what has that to do with it? Stevenson -- Oh, nothing. Only little details like that help out where it's a frame-up. Well, understand once for all. Prince Soblov, that I won't make the least concession to a blackmailer. Mr. Crandall and I were good friends. There was no motive for me to kill him. SoBLOV -- No motive ! At your trial it will be shown that you had him removed from the position of Peace Envoy on the very eve of a vote to forbid this war. He gave his life to peace ; you were on the side of militarism. You defeated him ; it made you enemies. Stevenson -- I stood for militarism right out in the open, not as a damned hypocrite like yourself. SoBLOV -- This is not going to be reduced to bickering between us. I'm giving you the motive for the murder of tween us. I'm giving you the motive for the murder of Mr. Crandall. Stevenson -- The motive you give wouldn't carry enough weight in court to attract the judge's attention. SoBLOV -- Then I'll give the real motive. Stevenson -- Oh, after you've given the motive, you'll give the real motive. SoBLOV -- Yes. Jealousy. Stevenson -- Jealousy ! ! SoBLOV -- You love Carin Meredith. TERMS OF PEACE 67 Stevenson (Threateningly) -- Keep her name out of this. SoBLOV -- ^You came here and learned that she was goin^ to marry Mr. Crandall. In this very room you forced your attentions on her. You seized her in your arms. Stevenson (Jumps at Sohlov and grabs him by the throat) -- Damn you. SoBLOV (Crying aloud) -- Help! Help! (Carin enters hurriedly R.) Carin -- What is it? (Stevenson sees her and lets Soblov go.) What does it mean? SoBLOV -- He would murder me as he murdered Mr. Crandall. dall. Carin -- Murder ! Great God ! Is it possible ! SoBLOv (To Carin) -- He told you there was nothing he wouldn't do to get you. Carin -- No, I'll never believe it. Stevenson (Advancing toivards her) -- I knew you wouldn't, Carin. Carin (Horrified, drawing away from him) -- Keep away from me. That good old man. I brought his death on him. I didn't love him. He didn't love me. Our engagement was -- Our engagement was -Stevenson -- Yes, I know, it was a foil ; a barrier be- Stevenson -- Yes, I know, it was a foil ; a barrier between us. tween us. Carin (Half to herself) -- It brought his death about -It cannot be! No, no. It cannot be! No, no. SoBLOv -- I'll prove that it did. Carin (To Soblov) -- You can prove it? SoBLOV -- Come with me and I shall. (She goes up.) Stevenson -- No, Carin. For God's sake, don't go. Give me a chance. Let's fight this out in the open. I am ready to go into the courts. SoBLOV -- You'll have your day in court, Stevenson. It will be a brief one. The evidence against you is overwhelming. (To Carin) I have witnesses who saw him fire whelming. (To Carin) I have witnesses who saw him fire the shot. (Enter Pascual rear.) 68 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson (Indicating Pascual) -- Is this one of them? SOBLOV -- It is. Stevenson {To Carin) -- The other is also a spy in his pay. He is holding this charge over my head to blackmail me into giving him the secret of my torpedo. Carin {To Pascual., excitedly) -- Where were you when Mr. Crandall was killed ? Were you in the garden ? Were you close enough to see -- to see Mr. Stevenson? Pascual {Doubtfully watching Soblov) -- I -- I -- Go -{Sohlov strikes eyeglass case with finger nails, and gives {Sohlov strikes eyeglass case with finger nails, and gives signal to Pascual. Stevenson watches Soblov.) Carin {To Pascual) -- Where did you go? Where were you when the shot was fired? Pascual {Shoiving that he is paying attention to the sic/nal) -- I will tell what I know when the time comes. {Exit R.) SoBLOV -- He will have much to tell. {Enter Mrs. Pierson and Delphine L. They have grips and are dressed to travel.) Carin {To Mrs. Pierson) -- I see you are ready. {Goes up zuith Mrs. Pierson.) Stevenson {To Carin) -- You are going? Carin-- Yes, Mr. Stevenson. Good-bye. {To Mrs. Pierson) Let us go. {Exeunt Carin, Mrs. Pierson, Delphine, son) Let us go. {Exeunt Carin, Mrs. Pierson, Delphine, rear. ) Soblov -- When you change your mind about that torpedo, send for me. {Exit rear. Stevenson comes dozvn to tabic and sits dejected. Delphine enters L.) Delphine -- Oh, I just ran around by the side door to tell you that -- eh -- that women are funny. Stevenson -- Indeed ? Delphine -- And say what they don't mean. Stevenson -- Yes? {Enter Mannie R. He listens.) Delphine -- Sometimes they love most where they pretend to hate most. tend to hate most. TERMS OF PEACE 69 Stevenson -- Do all women love most where they pretend to hate most ? Delphine (Tossing her head when she sees Mannie) -Oh, no, just a few. Oh, no, just a few. Mannie (To Delphine) -- Do you love most where you pretend to hate most? Delphine -- No, I hate most where I pretend to love most. (Exit Delphine rear.) Stevenson (Drumming on table) -- Did you ever hear Soblov signal to any one that way? Mannie -- Why, yes. To Pascual. On the side of a wine glass, once. Stevenson -- When ? Mannie -- Not five minutes before Crandall was shot. It was just before Soblov told me to get busy with that letter. You remember, said you told him to have me compare it. Stevenson (Rising) -- Get Pascual here, quick. (Mannie presses button of call bell. Stevenson taps, in imitation of Soblov, on the side of his eyeglass case.) I wonder! Could that be the Morse Code in Russian ? Mannie -- Let's try Pascual out. He's as superstitious as a Russian. You'd better dictate a letter to him. (Goes to typetvriter.) Stevenson -- Turn that table so I can watch his face. (Mannie turns table. He arranges paper and carbons.) Mannie -- What's this? (Holds up carbon.) A fresh carbon with a perfect letter on it! Stevenson -- Is it important? Mannie -- Read it. (Holds carbon up to light.) Stevenson -- Soblov's resignation from the Peace Conference. It is signed by him. ference. It is signed by him. Mannie -- The date is yesterday. Stevenson -- Crandall was shot last night. (Enter Pascual rear. He is dressed for the street. They hide the cual rear. He is dressed for the street. They hide the carbon.) You are not going to leave us, Pascual? Pascual -- Would your highness want me to remain in his service after -- after -- Well, your highness knows I am to appear at his trial for killing Mr. Crandall. 70 TERMS OF PEACE Mannie {To Stevenson) -- Do they accuse you? Stevenson -- Yes. {To Pascual) That will be all right, Pascual. You are going to tell only the truth. Pascual -- Only the truth, your highness. Stevenson-- I cannot take oiTense at that. In the meantime, retain your old position. You are the only one ac- time, retain your old position. You are the only one acquainted with the routine of the office. Kindly take a letter. quainted with the routine of the office. Kindly take a letter. {Pascual seats himself at typewriter.) Pascual -- I am ready, your highness. Stevenson -- "To the PTonorable James F. Burton, United States Ambassador to Russia, Dear Sir: Owing to the delegates to the Peace Conference failing in their efforts to avert or even to postpone the war that is inevitable between the nations of Europe, many of us feel that further efforts are useless. Prominent among these is Prince Soblov, delegate representing Russia. He tendered his resignation to gate representing Russia. He tendered his resignation to my predecessor, Mr. Crandall, one hour before the latter was shot to death by a cowardly assassin -- " (Stops dictating) You know how to spell cowardly assassin, Pascual? ing) You know how to spell cowardly assassin, Pascual? Pascual {Trembling) -- Yes, your highness. Stevenson -- ^Very good. You'll have occasion to write it frequently while in my service. Pascual -- Yes, your highness. Stevenson -- Write. {Pascu-ol writes.) "I wish to confirm that resignation, a certified copy of which I herewith firm that resignation, a certified copy of which I herewith send you. I hold the original." Pascual {hi surprise) -- You have the original? Stevenson -- Why not? Pascual -- I thought it was destroyed. Stevenson -- All 3^ou know is that an attempt vs'as made to destroy it! Of course that failed. Perhaps you could tell us why Prince Soblov resigned? Pascual -- I don't know, your highness. Stevenson -- You know the resignation was written, that it was signed. Now why? Was it forced from Prince Soblov ? Pascual -- I don't know. TERMS OF PEACE 71 Stevenson -- Well, why did he try to destroy the resignation ? At least you know that. tion ? At least you know that. Pascual -- I cannot tell, your highness. Stevenson -- You mean you won't tell. Very good. I see you are faithful to the Prince. That is a recommendation. tion. Pascual -- Thank you, your highness. Stevenson -- I have the original resignation in my room. I'll bring it to you to copy. In the meantime, busy yourself with this letter. (Gives Pascual paper to copy. Exit Stevenson L. Pascual zvorks typewriter. The lights are lowered. A reproduction of Sohlov's signal is heard. Pascual looks up. Mannie disguised as Crandall appears L. A cual looks up. Mannie disguised as Crandall appears L. A spot light shines on him. Pascual sits awe-struck at the apparition.) Mannie {Imitating voice of Crandall) -- I return to bring the judgment of God unto the soul of him that kills his fellow man. Pie shall be as a weed that rots in the garden of life. What seeds he gives forth shall grow again in poison stocks and they shall bear bitter fruit from generation unto generation. For him that lives by the sword shall perish by the sword. The lowly Nazarene, Who brought the message of peace and good will to men, has conquered where the battalions of the marshals have failed. I charge you, wear His message in your heart, for there lies the profit that shall be stored against your need in the day of days. Pascual-- Mercy ! Mercy ! Mannie -- Mercy is for him that repents. Pascual {Backing azuay towards R) -- My soul is damned! My soul is damned! {Exit Pascual R. Mannie snatches off disguise and turns up light. Enter Carin rear. She gives evidence of being excited.) Carin -- Where is Mr. Stevenson? Quick. Mannie -- He's somewhere about. Carin -- They are coming for him. They are going to arrest him. Mannie -- Arrest him! What for? Carin -- Murder. {Noise of door closing off.) There they are. {Enter policemen rear.) Too late. 72 TERMS OF PEACE Policeman {Speaking Dutch) -- I have a warrant for John Stevenson. Mannie -- Go away. I don't understand. {Goes tozvards L.) Nicht for stay. Policeman {Seising Mannie. Two policemen advance and stand on either side of Mannie) -- Are you Herr Stevenson ? son ? Carin {Speaking Dutch) -- Yes, that's your man. Policeman {To Mannie. Still speaking Dutch) -- Now, will you come? Mannie -- Go on, you big saphead. You're in Dutch, I tell you. {To Carin) What did you say to him? Policeman {Addressing the two gendarmes) -- March. {Exeunt Mannie and Policemen rear, Mannie protesting.) Mannie {As he is taken off) -- Wait till I turn the United States army on you for this. You wait! {Carin goes up and hastily shuts door rear as Stevenson enters L.) Stevenson-- Fm glad you changed your mind, Carin, and came back. Carin {Nervously) -- I just . . just came in to see you. Stevenson -- You are in trouble. What is it? Sit down. You know, anything I can do would be happiness for me. Carin {Sitting) -- Anything? Stevenson -- Try me. Carin -- Suppose I asked you to go away at once? Stevenson -- Go away at once? What's on your mind? Carin -- Will you go? Stevenson -- Where ? Carin -- Home. Get over the border. Go anywhere so you go right now. Stevenson {Thoughtfully) -- Oh, I see. Andraive is on the way to take Soblov's place in the congress, and with me out of it, the peace party will have a clear majority. Carin -- Will you go? TERMS OF PEACE 73 Stevenson -- No. I'm not fighting on your side of this war question, Carin (Rising quickly) -- It's not that. I want to save you. They are going to arrest you for the murder of Mr. Crandall. Stevenson -- Ah, Soblov wants a clear field. Carin -- While you are searching for the motive, you are losing your chance to escape. The police have already been here. Stevenson (Going to door rear) -- Police here! Carin (Running up and getting between Stevenson and door) -- Don't go there. They arrested your secretary, thinking it was you. Stevenson -- Arrested Mannie! You saw them take him? (She nods acquiescence.) You saw them take him? Then you did it ! You identified Mannie as John Stevenson ! Carin -- Will you go? Stevenson -- You are the one that must go now. Helping a criminal to escape is worse in Europe than being the ing a criminal to escape is worse in Europe than being the criminal. Carin -- But you! The proofs against you are overwhelming. I saw them. whelming. I saw them. Stevenson (Holds handle of door rear) -- All the more reason why you should leave at once. Get your sister and niece and go over the border as soon as you can. Quick. That way. (Indicating L.) I hear them. Carin -- Are you sure they are the police? Stevenson -- Run. I have a way to save myself. Get a good start. I'll hold them back. (Holds handle of door rear. ) Carin -- Well, I did the best I could for you. Good-bye. (Exit L. Enter Ming R.) Ming -- Honorable Takahari he say he have much gold for you. He come here quick to see you. You stay? Stevenson (Holding door handle) -- Oh, I'll stay. Something tells me I'll stay. (Boom of cannon is heard off.) thing tells me I'll stay. (Boom of cannon is heard off.) 74 TERMS OF PEACE Ming -- Ah, you hear. ONE! {Takes quick backward step R. Cannon booms out again.) TWO!! {Takes another backward step. Cannon repeats.) THREE!!! other backward step. Cannon repeats.) THREE!!! {Ming ,pulls off Chinese wig and blouse, shoiving dapper^ young Japanese.) Banzai! Banzai!! I am done with these honorable garments, honorable sir. {Exit Ming R.) Stevenson {Takes step or tzvo towards door R.) -- Well, what struck him? {Enter Von Hoist rear.) Von Holst-- Pardon the lack of ceremony, Herr Stevenson. Here is that check for your money. Give me the enson. Here is that check for your money. Give me the instructions. Stevenson -- Things are moving rapidly, aren't they? {Takes check and gives Von Hoist documents which he takes from breast pocket.) VoN Holst-- They are. {Goes up, reading documents. Turns at door rear.) Did you hear the guns? Stevenson -- What did they mean? VoN Holst -- War has been declared. {Exit Von Hoist rear.) Stevenson {Goes rear) -- War! {He opens door R. and hurriedly shuts it.) The police! {Goes L. Opens door and shuts it quickly.) There, too. {Goes to door rear and opens it. Beckons for policeman. Enter policeman. He leads policeman down stage.) Look, I have a check for ten million dollars here. {Shows check. The policeman nods.) I want to go out and spend it. {Switches off lights and exit closing door. Enter Von Hoist L. He turns on lights.) VoN Holst -- Did he go? Policeman -- Yes. VoN Holst -- Off with that coat. {Policeman takes off coat, so do the other policemen, who enter from doors R. and L. Von Hoist picks up telephone.) Hello, get me the chief of police. {Pause.) Thank you. Is this the chief of police? Good evening, your honor. This is Baron Von Hoist talking. Your men made a mistake. Oh, yes, I assure you. You wanted them to get John Stevenson for sure you. You wanted them to get John Stevenson for this Crandall affair, didn't you? Well, they arrested his secretary instead. It's true. If you want Stevenson, stay close to the Hague National Bank. I know. He'll go there to verify a certified check. Don't mention it. Good-bye. TERMS OF PEACE 75 (Hangs up receiver. {Enter Carin L.) Von Hoist does not see her. He addresses the policemen) -- Get ready for a jail delivery tomorrow morning. Policeman -- You want someone rescued, your honor? '"oN HoLST -- Yes. At no matter what cost, I want )'-ou to get John Stevenson over the border. Carin -- Thank you. Baron Von Hoist. Curtain End of Act II ACT III Scene -- Living room of an old chateau converted into a hospital near the front of a small neutral country that has been invaded. More than half of try that has been invaded. More than half of the rear wall has been shot away. Doors L. and R. Table center on zvhich are hospital supplies. The hangings and pictures show that the owner of the house was a person of taste. Through the opening in the rear is seen a garden in the Italian style. Soldiers and Red Cross nurses are seen at intervals going back and forth. DELPHINE and other women in Red Cross dresses are discovered at rise of curtain. A wounded soldier is being carried out. tain. A wounded soldier is being carried out. Delphine is bandaging eyes of a boy. A DOCTOR turns away from the boy's cot as though TOR turns away from the boy's cot as though he had just concluded an examination. Time -- Late afternoon, a few months after previous Act. Delphine -- It's the same story, doctor. {The boy on cot shows that he is paying attention.) Doctor -- Yes. Delphine -- No chance whatever? {Doctor shakes his head.) Boy {Rising on elbow) -- Well, why don't you answer, doctor? Is there no chance for me? Am I goins^ to be blind? {Pause.) Blind! Mother, I am blind. The eyes you kissed before I left home are of no use any more. I'll never see your face. I'll never be able to tell you the roses are blooming at the end of the garden walk. I'll never be able to see the roses. I'll never be able to see the day. It's going to be night always where I am. Always night. {To doctor, fiercely) -- Is it? Why don't you answer, doctor? Delphine -- Lie down, now. Boy -- Why should I lie down? Why should I do anything? Who cares for me? Who? The government that thing? Who cares for me? Who? The government that 78 TERMS OF PEACE took me away without asking me? The government that made treaties without asking me? The government that broke treaties without asking me ? And then stole the eyes that God gave me. Not all the treaties that were ever written or ever broken were worth my two eyes. Do you hear ? ten or ever broken were worth my two eyes. Do you hear ? Not all the treaties in the world. Doctor -- Take him away. (Enter CARIN L.) Carin (As stretcher hearers pick up cot with hoy) -Gently. He is so young. (To boy) I have written to your Gently. He is so young. (To boy) I have written to your mother. Boy (Clinging to her) -- Don't let them take me away from you. Your voice is like a prayer said at dusk. Keep me near you until my mother comes for me. Delpiiine -- Do let him stay. He won't be a bit in our way here. (Doctor shakes his head.) Boy (Turning tozvards doctor. After Pause) -- You don't answer. I'm headed for the scrap heap, eternal night clinging to my eyelashes. Do you hear me? Go tell the government officials what I think. Tell them I am blind and they can see, but that I can look into the future as far as they. Tell them I wished I had been born of the strong peoples that are trampling us under foot. Tell them that from the depth of darkness into which they have plunged me, I send up a prayer for the great dominating nation to swallow us at a gulp and put an end for all time to the bates born of differences of language. Tell them that the future holds only scorn for their betrayals and their littleness. Tell them that they are so small, history will dis- ness. Tell them that they are so small, history will dismiss them with a footnote -- just a footnote. (Exeunt miss them with a footnote -- just a footnote. (Exeunt stretcher hearers zvith hoy R. Delphine follozvs sympathetically.) thetically.) Carin {Looking after hoy) -- A boy. Suffering has made him a poet ; possibly a prophet. (Enter stretcher bearers zvith another zvounded man on cot.) Bearer -- That's all in this load, sir. (Sits on edge of cot.) I'm all in. Doctor-- How many altogether? Bearer -- Seventy-eight. More coming soon, though. I hear we've got to fall back again. Carin -- Not another retreat? TERMS OF PEACE 79 Doctor -- Our left wing's in danger. Bearer -- So's our center. The other fellows have the guns, the gas, the get-up and go. Say, what took us into this mix-up anyhow? We have nothing; they have everything. Doctor -- The enemy has eA^erything on their side but right. Bearer -- After their guns blow all our forts into kingdom come, they'll have all the right on their side they'll be dom come, they'll have all the right on their side they'll be able to use. It's that way. Make a gun big enough to blow a country off the map and you can make anything you want right. (Whirring of aeroplane is heard. The stretcher hearer runs rear and looks up.) Gee, that plane's hit. Look at it. {The doctor and Car in go rear and look up.) Carin -- The poor fellows ! They'll be killed ! Doctor -- Well played ! He got under the wind. That's volplaning for you. (The aeroplane glides to ground outside of the zuindozvs rear. STEVENSON is at the zvheel. side of the zuindozvs rear. STEVENSON is at the zvheel. Mannie is wounded. Stevenson affects the dialect of a French-Canadian, has a beard and. wears goggles.) Stevenson -- Lend one hand here, please. (Doctor and stretcher bearer go out and assist in carrying Mannie into room. Carin goes to table and prepares bandages.) Stretcher Bearer -- Pretty limp. But he'll pull through. Stevenson -- Pretty sure you been. How you can know? Bearer (Goes up) -- Oh, from the wav he hangs. I'm getting to be able to spot the guys that'll kick out before sundown as soon as I squint them. (Exit stretcher bearer rear.) Stevenson (Helping doctor) -- Quick, doctor. I'm afraid they've what you call, got him. Ah, Ma Belle, the nurse, you help heim? Carin (Advances to cot. Looks at Mannie in surprise) -- Mr. Mannie! (Looks closely at Stevenson.) Doctor -- You know him? Carin (Ignoring Stevenson' s signs to her)-- Yes. Doctor -- American ? 80 TERMS OF PEACE * Carin (As Stevenson places finger on lips, Carin hesitates) -- I first met him in Europe. tates) -- I first met him in Europe. Doctor -- Well, it doesn't look serious. Concussion mostly, I think. Stevenson -- Thank le Bon Dieu. A valuable man he is. Know each cloud and call him by name, just so quick. Say hello, there snow cap; ah there drizzle. Speak to the stars the same way. Laugh in the face of the bullets. But one get him, and he no laugh. You are sure, Monsieur le doctor, that he is not killed dead? tor, that he is not killed dead? Doctor -- Come back in an hour or so. He'll be able to talk to you. Stevenson -- Just so. I'll come and tell him that the big gun with the voice of le tonner it get the rea<:h of le diable, too. {Exit rear.) Bearer {Enters R.) -- -Chief wants you. Doc. {Exit.) Doctor -- Right. {To Carin) Force a drop or two of this between his teeth. Carin -- May I let him stay here a while? Doctor -- Well, being he's a countryman of yours, yes. Until we clear the place for the staff. You know the headquarters are going ta be located here. {Exit R. Enter quarters are going ta be located here. {Exit R. Enter Stevenson; takes off goggles.) Stevenson -- Carin ! Carin {She busies herself zvith Mannie and looks up only occasionally during the scene zvith Stevenson) -- What is it? Stevenson -- I heard you had joined this corps. Carin -- Well? Stevenson -- Dropped in to see you. Thought your antagonism for a certain self-made American millionaire tagonism for a certain self-made American millionaire would vanish with his millions. {Pause.) Would you like to hear that with the millions v/ent my reverence for the maker ? Carin -- I have no time to waste solving puzzles. Stevenson -- Come to think of it, poverty is a puzzle, and I'm as poor as a neutral country between tv;o belligerents. ligerents. TERMS OF PEACE 81 Carin -- What do you want to prove by that? Stevenson -- Oh, nothing, on]y I thought that it might make me more interesting. Carin -- Indeed? Stevenson -- Yes, indeed. Would you Hke some details about my factory being blown up by a good American with a dialect in his citizenship? Carin (Abruptly) -- It will be an easy matter to rebuild with the ten million dollars you received for that deathdealing torpedo. dealing torpedo. Stevenson (Sitting doivn)- -- Argument is the sincerest form of flattery. If I'd got that money you'd display as much curiosity as if I told you that I had rabbit stew for lunch. By the way, lunches are quite intermittent around here, aren't they? Rabbits are, too. Carin (Exasperated) -- You are very serious! Stevenson -- When I used to be a malefactor of great wealth and paid my rent in advance to prove it, I was serious enough. You showed it by keeping far away from ous enough. You showed it by keeping far away from me. Now I'm broke. Carin (With rising anger) -- Don't tell me you didn't sell your torpedo ! Stevenson -- It depends on what you call selling. Carin -- Selling is selling. The invaders are using that very torpedo to crush this helpless country. Over half our patients, soldiers and civilians alike, are victims of the liquid fire it lets loose. Just now a mere boy was taken away from here a raving maniac because it had burned his eyes out. Stevenson -- Liquid fire! That's the kindly, intellectual improvement made on my handiwork by the enemy. I contributed a dirigible torpedo, designed to carry dynamite tributed a dirigible torpedo, designed to carry dynamite against a fort or ship. That's war. They put in acids, gases, liquid fire and that's -- something else. Carin -- Anyhow, you took money for it. Stevenson (Pulls out blank piece of paper) -- Do you call that money? Carin (Looking at paper) -- It's blank. 82 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson -- That immaculate bit of paper was once an order on the Hague National Bank for ten million dollars in gold. Do you remember how I used to insist on gold ! Those good old times ! Anyhow, this called for the gold and I called for the gold. I yelled for it. Then the police came. I was arrested. Carin -- How did you escape? Stevenson -- Wait, one thing at a time. Do you know, there was an Oriental touch about that arrest. Sometimes I see the long, lean hand of Takahari in it. Do you think Von Plolst and Takahari went fifty-fifty on that torpedo? Carin -- I don't know anything about it. Stevenson -- I was just wondering. Anyhow, I had a brief but exciting introduction to a Dutch jail. Were you ever in a Dutch jail? Carin -- Acting on your advice, no. Stevenson -- Lucky for you. They're the worst ever. Carin -- Is that where you found Mr. Mannie? Stevenson -- Yes. By the way, he sent his regards to you as soon as he saw me. It was Mannie that convinced me I was going to be railroaded. He had studied the mass of evidence Soblov had accumulated against me. With the war on and everybody's sense of justice cut on the bias, do you blame me for accepting Von Hoist's help and getting away in a sort of informal manner? ting away in a sort of informal manner? Carin-- Why didn't you go home? Stevenson -- Home? I'm a celebrated case! I couldn't move without being discovered. Everything's dead set against me. Why, when it comes to a frame-up we in America are mere amateurs compared with these highly civilized Europeans that are giving each other the gas route. Look at that as just a little bit of an indication. {Holds out the blank check.) Everything, even the printing, faded out in twenty-four hours. Then think of Von ing, faded out in twenty-four hours. Then think of Von Hoist giving the police the tip they'll get me at the bank, and, on the heels of that, organizing a rescue party with a little trip over the border. Why, all the time I was one of the predatory rich, I never suspected that life was such a joke. TERMS OF PEACE 83 Carin -- I'm glad you find it funny. SiTEVENSON -- Who said anything about it being funny? It's a joke. J-O-K-E. (Enter bearer R.) Bearer (To Carin) -- Chief wants you. Carin (Ta bearer) -- I'll be right in. (Exit bearer R. Stevenson folds up check.) No doubt you'll be able to get some chemical to revive the ink on that check. I know your fingers must itch to count those ten million ... in gold. (Exit R.) Stevenson -- Itch! Well, do they! (He puts on goggles. Goes up. Enter SOBLOV and COMMANDANT gles. Goes up. Enter SOBLOV and COMMANDANT rear. Stevenson steps back, salutes and goes rear.) SoBLOv (Thoughtfully) -- Pardon me, my friend. I seem to have met you before. Stevenson (Coming doivn and effusively shaking hands with Soblov) -- Jean Baptist Moreau has the fine honor to know you, monsieur? Good. Maybe I see you when habitant in Canada, I not can say. itant in Canada, I not can say. Soblov (To Commandant) -- What branch of the service is he in? Stevenson (Deliberately takes off goggles) -- Ah, monsieur, over there, I learn the what you call, to fly. With sieur, over there, I learn the what you call, to fly. With all my money I buy one aeroplane. When the war come, I give my aeroplane. Commandant -- He is our most valued air scout. Stevenson (To Soblov) -- Think, monsieur, I won this, the medal of le merit. (Shoivs medal.) And this. (Shoivs shoulder straps under his cloak.) Soblov (Looking at shoulder straps) -- An officer! Commandant -- He's division commander of our air forces. Came up from the line. Stevenson -- My wings are there (Indicating plane rear.) Much wounded. Very much wounded. There is him also, my comrade of the aeroplane, also much wounded. Just now, I bring him here. Soblov -- I'm very glad you did. It gave me a chance to meet you. I always like to shake hands with a brave man. 84 TERMS OF PEACE Stevenson {They shake hands) -- Merci, monsieur. Brave men are brothers. I know monsieur is brave. {Exit Stevenson rear after salute.) .SoBLOV {Looking after Jiim) -- I was mistaken. Mannie {Moves on cot as if in pain) -- Water. For God's sake, water. {Soblov starts at the sound of the voice. Mannie gets up on his elbow. Soblov watches him.) Commandant -- Here -- {Pours out zvater from pitcher to tin cup) my poor fellow. wSoBLOV {With suggestion of sneer) -- Just a moment. {Taking cup from commandant.) I wish the honor of serving one who serves his country. {He gives Mannie the cup; Mannie is about to drink when his eyes meet Soblov's. He stops.) Soblov -- Why don't you drink? Mai<!nie .{Sinking back on cot) -- Soblov! Soblov {With meaning, to Commandant) -- I told you we'd get the other one also. There he is. Mannie {Half rising) -- You have him? Soblov -- Of course we have him. He flew with you on that aeroplane right into my arms. Mannie {Turning aivay) -- That's tough luck. Soblov {To Commandant) -- My first suspicion was the correct one. Jean Baptist Moreau, habitant of Canada, is John Stevenson, wanted in Holland for murder. Get him! Mannie {Half rising) -- Get him! You haven't got him yet? SoBLOV -- Not yet. We were not sure of our man until you convinced us. Mannie -- You put something over on me, didn't you? You haven't him. Well, you won't get him. He's not here. Commandant, don't listen to him. Stevenson's not here. SoBLOV (7^0 Commandant)-- Art you going to arrest him or not? Commandant -- Moreau is a valuable officer. We have no time just now for investigation of anyone's past history. TERMS OF PEACE 85 Mannie -- Don't forget, Commandant, Moreaii saved your anTi)^ He has been in the thick of it from the start and never hedged once. Don't insult him by Hstening to this fellow's chatter. SoBLOV {To Commandant, zuith dignity) -- I am a representative within your lines of your country's ally. I make sentative within your lines of your country's ally. I make the formal charge against Jean Baptist Moreau that he is John Stevenson, murderer and spy. Mannie -- Spy! (He sinks back on the cot insensible.) Commandant -- That's a serious charge. Prince Soblov, you bring against one of our bravest and most efficient officers. I warn you that I personally bear somewhat the ficers. I warn you that I personally bear somewhat the relation of a patron of his. Where possible I shall stretch a point in his favor. {Exit rear. Enter Officer L. He looks at Soblov then advances sloivly to table and pulls out small book of cigarette papers. Leans against table as he rolls cigarette. Soblov zvatches him.) Officer -- You smoke, monsieur? Soblov {Calmly looks at officer, then takes out cigarette case) -- Why, yes. Officer -- Bien. Would you like to try one of my cigarettes ? arettes ? Soblov -- With pleasure. (Takes cigarette papers and tobacco. Starts to take out paper.) Officer -- Pardon, monsieur, is he asleep? (Indicating Mannie.) SoBLOV -- Sound. He may even be dead. Officer -- Very well, take the paper from the end. (Turns book of papers around. Soblov glances at papers and starts.) Soblov -- You are ? Officer (Glancing around) -- Sh ! All the data you need is written there. (Indicating cigarette papers.) Soblov (Looking at papers) -- The retreat is ordered? Officer -- Within ten minutes this chateau will be converted from a hospital to the staff headquarters. The range verted from a hospital to the staff headquarters. The range of this spot from hill 65 (Turns one of the cigarette papers over) of map 7X is here. 86 TERMS OF PEACE SoBLOV -- Where are the reinforcements for the right wing? {Indicating cigarette papers and glancing off.) Officer -- Everything is there. Quick, someone is coming. (Soblov puts cigarette papers in his pocket with tobacco. The officer goes to Mannie and bends over him. Enter Carin R.) Soblov {Indicating Mannie) -- Yes, he lost consciousness on hearing some bad news. Op;ficer -- He'll be all right now. {E.vit rear.) Carin {Stops as she is crossing to cot) -- Prince Soblov! {She shozvs anxiety about Stevenson by looking off rear and watching Soblov while she talks.) Soblov {Turns to her) -- Miss Meredith! Carin! {Carin leans over Mannie and administers medicine.) Carin -- I didn't think you were within a thousand miles of here. Soblov -- Pd never be content to stay a thousand miles from any place you might be. Carin -- Even war can't interfere with your old habit. Soblov {With touch of warmth)^Oi speaking the truth. Wherever you are, there my heart is. Carin -- And I was once inclined to think modern war the most awful thing in the world. Soblov -- What do you think is ? Carin -- Speeches like yours. Soblov {In decidedly hurt tone) -- You do not take what I say seriously. Carin {Looks off rear anxiously) -- Do you want me to think the awfulness even more awful? Soblov -- Listen, Carin. Carin {Coming to him)-- Miss Meredith, if you please, Prince Soblov. Soblov {Passionately) -- No, it is Carin to me. Always Carin. When I learned where you had gone, I set the machinery in motion to get a commission to visit this front. chinery in motion to get a commission to visit this front. It was to see you that I pulled the wool over the eyes of my government. TERMS OF PEACE 87 Carin -- Pulling the wool over the eyes of your government seems to be your favorite amusement. ment seems to be your favorite amusement. SoBLOV (Shozving annoyance) -- I don't seem to make myself clear, self clear, Carin -- As clear as a Prince of the House of Soblov and an ardent lover of universal peace at the point of gun need make himself. Soblov -- You are inclined to be satirical. Carin -- You are inclined to be forgetful. Do you recall the night Mr. Crandall was killed he was on his way to lay before your Imperial Master proofs you had betrayed him into the hands of the party of blood and ruin? Soblov (Astonished) -- Proofs I had betrayed my Czar? (She nods.) This is the first time I have ever heard of it. Carin (Nonplussed) -- Why, he told me that he had forced you to sign your resignation from the Peace Conference. ference. SoBLOv -- He told you that? Did you see the resignation? (She shakes her head.) Can it be the old fellow was out of his mind? The ideal you made sacred to me in Washington, I held against every temptation. Before I met you, ington, I held against every temptation. Before I met you, I was an open and avowed advocate of war, you remember. Carin (She gives Mannie medicine) -- I do. Soblov -- More than that, I was a member of THE STATE. Carin -- The silent government. SoBLOv (Craftily) -- The real governing power of the world, the military league. When you won me to the side of peace, I turned against that organization. In doing so, I made enemies -- implacable enemies, v/ho would not hesitate to furnish Mr. Crandall or anyone else proofs of all tate to furnish Mr. Crandall or anyone else proofs of all sorts to destroy me. Carin (Donbtfully) -- It may be so. SoBLOV -- It is so. At this r )y I denounced, a confirmed i Carin (Anxiously) -- Here? SoBLOV -- It is so. At this moment they are arresting a spy I denounced, a confirmed militarist. 88 TERMS OF PEACE SoBLOV {Looking off L.) -- I think they have him out there. Carin {Goes tozvard L.) -- Where? I'll go see. {Exit L. Enter Stevenson rear hetzveen two soldiers. The Commandant follows. Mannie regains consciousness slowly.) mandant follows. Mannie regains consciousness slowly.) Stevenson -- But I do not understand, mon commandant. I go but a few paces, then, presto, I am asked to return under guard. SoBLOV- -- You are under arrest. Stevenson {Addressing Commandant) -- Ah, then I have done something not amiable, mon commandant. {Mannie half rises.) SoBLOv -- Yes, Mr. John Stevenson, you have done something decidedly unamiable. thing decidedly unamiable. Stevenson -- Pardon me, 3^ou are evidently laboring under a misapprehension, monsieur. You called me by a name v/ith which I am unfamiliar. SoBLOV -- Indeed. Well, you'll be quite familiar with it before we are done with you. {To Mannie) Here you, tell your commandant that this is John Stevenson. Mannie {Craftily) -- Well, suppose I tell him, what are you going to pay me for it? If I lie for you, I want something worth while. thing worth while. SoBLOV -- I expected something like that from 3'ou. However, I have a witness. Get my man Pascual. He is at the ever, I have a witness. Get my man Pascual. He is at the automobile out there. Commandant {To soldier) -- Bring him here. {Exit soldier rear. Enter Carin L.) SoBLOV {To Carin) -- You recognize this man? {Carin looks at Stevenson.) Well, well, is he not John Stevenson, inventor of the torpedo that's killing off all the commandant's soldiers. ant's soldiers. CoMMANDANT^ -- Say ycs or no, is he Stevenson? {Carin looks front Stevenson to the Commandant, then to Sohlov.) Stevenson -- Stevenson is my name, Commandant. {Mannie falls hack on cot.) nie falls hack on cot.) Mannie -- Wouldn't that explode a gas bomb? TERMS OF PEACE 89 Stevenson -- Permit me, my Commandant. Before receiving this medal of merit from the hands of the Com- ceiving this medal of merit from the hands of the Commander-in-Chief, I took him into my confidence about my mander-in-Chief, I took him into my confidence about my true name. Commandant -- And about this charge of murder against vou Stevenson -- Yes. He assured me that I should get a hearing on the charge anywhere and at any time I desired if it came up while I was in the service. Carin -- I wish to give my testimony at his trial. SoBLOV -- The trial of a spy is a mere formality. Commandant {Severely) -- Whatever this man is, he is not a spy; I told j^ou at the outset I would stretch every point to serve him. The Commander-in-Chief wishes it. We know how faithful he has been. SoBLOV -- Those who would betray, first win confidence. Stevenson -- He's well acquainted with that system. Trained by the ochrana of Ploly Russia, the Black Hundred, agents provocator, manipulators of every form of underhand political crime, he should be. {Sohlov registers this hand political crime, he should be. {Sohlov registers this insult.) Carin {To Commandant) -- Mr. Stevenson is an American, he is also my friend. I pledge my honor he is not a spy. can, he is also my friend. I pledge my honor he is not a spy. Stevenson- -- Thank you, Carin. It is worth while being under suspicion to hear you say that. SoBLOV {To Commandant, zvith touch of asperity)-- It is no longer suspicion. You killed Crandall. Stevenson {To Commandant) -- May I presume on the promise of our Commander-in-Chief to demand from you an official investigation of that charge at once? Commandant -- As an officer you are entitled to it. Under my personal direction I grant you immediate and unlimited opportunity to sift it to the bottom. Stevenson -- That's all I want. SoBLOV {Hotly) -- But that's not the charge at present. Holland will press that one. Stevenson -- Ah, you are changing your indictment. Do you know why you don't press the killing of Crandall to the issue here now? You are afraid. {Sohlov falls hack a step. He shows that he is affected.) 90 TERMS OF PEACE Carin -- Are you afraid, Prince Soblov ? Mannie -- Look at him. He is. Soblov {Recovering quickly) -- Why should I fear? Stevenson -- You know better than any of us why you should fear, Prince Soblov. Soblov {Recovering and turning, smiling, to Commandant) -- Very subtle, these Americans. He merely suggests ant) -- Very subtle, these Americans. He merely suggests the old trick of the counter accusation. The more clumsy follow the historic precedent of Potiphar's wife, and make a blunt charge. Carin -- But there was no counter accusation. He didn't say you had anything to do with Mr. Crandall's death. Stevenson -- His guilty conscience said it for him. {To Commandant) I call your attention to that, sir. {Saluting.) Commandant -- I have been observing. Evidently there is something beneath it all. Soblov -- You are right, Commandant. There is much beneath it. There is an attempt to sway you from a consideration of the facts that prove he is a spy in the pay of sideration of the facts that prove he is a spy in the pay of the enemy. {To Stevenson) Deny that you received ten million dollars for the torpedo that is shattering the ranks of this little army. Carin {Hotly)-- I deny it. {Stevenson looks gratefully at her.) Soblov -- You! Carin {Defiantly) -- I know it is not true. He didn't get a dollar for it. Commandant -- Enough officers are here. {Indicating room L.) We'll get down to business at once. {To soldiers) Bring the prisoner. {Exeunt Soblov, Stevenson, Commandant and soldiers. Enter other soldiers and orderly with ant and soldiers. Enter other soldiers and orderly with PASCUAL rear.) Carin -- Pascual ! Pascual -- Ah, your highborn highness, is it not terrible, this war? Mannie {Seeing Pascvial) -- A drink. Quick! {Carin gives Mannie a drink. Pascual is taken off L. by soldiers. TERMS OF PEACE 91 Mdnnie glances around and sees that Pascual has gone. He then throzvs the water out of the tin cup.) Where's Pascual? Carin -- Do you want him? Mannie -- No. Here take this. {Gives her tin cup.) Hide it. Get close to him. Every chance you have, do this. (He takes cup from her and taps it.) Listen. One, two, three ; one, two ; one. Now one, two, three, four. Then back to the first, skip the next two and do the fourth, then one. Repeat that one three times -- like this. (He taps the tin cup again through the formula. He falls back on the cot.) Carin -- What is it? Mannie -- The Siberian code. Pascual's afraid of it. Don't miss a chance to put him up against it. Sh! {Enter Pascual with soldier L.) Pascual -- I am to wait here, your highness. Carin -- What are they doing? {Goes to door L. and looks off.) The court is sitting. Now they are getting Prince Soblov's story. Pascual {At door L.) -- The prince accuses the honorable American, Mr. Stevenson. able American, Mr. Stevenson. Carin {As if talking off) -- No, no, you are wrong. He did not sell the torpedo. They stole it from him. No, it was before war had been declared -- days before it was declared on this country. clared on this country. Mannie {Calling) -- Miss Meredith! Carin-- Yes. {She comes to Mannie.) Mannie -- Did you forget? Carin -- What ? Mannie -- ^The Siberian code. (// grozvs gradually darker. ) Pascual {Looking off and taking up story where Carin has left off) -- Mr. Stevenson is now talking. Ah, they tricked the honorable American with disappearing ink. How unfortunate! See he has the blank check. How sad! But he laughs, my God! He laughs at the loss of ten million dollars. Twenty million rubles ! The brave commandant does not seem to care about that. He wants to know of -of the murder. {Carin has gone near Pascual and taps the of the murder. {Carin has gone near Pascual and taps the cup.) 92 TERMS OF PEACE Mannie -- The murder of Mr. Crandall, Pascual! The murder that haunts your soul night and day. (Adopting the deeper tone of Mr. Crandall.) I return to bring the judgment of God unto him that kills his fellow man. He shall ment of God unto him that kills his fellow man. He shall be as a weed that rots in the garden of life. Pascual {Backing into corner in fear and trembling) -My God, it's there -- there! {Enter Sohlov L. zvith tivo My God, it's there -- there! {Enter Sohlov L. zvith tivo soldiers. Carin comes dozvn to Mannie.) SoBLOV {To Pascual) -- ^They want you next. Come. {Carin taps cup.) Pascual {With touch of mysticism) -- I heard it; it follows me. Listen. lows me. Listen. SoBLOv {In Russian) -- Shut up, fool. Mannie {In same tone as before)-- The Lowly Nazarene has conquered Avhere the battalions of the marshals have failed. I charge you wear this message in your heart. Pascual -- There ! There ! Don't you hear the voice ? SoBLOv {Placing arm through Pascual's and leading him out) -- You are delaying the court. {In Russian) Tell your story. Be careful. {Exeunt Pascual, Soblov and soldiers.) Mannie {To Carin) -- Keep it up. For God's sake, keep it up. We've got him going. {Enter Delphine R. Mannie snafches cup from Carin and signals.) Here you, go in there and tap that. This way. Listen. One, two, three; one, two. Now one, two, three, four. Delphine {With astonishment, going to Mannie) -- You? Here? {Carin has gone up and looks off L.) Mannie {To Delphine) -- Go in. Go in. Delphine -- Wait a minute. Let me say hello. Mannie -- We've got no time for that. Get busy. Stick close to Pascual. {To Carin) What are they doing now? Carin {As Delphine goes up and looks off) -- Pascual's beginning. Lie's trembling all over. Mannie {To Delphine ivho goes up and stands by Carin) What are you doing there? Why don't you go in? Tap it close to Pascual. Quietly. Don't let him see you. Don't let Soblov see you. Well, why don't you do it? {Impatiently.) patiently.) TERMS OF PEACE 93 Delphine -- My, if you do that now, what'll it be when we're married! (Exit L.) Mannie {To Carin) -- What is he saying? Carin -- He's telhng all about the night of the murder. Mannie -- When he's through go in and get the commandant to ask him where he got the mud on his boots. Get him ant to ask him where he got the mud on his boots. Get him to ask why he crawled through the window. Ming saw him. He told me. I'll get Ming to testify if it comes to a regular trial. lar trial. Carin -- God, he says he saw John shoot Mr. Crandall. Listen, the Commandant is making him repeat it. Mannie (To soldiers) -- Drag me up to that door. It's life and death. Carin (To soldiers) -- Carry him up here. (The soldiers guarding the door enter and take Mannie in cot to diers guarding the door enter and take Mannie in cot to door L.) Mannie -- That's enough. Right there. I see Pascual now. Carin (As if talking off. Propping Mannie up ivith pillozvs) -- Do you hear? He's giving the details. Listen : Fol- lozvs) -- Do you hear? He's giving the details. Listen : Followed Mr. Crandall and Mr. Stevenson into the garden, lowed Mr. Crandall and Mr. Stevenson into the garden, heard the argument. It was about -- about me. Mr. Crandall never said that. Not a word of it. Oh, and Mr. Stev- dall never said that. Not a word of it. Oh, and Mr. Stevenson threatened him, if he married me. God, to put such enson threatened him, if he married me. God, to put such a sin on his shoulders. Now listen ! He saw Crandall push Stevenson back. Ordered him away. Then out came the revolver. Just one shot was fired. Stevenson dropped the revolver and ran. I'll prove that he lies. (Is about to go off L.) Mannie -- Wait. Wait. There's something I forgot. My head's in a muddle. (He gets out of the cot and staggers to his feet.) Carin (Coming to him) -- Get back into bed. Mannie -- No, just a minute. (He opens his shirt and pidls out copy of Soblov's resignation. Gives it to Carin.) Carin -- What is it? AIannie (Sinking on the cot) -- The resignation. Soblov's. lov's. 94 TERMS OF PEACE Carin -- Where did you get this ? Mannie -- It's a photographic copy. Made it through a sheet of carbon we found in Crandall's desk. Carin {With horror as she reads)-- Yit did resign! The date is the same. It's his signature ! He did it. Mannie -- No, no. Pascual did the shooting. Don't forget. Carin -- But Soblov placed his finger on the trigger. {Exit Carin L.) Mannie -- Give him the code. {Falling on his knees beside cot facing door L.) That's right. Now he's cring- side cot facing door L.) That's right. Now he's cringing. Spring the resignation. Spring it! Why don't you ing. Spring the resignation. Spring it! Why don't you make Pascual identify it? Why don't you? Ah, Commandant, you're doing the good work. Don't shrink away, mandant, you're doing the good work. Don't shrink away, Pascual. It will do you no good. Yes, just as you say, the devil always leaves a hoof print. Watch out, Stevenson -{He screams) Soblov's going for it. Too late. He's torn it. {He screams) Soblov's going for it. Too late. He's torn it. Now he's tramping on it. That's right, my soldier boy. Give him another. Give it to him good. The code, Delphine, the code for Pascual. He'll break down sure. He'll confess. He's on his knees. Ah, what did I tell you? It's all fess. He's on his knees. Ah, what did I tell you? It's all over but the shouting. Huh ! Look out, Stevenson, Soblov's got a gun. It's all off. {Shot is fired.) He's killed lov's got a gun. It's all off. {Shot is fired.) He's killed Pascual. {Mannie sinks on cot. Struggle sounds off. Enter Delphine running L.) Delphine {Shozving fear. To soldiers as she shields Mannie from possible attack) -- Quick ! Save him. {Indicates Mannie.) Carry him in here. {Exeunt Delphine and soldiers carrying Mannie R. Soblov comes in, revolver in hand, diers carrying Mannie R. Soblov comes in, revolver in hand, struggling with soldiers, rvho disarm him. Enter Commandant, officers and soldiers L.) ant, officers and soldiers L.) Commandant-- Search him. {Soldiers search Soblov.) Soblov -- Permit me to retain my cigarettes? Commandant {To soldiers) -- Give them back. {Soldiers return cigarette papers and tobacco.) Soblov -- Thank you. {Enter soldiers with Pascual on stretcher, follozved by Carin and Stevenson.) Pascual {As he passes Soblov) -- Say you forgive me, my prince. {To Conimandajit) I did it. I killed Mr. CranTERMS OF PEACE 95 TERMS OF PEACE 95 dall in the garden, all alone. I waited for him. He had insulted me. That's the truth. It is all my fault. SoBLOV -- In my country dogs are not permitted to die in the presence of their masters. {The Commandant makes sign to soldiers to carry Pascual off R.) Pascual -- Just a word from you, my prince. SoBLOv -- I have a word for you. ( TJic soldiers stop near door R.) Pascual -- Say it. Say it. SoBLOV (Speaking in Russian) -- It will give great comfort to you. Hell awaits the soul of every fool. (Pascual fort to you. Hell awaits the soul of every fool. (Pascual gives a despairing cry as he is carried out R.) Stevenson (To Commandant) -- What are the formalities of transferring the charge of killing Mr. Crandall from ties of transferring the charge of killing Mr. Crandall from my shoulders to his? (Indicating Sohlov.) SoBLOv (Rolling cigarette) -- That matter is trite, I assure you, Mr. Stevenson. Monsieur, the Commandant, and I are quite en rapport on the important issue. Commandant -- The shooting of a witness before a military tribunal. tary tribunal. SoBLOV (To Stevenson) -- See, I told you. That is immediate death. (To Commandant) Not even the fact that mediate death. (To Commandant) Not even the fact that I am a representative of a great ally could persuade you into any other interpretation of the military code. I have two requests to make before I am stood against the wall. First, may I smoke a, few cigarettes ? Commandant -- You may. SoBLOV (Lighting cigarette) -- Thank you. Next, permit Miss Meredith to take possession of my personal effects that are in the automobile. Carin -- You can hardly expect me to consider your secrets inviolate? crets inviolate? SoBLOV -- Secrets ! All my secrets, my dear Miss Meredith, have gone up in smoke. (He tosses cigarette aivay as dith, have gone up in smoke. (He tosses cigarette aivay as if it had bad taste and grinds it under his heel.) May I light another? (Takes out tobacco and book of cigarette papers and rolls and lights cigarette.) Commandant -- Yes. 96 TERMS OF PEACE SoBLOV -- Thank you. {To Carin. Stevenson watches Sohlov suspiciously.) You may find a few records of my earlier indiscretions written in my journal -- a list of my debts, those annoying obligations that death cancels. Commandant -- Nothing else? SoBLOV -- My indiscretions are longer than my memory of them. Let me see, I made a few notes as a result of my observations. Somehow I think I M^rote down the arguments of the militarists. ments of the militarists. Carin -- Being one. SoBLOV (With calm insolence as he smokes) -- The good bourgeois munition m^anufacturer, Stevenson, will no doubt agree with you. Stevenson (To Soblov) -- Look here, you're stalling for some reason or other. SoBLOV -- Stalling! What a delicious colloquialism. {To Commandant) He means playing for time, Commandant, as if time were a factor with me now. {Lights another cigarette.) Pardon me, smoking makes me eloquent. I just wish ette.) Pardon me, smoking makes me eloquent. I just wish to anticipate a few things you will find in my journal, Miss Meredith. Carin -- Why not let me read them for m)'self ? SoBLOv -- Then the great lesson would be lost on our good bourgeois munition maker, Stevenson. {To Stevenson) After giving a very valuable instrument of destruction into the hands of the militarists, you line up on the side of democracy. Li that you are consistent. From your delightful mocracy. Li that you are consistent. From your delightful self-governing, peace-loving nation have come the great inventions of modern war: machine gun, aeroplane, submarine. Militarism is making good use of them to throttle marine. Militarism is making good use of them to throttle a few upstart democracies. Don't forget this, Stevenson. {He lights another cigarette.) The very knife that is cutting the throat of democracy was sharpened in the work- ting the throat of democracy was sharpened in the workshop of constitutional government. And it will always be shop of constitutional government. And it will always be so. Fighting in this war on the side of militarism and the divine right of kings to rule, are some of the staunchest enemies of royalty. They are hoodwinked. The keener intellect governs now -- it will govern in the future. In addition to its own inventions, which remain a secret, militarism tion to its own inventions, which remain a secret, militarism goes forth and purchases from the self-governing enemy the very weapon it will use to destroy the advocates of selfTERMS OF PEACE 97 TERMS OF PEACE 97 government. And your councils are always open ; the councils of the militarists are closed. Democracy may not use cils of the militarists are closed. Democracy may not use spies because it cannot, in the nature of things, know whom to trust. As for the militarists, they have spies in every democratic war congress -- in every democratic peace congress. They have spies everywhere. gress. They have spies everywhere. Stevenson (Grabbing Soblov's hands) -- Yes, and right here, too. Quick, the cigarettes. {Commandant and soldiers take Soblov's cigarettes away.) diers take Soblov's cigarettes away.) Commandant {Looking over cigarette papers) -- My God, we are betrayed ! SoBLOV -- That illustrates what I mean. Turn where you may, the enemies of your hypocritical, selfish, unidealistic self-government are constantly on guard to do their duty. Your America is full of them, as you will learn when the time comes for militarism to strike. {Exeunt Sohlov, Com^ mandant and soldiers.) Carin -- I believe him. It's fearful. Stevenson -- It is a world-wide conflict of ideas. Terms of peace can never be considered until one idea or the other prevails. Thank God, I am on the right side -- with you. Carin {Takes his hand) -- ^Thank God, you are, John, at last. We'll go home and warn every American of the danger that threatens. Curtain End of Act III WILD OATS WILD OATS CHARACTERS Doctor Belden Lover of his fellozvman Mrs. Belden His zvife Rannock His eldest son Sewell His younger son Freeman # A visionary Gertie His daughter Presser A detective Millicent A girl of the period A Servant. One set of scenery is used during entire action of play. Time -- Present. Place -- Neiv York City. ACT I Scene -- Interior of living room in Dr. Belden s home, Stuyvesant Sq., New York. vesant Sq., New York. The room is zvell furnished. Door R. leads to the Doctor's consultation rooms. Door L. leads to interior of house. There is a zvindozv, on angle in upper corner of L., also door rear zvith an alcove L. Sezvell is discovered looking off R. He steps hack of door as Gertie enters. He is about tzventy-one, impidsive and headstrong. Gertie is about eighteen. He shuts door strong. Gertie is about eighteen. He shuts door after Gertie passes through. She is dressed as a nurse. Sewell {Stands at door) -- Well, Gertie? Gertie (In non-committal tone) -- Well? 102 WILD OATS Sewell -- You don't seem glad to see me. Gertie (Going to bookshelf and taking down a volume. She speaks indifferently) -- It's only an hour since you made me say the same thing. Sewell (Goes to her) -- We're down to cases. I never thought Fd be strong for elopements. Gertie (Opening book at table, center) -- Agronomy -agronomy -- where is it -- Ag-agra -- (She runs dozvn page agronomy -- where is it -- Ag-agra -- (She runs dozvn page tvith her finger.) Sewell (Covering book ivith hand)-- The Mater's coming home today. Hear that? ing home today. Hear that? Gertie -- It sounds good to hear that. You're at least afraid of your mother. Sewell -- She's only my step-mother and she's a wonder. Finds out what you want to do, then makes you do something different. Will you beat it with me before she comes? thing different. Will you beat it with me before she comes? Gertie (Again interested in book and indifferent to him) --No. Sewell -- Gee, how you must hate men. Gertie (Turning page) -- Suppose I do. Sewell -- I know why -- One of them tricked you before you came here. (Gertie registers this.) Gertie (Recovering) -- How you go on! Sewell -- Why don't you tell me who it was. I'll punch his head for him. Gertie -- I believe you would. Sewell (Goes close to her) -- Try me. Who was it? Gertie -- There wasn't anybody. Sewell -- Then you just don't care for me. That's it? Gertie (Busy xvith book) -- Agronomy -- Ah, here it is. Sewell (Covers book with Ms hand) -- I know. You think I can't get on. You think because I haven't any money, you'd have a tough time of it if you married me. GeIrtie -- Why don't you say it's because you drink. You always put that in to help you over your self-pity mood. WILD OATS 103 Sewell -- I'll show you. I'll cut the booze, you'll see. I'll get a stake, too. Then I'll take you away. You'll go, won't you. (Enter Mrs. Belden rear with MilHcent, and servant carrying wraps, etc. Mrs. Belden is a zvell-dressed, well-preserved zvoman of about forty-two or three. MilHcent is tzvcnty odd, a zvell-dressed, vacuous, lisping girl of cent is tzvcnty odd, a zvell-dressed, vacuous, lisping girl of the period.) "Why, Mater {Goes to Mrs. Belden), and MilHcent. How are you? {Gertie goes R.) Hcent. How are you? {Gertie goes R.) Mrs. Belden {To Gertie) -- Kindly tell Doctor Belden that Mrs. Belden is here. Gertie -- Yes, ma'am. MiLLiCENT -- Awfully pretty nurse girl, isn't she? Sewell -- Yes. We grov/ them that way at our place. Mrs. Belden -- Who is she? {Enter Doctor Belden R. He is a kindly, tolerant student of abnormal psychology with #unbounded faith in the latent good in everyone he meets. His age is abo%it fifty-four or five.) Doctor -- You did come, my dear. {Kisses zvife.) Mrs. Belden -- Just thought I'd surprise you. Brought Millicent along -Sewell -- To surprise Rannock -- or do you think you Sewell -- To surprise Rannock -- or do you think you want to engage her to me? Millicent -- Sewell ! Doctor {To Millicent, laughingly) -- There's the family skeleton on public view ! Mrs. Belden wants to see everybody married to everybody else just as soon as they're able body married to everybody else just as soon as they're able to repeat the marriage service from memory. Sewell -- I've been converted to Mater's vievv^ of matrimony. mony. Millicent -- Aw, Sewell, who's the girl? Mrs. BeldexN -- Yes, who is it? Sewell -- That's the way, you think a fellow can't change his mind unless a skirt's at the bottom of it. Millicent -- Aw, go on. Who is it ? Doctor -- I'm sure there's no one. I'd not approve of Sewell marrying until he is established in some business or profession. 104 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden {To Sewell) -- You've got to learn the trick of earning money as well as spending it. Sewell -- If I ever do it'll be some trick. I'm a joyous little spender. Doctor -- The young men of your period seem to boast of strange accomplishments -- and with a young woman present. MiLLiCENT -- Oh, don't mind me. I'm used to it. Sewell -- That would be a waste of time -- Millicent favors a cash register tone of voice. Doctor -- This is too serious a matter to be dismissed with a factitious phrase. Sewell^ -- I'm in line for a serious consideration of it. Millicent {Going L.) -- Now I know there's a girl. {To Mrs. Belden) It'll be my old room? Mrs. Belden {Going with her to door) -- Yes -- I know it's ready for you. Millicent {To Mrs. Belden) -- Don't trouble coming up. Your voice will be needed in the family council. Try and save Sewell. It would be a pity to let marriage spoil him. {Exit L.) Sewell {To Doctor) -- I'm going to marry and I want all the money you're ever going to let me have. Mrs. Belden -- Who is the girl ? Sewell {To Doctor) -- You're going to let me have some money, dad -- I'll pay it back. Doctor -- If you are going to marry, you must get your own money. Mrs. Belden -- Who is the girl ? Sewell -- Never mind that. {To Doctor) I've got to get a start. This is the first honest-to-God time I ever felt this way. I can't marry her unless I can make a living for her. I can't learn to make a living unless I have capital -- Will you let me have it ? Doctor -- Why don't you answer ? Who is the girl ? Sewell -- If I tell you, will you give me a start? WILD OATS 105 Doctor -- You can't impose conditions. Mrs. Belden -- You're going to marry someone we'll be ashamed of. Sewell -- I won't be ashamed of her -- that's what counts. Now I'm asking for money because I know my own mother left some to Rannock and me. I want my share. {To Mrs. Belden) Those jewels you wear belonged to her before she died. I'm entitled to my share of them. When I get all that's coming to me, I won't need to ask anybody's permission to marry. {Enter Gertie R.) sion to marry. {Enter Gertie R.) Gertie {To Doctor) -- They have brought Mr. Van Doran. Doctor -- Thank you -- I'll be right in. {Mrs. Beldenhas been ivatching Sewell since Gertie entered. Gertie is has been ivatching Sewell since Gertie entered. Gertie is about to go out.) Mrs. Belden {To Gertie) -- Wait. {To Doctor) I presume this is your new assistant? sume this is your new assistant? Doctor {To Mrs. Belden) -- Yes. {To Gertie) Gertrude, this is Mrs. Belden. Gertie -- Very glad to meet you, Mrs. Belden. {Mrs. B. makes but slight acknozvledgment of the introduction.) Mrs. Belden {Curtly to Gertie) -- You have had considerable experience in a sanatorium, Gertrude? erable experience in a sanatorium, Gertrude? Doctor -- Her value is far beyond the limits of her experience. She has the surest hand I know for one so young. perience. She has the surest hand I know for one so young. Sewell {Significantly zuatching Mrs. Belden) -- Of course her youth is against her. Mater? Doctor -- It's in her favor, I assure you. Mrs, Belden {To Gertie) -- You came to the doctor well recommended, of course. {Gertie looks at the Doctor. The Doctor looks from Gertie to Sewell.) Sewell -- The best sort of recommendations. Mrs. Belden {To Gertie) -- Your family live in the city? Gertie -- No -- not at present. Mrs. Belden -- They used to live here? Gertie -- Well -- no -- I am from New England. Sewell -- She comes from near Boston. 106 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- I am Avell acquainted in Boston. Who knows you there ? Gertie -- I don't know. Sewell -- She left when she was younger than she is now. Mrs. Belden -- Then where did you go ? And when ? Gertie -- Dr. Belden will tell you all about it. (Exit R.) Mrs. Belden (To Doctor) -- I knew that just as soon as I turned my back, you'd be picking up some undesirable. Sewell -- I think she is very desirable. Doctor -- So do I. She's a positive discovery. Mrs. Belden -- All your experiments of the past were positive discoveries -- at first. Doctor -- She is different, my dear. Her touch is the deftest and her presence is the most re-assuring to my nervous patients I have ever seen. Mrs. Belden -- Really, Doctor Belden, you astonish me. You allow yourself to be hoodwinked by a girl (Looks at Seiuell) and you're not the only one in the house affected the same way. Sewell -- You can't feaze me by hinting. I think she's all right. Doctor -- And I know she is. Mrs. Belden -- From what prison did you take her? Sewell (Quickly) -- She was in no prison -Mrs. Belden -- yet. But she vy/as headed for one. (To Mrs. Belden -- yet. But she vy/as headed for one. (To Doctor) What had she done? Sewell -- Nothing. Mrs. Belden (To Sezvell in tone of rebuke) -- What do you know about it ? Sewell-- Everything. Mrs. Belden-- Very likely. Anyhow, I'm asking your father. Doctor -- Sewell knows. He visited the woman's night court with me. WILD OATS 107 Mrs. Belden^t-I was right. You picked her up in the night court. Doctor -- ^The judge paroled her in my keeping. Mrs. Belden -- Why was she there in the first place ? Sewell -- There's nothing very thrilling about it. She was found screaming on the fire escape of a hotel. Mrs. Belden -- That's all? Doctor -- That's all. Mrs. Belden -- Had she no explanation? Sewell -- She was attacked, and escaped. That's the explanation. planation. Mrs. Belden -- Where's her father and mother ? Sewell -- We didn't pry the lid off the life of her ancestors. cestors. Mrs. Belden (Significantly)-- l^SLturaWy YOU accepted her at her FACE value. Sewell -- And it's some value, believe me. Mrs. Belden (To Doctor) -- Because this Miss Nobody from Nowhere smiles charmingly you go much further than you ever did before. You bring her right into my home. Is nothing sacred to you ? Why did you not pay for her at some shelter as you did the others until she showed her true colors ? Doctor -- Have patience until you know her, my dear. She is different. The girl has innate refinement. What her sorrow is, I don't knovv^ When she is healed in body and soul, I'll have her leave. Sewell -- It's in the cards that she won't go alone. Mrs. Belden (To Sewell) -- She's the one you want to marry ? Doctor -- Impossible. Mrs. Belden (To Sewell)-- She is? Sewell (Bravely facing them) -- Suppose she is. Suppose I love her. Suppose I know that she's the one person pose I love her. Suppose I know that she's the one person in the world that can keep me from going to hell. 108 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- You'll never marry her.. Sevvell -- What do you say, dad? Doctor -- I agree with your mother -- I don't approve. Sewell (Hotly) -- What did you bring her here for? This is the first time I've had the genuine desire to be something better than a rum-soaked hanger on. I can see it thing better than a rum-soaked hanger on. I can see it plain. You won't give me a start in life. I'm facing a stone wall. (Goes to door L.) Don't forget, I may climb the wall. I'll get money somehow. (Exit L.) Mrs. Belden -- That's where your sentimentalities are leading us. We'll be the laughing stock of every friend we have. Order her out of the house at once. Doctor -- You are blaming a mere child. Mrs. Belden (Pushes button for servant) -- Child! She plays her cards so well in ten days that she has completely hoodwinked you, and has Sewell gasping like a fish -- pletely hoodwinked you, and has Sewell gasping like a fish -a fish that wants to marry -- her. (Picks up phone book and a fish that wants to marry -- her. (Picks up phone book and runs finger down list of names.) Doctor -- My dear, I'd rather see a son of mine gasp as honestly and sincerely as Sewell does about this girl, than have him filching his emotions shamefully. (Exit L. Mrs. Belden takes phone off hook.) Mrs. Belden (In Phone) -- Hello, get me Rector 8763. (Pause) Yes, is this the Woman's Night Court? This is Mrs. Belden -- yes, of Doctor Belden's sanatorium, Stuyvesant Square. Could you send an officer of your court over sant Square. Could you send an officer of your court over here right away? Yes, it's special. Get a taxi; I'll meet the expense. (Enter servant R.) Servant -- Did you ring, ma'am ? Mrs. Belden -- Yes. Gather up the silverware and bring it to the safe. Servant -- Yes, ma'am. Anything else? Mrs. Belden-- Bring the candle sticks in my room, also. You may also bring down that small clock, the one with the chime, in Doctor Belden's room. I'll get the rest of the things myself. Servant (Going L.) -- Yes, ma'am. (Exit servant L.) (Enter Gertie R.) WILD OATS 109 Gertie -- Excuse me. There's a call for Doctor Belden. Mrs. Belden -- Come here, girl. I want to speak to you. Gertie -- Yes, ma'am. Mrs. Belden -- Of course you heard a great deal about Doctor Belden before you came here? Gertie -- No, ma'am. Mrs. Belden -- You knew that he was an eccentric, kindly old doctor who had taken several girls out of your mode of life to reform them -- and failed in each case. Gertie -- ^^The girls of my mode of life don't need reforming. forming. Mrs. Belden -- That's what they all thought, in the end. Some of them pretended differently for quite a while. Gertie -- Pretended what ? Mrs. Belden -- Pretended that they wanted to reform. Gertie -- Well, I'm not pretending. Mrs. Belden -- I'm glad to learn that. Gertie -- I don't want to reform. Mrs. Belden -- Your sincerity is commendable. I'll have you repeat that speech to Dr. Belden. Gertie -- It can give no offense. Mrs. Belden -- I want him to know that you're one honest, straightforward brand that refuses to be snatched from the burning. Gertie -- Dr. Belden hired me as his assistant. He didn't mention anything about brands and burning. Mrs. Belden -- He hired you in the court room ! Gertie -- No. I was set free and out of the court room when he offered me work. Mrs. Belden -- Don't you know that the Judge liberated you on Dr. Belden's account? Gertie -- Yes, and I have thanked Dr. Belden, but I'd have been freed in any event. I had broken no law. Mrs. Belden -- That's just what the others said. no WILD OATS Gertie-- If the}? said it as I say it, it was true. Mrs. Belden -- What were you doing in the hotel previous to being discovered on the fire-escape ? Gertie (Losing some of her assurmice) -- Oh-- that? Well, I went there because -- Why does a person go to a hotel ? Mrs. Belden -- Nice girls don't leave their homes and go to hotels. Gertie -- I guess, according to that standard, I'm not a nice girl. Mrs. Belden-- I quite agree with you. Gertie -- Only a few, comparatively, are fortunate enough to be coddled and chaperoned. There's a great army of fine self-respecting girls in the world quite able to take care of themselves. I've tried to be one of them. Mrs. Belden -- I want to know exactly how far you have succeeded. Gertie -- I have succeeded to this extent, Mrs. Belden. My self-respect is still intact. If Dr. Belden had hired a man in my place, and he suited you, you wouldn't dare pry into his private life. He would be measured by his work. I demand exactly the same treatment. The instant Dr. Belden is dissatisfied with my work, I'll go. den is dissatisfied with my work, I'll go. Mrs. Belden -- You are putting yourself on a different footing than the facts of your engagement by Dr. Belden warrant. You were arrested. Gertie -- You keep repeating that as if you were afraid I'd forget it. Some of the best men and women the world has ever known were arrested. Some were even condemned. At least, I escaped that -- until I met you. {Enter servant with card. Mrs. B. reads.) Mrs. Belden (To servant)-- Show him in. (Exit servant. Gertie starts to go. To Gertie.) Don't go. There's vant. Gertie starts to go. To Gertie.) Don't go. There's someone here I want you to meet. Gertie -- But I have my work to look after. Mrs. Belden (Imperious tone) -- Stay here. (Enter Presser rear.) I'm glad you came, Mr. Presser. Do you recall this young woman? (Indicating Gertie.) WILD OATS 111 Presser {To Gertie) -- Why -- {Looks closely at her) vou were up in the Woman's Night Court before Judge Miller. Mrs. Belden -- On what charge? Presser -- Disturbing the peace. Gertie -- There you are, Mrs. Belden. It's official. My serious crime was screaming. Mrs. Belden {To Presser) -- Why was she screaming? Presser -- She was attacked, it seems, by a man. Mrs. Belden-- In a room. It's an hotel of sorts where she was? Presser -- All sorts. Gertie -- They haven't special working-girl rates over at the Waldorf-Astoria. Mrs. Belden -- What's the reputation of the place ? Presser -- The usual Raines-law reputation. Mrs. Belden -- What's that? Presser -- None at all. Gertie -- It has one virtue. It is cheap. Presser -- Oh, not so very. Gertie -- Anyhow, you'll admit it's the best I could do. Presser -- There's the Florence Crittenden home for girls. Gertie -- You forget that I was a stranger in New York. I went where I was directed. Mrs. Belden {Quickly) -- Who directed you? Gertie {Hesitating) -- Why, a friend. Mrs. Belden-- a man -- {Pause) It zuas a man! Gertie -- Look here, Mrs. Belden, I've stood just as much as I'm going to of your insinuations. I won't answer another question. {Exit L.) Mrs. Belden {To Presser) -- You must learn where she came from, who her companions were and all about her. Presser -- ^That'll be a tough job. 112 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- I'll pay you well for it. I don't mind telling you that Dr. Belden has become as much attached to her ing you that Dr. Belden has become as much attached to her as if she were his daughter. Then there's Dr. Belden's two sons, Rannock and Sewell. They are young men. You understand. Presser-- Perfectly. I'll do my best to trace her. I wish I had a photograph of her. {Picks up photograph from table) Why, here's one. Mrs. Belden -- Don't talk nonsense. That's a portrait of myself taken twenty years ago. Presser -- I see that now. At first it looked a dead ringer for her. All right, I'll get busy. {Enter Sewell R.) Sewell -- Hello, Presser, you haven't nerves, have you, that you want dad to fix up ? Presser -- Why -- er -- no -- can't say as I have. Mrs. Belden {Quickly) -- Mr. Presser just dropped in to consult your father about his general health. That's all. Sewell -- Your energetic attention to the arrival of pay day is telling on you. Take something for it. Presser {Goes to door rear) -- I will -- I'll take my pay. (Exit rear. Enter servant L. ivith jeivels and ornaments.) Mrs. Belden {To servant) -- Put them in the safe. {Exit servant to safe.) Sewell {Watching servant off stage) -- What's on? What's all this fuss about the family trinkets ? Mrs. Belden-- Didn't you hear of burglars in the neighborhood? Of course not. Mr. Presser was saying that borhood? Of course not. Mr. Presser was saying that the police are keeping the matter secret in hopes of trapping the entire gang. Sewell -- They'd get a nice haul here, wouldn't they? Mrs. Belden {Watching servant off) -- This alone {Taking off necklace) would keep one of them and his family ing off necklace) would keep one of them and his family for a lifetime. Sewell {Indicating jewels) -- Why shouldn't that be translated into terms of human happiness? It's a wonder my mother didn't give that trinket to charity before she died. Mrs. Belden -- How do you know that this particular necklace belonged to your mother? WILD OATS 113 Sewell -- Oh, I know. She left that with her other jewels to be divided between Rannock and me. IVe kept my eyes on it. Mrs. Belden -- You'd better take a good long look at it now. Sewell -- Thinking of planting it? Mrs. Belden (Indifferently)-- Oh, I might exchange it -or sell it. or sell it. Sewell (Hotly) -- You wouldn't dare. It's my mother's. Mrs. Belden-- You are positively amusing. (Enter servant L.) Servant-- The silverware's in the safe, ma'am. Mrs. Belden -- Take this, and this -- (Gives servant ojets d'art from mantel. Exit servant to alcove.) Sewell -- This burglar scare's certainly got you. Mrs, Belden -- Not quite so much as the burglars have you. You're going to marry into that set, aren't you? (Exit R.) (Sezuell looks off, then goes to bookcase and takes volume which is a fake. He corned to table and fills glass zvith liquor from book and drinks. Enter Gertie dressed for street.) Gertie -- Gesundheit ! Sewell -- Ever read "Our Mutual Friend?" It's by Dickens. (Holds out fake book and hides glass.) Gertie -- Smells as if your mutual friend was a brewer or something. Sewell -- "Our Mutual Friend" is a dead one. Possibly that accounts for it. Gertie (Uncovering glass) -- This is what gives off the fragrance, I think. Sewell (As if surprised) -- That -- Oh, that's my medicine. The fragrance is intended to fool my internal economy. cine. The fragrance is intended to fool my internal economy. It's one of those amiable fictions cooked up by the latest exponents of the Keeley cure. (jERTie (Picks up fake volume) -- After your deep study of "Our Mutual Friend" by Dickens, you graduated from the Keeley Institute ? Is that it ? 114 WILD OATS Sewell {Takes hook) -- Dickens is a wonderful study. Diplomas guaranteed. I've got two signed by worthy Professor Keeley. fessor Keeley. Gertie -- How old are you? Sewell -- Oh, quite old, considering. I'm twenty-one. Gertie -- When did you start this? {Indicating drink.) Sewell -- So long ago I've forgotten. It was second nature. I went to a school where the head master requested ture. I went to a school where the head master requested the fashionable mothers not to serve champagne to his fashionable pupils at breakfast. ionable pupils at breakfast. Gertie -- Did you have it for breakfast? Sewell- -- I got mine for lunch. The boys smuggled it in. It was great sport. Gertie -- I can imagine. Sewell -- About the only fun I ever had to equal it was when I sold my first Keeley cure diploma to an old classmate of mine for enough to get soused. Gertie -- Well, good-bye. I trust you'll get all the fun you want out of life peddling your other Keeley Cure dipl )mas. mas. Sewell -- You're not going? {Sets doivn glass.) Gertie {Picks up bag) -- Yes, I am. Sewell -- For good. Gertie -- For good. {Goes rear.) Sewell {Getting betzveen her and door) -- You don't know what you're saying. Don't you know I love you. I want to marry you. Gertie -- Do you think marriage might substitute for the Keeley cure for a month or two ? Sewell -- I'll cut it all out. I'll sign the pledge now. Never touch a drop as long as I live. Gertie -- You're a nice enough boy, Sewell, and I don't mind saying I've grown quite fond of you. But -- pledges are pledges. Sewell -- I know, you think I'm not a fighter -- that I'll never win my way in the world {Stopping her progress as she tries to go out) . WILD OATS 115 Gertie -- Never mind what I think. Kindly let me pass. Sewell -- You can't go, I tell you. My whole life's bound up with yours. If you go I'll do something desperate. Gertie -- That's the kind of talk would make me go, if nothing else would. Sewell -- What started this ? Why do you make up your mind to go all of a sudden ? I know, it was my step-mother. Gertie-- What has she to do with me? Sewell -- She did it. I know. I'll make her pay. Gertie -- You leave her alone. She did nothing. I'm just tired of the place. Sewell -- You got tired mighty quick after she came. Only an hour ago you were going around here singing. Dad thought -- (Pause) What does he say about your going? Gertie -- Nothing yet. I left a note for him. Sewell -- Afraid to face him! Gertie -- Why should I be afraid? Sewell -- Because you're putting over a shabby trick on him. Honest, I've never seen him take so madly to anyone. You might be his daughter the way he goes on about you. Gertie -- I'm awfully sorry for him and I don't mind saying I'm sorry that I have to leave such a good home. I've ing I'm sorry that I have to leave such a good home. I've been quite happy here. And that right on the heels of a settled conviction that I'd never be happy again. Sewell (Earnestly) -- Did I help? Say I did, Gertie. Say I was some good some time. Doctor (Entering, rear) -- Going out, Gertie? Sewell -- Dad, she's running away. Doctor -- Are you going to leave us, Gertrude ? Gertie -- Yes, Doctor. I left a little note thanking you for your kindness. Do you mind shaking hands with me? (Goes to him and holds out hand.) Doctor -- I'm heartily sorry you have made up your mind to leave us. I'll miss you. My patients will miss you. I had thought that you would become reconciled to the shutin kind of life, and take to the work. in kind of life, and take to the work. 116 WILD OATS Gertie -- ^You don't know what this experience has been to me. I'll never forget it. Nor shall I ever forget you. Sewell -- If it all meant so much to you, why are you running away ? Doctor -- Miss Gertrude is not running away, Sewell. She is going of her own volition. It is not ours to question her actions or her motives. {To Gertie) Permit me to see you to the door. {She picks up hag. He leads her out rear.) Gertie -- Good-bye, Sewell. Sewell -- Good-bye, Gertie, good-bye. {Long pause.) Oh, hell. What's the use? {He turns to table and drinks the liquor at a gulp. Fills glass and repeats. Then he drinks from the fake hook. Enter Mrs. Belden L. with trinkets and a small clock. Sewell sits as if studying hook.) Mrs. Belden {Lays stuff on table) -- You've become quite studious lately. Sewell -- I'm determined to get another diploma. Mrs. Belden {E.vits L. and re-enters) -- Wait until you have one first. Sewell -- I've diplomas that are not recognized among the high-brows, but I've got them. Mrs. Belden -- Much good may they do you! Sewell-- It's the getting them that does me the most good. That is, you know, the leading up -- the preliminary studies. Mrs. Belden -- Are you going to be here a minute or two ? I want to get the rest of the things. Sewell -- If the irrigation system holds out, I'll take root here. Mrs. Belden-- See that nothing happens. {Exit R.) Sewell -- Nothing will happen. {Staggers to L. and looks off. Then disappears in alcove. He re-enters and resumes position. Re-enter Mrs. Belden R. with more ojets sumes position. Re-enter Mrs. Belden R. with more ojets d'art. She goes to alcove.) Mrs. Belden -- That's about all. Sewell {Laying fake hook down) -- That's about enough. WILD OATS 117 Mrs. Belden -- You certainly have applied yourself more than usual this afternoon. Sewell -- Greater incentive. First of all, the study is an enticing one, then the reward is not to be sneezed at. Mrs. Belden (Coming over to him, she sniffs) -- Why, what's that? Sewell -- What's what? Mrs. Belden -- The smell? It's whiskey, I do believe. (She picks up fake book and puts it to her nose. Pours out the few remaining drops.) Sewell -- Too late. I've completed the course in "Our Mutual Friend," by Dickens. Absolutely completed it. Mrs. Belden -- You certainly have. And I see that third diploma waiting for you. Sewell -- Yours is the true prophetic insight. Mrs. Belden -- A nice mess you're making of your life. Sewell -- Well, it's my own life. Mrs. Belden -- It's anything but respectable. Sewell -- Permit me. I'm rather glad I made a fizzle of my existence now. Mrs. Belden-- Why ? Sewell -- By no stretch of the imagination can it ever be said that I even tried to be respectable. (Exit L.) (Enter Doctor rear.) Mrs. Belden (Holding out fake book) -- Did you see this? Doctor -- "Our Mutual Friend!" (Takes it) Good reading, I remember, when I read it. ing, I remember, when I read it. Mrs. Belden -- Drank it. Doctor -- Read it. Mrs. Belden -- Not this "Mutual Friend." This is by Sewell, for Sewell and of Sewell for the propagation of faith in the Keeley cure. You don't read it ; you drink it. ( While talking she shozus him that it is a disguised bottle. She holds it to his nose.) Doctor -- Bless my soul ! 118 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- What are you going to do? Doctor -- What can one do ? Mrs. Belden -- He is heading straight to the devil. In fact the whole world is. Doctor -- From the time of the prophets to the present, the world has been on the brink of destruction. Somehow or other, we have never toppled over. Nor will we. Mrs. Belden -- You seem sure of that. Doctor -- I am. Nature is always trying to establish a balance. Just as sure as there is excessive individual or social sin, so there is a swing to the opposite, and we have excessive virtue. I really don't know which is worse. {Enter Rannock rear. He is a self-centered egoist, zvith the ter Rannock rear. He is a self-centered egoist, zvith the morals of a mink. About 26.) Rannock -- Hello, dad. How are you, mater? Doctor -- We heard from you only once in two weeks, Rannock. Rannock -- Off on a lark. Yachting, you know. Went as far south as the Bahamas, Mrs. Belden -- Even Dorothy didn't get a line from you. Rannock -- I was dropping most of my lines to the fish. The biting was good, Dad. Mrs. Belden (Suspiciously) -- You're not much sunburned after the exposure. burned after the exposure. Rannock -- Under awnings, looking lazily at the sea. Dodged the bronzing kisses. Then we did a great deal of our fishing at night. Mrs. Belden (Meaningly) -- I've noticed that peculiarity of the present-day city young men to do most of their fishing at night. Rannock -- Too bad, Mater, that there are no brakes on Time's car, so you could have kept in the running a. year or two longer with the city young women companions of the city young men. Doctor -- Your mother is quite satisfied. Rannock (Cynically)- -- I doubt it. You know, youth is always exceeding the speed limit, especially if feminine. Before a good-looking girl can find the right word to coax WILD OATS 119 it to stay, it lays a wrinkle on her cheek that invites rouge the rest of her life. Mrs, Belden (Hotly) -- I had all the enjoyment of youth that I wanted. Rannock (Quietly and knoivingly) -- I'll bet you did. I'm always suspicious of the early days of those who grow excessively good in later life. Doctor -- Rannock, you are over-stepping the line. Mrs. Belden (To Doctor) -- I'm quite able to defend myself, thank you. (To Rannock) Dorothy's sister Milhcent is self, thank you. (To Rannock) Dorothy's sister Milhcent is here. She knows all about your philosophy. Rannock -- Oh, yes, I was told you had exposed my minor deficiencies. Mrs. Belden -- She told you everything I said about you ? Rannock -- Well she did the best she could with her limited time. She had only a week. (Enter Millicent L. ivith jewel box which she gives to Mrs. Belden.) Millicent -- The maid insisted on me bringing these to you. Mrs. Belden-- I don't want you to run any unnecessary risks. (Takes jezvels.) I'll put them in the safe (Goes off into alcove.) Rannock (Indicating Mrs. Belden) -- She hasn't succeeded in marrying you off to anyone yet. ceeded in marrying you off to anyone yet. Millicent -- So far, I've escaped her matrimonial plans. Heaven help me in the next week or two. I think my mother's in the plot to bind me hand and foot and deliver me to some eligible. Mrs. Belden (Off stage, screaming) -- They're gone! Help! (All rush to alcove. Enter Mrs. B.) Doctor -- What is it? What's wrong? (Leading her to chair. ) Millicent-- Tell us. What is it? Mrs. Belden -- My necklace. Everything I had. Millicent -- Stolen? Are my things gone, too? Mrs. Belden-- Yours are in the safe. My necklace ! It was there ten minutes agfo ! 120 WILD OATS Rannock -- Ten minutes ago? Regular safe artists stick to the night shift. Someone in the house did it. Mrs. Belden {Recovering)- -- -That's right. Gertrude. Get her. (Rises and goes R.) MiLLiCENT -- Not that pretty nurse ? Mrs. Belden (About to go off 7?.)-- Pretty thief! (To Doctor) Where is Gertie? Doctor (To Mrs. Belden) -- She's not there. (Mrs B. turns from opening door R.) Mrs. Belden -- W^here is she? Doctor -- She went away. Rannock -- Who are you talking about? Mrs. Belden -- A thief. A girl of the underworld that your father picked up in the night court. Rannock -- At it again, dad? Doctor -- I don't believe the girl had anything to do with the robbery. Mrs. Belden -- I expected you to say that. No one you know ever does anything. Rannock -- This is not a case for argument. It's a case for the police. Mrs, Belden -- Call them. Rannock (In phone) -- Hello. Get me the police station. In a hurry. Curtain End of Act I WILD OATS ACT II Scene -- Same as Act I. Time -- Next morning. Mrs. Belden is discovered zvith servant. The servant is standing near bookcase, her arms held out receiving books from Mrs. Belden. Mrs. Belden is standing on a chair and after picking up a volume and shaking it and showing it is a fake book, pours liquor into a pitcher. Enter Rannock rear. Ran NOCK (Sniffs) -- Have you run into a private distillery? (Holds finger against the flowing liquor and places tillery? (Holds finger against the flowing liquor and places it against his lips.) It's the real stuff, (Takes empty book from her. Reads) "Our Mutual Friend!" Mrs. Belden -- In five volumes. (She indicates books held by servant.) Count them. Rannock (Glancing at books) -- Dickens certainly spread himself. Mrs. Belden (To servant) -- You may go. (Exit servant L., carrying books and pitcher.) It was Sewell that spread himself. Rannock -- He didn't write "Our Mutual Friend." Mrs. Belden -- He found drinking it more to his taste. Rannock -- I get you. Dad tells me that Sewell hasn't been home all night. Mrs. Belden -- I know. I wonder if he's gone off with that little thief. Rannock -- Now look here, Mater, that brother of mine is a rotter in a lot of ways, especially when it comes to lining up with "Our Mutual Friend" here (Indicating liquor in books), but he'd never crack a crib. Mrs. Belden -- What's that ? 122 WILD OATS Rannock-- Crack a crib ! Loot a safe ! Didn't you hear the police use it here last night? Mrs. Belden -- Don't let the poHce become your standard in the matter of language. Rannock -- They've got to become the standard of something. They'll never be at detecting crime. I'll catch that thing. They'll never be at detecting crime. I'll catch that girl myself, before they get around to think about it. Mrs. Belden -- What have you done? Rannock -- Dad told me he gave her an address. One of his temporary shelters. Mrs. Belden -- You don't think she'd go there ! Rannock -- She's been there. Promised to come back. Asked if she could use it as an address for her mail. Mrs. Belden -- It seems impossible. She's running into the lion's mouth. Rannock -- That's just it. I have two lions ready to swallow her the minute she turns up again. Mrs. Belden -- If she sold the jewels she'd never need to apply for shelter anywhere as long as she lived. Rannock -- One can't sell a fifty-thousand-dollar necklace over night. She's planted it, and is waiting until the excitement dies down. Why, her going where Dad sent her citement dies down. Why, her going where Dad sent her will be almost an alibi for her. Everybody'll ask why she took the chance. Didn't you? Unless you find the jewels on her, you can't prove anything. Mrs. Belden -- What are we to do? Rannock -- My private detective will bring her here. We'll tell her she was seen taking the stuff. Mrs. Belden -- She must be punished. Rannock -- She will be. Any promise we make needn't bind us. {Enter Doctor R.) Doctor -- Can anything have happened Sewell ? Mrs. Belden -- He's certainly old enough to take care of himself. Doctor -- I often wonder if we ever get old enough for that. I wish you'd go to some of his old haunts and try and find him, Rannock. WILD OATS 123 Rannock -- I've been on the go all night trying to get track of the thief. I'm all beat up. Doctor -- The hunting instinct is uppermost in you. Rannock -- Nice thanks for my work trying to get the jewels back. Doctor -- Your mother will thank you for that. I am more interested in those actions of yours that show the manner of man you are than all the gew-gaws ever manufactured. ner of man you are than all the gew-gaws ever manufactured. Mrs. Belden -- I may have said many things about Rannock in the past. I want to apologize. He has been a com- nock in the past. I want to apologize. He has been a comfort to me all through my loss. fort to me all through my loss. Doctor -- Dear female of the species, how emotional congruity blinds you to the fact that I am merely reaching down gruity blinds you to the fact that I am merely reaching down into the personality of Rannock to see the soul his environment has developed. ment has developed. Rannock -- My soul's all right -- if I have one. Doctor -- You should never doubt the existence of your soul. It is the fine, noble, forgiving part of you. Rannock (Yazvning, goes L.) -- If that's the case, I'll interview it in my sleep. I never come face to face with it when I'm awake. (Exit L.) Mrs. Belden -- Rannock is really doing wonders to catch the thief. Doctor -- I confess I'm sorry. He shows more zeal in this than in anything he has ever taken up before. I'd hate to have a detective in the family. Mrs. Belden -- I expect you to become maudlin over the creature when he finds her, and beg us to let her go. Doctor -- Unless she's an habitual criminal, I'd say restitution is punishment enough. tution is punishment enough. Mrs. Belden -- Nonsense. A term in prison will teach her better. Doctor -- Even if she is guilty, a term in prison will turn her out worse. She will then be mentally alienated from her social group and she'll rebel because she'll instinctively know that in taking the necklace she obeyed a primitive impulse stronger than herself, and an impulse for which she pulse stronger than herself, and an impulse for which she is no way responsible. 124 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- A rather fine spun theory, isn't it? Doctor -- I'm dealing with facts. We've all been first ofi^enders. Mrs. Belden -- -Everybody ? Doctor -- There isn't a man or woman alive that has not been, at one time or other, a criminal. I have been one -you have been one. you have been one. Mrs. Belden {Half fearfully) -- How do you know? Doctor -- Because we have obeyed the call of ancestors who have w^ritten their desires in our blood and nerves. Mrs. Belden (Recovering)--! believe that this girl is fully responsible for every act of her life. Doctor -- When the actions are good, yes. Do you know that almost every natural impulse of ours is vicious. It's against some law. Our environment is an aid to sin. Mrs. Belden -- Don't tell me I've ever been a thief, even mentally. Doctor -- Perhaps you have been worse, according to some standards. Not mine, remember. Accepting these standards, few dare tabulate their thoughts for the world to read. ards, few dare tabulate their thoughts for the world to read. Mrs. Belden -- I'm not ashamed of what I think. Doctor -- You are exceptional. Only saints can hold aloof from our fellow creatures and create a Heaven in the midst of our hell here. Unfortunately we have just a limited number of saints in our city directory. Mrs. Belden -- I don't care. If you're making a plea for this girl in advance, you can stop. She'll have to pay for what she did. I believe everyone should pay. (Enter servant, followed by Pressor.) vant, followed by Pressor.) Presser -- I have good news for you, ma'am. The girl's father has been to the hotel looking for her. Mrs. Belden -- Pie's one of the gang of burglars that she's in with. Doctor -- Isn't that jumping to a conclusion? Mrs. Belden (Ignoring Doctor. To Presser)-- Do you know that she ran away with my pearl iiecklace? Presser (Astonished) -- No! WILD OATS 125 Doctor {To Mrs. Belden) -- Neither do you. Mrs. Belden {To Doctor, exasperated) -- Ob, I don't expect you to listen to reason. pect you to listen to reason. Presser -- The soft stuff don't go with her kind, Doctor. I knew she'd turn some trick. Mrs. Belden {To Presser) -- You can recognize her, I wish you'd go down to -- {To Doctor) What address was that you gave her to find shelter? Doctor {Showing that he intends to keep it secret) -- Oh -- that -- I have forgotten. Mrs. Belden {Satirically) -- You have a very convenient memory. You told Rannock on the impulse, no doubt. I'll find out from him. {Exit L.) Doctor (To Presser) -- You are very zealous in your pursuit of this poor creature. suit of this poor creature. Presser -- Well, Doctor, we all know how good your heart is. But if we didn't keep hot on the trail of crooks, the world would go to the devil. Doctor -- Good authorities, including a number of duly accredited prophets, say that it is going there anyhow. Presser -- I believe that. Doctor -- Then why interfere with the inevitable? Presser -- What's that ? Doctor -- I say, why try to stop what can't be stopped ? Presser -- It keeps us busy. There's a mighty lot of fine men and women would be out of work if all the people turned good on a sudden. Doctor -- There you have the very essence of the thing. Cut off the pay of the law makers, let your law enforcers work as hard as you like for nothing, and there would be fewer statutes to break, and fewer broken. Presser -- What would become of the law? Doctor -- If I degraded myself enough to say what I think of some of our laws I'd put myself on a level with some of our law makers. Presser -- Do you know, Doctor, I sometimes think you're a little bit of an anarchist. 126 WILD OATS Doctor- -- If reducing the chances of a lot of people to stick their collective noses into my private affairs is anarchism, make the most of it. {Enter Mrs. Belden L.) chism, make the most of it. {Enter Mrs. Belden L.) Mrs. Belden -- Here's the address. (Holds out scrap of paper.) You'll find a private detective waiting for her there. Presser (Takes paper) -- If she turns up, we'll nab her. Mrs. Belden-- .Bring her here. Doctor -- Do. Presser -- That's hardly regular. Mrs. Belden -- Do it. We want to get the jewels back. We must get them. I'll make it right with you. Doctor-- Don't put her in a cell until you can't help yourself. I ask that as a personal favor. self. I ask that as a personal favor. Presser -- Well, I guess it'd do no particular harm. (Goes tip, turns at door.) Say, I left this address at that hotel for her father. He may be up here any minute. Doctor -- Thank vou. She'll need every friend she can find. Presser -- You bet. Once we get our mitts on her, friends won't do her much good. (Exit Presser rear.) Mrs. Belden -- I'm going to make the case of this girl a warning to you. After this you'll see the danger you run with every one of her kind that you waste your time and energy on. (Goes R.) Doctor -- So you are hounding her and holding her guilty of theft in your own mind and in the mind of every person you meet to reform me ? Mrs. Belden -- She's guilty. That settles it. (Exit R. Enter Presser rear with Gertie and a detective. The detective appears at door rear. Presser comes dozvn with Gertie. tive appears at door rear. Presser comes dozvn with Gertie. Exit detective rear. ) Presser -- Here she is. Mendal here was toting her along when I met them. Gertie -- Doctor! Doctor -- I'm glad to see you back, my child. Gertie -- Why didn't you send a note for me ? These men said I had to come along, just as if I were arrested. WILD OATS 127 Doctor -- Assure her that she is not under arrest. (Presser hesitates.) Do it. Presser -- As far as I know, you're not. You see you're paroled in the Doctor's care. Doctor (Joyfully) -- That's it. Don't you remember the Judge released you on condition that you remain in my house. Gertie -- I can't stay here. Presser -- You'll be lucky if it turns out that you can. Gertie -- What do you mean ? Doctor -- He means that you are really more fortunate than you know being permitted to stay here. Gertie -- I won't stay. Presser (Meaningly) -- You'd better. The Judge might order you into a cell, you know. Doctor -- Yes, my child -- let me persuade you. Please go to your old room. (Gertie goes R.) Presser (Stopping her) -- Not so fast. Where's Mrs. Belden? Gertie (To Presser) -- How long does that parole last? Presser -- Thirty days altogether. Gertie -- That means I have to serve two weeks more. Doctor -- I promise to make the time as agreeable for you as possible. Gertie -- There's only one thing I'll ask if I stay. Arrange it so I won't meet Mrs. Belden. (Enter Mrs. B., L.) range it so I won't meet Mrs. Belden. (Enter Mrs. B., L.) Mrs. Belden (To Presser) -- You found her? Presser -- Yes, ma'am. Mrs. Belden -- Did you get her accomplices? Doctor (To Gertie) -- You may go to your room, Gertie. (Gertie opens door R.) Mrs. Belden (To Gertie) -- You stay here. Gertie (Going to Presser) -- I've changed my mind. I don't want to be paroled. I'll risk having the Judge send me to a cell for two weeks. 128 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- You'll spend a great deal more there than two weeks. Doctor -- Be careful. Mrs. Belden -- You are going to be convinced this time so that one of her kind will never set foot in my house again. Doctor-- Let her go, and I'll promise now never to have a tender thought toward a fellow creature as long as I live. Mrs. Belden -- I will if she gives up the necklace. Gertie -- Necklace ! What necklace ? Doctor -- See, I told you she knew nothing of it. Mrs. Belden {To Presser) -- Lijured innocence! You've encountered that before. Presser -- They're all angels, if you take their stories, ma'am. Gertie {To Presser) -- I want to know what new charge you're fixing up against me. Presser -- Cut that. Just as soon as crooks get their second wind after the dope's on them for fair, they begin to holler frame-up. Gertie {To Doctor) -- You tell me all about this. Doctor. I'm sure you think me entitled to an explanation. Doctor -- I do. I'm sorry for you and I want to say that I do not believe the charge. Mrs. Belden -- Look here, girl, don't run off with the notion that he can save you. Gertie {To Mrs. Belden) -- You tell, then. You seem to know all about everything. Mrs. Belden -- I know all about you. Gertie -- Then tell me about myself. Presser -- You copped a necklace out of the safe here before your getaway. fore your getaway. Gertie {To Doctor, incredulously) -- Pie says I stole a necklace out of YOUR house. Doctor? Mrs. Belden -- I say so, too. Gertie {To Doctor) -- You don't believe it? WILD OATS 129 Doctor -- My child, I'd hardly believe it if you confessed. Mrs. Belden {To Doctor) -- I wish you'd go and leave me to deal with this case. I want to get my jewels back. Gertie -- Don't leave me alone with them, Doctor. You seem to be the only one in the world that thinks there's any truth in anything. You believe in me. Mrs. Belden -- It's not a matter of believing in you. It's a matter of just plain proof that you are one of a gang of thieves. Doctor {To Mrs. Belden) -- You have no proofs of anything of the sort. thing of the sort. Mrs. Belden -- Haven't I? Gertie -- You can't have. {To Presser) If you knew me, you'd know how impossible it all is. Presser -- Now's the time to tell all about yourself. Mrs. Belden -- Who are you? Where did you come from? Doctor -- If you are frank, it will help you. Gertie {After pause) -- Very well. Presser -- Stick to the truth. Gertie -- I will. Mrs. Belden -- You've decided to confess! Gertie {Wearily to Doctor) -- Do you mind if I sit down? Doctor -- Pardon me. Here -- {Places chair for her.) Gertie -- About three weeks ago I came to New York from a small town. Presser -- There's a lot of small towns. Mrs. Belden -- Tell us which one. Gertie -- Brockton. It's known as a factory town. I worked in one of the factories, but not steadily. Presser -- Did you live in Brockton alone? Gertie -- I lived with my father. Presser- -- ^What's his name and address? 130 WILD OATS Gertie -- I'll tell you about him. Mrs. Belden -- Tell us where we can find him. That's all we want to know. Gertie -- I can't tell you. Presser -- Why not ? Gertie -- He left Brockton. I don't know where he is. Mrs. Belden -- A likely story. Doctor -- Tell us why you came to New York. Gertie -- To look for my father. Presser -- If you didn't know where your father went to when he left Brockton, why did you come to New York to look for him? Gertie -- I got a letter from him. Mrs. Belden -- Where's that letter? Gertie -- I left it in Brockton. Presser -- With his address in it? Gertie -- There was no address in it. Mrs. Belden -- You said you came here because his letter gave you a New York address. ter gave you a New York address. Gertie-- I did not. I knew he v/as here from the postmark only. mark only. Presser -- You wriggled out of that in good shape. Doctor {Severely to Presser)-- T\& girl is not wriggling out of anything. I'll order you out of the house if you repeat that. Presser -- The hell you v/ill. If I go, she'll go with me. Doctor-- Not without a warrant. Presser {Tapping pocket containing revolver) -- I've a little warrant here that goes further with crooks than any you ever saw. Mrs. Belden {To Presser)-- You'd better take her along. She is just heaping lie on lie. {Presser goes to Gertie. She rims to the Doctor.) WILD OATS 131 Gertie -- Save me, Doctor. Let me tell the rest of it in my own way. Don't question me. You'll see it's the truth. Doctor {Gets betzveen Gertie and Presscr. To Gertie) -Stay here. {To Presser) Now, I'm an old man, but I swear Stay here. {To Presser) Now, I'm an old man, but I swear to you, official or no official, if you interfere with this child in any way I'll -Presser {Contemptuously) -- What'll you do? Presser {Contemptuously) -- What'll you do? Doctor -- Don't touch her, that's all. Presser -- I got your number. {To Gertie) Why did your father run away from Brockton. Why didn't he tell you where he was going; why didn't he give you his address in the letter he sent you? And how did he know enough to call at your hotel here to find you? Gertie {Anxiously) -- Did he call? Presser -- He did. Gertie -- Then he's alright. Thank God. No doubt he went back to Brockton and received the letter I sent there the first hour I was in New York. Presser -- That don't answer my other questions. Gertie -- -Well, if you must know, there's something" wrong with my father. Mrs. Belden -- There's something wrong with you, too. Gertie {To the Doctor and ignoring Mrs. Belden) -- For months he'll go along all right. He's an accountant, well educated. He taught me nearly all I know. Then all of a sudden he'll break out. You know, Doctor, some old idea gets possession of his mind. It was some woman -- my mother, I think -- that caused it all. She ran away from him. Doctor -- He has hallucinations. Sees her. Goes off in search of her. Gertie -- ^That's it. He's completely out of his mind for the time. It has been growing worse lately. He lost his position over a year ago because of it. That's why I had to give up my studies and go into the factory. Doctor -- And that made him brood all the more, of course. Gertie -- It was his brooding over spoiling my life, as he said, that caused him to go away this time. 132 WILD OATS Presser (Craftily) -- What made you think you could find )^our father in New York without any address ? Gertie -- A young man told me I could. He said he was well acquainted with the police and would organize a systematic search. I was out of work, anyhow, because of my tematic search. I was out of work, anyhow, because of my illness, so I decided to go. Mrs. Belden -- You left Brockton with this young man? Gertie -- No. To keep people from talking he got on the train at the next station. Presser -- What was he like? Fashionable young man? Dapper, well dressed? Plenty of rings and other jewels? What name did he give? Gertie -- Albert Marsdan. Presser -- A regular crook's alias. Mrs. Belden -- How did you come to meet him? Gertie -- One of the girls in the factory introduced me. Mrs. Belden -- Didn't it seem strange that he should be so solicitous for your welfare? Doctor -- Not at all. Why should it? Presser -- Of course, he made love to you. Gertie -- Well, he was educated, had fine ways, good clothes and so absolutely easy and certain of himself, that he made me long for life in his world in spite of myself. Doctor -- Naturally. Gertie -- Something in here (Pressing hands on heart), kept saying that that was my own world -- that I had been robbed of it. My eyes were opened for the first time to the people around me. How I rebelled against their sordidness ! For the first time I knew I was dififerent, that my father was different. I had always idealized my mother. Now I wanted to find my father to make him break his silence about her. J. knew she was of this new world of soft voices, suave manners, long, clean, slender hands and no anxiety over the next meal. Mrs. Belden (Sneering) -- You thought you might be an aristocrat ? WILD OATS 133 Gertie -- Why not? My father isn't an ordinary working man. I naturally supposed my mother was of his own ing man. I naturally supposed my mother was of his own class. Presser -- Well, when did this fine gentleman with the crook's moniker quit being a heartbreaker, and let you in on his real trade of housebreaker? Gertie -- He's no housebreaker, whatever else he may be. Presser {Surprised tone) -- Didn't he pick you for his inside worker? Mrs. Belden -- He's the one has my jewels. Doctor -- Tell us the rest of your story, Gertrude. Gertie -- Isn't that enough ? Presser -- You've only started. How did you come to be in that Raines-Law Hotel? Gertie -- I went there. Mrs. Belden-- With him? Gertie -- He took me there, yes. Presser -- Well, go on. How did you come to rush screaming out on the fire escape? ing out on the fire escape? Gertie {To Doctor)-- Must I tell that? Doctor -- We'd better know everything if this charge is to be disproved. Gertie -- I ran out on the fire escape to get away from him. Presser -- Albert Marsdan ? Mrs. Belden -- You knew what he was. Why did you run away from him? Presser -- Did you quarrel over a division of the loot? Gertie {Wearily, to Doctor) -- They don't seem to want to understand. I'll tell you, Doctor. After we had dinner I went to my room. Presently a tap caime to the door. I opened it and he stepped in. Mrs. Belden -- Yes, go on. Gertie -- It's all too horrible. I am trying to forget it. He had registered for me. Said I was his wife. When the 134 WILD OATS clerk brought me the book to prove it, it Avas there plain enough. Nothing that I could do had any effect. Everybody laughed at my protest. body laughed at my protest. Doctor -- My poor little girl ! Gertie -- He seemed to have the hotel owner, the clerk, everybody bribed, or they were just naturally bad. I threatened to tell the police. They answered that I had entered ened to tell the police. They answered that I had entered the place willingly with -- with him -- don't ask me to tell any more. Presser -- I can riddle your story just like shooting buckshot into it, but I want to hear it all. shot into it, but I want to hear it all. Mrs. Belden -- Complete what you've started. Doctor -- Go on, Gertrude. Gertie -- Well, you heard the testimony they gave in court about my being a woman -- a woman of the street. That was because I fought and attracted attention to the place. The police were against me, too. Doctor -- I believe that. Presser -- How did you get to the fire escape? Gertie -- I hit him with a drinking glass and cut him above the eye. It dazed him. Then I jumped out of the window. Mrs. Belden -- You knew the fire escape was there to catch you. Gertie-- I hadn't time to think of that. It was mere luck that it was there. Mrs. Belden -- I'll tell you what I think of your story. You imagine yourself a heroine of some yellow novel you've read. Gertie {To Doctor) -- You believe me. Doctor? Doctor -- Every word. Presser -- Why didn't you give your right name and address and tell your story in court? dress and tell your story in court? Gertie -- It would kill my father, if he knew. I wouldn't be able to hold my head up again in Brockton. Presser -- Well, I guess I'm through. {Going up.) Mrs. Belden {To Presser) -- You don't mean to say you believe her? WILD OATS 135 Presser-- Not exactly, but -Mrs. Belden -- I want- -- my jewels. She took them. I Mrs. Belden -- I want- -- my jewels. She took them. I know it. Presser -- Who saw her take them ? Mrs. Belden (Hesitating) -- Rannock says she was seen with them. Presser -- Who's Rannock ? Doctor -- My eldest son. lie was nowhere in the neighborhood when this happened. borhood when this happened. Mrs. Belden -- Take her to prison. He'll appear against her. So will I unless she confesses. (To Gertie) Why don't you confess. We won't prosecute you if you do. Presser (To Gertie) -- That's a good offer. Come through now. Can't you see they've got the goods on you. Gertie -- Dear God, what am I going to do? Mrs. Belden (To Presser) -- She's wavering. Presser (To Gertie) -- Don't you see we're your friends. Make a clean breast of it. Lead us to the sparklers and we'll plug for you. Gertie (Running at him and screaming) -- Oh, you brute. Get away from me. Presser (Grabbing her) -- Not if I know myself. You'll come right along now. Doctor -- Leave that girl alone ! (Picks up chair and advances on Presser.) vances on Presser.) Presser -- That's your game, is it? (Putting hand in pocket for gun.) Try anything like that and you'll look like a sieve. (Enter Rannock R.) Rannock -- What's the matter? Gertie -- You ! Rannock -- Gertie ! ! Doctor- -- You know her? Rannock -- Yes. Mrs. Belden -- Where did you know her ? 136 WILD OATS Gertie -- Wait, I'll tell you. {To Rannock) I met you in Brockton, didn't I? {Rannock nods in acquiescence.) I was a mill hand ; you were like the lord of the manor of old. You condescended to smile on me. Rannock-- Why not? You're a pretty girl. Gertie -- You courted me after your fashion. And undfer the guise of friendship you lured me from Brockton to New York. {To others) This is Albert Marsdan. Mrs. Belden -- He is not. Gertie -- Then who is he? Doctor -- My son. Gertie -- Doctor, your son ! Rannock {To Presser) -- It's a trifle embarrassing to have strangers about. You'd better run along. Mrs. Belden -- Do. This is a family matter that we'll fix up among ourselves. Presser -- Not so's you'd notice it. How about the jewels? She was seen stealing them. Mrs. Belden -- That was a mistake. I said it to frighten her. Presser {To Rannock) -- What she says is true? {Indicating Gertie.) {Rannock nods.) Comes from Brockton. cating Gertie.) {Rannock nods.) Comes from Brockton. Father ran away. She came here to find him? Straight? Eh ? In with no crooks ? Wouldn't pinch a necklace ? Rannock -- Run away and forget it. She's more of a Puritan than Plymouth Rock. She's so straight up and down she leans over backwards. Presser {Approaches Rannock) -- Well, you're the one I want. Your alias is Marsdan -- Albert Marsdan. I'll just take you along for fracturing the Mann law. It's federal prison for yours. You're quite a gay little boy when your father isn't around. Mrs. Belden -- You can't arrest him. Presser {He has Rannock by the arm) -- No? Guess again. Doctor {To Gertie)-- Yon don't want him punished? WILD OATS 137 Gertie {To Doctor, tenderly) -- You love him very much? Doctor -- He's my first-born. Presser {To Rannock as he takes him rear) -- Come right along, sonny. Mrs. Belden -- We'll never get over this disgrace. It will ruin us. Rannock {To Presser) -- Where's your warrant? Presser -- That's old stuff. I always have a little warrant here that barks what it says. {Holds hand in pocket.) Mrs. Belden -- Pardon me, Mr. Presser. No one will interfere with you in the line of your duty. Suppose you allow Rannock to remain here tonight. I'll give you my word that he'll be at your service when you want him. Doctor -- I'll add the weight of my personal pledge to that. Rannock -- Give us a chance to secure a lawyer and to arrange for bail. I promise not to run away. Doctor -- ^^There's a good fellow. We won't forget it. AIrs. Belden -- I'll make everything right with you. Presser -- I'm strong for you, Doctor. If I was in a fix you'd give me all the time I'd ask. {To Rannock) I'll give you just an hour. {Calls off.) Here, TaggartI {Enter detective rear.) You go in there. {Leading him R.) Lamp the young guy. Don't let him out. You understand? Use your gat if you have to. {Exit detective R.) {To Rannock) I'll .stay right here in this hallway. {Goes rear.) Take a tip from me. Don't try any fancy footwork. Doctor -- Don't be afraid. He'll be here when you want him. Presser -- You're always on the level, Doctor, and it's for you I'm taking this long chance with my meal ticket. {Exit rear.) Doctor {To Rannock) -- What can you say for yourself in the face of such a crime ? Mrs. Belden -- It's worse than a crime. It's a blunder. Rannock -- A man's life is just a series of blunders. Ninety-nine and seven-tenths of them wear skirts. 138 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden {To Gertie) -- You're just as bad as he is. You drew him on. Gertie -- Let him tell you if I did or not. Mrs. Belden -- Oh, I know. You thought you'd use him to climb on to reach your imagined aristocratic birth-right. Ran NOCK -- Easy with that. I did all the hunting. Look her over. She's alright. If God didn't intend men to pursue women, he'd have made them all flat-chested. sue women, he'd have made them all flat-chested. Doctor {To Gertie) -- I knew from the outset you were fine and true. Rannock -- If she hadn't been such a hard-shell little Puritan I'd never gone as far as I did. She's the original essential monogamist with a marriage ceremony attachment. Doctor {To Rannock) -- It's the sheer cold-blooded immorality of your act that's appalling. morality of your act that's appalling. Rannock -- It's going on a blamed sight worse right here in this city every night. Doctor -- I forbid you to marry Dorothy Vernon. You are a menace to the finest institution that our civilization has developed. Rannock -- Listen, Dad, you haven't kept up with the procession. Don't you know that every civilization is destroyed by its clever men ? Whatever is accomplished they stroyed by its clever men ? Whatever is accomplished they hate. Above all, they hate any perfect moral institution of a preceding generation. Doctor -- Are you drawing on philosophy to justify your villainies ? Rannock -- I'm drawing on history. Dad. Human experience. My heart is plural. Why shouldn't it be so? perience. My heart is plural. Why shouldn't it be so? Yours was at my age. {To Mrs. Belden) So was yours. {To Doctor) You had the harem instinct when you were young. You sowed your wild oats. So did you. Mater. Mrs. Belden -- I -- I never! Rannock -- There, don't be embarrassed. You've forgotten, that's all. So has Dad. After you crossed the gotten, that's all. So has Dad. After you crossed the Rubicon of forty years you forgot how you rebelled against the established order in morals of your young days. Doctor -- Where are you leading with all this? WILD OATS 139 Rannock -- To where you'll consider the case of this girl and myself without any moral hysterics. A highly virtuous middle-class attitude moves me to extinction. Mrs. Belden -- Have you a plan? Rannock -- There speaks the woman. Our first move will be on the hotel. No doubt they run their register on the loose-leaf ledger system. They should. If not, you must tear the page out where I registered as Albert Marsdan and wife. Doctor -- That's a felony. Rannock -- You notice that I addressed my remarks to Mater. I'll pit the maternal instinct, plus a fear of what the neighbors will say, against any legislative enactment ever carried through. Mrs. Belden -- Are you sure I can get at the book ? Rannock (To Doctor)-- What did I tell you? (To Mrs. Belden) When you go, wear a veil. Turn the pages of the register until you come to the right one. Point to it with a fifty-dollar bill, and wait. Mrs. Belden-- What next? Rannock -- Just a moment. (Goes up quietly and opens door rear. Looks out, then closes it and comes doivn.) This next will square the thing in law, morals and convenience. You've got to act in this, Dad. Doctor-- I'll not turn a hand for you. Rannock -- The honor of the house of Belden means more to you than a momentary prejudice against me. Doctor -- It's rather late in the day for you to think of the family honor. Rannock -- I mean publicity for a delinquency. Mrs. Belden -- Go on with the plan. What do you want him to do? Rannock -- First, you must order the car. Then you must mix a good stout sleeping draught. Put it in some whiskey. When Presser is about to leave you must make him drink it. Mrs. Belden -- That's exciting. 140 WILD OATS DocTOE -- The romance of it overshadows for you the responsibiHty. {To Rannock) I'm not going to be a party to your running away in that fashion. Rannock -- I am not going to run away. (To Gertie) You will be in the car with me. Gertie -- You think so? Rannock -- Chaperoned by my father, we'll spin away quickly over the state line into Connecticut where no marriage license is needed. Once there, I'll marry you. riage license is needed. Once there, I'll marry you. Gertie -- Oh -Doctor -- There's a spark of decency in you, after all. Doctor -- There's a spark of decency in you, after all. Mrs. Belden -- But Dorothy! Rannock -- Can thank her lucky stars she missed me. (To Gertie) When we appear before the district attorney, legally married, Mr. Presser's story will sound like an attempt gally married, Mr. Presser's story will sound like an attempt to blackmail an old and respected family. Mrs. Belden -- Especially with the page missing from the hotel register. Gertie -- Your plan to circumvent the law is very ingenious, but you overlooked one thing. ous, but you overlooked one thing. Rannock -- What's that? Gertie -- You didn't pick the right woman for a wife. Rannock -- Oh, yes, I did! You forget that you haven't cleared your skirts yet of stealing the jewels. I saved you from that charge for this. (Millie ent appears R. and listens. ) . Mrs. Belden -- ^Marry Rannock or go to prison. Curtain End of Act II WILD OATS ACT III Scene -- Same as previous act. Time -- A few minutes later. (Millicent tiptoes from L. to rear and beckons off for Presser, who appears rear.) Millicent -- Come right in. Presser -- Well, I don't mind, only I said as how I'd stayin the hall. in the hall. Millicent -- What's it all about? Presser -- It's a long story, miss. Millicent -- I love long stories. Go on. Plas it a mystery in it? tery in it? Presser -- It has. Millicent -- And a scandal? I dote on mysteries with a fringe of scandal. Presser -- You talk as if it was a bit of passementerie. Millicent -- Does it have a happy ending? Presser -- I'm not so sure of that. Millicent -- Oh, it must have. You know, I think that nurse girl is some class. She simply won't marry Rannock. Somebody's got to elope with somebody, that's it, isn't it? Presser -- My throat gets dry trying to answer questions when I don't know the answers. I wish I had a drink. Millicent -- Tell me why somebody has to elope with somebody. Presser -- I'd like to elope with a long, lean, cool thirst quencher at this minute. Millicent -- I'll get you something to drink right away. Will you tell me then? 142 WILD OATS Presser -- ril babble like a brook. (Exit Millkent R. Enter Sewell rear.) Sewell -- Hello, Presser. Still on tap, I see. Presser -- Just waiting to get a drink. Sewell -- Sounds familiar. If that's what you want, you met the right bartender. {Pulls chair over to bookstand, climbs on it and picks up book. Shakes it near his ear. Lays it down and takes up another. Bus. ad lib.) Presser (Coming dozvn,)--Vye got the habit. I can tell a ready little mixer a block away. Sewell -- What the dickens ! Where's the Dickens? (Sits on back of chair, book in hand.) Presser -- Something missing, sir ? Sewell -- Yes, "Our Mutual Friend," in five volumes. Presser -- Funny place to look for friends. Five of them ? Sewell -- They're books. Presser -- Were you going to do a little studying? I don't want no fancy drink, sir. Sewell (Thoughtfully) -- I'm studying how to get you any kind of a drink. Presser -- You weren't trying to get a nip of liquor out of that, were you? (Indicating book.) (Sezvell nods.) I've always found books dry stuff. Sewell (As if a happy thought had struck him) -- Poetry ! That's guaranteed 99% proof. Makes everybody drunk -(Jumps down from chair and searches lozver shelves), (Jumps down from chair and searches lozver shelves), especially the poets. Presser (Goes up) -- I'm not strong on poetry. Sewell (Searching, picks up books and shakes them) -Tennyson, Keats, Kipling? I have it. (Picks up book.) Tennyson, Keats, Kipling? I have it. (Picks up book.) George Sterling. "A Wine of Wizardy" -- did you ever drink it? (Takes book and glasses to table.) Presser -- Didn't know you could drink poems. Sewell (Pours out liquor)-- It's the only way to take them. Saves wear and tear on the brain. (Pushes glass to Presser. ) WILD OATS 143 Presser -- Well, here's how. (Drinks.) You're not taking a drop? ing a drop? Sewell (Refilling glass for Presser, ivho drinks again) -- I'm going to turn over a new leaf. Presser (Laying hand on hook) -- Don't turn any pages for me. That's the best Scotch I've tasted since I learned the dialect. Sewell- -- I mean, I've cut the booze stuff for good. Presser -- That's fine. Stick to that -- well, I will take a drop or two more, if you insist. (Pushes glass over.) I sometimes think there are too many drinkers. (Drinks.) Doesn't leave enough to go around. (Picks up book.) What did you say was the name of this? Sewell -- "A W^ine of Wizardy," by George Sterling. Presser -- Well, you tell George Sterling he makes damned fine whiskey. It's a shame he wastes his time in any other line. Sewell (Putting book and glasses azvay) -- That's the third time I've succeeded in bidding the demon booze goodday without getting sloppy and kissing him. day without getting sloppy and kissing him. Presser (Glances longingly at book) -- When his lips are as mellow as this chap's -- what'd you say his name was? -Oh, yes. Sterling -- it's some fight to turn your back on him. Oh, yes. Sterling -- it's some fight to turn your back on him. Sewell (Coming dozvn) -- I'm through just the same. Presser -- You're young enough to do it. But I'll bet there's a woman at the bottom of your resolution. (Enter Gertie R. She has on the uniform of nurse. Presser watches Gertie and Sezvell.) Gertie (To Sezvell, zvith a zvelcome note in her voice) -You're back? You're back? Sewell -- Gertie! (Goes to her and takes both of her hands in his.) Are you glad to see me? Presser -- Excuse me, Mr. Belden. Pay no attention to that question I just asked you. I know the answer. (Exit rear.) Sewell -- ^Where did you go? How did you get back? Tell me about yourself. Gertie-- I can't answer if you're going to squeeze my hand so. 144 WILD OATS Sewell -- I thought I'd lost you. My heart came to a dead stop. Now it's making up for lost time. {Leads her to couch.) Gertie (Sits) -- But I have work to do. There's a patient. Sewell -- I'm a patient, too. I need your attention more than anyone else in the world. Gertie -- You'd better see a doctor. (Rising.) Sewell -- You're my doctor. You've cured me. Gertie -- Mighty quick work, isn't it. Just a second ago you were a patient. Sewell -- It's my soul that's cured. You did it-- you and love. Gertie (Rising) -- I told you not to speak of that again. Sewell (Holds her hand) -- Listen, Gertie, do let me speak of it. There's nothing in the world means so much to me. It has turned me from a boy to a man. I'm no weakling now. I've cut drinking for good. Gertie -- That makes me happy. If you only stick to it ! Sewell -- Oh, I will. I know. And that's not the only proof I have of my love for you. (Takes out necklace.) See this? (Opens case.) I stole that for you. Gertie (Rises, half -afraid) -- That's your mother's! Sewell -- It is. I wandered around looking for you with it in my pocket. It meant thirty thousand dollars, maybe forty thousand. Anyhow enough to give us a start. You know, after we'd married. Then all of a sudden my brain cleared. I felt that you'd have nothing to do with me if I couldn't make my fight without such a beginning. As I ran towards home to put this back in the safe, all the rest of my degradation came on me like an avalanche. Twice I stopped to get a drink. As I raised the glass to my Hps, you seemed to reach out and pull me away. Well, I never needed a drink worse in my life before, and I refused to take it. Gertie -- You stole for me ? Sewell -- Just like that chap in "Sappho." She knew he loved her because he did. Gertie -- Oh, but there's something even better than that. You decided to fight for yourself. (Enter Rannock L.) WILD OATS 145 Rannock -- Do 3'OU mind if I come in without knocking? Sewell (Rising) -- If you don't knock after you're in. Rannock -- That depends. I'm some little hammer thrower. (Gertie goes R.) Sewell -- Don't go, Gertrude. Rannock is not going to stay long. Rannock (Insinuatingly) -- Don't let Sewell frighten you away, Gertie. Gertie (Quietly) -- I'm not frightened by anyone, Mr. Belden. Sewell (Leading Gertie to couch) -- I was just telling you that I'll be the happiest man in the world when-- -(Pause.) (Pause.) Rannock -- When? Go on. Finish it. Sewell -- When Rannock leaves the room. Gertie -- ^You must excuse me now, Sewell. I'll see you in a few minutes, if you like. Rannock (Fired by jealousy) -- Oh, you will? In a few minutes ! Gertie (Quietly) -- I will. Rannock -- You will? Sewell -- It seems that she will. Rannock (To Sewell) -- Don't be an emotional come-on. Sewell -- Don't )'ou worry. My emotions have cut their eye-teeth. Rannock -- But they haven't grown up. Like you, they need Pap. You're so wabbly you lush up so your legs will be as unsteady as your heart. Sewell -- Answer him for me, Gertie. Tell him I've cut the booze stuff for good. Tell him I fought it out alone, that I'm strong enough to pluck the whiskers from Professor Keeley. fessor Keeley. Gertie -- I believe you haz/e changed, Sewell. I believe that you can now face any disaster without flinching. Sewell -- It was worth doing just to hear you say that. 146 WILD OATS Ran NOCK -- Well, little boy, now you've said your piece, run right along. Sewell -- You've always put over that dodge with me. This time it won't go. I'm not the younger brother to fetch and carry for you. I'm going to stay right here with her. Ran NOCK -- So, she's the powder in the magazine of your explosion ? I thought so. Now I'm sure you'll run along. Gertie {Trying to leave) -- Sewell, I'll go -Rannock {To Gertie, in tone of command) -- You stay Rannock {To Gertie, in tone of command) -- You stay right here. Sewell -- Why should she stay here? Rannock -- Because I say so. Sewell -- Don't think you're going to run everybody. {To Gertie) You go ahead, Gertie. I'll see you again right away. {Gertie goes to door R.) Rannock {To Gertie) -- I've just a word to say, then you may go. {Gertie stops.) {To Seivell) You are a nice kid to be in love with her. Don't you know about her ? Sewell -- I know all I want to know about her. Rannock^ -- I'll tell you a little more, just the same. Do you know who she is? {Pause.) She's as good as being my wife. Gertie -- Good God! {Seivell struggles to keep control of himself.) Rannock {To Seivell) -- Emotional checkmate No. 1. {Pause.) Well, little boy, why don't you say something? Sewell {Going to Gertie and speaking cahnly) -- Gertrude, I'll take your word against the world. Tell him he's trude, I'll take your word against the world. Tell him he's a liar. Rannock -- Go on, tell me I'm a liar, Gertie. Gertie {To Rannock) -- Not only are you a liar, but you are a coward. Sewell -- Net. {To Rannock) You're all she says, and no discount. Rannock -- Very good, little boy. Get ready for emotional checkmate No. 2. You want proofs. They'll be tional checkmate No. 2. You want proofs. They'll be WILD OATS 147 here shortly. The Mater's down at the Raines-Law Hotel for the hotel register. There you'll see that Fm the duly accredited husband of our little friend Gertie. She can't deny it. Sewell -- Good God, it can't be true! Rannock {To Sezvell) -- You doubt my word? Sewell, I'm surprised. It would be absurd to intimate anything so banal if it could be disproved in an hour or two. Gertie -- Listen. Sewell, I didn't think I'd grow to care for what you'd believe or not believe of me. But I do care. Now I'll tell you the whole truth. Rannock (To Gertie) -- Spare him the sordid details. This outline will be sufficient. Under an agreement with me you left Brockton. I joined you at the next station. We journeyed together to New York and went straightway to the hotel. There I registered for both. After dinner we went -Sewell (Jumping at Rannock and grabbing him by Sewell (Jumping at Rannock and grabbing him by throat) You dog ! I know you ! I'll murder you ! Gertie (Struggling to break them apart) -- Sewell -- listen -- I'll explain -- help -- (She runs to door rear.) Help! (Enter Presser rear. He comes down and pulls men apart.) Presser -- What's the matter here? Gertie -- Are you hurt, Sewell? (She goes close to him.) Sewell (Drawing azvay) -- Don't touch me. Gertie -- You think -- you think -- (Enter servant rear.) Servant (To Gertie) -- Your father, miss. (Exit servant.) ant.) Gertie -- My father! (Pleadingly to Sezvell and Rannock) Not a word to him, it would kill him. (Enter Free- nock) Not a word to him, it would kill him. (Enter Freem,an rear. He is of the shabby-genteel type. The culture m,an rear. He is of the shabby-genteel type. The culture suggested by Gertie shows more definitely in him. He is very much of a dreamer and visionary.) Freeman -- Gertrude ! Gertie -- Daddy, my dear Daddy! Why did you go away? (Hugs him. Enter Millicent zvith servant. The servant carries a tray on which are a glass and a pitcher of water.) 148 WILD OATS MiLLicENT {To Presser, as she pours zvater in glass) -Here. Here. Presser -- What's that? MiLLiCENT (Holding glass to him) -- Water. Presser -- Do you think I asked for a bath? {Exit Presser, follozved by Millie ent and servant rear.) ser, follozved by Millie ent and servant rear.) Sewell {To Rannock) -- Well, why don't you have decency enough to leave them alone? cency enough to leave them alone? Rannock -- Why don't you? Sewell {To Freeman) -- I trust that I shall have the pleasure of meeting you again. Freeman -- Thank you, sir. {Exit Seivell R. Rannock exits L. To Gertie) So you are a nurse? Gertie {Pulling xip his coat collar, picking lint off him, etc.) Yes. I am. You don't look well. You're thinner and unkept. You've been worrying. Now Pve found you again, ril have to take you in hand. Freeman -- Who are the young men ? Gertie -- Those are my employer's two sons. Splendid, both of them. I have a beautiful place. Doctor Belden is so kind. You got my letter in Brockton with the hotel address? Freeman -- Yes. They told me at the hotel that someone answering your description had been arrested. Gertie {Laughing nervously) -- Arrested! For what? Freeman -- Of course, it was a mistake. This address was left with the clerk for me while I was talking to the proprietor. I was fearfully anxious and started for the court. Gertie -- And I was safe here all the time -- {Anxious to divert his attention.) I have a splendid position. I've never liked anything so much. Freeman -- It's a beautiful home. Gertie-- And everybody in it is so fine. You must meet Dr. Belden, Daddy. He has nobility of character that's wonderful. Freeman -- And Mrs. Belden? WILD OATS 149 Gertie -- -She's the Doctor's second wife. But much younger. Freeman -- Is she kind to you ? Gertie (After slight pause) -- Yes. Oh, yes, very kind. Freeman -- Then the best thing for you is to remain here. I looked for you just to say good-bye, though I wanted to stay until next Thursday. Gertie -- My birthday ! I knew you wouldn't forget that. Freeman -- It's my one anniversary. Gertie -- After Thursday what are you going to do ? Freeman -- Now you're settled in the life you need, I'm going away. Gertie -- No, Daddy. You can't go. I won't let you. Freeman -- I have a very good ofifer from Ramsey of Riverside, California. He wants me to oversee his ranch. It's a small place. Gertie -- California ! A ranch ! We'll never need to go back to Brockton? Freeman -- But you're not going with me. Gertie -- You know life wouldn't be anything for you without me. You've said so, often. Freeman -- Do you want to go? Gertie-- Do I want to go. Daddy? W1iy nothing could ever keep me from being where you are. Freeman -- You'll leave this beautiful home, the chance to get an education, the chance to make something of yourself, just for me? Gertie -- Don't I need you. Daddy? Don't you need me? What's all the rest to that? When shall we start? Freeman -- Right away. He sent me a ticket for you. Gertie (Going L.) -- You stay here. If an3'one speaks to you, don't give any satisfaction. Above all, don't say where you're going or that I'm going with you. I'll be ready in a minute. (Exit L. Enter Mrs. Belden in street attire, rear.) 150 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- Are you waiting for someone. (Freeman starts a little at sound of her voice. She takes off hat and zvrap. He zvatches her closely.) Freeman -- May I ask your name? Mrs. Belden -- Wh)'-, Vm Mrs. Belden, Doctor Belden's wife. Freeman -- Thank you. What was it previous to that? Mrs. Belden -- Why should you ask? (She looks at him) Good God, you ! Freeman -- Florence ! I knew your voice. Mrs. Belden (Frightened) -- What are you doing here? Freeman (Looking at door L.) -- I -- Oh, I am just waiting -- (Gertie appears L. The audience sees her, Mrs. Bel- ing -- (Gertie appears L. The audience sees her, Mrs. Belden and Freeman do not.) den and Freeman do not.) Mrs. Belden -- For Dr. Belden ? You must not see him. You are here to betray -- betray me. Freeman (He goes to her and looks steadily at her for a second) -- You have changed. The world hasn't treated you well. Your eyes are hard, your lips cruel and vindictive. Material success means everything to j^ou now. I can hardly believe that you are the woman I used to love. Mrs. Belden (Looking around anxiously) -- Sh -- don't speak of that. I had forgotten. Freeman -- Have you forgotten our baby -- our little Gertrude ? Mrs. Belden (Anxiously)-- She died. You wrote me she had died. Freeman (Recovering quickly) -- Yes, that's right. She died. Mrs. Bp:lden -- That's what broke my heart. I lost every interest in our old life then. Freeman -- Long before that you lost interest in our old ideals. The joy of being a free Vi^oman, of flouting the conventions of our warped and twisted social order, of standing ventions of our warped and twisted social order, of standing before the world an unmarried mother meant nothing to you. That's why you ran away from us -- from little Gertrude and me. WILD OATS 151 Mrs. Belden -- The revolutionary phrases of one generation become the platitudes of the next. I merely anticipated tion become the platitudes of the next. I merely anticipated that and aligned myself with the decent minded. Freeman -- You wanted respectability. Mrs. Belden-- I have it. I don't want to lose it. Freeman -- The secret of your free, untrammeled life, when you were an exquisite creature, before you fell into a commonplace middle-class habit of thought is perfectly safe with me. Mrs. Belden -- That life you look back on with reverence was a daily tragedy to me. You knew nothing of being an unmarried mother among married mothers. Freeman -- That's why you ran away? Mrs. Belden -- I didn't go far. My little baby pulled me back. But you were gone. Then came your letter from England, saying she was dead. Afterwards I heard that you changed your name. Freeman -- I did. I wanted to get as far from identification with my old life as you. But for a different reason. tion with my old life as you. But for a different reason. Mrs. Belden -- You missed our baby too. My heart has been empty ever since. Even now I wake at night and find myself crying for her to come back to me. I have longed to feel her little head on my arm. I've prayed to God. Do you know, she would just be a beautiful age now? Eighteen. Her birthday is next Thursday. Freeman -- You do remember? Mrs. Belden -- What mother can forget ? Freeman-- No doubt if she were alive, you'd take her from me. Mrs. Belden -- If it was the last thing I did on earth. I'd want to make up to her all the love of which I robbed her. I'd want her to love me to pay for my lonely hours. Gertie closes door L. gently.) Freeman {Looking anxiously at door L.) -- Well, what's the use of idle wishing? She's gone. I'll say good-bye now. {Not moving.) Mrs. Belden -- Yes, good-bye. It's better for you to go right away. Someone may see you and ask questions. {Urges him rear.) 152 WILD OATS Freeman (Sparring for time and getting azvay from her to door L.)-- You're not interested in m}^ affairs. You have no curiosity about myself or my life. There's no wonderment if I have climbed in the Avorld of ideas, or slipped back ment if I have climbed in the Avorld of ideas, or slipped back into a rut of dull living. Mrs. Belden -- I can see you are still the unpractical dreamer. The old phrases that were the very breath of your nostrils mean as much to you now as they ever did. Please go out this way. (Indicates rear.) Freeman (Opening door L. a little) -- Can't I go to the street this way? I'd rather. Mrs. Belden (Closing door hastily) -- No. That's the way to the sleeping room. This is the way out. (Leads him rear.) Freeman (Still sparring for time) -- Wait a minute. Now that I know you regret having given your youthful days to me and love, T wish to say that I echo your regret. My fond desire of you that made me wander through the night with my mind a blank, ni}^ agony over the loss of you, and that reiterated determination to find you which left me at times insane -- I also regret. My regret Avill serve some purpose. My fond desire of you is a thing of the past. From pose. My fond desire of you is a thing of the past. From now on I know you never could know. It wasn't given to you to understand. Mrs. Belden -- Well, not everyone can understand. You don't understand how much hangs right now on your leaving this house at once. Freeman -- Your life of middle class ease depends upon it. Your three meals a day. Your fine soft bed to sleep on, your automobile -- all material things. Did you ever ask )^ourself what the world could lose during a week that you were away from it? Or a year or a hundred years? Mrs. Belden (Softly and cunningly to placate him) -Charles, let us go now. (Takes his arm.) You are still as Charles, let us go now. (Takes his arm.) You are still as eloquent as ever. Do you remember how 3'ou used to hold forth in the old days in the studios ? Freeman (Mollified) -- Those were the days -- our days. Ideas, ideals, thoughts, love ! They made up our lives. Mrs. Belden -- It's true. We can even forget sometimes that we couldn't eat our ideas, and that our ideals couldn't WILD OATS 153 keep a roof over our heads. Let me see you to the door, Charles. {Takes arm again.) Freeman -- Yes, I'll go noAv. You have gone back -- far back. But we had our gold hour, don't forget that -- an hour when I imagined you had a Gypsy soul to mate my own. (Exeunt Freeman and Mrs. B. rear. Gertie enters L. in street dress. She runs rear.) Gertie (At door) -- Mother! (Enter Sezvell R.) Sewell -- -Can you forgive me ? Gertie -- Forgive you what, Sewell ? Sewell -- My doubt of you for a minute. Gertie -- That's nothing. You had a right to. Appearances were against me. ances were against me. Sewell -- I wish I'd killed Rannock. He's no good. He's a sneak. He gum-shoes it over on us on the score of having a superior personality that must find emotional experience. Gertie -- I'm really sorry you have such a brother, Sewell. And now good-bye. I must be going. (Holds out hand to him.) This time for good. Sewell -- You're not -Gertie -- Yes. Gertie -- Yes. Sewell -- Where ? Gertie -- West. Sewell -- Whereabouts in the West? Gertie -- California. Sewell -- Southern California, of course. Is your father going to take you? Gertie -- He is. Sewell -- Tell me just where you're going? I want to see you again. I want to write to you. Gertie -- You'd better not. Sewell -- Do you think I'm going to let you drop out of my life? Listen, Gertie, some day I'm going to marry you. Gertie -- No -- no, that can't be -- not now. 154 WILD OATS Sewell- -- It's got to be. You've made me almost human. Don't renig on the rest of the job. You care. (Pause.) Say you care a little. (He goes close to her.) Say it made you happy when I got a grip on myself. Gertie -- It did, Sewell. I hated to see you waste vour life. Sewell -- You did what all the preaching in the country couldn't do. I'll tell you frankly that I won't slide back just because you made believe you were interested in me to get me started on the right track. Gertie -- I didn't make believe. Sewell -- Ah ! Then the personal equation meant something ? thing ? Gertie -- It did. Sewell -- How much? (Pause.) (He tries to take her hand.) How much? Not enough to let you tell me your address. Gertie -- You can write to me at Riverside, California. Sewell (Joyously) -- I'll come to you. I'm going to put myself to the test. I know I can buckle down and get a foothold in the world. When I do, Gertie, I'll find you. (Enter Mrs. Belden.) Mrs. Belden -- Sewell! Sewell (With antagonism) -- What is it? Mrs. Belden -- Keep away from that creature. Gertie -- Creature ! That, from you ? Mrs. Belden -- What did you expect from me? Sewell -- The treatment of an ordinary human being. Mrs. Belden -- Do you know who and what this girl is? Sewell -- Yes, I do. Mrs. Belden -- You know nothing. Now you run along and let me attend to her. Sewell -- Whatever you are going to do to her count me in as audience. Gertie (To Mrs. B., very gently) -- You really misjudge me. I have done nothing. In fact, I'd like to be able to do WILD OATS 155 you a little kindness -- just to show -- ^just to show there are no hard feelings. Sewell (To Mrs. B.) -- After that you call her a bad girl ? Mrs. Belden -- She's a little sneak. Look at this. {Pulls out page of hotel register.) That's Rannock's handwriting. A page from a hotel register. She's down here as his wife -without the formalit)^ of a marriage ceremony. without the formalit)^ of a marriage ceremony. Sewell -- I know all about it. Rannock wrote that. He's the sneak. He framed this all up. Mrs. Belden -- She can be identified by a half dozen of the hotel employees. Sewell -- Perjury! Perjury's child's play to that gang. They'd cut a throat for ten dollars. Mrs. Belden -- Wasn't she arrested? Wasn't she found guilty ? Gertie-- I was. (To Sezvell) Say no more about it. (To Mrs. B.) Vm. going away on a long journey. I won't come back any more. I won't see you any more. I just wanted you to say a kind word to me -- one -- a little one. Say you don't believe everything against me. Mrs. Belden -- But I do believe everything. Gertie -- I wish you hadn't said that. I have a special reason for wanting to keep a beautiful thought of you. Mrs. Belden -- Pm not interested in any of your thoughts. Sewell {To Mrs. Belden) -- Since you took my own mother's place in our home, Pve disliked you. Mrs. Belden -- ^The usual pay of a step-mother. Sewell -- Now that I see you as you really are, I hate you. Mrs. Belden -- Because I opened your eyes to what she is ? Sewell -- Because you keep your own eyes closed to what you are yourself. You're digging into this poor girl's life to find an excuse to flay her. Do you know why? Pll tell you. You're a natural full-grown harpy, that's why. 156 WILD OATS Gertie {To Sezvell angrily) -- Keep still, Sewell. I won't let you sa)^ a word against her. Sewell -- There -- {To Mrs. Belden) See, she even defends you. fends you. Mrs. Belden -- She's playing a deep game. I know her kind. She can't pull the wool over my eyes. Gertie {Sinking in chair) -- Oh! Sewell {Going to Gertie) -- Now you've done it. You've killed her. Mrs. Belden -- Don't be a fool. That's the next play in the game. Faint -- that gets the sympathy. Sewell -- She don't need to win my sympathy, she has it ; yours wouldn't do her any good. Gertie {Getting to her feet) -- You are wrong about that. I do want Mrs. Belden's sympathy -- at least her interest. I'd give anything in the world to get it. {To Mrs. Belden.) However, since I can't win your confidence, I'll hold no grudge. I'm going now. Good-bye. Sewell -- I'm going with you. Mrs. Belden -- Sewell -- you're not. Sewell -- I am -- and I'm going to marry her. Mrs. Belden -- Good God, not that. Why, in addition to all the rest, she's a thief. Sewell -- What ? Mrs. Belden-- She stole my necklace. Sewell -- Now I have you dead to rights at last. {Pulls out necklace.) I stole it. Mrs. Belden -- You! Sewell {To Mrs. Belden) -- Yes. When she refused to marry me, I thought it was because I hadn't my place in the world. I saw a chance to get away with this {Indicating jewels) and get a start. I won't excuse myself by saying my brain was befuddled with booze. I thought clearly enough to get the goods. Mrs. Belden -- Go on ! Go on ! What else did she induce you to do ? WILD OATS * 157 Sewell (Angrily) -- You're even twisting that around so she'll bear the brunt. Well, this is what she did. When I sobered, I saw her fine, pure eyes look straight into my soul, you understand. I saw them accusing me of being a weakling -- of being a poor wisp of personality unable to with- ling -- of being a poor wisp of personality unable to withstand temptation of any kind. I saw" her through the years stand temptation of any kind. I saw" her through the years draw farther and farther away from me. For the first time in my life I felt lonesome. Gertie -- Then what did you do? Sewell -- First I vowed I'd never drink again -- a vow I think I've tested myself on. Next I came here to return the necklace. Gertie -- That's what I wanted you to tell her. (To Mrs. Belden) Do you hear? He's not going to drink again. He's proved to himself he can do without it. Mrs, Belden {To Sezvell) -- She has you hypnotised. You are ready to take her crime on your shoulders. I'll call the police and have her arrested. {Goes up. Enter Freeman rear.) Gertie {Running into his arms) -- Daddy! Freeman {To Mrs. B., holding Gertie) -- You'd try to take her away from me, would you ? You can't. No law in the land will give her to 3^ou. I nursed her. I cared for her. Mrs. Belden {To Freeman, in zvonder)--V^h.o is this child ? Freeman -- Mine. Mrs. Belden {To Gertie softly) -- Yours! {To Gertrude) Your name is Gertrude? trude) Your name is Gertrude? Gertie -- Yes. Mrs. Belden -- Next Thursday is your birthday? Gertie -- It is. Mrs. Belden -- You are eighteen ? Freeman -- She is eighteen. What are you going to do about it ? Mrs. Belden {Taking Gertie) -- Come to me. I won't harm you. I won't keep her. You are quite big. {Turns Gertie around.) The last time I saw you you were that size. {Holds hands apart.) 158 ' WILD OATS Sewell (To Mrs. Belden) -- You're human, too! A miracle ! Mrs. Belden {Indifferently, to Gertie) -- Oh, yes. A miracle. I knew your mother. Gertie -- Tell me of her. I have always had an ideal of my mother. Mrs. Belden -- An ideal of her? Could you hold an ideal of her? Gertie -- Daddy did too. Freeman -- Your mother changed a lot from what she used to be at eighteen. Mrs. Belden {To Gertie) -- Do you mind sitting on my knee? {Gertie sits after Mrs. Belden takes chair.) Tell me that you forgive my cruelties to you, and I'll tell you of your mother. Gertie -- I forgive you, Mrs. Belden. I knew you didn't understand. Mrs. Belden {Stroking Gertie's hair) -- That's a dear. Well your mother was-- was a relative of mine. When she was just your age she fell in love with an artist -- he was a dreamer -- a man that wanted to reform the world over night. After a while the life he made your mother live began to cause her great pain. She was ostracised by her old friends. Well, one day in a lit of desperation, after some of your father's intimates had called her the vilest name that can be called a woman, she ran away and left you. Gertie -- Didn't she come back at all? Mrs. Belden -- Yes, after her insane moment had passed, but you were gone. Your father changed his name so he couldn't be followed. He went to England and in less than a year he wrote that you had died. Gertie -- Did my mother ever learn the truth? Mrs. Belden -- Not until it was too late to do her any good. {Gives Gertie to Freeman.) Take her along -Gertie-- We're going to California. Gertie-- We're going to California. Mrs. Belden -- You'll write to me? Gertie -- Would vou like me to ? WILD OATS 159 Mrs. Belden -- Now that I've told you everything about your mamma will you think kindly of her once in a while? And say in your letters that you do. Gertie -- I always did think kindly of her. I'll just keep on that way. Mrs. Belden -- What can I give you to remember me by. This. {Picks up photograph.) It was taken along ago. Gertie (Taking photograph) -- Thank you. Mrs. Belden {To Freeman) -- Be good to her. Gertie {To Mrs. Belden) -- Would you mind if I kissed you? Mrs. Belden -- You want to? {Gertie kisses her. Mrs. Belden folds Gertie close to her. Enter Doctor.) Doctor {To Mrs. Belden) -- I'm glad to see you reconciled to Gertrude, dear. {Mrs. B. starts back.) Mrs. Belden {An.viously) -- Yes. Yes, I am reconciled. I -- I was mistaken. Wasn't I, Sewell? {To Freeman) This is my husband. {Doctor bozvs.) Freeman -- Your husband ! Mrs. Belden -- Yes, yes. This is Gertrude's father, Doctor. I was mistaken about her. tor. I was mistaken about her. Sewell -- Very much mistaken. But I'll tell you, Mater, you've made up for it all. Mrs. Belden -- You're a good boy, Sewell. {To Doctor) I think she's a fine girl. Doctor {To Freeman) -- I have always thought so. {Enter Rannock L. Gertie sees him.) ter Rannock L. Gertie sees him.) Gertie {To Freeman) -- Let's go, quick. Rannock {To Gertie) -- You're going with me? Freeman -- Do you know that you're speaking to my daughter ? Rannock -- It doesn't matter. She's got to marry me. Sewell {Getting between them) -- Not by a damned sight. Rannock -- It's so, isn't it, Mater? 160 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden -- I'd rather see her dead than married to you. Rannock-- You've gone back on me? You want to see me go to the penitentiary. Mrs. Belden -- A term in prison will do you good. It will teach you not to -Freeman -- What has Gertrude to do with all this? Freeman -- What has Gertrude to do with all this? Gertie {Laying hand on Mrs. B's arm and interrupting her) -- Sh -- (She lets it register that Freeman must be kept in ignorance of the affair.) Mrs. Belden (To Freeman) -- She is wanted as a witness in the theft of a necklace, that's all. You'd better take her away at once. Doctor (Shaking hands zvith Freeman) -- I congratulate you on having such a daughter. Good-bye, sir. Freeman -- Thank you. Good-bye. ( Gertie and Freeman go up. Enter Presser rear. He blocks their going. Millicent appears rear.) Presser (To Doctor) -- The hour's up, sir. Doctor (Pulling out zuatch) -- Is it? Rannock (To Presser) -- Your watch is running fast. (To Mrs. Belden) Can't you think of something to help me out ? Mrs. Belden (To Rannock) -- I can only think of the misery you caused that poor child. Rannock -- At what specific hour did you become so strong for the little nobody. Mrs. Belden-- Don't you dare call her a nobody. She's as good as you ever were -- better than you ever were. Freeman -- I endorse that. (To Doctor) Believe me, sir, her mother was a woman in ten million. Doctor -- I don't doubt it, sir. Presser (To Rannock) -- Well, they've all left you to shift for yourself. Come along. (To Gertie) You come along as witness. WILD OATS - 161 Sewell {He has picked up hook from the shelf) -- Just a minute, Presser, wouldn't you like a little more of the Sterling brew? {Pours out liquor.) Presser {To Sewell, zvho takes liquor to him)-- -Something about lizzardy -- isn't it. Strange a good distiller as thing about lizzardy -- isn't it. Strange a good distiller as him would call it a wine of lizzardy. {Drinks. Glass is refilled.) You know, sir, a lizzard ain't nothing but a snake with feet. Now snakes and this don't mix -- only sometimes -- {Drinks) when you don't want them to. times -- {Drinks) when you don't want them to. Sewell {Refilling glass) -- Have another. 'Presser {Takes glass. Sezvell signs to Rannock to go. Rannock goes rear) -- Do you mind if I sit down? {Comes down and sits.) I'd feel more comfortable-like. Rannock -- Sometimes you keep your head by saving your legs. At other times you don't. {Exit rear.) Presser {Stopping in the middle of his drink) -- What did he say? {Gets partly to his feet.) My legs are just as good as ever. {Walks) See! He's gone. {To Sewell) You did it. MiLLiCENT -- No, I did it. I didn't want you to spoil an elopement. Sewell {Holding Presser' s arm) -- You're in bad. You got the wrong angle. Rannock was just bringing Gertrude here to me, so we could be married. Freeman {To Gertie) -- Is this true? Gertie -- I'm going to marry Sewell some day, if Dr. Belden doesn't object. den doesn't object. Mrs. Belden -- Why should he object? Doctor {To Mrs. Belden) -- I'm glad you approve, dear. Sewell {To Presser) -- You can easily see that I wouldn't like the least intimation of scandal attached to my wife. And besides, she is your chief witness. She'd upset your story. She wouldn't say a word against Rannock. Gertie -- I certainly would not. Mrs. Belden {Quietly to Pre Holds out page of hotel register Presser -- The page of the hotel register! {Points.) Mrs. Belden {Quietly to Presser) -- Do you see that? {Holds out page of hotel register.) 162 WILD OATS Mrs. Belden (Tearing it up very small) -- That's the last link. Presser-- Sort of missing h'nk, ain't it. Well, that settles the case. Can I have another drink? (Goes R.) Sewell -- Here, take the bottle. Presser (Taking book)--V\ take it along. My partner would like an introduction to h nice set of lizzards with the Scotch accent. That's his favorite language. (Exit Presser R.) Freeman -- Come, Gertrude. Gertie-- Good-bye, Doctor. Good-bye. Sewell (Going luith them) -- I'll take you as far as the train. I might tackle the blind baggage and go even further. (Exeunt Seivell and Freeman.) Mrs. Belden -- Gertrude ! Gertrude (Stopping at door) -- Yes! Mrs. Belden -- Won't you kiss me? (Gertie runs into her arms.) Wear this. (Clasps necklace about Gertie's throat.) Gertie -- Thank you. I'll see you some time. Mrs. Belden -- You're really going to marry Sewell ? Gertie (To both Doctor and Mrs. Belden) -- You'd want me to? Doctor -- If you do it very soon. Gertie -- I will. (Running up.) Mrs. Belden -- And come back from California right away to live with us. Gertie -- I can't leave daddy for good. But I'll come and visit you if you'll promise to talk to me every day about my mother. (Exit rear.) Doctor -- I wish we had a daughter like that. Mrs. Belden (Going to zvindow and looking out) -- So do I. Doctor -- It's strange, men sow their wild oats, and everything is forgotten and forgiven, but a woman. I think thing is forgotten and forgiven, but a woman. I think WILD OATS 163 that all civilizations rest on the virtue of their women. Mks. Belden {Looking anxiously out of ivindozv) -- There she is. She's beautiful. Doctor -- What a contradiction nature is. How it laughs at eugenics ! That child is handicapped by birth and breeding, yet she is a lady with brains to be a great physician if ing, yet she is a lady with brains to be a great physician if the opportunity presented itself. My sons have every advantage accruing from both birth and breeding, and one is a vantage accruing from both birth and breeding, and one is a dipsomaniac, the other a scoundrel. Mrs. Belden {Bus. at ivindow) -- Look -- look -- even Rannock is finer because of meeting her. See him. He's stand- nock is finer because of meeting her. See him. He's standing humbly before her. He's pleading for forgiveness. He ing humbly before her. He's pleading for forgiveness. He is actually ready to go on his knees. She is wavering. There, I knew it. Sewell is placing her hand in Rannock's. They're all laughing. It's )'0uth. It's youth. There's nothing in the world can take the place of youth, and we live it ing in the world can take the place of youth, and we live it only once. {Sound of auto horn off. She waves handkerchief at zvindozu.) She's gone. chief at zvindozu.) She's gone. Doctor -- I'm glad she became friends with Rannock. That spirit of forgiveness is the one that differentiates us more from the brute than any other quality. Mrs. Belden {Coming to him) -- Doctor, I think I understand you better today than ever before. You are good, stand you better today than ever before. You are good, gentle. Doctor -- I've learned that in life bitter fruits grow on poison stocks. Spite breeds hate ; patience, peace and kindness, friends. ness, friends. Mrs. Belden -- And now I-- want to confess to you a great sin. Doctor -- A great sin? One that you committed? Mrs. Belden -- Twenty years ago. Doctor -- Twenty years ! That's a long time. My dear, God has forgotten your sin. I can well afford to forget. .So can you. Curtain End oe Act III THE WASTERS THE WASTERS CAST OF CHARACTERS Edward Millwood A modern pleasure seeker Alice His sister Millwood His father Mrs. Millwood (divorced) His mother BuRRELL His friend Florence One of his victims Mabel Friend of Florence Larry Brother of Florence BuDWELL A detectiz'e Alkali A subdued coiv punch Servant. NiTA A prospective victim of Edzvard Milhvood's. Maskers, Dancers, Etc. Time -- The Present. Scene -- Act one: Living room of the Milhvood's, Nezv York City. Act two: A ranch house in the Southwest. Act three: Larahee's apartment, Nezv York City. ACT I Interior of Millwood home, Nezv York City. This is the living room, and is richly furnished to suit the tastes of a ivonian divorced from her millionaire husband, ivho still provides for her and the children. The butler, an aloof person, is discovered at rise. Imogene, a recent addition to the household in the form of a servant, enters rear. The hold in the form of a servant, enters rear. The attitude of the butler tozvards Imogene is the proper one of a superior tozvards an inferior. 168 THE WASTERS Imogene -- I thought Miss AHce was here. Butler {Haughtily) -- Indeed! Imogene -- A couple of girls forced themselves into the house. Butler -- You mean, you let them in. What do they want? Where are their cards? Imogene -- They didn't have cards. {She comes towards him and speaks confidentially to him.) They seem to know Master Edward. The one that put her foot in the door jamb when I tried to shut it, calls him Shrimp Eddie. Butler-- Shrimp Eddie! What an absurd name! Imogene -- She talks trouble for him, too. Butler -- Tell them to go at once. Wait, I'll do it. {Exit rear. ) Imogene {Calling after him) -- It won't do any good. {Enter Alice, L. She is about seventeen, pretty and guileless. ) less. ) Alice -- Were you speaking, Imogene? Imogene -- ^Two strange girls pushed right past me into the house, Miss Alice. They want to see your brother. Alice -- Who are they? Companion -- They don't seem to be anybody in particular. They just burst right in. {Enter Burr ell R. He is a suave, well groomed hanger-on of the financially successful, about 40.) Burrell {Advancing and shaking hands with Alice) -How do you do, Alice. Ed said I Avas to wait in here for How do you do, Alice. Ed said I Avas to wait in here for him. Alice -- How do you do, Mr. Burrell. {To Imogene) That will do, thank you, Imogene. {Exit Imogene. To Burrell) Did Edward come up with you? Burrell -- Yes, he ran his car in back. My, but you are looking fit. You're growing younger. Do you know, I think you'll never grow old? Alice -- Why won't I grow old like other people? Burrell -- I mean you'll never grow old to me. THE WASTERS 169 Alice -- Why not to you the same as to anyone else ? BuRRELL (Bending toivards her) -- Do I mean no more to you than anyone else ? Alice -- No, I can't say you do. (Gently) You see, I've seen you only a few times, Mr. Burrell. BuRRELL -- That's your fault. I've wanted to see you often. Do you know that I cultivated Ed just to get a glimpse of you? Alice (With rising inflection) -- My brother will be glad to hear that, I'm sure. Burrell (Pidling chair toivards her) -- Don't tell Ed I spoke to you. You're cooped up here like a bird in a cage. Alice -- Well, it's a nice cage. I rather like it. Burrell (Leaning towards her) -- Don't tell me. You're too young to get it across. Ed keeps you shut up, away from everything. He doesn't want you to touch life at all. Alice -- Edward is careful of me, that's all. He's a real brother. Burrell (Looking around, then very insinuatingly to her) -- A real brother ! He wants a monoply of the good things, that's it. He's greedy. Now, I think everyone should know everything about life, don't you? Alice (Hesitatingly) -- It's nice to know a lot about things. Burrell -- But don't you agree with me? You should know everything about everything. Alice (Questioningly) -- Know everything about everything ? thing ? Burrell (Forcing the issue) -- You must think as I do about it. Why shouldn't you know all there is to know? Alice -- I never thought of it. Burrell (Compelling her to agree) -- But now you have thought of it. You must want to know things. Of course you do. Alice -- Why, yes -- Of course I do. Burrell -- I knew it. You shouldn't be compelled to stay in the middle of a ring of stupid formalities while your brother goes dancing and singing around. Do yon think so? 170 THE WASTERS Alice -- Why, no. BuRRELL -- Do you see any reason why you should vegetate ? Why should any one have the right to rob you of your tate ? Why should any one have the right to rob you of your share of the laughter? (He 7vatches her narrowly.) Youth lasts only a little while, (Sighs) only a little while. If you miss it now, when you reach out for it, it will be gone like that. (Opens and closes his hand.) To get its just dues, youth must be free -- first, last and all the time free. Don't you think so ? Alice -- Why, yes. BuRRELL -- That's right. Now listen. (Looks around and goes closer to her.) The next time you're coming back here to your mother's from your father's house, telephone me a day ahead and I'll wait anywhere you say for you. Alice -- Wait for me ! Why ? BuRRELL -- Don't you see, each home will think you're with the other, and you'll be free just like Ed. This idea of letting the boy have all the individuality and the girl none is old fashioned. Everybody laughs at it. Girls have just as many rights as boys. Will you do it? (Enter Ed Millivood L. He is about twenty-two and an undersized glutton ivood L. He is about twenty-two and an undersized glutton for pleasure.) BuRRELL (Seeing Ed and turning to. him quickly) -- Oh, hello, Ed. Just telling Alice I was growing tired of waiting for you. Edward (Laying overcoat on back of chair) -- ^Thought it must have been SOMETHING confidential. Alice (To Ed.) -- You're not going away this evening again, are you ? Edward -- Why not? (To Burrell) Say, Burr, would you wait for me a second ? I've something to say to Alice. Burrell (Lighting cigarette) Cut the lecture short. Remember dinner and the girls are waiting, both may get cold. member dinner and the girls are waiting, both may get cold. (Exit Burrell rear.) Edward (Goes to Alice, speaks quickly, emphatically) -Didn't I tell you to look out for him? (Indicating Burrell.) Didn't I tell you to look out for him? (Indicating Burrell.) Alice -- Why don't you look out for him? Edward -- Oh, it's different with me. You cut him after this, will you? THE WASTERS 171 Alice -- Why don't you ctit him tonight and go with me to father's? This is the third time you've let me go there alone. Father was angry the last time. Edward -- You fix it up with the Governor. {Picks up his coat.) I'll do as much for you. This engagement's pressing. Made it without thinking. Tell him I'll run in tomorrow or next day. If he says much, tell him I'm of legal morrow or next day. If he says much, tell him I'm of legal age now, and don't have to obey the court order any more. {Goes up.) Remember, no more palavering with Burrell. Alice -- Oh, I forgot. Did you see the girl that called? She's in the house somewhere. Edward {Anxiously) -- In the house? What girl? {Comes down from door.) Alice -- She didn't give her name. Edward -- What does she look like? {Imogene appears rear. * She is followed closely by Mabel and Florence. Mabel is a good looking, over-dressed girl of about twenty-five or six. Florence is a neatly dressed girl of about seventeen, quiet and restrained. ) Mabel {To servant) -- Trailed you right to him. {Enters rear.) Edward -- You? Here? {He stands abashed, unable to articulate.) Mabel {To Florence, zvho enters slowly) -- Didn't I tell you Shrimp would be glad to see us ? Florence -- You did. But -- is he? Alice -- These are evidently the young ladies, Edward. Who are they ? Mabel -- Before Ave get down to the biography, can her. {Indicating servant.) {To servant) Say, why don't you get a job at Child's? Imogene -- I don't want a job. Mabel -- You should. You got the greatest buckwheat front in captivity. Take it away. Edward {To servant) -- You may go, Imogene. Imogene -- Yes, Sir. {Exit servant rear.) Edward {To Florence, roughly) -- Why did you come here ? 172 THE WASTERS Florence {Shrinking back of Mabel) -- Why -- I -- I wanted to see you. Mabel -- We're here just to make a little social call, Eddie. I suppose this is your sister. (Indicating Alice.) Introduce us. Edward -- I've no time for nonsense. Get out, both of you. Mabel -- Sh -- cut the rough stuff. I said to myself when I first came here I was going to be a lady. Now you let me be a lady, that's all I've got to say. Edward -- You keep still. I know your line of talk. (He goes to Alice and places hand on her shoulder urging her to go out.) Mabel -- You bet you do. I've a full supply on hand for you. (Ed whispers to Alice.) Alice -- But what do they want, Edward? Mabel (To Alice) -- That's it, we're down to cases. Florrie here -- (Indicating Florence) was taking the gas route rie here -- (Indicating Florence) was taking the gas route when I interrupted her. Come on along, says I, and have a chin chin with the cause of your trouble -- and here we are. Edward -- I'm not going to stand for any blackmail. You'd better know that right away. Mabel -- I get you, Eddie, I get you. You don't want to make her bump off, do you? She's only a kid, she's too young to kick out just for you. You were trying to die (To Flo) when I found you, weren't you? Florence -- I didn't have anything to live for. Edward (Snarling) -- Huh, you're all the same. Talk a lot about dying and keep living just for spite. (Florence shrinks hack.) Mabel (Indicating Alice) -- Would you say that about her ? Edward (Angrily) -- You leave her out of this, you hear? (To Alice) Let me settle this little matter myself. (Leads her to .door R.) Alice -- I can't understand it, Edward. What do they want? Why did they come here? Where did you meet them ? THE WASTERS 173 Edward -- Never mind now, I'll get them out. {Florence signs to Mabel to leave ivith her.) Mabel {To Edward. Holding Florence in check) -You've another guess coming. We had to pry ourselves in. You've another guess coming. We had to pry ourselves in. Believe me, you'll have to do some prying to get us out. Florence {To Mabel) -- Let's go. Mabel -- Can that quit stuff, the circus is just starting. Alice {To Edward) -- Shall I tell Mr. Burrell? He may help you. Edward -- That's right, get Burr in quickly. {Grasping at the hope.) Mabel {To Alice) -- Say, you, little one, look out for that Burr. I got his number and Shrimp here's an angel child beside him. Alice -- You're a strange girl. You seem to know everybody. body. Mabel-- No, only the male members of your set. Edward {Urging Alice) -- Never mind her, Alice. I'm sorry you're compelled to know that such creatures live. Mabel {To Alice) -- See, it's cotton wool for you, brickbats for us. You'd never suspect we were of the same bats for us. You'd never suspect we were of the same flesh, would you? All the same, he was ours more than he was ever yours. Alice -- What's the meaning of it all, Edward? The girl seems to think she knows you better than I do. Mabel -- ^You bet your life I do. You get him always with the soup and fish on -- {Indicating evening clothes.) Believe me, he leaves off his conscience with his dress suit, and when he does, he's some boy. Edward {To Alice) -- Why do you bandy words with her? Alice -- I don't know what's wrong, but it looks terrible, Edward. Edward -- I'll explain later. {Urging her to leave. He finally gets her off reluctantly.) Mabel {To Edivard) -- Let the kid alone. She's getting a line on you so you won't pull any Sunday-school stuff on her when she's not looking. 174 THE WASTERS Edward {Shuts door) -- Thank heaven, she's gone. Mabel (To Edzvard)-- The Httle one's got a date with your past alright, alright. She won't wear blinders after this either. Edward (Advancing on Mabel) -- You infernal cat! Mabel -- Soft pedal on that; I'll scratch. You're sore 'cause I wised her up a bit. Edward (To Florence, roughly) -- Why did you come here ? Florence (Abashed) -- Just to -- just to see you. 'M.AB'EL (Florence shrinks hack of Mabel) -- I'm the committee of explanation. mittee of explanation. Edward (To Mabel) -- What do you want? Mabel -- Get out your shock absorber. Edward (Despairingly) -- I'm not going to try to understand you. stand you. Mabel -- Too high brow, eh ? Well, that's what I get for almost going to school. Edward -- For God's sake, cut the chatter. What do you want ? Mabel -- It's going to knock you a twister. We want you ! And we're going to get you. Edward -- What new kind of frame-up are you trying to work? (To Florence) Are you in on it? Florence (Half -frightened) -- I agree with what Mabel says. Edward -- It's madness. I belong here. This is my home. I'm going to stay here. Mabel -- While your brain's not working your tongue's doing quite well. Edward -- I wish )^ou'd train your tongue to talk some sense. (To Florence) Don't you see you can't have me if I stay here? Mabel -- Wake up, this is 1916, the war's nearly over. New stuff or nothing. She'll stay with you. Edward (Turns to Florence) -- Stay with me! You can't. Why don't you say something? THE WASTERS 175 Florence-- Well, Avhen Mabel found me almost -- almost dead -- I told her what the doctor said I -- I -- {She hursts out crying.) Mabel {To Edivard) -- I'll knock your block off if you make her cry. She's the best kid ever, and she's got you dead to rights. Florence {Quietly) -- Let me tell it. She got it out of me that I loved you. Edward {With sneering laugh) -- Huh, loved me -- ! Mabel -- That's right, I can't see why she should either. Women always were a puzzle to me. Anyhow, I said the only thing to do is to get into the house and camp. I knew you'd take up the job of being a real father if we once got snug in here. Edward -- A father! {He looks from Mabel to Florence. Florence hangs her head.) Mabel -- Yes, papa, dear. Edward {Threatening Mabel) -- Stop it! Get out, both of you. I'll call the servants. Mabel -- My trusty little forty-four-- {Pulling revolver out part way from hand bag) was depended on to rush the first line of trenches to get us in, but it's just as good now as any time. Edward {Sarcastically) -- You've got a gtm, too, eh? Mabel -- You bet. Think I'd trust you not to rough-house us? We're here and we're going to stay until you come right out in the open and say she's your wife. Edward-- My wife! But I'm not married to her. I never was. Mabel -- Oh, yes, you were. You kept house together, didn't you? You paid the bills, didn't you? {Takes out some bills.) Coal bills, grocery bills, rent. Here's some made out in your name not paid yet. Edward {Snatching bills) -- Damn them. {Tears them up and tosses them azvay. Enter Burr ell rear.) Burrell -- Ah, children, why the confetti? {Touching scraps of paper zvith his toe.) 176 THE WASTERS Mabel -- Well, if here isn't Burr? How are you, you old chestnut ? Still sticking around ? BuRRELL -- Still sticking, Mabel. Glad to see you've moved up a peg socially. Mabel -- Right at your heels, Burr. Every step you climb, I go up one, too. I hope we both hold on and don't land back east of the west side. BuRRELL (Indicating by look that he is not pleased zvith Mabel's reference to his former social status) -- How is little Florrie this evening? tle Florrie this evening? Florence -- How do you do, Mr. Burrell? BuRRELL {To Edward)-- You're to be congratulated. Nice girls, both of them. Edward {Scoffingly) -- Glad you think so. Mabel (To Edward) -- You don't. Edward -- Not by a damn sight. Burrell {Laying hand on Edzvard's arm and interrupting him) -- Easy. They are our friends and ladies {Bowing ing him) -- Easy. They are our friends and ladies {Bowing to the girls), both of them. Mabel {To Burrell. Astonished) -- You have improved. Burr. Burrell -- It's the voice with the smile that wins, Mabel. I learned that. If you'll permit me I'll give you a lesson. Edward -- Better give her a lesson in minding her own business. She's butting in where she don't belong. Burrell -- I don't agree with you, Edward. Mabel's middle name is discretion. dle name is discretion. Mabel -- Well, wouldn't that furnish a flat on the installment plan ? Say, Burr, the latch string's out for you again. ment plan ? Say, Burr, the latch string's out for you again. Drop in any time. Burrell -- With pleasure, Mabel. Edward {To Burrell) -- Where do I come in on this? I thought you were my pal, that you were going to help me out. Burrell -- Place aux Dame, Mabel. {To Mabel) Mabel, dear, that's classic Greek for "Ladies First." THE WASTERS 177 Mabel -- I get yon, Burr. I get that wop stuff quick every time. Edward (To Burr ell) -- I might have known that where there's a skirt you always were a quitter. Mabel {To Burrell) -- You're out to see that even if vv^e are just poor defenseless female v/omen with a punch in both hands, we get a square deal, isn't that it, Burr? Burrell {To Mabel)- -- I might state my position less crudely. I am not one of those chemically pure creatures to whom God revealed himself in the form of platitudes, but I still believe in the simple element of justice. Mabel -- There you are. Florence here's got it on the Shrimp for fair. Edward {Indicating Florence) -- Why doesn't she talk for herself ? Florence -- I can -- but -- I -Mabel {To Burrell) -- This is no shake-down for coin, Mabel {To Burrell) -- This is no shake-down for coin, Burr. The kid's dead stuck on him. She's got used to the home stuff. Slippers by the fire, coffee and toast in bed, and the rest of it. Now there's {She zvhispers to Burrell). Burrell {Sympathetically) -- Sh! I understand. {To Edward) As a matter of fact, you two just had a little quarrel. The usual lovers' disagreement. Come now, isn't it so? rel. The usual lovers' disagreement. Come now, isn't it so? Mabel -- Nothing doing, it was a cold shake. He quit her dead. Edward -- Fm going to stay quit, too. Florence {Tearfully) -- Let him, I'm going. Fll not stay another minute. {She goes up. Mabel pursues her and grabs her at door rear. Burrell, by quick gesture, shoivs Edzvard that he is on his side, and is merely pretending friendship for the girls on purpose to blind them.) Mabel -- You're bursting the schedule wide open. Who's putting this over, you or me? Florence -- I don't care, Fm not going to stay, Mabel {Brings Florence down. To her) You're insulted, that's it. You give me a pain. Don't you know a husband can never insult his wife ? Florence -- Yes, he can. 178 THE WASTERS Mabel -- But if she's a wise wife, she doesn't let on she is. Edward -- She's not my wife, I tell you. There was no marriage ceremony, and there never will be. Mabel -- What's a marriage ceremony between friends? BuRRELL -- I think I see a solution of the problem. ( Winks to Edward.) Mabel -- There can be only one. The kid here's got to get in right with the world, or we don't leave this place. This is new stuff that beats the law to a frazzle. BuRRELL -- I offer my plan only tentatively. Mabel -- That sounds good to me, whatever it is. BuRRELL -- If it's acceptable, alright. If not, we'll try something else. Mabel -- Shoot ! BuRRELL {To Mabel) -- Suppose we, you and I, go off and leave these two young people alone ? Edward -- I don't want it. I don't want to stay alone with her. Burrell (Tenderly) -- Just a moment -- (To Mabel) Very often the real cause of a lovers' quarrel is hidden from those looking on. If Edward and Florrie were left alone, I believe they'd find their differences only superficial. (Taking Mabel's arm) What do you say? ing Mabel's arm) What do you say? Florence (To Mabel) -- Don't leave me. Mabel -- I hate to do it. Burrell -- It's your best chance. Mabel (At door) -- Yes, I know it looks like a good bet. Burrell -- There will be nothing lost. We'll be back in a few minutes. Mabel -- It's a go. Look here, kid (7'o Florence), take this bag. (Gives hand bag with revolver in it to Florence.) If they pull any rough stuff, use the little forty- four. (To Edivard) Don't forget. Shrimp, if there's a catch in this somewhere, you'll get yours later. (Exit Burrell and Mabel L. After Burrell signs for Edward to get Florence otit of house. ) THE WASTERS 179 Edward {To Florence) -- Damn her! She engineered the whole thing. Florence -- Well, after what the doctor said, I wanted to see you. I wrote and got no answer. I tried to telephone, they cut me right off, down at your club -Edward -- Did you go to the club ? Edward -- Did you go to the club ? Florence -- I was desperate. I didn't know you meant so much to me. Edward -- Cut that out. I was your bank roll. I was your monumental good thing women of your kind don't want to lose. Florence -- Women of my kind ? Edward -- You're no better than the rest. It's all you ever will be. Florence {Fiercely) -- Good God! You know different. I was always straight, then you came along. You remember how you kept after me. You know you told me you loved me -- that -- that -- oh, you remember what you said. Edward -- Yes, I remember. I should. I've said it so often. Why, there's hardly a chorus girl on Broadway who couldn't tell you I said the same to her at some time or other. Florence {Dejectedly) -- At some time or other? Edward -- They know the value to put on what a fellow says. They're good sports. They get the laughter, the wine, the song, and pay vv'ith a little love, then go their way and laugh and sing-- and love again. Florence -- But we were happy in that little flat together, weren't we? Edward -- Happy! It was a nice place to rest after all the other places were shut. Florence -- And I always waited up, dreading that something had happened to you. Often I thought your machine thing had happened to you. Often I thought your machine had upset and that you were lying on the roadside moaning for my care. When fear used to grip me, I'd press my ing for my care. When fear used to grip me, I'd press my face against the window pane and imagine myself flying through the night to help you. And all the time you were telling those others just what you told me. Edward -- Just what I told you, don't forget that. And I meant it just the same way. 180 THE WASTERS Florence -- I wish I'd known before. It wouldn't have been so bad. Why, the second day after you didn't come home I thought I'd go insane. I was all alone. Then when you stayed away till almost three weeks passed, I simply couldn't stand it. My life was done. There's nothing left for me -- nothing. Edward -- That's what they all say. # Some rant and tear around at first and want to take a shot at a fellow. After a while they take a few hundred dollars and go off and forget it. get it. Florence -- Are you sure they forget it? Edward -- There, buck up! This is a nice little world, Florrie. It will treat you right if you let it. Go right back to the flat. If the money I left you isn't enough, I'll send you more. Florence -- And you won't marry me? Edward -- Now, look here, Mabel put that in your head. Florence -- It's the baby. I want to start him right. Edward -- Be sensible. I can't marry you. Look at the difference in our social position. It would break my mother's heart. I'm a damned fool, I admit. I go around a good er's heart. I'm a damned fool, I admit. I go around a good bit, but I'm not crazy enough to choke myself off from everything and everybody. I can't marry you, and I won't. Florence -- Then everything's over. {She totters up stage. Enter Alice rear, dressed for street. The tzvo girls pause and look at each other.) You're his sister, aren't you? Alice -- I am. Edward -- Don't speak to her, Alice. (Takes Alice by arm.) Florence -- I'm not going to say much. {To Alice) You're a pretty girl. You're a good girl. Well, I used to be like you -- until-Edward -- You've said enough. Edward -- You've said enough. Florence -- I just want to say to you -- {Turning to Alice), stay good. Don't listen to anyone. Edward -- Keep your advice to yourself. My sister and you are of two different worlds. THE WASTERS 181 Florence -- Different worlds ! Why should we be of different worlds? We were born about the same time. {To ferent worlds? We were born about the same time. {To Alice) You've always had it easy. I -- well, never mind. Do you think God made you to get everything, every luxury v/ithout eifort, and love, honor, devotion without being put to the test ? Do you think He made me to struggle against starvation from the time my mother died and to v/ind up an outcast? Do 3^ou think that He made me to give birth to a baby that will be an outcast from the first instant it breathes? If God intended it that way, He isn't any more just than man is. (Exit Florence rear, crying after a complete breakdown.) plete breakdown.) Alice {Struggling zvith Edzvard to get free) -- I'm going to help that poor girl, Edward -- Stay where you are. She doesn't need help. That's all stage stuff, just for effect. Alice {Tries to free herself) -- Let me go. It seemed very real to me. Edward-- I tell you there's nothing to it. When she gets all those arguments out of her system, she'll settle down in the rut where she belongs and be contented. Alice -- Papa's waiting in the car. I'm going to tell him. He'll do something for her. Edward -- Alice, above all, don't tell the Governor. I'll see that no harm comes to the girl. It's a nasty affair, and -well, I've already given her a great deal of money. I'll see well, I've already given her a great deal of money. I'll see she gets all she needs. Florence -- That's a promise, Edward? Edward -- It is. Alice -- Very well, let's go with father. Edward -- Not this time ; next month sure. Alice -- It's always next month. Mother thought you were over there last time. Father thought you were here. Edward -- I explained that to the Mater. {Urges her up stage.) I hope you enjoy yourself. Alice {Stops and turns at door rear) -- Enjoy myself! I can't. I'm very unhappy. Edward {Goes to her, shuts door rear) -- What is it, little sister ? 182 THE WASTERS Alice -- Our home is split up so. Papa lives one place, mamma another. No matter in which house I am, I always feel that I belong somewhere else. Edward -- Same way with myself. All the fellows I know that have two homes and a divorce in the family say the same thing. It's one reason I've batted around so much. {A shot is fired off.) Alice (Running close to Edivard) -- What's that? Edward (Half -afraid) -- A blow-out, wasn't it? The Governor's car. Alice (Opening door rear) -- It was in the house. (Puts head out of doors.) Sounded like a shot. It was. There's somebody hurt. (Starts to go.) Edward (Holding her hack) -- Don't go, Alice. Don't get mixed up in it. (Pulls her into room.) Alice -- I may be needed. Let go of me! Suppose it's mamma. She's been despondent lately. If she saw papa she might -- (Enter Imogene rear.) Servant (Excited) -- She's shot herself. The girl that was here. The little one. (Exit servant rear.) Alice (Running off rear) -- I knew it. Edward (Sinks on couch and buries his face in his hands) --My God ! (Enter Burrell R.) Burrell -- What's the row ? Edward -- She shot herself. Burrell (Leaving door and crossing to Edward) -- Who? (Mabel appears at door R.) Edward -- Florence ! Mabel -- Florence! Good God ! (Runs off rear.) Burrell (To Edzvard) -- She's not dead? Edward -- Don't ask me. This is fearful. What am I going to do? (Buries his face in his hands. Re-enter Mabel rear.) , ## bel rear.) , ## Mabel -- She's dead. Poor little Florence I Burrell -- Why, it can't be. THE WASTERS 183 Mabel -- But it is. Edward -- -Who did it? Mabel -- You! It was a frame-up. {To Burrell) You took me out of the way. When I told you it was a shot you stalled me. {Goes to Edzvard) Alright, Edward Cranston Millwood, you'll go to the chair. {To Burrell) I'll get you, too, Burrell, for being in on it. Edward -- So help me, God, I was here with Alice. I'd nothing to do with it. {Enter Alice rear.) Alice {To Edward) -- Father is here. Edward -- Does father know? {Alice nods her head dejectedly.) jectedly.) Burrell {To Alice) -- How did it happen? Alice -- No one seems to know. She went into the reception room. {Enter Milhvood, Sr., rear. Father of Edzvard tion room. {Enter Milhvood, Sr., rear. Father of Edzvard and Alice. A successful business man about fifty.) Edward -- Father ! Millwood -- What does this mean ? Who is the dead girl ? Mabel -- She was -Burrel -- Just a minute! Alice {To Alice), would you Burrel -- Just a minute! Alice {To Alice), would you mind leaving us? Edward -- Yes, do go, Alice. Millwood -- What's the matter? Why can't your sister stay? What is there she may not hear? Burrell {To Milhvood) -- I think you'd better let Alice leave us, Mr. Millwood. Your daughter is -- is young. There are some things in life it would be just as well she didn't know. Alice {To Burrell) -- But you said a little while ago I should knov/ everything possible about everything. {Burrell shrinks back a bit, abashed.) rell shrinks back a bit, abashed.) Millwood -- Go to your room, Alice. You'd better pack your things. I'll take you away this time for good. Alice -- I won't leave mother. Millwood -- Where's j^our mother? Alice -- She's -- she's out. Millwood -- Playing bridge. I thought so. I'll see if the courts won't give me permanent care of you. Get ready to go. 184 THE WASTERS Alice -- You won't take me from mother. {Exit Alice R. crying. ) Millwood (Indicating Mabel) -- Who is this? BuRRELL -- She's a friend of that other girl, Mr. Millwood. Came here with her. Mabel (To Milhvood)-- Yes, Mr. Millwood, and I'm going to stay here till your son pays the price. Millwood -- Pays the price? For what? Mabel -- He killed that little girl out there. Millwood -- Killed her! (To Edward) My Godl Edward (Hysterically) -- I didn't. I tell you, I didn't. Millwood (To Mabel) -- There! Mabel (To Milhvood) -- Did you expect him to say yes? I'll see what the police do about it. (Goes up.) Millwood (To Burrell) -- Don't let that girl leave the house. (Burrell gets between Mabel and door.) Burrell (To Mabel) -- Don't run away, Mabel. We're your friends here. Mabel -- I know what kind of friends you are. You kill a poor girl 'cause she gets you in trouble. That's the kind of friends you are. Millwood -- You seem very sure of your statements. Mabel -- I've a right to be. Millwood -- Tell me everything. Mabel (To Millwood) -- If you really want to know, I'll tell you. Your boy here is the worst rounder New York has seen for many a day. Millwood -- I hardly think you can convince me of that. Mabel -- No? Well, you don't need to take my word for it. All the time you thought he was in church he was in Churchill's. Millwood -- Even there he could display ordinary decency. cency. Mabel -- There ain't no such animal. At least, I haven't noticed it among the Johns. That's what your kid was -THE WASTERS 185 THE WASTERS 185 a John. There was hardly a girl from the Circle down to Herald Square that didn't call him Shrimp. And he liked it. Queer, isn't it? Millwood {Thoughtfully) -- Yes, it is queer, if it's true. Mabel -- True ! Do you think I'm stringing you right in front of him. Why don't he deny what I'm saying? {To Edward) Go on, Shrimp. Deny it. ' Millwood -- -Well, what have you to say, sir? {Edward keeps his face in his hands.) BuRRELL {To Mabel) -- I think Mr. Millwood can guess the rest. He is a man of the world. Millwood -- I may be a man of the world, Mr. Burrell, but if you don't mind, I'll see this through in my way. {To Mabel) Where did you meet the dead girl? Mabel -- She was a hat model in a Fifth Avenue store. When she first started on the job she was a picture. A good kid, too. He got her on a bet. Millwood -- A bet! The honor of a girl was the subject of a bet ! ject of a bet ! Mabel -- Surest thing you know. When a new skirt that has some class, and hasn't been over the hurdles, shows anywhere, all the Johns go after her. where, all the Johns go after her. Millwood {Half gasp) -- Oh -- ! Mabel -- Shrimp's a favorite in the betting. He copped Florrie. Poor kid, she didn't know the ropes. It was two whiffs of champagne, and they went housekeeping together. Millwood {Staggered) -- Then what? Mabel -- The old story. He deserted her. That's why she came here today. When she learned of the expected addition to the family, she went all to pieces. Millwood {Overcome) -- A baby, too! {Enter Mrs. Millwood rear. She is in street dress. Her age is better than forty, though she looks younger.) Mrs. Millwood -- What is the meaning of all this ? Edward {Looking up) -- Mother! {To Millwood) Don't tell her. Don't ! 186 THE WASTERS Mrs. Millwood {To Millwood) -- What's this all about? {To Mabel) If you'll be so kind as to excuse us. Millwood {To Mabel) -- Yes, do, for a few minutes. I want to talk to his mother. I'll see you later. BuRRELL -- Come on, Mabel. They'll excuse us. {Leads Mabel.) They want to talk things over in the family. Mabel {Turning at door L.) -- Don't forget, Shrimp, you'll get yours. {To Mrs. Millwood) Just tell the family I'm going to the police no matter what happens. {Exeunt Burr ell and Mabel.) Mrs. Millwood -- What does the creature mean? Millwood -- She means, madame, that this is your son. {Indicating Edward.) She means that he is accused of killing the prospective mother of his child. ing the prospective mother of his child. Mrs. Millwood -- Impossible! Edward -- you didn't -say you didn't ! It's preposterous. say you didn't ! It's preposterous. Edward -- I didn't. I swear, I didn't. Millwood {To Mrs. Milhvood) -- The girl is lying dead in your reception room. Mrs. Millwood -- Dead ! Here, in my house ? This is terrible! {She falls dejected in chair.) rible! {She falls dejected in chair.) Millwood -- I'm afraid it is, madame. Our one concern must be to save him from the chair. Mrs. Millwood {To Edward) -- But you are innocent -- . Say you're innocent. Millwood -- Innocent! All the circumstantial evidence is against him. Do you know he is a rounder, a blackguard, a cynic at twenty-two, Vv^ho holds the honor of a girl so lightly, he bets with his lewd companions he can ruin her? Mrs. Millwood -- I don't believe it. Millwood -- It's not a matter of belief. It's a matter of proof. And not one girl. God knows the number. Poor little strugglers compelled to earn a livelihood have been his victims. Edward -- Strugglers ! You don't know the type ; they're all the same. THE WASTERS 187 Millwood -- You and your kind make them all the same. {To Mrs. Millwood) This is all fruit that hangs on the tree of your divorce, madame. When you broke up the home, you planted the seed that bore this tragedy. Mrs. Millwood -- Do you expect to use this trouble as an excuse to make me regret our divorce? Millwood -- See what it has brought about ? It was your duty, in the face of everything, to hold the family together. Mrs. Millwood -- You expected all the sacrifices to be made by me. Millwood -- Well, anyhow, I gave you all the money you wanted. Why didn't you use it to make a man of him? {Indicating Edivard.) dicating Edivard.) Edward {To Millwood) -- You think everything can be done with money. You made us think we could buy happiness with it. When I went to school my five hundred dol- ness with it. When I went to school my five hundred dollars a month and my car didn't get me anything but the lars a month and my car didn't get me anything but the envy of the boys who didn't have five hundred a month and a car. After a while I got to think that being hated because I had everything by the fellows who didn't have anything was great sport. When I was fired out of school, you stormed and tore around, but you didn't do anything but blame my mother. When I kidded you about living here one month and with you the next, and you found out I wasn't living in either place, you stormed and tore around again, and blamed my mother. That's all. You fumed a bit and shifted the responsibility. That's all you cared about -- You got from under. It's all you want to do now, get from under. {Enter Burr ell L.) Burrell {To Mrs. Milhvood) -- Mabel is waiting in your room, madame. Here's the key. {Gives key to Mrs. Millwood.) I think you can persuade her to say nothing. wood.) I think you can persuade her to say nothing. Mrs. Millwood -- That may be a v/ay to save us the disgrace. Burrell -- You'll have to act quickly. The police may come at any moment. {Exit Mrs. Milhvood L.) Millwood -- Give her all the money she wants. Let her keep her mouth shut. Burrell {To Milhvood) -- You'll have to handle the police. Tell them that you sent for them. Say the girl shot lice. Tell them that you sent for them. Say the girl shot herself because she was refused a position or something. 188 THE WASTERS You are influential enough to convince them of anything. (To Edivard) Where can we go until this affair blows over? Edward {To Burrell) -- You are going to stick by me? BuRRELL -- Did you ever think I wouldn't? Millwood {Taking out money and giving it to Burrell)-T have a cattle ranch in the southwest. Suppose you go T have a cattle ranch in the southwest. Suppose you go there? {Noise off L. as of door being broken open.) BuRRFXL -- Mabel's trying to break the door ! Quick ! {To Edzvard) Let's off the back Vv^ay. {Edward and Burrell exit R.) Mrs. Millwood-- Rest assured, the girl will say nothing. Edward {At door R.) Good-bye, mother. {Enter Alice rear.) Alice -- The police are here. {Exeunt Edzvard and Burrell R.) rell R.) Burrell {As he disappears) -- Quick, Edward! {Enter Mabel L.) Mabel {She exes rear) -- Where's Shrimp? A nice trick. {To Alice) Where's your brother? {Enter policeman rear.) Millwood {To policeman) -- How are you, Merrick? Glad you're on the case. Here are the facts. {Policeman takes out notebook.) The dead girl came here to get a position. Policeman -- Do you know her name, sir ? Millwood {Turns to Mabel) -- You do. Mabel -- It was Florence Pelletan. But I want to say -Millwood -- Listen to me, officer, I -- {Mabel tries to in- Millwood -- Listen to me, officer, I -- {Mabel tries to interrupt him.) terrupt him.) Mabel -- Let me tell you. Policeman {To Mabel)-- Let Mr. Millwood tell his stoiy. Go on, sir. Millwood -- If we had known, we could have averted the tragedy. We made choice of this young lady for the place {Indicating Mabel), because we saw in her qualities of mind and heart superior to the opportunities she has had in life so far. THE WASTERS 189 Mrs. Millwood (Pleadingly to Mabel) -- We'll make amends for all you have missed. We'll see you get a fine education. You can live in this house always. Policeman {To Mrs. Millwood) -- Excuse me, ma'am. Millwood -- We didn't know it meant so much to the other girl -- Florence. We didn't know she was actually starving -- that this was the chance she had been relying on to save herself. You understand, Merrick. We pointed out without thinking the advantages this young lady would have (Indicating Mabel), because she is discreet and knows when to talk and when to be silent for her own good. When we refused the other poor creature the position, she left us. The next thing we heard a shot. That's all. Mabel-- No, it's not all. (To policeman) You listen to me. The way it came about was this -- I -Alice (To Mabel) -- -You came here with her. I was in Alice (To Mabel) -- -You came here with her. I was in the house all the time. You were the one I wanted. I wanted you because I need you. Since my father and mother were divorced, Edward and I have had no real home. You know what that means -- no real home. I felt that you would be a help to me. That you would be a companion. That I would never be lonesome again. (Pleading.) Say you'll stay. You will learn the truth of everything. Say you'll be my friend. Say you will ! Policeman -- I'd better get the chief in on this. (Turns to leave rear.) Mabel-- Wait. Policeman (Stopping. To Mabel) -- Well? Alice (Pleadingly) --Say you will be my friend. Policeman (To Mabel) -- Do you want to make a statement? (Alice makes pleading gesture towards Mabel.) ment? (Alice makes pleading gesture towards Mabel.) Mabel (To Policeman) -- No, Pll wait and make mine to the judge. Curtain End of Act I THE WASTERS ACT II Scene -- Interior of common room in ranch house. JVindoiv and door rear. Doors R. and L. There is a kitchen table covered zvith oil cloth doivn front at center. Saddles, blankets and other evidences of ranch life are streivn about and hanging from walls. A tray ivith glasses and bottles on upper corner of table. Time -- A month later. Burrell and three cowboys arc discovered at table playing poker. As curtain goes tip, Alkali, one of the cowboys, rather old, faded and subdued, is singing as he deals the cards. Alkali -- The long-horn started for the short cow-punch, The pinto bucked for he had a hunch, That the quicker they got from that there place, The sooner he'd Hve to save his face. Hi-y i-y ippy-yi -hi-y i . (Burrell and others pick up cards and look at them.) Burrell -- Well, Alkali, I like your voice, but why do you waste it singing hymns? I pass. Alkali -- That ain't no hymn, Mr. Burr, indeed it ain't. There's a lot more to that there song that I don't remember about the pinto running away -- like -- well a lot of swear words. Cowboy {To dealer) -- Pass me. Second Cowboy -- It'll cost you three chips. (Shoving chips to center of table.) Gi' me one card. Burrell (Shoving out chips) -- I'll stay. Two cards, please. (The other player pushes chips to center of table and holds up his fingers for three cards.) Alkali (Dealing cards) -- No, siree, that's no hymn. 192 THE WASTERS BuRRELL -- I'll raise you five. {Pushes out chips. Alkali and one cozuboy raise again. Burrell drops ten chips, one at a time, on the pile. The cozvboy folloivs suit.) Alkali -- That there -- (Sings) Yi-hi-yippy-hi-yi might a' told you it wasn't no hymn. I ain't been to no church since -- (To second cozvboy) Lookee here, Cub Freeman, what you doin'? (He counts the chips as the second cozvboy drops them in the pile at center. Alkali thi'ozvs in his boy drops them in the pile at center. Alkali thi'ozvs in his cards.) This is too swift for me. Cowboy -- And ten. Burrell (Speaks quietly and indifferently as he pushes chips to center of table) -- You should go to church, Alkali. Better still, you should save your voice until you do go. And ten. Second Cowboy (Pushes out all his remaining chips) -What ye got? (Throzvs cards dozvn face upzvards.) What ye got? (Throzvs cards dozvn face upzvards.) Alkali (Looking at cozjuboy's cards) -- Full house on queens. Burrell (Throzving cards dozvn face up) -- Fours! Alkali -- Kings! I'll be jim swiggered. You seem to have cut your eye-teeth on poker, ain't you? Burrell -- Well, all the gifts of the gods can't be yours. (Rakes in chips.) You have musical talent and a voice. I have luck at cards. Second Cowboy (Filling glass and gulping drink) -- What yer think I got? Alkali -- A chance to work steady for six months to pay off what you owe Mr. Burrell. I beat you, I can pay mine off in four. (Enter Edzvard L.) Edward (In snarling tone) -- Still at it? Second Cowboy (Rising) -- I'm through. Come on, Al. (Exit cozvboy and second cozvboy. Burrell toys voith cards.) Alkali -- Me, too. Edward (Throzving himself in chair disgruntled) -- A sweet little New Year's, isn't it? Burrell -- You're perturbed ? THE WASTERS 193 Alkali -- No, he's just sore. {To Edivard) Ain't you, Mr. Cranston, 'cause they ain't no Broadway running over the mesa? Edward {With longing) -- Broadway! Alkali -- This is only a hold-over holiday. Larry says we're celebrating it just 'cause you're here. We put our best foot out Christmas. Edward {In tone of disgust) -- Yes, I saw her foot. BuRRELL -- Size eight -- G width. Alkali {Half-offended, half-surprised) -- Didn't you like the Christmas dance? Edward -- Like it! I adored it. BuRRELL -- What Mr. Cranston objected to at the dance, Mr. Alkali, is that he grew tired eating the dust. It tasted too much like your name pronounced several times in a great hurry. Alkali -- Doggone it ! I told Sweeny to sprinkle the floor and keep down the alkali so you and Mr. Cranston could see the dancers. Well, water's mighty scarce out here, Mr. Burrell. BuRRELL -- What did Sweeny say ? Alkali -- Go to hell! Edward -- Evidently thought you wanted to cool off. {Enter Larahee rear. He is about 26, well set up, brown from outdoor life. He speaks slowly tvith a suggestion of southern intonation. ) Larrabee {Going to desk near windozv, rear) -- How's everybody? {Takes off hat and gloves, beats his trousers with gloves and knocks dust off.) Edward -- Are you early or late, Larabee? Larabee -- Late. {Throzvs gloves on desk, hangs hat up nearby.) The boys rounded up the skunk that made the attack on Mrs. Parkton's girl. Alkali -- Did they plug him for keeps ? Larabee -- Well, he'll not do any more sneaking in back doors after our girls. 194 THE WASTERS Edward -- From what I've seen of the girls out here. Larabee, anyone that would tackle them should get a medal. abee, anyone that would tackle them should get a medal. Larabee {Coming doivn sloivly) -- Well, that's what this chap got. They strung it around his neck with a rope, then they attached the rope to a tree. I think the boys emptied about twenty other little medals into him altogether. Alkali -- Gee, I wish I'd been there. The hound ! BuRRELL -- Wasn't the justice rather swift? Larabee -- Well, he did try to nose in later, but the job was finished. Burrell -- I mean abstract justice. Larabee -- We don't have any of that kind around here. Just a sheriff, and he's seldom on hand. Edward -- That primitive idea of shielding woman gives me a pain. Larabee -- It gave that chap several. Edward^AH the women I've met have been able to shield themselves, and then some. Larabee -- Well, you see you come from one place, this is another. We wear our women in our hearts out here. Anybody that hurts them hurts us. Edward -- I wish you'd come back to little old New York with me. I'd open your eyes. Larabee -- Maybe I don't want to learn to see any different. ferent. Burrell -- The trip would do you good. Alkali -- Maybe the New Yorkers would do him good. That's what Larry's skeered of. Larabee -- Right, Alkali, I'm not hankering for any New York, not when I've got the comfort of the ranch. Edward (Sarcastically) -- Comfort of the ranch! Good heavens ! Burrell (To Larry) -- Confess now it is a little short of modern conveniences. Edward -- It's not that, only nothing happens. (To Larabee) Do you know this is New Year's day? abee) Do you know this is New Year's day? THE WASTERS 195 Larabee -- Yes, one of the fellows at the store told me yesterday. That was why the boys didn't do anything but round up the stock and feed them and shoe the ponies and mend the wagon and fix the harness and -Edward -- And work about ten hours. Well, do you know Edward -- And work about ten hours. Well, do you know what they're doing in New York now? Larabee-- Can't say as I do. Edward {To Burrcll)--li doesn't seem fair to tell him. He'll go oft his nut to get back there. Burrell -- Risk it. Edward -- Come, Larabee, sit in a taxi with me. Here we are on Fifth Avenue. Look at the crowds. See how they're booted and gowned. All clean, fine, well set up, prosperous and happy. They're going into Delmonico's. The clubs get a share. Now we're at Forty-second Street and Broadway. Did you ever see such a jam? Listen to the horns. We're moving again. See them pour into the theatres, pleasure lovers, you bet, every one. Now the cabarets. tres, pleasure lovers, you bet, every one. Now the cabarets. Listen to the band! Hear that song? There's a fox trot. This is the famous Joliff's. Something doing here every minute -- every minute, Larabee. You don't sit and eat your heart out waiting for something to turn up. Look at the girls. I know them all. I've loved them all. There's Sadie, Maude, Julia. Llello, Tilly. Isn't she stunning? Did you ever see such girls? Tell me, Larabee, did you ever see such beauties? I'm going back. I don't care if I go to jail I'm going back. {Enter second cowboy rear zvith mail sack.) Second Cowboy -- Stage is in. Letters for everybody. Here you are, Mr. Burrell. Quite a bunch in that for you. {Gives Burrell large envelope zuith many letters inside.) Burrell -- Thank you. Second Cowboy {To Edzvard) -- A dozen for you, Mr. Cranston. {Gives letters to Edzvard, also some to Larabee, zvho goes to desk and opens them. Burrell goes to door R.) Alkali -- I think you're hold' out on me. Cub Freeman, I'm goin' to complain to Washington. Cowboy-- Don't do nothin' reckless. Alkali. Didn't I give you that post card away back in 1902? Alkali -- That's right, you did. I was forgettin'. 196 THE WASTERS Cowboy (At door rear) -- And didn't I know you writ it yourself, just to make me think somebody cared if you was alive? (Exits rear.) Alkali (Follozving cowboy off) -- Smart, ain't you, Avell, I'll see what President Wilson has to say about it. Edward (Excitedly, looking up from letter) -- Burrell!! We're going to hit the trail. (To Burrell) Read this! Burrell (Coming down takes letter, reads) -- What does it say? Edward (To Larabee) -- Say, Larabee, order two saddle horses at once. Send our things on to us any way you think best. Larabee -- What's the rush? There's no train you can catch right now. Edward (Dictatorially) -- You do what you're told. Turn the whole damned ranch upside down to get us out of here, you understand? Larabee (With calm force, but showing resentment at the tone used by Edward) -- Well, I'm not just inclined to turn the ranch upside down for you, Mr. Cranston, and I don't mind telling you. Edward (Hotly, turning at door R.) -- Oh, you don't? Well, we'll see. You get busy. I'm going to leave this rotten place so quick it'll make your head spin. (Exit Edward ten place so quick it'll make your head spin. (Exit Edward R. Larabee goes toward R., anger shozving in his attitude.) Burrell (Conciliatingly) -- Don't mind him, Mr. Larabee; he's a spoiled offspring. bee; he's a spoiled offspring. Larabee -- He's not half so spoiled as he's likely to be if he comes much of that talk around here. (Sound of horses' hoofs off.) Burrell (Looking out of luindow) -- That's a visitor! A genuine, dyed-in-the-wool visitor. Look at him. The first anti-cow person I've seen on the estate since I've been here. Larabee (At open door rear) -- He's new to me. (Enter detective rear.) Detective -- Excuse me, I'm looking for a Mr. Larabee. Burrell -- Come right in, Mr. Larabee's waiting to greet you; there he is. (Indicates Larabee.) But don't use up THE WASTERS 197 all your conversation v/ith him, I want some of it. That Manhattan dialect sounds very refreshing. {Exits R.) Detective {Looking after Burr ell) -- I can't just seem to place him. Who is he? Larabee -- You won't mind, stranger, if I ask you that there question about yourself? Detective -- Right 3'ou are. {Pulls bundle of letters out of his pocket.) First, am I talking to John F. Larabee? Larabee -- That's what Fve always been called. Detective -- Partner of Prescott D. Millwood, New York City? Larabee -- Nothing like that, nothing flighty or high-toned. Just partner in this here ranch, that's all. Detective -- Very well, Mr. Larabee, we have had considerable correspondence, you and me. I am A. F. Budwell siderable correspondence, you and me. I am A. F. Budwell of the Budwell Private Detective Agency. Larabee {Joyfully clutching detective's hand)- -- -You've found my sister ? Detective {Cautiously) -- Well, yes and no. Larabee {Reacting from disappointment) -- Yes and no! Hot and cold! What do you mean, Mr. Budwell? Detective {He checks off the various statements of Larabee during scene) -- Just what I say. Before I commit my- abee during scene) -- Just what I say. Before I commit myself to anything, let us get our bearings. {Sits at table and self to anything, let us get our bearings. {Sits at table and runs over papers as he talks.) About what year was it that your mother left your father ? Larabee -- I was twelve then. It's just about fifteen years ago. {Fills glass xvith whiskey and pushes it over to detective.) tective.) Detective -- Thank you, here's how! {Drinks.) Now, how old was your sister? I-Arabee -- She wasn't more than about two, a dear little one. It almost broke my heart to lose her. Detective -- You're sure her name was Florence? Larabee {Calmly and deliberately) -- My sister's name was Florence, Mr. Budwell. You have no call to think I'd ring in a maverick with a different brand, have you? 198 THE WASTERS Detective (Hastily)-- l<^ot at all, Mr. Larabee, not at all. Only I wanted to be sure. It may be important. Please tell me the history of yourself and sister as far as you know. Begin with the divorce in Chicago. Larabee-- Well, after the divorce the family naturally split up. Mother took Florence and went East. Father hung around Chicago for a spell, but after a while he took to drinking and got downright poor and drifted to the cow country. Detective -- Was there interchange of letters? Larabee -- For a year or so, then something was said about my mother marrying again. Detective -- Did you ever learn who she married? Larabee -- All I know is Dad got sore. Also got drunk. He raved a lot about woman's perfidy. That's the word. I looked it up in the dictionary. And, oh yes, Dad burned all the letters. Detective -- Unfortunate ! However, I think it's safe for me to go on from there. (Pulls out letter after looking bundle over.) In eighteen and ninety- five you were in north- dle over.) In eighteen and ninety- five you were in northeastern Texas? eastern Texas? Larabee -- On the Sherwood ranch. That's where I rode my first pinto. Detective-- Your mother was then living with your sister Florence in a boarding house on West Eighteenth St., New York. She married Arthur Pelletan, an artist, in November of that year. Larabee -- I never heard Avho she married. Detective -- From the outset your sister was called Florence Pelletan. Did you know your mother was divorced ence Pelletan. Did you know your mother was divorced the second time? Larabee -- No. Detective -- Pelletan was -- well, as I said before -- he was an artist. Your mother died shortly after the separation. Your sister was always called Pelletan until the day -- Larabee-- What day? Larabee-- What day? Detective -- I'm sorry to have to tell you. But your sister Florence is -- (Pause.) THE WASTERS 199 Larabee -- She's not gone over the divide ? Detective -- Your sister Florence died in the home of your partner, Prescott D. Millwood, just five weeks ago. Larabee -- In the home of Milhvood ? Detective -- I should change that by saying the home of Millwood's wife. Larabee -- How did Florence come to be in that house? Detective -- That's just it, Mr. Larabee. {Edging close to Larry.) I have made this journey across the continent to talk this thing over with you. You don't get the papers here, do you? New York papers, I mean? {Larabee shakes his head.) Thought not. That's the reason I brought this along. {Shoivs page of paper.) See, "Suicide of Working Girl in Home of Millionaire." Larabee -- A suicide ! ! Detective -- That was the verdict, anyhow. Everything was hushed up. Millvv^ood's money, I guess. They said she called to get a position as a domestic. The name Florence, the girl's age, the fact she came originally from Chicago with her mother about the date you said your mother and sister went east, interested me. Larabee -- Well, well, go on. For God's sake tell me everything you know. Detective -- Patience, Mr. Larabee. I've got to show the reason for every step I took. The papers told how Florence Pelletan, before she got a job as a hat model, had a ence Pelletan, before she got a job as a hat model, had a long fight with starvation. Larabee -- Starvation ! Detective -- They also mentioned a girl named Mabel Banderhope. See there {Points to paper), it says she was a friend of your sister, but it doesn't say Mabel Banderhop went to the Millwood house with your sister the day she was shot. It doesn't say that Mabel is still there making it her home, living on the fat of the land and being made over from a face-food demonstrator into a lady. Larabee -- What do you think? What's your theory? Detective -- Wait. I saw Mabel, and told her about you. Had to, to get her to talk. She showed me letters that didn't 200 THE WASTERS reach the coroner. I held out one of them. {Offers letter to Larahce, which latter reads.) Do you recognize the writing ? Larabee -- It's my father's. Detective (Drazvs chair near Larahce) -- Thought so. Very good. Now Hsten, Mabel told me that young Ed Millwood ran away west two hours after the shooting -something she didn't tell the coroner. She didn't tell him something she didn't tell the coroner. She didn't tell him either that young Millwood was the cause of your sister's trouble. Larabee -- Trouble? What trouble? {Detective rises and goes to upper end of table. He fills glass ivith liquor and drinks.) Detective -- Your sister went to that house to make young Millwood marry her. Larabee {Affected) -- Oh, my sister was just one of the Maudes, the Julias, the Sadies that ever3^body knows, that everybody loA^es. {Edzvard's voice sounds off. Larry glances quickly in direction of sound.) Here, have a drink. {Fills glass, detective takes it and drinks.) Detective -- Thanks, here's to you. Larabee {Quietly) -- You say young Millwood ran away? Detective -- Well, he went away the day your sister died. I remember you told me in a letter that old man Millwood was your partner in this ranch. I thought the young scoundrel might be here. drel might be here. Larabee {Glances at door R.) -- Llere! Him! Oh, no. What does he look like? Young Millwood, I mean? Detective -- In New York he'd be called good looking. About twenty-two ; undersized. They call him Shrimp Millwood on Broadway. His full name is Edward Cranston wood on Broadway. His full name is Edward Cranston Millwood. Larabee {Significantly glancing R.) -- Edward Cranston Millwood, that's a good name, I reckon. Much better than Shrimp. Edward Cranston Millwood. Quite a mouthful. Detective -- Yes, just as you say. {Looks R. Door R. opens, voice of Edzvard sounds loud as if he zvas about to enter.) THE WASTERS 201 Larabee -- Stay here just a minute. Help yourself. {Pulls tray of liquor down to detective.) I'll be right back. (Goes R. and exits R.) Detective (Filling glass) -- Don't hurry on my account. (Larabee enters very quietly R. He has gone and taken key from lock on other side of door and makes this obvious, as he now inserts key in lock on stage side of the door and turns it very gently.) Larabee (Apologetically) -- Our manners out here are not quite up to yours in the East. Detective -- Don't mention it. I know plenty around Third Avenue not very strong on manners. (Banging is heard on door R.) Larabee -- They'd butt right in. Listen to that! Voice Off -- Open this door -- (Banging on door.) Open, damn you! Detective -- They might get to shooting. Larabee -- H they've got their gats handy they sure will. Now this is my affair, Mr. Budwell. You agree with me that I've a right to run my own ranch in my own way. (Knocking on door, shouts off.) Detective -- Why, certainly. Larabee (At door L.) -- Do you mind stepping in here until I settle this little matter? (Detective goes L.) Detective -- Of course, I'll be pleased to. If you need help, call on me, Mr. Larabee. (Detective exits L.) Larabee (Putting head in door L.) -- Thank you, I'll be able to handle these waddies myself. It's only the New Year's spirit cropping out. (Closes door L. Enter second cowboy and Alkali rear.) Alkali (Going R.) -- What's the row? Larabee-- Here Alkali (Alkali stops), don't go there. (To cowboy) Bud, you go and stampede every horse on the ranch. Second Cowboy -- Stampede ? Larabee -- Don't argue, hustle! 202 THE WASTERS Second Cowboy -- Well, Larry, you're the boss, you certainly are. What you say goes. (Exits rear.) tainly are. What you say goes. (Exits rear.) Larabee (Picking up tray of liquors) -- Here, Alkali, you take this and go in there. (Indicating L.) Keep that stranger tanked up. Alkali (At door L. zvith tray) -- Sure, Larry. Kin I join him, like for a toothful now and then? Larabee -- Sure, but give him all he wants. (Exit Alkali L. zvith tray. Larry goes quickly to door R. and gently unlocks it, taking key zvith him. He goes off rear, knocking locks it, taking key zvith him. He goes off rear, knocking sounds again on door R., the handle is turned, it opens. Enter Edzvard R., dressed to ride.) Edward -- Who the devil locked that door? (Enter Burrell R. He is dressed to ride.) rell R. He is dressed to ride.) BuRRELL -- I told you it wasn't locked. (Goes rear.) Wait here, I'll see about the ponies. (Exit Burrell rear. Edward goes up. Larry enters just as Edzvard is about to go out rear. ) Larabee (Half blocking Edzvard's exit) -- Going? Edward -- Yes, and somebody wanted to keep me from going. That door was locked. Larabee -- Some of the boys, maybe. (Placatingly.) Well, you won't hold a grudge. It's the way they celebrate New Year's out here. We haven't any tin horns and taxis and cabarets. Edward -- Did you attend to the horses? Larabee (Giving evidence that he is trying to blind Edzvard to his purpose) -- I sure did, Mr. Cranston. You zvard to his purpose) -- I sure did, Mr. Cranston. You wanted me to, didn't you? I'm right sorry I didn't quite understand you at first about the horses. Indeed I am. Edward -- Oh, that's alright, Larabee. I v/as a bit impatient. patient. Larabee -- I'd hate to see you going off feeling sore. Look as if we hadn't treated you and Mr. Burrell just right. Edward -- I'm not sore. Not a bit. Larabee (Getting bottle and glass) -- Prove it. (Pours liquor in glass.) Flave a toothful. THE WASTERS 203 Edward (Taking glass) -- You're on. Larabee {Filling oivn glass) -- Here's how. Edward -- Here's hoping I'll see you in New York soon. {Both drink.) Larabee -- Your father's been wanting me to go back for over a year now. Edward {Startled) -- My father! Larabee -- Mr. Millwood. Edward -- You know who I am? Larabee -- Knew all along. Your full name's Edward Cranston Millwood, isn't it? Edward {Sets dozvn glass) -- What do you think of that? You Westerners are a keen bunch. Larabee -- Of course, you wanted to get a line on the way the ranch was being run, isn't that it? So's you could report to your father? Edward -- Let me tell you, Larabee, that report will be A No. L Larabee -- Thank you, Mr. Millwood. I was often tempted to talk to you about things in New York. L've a lot of questions to ask nobody but you can answer. Edward {Sitting dozvn) -- Fire away. The joyous little burg hasn't any secrets from me. Larabee {Growing confidential) -- It's about the women. Edward {Turning quickly to Larry) -- The what? Larabee -- You know, the girls. Edward -- Girls ! I could lead my ace right now. But you've got me guessing. Larabee {Looking around and speaking intimately) -Tell me of the Maudes, the Julias, the Sadies. You know, Tell me of the Maudes, the Julias, the Sadies. You know, 'A\ the girls. Tell me how you get them. Edward -- Well, what do you think of that? Your number's in the book alright. Want to know all about the short ber's in the book alright. Want to know all about the short cuts, don't you? Thinking of a flying trip to the metropolis on the quiet? 204 THE WASTERS Larabee -- You're a mind reader. Edward -- Don't worry, Larabee, I'll be on hand to guide you among the fairies. Larabee (Significantly) -- But I can't go right away. And something might happen to you in the meantime. Edward -- Well, I'll help you all I can, but they'll get you anyhow. There never was an alkali eater some Jane didn't trim, no matter if he knew the rules backwards. Larabee -- What I want to know is how you operate. Edward -- Going to follow in my footsteps. Larabee -- You go around to stage doors, don't you ? Edward -- Stage doors! That stuff's a joke in Puck. Without it that little barber shop periodical wouldn't have a circulation beyond the Bronx. (Bends towards Larabee.) Listen, Larabee, the one place you don't go is to the stage door. Larabee -- (Intimately, friendly) -- You don't say so now. Well, tell me, how did you get Maude to begin with? Edward -- Maude ? Let me think ? Maude, Maude ? Oh, yes, she wasn't the first and she wasn't the last. Larabee -- vSort of just was, is that it? Edward -- It's funny, but it's the first gfri hangs on in the memory strongest, though the last one crowds her a bit. Larabee -- Well, with so many, no wonder. Just think of having a crowd for a wife. Edward -- The Mormons thrive on it. Larabee -- The Mormons aren't thriving much to speak of on the crowd principle just now. Anyhow,, tell me how you got her. Edward -- Well, Maude was old at ten. She knew the purr of a limousine a mile away. Estimated the make, gear, price and social and financial standing of the owner before he'd turned the corner. It was a long toot on the auto horn and two shorts for hers. Larabee -- Easy, isn't it? Edward -- You can come in on your high speed with the Maudes and never use your shock absorber once. THE WASTERS 205 Larabee -- Well, Julia now. Edward -- Julia! Ah, she was a peach, a pippin. Third from the end. Second row, the first night. The next she v/as down front elbowing the comedian out of the spot. It took five formal letters and two mash notes to convince her. Sadie I whistled for ; Tilly used to wait for me on the front steps of the club. That was after I'd made my reputation as a spender; she already had hers as an animated appetite. Larabee -- Don't you get tired of that kind of game? Edward- -- I did. A fellow wants to do the hunting. You know, instinct. Larabee -- You had to hunt for some. Florrie, for instance. stance. Edward (Rising quickly) -- Who the devil said anything about Florrie? Larabee {Quietly) -- Didn't you call her that? Maybe it was Florence. Sit down. Edward -- I don't remember mentioning her name. Larabee -- You did. She seemed to be one that wasn't quite a crowd like the rest. Edward (Soberly) -- It was different about her. She -(Pause.) (Pause.) Larabee -- Oh, I see, it was serious. Edward -- No, but a fellow gets tired of the rounders. You know, the dames that can tell the price of the champagne by a whiff of the cork. pagne by a whiff of the cork. Larabee -- Naturally. What was Florrie ? Chorus ? Edward -- Did you ever hear of Thiessen's on the Av<inue? (Larabee shakes his head.) Well, at Thiessen's a <inue? (Larabee shakes his head.) Well, at Thiessen's a half-dozen girls circle around on a raised platform, appearing and disappearing behind heavy curtains. Each time they ing and disappearing behind heavy curtains. Each time they come out they have different hats on, that the audience of females of both sexes buy. Larabee -- She just wore hats, is that it? Edward -- A model. She hadn't been doing that lock-step of fashion more than a week before the fellows down at the club were having a trv at her. 206 THE WASTERS Larabee {Nervously) -- At Florrie, that was. They all failed? Edward -- There are tricks the wisest never get to play just right. I bet I'd land her, and I did. Larabee {Jerking forward intently, hut speaking indifferently) -- Now just how did you do it on a bet? ferently) -- Now just how did you do it on a bet? Edward -- Scientifically. Larabee -- Ah, yes, scientifically. This is where I get a real lesson. Edward -- The introduction I worked through her landlady. lady. Larabee-- Down where she lived? Edward -- I v/ent to live in the same boarding house. Everything v;as very quiet and gentle. No rah, rah stuff. remember. Larabee-- Didn't let on you were rich ? Edward -- Not a whisper. A big front would have scared her ofi^. I was two months rounding her up. Larabee {Pulling closer to Edward) -- We're just where I get that real lesson. Now, how did you win? Edward -- One night after she got through and she was too tired to think, we haggled with a chauffeur to rent us an auto cheap. It vv^as her first ride and a plant. Larabee -- A what? Edward -- A frame-up. I used to meet her half a dozen blocks from the store and when she came along the chauffeur and I were busy talking prices. Before she knew it feur and I were busy talking prices. Before she knew it she was interested. She finally made the deal to rent my own car at half rates and chortled like a kid over the bargain. Well, we had a little supper at a roadhouse. She didn't like Mumm's, she didn't like Cliquot, she didn't like the cocktails, nor the highballs, but I got her to take a sip of each just as a sample. After a while her eyes began to glaze. The mixed samples did the trick. I got her to take two solid drinks to brace her. From then on she was eating out of my hand. ing out of my hand. Larabee -- Tell me exactly what happened. THE WASTERS 207 Edward -- What do yott think? She simply didn't go home that night. Larabee (Quickly and nervously pulling revolver from holster, then quietly laying it on table) -- Well go on -- go on -- * Edward -- There's no more. What are you doing with the artillery? {Indicating revolver.) Larabee-- That ? Oh, you take it. It might go off. {Pushes it toivards Edzvard.) Edward {Takes revolver) -- ^Nice little toy. Larabee -- Keep it, you may have to fight for your life yet. Edward -- You think so? Why? Larabee -- Out West here anything might happen. Tell me how Florrie -- that's her name, isn't it -- tell me how she came to die. Edward {Gets to his feet)- -- Die? Who told you she was dead? Larabee -- Why, you did. You started off with that. That's how I became so interested. What made you give her up ? Edward -- Too much home comfort stuff". At the end of the third month the affair had all the platitudes of marriage. Pale-faced wife at the window all night while husband roystered, and all the rest of it. stered, and all the rest of it. Larabee -- She took it seriously? I mean, just like marriage ? riage ? Edward -- She? She had a matrimonial mind. Used to think in terms of housekeeping -- all she needed was a marriage certificate. She certainly did shed tears over that little riage certificate. She certainly did shed tears over that little formality. She didn't want to live without it. Larabee {Leaning close io Edzvard)-- See here, Millwood, something may happen so that you'll never see New wood, something may happen so that you'll never see New York again. Would you fight? Edward {Fingering revolver) -- Fight? I certainly would. {Getting to feet.) Larabee -- You're sure ? Edward -- As long as I could see to shoot. 208 THE WASTERS Larabee (Rises) -- Good! You'll have a chance. (Auto horn sounds off, Ed runs rear.) Edward (Looking out of windozv) -- What's that? An Alco. Two of them, women, real women, girls, skirts. (Runs to door and opens it. Enter Alice rear. She ivears veil and duster. They are covered with alkali.) Alice (Whipping veil off and rushing into Ed's arms) -- Edward ! Edward ! Edward -- Alice ! Mabel (Appearing at door rear zvith Imogene and chauffeur zvith cowboy grouped behind her) -- Well, who does the feur zvith cowboy grouped behind her) -- Well, who does the honors, I'm one of the party? (Comes down.) Alice -- You know Mabel, Edward ? Mabel -- Know me? Why, Shrimp (Changing quickly), I mean Mr. Millwood, knows me very well, thank you. Please introduce me to the magazine cover. (Indicating Larabee.) Edward -- Miss Banderhop, Mr. Larabee. (Ed goes to Alice at rear, leads her to chair and sits whispering to her.) Mabel (To Larabee) -- So you're Larabee. I'm Mabel. You've heard of me! Yes, no? Oh, all right. (Turns to group at door.) Bring the grips and things in here, Imy. We're at home. (To Larabee) We're at home? Larabee -- You certainly are. Fred, help them straighten out. ( To cowboy at door rear. ) Mabel (Exit Imogene, cowboy and chauffeur rear) -Quite a surprise party, ain't it? Excuse me, I should sa}'^: Quite a surprise party, ain't it? Excuse me, I should sa}'^: Isn't it? I've been using that kind of language five weeks now and it hurts my voice every time I try. Larabee -- You're doing mighty well. Miss Banderhop. Mabel -- That's out. Call me Mabel. Larabee -- Very well, Miss Mabel. Mabel -- Help ! Here, I pictured you a bold bad monthly magazine hero, and you're as polite as a Broadway dip in a crowded car. What do you think I came away out here for ? Larabee -- Well, tell me what you came away out here for. And in an auto. Mabel -- Two autos. But they were shipped on the railroad. Mr. Millwood attended to that. He owns the railroad road. Mr. Millwood attended to that. He owns the railroad THE WASTERS 209 and everything else that's loose around here and has a mortgage on all the rest, hasn't he ? gage on all the rest, hasn't he ? Larabee -- Some of the stock in the Western & South Western Railroad is held by Mr. Millwood and he also owns half interest in this ranch. Mabel -- For God's sake, don't be so exact. Mr. Millwood thought, because Alice thought, and Alice thought because I thought it would be some little surprise for Shrimp, I mean Mr. Millwood junior, if we came and gathered him and Burrell back to the lights. Take them back to New York, you rell back to the lights. Take them back to New York, you know, Mr. Solid Ivory Dome. (Taps her head.) Larabee -- You're just in time. They were about to leave. Mabel-- -Leave ! You mean run, go away ! Make a break for it? (Glances around quickly and seises Larabee' s arm.) Shhh -- There hasn't been anybody here? A detective. Heavy set fellow with an oily tongue ? His name's Budwell. Larabee (Glancing at door L.) (Thoughtfidly) -- Detective ! Heavy set. Named Budwell ? No. tive ! Heavy set. Named Budwell ? No. Mabel (Looks quickly at Ed) -- We beat him to it. Well, listen. Did you ever have a sister named Florence ? Larabee (Glancing quisicaUy at Mabel, then speaking thoughtfully) -- Florence? No. Mabel -- What ! You didn't? (Backing away from him.) Did you ever have any sister? Larabee -- Never, Mabel -- Wouldn't that cork you? That flat-foot, Budwell, was stringing me! (Pause.) And I framed up this well, was stringing me! (Pause.) And I framed up this trip to the alfalfa with two autos, a chaperone, Imogene and all the trimmings of real culture just to get that dope. Burrell (Enter Burr ell rear.) -- Mabel! Mabel -- Hello, Burr. Burrell -- Is my brain toppling or is it the world's uptipped ? tipped ? Mabel -- Both. But the uptipping dropped the northwest corner of Herald Square out among the sage brush. I held onto the bock beer sign. (Alk. appears L. and beckons for Larry. Sound of singing off.) Larabee (To Mabel) -- Excuse me. (Goes up L.) 210 THE WASTERS Alkali (Going close to Larry) -- Say, Larry, that there stranger's like a bucket with a hole in it. Can't seem to fill him, nohow. Larabee (Urging Alkali off L.) -- I'll see what I can do. (Exits L. with Alkali.) BuRRELL -- Hold any grudge, Mabel ? Mabel -- Not so's you'd notice it. You shooed me into a soft snap, you did. A regular Delmonico meal ticket. BuRRELL -- It's a life job. No more demonstrating face food at Lacey's for you if you keep your eyes open and your mouth shut. Mabel -- What do you think I am, an understudy for an oyster? Not on your platinotype. I'm the boss of the shop. Boss, do you hear ? I framed this trip. BuRRELL -- Discretion and floating with the tide will get you along all the same. Mabel -- Not where I want to go. When I'd Alice set on this hike to see Shrimp, I saw nothing was forgotten. I learned old Moneybags Millwood owned the railroad and asked him for it. He hated to fire the engineers and brakemen. So, instead, he gave us two autos. Two, count them. men. So, instead, he gave us two autos. Two, count them. BuRRELL -- Why two ? Mabel -- ^Think I'd take a chance in one? Suppose it broke down? Then he handed up railroad tickets, baggage cars, special trucks for the autos to get us as far as his two streaks of rust and right of way runs. And here we are. Ready to go back. BuRRELL -- So are we. Ed's got to go at once. (Enter Alkali L. As he opens door singing is heard off. He tiptoes to Burr ell.) toes to Burr ell.) Alkali -- I hear you all are agoin' to New York. (Btirrell nods.) Say, would you mind if I asked you to send me rell nods.) Say, would you mind if I asked you to send me a letter all to myself? I just want to show that there Bud Freeman once. Mabel -- Dusty Dobbin, count on me. I'll send you a dozen letters with my photograph. Alkali -- Honest, now, will you ma'am ? And a post card with the Brooklyn Bridge on it ? THE WASTERS 211 Mabel -- Yes, Dobbin, and one with the Flat Iron Building on it. Another with the Statue of Liberty. {Enter Larabee L. Singing sounds loud. Alkali backs off L. at nod from Larabee.) Alkali -- Thank you, ma'am, thank you. {Exit L.) Mabel {To Larabee) -- Let's in on the grand opera. {Indicating roofn L.) dicating roofn L.) Larabee -- A cow punch. He's a bit loco. {Touches his head.) Mabel -- Maybe his regular supply of alkali has been cut off. BuRRELL {To Larabee) -- There's not a horse in the corral. Larabee {Going rear) -- Stampede! Edward {Rising) -- Never mind, we'll travel by auto. They sent two along to get us. Larabee -- Lucky! You're certainly well fixed to travel. Mabel -- Surest thing you know. When I go out to do any kidnaping, I always bring home the bacon. Look out for me, John F, Larabee, Esquire. {Imogene, chauffeur, appear rear with grips, etc.) Edward {To Imogene) -- Take them back. You women would die here. No accommodations whatever. We're going right away. Imogene -- Right away ! Well, don't it beat all ? And my throat's so clogged up with lumps of the highway I can't breathe. Mabel -- We'll turn a vacuum cleaner loose on you, Imy. Edward -- Down in Pindlar, Imogene, they have a hotel. It has beds in it, real beds. Here they have planks. Down there they also have food, real food. Here they have beans. And above all down at Pindlar they have a railroad that can take you far away from here -- far, far away. Mabel -- It was built by a man that wanted to run it to heaven, but changed his mind at the last minute and ran it to New York instead. We may use that railroad any time. Imogene {Joyfully) -- Oh, well, if you're going back to New York, that's different again. {Imogene and chauffeur pick up grips and exit rear.) 212 THE WASTERS Mabel {To Larahee) -- Won't you come with us, Mr. Larabee ? Mr. Millwood said I wasn't to leave without you. Alice {To Larahee) -- Papa said I was to be sure and ask you to visit him, Mr. Larabee. BuRRELL {To Larahee) -- Do come along. We'll take the lid off Manhattan for your benefit. Edward -- Come on, Larabee, we'll make the man that wrote the Arabian Nights sound like a prize story winner in the Ladies' Home Journal. Larabee -- I reckon not. The ranch's Arabian Nights enough for me. Alice {Comes doivn) -- If I was introduced so I could talk to you, Mr. Larabee, Ld join in. Mabel {To Edward) -- Not introduced! My Riverside Drive manners have the blind staggers. John F. Larabee, Esquire, this is Miss Millwood. Larabee -- I'm glad to meet you. Miss Millwood. Sorry the ranch hasn't any accommodations for ladies. Alice -- It's fine. I love it. Edward {To Larahee) -- You'll excuse me on that introduction. Put it down to the excitement. duction. Put it down to the excitement. Larabee {Looking at Alice) -- There's no call for apology. No call at all. Anybody's got a right to get excited. Mabel {To Larahee) -- You'll do. That's just how the last installment in the continued story I'm reading sounded. Edward {To Burrell) -- Come on, Burr. We can take a few of our traps along. {Exit Edward R.) Burrell {To Larahee)-- 'Etii&r think it over, Larabee, and come along. We've got something and the Woolworth Building to show you. {Exit Burrell R.) Mabel {Exes rear with Alice) -- I'll see if the boobs have the autos wound up. {Half slyly, to Alice) You get next. {Indicating Larahee) Flash your lamps on him at the proper angle, so. Like one of them home and mother girls of the stage! {Imitating conventional stage young girl.) They'll have more drawing power than twenty Woolworth Buildings -- or mustard plasters. {Exits rear.) THE WASTERS 213 Larabee -- Your father's the same Millwood. He's his father, too. (Indicating Edward.) Alice -- Edward's my brother. I'm sure you'd like it in New York, Mr. Larabee. Did you ever see the subway? Larabee -- No. Alice -- It's wonderful. Simply wonderful. And the L, did you ever see the L ? Larabee -- Never saw the L. I'm right sorry to say I've been no traveler at all, Miss Millwood. Alice -- Oh, then you'll join our party. Say you will. We'll keep to the automobiles as far as we wish. Then take the train. It'll be such fun. Larabee -- I'm afraid I've got to disappoint you, Miss Millwood. I got no call to go meandering off to New York at this time. A round-up's about due. Some of the stock hasn't been doing real well on account of not enough water. Alice -- That won't make the least bit of difference, Mr. Larabee, I'm sure it won't. Papa won't care. Larabee -- I'll care, Miss Millwood. And when I care there's nobody else got any call to worry. Alice -- You can't tell how sorry I am. Do you know I just thought and thought of you all the time, and how fine it would be if I could take you around and show 3^ou the places. Larabee (Looking at her closely) -- You take me around? Alice (Eriibarrassed) -- Yes. That is, if all of us could, you know. You see, Mabel talked a lot about you. We wondered together if you'd be just like -- just like -- just like -- you know, just the same as the story book western men. Larabee -- Am I? Alice -- Oh my, no. You're not like a best seller at all. (Enter Edivard R. zvith grip.) Edward -- Let's beat it. (Calls off) Train's starting. Burr, get a move on. (Enter Mabel rear.) Mabel -- All set. (Alice goes up to door rear. Mabel speaks to her.) Any luck? Alice -- No. He's chained to this place. 214 THE WASTERS Mabel -- Well, if you couldn't make him drag his anchor, it's no use any of us trying. All aboard. Supper at Pindlar in forty minutes. (Exit Mabel and Alice rear.) Larabee (To Edzvard) -- Your sister's a right nice girl. Edward -- Alice ! You bet. She's the only thing in the world I really love. Larabee -- Oh, you love your sister, do you? That's strange. Now did it ever strike you, Millwood, that Maude or Julia_ or Sadie of the cabarets might be some fellow's sister? Edward -- Bah ! Don't talk of my sister and that crowd in the same breath. Larabee -- But they might. Other girls have brothers, you know. Now that one, what's her name ? Florrie -- she -Edward -- Cut it, I tell you. It's different. Why I'd kill Edward -- Cut it, I tell you. It's different. Why I'd kill the dog that tried to get the least bit gay with Alice. Larabee (A change is apparent in him) -- Oh, you would? Edward -- I wouldn't give him time to say his prayers. (Exit Edward rear. Enter Alice and Mabel rear.) Mabel -- Our fat chaperon is getting hungry. That means angry. (To Larabee) This is your last chance to change your mind. Larabee (Looking closely at Alice) -- I have changed it. Alice (Joyfully) -- You're going with us? Larabee (Indifferently) -- As soon as I can arrange my affairs, I'm going to New York. Alice -- Oh, I'm so glad. Mabel (To Larabee) -- I'd a bet up you were human. (Runs off rear.) Larabee (Sardonically to Alice) -- Oh, yes I'm human. Very human. But you'll hardly think so a year from now. Alice -- Why not? What do you think the people of New York are going to do to you ? Larabee -- It's what I'm going to do to one of them that counts. You've heard of Tit of Tat. Alice -- What is it, a game ? THE WASTERS 215 Larabee -- Yes. One we're very fond of in the west. Sometimes we call it an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Alice -- Will you teach me to play it ? Larabee -- Why, I'm going to New York just to teach you to play it. Curtain End of Act II THE WASTERS ACT III Scene -- Interior of apartment occupied by Larahee in Neiv York City. Buffet R. about 2, ivith tray on which are bottles and glasses. There is a door on either side of it leading respectively to Lardbee's den and his bedroom. L. U. E. leads to main room zvhere dance takes place. Kitchen door is at L. I, the door leading to hallway, thence to street, at L. 2. The room is decorated with fioivers and ferns. Table center, on which is a practical telephone. Time -- Fiz'e months later. Enter L. 2, maskers, male and female, at rise. Peter, Larabee's servant, comes ahead of them bowing them on. Alice is among them. Her cloak is muffled against her face. Masker {Peter brings tray of bottles and glasses to table from buffet) -- Oh, you Peter. This is the big laugh tonight, eh? {Fills glass and drinks.) Peter -- Mr. Larabee will be glad you came. {Filling glasses. Maskers drink.) Second Masker -- Some swell joint, what? Here's how. {Drinks.) Third Ditto -- Great doings tonight. {Takes glass and drinks.) Fourth Masker {Same business) -- Where's the Millionaire Cowboy ? I'm strong for him. aire Cowboy ? I'm strong for him. Peter -- Mr. Larabee is in his bed room. He'll be here presently. {Dance music starts off stage.) {Enter Larabee R.) Second Masker {leaking partners. One of the maskers goes to Larabee) -- There's the music. Let's dance. {Some dance off L. U. E.) 218 THE WASTERS First Masker -- Oh, you Larabee. {She tries to ivhirl him into the dance. He resists.) You never sent your feet to school. Larabee -- They used to be church goers. First Masker -- Saint stuff, eh! No shinanigan. Tonight's the night you lose your halo. (Exit L. U. E. dancing. night's the night you lose your halo. (Exit L. U. E. dancing. Larabee goes up L. as if about to follozv. Alice throws off the cloak. Laughs.) Larabee -- Alice ! Alice {She goes to him) -- So, you wear a halo. Let me see it. Larabee -- You managed it! Does anyone at home suspect you are here? pect you are here? Alice {Dancing around lightly) -- -What do we care? Larabee -- That's the spirit. Tonight will be a milestone in your life. Alice -- You mean a smile stone. I'm bubbling over with smiles. It's the great adventure. Larabee {Filling glass zvith liquor) -- Here, take a sip of this. It's Mumm's. {Holds it close to her lips.) Alice {She sips and wipes her lips ivith a handkerchief) -Oh, that stuff. I don't like it. Oh, that stuff. I don't like it. Larabee {Filling another glass) -- Perhaps you'd rather have this. It's Cliquot. {Presses glass to her lips.) Alice -- No. I don't like any of it. Larabee {Same business zvith third glass) -- Not even this ? A mild cocktail ? Alice {Taking glass of liquor from Larabee, and zvith quiet dignity setting it on table) -- Not even that! Larabee -- You're not going to be a good fellow. You won't enjoy yourself. Alice -- Do I need to drink to enjoy myself? Larabee -- Oh, all the girls take a little champagne and sip a cocktail. Ask your brother Ed. if they don't. Alice {With touch of astonishment) -- The girls that associate with Edward do, possibly. sociate with Edward do, possibly. THE WASTERS 219 Larabee -- Oh, you're different ? Alice {Somewhat offended) -- Don't you think I am slightly different, Larry? Larabee -- Why should you be ? Alice (Horrified) -- Larry! Why should I be? And I thought -- I thought -Larabee -- What did you think? Larabee -- What did you think? Alice (She seems to wonder a little) -- Tell me, Larry, why did you call me up on the phone three days in succession -- when you had just seen me an hour before? sion -- when you had just seen me an hour before? Larabee -- There was no other Vv^ay I could tell you of my plans for tonight. Alice (Thoughtfully) -- Plans for tonight? Why were you so anxious to have me run away to your masquerade party without letting my father and mother know ? Larabee -- They wouldn't have let you come without Mabel. She's a -Alice -- Not a word against Mabel. Alice -- Not a word against Mabel. Larabee -- For five months she's been like a great big ear, ready to catch every word I said. Why, I couldn't even whisper to you. Alice (Gently) -- Was there anything you wanted to whisper, Larry? Larabee (Showing affection) -- You know there was. Alice -- What? Goon. Whisper now. Larabee -- Can't you guess ? Alice (Playfully) -- I'll never guess. Larabee (Close to her) -- I wanted to whisper that I love you. Alice -- Love me! Larry! You do? (They embrace.) Larabee (Holding her from him) -- And now you'll drink. A little to celebrate. (Offers her glass.) Alice -- Why, Larry, dear, I'll do anything you say. Larabee -- Anything? (Holds out glass.) 220 THE WASTERS Alice {Takes glass and drinks) -- Watch me. Down goes Cliquot. Is this Mumm's? {She drinks from second glass and then third.) Tell me to drink up every drop in all these bottles. {Drinks.) Go on^ -- I dare you. {Drinks.) You're afraid. {She playfidly goes to him. He catches her and kisses her.) Larabee -- And now you're mine. All mine. {He leads her tozvards his bedroom R.) Alice -- Yes, Larry dear. All yours. Forever and ever. Larabee {Stopping at door R. ivhen about to turn handle) -- Forever and ever! {A slozv change in Larry is noticed during the follozving speech.) ALiCE^We'll be so happy together when we're married. We'll go right away to the ranch, won't we ? Oh, I loved it. You know, I can cook ! I went to cooking school. You won't be lonesome. We'll take my piano. Til learn to play rag-time so the boys can dance. We'll forget about this make-believe in the east, won't we? Say yes. Say you'll never bring me back. Say you won't. Fve been so sad here. Homesick because I had too many homes. We'll never get a divorce no matter what happens, Larry, Will we? Say we won't. Our children are bound to be unhappy if we do. They are bound to go v/rong if they get a bad start. Larabee -- Alice ! Alice -- What is it, Larry, dear? Larabee {Leads her doiun) -- I want you to go home. Alice -- Home ? Larabee -- Yes. Right away. Your brother is liable to come at any minute. Alice {Half frightened) -- Edward ! Did you invite him ? {Loud laughter sounds off.) Larabee -- Listen! They're his friends. {Indicates maskers.) You ARE different. Quite different. Not one of them is fit to tie your shoes. Hurry. {Leads her towards L.2.) Alice -- Why must I go? Larabee {Opens door and looks into hallway) -- Sh -Ed -- {Closes door.) Quick. In here. {Leads her to L. Ed -- {Closes door.) Quick. In here. {Leads her to L. THE WASTERS 221 J.) When the coast is clear, go home. There's a taxi at the door. (Enter Edzvard zvith Peter, as Alice disappears L.I.) Peter (To Edzvard) -- A great many of the guests are here already, sir. Edward -- Hello, Larry. (To Peter) You take a tip from me. Don't let this affair sag. Keep the bubble water on tap. You understand? (To Larry) Between us, Larabee, you have lots to learn about running a real, live, up-to-theminute masquerade. minute masquerade. Larabee -- We believe that, don't we, Peter ? Edward -- The secret of it is, keep the glasses full. Larabee (To Peter) -- You hear that? Keep the glasses full. Peter (Taking tzvo bottles from table) -- Yes, sir. Keep the glasses full. (Exits L. U. E.) Edward (To Larry. Pulls out tzvo small black dominoes and lays them on table) -- Where's your mask? Larabee (Glancing quickly at L. i, picking up mask) -I'm not going to wear one. I'm not going to wear one. Edward (Holds mask back from eyes, in surprise) -- No? You should. You look as cheerful as the chief pall bearer at your own funeral. What's up? Business? Larabee -- Possibly. Edward -- When business interferes with the tango, let business do the fox trot. Leave it to the peasants to worry about. (Enter L. U. E. group of maskers, dancing, they are laughing and chatting. Ed puts on his mask and goes to them.) (Indicating Larry.) Look at Sir Galahad. (They stop dancing.) Here is the only simon-pure-dyed-in-thewool knight of the twentieth century (Indicating Larry), wool knight of the twentieth century (Indicating Larry), in our midst and he has a grouch on. First Masker -- His Jane hasn't arrived. Edward -- True to sex, a woman knows a man should worry about a woman. Second Masker -- Or women. Edward -- Right -- and nothing else. 222 THE WASTERS All Sing (Joining hands and dancing around Larry.) (Enter Peter L. U. E. Exit L. 2) -- There's nothing else to worry us but woman, and nothing else should hurry us but woman, When we have cobwebs on the brain. They smile, we are ourselves again. For who can calm, or flurry us like woman ? (Alice appears L. i, runs across stage, and exits R. again, as they pull Larry and Ed. off L. U. E. Larry reenters and comes dozvn stage totvards L. i, opens door and enters and comes dozvn stage totvards L. i, opens door and looks off L. I. Enter Peter and Mabel L. 2.) Mabel (To Larry, indicating Peter) -- Tell your watch dog not to bite me. Larabee (Waving him away) -- It's all right, Peter. Peter -- Yes, sir. (Lie exits.) Mabel -- He barked and showed his teeth. Only I was in before he knew it saved me. That's what I get for leaving my happy home without an invitation. Larabee -- I didn't know as any invitation was sent you, Miss Banderhop. Mabel -- Didn't you, now? Well, that's strange, isn't it.'' Larabee -- I wouldn't want to say it was strange at all. Mabel (Slyly) -- Did you overlook me on purpose, Larry? Larabee -- Miss Banderhop, I'd hardly say that. Mabel (Goes close to him) -- Stalling again? Well, this time you won't put it over on me. I've seen Budwell -- do you get me? T. F. Budwell, Esquire, high muck-a-muck of the Budwell Detective Agency and he was soused to the gills. Larabee -- What's that got to do with this visit? At this time? Mabel-- Inopportune, they'd tell me to say on the Drive. Well, you handed me quite a line of bull when )^ou said you didn't have a sister. And her name wasn't Florence. Oh, no, not at all, Reginald, not at all. You're some smart waddie to escape from the alkali belt. That's big league stuff die to escape from the alkali belt. That's big league stuff you pulled, believe me. Larabee -- If I didn't have this party on my mind I might be able to keep up with you. Your tongue does lope some, though. I wish you'd keep it going till you got outside. (Goes tozvard halkvay door.) THE WASTERS 223 Mabel -- Look here, you, don't you hint that I should go out. I'm Hving in a sweller joint than this ever was. Larabee -- I know you are. You can go back to it, and collect your blackmail as soon as you like and please me just the same. Mabel (Angrily) -- Blackmail ! Larrabee -- Do you think the Millwoods are keeping you because they like you ? Mabel -- What do you think ? Larabee -- They're boarding you 'cause they're afraid you'd tell just how my sister Florence died in their house. They want to have you where they can keep an eye on you. Mabel -- That may be the reason they're wanting me there. It's not the reason I'm staying. Larabee -- Mighty interesting, but it can wait. I have friends I want to see. Mabel -- Don't try to duck this. What do you think I came here for ? Larabee (He turns back toivard table) -- I'm too busy to do any guessing. Mabel -- That's right, ask me to sit down. (Sits.) Thank you. You make me forget my Riverside Drive manners, you do. Larabee -- I wish I could get you to remember what you owe my sister's memory by way of telling the truth. Mabel (Taking out hankerchief and zviping her eyes) -Don't do that, you'll have my nose red in a minute. Little Don't do that, you'll have my nose red in a minute. Little Florrie was my pal. That's enough, isn't it ? Larabee -- Perhaps you think so. Mabel (Rising and leaning over table) -- Perhaps you think you'll help her memory by ruining another innocent girl just like her. Larabee -- Huh! (He shoivs she's telling the truth.) Mabel -- You picked Alice Millwood to practice on, didn't you? Larabee -- I -224 THE WASTERS 224 THE WASTERS Mabel -- Trying to stall again. Well, I've got you winging, Mr. Larabee. I can see it. {Laiighter sounds off.) ing, Mr. Larabee. I can see it. {Laiighter sounds off.) You've got Alice in there with that bunch of highbinders. ( Indicates maskers. ) Larabee -- What makes you think so ? Mabel -- It's part of the plant. Budwell's another part. This masquerade party's the rest. Larabee -- You seem to know a great deal. Mabel -- I told you Budwell was soused. He coughed up. Then Alice's father phoned to know what had become of her. Deny this if you dare. You framed it up with Alice to tell her mother she was going to her father's house. Nifty work ! This is the date she should go. Masquerade party just fitted nice. When the joy to-night is unrefined, you'll fix it so Shrimp'll catch you somewhere with Alice. He'll snap the mask off of her. Then he'll accuse you of being just as rotten to her as he's been to every woman he's ever met. Larabee -- You almost make me believe you. Mabel -- Cut that. You haven't been long enough out of the come-on class to get it across. Alice being mixed up with this bunch of Fluzzies {Indicating maskers) will help some. When Shrimp gets to the high falsetto stage of the proceedings, you won't deny the charge. Not you. You'll smirk, and side-step and just make him so crazy he'll try to drill a hole in you. Then you for the grand heroic stuff : sister for sister, Florrie for Alice. On top of that Budwell will crash in and arrest Shrimp for killing Florrie. Doped out right, eh? Larabee -- It's nice language you're using. Miss Banderhop and I like the story. But the principal chapter's miss- hop and I like the story. But the principal chapter's missing out of the book. ing out of the book. Mabel -- Wise me up. Where did that drunk Budwell f ozzle ? Larabee -- Alice is not in the house. Mabel ( Su rp rised ) -- No ? Larabee -- Search the place. Mabel -- Well, you may be keener than I thought. You've got something up your sleeve. But anyhow, Budwell was just stringing you. Shrimp Millwood didn't kill your sister. THE WASTERS 225 Larabee -- Who did? Mabel-- I did ! Larabee (As if about to grab her by the throat) -- You! Mabel -- Can that strong arm stuff. I killed her as much as Shrimp did. She wouldn't have gone to that house but for me. When she found out just what a dirty little piker Shrimp was she turned the gat, on herself. Larabee -- She did it herself? You are sure? Mabel -- Sure, and you could hardly blame her. She was in love with Shrimp. When she woke up to what that meant, she couldn't survive it. Larabee -- What proof have you ? Mabel -- I had some when I started. I went to live with Mrs. Auction Bridge Millwood to get more. Believe me, she's a cold deck, but I got next. Larabee -- How ? Mabel -- Imogene, that nervy maid-of-little work, is my bosom friend. She was so close to Florence when the shot was fired she still smells the smoke. Larabee -- What else have you ? Mabel -- Say, the girl I love best, now Florrie's had it out with the head floorwalker, knows it all. Larabee -- Alice ? Mabel -- Alice. She was in the room with Shrimp when Florrie left him to go home. There's no fluff-fluff stuff in that. I got close to her. A Philadelphia lawyer couldn't have tried harder to trip her up. I know what I'm talking about. Shrimp didn't do it. Larabee (Struggling to hold to his original idea) -- He's just as responsible as if he'd pulled the trigger. (Door L. U. E. is flung open. Singing is heard. Enter Maskers.) Mabel (Glancing around quickly and seeing some of the maskers enter) -- Quick. Give me a mask. (Picks up mask left on table.) My reputation's gone if I'm mugged in this line-up. (She puts on domino, maskers come dancing down.) 226 THE WASTERS First Masker {Dancing by zvith partner and giggling) -Oh, you ! Oh, you ! Mabel {In cultured intonation)-- -Heaxens, Maude, what are you doing here ? Catch that young and innocent giggle ? {To Larry) She got a patent on it in 1776. Second Masker {Dances by zvith partner) -- Come on, Foxey, do the Fox trot. Mabel -- Tilly! {To Larry) Vd know her legs anywhere. Originally built for a piano. Third Masker {With partner) -- Hello, kiddo, why ain't you swimmin' ? Mabel -- How that mask does improve you, Sadie. Too bad you can't wear it all the time. {All dance off L. U. E. singing. They ptdl Larry off with them. Mabel goes quickly to telephone after closing door at L. U. E.) Hello -- hello. ly to telephone after closing door at L. U. E.) Hello -- hello. Get me River one-eight-two-three. Yes, in a hurry. Ring me when you get it. {She goes rear, opens door and looks off at dancers. She cranes her neck and stands on tiptoe looking off. Phone rings, she shuts door and runs down. In Phone) Hello, that you Mrs. Millwood? No, I haven't found her. Wait a minute -- yes, Fm inside the house. What? Her father's on the way? The devil! Keep him back. You stay away too. She's not here yet. Fll get her if she comes. Listen, your butting-in will -- say, who's going this, you or me? {Enter from halhvay Peter, Bnrrell and Nita. Nita is wrapped in cloak that covers her from head to foot. She ivears a red domino.) Burrell {To Peter) -- Get him quick. Peter -- Yes, sir. {Peter exits L. U. E.) Mabel {In phone in cultured draivl, as she presses finger on hook, tvhich shozvs the audience she is talking into a "dead" phone) -- Oh, yes, they are here, but withal it's dull, very dull. Not a live one in the shop. Oh, yes, some hope yet. The night's young. It's the only thing that is young around here. {Enter Peter with Edward L. U. E. Peter goes off through hallway door.) Edward {To Burrell) -- You did come? Bv-scR.^!.!. {Indicating Mabel) -- Shhh ! Mabel {In phone) -- Well, good-bye, my dear, hope you get enough to pay the rent. {Exit after close look at Nita, zvho is zvrapped in cloak still so she cannot be recognised.) THE WASTERS 227 Edward -- Yoit got her ? BuRRELL (Whips off cloak and mask. She has on a dress like the one zvorn by Alice.) Edward (Enraptured by her) -- Oh, you baby doll, I could kiss you. Come on, nobody's going to dance with you all night but myself. Let's get a little of the merry water, eh? (Takes arm.) NiTA -- Yes, sir. BuRRELL (To Nita) -- Nita, this is the fairy prince I told you about. You'll get the limousine and everything I said. (Nita puts on red domino again.) (Btirrell turns to Ed.) That other little matter's all right, is it? Edward -- Sure, here you are. (Gives him bills. Burrell looks bills over and is disappointed and shoivs it without speaking. Dancers come out and all dance, Burrell putting on mask and getting a partner. Enter Mabel as Nita ting on mask and getting a partner. Enter Mabel as Nita disappears L. U. E. in the croivd. She zvatches her for a second, then comes down to phone. Quickly removes receiver.) ceiver.) Mabel (In phone) -- Hello -- Hello. River one-eight-twothree. Hurry, please. (Pause.) Yes. Mrs. Millwood. No, three. Hurry, please. (Pause.) Yes. Mrs. Millwood. No, get her right away. Hello, Imogene, this is Mabel, yes, get Mrs. Millwood, tell her I've found Alice. Good night. (Hangs up phone.) What do you think of that? (Dancer enters tangoing. To dancer) When I talk to the kid in the red domino, you grab Ed., will you? She's my side kicker. I want to wise her up. Masker -- Sure. (They dance off together L. U. E. Tvuo dancers dance across stage and off L. U. E. Mabel re-enters zuith Nita L. U. E.) Mabel (Speaking off as she enters) -- Bring the champagne in here, Mr. Millwood. (To Nita) So, this is where pagne in here, Mr. Millwood. (To Nita) So, this is where you are? Nita -- Isn't it just like heaven? Mabel -- Heaven! Ring again, you've got the wrong number. You mean the other place. Nita (Springing back from her) -- Oh, you. Mabel -- Don't try that on your Uncle Dudley. (Goes to Nita and takes her mask off.) Well, I'll be -- Say, kid, 228 THE WASTERS my lamps need fixing. You're a marker for a little flopper I used to know. The drinks are on me. {Enter Larry L. U. E. She turns to Larry after putting mask on Nita.) Get this, Larry. What's her moniker ? Larabee (Alice appears R., glances at the scene and exits immediately. Larry goes toward Nita) -- Alice! (Mabel whips Nita's mask off. ) Mabel -- Guess again. Larabee -- Well -Mabel (To Nita) -- Who copped you out? Maybe you Mabel (To Nita) -- Who copped you out? Maybe you don't get real American yet. I mean, who brought you here ? Nita -- Mr. Burr. Larabee -- Burrell ! Mabel (To Nita) -- Where did he glim you? Say, look here, where did he see you and when and how ? You don't belong in New York. Nita -- I'm from Rockmont. Mabel -- Rockmont? They haven't got switchboards in Rockmont. You worked in a telephone exchange, didn't you? Nita -- No, I worked in a store. Mabel -- I get you. You were offered a job in New York on the stage, eh? Burr is such a nice man to poor downtrodden shop girls. Wants them all to go in for drama, by trodden shop girls. Wants them all to go in for drama, by way of the chorus. How long have you been here? Nita -- Two weeks. Mabel (To Larabee) -- Two weeks! In two more she'll be just like the iron- jawed fluzzies in there. Are you going to let her? Larabee -- Take her away quick. Mabel (To Nita) -- Come on. Nita (Trying to break Mabel's grip) -- But I don't want to go. This is life and I'm young enough to want to live. I never had any fun, I never heard any music, I was too tired to dance, I couldn't laugh the way others laughed because I was always thinking we were so terribly poor. I cause I was always thinking we were so terribly poor. I won't go, so there. (Tries to get away.) THE WASTERS 229 Mabel -- You'll go back to Rockmont tonight, you hear? This is his house. {Indicating Larry.) He's going to put you out. NiTA-- But Mr. Burr, Mr. Wood-Mabel {To Larahee) -- Don't let anyone in for a second. Mabel {To Larahee) -- Don't let anyone in for a second. Larabee {He goes up to door L. U. E.) -- Now look here, you {To Nita) throw that away. {Takes domino from Nita and throws it on floor.) You're a nice girl. You've not been spoiled yet, but you're going to be if you go through with this. Burr brought you to this house to meet someone ! A little man, isn't it so? Nita -- Yes. Mabel -- Said he was rich; that he'd get 3fOU an auto and everything and a flat with the rent paid in advance. Said you was too nice a girl to work. Too dainty and refined ! Old stuff. In six months you'd be hitting the path. fined ! Old stuff. In six months you'd be hitting the path. Do you know what that means ? You'd be peddling out to the "cheap skates of this burg, and beheve me they're here a-plenty. If you go through with this you're going to hate to go back to Rockmont ; you're going to run away and hide when one of your old friends turn the corner ; you're going to be ashamed to see any of your own folks; when your mother kisses you, you're going to cry and want to throw yourself in the river. Now, are you ? It's up to you. Nita -- Take me away. Mabel {Throiving cloak over her) -- That's a dear. I knew you were a good kid. {To Larry) O. K., Larry. {Larry conies down. Exit Mabel and Nita to hallway. Enter Burrell L. U. E.) ter Burrell L. U. E.) BuRRELL {Looking about) -- Alone, Larry? {Takes mask off-) Larabee {Rolling cigarette) -- Oh, just hitting the Durham. ham. Burrell -- Is it true you're going back to the ranch? Larabee -- To-morrow morning. Burrell -- Why don't you stick? Give New York a chance ? Larabee {Indifferently) -- Oh, cliff dwellers are no treat to me. Got plenty of places where they used to live next state but one to ours. 230 THE WASTERS BuRRELL -- Cliff dwellers ? Larabee -- Sure, the people here live in caves built on the sides of canons, that's all. Wasters cooped up on little shelves. Wasters, that's all. They waste time, they waste food, they waste money, and they waste one another. I've seen more wrecked lives here covered up with talcum and rouge than I ever hope to see again. BuRRELL -- You're an advocate of the seven deadly virtues, that's what. Funny, everyone with that kind of a looking backward intellect thinks all the saints must have freckles on their noses and wear cowhide boots. Larabee-- I'm not looking for saints. I'm satisfied v/ith men. (Pause.) If they are men, not panderers and procurers. curers. BuRRELL -- Do you mean we're all that sort ? Larabee -- A few right in this neighborhood are. BuRRELL -- Look here, what's on your mind ? Larabee -- I mean this, Mr. Burrell, you make yourself scarce around here right away. You don't think I'd have in my house a skunk that would lure an innocent young girl here to sell her. Burrell -- Do you think I would? Larabee -- I don't think, I know ! Now, get out. Go on, git! You're the kind of thing that makes the worst ones what they are. For the sake of the drippings from the tables of the rich you kiss their boots and do their dirty work. Now git -- or fight ! Burrell -- I'll see you later for this. Larabee -- I'll be back in three minutes. If you're here I'll kick you out. (Larry goes tozvard L. U. E. Burrell goes into halkvay. Alice tiptoes from R. toivards table. She looks down and sees red domino taken from Nita and thrown away. She picks it up and puts it on. Burrell appears at door leading to hallway.) pears at door leading to hallway.) Burrell -- Nita! (Calling.) Here, Nita, wait, I want to speak to you. (Alice has backed away to door R., but finally stops.) Don't be afraid of me, didn't I bring you here? (Comes a step into room.) I want you to get Mr. Wood for me, will you, Nita ? Alice -- Mr. Wood? THE WASTERS 231 BuRRELL -- Yes, you tell him Mr. Burr wants him right away. It's very important. Life and death. Make the girls let him come out to me. Alice -- Suppose I don't know him? He'll be masked, won't he? BuRRELL -- Oh, you'll find him. Ask for Mr. Millwood, that's what they call him. Or just Shrimp. All the girls know him here. Alice (Going tozvard L. U. E.) -- All right. (Enter Larry L. U. E. Burrell makes quick exit in door leading to halhvay.) Larabee (To Alice astonished) -- You! You decided not to go home back to Rockmont after all ? Alice (With altered voice)-- ISio, Mr. Larabee. Larabee -- So, Mabel told you my name. Well, Nita, now Avhy didn't you stick by her and go back to your folks. The stage is nothing after all, and you mightn't make good. They say the chorus is awful. Alice -- I won't hear a word against the chorus, and I want to stay here. Larabee -- Do you know, I just now put that chap Burr out because he brought you here. Won't you go home? Alice -- No. Larabee (Discouraged) -- What's the use? Everybody gets the itch for the excitement, I guess. It seems to me once a girl gets just a taste of this she gives 3^ou the laugh if )^ou want to save her. Alice -- Maybe what you call saving her ain't. Look how well I dance. (Pirouetting.) I want to go on the stage. Shall I sing? I've got a splendid voice for the chorus. Larabee (Disgusted) -- Go your gait for all me. I'm through. (Goes up.) Alice (Dancing in front of him) -- I won't let you go. I won't let you. (Pidls him hack.) Larabee -- Now see here, you're a little fool. I'm sorry I put myself out for you the least bit. 232 THE WASTERS Alice -- Ah! {Laughing.) You only think you are. You're a real cowboy, aren't you? I love cowboys. Don't you? Larabee -- Look here, if you were my sister, do you know what I'd do? Alice -- I could never guess, brother Larry. Larabee -- Larry? This is a trick. Mabel sent you here to put something over on me. Go on, speak up. {He tries to catch her, she keeps the table between them.) Alice -- Cross my heart, she didn't. I just wanted to come 'cause I wanted to see you. Larabee -- I'll give you just five minutes to clear out. {Goes toward L. U. E.) Alice -- Will you dance once with me if I promise to go? Larabee {Contemptuously) -- Dance! Me dance with you ? Alice -- Why not, I'll go right away if you do. Larabee -- I don't dance, I tell you. Alice -- If you try that will save me, sure. Larabee -- Will you go home to your folks if I just try? Alice -- Straight home to my folks. Larabee -- Come on, but you'll wish you'd picked a bear instead. ( They dance L. U. E. Burrell appears L. Enter Mabel L. She brushes by Burrell making him stumble into the room.) Burrell {Drawing back) -- Oh, I beg pardon. Mabel -- Why don't you give up begging, Burr, and go to work? Burrell -- Be serious, Mabel. Mabel -- I am serious. You make me. What's the sneak stunt for? Afraid of someone? Burrell {Lightly)-- No, no, I-- just a little flirtation, you know. Mabel -- Quit it. I knovv^ how you flirt. {Changing tone to gruffness. ) Come on, kid, what kept you ? THE WASTERS 233 BuRRELL -- At least I'd use less slang and more grammar. Mabel -- Huh, grammar's only the slang of the rich. BuRRELL -- Apparently it is harder to acquire than your own kind. Anyhow, it's the hallmark of the lady. Mabel -- Riverside Drive didn't succeed in making any more a lady of me than a man of you. I think I know why you're sneaking back in the hallway. Larry's seen you. BuRRELL -- No, I was just waiting. Mabel -- I knew it, well, you'd better duck. I put Larry onto you. BuRRELL -- You did ! * Your days on Riverside Drive are numbered for that. Mabel -- I should worry. Did it ever strike you, Reggie, that a lot of money is spent in the homes of the divorced rich to keep a nice innocent girl nice and innocent, while guys like you cop off the coin for pointing out to the son of the same house the short cut to hell? Burrell -- I'm through! Mabel -- What's that? Burrell -- I'm done, I tell you. Mabel -- On the level ? Burrell -- Believe me or not, this is the limit. That little imp in there has made me do everything that degraded me. (Angrily.) Now, why should he be in a position to do it? Mabel -- Search me, I didn't do it. Burrell -- It doesn't look fair to me. I had more native ability, more brains, better character; he had only a father with money. Mabel -- You should have been wiser in picking your father. Burrell -- There's something wrong with the scheme of things somewhere. Mabel -- There is. You missed out when you sloughed the bit of manhood God started you off with and turned your back on work to live by your wits. (Alice enters L. U. E. looking back frightened. She runs lightly across stage 234 THE WASTERS to R. and makes hurried exit. Mabel doesn't see her, Burr ell does.) What was that ? {As Alice shuts door R. En- r ell does.) What was that ? {As Alice shuts door R. Enter Ed. L. U. E. i()ith bottle and champagne glass. He is ter Ed. L. U. E. i()ith bottle and champagne glass. He is under the influence of liquor.) Edward -- Where is she? Where did she go? Mabel -- Who ? Edward -- Never mind. It's not you, anyhow. Mabel -- Aw, you Shrimp, if I didn't know you, I'd think you meant that. {Indicate Burrell.) Say, he wants to quit. Edward -- Who ? Mabel -- Burrell. Says right out in meeting he'll do no more kidnapping for you. Edward -- What's that? Mabel -- Refuses to rob any more cradles. Edward {To Burrell) -- You've been talking! Burrell -- I only said I was going away. I feel all in. When a man can't fight, it's all right; when he can and won't, then there's something wrong in here. {Indicating breast. ) Mabel {To Edivard) -- Burrell want's you to stake him so he can get a fresh start. Go on, do it. He's delivered for you up to the handle. Edward {At table filling glass from bottle, and drinking it) -- Let him go to the devil. Mabel {To Burrell) -- You're to go to the devil. {Alice peeps from door R. Ed. is iti the act of drinking, ivhen he sees her. He quietly lays glass down and tiptoes across to door R.) Burrell {Despairingly to iV/a&d)-- That's what I get for all I've done. Mabel -- Just as the fellow in the book says : Virtue and the police offer a reward, and some second story man cops it off. {Ed. has turned handle of door R. and opened it. He goes in quickly and closes door. There's a frightened scream off.) Burrell -- What's that? THE WASTERS 235 Mabel (Running across to door i?.)-- It's in here. (Enter Larry L. U. E.) Quick, Larry. (The screaming con- ter Larry L. U. E.) Quick, Larry. (The screaming continues.) tinues.) Larabee (Pressing shoulder against door) -- What is it? Mabel (Knocking hard on door) -- Open! Larabee -- Open or I'll smash it in. Edward (Off stage) -- Go away. (Scream is repeated.) Larabee -- All right. Have it your way. (He picks up chair and smashes door in. Puts hand through broken panel and turns key.) Mabel -- Good work. (E.reunt Larry and Mabel R:) (Peter, followed by Mr. and Mrs. Millwood, enters L.) Peter -- I'll get Mr. Larabee, right away. (Exit Peter L. U. E. Mr. and Mrs. Millzvood go up as if to follozv Peter. Larry enters R. dragging Edivard, zuhom he tosses center near table.) Larabee -- You hound ! Edward -- She's mine, you hear. Ask Burr. (Turns to Burrell.) She is, isn't she? (He advances on Larry as if to attack him.) Millwood (Coming dozvn and getting betzveen Larry and Ed.) -- What does this brawling mean? Edward (In drunken surprise) -- You here? Governor! (Sees Mrs. Millwood.) And the Mater? (Enter Mabel R. supporting Alice, zvho still zvears her red domino. Ed. turns to Mabel and Alice.) Come on, Nita, You're mine, you understand. (Going towards Alice and grabbing her by the arm.) Alice (Shrinking back as Alice's domino is taken off by Mabel) -- Keep him away. How horrible! Horrible! Edward -- You! (He staggers back zvhen he sees it is Alice.) Mrs. Millwood (Taking Alice in her arms) -- Alice! Edward (To Alice) -- What were you doing in there? Alice (To Edward) -- Go away. Please. I never want to see you again. 236 THE WASTERS Edward (To Larry) -- You did this! You brought my sister here. You mixed her up with that gang ! (Indicating dancers. ) Mabel (To Larahee) -- And you Hed to me, Mr. Larabee! You had her here all the time ! Millwood -- You did, Larabee? Good God, is there a decent man anywhere on earth ? Mrs. Millwood (Patting Alice) -- Oh, my poor dear. Edward (Grabbing champagne bottle from table and advancing on Larry) -- I'll murder you. (Larry and Edzvard vancing on Larry) -- I'll murder you. (Larry and Edzvard grapple. Ed. is held back by Alice, zuho springs forward.) Alice -- Don't touch him! Don't dare! (The men arc separated.) Mabel (To Alice) -- He tricked you. He wanted revenge. Little Florence, the girl that committed suicide in venge. Little Florence, the girl that committed suicide in your house, was his sister. Alice -- What ? Millwood -- Is it true ? Mabel (To Edzvard) -- lie knows that you were the cause of his sister's death. Edward -- Now I understand. That's what he was after all the time. He wanted to trick Alice to get even. Millwood (Facing Larry as if about to strike him) -- An eye for an eye. A tooth for a tooth. Is that it? Larabee (Calmly) -- An eye for an eye. A tooth for a tooth. A sister for a sister. Why not? (Turns to Alice.) I did start out to treat you in exactly the same way as your brother treated little Florrie. Alice -- Oh, and I thought -- I thought you cared. Mabel -- This masquerade was the window dressing to coax the customer in. Shrimp here was to find you and him together. Larabee (To Alice) -- That's right. The little game of tit for tat. We were to be unmasked. I v/as to hand you over to him as much of a wreck as he made my sister. Mrs. Millwood -- What depths of degradation! THE WASTERS 237 Alice (A light dazuning on her) -- But you didn't! You ordered me home, Larabee (To Milhvood)-- There you are. I'm a quitter. I didn't go through with it. Mr. Millwood (To Larabee) -- God put it into your heart to give up your idea of revenge. Larabee (Paying no attention to Mrs. Milhvood, and turning to Milhvood) -- When your son went into that room tonight he was pursuing another fellow's sister. Mabel -- Nita. A mere child. Larabee-- One that he paid Burrell here to bring him. Millwood -- Good God! (He turns on Burrell and Edward. Both shrink back.) It's true! ward. Both shrink back.) It's true! Larabee -- Money kept him from being anything only what he is. Millwood -- It will keep him so no longer. (To Edzuard) From now on you'll earn every dollar you get by the sweat of your brow. Out of my sight. Edward (To Airs. Milkvood)-- Mother Mrs. Millwood -- Come back to me when you are a man. (Exeunt Edivard and Burrell.) To think that he was once my baby! Life is just sin. (To Milhvood) Let us go home. Larabee (To Mrs. Milhvood)-- To which one? Yours or his? (Turns to Milhvood.) Your divorce gave your children too many homes; half the time they didn't think they had any. It was the same thing that left my little sister Florence without a home at all. ter Florence without a home at all. Millwood (To Mrs. Milhvood) -- We have been at fault. Mrs. Millwood (Placing hand on Millwood's arm) -- I was all to blame. I forgot that as soon as a child is laid in a woman's arms she becomes a guardian of the human race. And all else is nothing. Millwood (To Larabee) -- Thank you for teaching us both. Good night. Mrs. Millwood (To Larabee) -- Good night. (Exeunt Mrs. Millwood zvith Alice, and Millwood and Mabel.) Mabel (Turning at door) -- Good night, Mr. Larabee. 238 THE WASTERS Larabee -- Good night. {He stands near table as maskers come out L. U. E. and go off L.) ers come out L. U. E. and go off L.) Maskers -- Good night, Larry. Great time we had. Ditto -- Best time ever. Good night, old sport. Ditto -- You're a regular New Yorker now. Good night. Larabee -- Good night, everybody. Thank you for coming. {Voices murmer off L. as crozvd ivithdraivs farther ing. {Voices murmer off L. as crozvd ivithdraivs farther away. Enter Peter L.) Peter {Turning out lights) -- Is there anything else, sir? Larabee -- Pack my bags. Peter -- Right away, sir? Larabee -- Yes. Call a taxi. {Pulls watch from pocket.) I have just time to make that next train. Peter -- Yes, sir. {Exit R. Enter Alice L.) Alice -- I couldn't go without saying good-bye. Larry {Coldly) -- Good-bj^e, Miss Millwood. Alice {Close to him) -- No. It's Alice. Say Alice. {Mabel appears L.) bel appears L.) Larabee -- ^Alice ! Alice -- Larry ! Larabee -- You forgive me ? Alice -- If you promise there won't be any divorce. Larabee -- I promise. {Kissing her.) Mabel -- Well, don't that beat the Dutch! I was ofif on the wrong foot all the time. Curtain End of Act III <s yjf^ Ky

mild gibberish

04032762

The shadow of a gun,

Merritt, Henry Clay

shadowofgun00merr_djvu.txt

H. CLAY MERRITT -0 THE AUTHOR. The F. T. Peterson Company LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two Copies Received OCT 31 I9U4 ^Copyrigwt tntfy CLjGs <Z XXc. NOI DEDICATORY. In memory of my old friend, Vincent M. Wilcox, Late of Madison, Conn., Who, on his wedding day, delivered to its these comforting words : "I am now a benedict. I shall be forting words : "I am now a benedict. I shall be the father of one child, and only one, to show you all what I can do," I inscribe this volume. As it is the first, so also* shall it be the last. Faithful to his promise. Address, R. Webb Wilcox, New York City. The Author. Copyrighted 1904, by H. CLAY MERRITT. INDEX Of SUBJECTS. Page. Dedicatory 4 Preface 9 Reminiscences 13 Geo. W. Blunt 25 Amenia Seminary 27 Climbing- the Roof 29 Williams College 30 Post Graduates Hunting 31 A Remarkable Scent 32 Woodcocks on Hillsides 33 Partridges Hold Scent 34 "Go West, Young Man" 35 The Prairie Land 37 Visits Relation 39 Learns in New York of English Snipe 41 lish Snipe 41 Henry County in 1855 42 What Was and What Was Not 43 Railroads Coming 44 Ice and Guns Scarce 45 Swarms of Game; No Market ,....46 ket ,....46 Begin ' Shipments of Prairie Chickens 47 A Visit to Ann a wan 48 Kill the First Jacksnipe 49 Geo. Mowcraft 50 Geo. Cutmore & Dorr & Higgins 57 gins 57 Go to Geneseo with Wm. Bowen 52 Goes to Atkinson in Winter.. 53 Prairie Chickens in Henry Co. Nearly Exterminated 54 Kill the First Deer 55 Trapping Big Game 57 Wild Turkeys on Penney's Slough; Col. E. S. Bond... 59 Ships First Car of Game to N. Y. from Geneseo 60 Myriads of Snipe on the Big Slough 61 Prices Decline to Sixty Cents in New York 62 Nelson Joles 63 The "Gamey" Woman 65 Quails in Knox Co., 1856-1860. 66 Sells Live Prairie Chickens.. 67 Sells Nelson Joles a Wagon.. 68 North of Oneida-- "Sweet Hour of Prayer" 69 No Sale for Snipe in 1860 70 Cyclone of 1860-- Visit to Minnesota 71 nesota 71 John A. Lyon and A. & E. Robbins 73 Snipe and Plover Advance, Atkinson 74 Edward Sumner 75 Overloaded Markets Sell Snipe Down 76 Lots of Golden Plover 77 High Price of Game and Cereals, 1865 78 eals, 1865 78 Page. The Country Smiles 79 Packing Wookcocks 80 Rock River Bridge at Colona 82 Habitat of the Woodcock.... 83 A Bargain in Furs, Wm. Barton 84 ton 84 A. Collins at Savanna 87 Nate Tompkins; His idiosyncrasies 88 crasies 88 Did Not Care for Soft Drinks 89 Tompkins at Sabula, 1864 90 Chas. Collins and Specht's Ferry 91 Woodcocks Disappear in Summer of 1865 92 Woodcocks Fly to Highest Peaks 93 Ruse on Tompkins Succeeds. 94 Cassville and Dewey Hotel.. 95 Chas. Collins' Misfortunes... 96 The Sabula Hunters Secede in 1866 97 Lost in Kickapoo Bottoms... 98 A. Collins Disturbs a Bear.. 99 A Vicious Rattler 100 Dog Stands Upon a Rattler. .101 We Settle with S. B. Randall. 102 Collins Asks Questions 103 The Long Bridge at Potosi..l04 The Highest Mode of Existence 105 ence 105 The "Vision" 106 A. Collins' Success 107 The Three Propositions 109 Freezing Game Begins 110 First Frozen Mallards Ill Builds a Freezer in Atkinson. 112 Sells Damaged Jacksnipe 113 In 1879 We Pack Snipe in Cans 114 A New Shipper Comes in at Erie, 111 115 Competition Begins but Soon Ends 116 High Prices, 1878 to 1885 117 Sells $1,000 Worth of Game... 118 Pack Quails in Air-Tight Cans 119 Canvas Backs and Red Heads 120 Sells 6 bbls. Canvas Backs for $1,000 121 Sells 30 bbls. Red Heads 122 Steamboat Firefly, 1868 123 Built at Davenport. Iowa -- 121 Pass the Mississippi Bridge.. 125 Get on Wrong Side of the River 126 Stuck on the Rocks Below Le Claire 127 Get Some Free Advertising. .128 We Reach Sabula and Huntsville 129 ville 129 Mouth of the Maquoketa River 130 INDEX OF SUBJECTS-- Continued. Pag Among the Islands Below Dubuque 131 Turkey River and Cassville, Wis 135 Get Tangled up with Steamboat 138 boat 138 We Hunt below McGregor. Iowa ..' 139 Seyberts and Collins Have a Racket 140 Adventure with a Rattler. . .142 Mrs. M. Interrogates the Indians 143 dians 143 T^e Smokestack Gives Out... 145 Seyberts and Collins Land to Fight 146 We Return to Turkey River During Eclipse of Sun 147 And then to Cassville and Below 148 Return to Cassville and Hunt. 149 Run Channel of Rapids 150 Boat Rests Easily 151 We are Rescued from Rapids City 152 ids City 152 Firefly Lies at Garden Plain. 153 Chas. Stannard 154 Third Trip of the Firefly in 1871 " 155 Storm above Prairie du Chien.156 We Land Just Below De Soto and. have Fine Success-- Boat Gets Loose with Dog 156 Annoyed by the Indians 157 Family Returns Home., 158 Prairie Chickens Sell for $1.00 to $1.25 per pair 159 John Barton 160 Wm. Morris 162 The Ogdens 163Their Dissolute Character 164 Their Dissolute Character 164 A Remarkable Trio 165 Ike Seybert a Degenerate 166 R. E. Bailey 167 Cause of the Cresco Disaster.168 R. E. Bailey Manages Badly. 169 Try Frozen Grouse at Cresco in 1873 170 Boss the Last Trip of Firefly in 1873 ' 171 Remarkable Woodcock Country on the Little Iowa 172 try on the Little Iowa 172 Greatest Banner Day Ever Recorded 173 Eight Hundred Birds in Seven Days 174 en Days 174 A Cat-astrophe 175 ''Fresh Fish Hear" 177 Game Business in Henry Co. Nears an End in 1870 178 Trade in the West Begins... 179 Dow Birds of Nebraska 180 Golden Plover in Minnesota. 181 Summer Grass Plover not Plenty in Nebraska 181 Page Grouse of Nebraska 182 Decline of Ducks, Destruction of Pigeons 183 tion of Pigeons 183 Slaughter of Pigeons in Missouri at Low Price 184 souri at Low Price 184 Anna wan Trade-- John Lyle..l85 Plentiful Prairie Chickens in 1860 187 Prairie Chickens in Iowa 188 Chas. Davenport 189 Mapes Brothers 190 Prices from 1856 to 1895 191 H. L. Lawrence of Boston.. 192 A Bad Deal with N. Durham 194 ham 194 Before Freezers Were in Common Use 195 Bad Game Spoils Markets 196 Game Laws Destroy Fixity of Prices 197 Trade in Partridges 198 No Red Heads or Canvas Backs in Illinois 199 Best Way to Make a Bag.... 200 Prairie Chicken Shooting in 1866 201 Quail Hunting in Knox Co., Illinois 202 Quail Plentv in Henry Co. in 1860 203 Freezers and Trade in Frozen Game 204 zen Game 204 Refrigeration Started at World's Fair in 1876 205 Partridge Trade Ruined by St. Paul Dealer 206 Mapes Brothers Continued. . .208 John Mapes. Hunters ran Tough 209 George Beers as a Financier.211 Hunters Made Money Easily and Spent Freely 212 E. P. Whipple 213 Saloons Pay in Some Way.. 214 The Race for Wealth is the Scaffold for Morals 215 The Public Conscience 217 The Indian Wards 218 John A. Lyon 219 Amos Robbins 221 Edward Sumner 223 The Happy Hunting Ground No More ..225 Servile 227 Don't Expect to Dig up Diamonds 228 monds 228 The Dog 229 Sancho-- The Dog 230 Characteristics of Dogs .231 Future of Game and Game Business 233 Future of Game and Game Birds 236 Charged Conditions are Fatal to Game Birds 237 I^DEX OF SUBJECTS-- Continued. Page Water and Cover Essential for Game Birds 238 Quail Thrive Best Among Farmers 239 Sport So-called is Ignoble 240 Taking Life for Sport is Brutal 241 Hunter for Profit Has Had His Day 242 English Snipe or Jack Snipe. 243 PART II. GAME BIRDS OF THE MIDDLE WEST. DLE WEST. "Woodcock 249 Prairie Chicken 258 Prairie Chickens, Pintails 264 Kansas Prairie Chicken 265 Partridge 266 Partridge Drum . . ." 272 Quail 273 Golden Plover 281 Grass Plover 285 Mallard Duck 289 Teal Duck 295 Green Wings and Blue Wings. 297 Teal Duck 299 Canvas Back and Red Head.. 301 Game Laws 304 Keep and Smith 309 Game Trial at Cambridge for Illegal Shipping 310 Game Trial at Cambridge. . .311 Game Trial for Possession of Stock 314 Conspiracy of Warden and Chicago Dealers 316 Enforcing Game Laws Makes High Prices 317 Game Warden Seizes N. Y. Shipments 318 Game Warden Sues for Heavy Damages 319 Trial Brings Proof I Shipped Only as Agent 320 Verdict for Defendant 321 Game Dinners Unfashionable. 322 Great Neglect of the Game Warden 323 PART III. EVOLUTION OF THE GUN. Origin of the Gun 324 Garden of Eden 326 The First Weapon a Sword.. 327 Weapons of the Jews 328 The Assyrians 329 Use Sword and Bow 330 Persian Arms and Xerxes... 331 The Weapons of the Greeks.. 332 Greek Weapons of Alexander. 333 Alexander's Invasion 334 If Alexander Had Gone Westward--Egypt 337 Phoenicians 339 Greece and Italy 341 Page Roman Arms in First Century ,..342 tury ,..342 Rome and Julius Csesar 344 He Attacks Gaul and Briton.346 Iron and the Weapons of Britain 347 Roman Weapons 348 Roman Empire . Defended Against the BaVKft^ians. . .349 British Weapons Compared with Roman 350 Final Refuge of the Britons. 351 German Hunters Become First Invaders 352 The Franks 353 Bows Most Common 354 Sarmatians and Scythians. .355 English Bows and English Archers 357 Roman Empire Shows Signs of Decay 358 Romans Contest Advance of Scythians 360 Wealth Devoted to Luxury.. 361 China S62 The Wonderful Chinese 363 Greek Fire from China 364 Instances of Use of the Fire. 365 Cleopatra Coquettes with the Romans 366 Luxuries are the Ruin of the Romans 367 The Dead Trunk Makes Little Shade 368 tle Shade 368 Greek Fire 370 Greek Fire After Zenobia 371 Materials Well Known 372 With the Exception of Nitre They Were Same as Gunpowder. Greek Fire Be- powder. Greek Fire Becomes an Explosive 373 comes an Explosive 373 In the Fourteenth Century.. 374 Greek Fire Helps the Romans 375 mans 375 The Bow Always Remains with the Scythians... 376 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. 377 Goths Quick to Learn of the Romans 378 Commerce Between Syria and China 380 Fall of Rome and the Goths. 381 Romans not Great at Invention 383 tion 383 Romans Improve Arms 384 Romans Build Ships of War.. 385 Romans not Given to Abstract Truths 386 stract Truths 386 Constantinople 388 Constantine 392 Constantine Dies 393 Mahometans and the Seventh Century 394 enth Century 394 Constantinople Attacked by Arabs, Chasroes 395 INDEX OF SUBJECTS-- Continued. Page The Avars Retreat from Sudden Fire 396 den Fire 396 Constantinople Besieged 397 The Arabs Were Masters of Science, Mahomet 398-399 Spread of the System in Ten Years 400 Mahometans Terrorize Three Continents 401 Callinichus and Greek Fire.. 402 Only Sulphur and Bitumen.. 403 Callinichus but Little Known and Fortunate 404-405 Greek Fire Saved Constantinople 406 nople 406 Mohammedan Empire Falls Back Again 407 The Saracens-- Their Religion 408 ion 408 The Saracens -- No Images 409 Romans Prospered in Spite of Nature Worship 410 Christianity 411 Fall of Rome and Christianity 412 ity 412 Crusaders 413 The Turks and Crusaders 414 Jerusalem Conquered and Then Lost 415 Page Benefit of the Crusades 416 Christian world Revives at Close of Crusades 417 Gunpowder Follows Greek Fire 418 Gunpowder Handmaid of Artillery 419 tillery 419 Mahomet II Takes Constantinople 420 tinople 420 Cannon Made to Shoot Five Miles 421 Christianity Gains by Past Mistakes 422 Improvements in Artillery. .423 Improvements in Hand Guns. 425 Cap-Lock the Crowning Invention of the 19th Century. 427 vention of the 19th Century. 427 War Brought Gunpowder 428 Reformation Cleans Out Old Abuses 429 Present Age Will Ignore the Arms of Antiquity 430 What Gunpowder Has' Wrought 431 The Reign of Gunpowder Seems Permanent 432 The Gun is Palladium of Liberty 433 erty 433 Poems 439 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Author.. Frontispiece Killing a Deer 55 Trapping Big Game 57 Nelson Joles 64 Mrs. Joles 65 Disturbing a Bear 99 Above La Crescent, Minn 101 Dresbach, Minn : 102 Long Bridge at Potosi 104 A. Collins 107 Specht's Ferry 108 Boy too Busy to Drown 125 Mrs. M. Carried to the Shore. 128 Savanna-- Old Town 129 Maquoketa River 130 Dubuque's Grave 131 Rock Cut on the Catfish 132 Dubuque 133 Mouth of Catfish below Dubuque 134 buque 134 East Dubuque and R. R. Bridge 134 Eagle Point above Dubuque.. 135 Broken Bridge at Eagle Point 136 Cassville, Wis 137 Above the Mouth of Turkey River 13S Railroad Bridge and Wisconsin River 139 sin River 139 Pictured Rocks Below McGregor 140 Gregor 140 Putty Cave Below McGregor. 141 Adventure with a Rattler,. .,142 Looking from Pikes Peak towards Wisconsin River 143 wards Wisconsin River 143 North McGregor Point 144 South McGregor 145 Boat on the Rapids 150 Dog Loose with Drifting Boat 157 Railroad Bridge over Little Iowa River 172 Cat-astrophe 175 The Seyberts with Demimonde on the Boat 166 monde on the Boat 166 Mrs. M. Pulls in Whopper Catfish 178 Dow Bird 180 John Mapes 208 John A. Lyon 220 Amos Robbins 222 Edward Sumner 224 English Snipe 243 Woodcock 249 Prairie Chicken 258 Partridge 266 Different Tracks Made by Game and Song Birds 267 Quail 274 Golden Plover 281 Grass Plover 285 Mallard Duck 289 Teal Duck 296 Canvas Back 301 Red Head 302 A Gossip with Fan 446 Cure for Obesity ,...,..,.448 PREFACE. This is not an autobiography. The woman at my elbow rose indignant at the mention of auto's. She says, "Do you know how they annoy me? They are the plague of my life. They are beggars in disguise who wait on me without solicitation. They guise who wait on me without solicitation. They have put me down to a certain figure and I must pay up or become friendless. Now I am going to be square with these fellows, but I will bowl them down at every opportunity. The thing is becoming chronic, and I shall demand of these inquisitors that their hands are clean and the goods are sterilized before they go into the market. Ah, yes, I prefer to distribute my own charities without being a web for every genteel fly that buzzes." I rose to explain we were talking about auto's and not ought-to's. "Oh,' she said, "you mean automobiles, I expected it was some foolish thing you mobiles, I expected it was some foolish thing you were going into. You know I could not get out when once they started to run away. I like a horse I can say 'Whoa' to and will stand stock still when he is tired out, but oh, dear, the auto's " We settled our difficulties then and there, with the autocrats, the autographs, and finally with the autobiographs, declaring we would have none of them, biographs, declaring we would have none of them, so the whole story will shut up as tight as a clam on personalities which are ours per se. The reminiscences will be short, and if their flavor is not agree- cences will be short, and if their flavor is not agreeable you will readily distinguish between them and able you will readily distinguish between them and an emanation which comes from decomposition of organized bodies, in which case we would have to preach our own funeral. To the impartial reader it will occur, we imagine, that this history travels over ground untouched by 10 PREFACE. other writers. Freezing introduced a new order of shipments and its immense benefits spread shortly from public to private uses. Frost and ice now begin to be fashionable and fire and solar heat were ostracised, and the thermometer became the dividing ground between the champions, while isothermal ing ground between the champions, while isothermal lines became the rule for every perishable property. The Blue Line cars came into notice about 1875, and the Star Line and others started shortly after, till now we have a net work of moving trains which distribute the goods to all parts of the country. The game business stood at the foundation of these discoveries, which eliminated the great obstacles which had so long opposed progress. We lost the birds but we gained infinitely more than we lost in the general spread of the principles of refrigeration. No amount of nursing could furnish sufficient supplies of game for the cities as they increased in plies of game for the cities as they increased in number and in size, while suitable acres for the propagation of game birds constantly decreased. The universal sentiment seems to be to accept the loss as we did that of the pigeons, which was more fanciful than real. The red rag of the hunters which so long infuriated the bull which stands regnant upon the trembling dais which he has overthrown will now be done away. The victory was thrown will now be done away. The victory was not worth the taking, and the remnant which was left was not worth saving. In the description of the game birds of this County we have not thought it worth while to use other than the common nomenclature with which every school boy is familiar. The varieties are few and those only have been mentioned, the hunting of which was profitable. The poet Horace uttered his indignation against him who first invented a ship, but without our little PREFACE. 11 craft the adventures on the Little Iowa would have been impossible. Fronk, with his little punt, would not have threatened to clear the ducks out of the whole marsh of Annawan, and Hiserodt, shoving his canoe into the quill weeds, would not have exterminated a hundred ducks at one discharge. terminated a hundred ducks at one discharge. Without a boat, the Joles' might not have crossed the Green River with their loads of golden plover, or the Collins' swept the woodcock that infested the shores of the Mississippi and soared far above the grave of Dubuque. Without a boat, alas, how could Charon transport us poor mortals across the Styx into the land of the immortals. Macauley has said somewhere that if London were to be destroyed by any calamity that the man standing on London Bridge would be able to reproduce ing on London Bridge would be able to reproduce in vision the Imperial City. Some day a despairing huntsman, finding as he will that the plough of the farmer has made the prairie, once vocal with wild birds, only a desolate solitude, will reconstruct a map of this wonderful region where the hen cackled on every plain, the quail whistled on every hill, the snipe flew along the marshes, the woodcock whistled through the grove and the ducks cock whistled through the grove and the ducks swarmed in thousands in every conceivable bayou, a sight grander than any temple and more ravishing to the hunter than the streams of Paradise. It is not our purpose to glorify any hunter by a display of big bags of game. Mighty hunters are not scarce in Henry County, but they are the survivors, and the game business has passed away in vivors, and the game business has passed away in a generation, not by the onslaught of the hunters, however severe, but by the onward sweep of those mechanical forces which have converted wild lands into smiling and cultivated fields. The wilderness is the home of the barbarian, and both are inimical 12 PREFACE. to civilization. A few snap shots of the camera here and there will give form but cannot restore the dead. If we can set before our readers a photographic view of the changes by which, from 1857 graphic view of the changes by which, from 1857 to 1897, a period of forty years, the game has been driven from Henry County and adjoining waters, we shall be abundantly rewarded. The third and last division of this work has received the greatest attention. The introduction of ceived the greatest attention. The introduction of the gun into human history was one of the most powerful factors in building up the civilization of the present day. The old manner of warfare has been examined with all the minuteness that history could furnish. The Greek Fire has been set further back than the date generally given at the siege of Constantinople, 673 to 67Q, about four centuries, and the reasons therefor. The whole question turns when the Greek Fire became an explosive, a projectile, and later the basis of gunpowder. In the short tile, and later the basis of gunpowder. In the short digression on the causes which produced the "Decline and Fall" of Gibbon, we have ventured to ex- cline and Fall" of Gibbon, we have ventured to express an opinion that Christianity did not have any press an opinion that Christianity did not have any appreciable share in that disaster. We prefer to agree with Dean Millman in his notes, and with Sir James Mcintosh, than whom a more scholarly, conservative and judicial critic has not appeared, than to the biased judgment of any sceptic. REMINISCENCES. PART I. I was born in Carmel, N. Y., in the last month of 183 1. I was born with a gun. By this I do not mean that any smoke of powder or brimstone marked my advent, or that I was so heroic in appearance that some outward sign was appropriate pearance that some outward sign was appropriate for my proper getting on, but I think there was a taint of wildness in my ancestors, and if the saving grace of economy had not struck them, and the fear of becoming vagabonds, I have no doubt, other things being equal, they would have become hunters like myself. They were backwoodsmen once and carved their way with the axe, and passed their lives with modest comfort, thrift and industry. A gun to them was like a bird of ill omen and those that followed it were denominated lazy. When I was five years old I was sent to board out in the Village, and my brother and myself were sent to school, which was very handy, on the banks of a pond. This pond was a mile long and half a mile wide, following the length of the Village for half its course, then dropping between high banks it drew to a point on its southwestern shore. One day a fine-looking, highly cultivated preacher came to town, and making the acquaintance of the Raymond family, they who instituted the show business, mond family, they who instituted the show business, married a daughter, and not thinking a pond was hardly appropriate for such a fine sheet of water, called the villagers together and gave it the more dignified name "of Gleneida. I came home to stay at the end of two years, a mile from town in the country. There were hunters all around me at is 14 REMINISCENCES. that early period, bushels and barrels of game were transported to New York past our door almost every day in the Fall months, going by market wagon to Peekskill on the Hudson and thence by boat to the City. Once or twice a year my father went to the City and took my brother and myself with him, when we had tne great novelty of riding on a steamboat, the master of which was a Mr. Depew, father boat, the master of which was a Mr. Depew, father of the illustrious Chauncey, the after-dinner speaker. I was quite small at that time and the sights of the City were altogether too much for me. I was continually lagging behind while my father and brother tinually lagging behind while my father and brother were leading along the street, and finally they got a few rods ahead of me and something attracted my eye within one of the windows, observing which I turned partly around as I moved on, and there was a funeral procession coming out of the front door, and as the bier was passing I fell directly over it onto the sidewalk. My folks fell back and gathered me up until I could meet another exploit. I ered me up until I could meet another exploit. I always carried a few shillings with me, and if I did not buy gum or candy, I threw it away for a pistol. I had a school mate who frequently discoursed on the virtues of that weapon and of his success in killing quail with one, and a quail appeared to me a ing quail with one, and a quail appeared to me a valuable asset to fill out my slender purse. The first time I bought a pistol I confided the knowledge of it to my companion and we started out when snow was on the ground in the confident assurance that we were going to supply the market. We thought we would first load up the gun, and when that was done w'e took it up by turns and shoved it out at arm's length to show our ability to handle such a prize. When a little woodpecker, before unobserved, came climbing down a tree very near us we thought we would shorten his journey somewhat by a volley, and Reminiscences. is my companion, catching up the gun in too much haste, he pressed the trigger slightly as he lifted his arm, and firing the weapon without taking sight, the gun was discharged, sending the load within a few inches of my head. Then I took less interest in such small game and thought of getting a coat impervious to bullets if I followed the business any longer, until inquiring of my school mates I found the pistol would not kill a fly, and I believe it would not, for a fly was altogether too smart for it. I do not know how the earlier generations of my family captured game, when the flint lock was the only kind in use, and that only a single barrel, for they certainly did market birds long before I was born, but I heard my father say that during heavy falls of snow himself and brothers used to follow into the swamps where partridges fed, and finding the holes where they plunged into the snow, would fall suddenly upon them and catch a great many underneath. The old gun, the king's arm which was set away behind the door in our home, was seldom called out then unless a hen hawk disturbed the chickens or a weasel was seen reaching out his long neck between the gaps in the stone wall. Then my father by snapping the lock a few times would generally pursuade it to go ofT, and nothing was left of the varmint but shoestrings. My brother whom I interested with myself at length bethought us of getting out the old gun and on the pretense of killing crows have a good time with it shooting bobolinks, whose melody we were not anxious about. We had no shot, but used in its place small white beans, but the arm was so heavy neither of us could hold it up to shoot into a tree where the birds mostly sat, so I lay down on my stomach and supported the gun on my back while he brought down some 16 REMINISCENCES. trophies in that way. One day a big owl alighted on a hump about twelve rods from a stone fence. I snapped the old king's arm some minutes before it would go off, but at last a spark fell and the owl was no more. Always we had the satisfaction of saying we had killed something when we carried the old gun, and on being pressed to declare what it was we solemnly affirmed it was the powder. This uncertain and irregular use of the weapon was more freely indulged in because we had inspected a certain back room in the house where many old relics of the past were stored. Among them we found packages and packages of powder which had been preserved unused for seasons long forgotten. Every new demand for the gun made the gotten. Every new demand for the gun made the purchase of another quarter of a pound necessary until there were pounds of it lying about, and though much showed the effects of time, in our youthful exuberance every package was a prize, and explosions became very frequent, but all went through the king's arm and nothing higher than bobolinks fell to our booty. Next I heard of a distant neighbor that had a gun once owned by Whitney, the crack hunter of that country, and I succeeded in some way of carrying it off with a very little money, and for a long time I concealed it in that back room where we found the powder, until my father stumbled on it one day and then there was a rumpus. I had to explain its presence there the best I could, but in the end I retained the gun. It cost something to shoot it, and tained the gun. It cost something to shoot it, and for that reason I did not shoot it very much, but it became the tattle of the neighborhood that I had a gun and that it was not a gratis res in our family. My maternal relative across the creek said he had some grey squirrels he was planning to tame, but REMINISCENCES. 17 as soon as I got the gun they were all scattered and gone. I carried the gun with me on most occasions when I could get away down to the stream casions when I could get away down to the stream where there was a big rock projecting from the farther side and where I gathered many strings of fish. This cliff-like elevation was covered with hemlocks and the shadows fell all the way to the top of locks and the shadows fell all the way to the top of the rock, above which a zigzag path led along the hill among the evergreens. Looking a few steps before me I perceived a partridge with its wings and tail spread as if about to fly on my approach. I threw up the gun with a quick motion to the proper angle and fired. The smoke was so intense for a moment I could see nothing. My eyes were blurred and wet with excitement, but going down a few feet and groping around I found the partridge, and as we had an old-time visitor that day, it was served as a meal and eaten with a relish. At that time in the Spring the woodcocks were playing around in the edge of the evening on and above a piece of swampland that adjoined the homestead 'and I often went down to see them alight and stead 'and I often went down to see them alight and hear their s-p-a-t-e. Sometimes they would drop down from the sky almost on my head. Then they would switch off a rod or two away, to alight and repeat their ditty, then arise skyward again, but the ground was so rough I could not make them out on the dark ground. Across the creek was another refuge for woodcock, and here in the brush other refuge for woodcock, and here in the brush on the hillside they passed the hours of sunlight, and as dusk started in they would rise up, and, going to the open field near by, they would discuss ing to the open field near by, they would discuss the same low notes as in the swamp land. I watched at the top of the hill to see if I could catch them coming out, but I never quite succeeded. One night the bird was going through his usual billet-doux; I IB REMINISCENCES. was trying to see him as he whirled around in the sky above me, when suddenly he dropped within a few feet, twisted to one side and landed under a moderate sized hickory tree and "spated" again. I inspected the place very closely by the sound where he sat and at last as the moon was rising I could detect something that looked like a hump of dirt. tect something that looked like a hump of dirt. I concluded it was him and though in the shade of the tree I could not see the sights across the barrel, I fired at a venture, and going up found I had killed Mr. Woodcock. I am partial to the cap-lock because the first I ever saw I borrowed from a neighbor, and there I learned its wonderful properties to earn your gratitude or disgust. Fifty miles north of New York tude or disgust. Fifty miles north of New York City the Croton River is divided into three branches and on the middle branch most of my early life was passed. I had a fondness for that stream which nothing could shake. There I fished long and often and there I soon learned to know for miles all the deep places where the largest fish abounded, and in my delight at the loan which my neighbor gave me I hurried along until I reached one of those deep places under the bank where most of the large fish gathered and which I had often failed to take with the line and which I now proposed to shoot, a thing which I had seen done in shallow water before, and I shot. Shooting a little high, as I had learned of the refraction of shot in water, I found while I did not kill any fish, I killed the gun as effectively as a striker kills an engine. Like all amateurs, I let down my gun and raised the hammer. For what purpose I do not know, only to see the lock working, and alas it did not work. The lock was a wreck. Then I set the wonderful thing down in despair, resting it against the body of a tree for support, and REMINISCENCES. 19 I thought. When I had thought enough and the surprise passed off, I turned to pick up my gun and lo, it was not. When I had thought a little longer I looked down and discovered it lying in the bottom of the river, whither it had gone, I suppose, because so much thinking had disarmed caution. When this gun was repaired it took all the spare change I could muster to pay for the job, but I had the gun. It had cost me something and though I was getting the worst of it I did not repine. I thought I would like to be a sportsman. It was ignoble to shoot game sitting ; I thought I must try wing shooting, and this is how I began and practiced. A colony of swallows had builded their nest on my neighbor's barn, and as they were coming and going like bees at all hours, I walked in among them. After shooting one or two loads, my gun, which had an iron ing one or two loads, my gun, which had an iron rod, became choked with it in loading, and I could not withdraw it. I was determined it should come out if I had to shoot it out, and as the rod rested upon a load of shot, it was trying to a gun to unload it by firing and it might try me. Turning up load it by firing and it might try me. Turning up the muzzle at about an angle of 45 I discharged the load at a swallow, rod and all. The bird fell, I am sure of that, but of myself I was not so sure. It threw me violently around and the stock came down so sharply on my shoulder that I was a little dazed for a while, but I became composed as the pain worked off and I found the recoil had not hurt the gun, but the iron rod I could not tell whither it had disappeared, neither could I load again. The gun lay around and I did not dare return it in that shape to my neighbor. Haying was coming on. The gun was pointed in the direction of my father's farm where the haying was to take place, but as I had no means of following the rod, either in direction or 20 REMINISCENCES. distance, I never expected to see it again. While the hands were working in the hay at least fifty or sixty rods from the barn where I shot the swallows, the sharp rap of a scythe around some metallic sounding thing, surprised the mower. . The thing appeared to be the rod which I had shot away and in its descent had come down point foremost through an apple tree, which ruined the scythe from point to heel and became the mystery of the whole summer. In due time I returned the gun to my neighbor and the rod. My aspirations to shoot fish were somewhat modified and my thirst for water from that time on checked, but my passion for gunning increased. I had often heard of the Gay ning increased. I had often heard of the Gay boys and Whitney, living a few miles away, who made their living with a gun, and I was eager to follow them and learn their methods. As I was along this branch of the Croton every day, I soon saw what game they were hunting, and the sound of their guns became familiar to me, as our house was only forty rods away. I had a curiosity to make their company and in a boyish way would run down to meet them whenever I heard their guns. I did this for several times until we were quite familiar. They were good, honest, industrious men, and at noon tide they took their meals under the hemlocks on top of the hill, about ten rods away. They seemed pleased to see 'me, and had not that reserve which most hunters have when you make their acquaintance. Their game was woodcocks, about which they gave me bits of history, and I was delighted to see the birds and handle them. They were the first woodcocks I had ever seen, and they told me of their value, which seemed to make their work profitable. In the course of our talk they described how they had lost a bird between where we scribed how they had lost a bird between where we REMINISCENCES. 21 sat and the bridge, some twenty or thirty rods away. They had wounded the bird, but being still able to fly, they had not found it and at last had given it up. This was in the latter part of October when woodcocks passed Southward, generally taking their journey along the beds of streams where they ran that way. I did not see the hunters again for many days, but I had some traps set for mink along the creek and next day was inspecting them to see if I had caught anything, and just above a stone dam not far from the bridge, as I cleared the fence I saw before me in the soft bottom and within a step or two of my trap a woodcock which did not rise as I approached and I immediately concluded it must be the lost bird of my hunters, and carefully stooping down with a sudden spring I caught my bird and it was the woodcock of which I spoke, as his bloody foot and matted feathers around it plainly told me. As I lifted it up I thought it appeared of rather light weight, and I found that its body had shrunken away from not getting its usual food. I gave it to my brother, who had caught some quail in a trap, and they were all dispatched together to the city. The woodcock sold for half price on account of its poor condition. When the next year came around I was a little farther down the stream and about the first of July when I scared up a whole brood of woodcocks, which scattered about in various directions. One bird took across the little stream and alighted on the opposite bank, a distance back and between a lot of stones, brush and debris from the river. I waded across the creek to the spot where I had accurately marked the bird alight, and on reaching the place and looking down carefully between the stones I saw the bird. Stepping back a little I again made 22 REMINISCENCES. a quick move of my hand and secured it, not quite full grown, but salable. I started home with the bird in my hand and as I raised the first hill across the stream a market wagon came along and the driver asked me what I had in my hand. I showed him and he said he would give me a shilling for it, so I exchanged properties and he went on his way. In the fall one of the Gay boys came past where I was along the stream and he was hunting partridges. He said one had flown up ahead of him ridges. He said one had flown up ahead of him along the open, and I followed him to see it shot. It had run out beyond the copse that lay between that and the open field, but the dog soon struck its trail and raised it, and as the hunter put up his gun I took particular notice how he sighted his bird and that he followed it along with his eye over the barrel till his motion corresponded with that of the bird, and then holding a little bit ahead it was easily brought down. I bought it of him for fifteen cents and I went all the way to the house and back again to get the money. When I was thirteen years old I had a gun and used it freely, but had no dog. In the bottom land I have mentioned where I was first attracted by the woodcocks, there were several broods raised each year and the first of July shooting began. Along this lowland inside of the woods there was a low swale which straggled off down to the ravine where it became a little rivulet emptying into the creek, which was a drain for the whole country. As I crossed the swale near its source I flushed a woodcock, which I immediately shot. The report of the cock, which I immediately shot. The report of the gun threw up another bird and I disposed of him in the same manner. I may say here that this shot was of the easiest possible kind and that it bore no REMINISCENCES. 23 comparison to shooting older birds in thicker cover later in the season. CHARLES KNOX. At this time I must recall also a man in whose family I dwelt during the two years I was away from home, whither my father had placed me to be convenient to school. He was a great fisherman, as well as a great hunter, and while his house adjoined the street its barn sat partly over and adjoining the lake. Here he caught pickerel every day and sold them. He had a great eagle, which he held in a cage and which caused much talk among the small boys in the neighborhood. A few rods away on the corner of the street he had a boot and shoe shop, that is, he made boots and shoes, but did not keep them in stock. He passed his time between the two places, and as he was frequently out gunning I came to know much about his life and very ning I came to know much about his life and very much about the guns, which to me were a great wonder and as I well remember were said to be of great value. How well I remember his pleasure at the good reports which came to him from my teachers. Our spelling books at that day had some Latin words at the bottom of the pages and whether I was taught or learned them of my own choosing I do not know, but I learned them and repeated them when I came home at the close of school as readily as I would have done in English. When we came to the multiplication table I noticed the numbers we had to plication table I noticed the numbers we had to learn ran only to twelve or twelve times twelve, and without asking why I proceeded to multiply up to twenty, thirty and even to a hundred, and later years could run up much higher figures, sometimes to 24 CHARLES KNOX. four decimals. I was much annoyed in later years at some of these street fakirs who gave sums to be figured out by the bystanders, and no one could seem to do it so rapidly as they could do by their methods. All that I heard I could answer as fast as they asked and I would have done so only it would have negatived their theory and would have brought attention which I did not want. Very high numbers are so seldom used it does not matter about them in daily practice, but the involuntary process which often comes continuously through my waking hours is not at all desirable, and it is only by a very strong effort that I can prevent it. When I left him to go home he followed me with smiles and many good words, as though I were his son and he w r ere loth to part with me. I think while I was with him I drew in with my breath something of the passion which absorbed him and it is no wonder the more I emulated sorbed him and it is no wonder the more I emulated him he became my hero. He was just one thing always and I can think of him in no other way, and ways and I can think of him in no other way, and if you improved him you would be compelled to reconstruct him. As I walked the road to town every construct him. As I walked the road to town every day to school he never lost sight of me or forgot to inquire about me. He was a man of large build, weighing over two hundred pounds, and I wondered often as I grew older how he could carry his sturdy frame all day long among the marshes, bogs and quagmires which the woodcocks infested and be blithe and gay when the day closed. I never saw him angry. He was not profuse in expressions of his morality and he had no high ideas of honor. He was not a cultivated man, neither his conscience nor his credit was brisk, but he would not offend you if he could avoid it. He would not argue with you long on any subject, and if you did not lik'e CHARLES KNOX. 25 him you could part with his company without any sign of displeasure. I think his vices were of the milder sort. He was once a great drinker, but had become temperate. His profanity appeared only among the lower class whom he thought would respect it. It was not gross and did not flavor his spect it. It was not gross and did not flavor his general speech and did not seem to wound his wavering conscience. When he took his usual hunt in July he used to drive past my home and often I have met him on the way to school, and when he returned he would regale me with stories of how many turned he would regale me with stories of how many birds he had killed and the fine times he had had each day. I learned many lessons in woodcraft while I was under his care, and later when I wient to school a good many miles away he was located at a station on a railroad when I took my departure and where I found him when I returned. When I wanted a dog he furnished it, and some of the stories which will follow will give an account of the smartness which one of them displayed in the bush. When ness which one of them displayed in the bush. When my old host died not many years ago he was a thousand miles from me, poor, unable to take care of himself, and, so far as I know, beyond his son, he had not a mourner. That man's name was Charles Knox. Peace to his ashes ! GEORGE W. BLUNT. When I was grown or nearly so I began to be known as an amateur hunter of some respectability in that state where game was not very abundant, and a noted watering place called Lake Mahopac, five or six miles from my home, frequently sent up sportsmen in the summer and fall and they were not as well versed in the habits of the birds and the places where they could be found as I who saw 26 GEORGE W. BLUNT. them more or less every day, and they would drive around to me with an extra gun and dog to shoot two or three hours with them, which I most willingly did, and among those who thus came was a Mr. George W. Blunt, connected with the government survey of the harbors in and around New York and vicinity. When I entered Williams College in 1850 I remembered that man, and as I sometimes killed more partridges than the family I boarded with could use I shipped a box of them to my friend, and this was the first shipping of any consequence I ever did. Before I went off to school, however, I became acquainted with the habits of most game birds that were to be found in that country. In the late summer there came upon ridgeland of my father's and also that of our neighbors a few pairs of fat plover, birds with a very melodious note which they uttered as they rose to the wing, of rather wild nature, but where the grass grew tall they were comparatively tame. I killed a number of pairs of them and saddling a horse I rode down to Lake Mahopac, the watering place before mentioned, and found a good market for them at twenty-five cents each, which the buyer paid me for in silver quarters, which pleased me very much, my father making no objection or offering me any compliment. Then as summer came on I went up to Barnes' swamp, a mile distant, where I heard the Gay boys killed a great many woodcock, and as I was the first on the ground that season, I found them quite plenty, but my anxiety to make a good bag made me nervous, and although I shot away three pounds of shot I only caught one bird. Then I hired an acquaintance in the afternoon to scare up the birds and let ance in the afternoon to scare up the birds and let me shoot standing outside the bushes. In this way I scattered three pounds more of shot and only GEORGE W. BLUNT. 27 bagged one bird . By that time they had become so scattered and scared into distant covers and lay so close that I had to give up the day's hunt. The bird I killed in springing up through the bushes became momentarily entangled, when I stole a march on him and killed him before he could get away. I then discovered I was shooting too far behind. AMENIA SEMINARY. At the age of sixteen I went to Amenia, Dutchess County, New York, to study for college and remained there one season. This school was a mained there one season. This school was a Methodist institution, and several of my home acquaintances went with me. None of them were apt quaintances went with me. None of them were apt or industrious students and they seemed to think they were there to while away a holiday. One of our number, at least, got into the habit of fast living and was expelled. One young woman led a ing and was expelled. One young woman led a life of bad repute. There was one young man there also who had once lived in Carmel, where his father was a dominie, whom I found had entered when I did from some eastern county, who has since made a great mark in the world, Cyrus W. Foss, now Bishop Foss. I think there was something in his make-up which changed the whole course of my future life, because I pursued the same studies with him and could easily lead in the routine of daily duties where there was hard work to be done, but, oh my, he had a dictionary of words in his brain and such a fertility of logic and language as I never saw equalled. In debate, in argument, he could set off such a display of fireworks that I thought he had mistaken the day for Fourth of July. I only attended one of his debates and he so overcame his tended one of his debates and he so overcame his competitors that he left them no place to stand upon 28 AMENIA SEMINARY. and nothing to talk about, and the case was so well argued from his standpoint that there was no need of an umpire, and there was not a baker's dozen left to hear the verdict. I was positively certain that he studied no harder nor to better purpose than I. He was like Jones ; he could do anything anybody else could and pay the freight. His wealth of words and his serene and intrepid manner would not have disgraced any speaker addressing the Senate of the United States. I can only say that he frightened me out of all expectations. However, I did not expect much, as I always found a person ready to do pect much, as I always found a person ready to do anything better than I did. The building in which I roomed was four stories high, occupied entirely by young men. Adjoining this building on the south side was a building which met it at right angles, in Which there was a belfry, and farther south there was a third building used as a dormitory for young ladies, about the size and shape of the building that I was in. One of the young ladies came from my native place and my brother for a long time flattered and flirted with her. On our side was a fel- tered and flirted with her. On our side was a fellow -- I think it was the man that rang the bell -- who low -- I think it was the man that rang the bell -- who was in the habit of coming into my room, letting down the top window, climbing over it and by reaching with his hand could catch hold of the shingles on the roof above and so pull himself through the aperture. I saw that done so often that I thought it was no smartness and would like to try it. I lowered the window, stood upon the top of it and putting my hands on the roof pulled myself out. I had seen this same young fellow re- self out. I had seen this same young fellow return often the same w<ay as he went out ; I had fol- turn often the same w<ay as he went out ; I had followed up to the peak of the roof, and after I had lowed up to the peak of the roof, and after I had seen enough thought I would return to my room. I dropped my feet down outside of the shingles CLIMBING THE ROOF. 29 and began to slide along down, having no hold at last till just the space I sat upon, and as I reached further down I did not seem to hit the top of the window, and I was then sitting on the edge of the roof not over two* feet wide, when failing to reach the window I started to return back up the roof. As I did so I slipped an inch or two and came within an inch of going down, when I sat perfectly still and thought a moment what to do. I could not go down and in trying to go up I would slip lower. Below me the ground was covered with smooth flat stones, and as I looked across to the windows on the south side in the ladies' department, I saw the windows full of people looking out and the ground be- dows full of people looking out and the ground below covered with young ladies, and among them the low covered with young ladies, and among them the one that came with me from Carmel. I felt carefully around with my fingers on each side of me fully around with my fingers on each side of me and by good luck struck the point of a nail which had risen sharply through the shingles and I fastened to it on one side ; repeating it I had the same tened to it on one side ; repeating it I had the same success on the opposite side, and between these two I partly balanced myself, as the nails were too' small to hold' my whole weight. I raised myself slightly as much as I thought the nails would bear and found I could gain something, a half an inch or so at a time, my feet in the meantime hanging over the roof. By continuing to hunt for nails and finding them I gradually recovered my lost ground, which I could not ually recovered my lost ground, which I could not have done if my nerves had been the least unsteady. I got back to the top of the roof, then passing along the peak I reached the middle building where the bell ringer took me in, and as it seemed to me gavPS me my life again. 30 WILLIAMS COLLEGE. I entered Williams College in 1854 and remained there until graduation. For so old a settled country it was well supplied with game, that is, with partridges and woodcocks, hares and rabbits, but no ridges and woodcocks, hares and rabbits, but no quail. I never saw but one in the four years and that was on a high mountain half way to Greylock, and it was not disposed to make my acquaintance and moved off. Partridges and rabbits were the stock game and they were equally plentiful. I killed hundreds of the former, and Mrs. Sabin, with whom I boarded, had a full house on Sunday when most of them were served up. I first killed them on the ground under the bushes and I always shot at them whether they were sitting or flying. In the latter case I generally failed. Tuthill, one of my classmates, often went with me on Saturdays and sometimes on Wednesdays, and when I shot at a bird flying and missed him, he would come up and chaff me with the remark, "As usual," when I told him I had missed. However, he dropped out as the season waned and I hunted alone. Sometimes we hunted for squirrels, which were very numerous. One day late in the fall, when the leaves were mostly fallen and the birds getting rather wild, I traveled ly fallen and the birds getting rather wild, I traveled over the usual route and a partridge sprang up from the foot of a hill and circled round within gun shot of me. I followed him around with my sight, looking across the gun, then giving a quick jerk ahead ing across the gun, then giving a quick jerk ahead I fired and he fell. I then distinctly remembered how this had been done and I never forgot it afterward, though I killed so many. I overstocked ward, though I killed so many. I overstocked Widow Sabin and I thought I would market a box and see how they would sell. I knew of no one in New York but this Mr. Blunt and I sent him the game. He answered me in a few days, saying he liked the birds and enclosed me the value which he WILLIAMS COLLEGE. 31 said Messrs. A. & E. Robbins put upon them. The price was not very much, but it put me in communication with the greatest game merchant New York cation with the greatest game merchant New York had ever had or ever will have. POST-GRADUATE HUNTING. At Williamstown I generally hunted without a dog, but on one of my vacations home my old friend Knox, finding I wanted one, offered to show me one which he said was of fine breed, and together we went out to give him a start in the woodcock country north of the village. We did not meet with any till Knox, who was a very heavy man, began to get tired out, when he suggested I give him five dollars and take and use the dog, and I got him on the cars with me and landed at the college city. And now as graduation w r as past, I set out for a good time among* the feathered birds in the hill country. On the road to the White Oaks across the Hoosic River I had often found partridges plenty and I followed up along the little stream that flows down from there. When about half way up on the right side there was an opening in the timber and in the soft ground I raised two woodcocks. Then I hunted a long time and could find no more in that neighborhood, and going farther up I struck some higher ground. The dog running along a little before me suddenly stopped and pointed. Nothing mov- fore me suddenly stopped and pointed. Nothing moving and seeing nothing, at last I ordered Jack to ing and seeing nothing, at last I ordered Jack to start him up, whatever it was. A partridge arose and 1 killed it, then another and another, two or three flying at a time, at every rise of wjhich I killed at least ing at a time, at every rise of wjhich I killed at least one and marked the birds as best I could in the direction they had taken. The dog moved on ; in a few rection they had taken. The dog moved on ; in a few moments he set again and the birds seemed to be 32 POST-GRADUATE HUNTING. very gentle and unsuspicious. They would alight in a few rods. When I thought that I had got about all on that side of the road, I crossed to the other, where I knew one or more birds had certainly gone, how far I could not say. What I could not understand was the action of Jack, who seemed to be lead- stand was the action of Jack, who seemed to be leading ahead all the time with his tail straight out, ing ahead all the time with his tail straight out, with his nose well raised, and apparently taking a line direct some distance ahead. As we proceeded farther and farther I was becoming dubious of his knowledge, and going twenty or thirty rods and nothing new occurring, I was half inclined to call him off and go back, but did not. He proceeded across the wood till we came in sight of a clearing, and at the corner where the fields made an angle, stood a few scattered evergreens, directly back of A REMARKABLE SCENT. which the dog seemed to lead. All at once he stopped and would go no further. The ground was bare ; there was no game in sight, and looking at the dog I saw his eye brighten, the pupil of his eye dilate and he threw his head partly around looking over his shoulder toward me. I came pretty near calling him an old fool. A thought struck me and I looked up in the nearest evergreen and there not twenty feet from where I stood a partridge was sitting on a dry limb close to the body of the tree, and raising my gun slowly I took off his head. The dog was satisfied. He dropped his tail into its usual position and started off for more birds. This is the only instance I have known of a dog getting a trail over the whole route that a bird has just passed. Possibly a half hour elapsed from the time the bird crossed the road and the dog took the trail. He cerA REMARKABLE SCENT. 33 A REMARKABLE SCENT. 33 tainly could not have taken the wind at that long distance where the bird sat in the tree. Sometimes President Hopkins' boys went with me, and along- that White Oak road as we were coming down we ran across a mink going up the middle of the stream, which we killed and the boys preserved and stuffed the skin for me. The fur has not perceptibly changed since I first got it, and the sight of it always refreshes my recollections of those days, and of the two boys, one of whom was Archie and the other Lawrence. One other brother is now president of the college. WOODCOCKS ON HILL SIDES. A short time after and a little above where this incident happened I had been circling round the north side of a piece of timberland late in the afternoon. The shadows were falling and it was quite noon. The shadows were falling and it was quite cool on the north side. I struck a flock of partridges, which pushed on ahead of me toward a fine ridges, which pushed on ahead of me toward a fine piece of bottom land, where a few scattering pines and considerable underbrush appeared. Passing down the last rise from the bottom, Jack set a woodcock on a dry side hill, but the bushes were quite cock on a dry side hill, but the bushes were quite close and about ten feet high, so that you were compelled to shoot within a little more than that distance. pelled to shoot within a little more than that distance. I raised one bird and then another, and in the space of three or four rods, I think, I must have found nearly a dozen. I shot two or three, but had no particular use for them, as I had no market. I had been told by the Gay boys of this particular habit of the birds in the fall when they flew south. Afterwards I found it of very material use, without which wards I found it of very material use, without which I should have many times gone home light handed. 1 remember this circumstance very particularly, be34 WOODCOCKS ON HlLL SIDES. 34 WOODCOCKS ON HlLL SIDES. cause as I came down to the Hoosic River by the bridge I saw something coming down the river, not very far from the shore, and the thought struck me all at once that that was a fish of some kind floating on its back. I ran quickly across the bridge on the other side, in time to reach it with a stick and pull it ashore. It was a magnificent trout, the largest one I had ever seen. The weather was cold, the fish Was in perfect condition and just back of its forward fins there was the marks where it had been ward fins there was the marks where it had been caught by a wire and it had broken loose and got away. I took that trout to Mrs. Sabin and it furnished a breakfast for all the boarders. nished a breakfast for all the boarders. Now this dog Jack was a very remarkable specimen of his kind, and while he had such a fine nose, men of his kind, and while he had such a fine nose, he had other qualities which were not as agreeable. He had some day been misused, either in his first training or afterwards, and you were never quite sure in the morning whether he would make you good sport or poor throughout the day. There were PARTRIDGES HOLD SCENT. certain motions the hunter might make or certain words he might carelessly use which seemed to frighten the dog, and he would lie down and all the coaxing could not get him ahead again. There were times when birds were lying all around you when he seemed to have lost the scent or the birds lost theirs, and he did not succeed in finding any. Not far from the same White Oaks on another occasion there flew up before me and across the creek at one time twenty partridges in succession. The underbrush was not thick or heavy, a few old logs lay about, over which a little thicket had grown. I set the dog to work and it seemed as though he left PARTRIDGES HOLD SCENT. 36 no spot untrod. He searched out this thicket with scrupulous nicety and raised only one bird, which flew out on the opposite side so I did not get a shot at him. I hunted the adjoining timberland out for twenty or thirty rods on each side with the dog working as faithfully as he possibly could, and found nothing. On another occasion we were southwest of the city and we ran into a fine flock of birds. west of the city and we ran into a fine flock of birds. They did not make off or try to escape, several of them ran along before me in plain sight and Jack took the notion that something was wrong and lay down. I was considerably provoked and gave him a cuff or two, when he jumped up as if everything was settled, ran into the brush ahead of me, turned around and lay down ag-ain. He had been whipped some time evidently and had ran away till this became a passion to him and there was no remon- came a passion to him and there was no remonstrance. Whipping and coaxing did him no good strance. Whipping and coaxing did him no good whatever. In my disgust I raised my gun and without hardly a thought what I was doing I gave him out hardly a thought what I was doing I gave him the load. That was the last of Jack and I felt so bad that I actually left the scene, the country and the city forever. Some time later there came an inquiry to the village for a school teacher, from Madison, Conn., and I accepted the offer and at the beginning of December set out to fill the bill. It was not a hard berth ; the people were cultivated, of an exceedingly GO WEST, YOUNG MAN. pleasant and agreeable disposition and social almost to a fault, and we got along well till spring. Then school closed for the summer and I was out of a job. Some time during my vacation in the fall preceding, I killed partridges and woodcocks about ceding, I killed partridges and woodcocks about 36 GO WEST, YOUNG MAN. Carmel, and when I could get enough I sent them away to. market. Our market town was then first at Croton Falls and later at Brewster Station, where the milk wagons ran every day, and where I soon found a New 1 York man shipped a car of butter, eggs and meat once or twice each week, and in colder weather handled poultry and game. I sent down a few birds and they brought very good prices. I increased my shipments and later I saw the shipper and he said to me, "You are such a hunter, I should think you would go west to Illinois, where there is plenty of game. We have plenty of prairie chickens in November and December and the months ens in November and December and the months following, and find a good market." The man had a very pleasant look, seemed honest as my neighbors, and I was quite pleased with him. I found his bors, and I was quite pleased with him. I found his family had originally come from Bedford, not many miles away. I had uncles in Illinois also, who, whenever they were on a visit with us, told of the great amount of prairie chickens and quails there were in that country. I had never seen a time better to go than now. I embraced the opportunity, ter to go than now. I embraced the opportunity, added to the small list of goods a dog, bird dog, of course, which I bought from Smith, the only local hunter in Madison, and he was both a good one and his dog. He had no bad habits, and three days later I was on the Illinois River at Peru, where I landed the 14th day of June, 1855, a time of year when birds are not hunted. However, with the dog I could not miss seeing game entirely, and on the banks of the Vermillion I discovered a few woodcocks. I knew' of no sale for them. There was also cocks. I knew' of no sale for them. There was also quite a few grass plover that I saw as I went to town and back on the road to my uncle's. I patiently waited chicken time, which I was told was tiently waited chicken time, which I was told was THE PRAIRIE LAND. 37 the first of August. After quite a stay I took the railroad to Henry, and a little later to another uncle's six miles further in the country. There I found another hunter, and in connection with him the birds we killed and the sport we had would sound like a tale that was told, which nobod\ would believe. Prairie chickens were everywhere on the lieve. Prairie chickens were everywhere on the prairie. ' We could scare up five or six flocks, possibly a dozen when going through one stubble field, sibly a dozen when going through one stubble field, and the flocks were large. It was no use to kill many, so we contented ourselves with a limited number, as many as the family could eat and as many as we could give away to our neighbors. We had no price for them. Our only desire was to clear up the surplus and start in with a new catch. A hundred birds a week was all that we could dispose of, when we could have killed five hundred as pose of, when we could have killed five hundred as well. As the season became later, quails appeared in large numbers, more plentifully around the thickets and along the water courses, but plenty enough in the corn fields. There were neither buyers nor sellers at that early day. Cold weather came on, a buyer in town offered me $1.50 a dozen for chickens and seventy-five cents for quails, but his ambition was soon gratified for taking large lots, and he dropped the price to fifty cents per dozen for quail, at which price I could not kill them. I went down below Henry on the east side the latter part of October, and there the quantity of ducks to be seen passed all records. There were men there shooting for market, but the most they could get for mallards was $1.50 per dozen. What I killed we ate. I went into the bushes a mile below town, where a lake empties into the river, and there I found woodcock quite plenty and my people were well pleased with them, and I passed the time 38 THE PRAIRIE LAND. between that point and the river, sometimes killing ducks, and I actually did kill one goose, and why I could not kill more no man could tell. Hundreds of them passed over my head every day, sO close I could see their eyes, which is an infallible sign that GET MARRIED. they were within reach, and the shot would rattle against their feathers like hail and never one come down, except in this one instance. Then I went back to the prairie again for a while and while I was shooting a few chickens I saw approaching across the prairie, which was then entirely bare, not a house in sight for miles, a brant. He came within gun shot and I unloaded on him. He did not stop but passed directly on, and I watched that bird till he was at least a half a mile in the distance, a speck in the horizon. All at once he whirled suddenly around, came back again directly towards me and this time I felled him. As we rectly towards me and this time I felled him. As we were going to town the next day we passed through a long range of timber, where were large numbers of pigeons, moving about in flocks. I fired at them to see how many I could bring down at one shot, and I gathered up nearly a basketful. As the weather got still colder, I followed along a little run at the foot of the high prairie, along where SpringCreek now runs, and found a few snipe of exactly Creek now runs, and found a few snipe of exactly the same kind as I had formerly killed in New York State, but there was no sale for them and I did not try to get them. Before I left Henry in the fall my uncles' folks transferred me to another brother, who lived on Chenoweth Prairie in Bureau County, and I think I was the least unpopular there than at any other of the brothers, At that time I VISITS RELATION. 39 had an attack of ague and was blowing hot and cold, and a quiet bed was the one thing needed, and my uncle was very kind to me, his patience was tireless and he furnished me a horse and sent me to Boyd's Grove, where I got a bottle of Christie's Ague Balsam, which knocked the enemy out from his encampment within me of more than thirty days. I became so much improved that when a neighbor farmer said he would just like to peel me, I said all right, I am just green enough to be peeled and now is your opportunity. Uncle Joe was an old timer and had never seen wing shooting. I took him out with me one day to please him and he seemed to enjoy himself greatly. After that his son Dan wanted the same dose, but he wisely chose a horse and rode behind me, Sport leading ahead fierce for birds. Dan carried the sack which was to hold the game. We had not got out very far on the prairie when the dog pointed, and sure enough up went a flock of chickens. Two birds fell and they were quickly transferred to the sack and we followed around after scattered parts of the flock till we struck another and still another until we thought w'e had all that the family could use, and calling off the dog I went a little distance to where Dan was sitting on his horse watching our motions. As I approached him I said : "Count the birds and see how many you have got," as I thought we would not need any more. He had just five, the rest he had scattered around on the prairie, following me and not knowing he had a large hole in the bottom of the sack, which let them fall out as fast as they were put in. The grass was knee deep and it was impossible to look them up that day. In straggling around from one place to another, I did the worst thing that ever could happen ; I got 40 VISITS RELATION. married. That is, it was the worst thing for her ; I might have done better; she certainly could have done no worse. I was practically an outcast ; there was no one to take me in ; there were plenty to throw me out, but the air was free, the sky was above me to save me in the last resource. I could teach ; twice I did it with fair success, but I did not care to follow it. I could walk behind a harrow and this I did for a farmer for five long days, beginning Tuesday and ending Saturday night, when I received five dollars. Asked if I would be on again ceived five dollars. Asked if I would be on again Monday morning, I replied, "Not on that kind of a nest." I went home to my mother-in-law. As we got up in the morning she said I could take a pail and go out to milk the cow. I did not milk the cow and I hope it did not hurt her. I went to town, saw a few chickens on the road, saw a fence lined with them and I began to study what I could do with them in case I got them. I went east through Bradford and on the way saw immense quantities of golden plover, passing to the northeast. The skv was spotted with them, as I had seen wild pigeons in New York State. I saw no way of turning them into cash. As a married couple, we thought we would go east and see our relatives in the spring, and on the 7th day of May, 1857, we left for New York City. The weather was unusually cold and I have never seen such a spring before or since. At that date there was no grass to feed cattle ; everything that supported them had to come from the thing that supported them had to come from the mow or the stack. The day before we left I went down on Indian Creek to kill a few snipe which I had seen there quite plenty a few days before. There was not one to be found, but there were a few grass plover in pairs about the fields and of these I killed quite a number, and added to these I LEARNS IN NEW YORK OF ENGLISH SNIPE. 41 put one chicken. These I put inside the trunk, where, after a passage of three days, it was no surprise that the birds I had were a little tender, but I prise that the birds I had were a little tender, but I took them out of my trunk and proceeded to sell them on the streets of the city. I got as far as Washington Market, when the buyers were so plenty and eager to buy and so thoroughly blocked my way that I was compelled to stop and put a price on them, and though the price seemed enormous, they were soon disposed of at what I asked. mous, they were soon disposed of at what I asked. Not a policeman stood in the way ; not a soul asked me what I was going to do with that prairie chicken. The dealer before whose stand I negotiated my trade had apparently a half bushel of small, dirty birds, water soaked and of such a hue it was hard to tell what manner of game they were, and at my inquiry what they were and what they were worth he assured me that they were English snipe ; that they were worth three dollars a dozen, and that he Would give me that price for all I could get that spring. It was too late for further shipments that season, but I formed in my mind what I would do with them the next year. Added to this I had found woodcocks plentifully in the woods adjoining the open lands where I found the snipe. Prairie chickens could be found everywhere in Illinois at that time. The corn fields were full of them in the fall, golden plover in countless droves flew over the fields in April and May, and with the ducks in thousands, it did not seem a bad proposition, to kill and market them if I could ship them safely to a market a thousand miles away. How this was accomplished we shall try to relate. Henry County is complished we shall try to relate. Henry County is our starting point. It is fortunate in many respects, it is fortunate in its rivers, which, beginning with small and unimportant creeks, flow into Green River, 42 HENRY COUNTY IN 1855. thence into Rock, and finally into the Mississippi below Rock Island, or the waters might take another low Rock Island, or the waters might take another direction and flow into the Illinois. It is a productive county with rich, arable soil, sloping slowly back from the river banks, making a perfect water shed which rains cannot inundate. It is in the Military Tract which the government set off to pension the soldiers and which embraces the counties of Adams, Henry, Stark and Bureau, lying north of the Illinois River. In describing the appearance of Henry nois River. In describing the appearance of Henry County in the early fifties, we can better designate what it was not than what it was. It was a new country and new people, and settlements were few. You could travel almost in any direction outside the limits of small towns and tracts of timber where settlements were begun without being harassed with fences. Probably more than half of the land was unoccupied. The prairie land was largely neglected. The settlers came from the East, where timber was plenty ; it was a luxury here. What trees were standing were scorched and scarred where the forest fires ing were scorched and scarred where the forest fires had run through them. Their skeleton arms threw dark shadows over the highways. The highways stole softly around the hill sides or they clambered up where a ravine threatened to obstruct them, they paid no moment to section lines. Sloughs that had little or no travel in rainy weather were impassable* Sometimes they were bridged, or had been, or had a few round logs thrown across, which threatened you with a delay, if not with a bath. The woods, where they were fenced, threw up a heavy undergrowth of shoots and wiry grass and young bushes fertilized with the rains upon decaying embers. In the low grounds along the creeks and streams the cucumber vines flung great arbors which it was impossible ber vines flung great arbors which it was impossible to walk or drive through. Vines of wild grapes WHAT WAS AND WHAT WAS NOT. 43 hung from the blackened limbs and shrouded in deep mourning the enwrapped forest. Wild plums, with their ripened color and perfume, covered the hillsides. Little streams here and there trickled down. sides. Little streams here and there trickled down. The surplusage was held in tiny craters which did not run into the rivers or the sea. Tile and tiling were unknown. On the prairies it seemed desolation, neglected by man, a wilderness of waste land, tion, neglected by man, a wilderness of waste land, it was roamed over by wild birds in the day time. The wolf sat and whined on the hill side or set up his sharp, short cry as evening set in. Cattle were few in the cultivated fields, on the prairies they herded or roamed in small bands. The summer heat was terribly oppressive. As Fall came on the heavens were vocal with birds heading south. In the Spring they remained until May. Thousands of pigeons in the cultivated fields and some nested in the country. Cranes stalked abroad in Spring and Fall on the open lands. Some nested here. Their call was caught up by moving flocks in the heavens as the summer days came on. The fields seemed nearer the heavens, farm houses clustered along strips of timber, the dews fell neither in few nor sparse drops. Your neighbor was distant, perhaps many miles, your crops brought low prices and transportation by wagon to market was long and arduous. The little cash you had was like the survival of the fittest, not to be measured in value by vival of the fittest, not to be measured in value by things around you. You must pay taxes, but few things you could sell. You did not want many things. Taste and fashion did not live where you dwelt. You raised your own meat, you could and did often do without it. With grated corn you made bread for your breakfast ; mills were miles distant, and your travel there was necessarily infrequent. In time you fenced your acres and improved them, but U RAILROADS COMING. you were not anxious to add to them. They were of no certain value, nor any great value. If you were sick you suffered in silence, or drove long distances for a" physician to cure you or a priest to pray for you. Out in the corner of the field, on that little rising ground, the story was told, if told at all, of vour family, of its members as it came and went, of the little corner reserved for someone, your wife, if remaining, and for you. HOT WEATHER A BURDEN With the coming of the railroads new life was infused in the County and State. The C, B. & Q. came fused in the County and State. The C, B. & Q. came in the southern part of the county in 1854. The Rock Island in the northern part two or three years later. Crops of wheat and corn began to be called for; farms that lately had no cash value brought good returns from the crop wnen corn was selling at fifty cents and wheat at one dollar fifty per bushel. Many farms paid first cost with only one crop. Little stations started here and there along the line of the tions started here and there along the line of the railroad every few miles. All kinds of wares the farmers needed were offere'd for sale ; the roads that traversed between towns began to be improved. Fences were built up, the lines straightened. Many farms that skirted the timber broadened out into the prairies, and increased their pasture where the land was not tillable. Labor brought good wages. Many of the comforts of life were lacking. Malaria was in the air. In the low lands sickness was almost universal, and mosquitoes a torment to man and beast. versal, and mosquitoes a torment to man and beast. No contrivance existed that could keep them out of the house unless the doors were closed ; blinds and screens were unknown. By reason of the fences you could not dodge the sloughs and go around them; many roads had no bridges at all, or they were built ICE AND GUNS SCARCE. 45 far away where the old roads traversed. Where the roads had been worked in the Fall and built up they were impassable in April ; rains fell unceasingly ; travelers went on horseback and left their ve- ly ; travelers went on horseback and left their vehicles mired in the roadway. Where one horse went hicles mired in the roadway. Where one horse went in it took two to draw it out ; flies, insects and summer heat were the portion of all. The railroads did mer heat were the portion of all. The railroads did little to foster trade ; their trains were infrequent, their time little better for passengers or perishable goods than present freight trains ; it took three days to reach New York. The express on perishable goods was high and often prohibitory. As a consequence, many goods perished ; many goods that sequence, many goods perished ; many goods that were consigned to distant markets were never reported by the consignees, if they received them. ported by the consignees, if they received them. Losses were seldom paid and seldom recouped by new shipments. As a consequence, trade languished in all but the necessaries of life and goods in which slow time was unavoidable. There was no cold storage heard of, no refrigerators and no inquiry for them. Even ice w r as obtainable in summer only in towns and villages, and in limited quantities anywhere outside of large cities ; the price was so high where outside of large cities ; the price was so high but few people except butchers supplied themselves ; the means of cutting and storing it in winter were crude, and it Was often hauled from long distances. Guns were few and of poor quality. The farmers and householders had only what they brought with them when as pioneers they came into the country. Rifles prevailed ; muzzle shotguns were few and hardly obtainable ; the whole country could not have shown a respectable wagon load. In the w r inter time, during snows, prairie chickens perched on the fences, or on the old, swaying, croaking oaks that had not fallen on the hillsides, and morning and evening gathered around the unpicked cornfields. 46 SWARMS OF GAME, NO MARKET. What birds were killed were perforated with rifle balls and of little value; if they were ever marketed it was in the winter and for short periods only, and then disposed of in neighboring villages or sent to Chicago. Game dogs were hardly thought of. Until 1857 there was not a bird shipped out of Henry til 1857 there was not a bird shipped out of Henry County in warm weather farther than Chicago. With the increase of new farms, game birds increased perceptibly, the grass sprung up everywhere where ceptibly, the grass sprung up everywhere where forest fires were kept out, and the quail nested and were prodigal of large flocks where the springing bushes supported the tangled vines and held up the grass tops. The cornfields distant from the woods harbored the chickens as soon as the corn was high enough for shelter, and they built their nests and ... multiplied on the hillsides not very far away. Woodcock were plenty along the streams in summer. Snipe and plover fed along the low outlying mer. Snipe and plover fed along the low outlying lands in Spring and Fall in great numbers, and bred abundantly in the swamps, which were never drained. Immense flocks came and went during their passage North and South, the Whole bottom land north of Annawan was one hideous squawking of ducks and geese and cranes which could be heard for miles in March and April. Moving herds and droves that made the circuit of the farms every day to feed, returned at nightfall to whiten the marsh and confuse and drown every sweet note and voice until they disappeared. Nobody seemed to think there was any market for any game anywhere except in cold weather, nobody knew how to pack in cept in cold weather, nobody knew how to pack in hot weather. Wing shooting was so seldom seen or practiced that a good shot was set upon as one to be watched and in general avoided. In the summer of 1858 we shipped our first box of grouse to New York, ice packed. The express was six dollars per feEGIN SHIPMENTS OI? PRAIRIE CHICKENS, il hundred, and the box was packed so heavily with ice that, although the birds brought seventy-five cents per pair, we got but a few dollars out of it. About one-half of the birds were green and they brought only about half price. Two things we learned we must now do ; we must cut down the weight of our packages by using less ice and lighter boxes, and we must draw our birds when we killed them. We kept the birds out of the reach of flies. We bought some birds when we could do it favorably to keep our stock fresh and make frequent shipments. We were the onlv shippers in the market, but the trade was new and weak, and in a week or two more we forwarded more birds than the market could use. We were advised to hold a few days until the market recovered. To do so we had to cut off our help. ket recovered. To do so we had to cut off our help. When it was gone we were ordered to send more birds, and so we seesawed one day with another, now a surplus and then a dearth, until the season passed away. We got not much cash, but we did get the experience, which was more necessary, that we could kill and market in hot weather and expect moderate margins. The limitations which had been so frequent at first we began by steady sieges to work off. When cold weather came the demand increased rapidly and we could not find game to sup- creased rapidly and we could not find game to supply it. Quail were wanted in October and Novem- ply it. Quail were wanted in October and November and months following, and by increasing my ber and months following, and by increasing my staff of hunters, we made many strong shipments and received very good returns. We moved over to Geneseo and was in that neighborhood hunting for several years until the defenders of the noble art became jealous of us and made such war upon us that we shifted our quarters to other parts of the county and to Kewanee, but never left the county only for short seasons afterward. 48 A VISIT TO ANAWAN. In the Spring of 1858 we traveled on foot to Annawan, the first time we ever saw that village, in- nawan, the first time we ever saw that village, intending to hunt English snipe if we could find them, tending to hunt English snipe if we could find them, as they were wanted in New York. There were only two men hunting there at that time beside us, and they were entirely engaged in killing ducks and geese. I endeavored to find out from them if there were any jacksnipe around there, or if they had ever seen any, and they could not even tell me what a jack snipe was. Snipes there were in plenty, they said, but When I came to pin them down they turned out mostly to be sand snipe of very little value, and finally they declared they would not spend their time killing such little birds if there were any. Pointing in the direction of the marsh, they said, "Look over there," where the ducks and geese were flying in thousands, "that is the kind of game we are hunting, and that is worth something." It was now ing, and that is worth something." It was now about the first of April, no snipe as yet appearing ; and I accompanied the two hunters for a few days waiting for snipe to come, and we killed ducks and geese in abundance, but there was little sale for them and that was soon supplied, and the only returns we could get was to strip the birds for their turns we could get was to strip the birds for their feathers. In two hours' shooting in one afternoon I loaded a horse with all he could carry and rode to Kewanee and sold the birds there. We usually shot late in the afternoon, and camping out over night on one of the small islands, took ing out over night on one of the small islands, took in the morning flight and then returned to town till the afternoon again. We established our camp fire where our hunt ended, hung up our trophies on the adjoining trees, and turned in under cover of a few blankets. Some time in the night I began to feel uncomfortably warm on waking up, when I discovered my coat was on fire, and rushing up I called covered my coat was on fire, and rushing up I called KILL THE FIRST JACKSNIPE. 49 out to Bice and Porter, the two hunters, to "put me out," "put me out," which they proceeded to do in the most primitive and unstinted fashion, v In his last days Bice never forgot to mention that occurrence whenever I met him and to inquire if I had rence whenever I met him and to inquire if I had been put out any more afterwards. Until the 15th of April very few snipe appeared. What few came w r ere of poor flesh, and as I had not yet got used to shooting with my left hand and could hot discharge the gun with my right hand, which had been crippled, they did not suffer much from me. When a bird flew to the right I could shoot as well as ever, but to the left it was much more difficult. On the morning of April 16th there was quite a fall of snow ; in the course of the forenoon it warmed up rapidly, little streams of water formed and ran along the highway and emptied into the gutters until they were full and overflowing, and the open space around the depot was soft and muddy. A little to the northeast some sags formed in the surface the water ran east some sags formed in the surface the water ran into and formed little ponds several rods around them, and further on into Latham's, as it then was, the ponds were larger and the mud was heavier and deeper, so that we did not go there for a day or two. On that first day in the village of Annawan, within the limits of Railroad Square, we saw and sum- in the limits of Railroad Square, we saw and summoned to surrender more jack snipe than we had moned to surrender more jack snipe than we had before seen alive in all our life. Any good shot of this day would have killed one hundred birds easily where we barely killed forty. In a few days George Mowcroft associated himself with us and we took southwest from Annawan around the edge of Mud Creek and the low lands adjoining. We found snipe very plenty and golden plover were flying in large flocks across our track every few minutes where you could kill from three to six birds at a shot, and no 50 GEO. MOWCROFT. unusual thing to bring down ten or twelve. We had not learned the philosophy of using a team and wagon, and if we had we should have found it too expensive, and we let flesh and muscle bear the strain. George was an unusually good hunter. He never wanted to ship and I had to buy his birds. He followed with me for two or three years in the winter season, sometimes in Knox County, sometimes ter season, sometimes in Knox County, sometimes elsewhere, but he was always on hand in the Spring till prices fell so low in two or three years that he abandoned the game business altogether. If he had waited for the reaction he could have done a fine thing for himself, but he finally became discouraged and went to Nebraska, where I lost sight of him, and where, I learned, he afterwards died. No weather was too cold or too' hot for him if there was a bird to be shot or a mink to be caught, and so he had funds enough to cover his expenses he cared for nothing further. When he went away I was owing him quite a sum, which still remains in rav hands subject to the rightful claimant. However, we continued to kill with little help till the first week in May, when the weather became very warm and the birds left us during one night. Our last shipments were damaged somewhat by heat, as we did ments were damaged somewhat by heat, as we did not use ice and did not know how to use it, but Messrs. Robbins informed us we should break it up, mix it with sawdust and lay it on the birds, which we afterwards did. At that time all our sound snipe sold from 18 to 21 cents each, and golden plover at something less, about 12 to 15 cents. In the summer I associated myself for a while with George Cutmore, who was said to be a good shot and had the best dog in Kewanee. I think the latter statement was true, as I used one of his pups afterwards, which I named Sancho, of blessed memGEO. CUTMORE AND DORR AND HlGGlNS. 5l GEO. CUTMORE AND DORR AND HlGGlNS. 5l ory. With a Mr. Dorr, who furnished horse and wagon, we went west three or four miles and on the side of a hill in a wheat field we found a flock of chickens late in the afternoon. Dorr was a few rods away and the first bird that rose between Cutmore and myself was killed instantly. The moment rt dropped Cutmore rushed for it and shouted, I killed that," without waiting for anyone else to claim it, put it in his bag and proceeded to load. He dumped in his load of powder in a great hurry, and, raising the hammer to renew the cap, he was surprised to find his gun had not gone off, and he had two loads in his gun instead of one. This created a great laugh and he took out the chicken and threw it over to me. In the rush he made to get the bird he frightened up the remainder of the flock and we only secured two or three of them. We did not take Cutmore with us any more, and Dorr and myself hunted by ourselves. We could not find any outlet for our birds at home, although we offered them at one dollar per dozen. In Chicago some sold at two dollars, but if we had any old birds among them we could not get over a dollar or a dollar and a half. About this time, in August, pigeons began coming into the wheat fields five miles away from here, and Mr. Elliott, of the city, frequently asked to accompany me. We went out on the Frye place and in one afternoon we killed in the neighborhood of two hundred. Mr. Elliott took all he wanted and I shipped twelve dozen to Chicago, but never could # get any track of what became of them. Altogether, the trade was not flattering, and Mr. Dorr soon gave it up. After that Charles Taylor and Clint Higgins brought in birds and I began packing for New York. In the first shipment of which we have reported of prairie chickens we had a few quail which brought 52 GO TO GENESEO WITH WM. BOWEN. twenty cents each, and these being light to ship left us a good margin when we bought at one dollar per dozen. We decided to try Geneseo, and in October, with five or six men, we went there. We killed along Green River hundreds of quails and they brought us about fifteen cents each. My first check from A. & E. Robbins was over eighty dollars, and I presented the same to Mr. Squires, the landlord of the Howard House, as the present Geneseo House was then called, for our board, and it frightened him. Board was then only three dollars per week and it did not count up very fast. We stayed there ten or twelve days and so many men came in and wanted to hunt I let our home crew return and trusted to this new contingent to supply its place. I also hired William Bowen to furnish team and hunt with me, which he did for over a year. In that time we had shipped from Geneseo over five tons of game and were getting a little start when the disturbance came on, as before related. In that time we had become acquainted with every hunter of note in that country, and my going back to Kewanee and later opening up at Atkinson was no disaster to the trade. From Atkinson I received all the birds north that was killed, and I operated there until New Years and bought much poultry. Everything prospered reasonably well. In the Spring heavy lots of snipe and plover would come in and I packed them promptly on ice, then placed them close in single boxes without ice, and they went through in safety to New York. Sometimes we met the Joles' at the Green River Bridge, and once, when that bridge was washed away, they ferried their game over to us in skiffs. I carried in my buggy a full supply of ammunition and sold it to them to be paid for in birds. After a while I had some trouble with some GOES TO ATKINSON IN WINTER. 53 outsiders that did not pay up and I changed my plan. Instead of paying for the birds and afterwards selling out the goods on trust, I inquired of wards selling out the goods on trust, I inquired of each man what ammunition he wanted, laid it aside for him, counted out his birds, took pay for the ammunition and cashed the balance. Mr. Joles would munition and cashed the balance. Mr. Joles would say, "Merritt is getting sharp, he does not believe in paying for game and trusting out the goods at the same time." After 1863 I did not go into Knox County again, but hunted through the winter, sometimes at Colona and sometimes in Iowa, but the hunters continued to meet me and bring in wagon loads of birds whenever they could reach me. In this way I received ever they could reach me. In this way I received several thousand quails that were brought by Joles and Beers to Kewanee. After spring shooting was over we hunted woodcocks on Green and Rock River, Commencing about June 15th and lasting till July 1 st. After that time we went up the Mississippi, after 1861, and hunted there till October. sippi, after 1861, and hunted there till October. Some of the time we went into Iowa for chickens after 1869, but always was home again in Atkinson for the fall trade. From 1865 to 1870 the chicken shooting was good around Atkinson at first, and later on the Edwards River, and I found it much more profitable to hunt them than snipe or quail in the fall, except in cloudy weather. About 1870 I went to Atkinson in October, as usual, and south of the Grove to my usual haunts, and I came home terribly discouraged. I found very few chickens along ribly discouraged. I found very few chickens along Mud Creek and west of there, where I had before found them plenty, and the market price was not improved, so I decided I could do better business only to buy and not to hunt regularly. Then for two or three years, till the summer of 1873, I hunted fitfully, bought more poultry, had to employ help in fully, bought more poultry, had to employ help in 54 PRAIRIE CHICKENS NEARLY EXTERMINATED packing, and met and corresponded with hunters wherever I could find them, and started a nice trade west of the Mississippi, about 1880, to compensate my loss here and supply my increased customers. This is the outline for fifteen years, which the following pages will endeavor to fill out. lowing pages will endeavor to fill out. In 1859 I was at Geneseo, as related, and went to New York with a small carload of game. On coming out of the city I met, at Jersey City, a man of ing out of the city I met, at Jersey City, a man of middle age who told me he was coming west to Henry County, to Colona, and I rode with him to Chicago. H'e said he had bought some property in Colona and was going to build a hotel there. In the previous fall I became acquainted with a hunter by the name of Bacon, about five or six miles northwest of Geneseo, who told me that quails were very west of Geneseo, who told me that quails were very plenty between his place and Colona, and I went down there in the early spring when the ice was breaking up and boarded with Mr. Sharp, who kept the hotel, and shot quails through all that hilly country, sometimes with two or three hands beside me. try, sometimes with two or three hands beside me. When I was alone I tramped five or six miles or more up in the hills that adjoined Green River and sometimes camped out, made my fire and slept by it, and returned next day with two loads of quails on my back. It was most too cold to camp out with no cover, and I soon found a place where they would keep me over night close by, so I stayed there. When I camped out I could hear the deer snorting around at night in the timber and the next time I came that way, after lodging over night, I went out in the direction of where I had previously heard the deer snorting. This was the first day of April, i860, and it froze hard and was very cold that night. As my dog was running along through the brush on the side of a little sag in the woods, he suddenly KILL THE FIRST DEER. pointed. I walked up expecting to find a flock of quails, when suddenly a deer sprang up from the cover, ran around the side of the hill so as to give me a square shot. I sighted behind his fore shoulder and blazed away at him. I never could tell how it happened but it seemed to break a leg. The shot Kills a Deer with Quail Shot. were very small and the deer carried that leg as in a sling, and I immediately fired the other barrel as he proceeded. I was rather dazed at the occurrence which had so suddenly happened, but followed rence which had so suddenly happened, but followed out into the woods in the direction which the deer had taken and in the course of twenty rods found him lying dead. I could not carry him but managed to pull him up into a tree where the wolves could not reach him and went back to Colona. I described the place so accurately that Mr. Sharp was able to 56 KILL THE FIRST DEER. bring him in next day in his wagon. I brought in fifty or sixty quails each trip. When returning I depended entirely upon my dog, as I was so heavily loaded that when he found a flock I would throw down my load till I had killed what I could and then press on again. In returning I ran through a flock of pigeons that were lighting on the trees, and they were not wild, considering that the limbs were bare of leaves and I added a large number of them. They brought eighteen cents each, about the same as the quails. In a few days snipe began to appear and, putting them together, I made out a small box and shipped them to A. & E. Robbins, and they sold for twenty cents each. They did not come in plenty enough and I moved up to Geneseo. Later we shot quite a good many woodcock on Green River northwest of the city after cock on Green River northwest of the city after spring shooting was over and early in July. In August the birds were getting scarce there and I took a new man by the name of Samuel Cramer and we went over on Dutch Bottom, five or six miles north of Geneseo, to hunt chickens. We found a place to stop at the foot of the hills on your left as you descend into the valley of Rock River. I do not now remember the name of the family but we will care it Moore. The man was a hardy but slender looking pioneer and his wife was always ailing with some kind of disease, or else it was im- ing with some kind of disease, or else it was imaginary, and the man was frequently called in from aginary, and the man was frequently called in from his work to assist her in getting the meals. He never manifested any impatience at her frequent calls and she was very tender towards him, always calling- him "Hubby" or "Hubby, dear." The wife's sister-in-law lived but a short distance away and was often called for when anything unusual occurred, or when any very sick spell happened, which curred, or when any very sick spell happened, which TRAPPINCx BIG GAME. Mrs. Moore was liable to get. When we came in at evening Mrs. Moore was in bed and she was groaning and carrying on awfully, and the husband was kept running constantly after one thing band was kept running constantly after one thing or another as the wife suggested, till he was nearly tired out. "Now, my dear/' she says, "my bed will have to be changed and you know you can't do it alone. Run over to John's and see if you Trapping Big Game. 58 TRAPPING BIG GAME. can't get Antionette to help you." Cramer was near as Moore came out and he volunteered to go as Robert said he did not dare to leave. Cramer returned shortly and the two women proceeded to put turned shortly and the two women proceeded to put the sick woman in order, while Cramer and Moore stood near ready to help if wanted. Mrs. Moore was lifted on the lounge while the bed was renovated and after many directions of "Now, Robert," vated and after many directions of "Now, Robert," "Robbie, dear," she was replaced as carefully as possible on the bed again. She did not seem to rest just right and Antoinette, who was standing at the foot, thought she would crawl under and see if she could not adjust the slats so as to raise the foot a little, and in so doing, she threw the weight all on one side. The slats broke down and the bottom of the bed caught her square on the back and held her down. Mrs. Moore was lying with her eyes closed. She felt the weight fall off from her feet, and while Cramer rushed to relieve Antoinette, Mrs. Moore sang out, "There, stop now, leave me where I am, I am perfectly easy." Antoinette was a big, stout woman, and it was some- toinette was a big, stout woman, and it was sometime before we could get her out of the trap, and time before we could get her out of the trap, and the sick woman could be made to understand how it was before she would consent to have her released. leased. We lived well at Moore's, had plenty of milk, biscuits and spring chickens, and we killed game fairly cuits and spring chickens, and we killed game fairly well. The most trouble we experienced was the large size of the flocks, which were not very numerous but would all rise at once, and the ground being entirely level, the birds would settle out of sight over tirely level, the birds would settle out of sight over some big corn field where it was difficult to find them. At last we hit upon the plan of one of us watching in the morning beyond the corn fields and when the birds rose out of the stubble, the WILD TURKEYS ON PENNY'S SLOUGH. 59 other was able to watch them where they alighted and both of us would join in the hunt. Many times we nearly obliterated whole flocks. West of us half a mile or so was Penny's Slough and a large corn field lay east of it against the woods that crowned the hill, and there we found a good many woodcock fed and by coursing through the corn, taking four or five rows at a time, w r e killed a good many. As I was walking along the edge of the timber I came to some cord wood piled up, and on top of it sat a wild turkey which raised up over the trees when I was within twenty feet of it, and again right across the river, as a turkey was running along several rods before me I did not notice that it was wild until it started to fly, when it settled across the river opposite to me, and very many tracks of a bear were posite to me, and very many tracks of a bear were seen as well as turkeys at Kempster's, where also one large bear was killed. This shows the wild nature of the country at that early period. ture of the country at that early period. COL. E. S. BOND. While hunting in the neighborhood of Cambridge several years later I used frequently to hear of Col. E. S. Bond as the greatest sportsman there, but I never met him till about the time of the great fire in Chicago. After the fire he was for some time just across the bridge, west of the river, doing a small commission business and handling some game, more especially partridges, and they were usually drawn. After he had removed back to South Water St., I met him often whenever I went to Chicago. He was a very pleasant man and gave me much information in my line and his business increased formation in my line and his business increased largely in game till he bought and sold probably more than any other dealer in the city. He did not 60 SHIPS FIRST CAR OF GAME TO NEW YORK. have any freezing facilities, for none existed in Chicago at that time. I had found that Chicago was a cago at that time. I had found that Chicago was a great entrepot for game, and by keeping in correspondence with him, I was always informed spondence with him, I was always informed what price I could pay the hunters at home. I sent him some game to sell, but the better class of birds I reserved for New York. We had not learned how to pack birds well enough in warm weather that we followed it in the summer before 1861. When the Fall came hunters appeared as usual and brought in large quantities of birds to Geneseo. As the stock increased, prices declined. We had a great many mallards and when they would not bring me fifty cents per pair in New York by express, or more than that, we had to stop shipping. When prices got at their lowest point and the weather got cold I went to packing quails and chickens in boxes and freezing them. I could buy chickens for ten cents each and quails for six, and when I had accumulated about fifty boxes and barrels I went with them by freight to New York. When I got there Messrs. Robbins seemed to have all the trade in my line. They wanted, however, they said, only quail, and for these they were willing to pay two dollars per dozen. They also offered ing to pay two dollars per dozen. They also offered me thirty cents per pair for the chickens, which was as good as I could get from commission men, and I turned the whole shipment over to the first named party, to whom I paid no commission. I remained in the city but two or three days, but before I left the price of chickens or grouse, as they were called, advanced to sixty-two and a half cents. My whole profit was in the quail. I spent over a month getting this shipment together and the speculator had ting this shipment together and the speculator had then taken them at his own price. I studied over this a long while to see if I could not hereafter avoid MYRIADS OF SNIPE ON THE BIG SLOUGH. 61 this corner, and eventually succeeded, and I believe this firm paid me well for so doing. I hurried back to Geneseo, and through a friend of mine, we gathered up a good many more birds, on which we real- ered up a good many more birds, on which we realized the advanced price without paying any more for ized the advanced price without paying any more for them. I went to Iowa, took a few hunters with me, and in the course of a month, gathered up a small carload of chickens and quails, mostly the former, paving one dollar per dozen for them, and freighted them as far as Chicago. I could get them no farther, unless the freight was prepaid or guaranteed, ther, unless the freight was prepaid or guaranteed, and I finally expressed them the rest of the way to New York, and by that means lost all my contemplated profit. plated profit. In the Spring of 1859 we ^t tne country around Annawan and Colona and commenced shooting snipe on the Big Slough, northeast of the city. Prices were good until about the middle of April and snipe were plenty. We killed frequently sixty or seventy birds a day each. Several hunters from the city joined us, our shipments were frequent, and from two dollars a dozen at the beginning, the market suddenly fell to ten cents each, and later to five cents each, at which price several fine boxes were sold in New York for us by commission men. This did not cover first cost, and in our despair over the prospect we called to mind the knowledge we had gained from Mr. Blunt, and leaving the commission men, we went to the firm of A. & E. Robbins, of Fulton Market. It was nearing the last of the season and, to our surprise, we got prompt sales at one son and, to our surprise, we got prompt sales at one dollar per dozen. In a day or two they advanced to $1.20, then to $1.50, and lastly to $2.00, at which price several considerable shipments went in. We reopened trade with Annawan and many birds came from that quarter. The birds were very fat and the 62 MYRIADS OF SNIPE ON THE BIG SLOUGH. inquiry so great we struck out anew on the Big Slough and went farther up this time to the neighborhood of Deacon Kemis' at the last point of tim- borhood of Deacon Kemis' at the last point of timber on the right as you go north, near which was an ber on the right as you go north, near which was an old crossing. In later years I found William Morris camped here with all his strange and unsightly belongings. Within twenty rods of his camp our longings. Within twenty rods of his camp our wagon load of hunters and loafers proceeded to do business, one and all. Some of them, not knowing anything about wing shooting, and in that part of a day we saw more snipe than we had ever seen before or since. The different members of the party fore or since. The different members of the party spread out on either side of the Slough, so that probably we covered a space north and south of a mile. The guns went off at frequent intervals, so that it sounded like the ticking of a clock, and as the sun was getting low we brought in our birds and found that we had over six hundred. A few years later the same company would have killed a thousand in that time. PRICES DECLINE TO SIXTY CENTS IN NEW YORK. It was now near the first of May and I did not know the prices birds were bringing, or we should have continued at work, but we left that immediate country and with a partner went down to Henry on the Illinois River, where I had before been. We walked out from the town in the early morning down the river one mile, and then out into the bottoms south of the Big Lake. We found a great many birds but they were mostly among the flags where with water and mud the walking was very heavy. Then we went to drier land that skirted around the edge of the farm on our right-hand side ; we found NELSON JOLES. 63 Our load rather heavy, so, selecting a good place, we deposited our birds, each by himself, on a little rise of ground, probably twenty-five or thirty rods from the field, where a man was ploughing, covered them over nicely with grass and proceeded on till it was time to turn back. On coming to the place of our deposit, my partner found his birds were all gone while mine were left, the only instance I ever knew of birds being captured when so planted. In two or three days we got a nice box or two. We returned to Geneseo where we first found the prices our birds were bringing. Messrs. Robbins sent us two dollars a dozen for them all to> the end of the season, and we regained the loss which we sustained in former sales through commission men. About this time, while we were coursing along the lower end of the Big Slough, and near the end of the season for snipe, we saw a tall man approaching from the northeast, making his way down the center of the marsh and shooting as he approached. As he came near he informed me who he was, where he lived, up the Slough two or three miles, and that he and his boys were good shots and, whenever they could, made their living by hunting, and suggested that I buy his birds. I had seen him in the edge of the winter the year before, had been in his house for a few minutes, but was not personally acquainted with him. I agreed to do as he asked, and that man's name was Nelson Joles, who, if he did not kill so many birds himself, was instrumental in bringing me more game than any party in Henry County. One of his sons had married the daughter of George Beers, and they were all capital fellows, and for fifteen or twenty years continued to bring in more birds than I received from any other partv. Mr. Joles at that time was past the prime of life NELSON JOLES. but straight as an arrow, and his family, whom I had the pleasure of visiting very many times afterward, was of a very sociable disposition. The boys were all desperately fond of hunting as soon as they could Man of Six Feet. carry a gun, and they made the country ring for miles around, so much so, they soon forgot their little farm when birds could be had and prosecuted this new branch of industry with ardor and success. Of Mrs. Joles it may be said, she was a pattern housekeeper, if anything too free for herself, but she assisted very much in the game business. The THE "GAMEY" WOMAN. 65 family were living in a region full of game birds, all kinds that roamed the prairies passed over their fields, which made up a small farm adjoining wooded lands on the east and west, from which a The "Gamey" Woman. road ran off southeasterly toward Green River bridee and on to Atkinson, and on the southwest the main road passed to Geneseo. I think Mrs. Joles must have forgotten her meals if not her sleep sometimes, because many were the flocks of geese and times, because many were the flocks of geese and ducks and chickens that came from the prairie below, and making for the Big Slough were stopped low, and making for the Big Slough were stopped 66 QUAIL IN KNOX CO, 1856-60. by the guns of her boys whom she duly informed when they were about to approach. I have slept many times in the chamber of her house when she was up by daylight, giving an account of what she had seen outside while she was preparing her meals. The quantities of ducks she picked and dressed were beyond all computation, so much so she had saved whole covers of down with which she graced and warmed our beds, and which will never be forgotten. Some years later she and her husband, the tall cypress of the swamps and the stalwart among men, moved to Kansas, and, returning later, Mr. Joles died at Geneseo in 1886, and Mrs. Joles, now eightyseven years old, is ending her days in the same seven years old, is ending her days in the same city, living with her son Henry. Many warriors had lived before Agamemnon, many women have shown the grace and sweetness that filled all their lives while they had happy surroundings and every comfort was assured, but she of her limited resources fort was assured, but she of her limited resources made health and cheer to spring up all around her and so consecrated her home. I never saw Mr. Joles after his return from the West. He was much troubled with asthma, but his humor was always abundant and charitable. His mind was unclouded and like a stream at his time of life when the fever is spent and the passions are chilled, escaping from the tumult of the hills and reaching the plain, with only ripples on its surface, goes willingly on to the ocean. When God made man I think he intended him to be about six feet tall, and this is what Nelson Joles was. In the latter part of the 70's I had an order for live prairie chickens and they were very hard to get. However, I counseled with the Joles' and they said if a good snow came on their buckwheat patch, the birds would surely come and they wheat patch, the birds would surely come and they would get them. They got their traps ready, and SELLS LIVE PRAIRIE CHiCKENS. 67 sure enough the snow came and the birds. This was in March. I agreed with them for four dollars a dozen. Dead birds were worth about three dollars. I did not know what live birds would bring nor how many I could sell if I had them, but they usually brought about two dollars per pair. Neither myself nor the buyer expected very many, and as it was getting late and the prospect less every day, the buyer told my commission man to write to me and tell me that he would rather give three dollars a pair than to fail in getting them, not stipulating any exact number. I had hardly read this letter and another following immediately in which the seller said, "I hear you have a good snow out West and shall expect the birds," when lo, in the forenoon in came a wagon load of live birds to Kewanee. I think there was about twelve dozen and the boys said dozens of them got away out of the shanty they had to hold them. I put them into low coops so they would not mar or bruise each other and got them off by express next day. The expressman was not used to live birds at that time and he sent them through as dead weight. When the buyer saw them, he declined to pay over $2.75 per pair, as there were so many more than he had expected, and they were sold at that price. I sent several lots from other parties afterward and was not able to get over two dollars per pair, and it was very difficult to get them through alive. Mr. Joles was not able to do very much with game after this, as his boys grew up and shifted for themselves, but the trade in the West was opening up briskly and I commenced to get most of my supplies from there. One day as I was about leaving his place, Mr. Joles said to me : "What will you take for your buggy and give me time to pay for it, and accept a note well secured 68 SELLS NELSON JOLES A WAGON. therefor?" I replied at once, "I paid one hundred dollars for this. It has not been used very long. I could sell it to you for that money." He said, "I will accept the offer, will give you the note ; my boys will sign it and we will put in the little balance that is now coming to you." The first time after this that I saw Mr. Joles, I exchanged the wagon for the note. I was surprised to find it read for twentyfive dollars more than he owed me, and I said, "You five dollars more than he owed me, and I said, "You do not owe me that amount." "Well," he replied, "I wanted to borrow twenty-five dollars and that was included." I told him I was not loaning money, but I did not want to give up the note, and so I let it go until I could see the other signers. We ran across one another several times afterwards and I was asked each time for the twenty-five dollars. At last I said to Mr. Joles, "I have endorsed twentyfive dollars on the note so it is now all right." When five dollars on the note so it is now all right." When it became due Henry Joles, his son, paid me. The winter of 1859 and '6o I passed in Knox County hunting for quail. I found them exceedingly plenty and in the first thirty days I was there I ly plenty and in the first thirty days I was there I averaged fifty-five birds per day. I stopped with Mr. Norton, of the Wataga House, and drove out each day five or six miles south and southeast till I came into the coal lands. The country was very rough and broken, small streams ran here and there and gathering together in a larger channel made their way south and southwest. Little farms here and there dotted the hill sides with many vacant acres between. The farmers are mostly Swedes, very few of their farms being over forty acres. The highways did not show much signs of travel, in a little rough weather and storms you could scarcely make your way from house to house. The little pinched corn fields scarcely showed five acres in a NORTH OF ONEIDA. 69 patch, and the corn being" mostly picked it was no great worry to find the birds. By the close of the winter I had nearly gathered up the emails that were in that settlement, and in March, with a couple of hunters, we moved north to the prairie country, about a mile north of Oneida. We stopped with a family where there were three persons, father, mother and daughter, the latter about sixteen years old. I remember this, for the daughter did the milking and chores about the house, inside and out, and at every proper occasion she sang "Sweet hour of prayer, sweet hour of prayer," which at that time was quite new to me and sounded both sweet and dear. At that time the fastidious criticisms of the last verse had not appeared and the passage of "Passing through the air" seemed well enough, but in later times it has been killed by seeming to use the language of the Spiritualists, who are so cognizant of that mode of traveling that it has become zant of that mode of traveling that it has become a menace to good sense and some kind of excision seems to be necessary. We offer a substitute : SWEET HOUR OF PRAYER. "And shout and sing as home we fare, Farewell, farewell, sweet hour of prayer." The last day of March, i860, I left this family, and the following afternoon, April 1st, again appeared on the Big Slough. This time I left the Vil- peared on the Big Slough. This time I left the Village of Geneseo and went north and east, farther up lage of Geneseo and went north and east, farther up where the hunters lived. There was a man by the name of Crittenden whom I found in Knox County who wanted to join us in the Spring, and he was there with a horse and buggy when I came. We had three or four Joles' boys, Billy Morris, sometimes Beers and his son and son-in T law took a hand times Beers and his son and son-in T law took a hand for a day or two, beside myself. Before I bought 70 NO SALE FOR SNIPE IN i860. very many, I shipped a small box to see how prices would open up in New York, and it was only $1.50 per dozen. Taking the expense out the prospect was not flattering or auspicious. I should not at this time have made any contracts, and if I did, only for short periods, but the hunters were very pressing for a price, and taking the last year for a cue I rather believed that if prices were low for a while they would recover, so that Robbins would take them at a price that would make me some profit. I named seventy-five cents per dozen, and while I did not make an agreement for the future, I continued to take them and figure them at that price whether I paid for them or not, and therefore, legally, there was no escape. The next box sola for ten cents, the third for eight, the fourth for six cents each, and I stopped shipping and put the birds away in an ice house, laying their breasts flat on the ice and covering them up where nothing would hurt them. After ing them up where nothing would hurt them. After keeping them a week, the reports came in so bad that I did not feel to risk them any longer. I packed them all up and sent them to Messrs. Robbins, from whom I heard nothing for a number of days. There was over a thousand snipe and considerable plover in the lot. At last I received answer with a check for a little over thirty dollars, with the information added that that amount paid for all he had sold, and the balance had been thrown away. While I w"as at Colona a local hunter informed me there was a large kind of snipe which the farmers called bull snipe which were quite plenty above and below the Rock River bridge. I concluded they must be woodcock, and I figured that I might recoup myself with them in August following. I had long self with them in August following. I had long meditated a visit to my brother in Minnesota, and I thought this was my opportunity. I had lost in CYCLONE OF i860. VISIT TO MINNESOTA. 71 this transaction with Spring birds something over one hundred dollars, which would have been much greater had not some unforeseen luck fell in my way. After the prices went down to almost nothing there were a good many blue-winged teal on the same ground as w'e hunted snipe. As far as I could I drew the boys away from the snipe shooting to hunting them, and in the last week or so we had very good success. I sent the birds to Chicago and they sold by the dozen for $2.25 to $2.50, and as we bought them for a dollar they made us a good margin. gin. In the afternoon before I left for Minnesota occurred the great cyclone which destroyed many curred the great cyclone which destroyed many buildings in Henry County and largely wiped out the towns of Albany and Canianche on the Mississippi. I was standing at a window on the west side sippi. I was standing at a window on the west side of the Howard House, now the Geneseo* House, when a sudden gust of wind tore out the shutters, ripping the slats as though they had been paper, but otherwise doing the house no damage. It threw down the steeple of the church north of the track. It was about the first of June. When I got to Colona the bridge was gone, for the most part. We made connection with the west shore by use of boat and passengers and goods were reloaded on the farther side. One of my hunters met me at Moline and desired a settlement with me. I told him it was im- sired a settlement with me. I told him it was impossible at that time as all the birds had been lost, possible at that time as all the birds had been lost, but encouraged him by saying, as I had no business in the summer, I was going for a visit and to cut down expenses, but would be in Geneseo again in the Fall. I paid eight dollars for my fare and board to St. Paul and had a good visit and caught many large fish in Lake St. Croix. When I went up, almost the whole length of the river was traversed most the whole length of the river was traversed 72 VISIT TO MINNESOTA. by flocks of wild pigeons. Most of them flew along the bank parallel to the shore, and at the place where I got off I stopped a few minutes and in that time killed all the birds I could carry. I took them to St. Paul but could only get three or four cents each for them, and I had serious notion of shipping them to New York, but the express being six dollars per hundred I gave that up as they would bring only a dollar a dozen there. In the last week in July I returned, got off the boat at Cordova, walked across the country to Rock River, crossed that on the ferry and the next day started to my home, two and a half miles southeast of Kewanee. I had two dollars remaining and was within a mile of home on Sunday, maining and was within a mile of home on Sunday, when, as I crossed the highway, taking the fields, I had the fortune to meet John Whiffen and he was delighted to see me. He had a small meat bill, he said, against me. He said it was about two dollars. I took that sum out, gave it to him and passed on my way. Of course, I reached home witliout a dollar or a cent. However, I managed to return to lar or a cent. However, I managed to return to Geneseo, where, on the first day of August, I began at woodcock on Green River. I hunted through that month, walking out and back to the river, and bought very few birds. On the first day of September I had one hundred dollars to mv credit, without ber I had one hundred dollars to mv credit, without losing a bird or selling a pair less than seventy-five cents, and I easily killed twenty to twenty-five birds per day. The walking was hard and, in addition, I did all the packing. I settled up all my debts, with experience that was worth a decade of hard labor. These were the first woodcock ever shipped out of Henry County, and probably out of the state. From 1 86 1, for two years following, jack snipe sold low, seldom over $1.00 to $1.50, until late in the season, when the hunting was about over; then JOHN A. LYON AND A. & E. ROBBINS. 73 they would spring up to $2.00 and sometimes $2.50. Here was a point to be gained. Could I keep those birds long enough on ice to secure the larger price? That I endeavored to do. I had practiced long enough keeping birds in that manner to know how long it would be safe to do so and have them marketable. I shipped everything up to April 20th, ketable. I shipped everything up to April 20th, when snipe began to be fat, and packed away what came in afterward till close to the 10th of May. The poor birds which came early would not keep so well as those which were fatter and came later, and as soon as receipts fell off in New York, prices would begin to rise, and from about the first of May till the last were sold out, our kept birds sold for the best of the season. By limiting the shipments after the 20th of the month, the marketmen would get very hungry for them. They could not get any only at advanced prices from my commission man, when they would commence correspondence with me. In 1863 I did not buy many birds till prices were low and the amount was so large and the hunters demanded ten cents a piece for them, that I dropped manded ten cents a piece for them, that I dropped out largely from buying on that account. I had an unfortunate circumstance occur which threw me out of a large commission. The ice box which I used stood on the porch. This box had once been a receptacle for beer kegs and in the place where the ceptacle for beer kegs and in the place where the spout came out the flies went in, and so damaged the shipment that a hundred dozen sold for half price. At this time I was dealing with John A. Lyon, and he soon became expert in the trade and knew when to order and what they would have to pay. He did not deluge me with advice, as many dealers did, but he would, on the first inquiry, find my price and act accordingly. The two years that followed I sent most of my birds to him, because, 74 JOHN A. LYON AND A. E. ROBBINS. while Messrs. Robbins would give me a little better price early in the season, they would not give me any advance corresponding with the market later. Still, I occasionally sent a shipment or two to them to keep in touch with their prices. The market tone was now broadening and brighter, speculators began to come into the field. We reached the point where we would not sell any birds below $2.25, while the early birds would only bring $1.50. We constantly kept from two to five barrels on the ice, of selected birds, as soon as they came in after the 20th, and if ^orders did not come to me direct, in the first week of May we shipped them all to Mr. Lyon and he sold them all at $2.25 to $2.50 per dozen. We did this the more willingly because on another occasion we had five barrels . ahead and we had an outside order for them that they could probably get from $1.75 to $2.00 per dozen, subject to sale, and as these were composed largely of early birds we sent them on. The commission firm telegraphed on arrival that they had mission firm telegraphed on arrival that they had sold one barrel at $1.75 and were holding the remainder. In a day or two they wrote me that they mainder. In a day or two they wrote me that they had sold the balance at $1.00, as they had no means of keeping them and they would soon spoil. Then I abandoned shipping anything in large quantities unless the price was agreed upon beforehand. SNIPE AND PLOVER ADVANCE. ATKINSON. In 1864 I opened up the Spring trade at Atkinson and put up a building there to pack goods. son and put up a building there to pack goods. They had to be double-boxed and ice-packed. The former were more desirable, but there was more risk. I remember one week's receipts of sales of Atkinson shipments which amounted to over five EDWARD SUMNER. 75 hundred dollars. In 1864 trade had improved so much there appeared other dealers in New York who were soliciting shipments, and among the rest the members of the firm of Trimm & Sumner, on Washington Market, of whom Edward Sumner was the active manager of the game department. He was an inveterate writer and a great penman and he started by writing up the game business from day to day and endeavoring to secure our birds. Between the two New' York markets, Washington and tween the two New' York markets, Washington and Fulton Street, there sprang up a great rivalry, and it would be a modest statement to say that between the two we got better returns than ever before. Sumner was every way as prompt as A. & E. Robbins and the information he threw in gratis was very bins and the information he threw in gratis was very gratifying. Everything now pointed to- an early close of the war. Money in the great centers was abundant and rapidly distributed by government. When Sumner first addressed me at Atkinson he quoted prices for jacks at $2.25 per dozen without commission. Messrs. Robbins were paying me eighteen cents each. I immediately shipped Sumner something over eight hundred snipe and received promptly in return one hundred and forty-four dollars. Following that I shipped him a box nearly lars. Following that I shipped him a box nearly every day, and as it was getting late in the month and receipts began to slacken he increased his price to twenty cents and eventually to twenty-five, and the last shipment of fifty-nine dozen that Spring to four dollars, including golden plover, grass plover and large yellowlegs. That was the high water mark and I had no birds- to hold. Between 1864 and 1870 trade was unusually good, but we never reached that price for snipe and plover again within that time. One spring the birds were very late in coming and up to the 20th of April we had only col76 OVERLOADED MARKETS SELL SNIPE DOWN. 76 OVERLOADED MARKETS SELL SNIPE DOWN. lected a few hundred as it was very cold and backward. About that time they began to arrive freely, ward. About that time they began to arrive freely, when a sudden fall of snow came on and with the increased cold shut them off altogether, and that year prices were firm at three dollars and threefifty when the season closed. One year we shipped fifty when the season closed. One year we shipped twelve thousand golden plover and eight thousand snipe and marketed all of them safely, with the result that prices fell from opening to close, and the last sold at seventy-five cents in New York. I distinctly remember this last, as I shot the birds myself on ly remember this last, as I shot the birds myself on the Pritchard land on the flat bottoms near to Green River and east of One Hundred Acre Grove, and it was on the 15th day of May, something I had never known to be done before or since at that day. I also shipped Lanning & Laing the following year all of my birds. They were a commission firm which sold all but the second shipment and the last at two dollars per dozen. The last lots which I held a few days on ice sold for $2.75, and the second shipment at $1.50. In the following year we held back our birds, after April 20th, when they were fat, and brought them to Kewanee to ship, and by so doing we exposed them too much to the air and without ice packing ; we suffered a total loss of two hundred dozen birds. They would have brought two* dollars a dozen if properly packed. By this time the golden plover began to decrease in numbers and spring receipts being so much lighter, they increased in price until they brought the same as snipe. creased in price until they brought the same as snipe. This was in the days when breech loaders began to appear. They were very high in price but poor in quality ; most of them were of the pin fire kind, and the locking was not able to bear up the strain very long, which was dangerous, while the smoke escaped from around a pin, which fired the load and gave LOTS OF GOLDEN PLOVER. 77 the gun the name pin fire. Late in April, the birds which now had become spotted-breasted, would hover and light in great flocks in shallow ponds where they could wade leg deep and flutter their wings and wash themselves. I detected one morning a flock of these birds sailing around and whist- ing a flock of these birds sailing around and whistling over a low pond, as they do preparatory to ling over a low pond, as they do preparatory to alighting, and in a few minutes they did alight. They were very wary when in flocks, so I drove my horse quartering as if to go by them, got out my cartridges, and, when within proper distance, I dropped off behind the wagon with cartridges on the seat, stopped hind the wagon with cartridges on the seat, stopped the horse, stooped down as low as I could to get a raking fire, and let go one barrel as they were and one as they raised. Those that fell back wounded uttered a terrific cry, lifted their wings and fluttered, which brought the flock back, when I unloaded two barrels again. They whirled away and returned until I had fired twelve or fourteen times, when they left entirely, and the birds counted out sixty-seven before one was picked up. In that forenoon I filled a two-bushel bag and was back before dinner. On the farm a little west of Atkinson I killed forty of them at one discharge of the two barrels and I think at least a dozen ran away. I used to tell the owner of the field that the birds that crossed his farm in one day were worth more than his whole farm, which was literally true. With a breech loader such as we have now a man with a team could have shot easily two hundreds birds a day. After '63 the game business was getting brisk and purchases were so large, so often and so continuous, we were often pressed for money to meet them, where we depended for sales of goods that went a thousand miles away to market. In not a few instances we abandoned the purchase of a large amount stances we abandoned the purchase of a large amount 78 HIGH PRICES OF GAME AND CEREALS IN '65 of game solely for want of ready cash, which presented to us a very large margin of profit. At that sented to us a very large margin of profit. At that time J. L. Piatt was running the only bank in Kewanee, where now is Zang's butcher shop. I did considerable business with him, but I said to him one day that I was too far away from my place of sales to do the business which was legally mine. He asked me what I meant. I said I meant cash, and rather than borrow it or ask for accommodation I would let sales go by. He said, "Why don't you draw?" I replied I did not know what that meant. He says, "I will tell you. Make your shipments, large or small, and then make a draft against it for about two-thirds of what the goods are actually worth, and I will advance the money for you to use, charging you only brokerage of twenty cents on a hundred dollars." I took his advice and gladly, and from that time afterward I had no trouble to pay for all the salable goods I chose to handle. This was the time I was opening up trade with Trimm and Sumner, and I think there never was a draft refused, although once or twice the consignee had hard work to pay them promptly, the goods not having yet arrived. At this time I bought everything ing yet arrived. At this time I bought everything that came to hand, game, furs and poultry, sometimes hides, and the struggle on the street for poul- times hides, and the struggle on the street for poultry at that time would make a record for anybody. try at that time would make a record for anybody. Best of all, my consignees were well pleased, and no upbraiding letters came from them to mar our good fortune. In 1865, With the close of the Civil War, the cereals reached high figures and outran proportionately the price of game. Corn advanced to one dol- ately the price of game. Corn advanced to one dollar per bushel and oats to forty cents and upwards. lar per bushel and oats to forty cents and upwards. Lead soared and shot brought $5.55 per sack. The price of land was drawn upwards with the crops. THE COUNTRY SMILES. 79 During the Yvar many pieces of land had been allowed to run fallow, weeds choked the highways lowed to run fallow, weeds choked the highways and low grounds, once cultivated, went back to coarse grasses and neglect. The highways forgot to follow section lines, a short cut to the towns prevailed. The sloughs that emptied into the river vailed. The sloughs that emptied into the river beds seemed to be obstructed and heavy rains forced the floods back into fertile fields. Fences had gone to decay and the osage hedge to neglect and business was cramped and constrained because of the war. Now this was all changed. Farmers began to throw up new fences and improve the old ones. Discharged soldiers came in and made new laborers to cultivate the fields. Houses guiltless of paint were re- vate the fields. Houses guiltless of paint were refreshened and decked anew. Lands that were sod- freshened and decked anew. Lands that were sodden and cold were turned up to the sun and their den and cold were turned up to the sun and their faces became joyous with the harvest. Most all the waterways were shut into healthy limits, new bridges spanned the quagmire, new roads followed section lines. Hills were cut down and hollows filled up. Drainage was begun. The axe struck into the forest. On the lowlands cattle seemed to multiply ; they tramped down and destroyed the thrifty shoots, the long grass and the immature bushes which promised thrifty trees and furnished the only cover for game. The Green and .Rock River country began to be depleted of woodcock and quail. The waters sank low in the marshes. Ducks were fewer and their stay less prolonged. St. Peters was a land of sullen, slimy channels where the muskrat drove his canal through flags and bunch grass, from pool to pool, tearing up roots and shoots and setting up his throne on top of gathered heaps and bogs which obstructed his way. The whole country north of the C. & R. I. Railroad seemed to rise in benediction for the blessing of the sun and 80 PACKING WOODCOCKS. the rain. From the middle of June until after July 4th, we gathered what woodcocks were to be had on our home streams and then followed the Mississippi until September. The history of woodcock shooting is to me the most interesting of all the hunting I have to relate. It began with us in the West, as stated, in i860. I ceased following the river in 1873. At that time we had an experience that stood us in good stead for packing and marketing all kinds of game, and although we could not hold and cool off on ice in hot summer weather, as with the snipe in the spring, and then ship without ice, still the bulk was so small that the task was not onerous. We doubled our boxes always, and that was a great protection against the ice melting on the inside. Our customers were not then critical about fine plumage. Most ers were not then critical about fine plumage. Most of our birds arrived wet when sent to market and the customers did not complain, if they were sound. In some cases Messrs. Robbins informed us that the birds arrived very tender ; that they picked them out of the sawdust and threw them into ice water, by which means they were so restored as to be about as good as ever. Later years we had hundreds of them arrive that would have been absolutely worthless if they had not been immediately doused in ice less if they had not been immediately doused in ice water. When taking them out and adding a thorough fanning, loosening up and shaking the feathers ough fanning, loosening up and shaking the feathers and drying them again, they regained their original appearance so they could hardly be distinguished from those that were fresh killed. In 1861 W. K. Porter and myself started out to kill woodcock. We read of some reports in the New York Tribune that experiments in Indiana of shipping them to New York had turned out disastrously. Nevertheless, with the experience of i860 trously. Nevertheless, with the experience of i860 PACKING WOODCOCKS. 81 with spring birds, we decided to follow it through the summer. We started in north of Geneseo and followed Green River down, and we were much surprised in finding birds so plenty. We continued prised in finding birds so plenty. We continued for several weeks on that river, and the shooting was fine. At Rock River bridge we tarried a week or more, and when once we had cleaned out a patch pretty closely we moved away a few days, and then, like young Oliver, we came back for more. The second and third time we covered the ground with equally good or better results. Then we followed up Rock River and by August ist we had reached as far as Erie. Ice was hard to get. Added to this was the fact that facilities for immediate shipping- were not to be had there. W r e had to carry our birds to Morrison, and when we boxed and transferred them across the country they were liable to' have the ice melt out of them, and before they reached New York would be spoiled. We lost one small box that way at Erie. We packed in double boxes, lined with sawdust, and that was often very hard to get. At shipping points it could always be had, because the trains at that time used wood fires, and wood was corded up and sawed at the stations, as was the case at Colona, Geneseo and Kewanee. The sawdust was mostly oak, and the ice water dripping through it made the birds look of a dirty red color, but customers did not complain. The three things, shoe boxes, sawdust and plain. The three things, shoe boxes, sawdust and the birds, made a nice shipment. At length Porter thought the business was unprofitable, and dropped out. He had a crippled profitable, and dropped out. He had a crippled hand, like myself, or rather he had no hand on his left arm, and in shooting he shot to the left while I shot to the right, which made us very suitable 82 ROCK RIVER BRIDGE AT COLONA. companions. He was a straight, square man, and our business dealings together were altogether pleasant. I often thought of him afterward when prices advanced and birds were plenty, how much he was losing by the change. As long as he remained in Annawan he was active at his trade and mained in Annawan he was active at his trade and made a good living, but he did not very much prosper. I bought some birds of him afterwards, but per. I bought some birds of him afterwards, but he took no active interest in the business, and later he moved to Nebraska, since which time I have lost track of him. The dark cloud continued to loom disastrously over us for another year, and then the end began to dawn. We found only some sporting men that came in for a day or two at Rock River Bridge at Colona. On this trip we killed over one thousand birds and delivered nearly all of them safely sand birds and delivered nearly all of them safely in New York, but the prices were only thirty cents per pair at the highest. More sold at twentyfive and some at twenty. I remember the Fourth five and some at twenty. I remember the Fourth of July that my partner left for a home visit and I hunted alone. That day I killed three dozen birds, only getting twenty cents per pair for them. At the place where I killed these birds on the side of a slough, covered with bushes on one side, half a mile above Colona on the Green River, I saw the first young jack snipe that I ever saw, and they were so young they could barely fly and the fine hairs stuck out on their heads just like young woodcock, which we called wooly heads. After Porter returned we took a trip up the Mississippi and hunted at Savannah for ten days. These were the first birds ever taken there to be shipped and they were not plenty. Very few people knew that such a bird was there. There was no railroad there at that time and we had to take them to Fulton to HABITAT OF THE WOODCOCK. 83 ship. The habits of the birds of Savannah were different from any I had before seen and they were the same the year following. The birds were to be found in the white alders wherever there were any. The bodies of the trees grew close together, from eight to ten feet in height over your head, and frequently there were three or four birds in a clump quently there were three or four birds in a clump at one time. The shade was thicker under these trees and covered the ground entirely where the birds sat. We found very few birds under the open trees and it was past the season for them to feed on the sloughs, except sometimes after a rain they could be found there. In later years we found them in August and September, largely in short clumps of bushes resembling alders in appearance, and the cover was much thicker than under the alders, and here the shooting was perfect as long as ders, and here the shooting was perfect as long as I knew it. I became so familiar with certain grounds of this kind that I had them marked in my mind, and I never failed to find birds there at any time until snow flew. In 1861 I became acquainted with some hunters by the name of Barton. quainted with some hunters by the name of Barton. There were three of them and their father, also, with whom I had only one transaction that I can remember, as he was a fisher and trapper, but he was gathering fur along the Edwards River, and as I passed his house every few days he invited me to buy his furs, which I consented to do, although I was not expert in that line. This was, I think, in 1863. He wanted twenty-five cents each for his muskrats. The rest I do not know what they were or what I paid him, but he loaded down my wagon with them at that price. I did not know a kit from an old rat and I paid him the same price for all. I shipped them as the price was fast rising, and they sold in New York for 47^4 cents each, except the 84 A BARGAIN IN FURS.-- WM. BARTON. kits, which did not bring over one quarter that sum. I also bought a few mink from my hunters, and Jerry Hopkins at that time was keeping ers, and Jerry Hopkins at that time was keeping grocery store in the old corner of Second and Main streets, KeWanee, and as he offered to buy what I had every week and give me four dollars apiece for all prime mink (which cost me three dollars) which I would bring him, I accepted his offer. One day I brought in a mink skin which he declared was a fox mink and not worth much more thai*; a cotton tail, and he would not buy it. As I shipped birds every Monday morning, I put that fox mink in with the birds, and on getting my returns I found it brought six dollars. I think Jerry will never forget that circumstance and he solemnly declared that get that circumstance and he solemnly declared that that sale must have been a mistake, as that skin could never have brought that price. In the summer of 1862 William Barton, one of the brothers above mentioned, wanted to hunt with me and sell me his birds. As I had a horse and buggy I went with him to New Boston and we remained there four weeks. The birds were badly scattered and we only killed six hundred in that time, one hundred of which I killed in three days at the mouth of the Edwards, while Barton took a visit home. The prices were very low -- twentyfive to thirty cents per pair in New York -- but ev- five to thirty cents per pair in New York -- but everything else was low -- board and ammunition and erything else was low -- board and ammunition and horse feed -- but we got home whole. After a little while I pushed on to Rock River alone in the month of September, and there I killed one hundred pairs a week, and there was the first money I had made in woodcock since I left Geneseo. I killed thirty dozen in that time in about ten days and they brought me forty cents a pair in New York, and the labor was light and pleasant. A BARGAIN IN FURS.-- WM. BARTON. 85 In 1863 I took the same Barton boys and one or two others in June and hunted in the neighborhood of Rock Island Bridge west of Colona, and there We killed three or four boxes in less than a week, and these all brought us fifty cents a pair. Then we followed up the river again to Erie, and there in less than a week we killed four hundred pair, which brought us as much or more than the Colona birds. I never went back there with anybody to hunt with me, but I made that point once every Tune for a number of years until the birds became too thin to pay me and local hunters began to come in as the railroad now passed that point. I don't think I ever went there in June but what I killed at least one day fifty birds north of the Ferry. The last time I found a good many birds south of the Ferry. The brush was thick and after pounding away to little purpose one afternoon, I concluded to quit and give them another trial next day, which I did, and then I cleaned out the whole gang. Before twelve o'clock I had bagged forty birds, and fore twelve o'clock I had bagged forty birds, and I know I killed birds without looking over the gun at all. Once the gun was discharged while I w^as holding it in my hand before I got it to my eye, and breaking into the trick brush, lo, I found the bird lying dead. This hunt is memorable because in the midst of the brush I stumbled over a famous steel trap, powerful enough to hold a tiger, with double springs, which I still possess. From Erie we went to Savannah and spent a large part of the summer hunting on the Island across the river and on the bottoms below the town, and in August, when we left, we thought we had killed about all the birds that were there. The Bartons were not successful in finding woodcock although the birds were plenty. They strolled constantly all over the 86 A BARGAIN IN FURS.-- WM. BARTON. island looking for sloughs to locate the birds upon when they had left that ground in June, and now were to be found on the high ridges under big trees and in thick, heavy clumps, and everywhere where the deep shade protected them. I had no difficulty in bagging twenty to twenty-five birds a day and never went half a mile from where I started, while they wandered aimlessly, went all around where the birds were without discovery, wasting their time where they were not, tired out at night with only two or three birds apiece and discouraged. I think prices had now reached 65 cents couraged. I think prices had now reached 65 cents per pair. The railroad had come in and we did not have to transport them to Fulton. Ice was plenty and express moderate and most of the birds I shipped to John A. Lyon, New York, the third man of the trio, of whom I will speak hereafter. I let the Bartons go and took on A. Collins, who I employed on various occasions afterwards and of whom I shall speak more later. We had but one dog, and, like the lion with one pup, it was a good one, and contrary to expectation we found more birds than we did in July and August. We hunted twenty days on the island opposite Savannah and mainland beyond the cut-off, which rising at the upper end of the island, follows it the whole length and empties in the River at Sabula. We planted our birds in the damp soil along the river bank, a dozen or more at a time as we got them, covered them up with moist, soft ground underlaid with leaves, and at night gathered them together when they were well cooled off and ready to go into the ice house. We hunted here twenty days and we killed forty birds a day and marketed them in good order. I think some of them sold for seventy-five cents. Collins carried an army canteen slung over A. COLLINS ATSAVANNA. 87 his shoulder, from which we drew long drafts each of us, as the days were hot and the water seemed as refreshing as that from the old oaken bucket which hung in the well. We walked slowly, the dog leading the way, and I do not think ten minutes elapsed in which he did not set a bird, the whole day long, but the cover sometimes was very close and many birds we had to raise three or four times to get sight of, and when we did our shots rang out together when one load would have been amply sufficient. Doubtless either of us would have killed twenty-five birds daily if we had had separate dogs. In 1864 I was hunting on this same island opposite Savannah in July. It was a muggy, moist day site Savannah in July. It was a muggy, moist day and the mosquitoes were very annoying. It was difficult to keep your patience with the winged pests and cult to keep your patience with the winged pests and it took much time to load and I got along slowly. I was on the first bench back from the River. A skiff had come up and landed on the shore a few rods distant, and I noticed two persons follow back into the woods which were rather dark, somewhat in the direction of me, and though they did what in the direction of me, and though they did not come up they seemed to be following me. They followed me about for perhaps an hour (in which I killed several birds), and left without coming up. Later, in Savannah, I was accosted by a man who said he lived there, was a fisherman in summer and pork packer in winter, was handy with a gun, and he was one of the men on the Island who had been following me about, wondering what I was doing and seeing how I killed birds. He believed if I would buy his birds he could kill them as I did, and said that his name was Nate Tompkins. I agreed with him on the price and he proved to be one of the most successful woodcock hunters I ever knew. I traveled with him until 1866, going 88 NATE TOMPKINS. with him in his skiff, he doing the rowing, being an expert boatman and thoroughly familiar along the river bottom in the country. Many times I sat with him in the boat as he rowed ten or fifteen miles up the river in a heavy current, always teen miles up the river in a heavy current, always dodging the swift water when he could, following the sloughs and the shore where the water was less rapid. HIS IDIOSYNCRASIES. He was a most intense listener, about fortyfive years old. He gathered up and held in reserve five years old. He gathered up and held in reserve every word you said, and with his deep, dark eyes looking down upon you from those steady lids, he was a true representative of the Pennsylvania backwoodsman, as he had once been. He was an in- woodsman, as he had once been. He was an inveterate smoker and carried a pipe and smoked it as veterate smoker and carried a pipe and smoked it as he rode, I sitting in the back seat and he pulling long stretches of the river channel, coming to a stop when he reached his limit, and always where the birds were. If he was within reaching distance of home the same day he would time his hunt so we would set out before sundown, and he absolutely declared he would not return home after dark. On one occasion I did not reach the boat until dark, and he was in a state so excited it was useless to try to reason with him. As I had struck a fine lot of birds that day and killed three dozen, I imagine that circumstance had something to do with agine that circumstance had something to do with it whilst he was waiting, gaining nothing. With all the rest, he was a good hater ; he remembered distinctly every man who had taken advantage of him, even to a cent, and I took good care that he did not direct his malice towards me. He seldom killed after the first year less than twenty-five birds a day, and when he had the latter number he wanted to return home if it was only in the middle of the DID NOT CARE FOR SOFT DRINKS. 89 afternoon. He was not a temperate man, but I do not remember when he showed effects of drink so much as to be offensive or to be incapable of a successful hunt, but he was cross-tempered sometimes and he did not look out for his family as he times and he did not look out for his family as he should. Some mornings he would not appear at the boat and in that case I would go off on foot on some of the islands from Sabula to hunt, and I was told afterwards he was drinking. He had no settled town or home. In successsive years I knew his stopping place for fifty miles and I kept track of him the last when he camped one fall near Prairie du Chien. He lived until 1899 and died in August of that year,. His drinking habits increased with his age, which, with resulting poverty, drove his wife at last to leave him. When I stopped with them, as I did several nights in the course of those years, his table was very scanty, but his* wife made no complaint. He had a dog with only one eye, and as he had great success with him, I bought him for twenty-five dollars, hoping good luck would follow me, but some neighbors poisoned him in a few days. In 1864 Tompkins still lived at Sabula and I bought his birds at twenty-five cents each, with the agreement that he should take me in his skiff with him whenever he went to hunt. By the middle of August we had taken sixteen hundred birds. The first box brought me 85 cents, and after that all of them one dollar per p^ ^ Later it became necessary to move, and Tompkins not caring to leave town at that time, I went on boat to Dubuque and up on to the Islands above there about buque and up on to the Islands above there about four or five miles on the Wisconsin side, and the hunting was fine as he had told me it would be. The first week I killed in five days 159 birds and the following week I sent for Charles Collins to 90 TOMPKINS AT SABTJLA, 1864. help me, and we did nearly as well for each of us, and I remember Sumner, in New York, sold them and allowed me $1.12^2 per pair, so the check was considerably over one hundred dollars. I had occasion to remember this, because I came into Dubuque with the birds and the Julien House wanted buque with the birds and the Julien House wanted to buy them, but they would only offer me $4 per dozen and I was sure I could do better. I knew a man by the name of Curtis, who was a shipper of coal and produce on the boats that ran down to Rock Island, and I thought I could .borrow enough of him to buy our provisions with and get back on the Islands without waiting for returns. We only wanted $5, but he would not help me. Next day he shipped and went with this cargo, and at Port Byron the boiler of the boat exploded and he was killed. I think this was the only time I ever failed of 'getting accommodations on the River whenever I asked for it. I went up to a pawn shop, put up my watch for the $5, and went back to hunt. One day we were on a rather high bench on the mainland and our guns were going off pretty lively. We were not over two hundred yards apart, but we were so busy we did not run onto each other's line. I made desperate poor shooting and the ground was good. Finally I said to myself, "I will go and see what Collins is doing," and I found him swearing fearfully at the birds which got away from him. I said, "Charley, let us sit down a little while and eat our dinner and give our nerves a rest, and we will do better." Tlhis we did, and on resuming our firing we had splendid success. There suming our firing we had splendid success. There were some fishermen camping at the foot of the first islands above Dubuque, from Lancaster, Wisconsin, and we begged the privilege of staying with them CHARLES COLLINS AND SPECHTS' FERRY. 91 in their tent at night, for it was beginning to get cool in September, and we cooked our meals and ate with them. We had a nice bed of fir boughs and I think I never slept more easily or thoroughly. We had a box of ice, a shoe box in which we laid our birds to keep them from the heat and flies of the day time. The ice we had hauled from Dubuque in a skiff and it was no pleasant or easy task. buque in a skiff and it was no pleasant or easy task. This night as we returned from hunt, we found our box open and inside a dressed pig stretched warm and fresh the length of the box, to cool on our ice and the ice half gone. There was a scene when we came together and I never want to repeat it. We had to go to town next day for ice and so lost the day. The following season I went up early and shot around Sabula and later in September Charles Collins wanted to go with me again to Dubuque. I set a day to leave Kewanee and when buque. I set a day to leave Kewanee and when the time arrived he said he could not go for a few hours, "But you go on and I will meet you at Rock Island." I went there but he did not come. I returned on the first train for I knew his promises were empty wind, and his excuses were on tap ises were empty wind, and his excuses were on tap whenever he wanted them. I determined to take none this time and give him no chance to form one. I came onto him unexpectedly where he was plowing, with no thought of seeing me, and before he ing, with no thought of seeing me, and before he had fairly looked up I had him. He could not look up ; he broke down and begged pardon. I took him with me the next day. We did most of our hunting below Cassville, and the last week, which was the first week in October, we stopped at Spechts, opposite the Canal which comes into the River below Potosi and connects the slough with the river. low Potosi and connects the slough with the river. In these six days we averaged over sixty woodcock per day between us, and we shipped them from 92 WOODCOCKS DISAPPEAR IN SUMMER OF '65. East Dubuque to New York as we came down the River, the last week of the season. The birds were sold at fifty cents per pair to Sumner, who claimed they came tool ate and out of season. In 1865 things were fairly booming-. The first of the season we had a fair supply of woodcock and they sold well. In August there was no rain and the sloughs began to dry up fast, and the birds gradually to disappear. They could not be found as usual in the heavy timber under the largest trees, where the ground was soft and damp and cool. We thought we should see them again in September before their annual dispersion to the South, out they never came. For more than a hundred miles we drove along the River and surveyed with great minuteness all the places where they were likely to be found. Along some sloughs there were some signs that they had fed there over night, but we could not raise over one or two birds a day. We carried a box of ice along with us and in the course of our travel from Platte River South below East Dubuque we found nothing but partridges and did not hunt them only as the dog broke into covies along our route, and we stopped and fired a few shots. Twenty partridges we took that day without leaving the wagon ridges we took that day without leaving the wagon road, and we sold them in New York for one dollar per pair. In our travels we learned of a hunter who watched a pond at dusk and killed a dozen woodcock or more every night, but we found no such place. It is possible that around Potosi birds could have been found, as on a later year we found them there when they had disappeared elsewhere. It is not quite certain that the dry weather drove them off. Once before it had been very dry, the River was so low that it had been forded in some places, sand banks were everywhere and water shalWOODCOCKS FLY TO THE HIGHEST PEAKS 93 WOODCOCKS FLY TO THE HIGHEST PEAKS 93 low. Under the great oaks, in deep and impenetrable shade and gloom, behind fallen trunks where trable shade and gloom, behind fallen trunks where the sun never shone, and death was disrobing the giants of the past, we had often found them fluttering up where no life seemed to exist, but we searched ing up where no life seemed to exist, but we searched for them now all in vain. We had imagined the white grubs which lie hid in these sepulchral homes of rotting trunks furnished them food when the earth worms did not, but if so they left no trace. We sought them along high and dry ridges where the birds generally repair when they leave the sloughs in July, in clumps of impenetrable bushes and under thick running vines and everywhere we could invent a place they could sit concealed. The eye of the sun must not light upon them. If they were inaccessible by day they were equally so when the shadows began to fall. The quick, sharp whir of their wings would then come if at all. At this hour they left their cover for their evening meal, lighted on soft, damp ground where the worms were, did their lively probing until the ground was pierced with holes like a skimmer, or they lifted themselves up to the hilltops on easy wings, swinging as an athlete from point to point, those airy ing as an athlete from point to point, those airy domes of rock where the clouds rolled and the lowly wanderers were lost in space. I had lost Tompkins for a while, and he was indebted to me twentv dolit it lars or more, and he had promised to make it up to me in the previous fall, but it never came. He had sent his birds to me the year before and we would pack them with what others we had at Dubuque and send his returns to him at Sabula. I instructed the express agent there to pay him for any shipments he might make while I was away, and to the ments he might make while I was away, and to the check which I last sent him, he added an equal amount from the agent, so that he got his pay 94 A RUSE ON TOMPKINS SUCCEEDS. twice. I not only lost the money but lost the birds, as he did not ship me again afterwards. I determined on a ruse. In July before the season opened, I went to him in Sabula and told him that I wanted his birds the coming summer ; that I made no account of what he owed me, we would call that account square, he might send me in his game as usual and nothing would be held back. It worked all right. I could have recouped myself many times if I had chosen, but I never did. I got his game ever afterwards when I was within reach and I have no doubt but what it was a profitable venture. We were apprehensive in 1866 whether the birds would be found as plenty as in 1864, but when it came around the birds were as plenty as ever. We took on Tyler Mapes and traveled farther up the River and reached Cassville, an old looking German town, and I think the hunt at that place was as man town, and I think the hunt at that place was as good and the sport as exciting as any place we ever visited. One thing was remarkable. We were hunting woodcock and yet we were killing partridges nearly as plenty; something in the old style ridges nearly as plenty; something in the old style which we first discovered above Dubuque, was apparent. When we had a point the dog could not parent. When we had a point the dog could not tell us what kind of bird it was, which made the hunt more exciting. In the thickest bushes among willows rising over your head so close set you could hardly make your way between them, you sometimes had to be dog and hunter before you could times had to be dog and hunter before you could dislodge them. It was a pleasure for us to have a change, if only occasionally, and those fine fellows with tail feathers just budding out and spotted breasts, set off handsomely the ruddy brown woodcock which were our daily hunt. Just below Cass- cock which were our daily hunt. Just below Cassville is a small island called Jacko, and across the ville is a small island called Jacko, and across the River and up from the old town are large bottoms CASSVILLE AND DEWEY HOTEL. 95 where the birds had not been disturbed. We could find only one place suitable to board, which was the Dewey Hotel, the ex-governor's of Wisconsin, which he built to secure the court house and failed, and which was now in decay. It was a noble mansion and rented for a boarding house. Both the sion and rented for a boarding house. Both the governor and his wife frequently sat at the table with us and their little child. More often the wife and child came alone, and we got on good terms with her right away, but the governor would not be comforted and one day he told us he did not want us to be killing those birds of his and shipping them to the nabobs of New York to feast upon. We inquired and found he owned about all the land quired and found he owned about all the land around there on the river bottoms, but in as much as the landlord was getting some revenue out of us, which he was supposed largely to share, we gave ourselves no uneasiness and continued to transgress. We expected trouble, but it never came, and gress. We expected trouble, but it never came, and in time we left in peace. The governor was improving his lands up along the River with fine proving his lands up along the River with fine stone fences for miles adjoining the mountain side, and built him a palace costing twenty thousand dollars. His wife's mother lived below the town on lars. His wife's mother lived below the town on the Wisconsin River, and as her daughter and the governor did not get along well together, it so worried her that she drowned herself in that river. ried her that she drowned herself in that river. Uater after we were gone, I think the next spring, the wife went to Europe and drew so heavily on him for expenses, which annoyed him ; she finally came home and they separated, the wife living in poverty near Milwaukee with her mind demented, and later moved to Washington, D. C, where she remained with her daughter and where she died a few years ago. The Governor became a hankrupt and his property passed to his creditors, and he died 96 CHARLES COLLINS' MISFORTUNE?. earlier. We may here remark of the two Collinses that they were brothers, raised on the farm with their father a few miles from Kewanee, and I became acquainted with them very soon after reach- came acquainted with them very soon after reaching Henry county. Charles was the older of the ing Henry county. Charles was the older of the two and loved hunting immensely well when he could sell his game, and he shot well. He followed me often in my hunts to distant towns and states. Out in Iowa, in Knox County in this State, and along the up-river towns, in 1872, when he became a citizen of Nashua, Iowa, where he remained until he died a few years later. He was an industrious worker in any capacity you placed him, and barring his defects, was as good a voyageur as you would care to have with you. He was a fairly good talker, a good listener, and, if he could not make, at least enjoyed happy hits, and was lavish in applauding them in others. He was not temperate, he loved a glass dearly, but I never saw it have any ill effects except to make him quarrelsome. His faults were more of the head than the heart, and his head was proverbially bad. I do not think his moral nature Was shocked or repelled in hearing anything that pleased him or that made fun for him. He drew this nature from his surroundings, which were unfavorable and unhappy, as his father taught him dis- favorable and unhappy, as his father taught him disrespect for all the religious institutions that had for respect for all the religious institutions that had for their object to make men pure and clean. I do not think he ever regarded the future with solicitude, and his life and that of his family was one round of weakness, wickedness and woe. In 1866 an uneasy feeling crept in among the hunters of Sabula, that they were not getting full value for their birds, and among the rest, Tompkins, with whom I hunted early in the season. Taking that year as a sample, it was indisputably true that THE SABULA HUNTERS SECEDE IN 1866 97 the birds were worth more than twenty-five cents each, which I paid them, but there were many seasons when they would not net that price, both before sons when they would not net that price, both before and after that year. As Tompkins and myself killed most of the birds that were shipped, and our total birds made us a profit of over a thousand dollars that year, we made no effort to control shipments which originated with Kindred and one or ments which originated with Kindred and one or two other hunters who formed a compact for hunting together and shipping their own birds. Improp- ing together and shipping their own birds. Improper packing and frequent delays in returns and de- er packing and frequent delays in returns and delays in getting enough birds to secure frequent ship- lays in getting enough birds to secure frequent shipments, seemed to present the only obstacle to their ments, seemed to present the only obstacle to their success. They knew our packing well and were as capable of doing it as ourselves. They pushed Northward by steamboat, taking their skiffs with them as far as Lansing, Brownsville and LaCrosse, along Root River and the west coast of the Missippi generally, and poor shots as they were they did sippi generally, and poor shots as they were they did remarkably well if their tale was to be believed. Kindred was so fascinated with his unexpected good fortune,' he began to purchase real estate in Sabula, and was the reputed owner of some property. His companions gave out that they got $1.25 for their birds. Therefore when 1867 came round I made no effort to secure their trade and passed Sabula by. I took A. Collins, brother of Charles Collins, and John Barton, and with a tent left the Savannah country and never returned there to hunt. We examined the country North of the Galena River amined the country North of the Galena River and as far up as LaCrosse early, and later above LaCrosse and in the Trempelau country. We found more birds about Potosi bottoms than anywhere and Barton and I had the satisfaction of where and Barton and I had the satisfaction of getting lost in the Kickapoo River bottoms, where the mosquitoes nearly annihilated us, and I confi T 98 LOST IN KICKAPOO BOTTOMS, WIS. dently believe would have done so if we had been compelled to camp out there all night. We struck this bottom a little before noon and were pleased with the prospect. Moving about among scattering birds, on beautiful ground, and loading rapidly, ing birds, on beautiful ground, and loading rapidly, for the pests of mosquitoes hung about us like a cloud and got in their work when we stood still, in the course of two or three hours we lost our bearings, as this flat land was so much alike as far as ings, as this flat land was so much alike as far as we could see, with puddles of water every few rods and sometimes a pool which lengthened out and led us deeper into the forest as we went. After a while it began to dawn on our minds that the sun was declining and though we found game slowly and constantly as far as we went, we decided we must try to get out before nightfall overtook us. I suggested to Barton that we should follow the sun, as it gested to Barton that we should follow the sun, as it was probable that we had come East from where we entered, and this we did. I think we walked for three hours as fast as we could walk, never, however, failing to fire at a woodcock when we surprised one on our way, and as darkness -was seting in fast we came out of the woods nearly ex- ing in fast we came out of the woods nearly exhausted, in precisely the same place we entered. As hausted, in precisely the same place we entered. As we got on the high, open land beyond we heard Collins' gun booming about a half a mile away, where we soon found him camped and supper ready. Collins reached the same low country as we did, but he did not dive into the forest. His dog made a point in the outskirts but the bird did not rise. On walking up there was a stir from among the long grass, the bushes bent and switched and a bear that had been lying there in cover broke away into the timber. This is the only time that we ever disturbed bruin in our hunting tours. Deer were of common occurrence but we made no effort to kill COLLINS DISTURBS A BEAR. A. Collins Uncovers a Bear. them as they were too much of a burden to carry and would have destroyed our day's sport among birds. We did not find a good country, about Trempelau. We got in among the Indians, who visited us nearly every day, now hunting ducks on the open ponds or more often sleeping in their tepees as leisurely and shiftless as Indians are, killing nothing of the game we were hunting. Every- ing nothing of the game we were hunting. Everywhere woods and water prevailed. Mosquitoes where woods and water prevailed. Mosquitoes filled the air and in one point of /woods we were compelled to abandon it altogether on their account. We worked down the River again after count. We worked down the River again after getting a box or two in this place, and down along the West shore as we went late in the afternoon we applied at a landing place for provision, and were told that one man by the name of Brophy had all the stores we wanted, ice included, whither we Lot 5. 100 A VICIOUS RATTLER. went, and over his front store door was written in large letters, "M. Brophy, Dealer in Whiskey, Beef and Beer." We named this Brophytown and stayed with him one or two days, when we fell down the River again, hunting the Islands as we did so, and at night we found ourselves at the foot of a small hamlet on the East side, and at the extreme point was an unoccupied stone building facing the river and being built directly against the high bluff, it formed a basement which was open, and as we had our provision with us we decided we would lay our bedding there and stay for the night. It was entirely dark inside and we worked our way back without striking a light, as somebody might dispossess us if we did, and spreading out our clothes possess us if we did, and spreading out our clothes we lay down, when he heard the ominous warning of a rattlesnake's tail, which like peas in a bag went rattling continually, and kept up such a din we were bound to investigate, and by the light of our torch which we now carried, we beheld him reaching out his long neck from the foundation wall half way up and throwing it in every direction with more devilish cunning than all the snakes we had ever known. The boys manifested some excitement, but I told them he would not molest us, and pulling our bunk nearer the doorway we stayed there that night. I may say here that in this trip we saw more rattlers than we ever saw before or since, for the River was high, the bottoms flooded and we were compelled in traveling along the shore to skirt the great rocks which hung from the mountain shelves, and there the venemous reptiles lay, but they were not dangerous. Many times I shot them when discovered, and on one occasion when my dog was a covered, and on one occasion when my dog was a little in advance I saw a very large one. I stepped back one or two steps to dispose of him, when the DOG STANDS UPON A RATTLER. 101 dog, seeing me raise my gun, turned towards me to know what I was doing, looking up meanwhile at me and not noticing what lay beneath him, he walked square upon the rattler and stood upon it, and I expected the snake would strike him every moment. pected the snake would strike him every moment. I tried to scare him off, but to no purpose, then I Above La Crescent, Minn. ran off at right angles and the dog followed me, when I turned and dispatched the reptile. Unless they are struck they are not likely to strike back, but then, they are like good Indians -- the best when dead. I never knew anyone bit by them but the sight of one coiled will make you shudder. 102 WE SETTLE WITH S. B. RANDALL. Dresbach, Minn. We did not get over a dollar for birds this year; some sold for seventy-five cents and one box .we lost. My real estate man at Sabnla was not very active. We did not run across him and there was no very great inducement to ship. I heard no more from him for several years, but I learned afterwards that he did kill some birds but his trade wards that he did kill some birds but his trade never reached any great proportions, and his shipments were so irregular and desultory they could ments were so irregular and desultory they could not have paid him much. Such speculations were like all others. If you hit it makes a fool of you. If you fail you quit. A steady pull brings the surest rewards and a loss can be recouped by evening est rewards and a loss can be recouped by evening up with the profits. Eighteen hundred and sixtyseven was not a good year, but we made some- seven was not a good year, but we made something, and the $150 with which we returned home thing, and the $150 with which we returned home we turned over to S. B. Randall, of Cambridge, on COLLINS ASKS QUESTIONS. 103 settlement for an unprofitable trade in poultry the preceding winter. Coming down the River this season we stopped again at Potosi, where we had been in the early part of the season, twelve miles above Dubuque, and spread our camp on the west side of the slough, which was on the east side of the River, over which passed the long bridge, which led to the river shore. The water was high ^n3 copious rains continued to fall. East of the bridge the highway led to Potosi, wriggling and twisting about between mountain precipices whose waters lashed their way in ghostly clamor to the pools below. East of the bridge was a flat space of land where great cotton woods reached their arms into the air and sent unbroken shade to the adjoining hills. I think Friend Collins will remember this place, so charming was the scenery all around the bridge, which the sun reached only in mid-heavens. The dust and noise of highways and thoroughfares dropped through the thin ways and thoroughfares dropped through the thin air and clung to the foothills. The swallows crossed and recrossed the waters, dipping their wings like a light oar skimming the surface. Many times Collins and I sat alone when the day's work was over lins and I sat alone when the day's work was over and revived old memories, without the jar of much argument, looking only at the quiet side where all was peace. This day he seemed to have grown out of his usual silence and he asked me abruptly, "What do you think of men, anyway? I think thev are selfish from first to last, every mother's son of them, don't you?" "Why, Lon," I said, "it depends a great deal how you take it, what ground the word selfish covers. Anyway, it don't mean us, I suppose," and gave him a quiet smile. He turned his pose," and gave him a quiet smile. He turned his eyes away a moment, as though he was afraid he had provoked argument, # and then, looking down, 104 THE LONG BRIDGE AT POTOSI. Collins Asks the "Unknowable." THE HIGHEST MODE OF EXISTENCE. 105 continued, in his menacing way, that he did not believe I would deny the impeachment altogether, and lieve I would deny the impeachment altogether, and then we sailed in, not angrily, I think, but on opposite ground, which broadened out after a while from site ground, which broadened out after a while from religion to politics, he denying everything and I claiming everything. Of selfishness, I declared it must not be confounded with self-love, which every man has a part of, and that no one had a right to trample upon this instinct of our nature. "Well," he continued, as though he had struck it this time, "you church people are great hypocrites ; you always think you are a little better than anybody else, but I never could see it." Watching his eye, I said, calmly, "Did you ever try to see it? There is a great ly, "Did you ever try to see it? There is a great deal in that. Now, I did try and set myself on guard for that one thing. When I first came into the country a man of great influence and more prejudice advised me that I would find the church peo- udice advised me that I would find the church people more deceptive than anyone else, and to let them ple more deceptive than anyone else, and to let them alone as untrustworthy, and I now declare to you that his whole theory has proved fallacious. Taking samples from each, in church and out, the churchman has held his own remarkably well, where the man has held his own remarkably well, where the unchurched has gone down." Again he remarked, "I suppose you believe in a man's getting religion and all that?" as if that was a stumper; "I never wanted religion if it was like what these people say it is." I replied, "You probably never heard them say, as you claim you never was in a religious meeting.'' "Well," he said, "where is God, anyway? I ing.'' "Well," he said, "where is God, anyway? I don't see him and I don't know as there is one, anvway." I continued, "Shut your eyes and you will way." I continued, "Shut your eyes and you will never see, shut your ears and you will never hear, and the mysteries will never unfold to human souls." He said again, "You think that God can forgive sin, do you? I do not." "Why not?" I said, "Don't you 106 THE "VISION." forgive your child when he asks forgiveness ? Suppose you had offended someone, would you not go pose you had offended someone, would you not go to him as the proper person to forgive your offense, and if you did not go, and he should come to fense, and if you did not go, and he should come to you, wouldn't you say that he who suffered the injury was the proper person to forgive it. So God jury was the proper person to forgive it. So God says, T will forgive you because you have sinned against me.' " He softened a little, with a quiet look, and continued, ''Why don't God show Himself so I could see Him? Then I might believe on Him." ''That is a question as old as the human heart," I replied, "and you may put it down once for all that the Highest Power always does as it chooses, in Heaven or in earth, and the highest mode of existence is in that form which God chooses, and that is ence is in that form which God chooses, and that is a spirit." We relapsed a while into politics, and as Collins was a great Democrat, we did not press our views much farther, and the talk ended. . I was alone, but the long bridge and the cottonwoods and the shadows ! I was delighted with the shadows. Other shadows came and barred the sunlight and threw their taper fingers far over the highway and the sickly stream which flowed beneath me, and the gloom came with the evening, and at the end of the long bridge was sunlight again. And I heard glad voices calling unto me, oh, so sweetly, singing the songs of the angels until the harmonies of earth and sky seemed to meet and mingle in tenderest embrace. The sun declined. For a while it shot out shafts of heat and light, till, tired of its unequal fight with spectres, it sank into its chambers. And there was heard the soft notes of viols as 'of an angel band disenthralled of pain or passion, sweeping the tender chords with the skill of artists and no human love, not the deepest enchantment of woman, could reach the sublime heights which their melody created. A. COLLINS' SUCCESS. Night followed and dissolved the shadows, and the illusions lost their color and form. The mists were slowly rising from the river, the damp with ample folds was spreading over the hill sides and along the highway, and the cold hovered around me till I regained shelter, but the vision remained till the day gained shelter, but the vision remained till the day dawned and the shadows fled away. Dear old river, when the visions become realities there shall be no night there ! The Trusty Man. Of A. Collins it is a pleasure to write in high praise. Brought up with the same unfavorable surA. COLLINS' SUCCESS. A. COLLINS' SUCCESS. roundings as his brother, and sedulously instructed to avoid houses of worship as sanctuaries of hypocrites he early learned that what he did not under- crites he early learned that what he did not understand or appreciate, he should not sharply criticize stand or appreciate, he should not sharply criticize or condemn. I think if he had been brought up in a Christian family, his life would have been sweeter and better and more inspiring, and more often he would have seen men as living souls and not as trees walking. Be that as it may, he has always been a Spechts Ferry thoroughly honest man, and in the many years he toiled with me he committed no act which I would care to blot out or strongly shade. He was to be trusted anywhere, with any mission he was competent to fill. He made a wise choice of a small petent to fill. He made a wise choice of a small THE THREE PROPOSITIONS. 109 farm north of Annawan, many years ago, and it has so improved under his fostering care that it supports him well, and he can now pass his days in peace and plenty, assured that he owes no man anything. I always compliment him on his laugh, for it is inspiring, as soft and coy as a maiden's, and his droop- spiring, as soft and coy as a maiden's, and his drooping lids cover up no traces of undue boldness or ing lids cover up no traces of undue boldness or temerity. We wish him a long and happy life, and that he will never forget to sing the old refrain, "What shall we do with the drunken sailor? Put him in the long boat and let him bail her." For many years it became apparent that no man could carry on the game business with success where his market was a thousand miles or more distant unless he could establish, from time to time, the following propositions: First, that he could cool his lowing propositions: First, that he could cool his birds off on ice and keep them there sweet for ten days in Spring and Fall, and then ship them without ice and without deterioration. Second, he could keep his birds dry in cold air of about 30 degrees F. and ship them dry for thirty days or more, dry chilled and safely. Third, he could freeze his birds and keep them frozen and then ship them safely after six months or more. Fourth, he could pack his birds in air-tight packages, frozen and kept at a low temperature, say about 20 F., and keep them uninjured for one or more years. The two former were comparatively easy, the latter more difficult, but by 1890 we believe we had accomplished it all. When we shipped in the early years, from 1861 to 1870, in the Spring, and cooled off the birds thoroughly on ice, we never lost but one shipment, and oughly on ice, we never lost but one shipment, and that was by transferring them from one town to another and letting the warm air work in. With light other and letting the warm air work in. With light 110 FREEZING GAME BEGINS IN 1870. shoe boxes, as square as we could get them, we pressed them so closely, and they carried so much cold with them and retained it so well, that the birds could not damage in two or three days. We frequently shipped eight hundred birds in one box and we received sale for every one of them, when sold, with prices ranging generally from two> dollars to two and a quarter most of the time, and oc- lars to two and a quarter most of the time, and occasionally higher. Time and again we were warned casionally higher. Time and again we were warned by our consignee that we were likely to lose a whole lot any time if we did not ice them, but we did not lose them nor did we ice them, and our express was so light that it was very profitable. We now proceeded to freeze up our birds and hold them in hot ceeded to freeze up our birds and hold them in hot weather. We had been in the habit of freezing them in their natural state in cold weather in Winter, when prices were too low, and carrying them through the dull season till prices became normal again and then unload them. Turkeys and ducks were for a long time frozen and held by packers in this manner at high altitudes where heat did not come till late. We even kept woodcock one season from November tin the following Spring in a large double grocer's box, opening or closing the lid according to tne weather and never allowing them to cording to tne weather and never allowing them to thaw. We filled this box with grouse and quail in December and sold the lot in February following for $600. We took a small sled load of mallard ducks one day in November, just as the ground was freezing up, which cost us two twenty-five per dozen, ing up, which cost us two twenty-five per dozen, packed them snugly away where the air could not reach them after they were frozen, and in the month of January following surprised the dealers in New York by marketing them there at $6.00 per dozen, and the buyers were so numerous and so insistent FIRST FROZEN MALLARDS 111 that the only way we could do to prevent a fight was to divide them, and this we eventually did. In 1870 we heard of a fish dealer in Sandusky City, Ohio, who had a patented freezing box for, butchers and poulterers, and we went there and saw the owner and the box, which was a very good one for that early day, and we purchased it for $150.00. Later we discovered the patentee in Chicago and we bought two more boxes of him, which were to be of the same style and quality, but they were not. With these boxes for a starter, in the fall of 1870, with the assistance of a good carpenter, we set out to build our own freezing rooms. We built them below ground and though they were inferior to those low ground and though they were inferior to those that came later, we could and did freeze birds fairly well in summer with the aid of the first box we bought. In the summer of 187 1 we filled it full of woodcocks in June, and kept them in a fairly salable shape cocks in June, and kept them in a fairly salable shape till September, when we sold them on an order from Edward Sumner. We packed them in a can used for ice cream, put ice around it, and when they arrived we received one dollar per pair therefor, which rived we received one dollar per pair therefor, which we thought was a good price for them at that time. We built an outside freezer in Atkinson in the Fall of 1 87 1, and we filled it with mallards, packing them frozen in November and December as they ing them frozen in November and December as they came in, and as the temperature was generally low outside and we had pans to freeze hard inside, we laid them on top of one another in tiers until the room was nearly full. We had no opening in the outside but we descended always by a door from the top. After a while the birds seemed to settle a little, and we packed more on top until we had it full, with probably fifteen hundred in all. On the top shelf where we went in we placed a few snipe 112 BUILDS A FREEZER IN ATKINSON which came in the last of the season and after all the Fall birds, which were packed on ice, were spoiled. Before January was over I went to Kewanee and left the place in charge of R. E. Bailey. wanee and left the place in charge of R. E. Bailey. It was soon getting time to ship them out. After taking a few boxes off the top a peculiar smell began to arise and he soon found that the inside birds were getting soft and spoiling. Before he reached the bottom I think one-half had to be thrown away or sold for small price. This year the price for the best birds was only 62 l / 2 cents per pair, and the demand was very slack at that, but we emptied the house. The weather was very cold and the birds went through cheaply by freight and as good as they left us and our loss was not heavy. The few dozen snipe remaining on the shelf were separate from everything else and they kept well frozen and sound, and thing else and they kept well frozen and sound, and in February Snmner gave me four dollars per dozen therefor. These were the first frozen Fall snipe that up to that time had been kept over the winter and marketed in good order. The mallards spoiled by connecting with the ground which drew the frost from beneath them. The Spring came again. We packed about twenty thousand birds. We shipped half of them or more and endeavored to carrv the rest until the summer, or when they were called for. Prices were good in May and June at about $2.50 to $2.75, but we were confined entirely to orders if we maintained our price, and the orders came now only from A. & E. Robbins that year. By August I saw the birds were not as good as they had been and his orders were less numerous and there was no prospect that he would clear us all out, as woodcock were now coming in. Our rooms were not cold enough and we could barely keep them frozen with great care and expense. I employed SELLS DAMAGED JACK SNIPE. 113 a Mr. Loyd to care for them and I went off on the river. In the Fall, after vast quantities of ice had been expended, we threw the balance, several hundred dozen, away. In the Fall following we tried it dred dozen, away. In the Fall following we tried it again in our freezing rooms at Kewanee where there was less trouble to care for them, and in looking at them in the winter I discovered they were getting mouldy, which is the first stage of decay, and when Mr. Lyon soon after asked if I had any snipe I took out a box on his order and sent them to him, something over four hundred in number. They looked so thing over four hundred in number. They looked so bad and smelled so musty, I put the balance in another shoe box, about the same size as the one I other shoe box, about the same size as the one I shipped, took them down near the railroad track and buried them in an open ditch, which the company soon after filled up. In a few days Mr. Lyon pany soon after filled up. In a few days Mr. Lyon returned me over one hundred dollars for the lot I sent him, and those I threw away were equally as good. This is introduced to show the quality of birds which at that time could be sold and which now would not be received at any price. The next vear I reduced the temperature somewhat lower, and though the birds did not open in the Winter quite what they should, I sold most of them to Messrs. Robbins for $3.50 per dozen. The demand now seemed to be increasing, and to cut this story short, from 1873 or 1874 to 1878 or 1880, we had uniformly good prices. I packed all the snipe I could in the ly good prices. I packed all the snipe I could in the Fall, frequently getting large numbers in Chicago at abotit $1.25 per dozen and selling them in March for $3.00 or more, and no one offered any competition. By and by, as the demand was very great tition. By and by, as the demand was very great in the early spring and too little in summer for all we got in, we conceived the idea of packing them up in iron cans, and so carry them through as air tight as possible till the Spring following, and then 114 IN 1879 WE PACK SNIPE IN CANS. we would have no surplus to lose, but it was doubtful how many the market would take, and we op- ful how many the market would take, and we operated with caution and with a feeling of uncertainty erated with caution and with a feeling of uncertainty with the first lot so packed. We had one room which stayed remarkably cold, somewhere about 20 F., and in May we packed there over a thousand dozen, besides leaving out enough for our Spring and Summer trade. In the Fall the season was wet, so that we added a good many more, and when the Spring opened we had nearly fifteen hundred dozen. This was about 1875 or '76. It was very cold in February and we went to New York with all our snipe and plover, and some poultry. We began putting out our Fall snipe at about $3.50 or gan putting out our Fall snipe at about $3.50 or $3.75, and sold most of them at that price, and they were in fine condition and highly spoken of. It remained now for us to dispose of our canned stock, mained now for us to dispose of our canned stock, for which we had no little anxiety. Prices had now begun to fall, receding to $2.50, and at this price we marketed all our birds of the Spring previous before fresh birds came in, giving us now two chances to unload the crop. In 1876 we had in the Winter some three or four hundred dozen Fall snipe and about fifty dozen golden plover, and in the latter part of February, Mr. Lyon wrote me that there ter part of February, Mr. Lyon wrote me that there was going to be a big demand for good, dry frozen birds, and he asked me if I had any, and as I had on one previous occasion sold A. & E. Robbins fresh birds as high as $4.50 per dozen, I informed him that that was my price now. These were fine birds, not mouldy at all, and he advised me that he did not think he could get that price, but if I would send him a barrel he would be sure of $4.00 and he would try hard to get the $4.50, and, anyway, it would get them on the market, and the quality would be ascertained. I sent him the barrel which he sold at certained. I sent him the barrel which he sold at A NEW SHIPPER COMES IN AT ERIE, ILL. 115 $4.00, he volunteering the opinion that he did not think he could get any more. However, next day he ordered a barrel at $4.50 and the plover at $3.50, and in a day or two other offers came in for over eight hundred dozen at this price, and some who offered $4.00 raised the price to $4.50 before the day fered $4.00 raised the price to $4.50 before the day was over. In 1877 we were carrying a small amount of birds, as the Fall was dry and unfavorable. The time came for orders and they did not come. Neither dealers nor commission men made any inquiry ther dealers nor commission men made any inquiry and we were mystified a good deal. Finally it was getting so late I wrote to J. A. Lyon to know what was meant. He informed me that a man in my country, in Erie, was sending what birds they had so far needed and when they were sold mine would be called for. As this man at Erie knew little or nothing of possible values and the buyers offered him $2.75 per dozen, and it made him a good margin, he ordered them sold. After this it was difficult gin, he ordered them sold. After this it was difficult to raise the figures and we had hard work to get the same. This man had been with me in several excursions, as will appear later, but was anxious to get him a breech loader and asked me to get him one, which I did. As a year had elapsed and he had not been able to pay for it, he solicited a chance to work for me in the ice house in winter when I was packing, to pay the debt. I took him on and, in the course of the winter, he learned enough to think he was proficient in packing and handling birds and freezing them. When he returned to Erie he put up a small freezer on his own account and packed the neighboring birds of two or three towns. This was why I had no call, as the dealers knew it would cost them more if I did. The next year Spring snipe were very scarce and sold in New York as high as $3-5o, and the Erie man made quite a hit. Then I 116 COMPETITION BEGINS, BUT SOON ENDS. went over to Erie and I employed a man to buy for me and he ran the price so high the jig was soon up. He could not get birds enough to pay him to run his freezer after Spring w T as over, and in the following Winter, in the last of January, I was surprised to receive a letter from him, stating that he prised to receive a letter from him, stating that he had two hundred dozen good snipe and he would like to sell them to me. As I had only seventy-five dozen which I got from Chicago in the Fall previous, and was very short, I asked him his price and he replied that he would deliver them to me for $2.00 plied that he would deliver them to me for $2.00 per dozen. I ordered them on and in two or three days he arrived overland with the birds. I g~ave him four hundred dollars and sold them all within thirty days for $4.50 per dozen, when I felt that I had squared myself with him. Later he, went to a telegraph office above Omaha, and eventually to Stewart, Nebr., where he persuaded a party to put up a freezer, and where he was in 1895. He proved himself dishonest in every position he was in, although he was a man of good mind and ought to though he was a man of good mind and ought to have made a success. He was a good telegraph operator, but he could not hold his post. From 187 1 erator, but he could not hold his post. From 187 1 we continued to freeze w r oodcocks and sell them frozen. We seldom carried less than five or six hundred pairs, and sometimes very many more. One day we received an order from an unknown party in Fulton Market for forty dozen at $1.25 per pair net, which I thought might be a mistake for four dozen, as it was an unusual number for one order, but I sent them and was glad to receive a letter a day or two afterw r ard stating I must not fail ter a day or two afterw r ard stating I must not fail to fill the order. Later in the latter part of the eighties, we received an order from A. & E. Robbins for a barrel at $1.50 per pair, and he liked them so well he continued ordering till he had received thirHIGH PRICES, 1878 TO 1885. 117 HIGH PRICES, 1878 TO 1885. 117 teen hundred pair, all of which arrived in good order and were promptly paid for. Very many barrels were forwarded and sold in those years between 1878 and 1885 for over three hundred dollars per barrel. These sales of woodcock I generally entrusted to J. A. Lyon, as well as the snipe, unless I trusted to J. A. Lyon, as well as the snipe, unless I had a direct order. One year prices did not go up above one dollar and I did not sell. I put them in barrels and carried them over till 1884 and then shipped a carload of all kinds of game at once, in September, including canvas backs, red heads and snipe, and we packed the car in ice and it arrived well and sold well, except the woodcock, which sold only a barrel or two at half price, and we had them returned to us in cow weather, but we never were able to dispose of them. We saw, moreover, our birds were not keeping as well as they had been, and we decided either that our rooms were getting in bad order or that we were carrying the birds too long. We did not think it would be the latter, for many of our oldest birds sold best. We found there was very much difference in the keeping qualities of different birds we packed, in general the fattest birds turning out the best. The early small snipe did not hold out as well as the later, and as it happened we got two or three barrels of the lighter sort pened we got two or three barrels of the lighter sort where we got one of the heavier. We had a good many barrels of the early snipe which we had carried over from the year preceding, and they were ried over from the year preceding, and they were getting mouldy, and I could not place them on orders. We rubbed the mould off the fat birds and ders. We rubbed the mould off the fat birds and they sold well, and the last two barrels we had of stall-fed pigeons, which were very fat but picked and covered with white mould, we cleaned up so that we heard no complaint, selling at the extreme price of $2.50. 118 SELLS $1,000 WORTH OF GAME. At this time in the Spring the crop of snipe was very small ; fine birds sold readily at three dollars per dozen the season through. In June I had only* two or three barrels of them left. The year before, I had become acquainted with Messrs. H. L. Lawrence & Co., of Boston, and now the birds giving out rence & Co., of Boston, and now the birds giving out in that city, his buyer came to Chicago, expecting there to get his supplies. As he failed he planned to come down and see me. I had at this time a large supply of fresh grass plover and I sold them about a thousand dollars' worth of birds within an hour after he had arrived. He took what fresh snipe I had at $3.00, a good many barrels of grass plover at $2.00, the small mouldy snipe at . eighty-five cents, and the sand snipe at twenty-five cents. I was fearful he would have some trouble in disposing of the ful he would have some trouble in disposing of the mouldy birds, but he said afterwards he did well with them on account of the scarcity of better birds, and he gave me about fifty per cent higher than I could get in New York. DOW BIRDS SELL WELL. I had a few barrels of Dow birds. They seemed to keep better as they were very fat, and what little mould there was rubbed off easily enough. These brought me six dollars and a half a dozen when winter came, and I had now reduced my stock of old ter came, and I had now reduced my stock of old birds so low that I only had twenty-five or thirty barrels left of all kinds, and I considered it the best time I would have to rebuild my freezer. I found that the same ice did not produce the same cold after the freezer had * run twelve months or more and it began to have an old smell. The longer I run it the iller it got. I initiated a new plan at that time, of entirely isolating the rooms from contact PACK QUAILS IN AIR-TIGHT CANS. 119 with outside air. I not only made the walls so thick and so numerous that they were impervious to heat or cold, filling the spaces with dry charcoal, but I built a new room entirely inside of this outside shell and made the air have connection from one side to the other so there w T as a constant movement all around the outside. Immediately on completing this a great change was wrought in the appearance of the birds and the temperature declined several degrees lower and remained there more steadily, so grees lower and remained there more steadily, so that if any sudden change occurred from any outside cause, there would be more degrees to spare to side cause, there would be more degrees to spare to reach thawing point. As the winter passed away, 1 accumulated a large stock of quail, and I hardly dared to risk them through the season in ordinary packing. I fell back to the cans, which I had used two or three years previously for snipe, and as they were altogether too large to handle with ease, we made new ones and smaller, and we experimented how we should make them air tight. The cans, as now made, held about the size of a sugar barrel. We marketed the remaining old birds whenever we could get an opportunity, what were good selling readily. Some were showing signs of mould that we carried through the summer and we had to sell them at a loss, and dealers began to complain and to discriminate against us, and in the winter, with much effort we sold the stock all out, the fat, heavy birds doing very well, the poor birds at a low price. We found canvas backs and red heads would sell well and look well the winter following, but if carried farther were very liable to show decay. As we ried farther were very liable to show decay. As we 120 CANVAS BACK AND RED HEADS. were packing about three hundred barrels a year at this time it was necessary to improve our packing and storage. We took four or five hundred dozen quail that we had left in the Spring and packed them in cans and sealed them the best we knew, and they cost us $1.50 per dozen. In October they opened up so well we sold them to Fred Smith, of Chicago, for $2.75 and $3.00 per dozen, and Fred declared they were the finest he had ever seen held. We laid out over one thousand dollars in cans in 1890 and 1892 and they paid for themselves handsomely every year and we could fill them again very- somely every year and we could fill them again verymany times. Even if we had to lose the cans every many times. Even if we had to lose the cans every year it was a great success. Finally we packed all our game in cans and when we kept the temperature steady and low enough we never lost anything. We began to pack birds from all along the river, from Wabasha to New Albin and Lansing, and as far down as Savannah, and by putting them in shape secured the top price for many really poor birds. Wet birds we dried, rough birds we smoothed out, and if the meat was sweet and sound we made sales readily. We bought large lots of snipe in Chicago and quails and red heads and canvas backs in their season for many years, and we had no trouble to dispose of them at good profit. The first canvas back and red head we held in barrels in 1883 to 1885, and the trade was not as critical as it is now. They usually sold at $2.50 to $3.00 per pair for canvas, and at 75 cents to $1.25 for red heads. As the canvas change their color from Spring to Fall, dealers began to be wary and demand Fall birds and Springs birds were not much wanted. Teal also, which had been selling at about sixty cents a pair, sold anywhere from twenty-five to fifty, 011 account of their changed color in the SELLS 6 BARRELS CANVAS BACKS FOR $i,ooo 121 Spring, while green wings, red heads, quail, grouse and partridges and snipe did not publish their age. In 1885 or 1886 there was a distinctly loud call for canvas backs in December and I received an order through J. A. Lyon which did not specify anything, whether Fall or Spring birds, and, in fact, the question was not raised. In the previous year I had re- tion was not raised. In the previous year I had received quite a good many red heads and canvas ceived quite a good many red heads and canvas backs and the red heads did not seem to sell. We kept them in New York for several months and were at last forced to sell the red heads at 85 cents per pair. The canvas back we disposed of earlier. When Mr. Lyon wrote me that he had sold all the red heads he advised me not to put up any more frozen ducks, as they were discriminated against so much. Without paying any attention to his advice I sent a buyer to the Illinois River in March, who gathered up, with a little outside hejp, thirty-six barrels, red head and canvas, six barrels being canvas rels, red head and canvas, six barrels being canvas and the balance red head. The canvas cost about $6.50 a dozen and the red heads $2.50. When Mr. Lyon inquired if I had any canvas backs in the winter, as I have stated, and what price I wanted, I in- ter, as I have stated, and what price I wanted, I informed him they would be five dollars per pair, as formed him they would be five dollars per pair, as I had seen some quotations at that price, and that I had six barrels which would count about two hundred pair. In two or three days he ordered them dred pair. In two or three days he ordered them by express and it was now very cold weather. Messrs. A. & E. Robbins got the birds, to be delivered on an order which they had previously re- livered on an order which they had previously received from Delmonico's, where they were offered ceived from Delmonico's, where they were offered and refused by that house because they were Spring birds. This threw them back on Messrs. Robbins, but as the birds had been accepted from us, after some grumbling and a demand for a reduction in price, they were finally paid for as we sold them, 122 . SELLS 30 BBLS. RED HEADS. After this there was a steady call for reel heads in February and March. We sold a barrel in December for $2.00 per pair. Later they raised to cember for $2.00 per pair. Later they raised to $2.25 and $2.50, and the last three barrels were sold in March at $3.00 per pair. The market was in such a delicate state we could only sell one or two barrels at a time, but when the last barrel had gone we found we had a net profit between twenty-nine hundred and three thousand dollars on the thirty-six barrels. That was the high tide on them, for although birds further advanced to $6.00 per pair, we though birds further advanced to $6.00 per pair, we only sold two or three barrels afterwwards to Sumner as high as five dollars a pair for Spring birds. ner as high as five dollars a pair for Spring birds. In 1867, at the time of the rupture at Savannah and Sabula with the hunters there, we conceived the idea of building a small steam boat, run by ourselves and drawing but little water, with which we could penetrate all the back places along the river where the birds were the most plenty, and in 1868 we began to put this plan into effect. It was the more necessary because the railroads were not running up far on the east side and none on the west side of the river, and it was extremely difficult to reach the best ground with a skiff, and more so with the ice which made our great burden. Besides, we had to ship by steamboat at the nearest landing we could reach and thence they were transferred to railroad towns, by which, in the long run, we lost one or two boxes and several more were damaged. By means of a steamboat we could use our own conveyance and could provision it and make our shipments and have our home on board. We contracted with a boat builder in Davenport,, Iowa, to put us up such a boat as we needed and have it ready fo r delivery July 4th. We hardly knew what we did \yant ancl we left the construction very much to tlf^ STEAMBOAT FIREFLY-- 1868. 123 builder. It was to be forty feet long, eight feet beam, model bow, side wheel, and the engine to be three horse power. There was a walk around the boat of two feet more on each side. The front, in tne hold, was divided off into a large recess for ice and a circular roof covered the whole. We did our cooking in front and had our sleeping berths in the back end. Also, we steered our boat in the beginning from the front. Later we abandoned it for the ning from the front. Later we abandoned it for the stern and with a raised platform we had the pilot house there. The boiler was a poor, second-hand affair and it would not at this day have been tolerated in any water, but it was not intended for pas- erated in any water, but it was not intended for passenger traffic or fast sailing, but with some im- senger traffic or fast sailing, but with some improvements it answered our purpose as long as provements it answered our purpose as long as needed. This little vessel we named the "Firefly," from its diminutive size and the flash light from the smoke stack. This is the boat that once was tossed From Island Rock unto LaCrosse. Unknown its nature or its name, Whither it went or whence it came. No penant flung, no beacon flew, No seas of foam inspired the crew. Without a pilot or a chart, Without a merchant or a mart; Past the great ships that hurried on To their own land, this one had none. Past rising towns whose stately stone Fell down before the great cyclone, Never a timber, never a spar, Floated the vessel near or far, By lordly barons owned. Its keel In shallow waters planned to steal, By lonely pools and fetid fen, 124 BUILT AT DAVENPORT, IOWA. Forest and rock and shade and glen, Beyond the homes and haunts of men It journeyed on. The hull of the vessel was framed very strongly, with ribs of oak a few inches apart, and this, with the floor laid of only one-inch boards, saved us from foundering many times. The machinery was not fastened to the bottom of the boat as solidly as it should have been, and as we shall see, soon caused us much trouble in a trying moment. When we learned the boat was completed, immediately after July 4th, Mrs. M., myself and the two boys took possession at Davenport, in a very hot spell of weather, and there selected our companions du voyage. We lay there for several hours, tied up just age. We lay there for several hours, tied up just below the wharf of the ferry boat, completing our outfit of ice and necessary provisions for an absence of a week from the city. The river below and partly abreast of us was shut in by a boom of logs that started from the boat and ran out many rods into the current, and the delight of the boys was to walk the logs and wade in the river. We were all very busy and did not notice for a while that either of the boys was absent, but when the knowledge became known to us, Clarence, the younger, was found came known to us, Clarence, the younger, was found sitting on one of the logs many rods out in the stream, and when told to come in he was disinclined to do so. However, the usual persuasion discovered to us he had slipped off one of the logs into the river and was now trying to dry himself in the sunshine. He made no outcry or expressed any fear, shine. He made no outcry or expressed any fear, and he looked to me very much like a New Zealander content to sit on his log and float away to any lander content to sit on his log and float away to any shore the winds might carry him. We had a small amount due yet on the boat and PASS THE MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE, The Boy Too Busy to Drown. while the fire was starting in the boiler I went to the Rock Island Bank of Lynde & Co. 1 never had been in the bank before and carried no reference, and merely stated I wanted to draw one hun- ence, and merely stated I wanted to draw one hundred dollars on New York, and that the little vessel dred dollars on New York, and that the little vessel built across the river was mine. The banker made no objection, asked me for no references, handing me the money, and, by five o'clock or thereabouts, we started on our journey with the rapids before us. 126 GET ON WRONG SIDE OF THE RlVER. We expected to hire no skilled machinist, as the hunters we took on board had some experience, and they soon learned to handle the boat fairly well. I think there were nine men of us besides Mrs. M. and children. Among the rest we carried the two Ogden boys, James Joles, Bart Potter, Johnny O'Brien, Ike Seyberts, Charles Collins and Orm Brown, a motley crew, with no bonds to bind them further than the profit they expected to make and the novelty and fun of the enterprise. Ike took to the furnace. Collins guided the wheel. The rest left on foot one way or another, advising us to go ahead and they would meet us farther up the river. They had no dogs and we did not know why. It did not develop for what purpose they went till we had got along up a mile or so above the city > where we stopped for the night and the hunters began to come in, each of them with one or more dogs. We found the water very swift when we began to pass the railroad bridge and continuously afterward, and we ran over just before dark on the Government Island, expecting to find the water there less rapid. land, expecting to find the water there less rapid. While we lay there a few minutes trying to increase our steam, an officer found us and informed us we must not stay on the Island longer than we could possibly help. We soon steamed up again and landed on the west shore, camping for the night inside the fence on the long grass, a pleasant place side the fence on the long grass, a pleasant place enough with all the cover we wanted, for it was very hot. We started early in the morning, following the dogs tugging at their chains and yelping a miserere by the time the smoke left the smoke stack. It was suggested that we hitch them on and have them draw us up the river, as there were no whales in sight, and their superfluous power was being wasted. Their bark, when tied up, was like steam pipes under STUCK ON ROCKS BELOW LeCLAIRE 127 pressure and their grand notes and high solos were proof against sleep in the morning. We got away, some by water and some by land, with a current not now very swift as long as we followed the line of the shore. The boat was not drawing over one foot of water. By middle of the afternoon the boat was abreast the coffer dam, which begins somewhere opposite Moline. Then it proceeded slowly up several miles, receding farther from the west shore and eral miles, receding farther from the west shore and meeting much rough water. Whether the rocks threw the helmsman out into the channel or whether he was experimenting to find easier water, I never knew, but looking across toward the middle of the rapids from the great flat which forms the bay below LeClaire, we saw that the boat was there and low LeClaire, we saw that the boat was there and in trouble, and evidently on the rocks outside of the channel, and apparently unable to get away. It developed afterwards that in this crucial moment the foundation of the machinery tore up and it required some time to replace it strong enough to hold till they could pull off the rocks. Marion Ogden was on shore with me nearly half a mile off, along the deep bay that reaches into the mainland on the west shore. The water was not deep between us and the boat, and for fear it would not get loose and because Mrs. M. was on the boat with part of the crew, and suffering terribly from the heat outside and inside, he made his way to the vessel, took her in his arms and transported her to the shore. About the time he reached there the boat got loose again and gradually worked its way on up the river till it reached the point by the old mill, just below LeClaire, where we passed the night, all hands being present. In the morning we had only a short space of rough water till the upper end of the rapids was passed and we continued on up easily. To the people of LeClaire 128 GET SOME FREE ADVERTISING. Mrs. M. Makes Off with Another Man. we were a wonder of wonders. Their evening sheet came out with a long account of the new arrival, which, it stated, was composed of men, women, children and dogs. Getting some provisions, we left dren and dogs. Getting some provisions, we left LeClaire, still following up the west side till we ran into some old piles, the remains of a former lumber fleet that were sunken under the surface of the water. They were cut off smoothly on the top, over which our boat traveled and nearly balanced WE REACH SABULA AND HUNTSVILLE. 129 Savanna-- Old Town. itself when about midway, and held so fast we thought the bottom had pushed through. Luckily it did not, when, passing over to the east shore, we resumed our way and before noon passed Port Byron. We continued on up to Camanche, making that our stopping place where we could get our table supplies and in the morning dropped down to the Wapsiepinicon River, where we did our first hunting. Mrs. M. was so overcome with heat we had ing. Mrs. M. was so overcome with heat we had to carry her out on the shore under the shade of some great trees where she passed the day. We stopped at the mouth of the Wapsie and there Mrs. M. discovered the first and only humming bird's nest 130 MOUTH OF THE MAQUOKETA RIVER. we ever saw. The nest, holding two eggs, we retained, which we brought home with us when we tained, which we brought home with us when we returned. Unfortunately the eggs were broken, but the nest we have kept ever since. In the two days we were at the mouth of this river we killed one hundred and thirty birds, shipped them at the end of the second day at Albany, which village hacl been riddled and torn with the battle of wind and hail in Maquoketa River. i860. By the time we reached Sabula we had our banners all out, moving closely along the Iowa shore with great crowds meeting and cheering us as we went, and with wind and steam we saluted them all. About twelve miles further up we reached Huntsville, an insignificant place at the mouth of the ville, an insignificant place at the mouth of the Maquoketa River opposite, before we began to hunt Among the islands below dubuque. i3i again. Farther up we passed Bellevue, then crossed to the east shore, took up a Slough that runs along past the mouth of the Galena River, then out into the main channel again and along the islands below Dubuque. Often when the boat was moving slow-' ly along some of the crew would rush ashore and shoot a while, then jump on again when they got a little tired or reached a slough they could not cross, Dubuque's Grave. and in this way many woodcock came in. Next day we passed East Dubuque, and further up about five or six miles we reached the islands where Coflins and I had such good shooting two years before, and here remained one day. Then we took to the Slough 132 AMONG THE ISLANDS BELOW DUBUQUE. Rock Cut on the Catfish below Dubuque. again, which begins close by the lower point of the island and runs back up the east side and ends at Grant Slough, from which a canal is cut into the river opposite Specht's Ferry. We passed up to the bridge that crosses the road to Potosi and the river AMONG THE ISLANDS BELOW DUBUQUE. 133 and could not get under the bridge on account of our high smoke stack, which we had to take down. We tarried one or two clays alongside of the Canal and found many birds. While we were away from the boat one day, two deer crossed the Slough close by, which were the only ones we saw on our route. There were wild hogs innumerable and Collins shot Dubuque. one, and it was dressed and served up on the boat. It had a wild and unsavory taste and we preferred the hams which were our usual fare. After going through the canal into the river we went about a mile farther up till we reached another slough on the east side and, following it along up to its upper end, we stayed a day. Close by, on a bend of the 134 AMONG THE ISLANDS BELOW DUBUQUE. East Dubuque and Railroad Bridge. Mouth of Catfish, Below Dubuque. TURKEY RIVER AND CASSVILLE, WIS. 135 slough, we found a little spring house with a stream running from it, and looking in, the boys found pans of milk which they sampled freely and afterwards named it the Milk Slough. wards named it the Milk Slough. We passed Cassville in a few days and the mouth of the Turkey River a mile above, where' we found Eagle Point, Above Dubuque. many birds. Still on we went above Guttenberg, another German town, and nearly opposite the little town of Glen Haven there is an island on the west side along the point of which, in its upper end, nearly all the river boats have to pass in low water, and ly all the river boats have to pass in low water, and here we stopped a day or two to hunt out the island. We knew next to nothing about the channels for river boats at that time and while landed here there came down around the point a big river boat which 136 TURKEY RIVER AND CASSVILLE, WIS. passed so close to our vessel that it nearly submerged it, throwing the waves all over it, throwing it upon the shore and nearly overturning it, falling back at last into the trough of the sea which the great ship had scooped out. The captain of the vessel hailed us as he passed and said we were in the most dangerous part of the river possible, that the boats had to make that sudden turn in low water and were Broken Bridge at Eagle Point above Dubuque. unable to give us any warning, and that to save our lives and property we ought to move away, which we soon did. East of this there are two islands, one of which comes up from opposite Gut- lands, one of which comes up from opposite Guttenberg and is divided by a narrow passage from tenberg and is divided by a narrow passage from the island that flanks Glen Haven on the north, and here in this channel we landed and were sleepTURKEY RIVER AXD CASSVILLE, WIS. 137 TURKEY RIVER AXD CASSVILLE, WIS. 137 138 GET TANGLED UP WITH A STEAMBOAT. Turkey River Above the Mouth. ing quietly in the night when a huge boat came up from below, attempted to land, and caught into our skiff, which was tied to the end of the boat, and it got so mixed up with it that the captain, coming forward and seeing the trouble, backed out into 'the river again and went on his way. In the morning we came near getting into a trouble with the men on the landing, for it turned out that this was a woodyard where the boat got its supplies and we were blamed for not permitting it to land. At this point James Joles killed forty birds in one day on the lower island not far away, and this was the first big shot that anyone at that time had made. We put out our tent on the channel between the islands and many of us slept ashore there while we stayed. One night, coming in, I was shown two WE HUNT BELOW McGREGOR, IOWA. 139 or three monstrous rattlers which the boys had killed that day. We were now taking it quite easily, some of the hunters had left us, and we did not retain over half of the number that shipped with us. The few that remained did better, and the weather began to be cool and bracing. We shipped a number of boxes from Guttenberg near by, then passed on upwards to Prairie Du Chien and McGregor. South wards to Prairie Du Chien and McGregor. South Railroad Bridge and Wisconsin River. of McGregor half a mile there is a small bay running up from the river between two cliffs on the ning up from the river between two cliffs on the mountain side, where a little flat sets in, and by it, on the water's edge, there was then a fine spring which was so enticing we remained there some days. Across the river at this point, a little lower down, was the mouth of the Wisconsin and there was much good hunting ground adjacent. This open ground where we landed covered half an acre or more, and the cows would come along down from town pasturing here as they went and loth to leave on their turing here as they went and loth to leave on their 140 SEYBERTS AND COLLINS HAVE A RACKET. journey among the hills that flanked the sides of the bay, and at night returning with full udders they wended their way slowly along or rested awhile. The boys soon enough discovered that this was their dairy, and penning up those that x would not stop themselves they drew therefrom bountiful streams that went to modify their Rio. One evening Charlie Pictured Rocks Below McGregor. Collins, who always had a penchant for .getting up high and coming down low, climbed up this lofty hilltop, and to show he was there and make a great noise began throwing down the biggest stones he could find, roaring and tumbling like a volcano, and Ike, who was intent on getting the lacteal fluid and had his cow penned up against the steep hill side, was too mad for quiet when this downpour of rock SEYBERTS AND COLLINS HAVE A RACKET. 141 was precipitated upon the land, which disturbed muley so much that she- kicked over his pail and gave Ike some pains in the sublateral region, which created much merriment. Ike tried it again with no better success, when he halloed up to Collins to quit his d d monkeying or he would come up there and kill him. As he and Charles were always in a Pretty Cave Bejow McGregor. quarrel it began to smell around there something like the flavor of brimstone till Charlie came down with his usual apology, laughed loudly, in which Ike joined him and it was all blown over. The crowd chaffed Ike a great deal about this occurrence, but the rest of the crew bore the loss bravely which the destruction of the milk brought them. While we were there one morning there was a slight noise ADVENTURE WITH A RATTLER. upon the roof of the boat, and looking out we discovered a rattler sliding along /down but giving no covered a rattler sliding along /down but giving no warning of his presence till he landed on the bow, and Mrs. M. was so frightened she ordered Ike to kill it immediately, which he did. It turned out that Ike, on going to a spring to drink before he landed here, had heard the familiar sound of a A rattler whose room was better than his company. m rattler close by, and getting a box had put the reptile therein, after pulling out his fangs, as he said he did. If so, they had grown out again in the short time he had been on the boat, and Ike was warned not to repeat the performance. Guttenberg is quite an industrious, thriving German town, and as one of the leading citizens there man town, and as one of the leading citizens there was named Crawford, I always thought of the noted MRS. M. INTERROGATES THE INDIANS. 143 novelist of that name when I visited it. Glen Haven, on the east side, is also a small German town, and the only man who seemed to possess any skill was a watch maker and he could do almost any kind of work on machinery to perfection, and fixed up any breakage we might have many times. We stayed one day at Prairie Du Chien and passed up the river Looking from Pike's Peak Towards Wisconsin River. on that side. Across on the island was an Indian camp, whither Mrs. M. was very anxious to go and visit. As she had our dog with her the bucks were very anxious to secure it, which they claimed would be "good eat" when he became fat, and fat dogs are their specialty. With plenty of green corn in the summer, which they appropriate from the growing crops of the farmers near at hand, and the muskrats, 144 MRS. M. INTERROGATES THE INDIANS. which they take at all times of the year and which form their staple meat, they manufacture succotash in the summer in the Indian style, which is kept cooking constantly in a large iron kettle over the fire, the women doing the work and the bucks mostly asleep. Their filth does not seem to destroy their life or make their morals any worse, neither North McGregor Point. are they shy at begging. From Prairie Du Chien we passed up to Lansing, shooting over the intermediate ground, and on beyond Lynxville,, and a mediate ground, and on beyond Lynxville,, and a few miles farther up we stayed several days, not going as far as DeSoto, but nearer the opposite shore. The birds did not seem to be very plenty here ; it was very dry, and they seemed to have left SMOKE STACK GIVES OUT. the wooded beds and dry valleys and gone into very thick cover. Not a track of any living being was to be seen in the bottoms across from Lynxville, except occasionally the barefoot track of an Indian. This was fine ground for birds, plenty of cool, shady places and little draws where we usually found them, and we did not kill more than eight or South McGregor. ten birds a day each. We started to work down the river again and we had not gone very far before one of our flues gave out and the smoke and heat all escaped up the smoke stack and we were where we could not repair it short of McGregor, therefore we pushed out into the stream and allowed the boat to float down sideways, as the waters carried it, only working with our skiffs alongside to keep the boat 146 SEYBERTS AND COLLINS LAND TO FIGHT. from swinging and to pull it out of the channel in case a big boat should find us in their way. We were now reduced to four or five men and Seyberts was in the skiff and Collins was back of the boat doing some mending. Ike, with his usual devilishness, began to row with one oar, the outside one, of ness, began to row with one oar, the outside one, of which there was no need whatever, and as if by mistake he skipped the blade of the oar over the top take he skipped the blade of the oar over the top of the water in a kind of skimming fashion, and by so doing threw a large amount of water into Collins' face and lap. Ike apologized slightly but in a few minutes repeated the mistake. Collins began to get angry and he told Ike that if he did that again he would come down into the skiff and throw him into the river. The wetting continued, and Charlie said to O'Brien to turn the prow of the boat around towards the shore, that they were going asliore and wards the shore, that they were going asliore and Ike and he were going to fight it out. Johnny turned the boat point forward to the shore and he and all aboard was laughing at the fun that was in store. I was on the shore at that time, running along through the brush, hunting as I went and keeping easily abreast of the boat, which had nothing to propel it but the waves, and looking out oc- ing to propel it but the waves, and looking out occasionally through the bushes, I saw the boat head- casionally through the bushes, I saw the boat heading towards me, apparently as if to land. Those ing towards me, apparently as if to land. Those that were on the boat were setting up a great glee at the prospect of the fight, and the champions stood with knitted brows glaring at each other as the 1 boat was about to land. I supposed it was landing to take me on. I made towards the boat as it struck the shore. The champions stood a while as if undecided what to do, and the crew meanwhile poking decided what to do, and the crew meanwhile poking fun at them and daring them to fight, till Charlie began to laugh, when the whole thing fell through, the boat shoved out into' the stream again, and no blood came from either of them. WE RETURN TO TURKEY RIVER 147 We went over to North McGregor and had our flue repaired on Sunday, at the elevator, and Monday we descended to Turkey River, just above Cass- day we descended to Turkey River, just above Cassville. This is a bottom of heavy timber on both ville. This is a bottom of heavy timber on both sides for a mile or more back from the main river. I was on the south side of the stream, hunting away with very fair success in the afternoon, when it began to grow dark more suddenly than I expected. gan to grow dark more suddenly than I expected. The day seemed to shorten up and the hills in the west threw a dark mantle over the valley. Night was coming on unmistakably and I left for the river bank where the boat lay. Collins had come in for the same cause as myself, with the additional one, as he explained, that he was "all fired up" with the mosquitoes which attacked his neck and face without mercy. I had put on a preparation, so they hurt me but very little, while his neck and ears were red and swollen. After getting our meal the darkness began to fade away and the light to strengthen, and shortly the sun broke out into the sky and it was only ly the sun broke out into the sky and it was only three or four o'clock. It was an eclipse of the sun. The fowls began to crow in the farmyard as though another day was approaching, and we slept the rest of that day. We stopped at Cassville and it was getting cold now, along the first of October. Our landing for several days was opposite the governor's house, and his wife frequently came out to see us. Our little boys ferried me across the river every day, and over against the bluff side the shooting was good. Later we passed below Jack O and into the Milk Slough again, staying a few days and returned to Cassville to ship. As we started to leave the slough we perceived a lot of bark piled up near the shore and before we left we filled our boat with it for fire and steam, as it took no labor to prepare it. We started out just before dark and had gotten 148 AND THEN TO OASSVILLE, AND BELOW. fairly in the river when it began to rain. The winds blew and beat upon us and our motion was slow and heavy, but our bark fire was a terrible disappointment as it made little steam and we were appointment as it made little steam and we were hours, working up against Buena Vista till we got in the channel between Jack O and the east shore, without which we would never have seen the city that night. It was so dark between the shore and the island that much of the time we had to guess our way, and running close to the island to avoid heavy seas, we encountered tree tops innumerable that had fallen over into the river, and often we had to back out to save our smoke stack. It was midnight when we landed at Cassville again and in the night when we landed at Cassville again and in the morning the boys of the town reported another ship had come in during the night, and the Governor's wife came out to see if it was so. "What boat nor's wife came out to see if it was so. "What boat is that came in last night?" she said, and down she came and talked awhile with us very pleasantly. Our crew was reduced to only one man, Collins and myself, and we found a good many birds for the middle of October. While we were there it froze very hard one night. The boys had picked up some small turtles which they kept in a pan to look at ; not over two or three inches across their backs, spotted and with little short tails ; they were quite an attraction. We had planned to take them with us when we went home, but the cold was so intense that night that it froze ice over in the pails and our little guests were cooked in the morning dead. We pulled down the river again the last week of October, Mrs. M. firing the boat and Collins at the rud- ber, Mrs. M. firing the boat and Collins at the rudder. Three or four miles above Dubuque we landed der. Three or four miles above Dubuque we landed on the west shore where there were some bottom lands, and it was cloudy and foggy from the cold the night previous. We did not stop over an hour, RETURN TO CASSVILLE AND HUNT. 149 and I picked up my gun while dinner was getting ready. In that time I raised seven partridges, and killed six of them, the one that escaped not coming up within reach. Before dark we were below Dubuque at the east shore opposite the point of the first island you meet. Here were a few cottonwoods on the shore, while on the island a lumber fleet had put in and tied up for the night, and the wind rocked out little vessel like a cradle till the morning appeared again. We reached LeClaire just before peared again. We reached LeClaire just before night the following day and we prepared to run the rapids. There was a comparatively narrow channel where it was safe for big boats to go, but they seldom ventured out before morning, laying by at dom ventured out before morning, laying by at LeClaire. We did not know this channel, and when we entered the current the great momentum of the flood from above struck us, and we went with a plunge down the incline. The helmsman could hardly keep on his feet, and the mad rush of the waters ly keep on his feet, and the mad rush of the waters made one dizzy to look overboard, as it would from a high tower. We looked at one another with astonishment, the voice semed to freeze to our lips, tonishment, the voice semed to freeze to our lips, and every lurch of the vessel seemed to send a thrill into our veins, and we could only meditate rapidly as we would when going over an abyss. For a moment we would glance at the waters, hoping that the prow would not meet an obstruction and turn the boat against the current, in which case we would have been swamped in an instant and the craft sunk to the bottom, but it bowled on. No one had advice to give, or, if given, it would have passed unheeded, and the awe of the moment crept over us. We felt we were pygmies in a boisterous flood that was sweeping us madly on to eternity. We probably had descended a quarter of a mile, hoping and waiting, with our feet braced against the bottom 150 RUN CHANNEL OF THE RAPIDS. *-# -- '*""* t^igv*®️^ ^tf* 4" M J* , . "#( " <MW%W"ifc_ -5 *:#* The Boat That Was Founded on a Rock. BOAT RESTS EASILY. 151 of the boat, when every jar tortured us like a knife thrust through our bodies, and the speed of the vessel mounting up, as it seemed, to a mile in a minute, sel mounting up, as it seemed, to a mile in a minute, the water swirling against the sides and licking up the bubbles that burst from the eddies or broke into rainbows far down the channel. All at once the boat struck something, a hidden rock, over which it grazed a moment, then whirled to the left with the speed of lightning and vaulted out of the trough of the sea over the obstruction and swinging around threw the boat crossways of the channel, and landed us dry upon a long, flat rock, against which the waves pelted and dashed pitifully. This w r as done so quickly, I hardly had time to take breath, or even to look after the family, which, for an instant, thought death was upon them. As the speed stopped and the boat rested easily we regained our senses and began examining what sort of a place we were in. The water was not over a foot deep on the flat rock which extended the length of the boat, and we found that the boat, once on, could not get off, as the flood drove it farther on and the rise of the rock prevented it from going over. We were not ten feet east of the main channel. A few feet further west we would have passed over safely. It was now getting dark and no help could be had from any quarter. We were half a mile from any land and we were regaled with the wild music of the winds as it rushed through the rigging. I quieted the family as well as I could and assured them we could not possibly be carried away. I lay down and slept well, but their sleep was badly broken, if they had any at all. In the morning we could see better. On the east shore was a small hamlet, Rapids City, and we got out our skiff to go there for assistance,, when a boat left that shore carrying two men, who soon 152 WE ARE RESCUED FROM RAPIDS CITY came to us and told us what to do to escape. We had not power enough to breast the current, even where we were with the water shallow, so they ordered us to steam up while they got a line in front dered us to steam up while they got a line in front of the boat with their skiff, and as the steam raised the combined power of the two carried us forward, past and around this rocky headland and into the channel again. We saluted our helpers, waved our hands at them, and rolled on again down the fierce current, following the instructions which were given us, and in due time we passed the whole length of the rapids, passed the Big Bridge, unloaded the family, and ran the boat down the island below Davenport, where, with a nice anchorage, we tied up the vessel for the winter. In this trip we killed and shipped fifteen hundred pairs of woodcocks. THE FIREFLY GOES DOWN THE TENNESSEE RIVER FOR WINTER OF 1869. The following summer birds were low during July and August, down to fifty cents per pair, and we did not move the Firefly. In the Fall a party came and wanted to hire it for the winter, saying they were going down on the Tennessee River to hunt ducks, and I let them have it. They went down around Memphis and attempted to return in the Spring, and they got as far back as Point Pleasant, in Missouri, when they abandoned the boat. I ant, in Missouri, when they abandoned the boat. I took two men, Collins and Charles Beach, from Davenport, and we went down and brought it back as enport, and we went down and brought it back as far as St. Louis, which point we could not pass on account of the swift water, but as there was a vessel there about to depart up the river, we secured transportation for all of us to our railroad station, and portation for all of us to our railroad station, and Mr. Beach and the Firefly to Davenport, for One Hundred Dollars, and the above named Beach conFIREFLY LIES AT GARDEN PLAIN. 153 FIREFLY LIES AT GARDEN PLAIN. 153 tracted to run us up the river again in July, 1870. We went up there much as we did the year before, and we spent most of the time between Dubuque and LaCrosse, running up awhile into Root River, where Kindred found so many birds four years before. We had a small crew, not over four or five fore. We had a small crew, not over four or five persons, and my family did not go. As the birds got thinner along in the summer, Collins and Beach took a run out on the railroad to Cresco, Iowa N , where they found a great many chickens, and I went with them, leaving the boat in the meanwhile with Barton and the boys at McGregor, from which point, when they got through, they ran the boat, down to Garden Plain, a few miles below Rock Rapids. The weather was cold when we first commenced to hunt chickens, the first of September, as menced to hunt chickens, the first of September, as low as 40 F. in the morning, and we thought our birds would keep till we got a box, but it grew warmer. We had no ice and the birds, apparently sound when they were shipped, arrived in New York in very bad order, so much so we got very little for them. Then we abandoned shipping and tle for them. Then we abandoned shipping and went to storing the balance of the month, and I became acquainted with a baggage man at Prairie Du came acquainted with a baggage man at Prairie Du Chien, Charles Stannard by name, who was one of those happy souls not often met with, ever ready to help anybody, oftentimes even at a loss to himself. I had shipped so many boxes at his station, he came to know me, and when I asked him if I coulcl pack my birds in his ice house, a few rods distant, he readily consented, and there I placed all my birds from Cresco for about three weeks, going down my- self and packing them away. After a time Mr. Stannard said I need not come down if I would tell him how to pack, and he packed all my birds afterwards till the first week in October, when I left wards till the first week in October, when I left 154 CHARLES STANNARD. Cresco for the season. I found the birds all packed away under a foot of cold sawdust and resting squarely on the ice, breasts down, when I dug them out and shipped them. Of course, they were pretty dirty with the sawdust and the earlier birds were somewhat sour from laying so long, but they were all salable. I wanted some money on them before I went home, and I asked Mr. Stannard to go with me to the bank to make a draft against the birds, and he said ~c would. I visited him at his home in South Prairie Du Chien, where he had a handsome residence, secured a hundred and thirty-five dollars, thanked him as well as I could, for which he would take no remuneration, and when the birds arrived in New York they were sold for about one dollar per pair, and the draft paid. Sumner was very sorry because I did not send the shipment to him, and said the birds were worth $1.12^ if not $1.25 per pair, as they were very much wanted and he did not get near enough. Mr. Stannard died several years ago, but I never saw him again after that season. In 1 87 1 a new crew wanted to go up the River. We took on the Ogdens, William Morris, John Barton and W. E. Bailey. They ran the boat up to the neighborhood of Savannah, and there in the latter part of June they began to gather in birds. I ter part of June they began to gather in birds. I had them sent to Atkinson and put in our freezer, which we brought from Sandusky City. About the first of July my family and myself joined them again at Savannah and we passed another summer up the River, or until Sept. 1st. From Prairie du Chien up to the neighborhood of De Soto we spent most of our two months. On our way we landed at our famous camping ground below McGregor and were sorry to find that the new railroad on the west THIRD TRIP OF THE FIREFLY, 1871. 155 side had entirely obliterated our spring. We were opposite the Wisconsin River and we made up our minds to go there and we did so, going as far up as Bridgeport or a little higher. Here also was a long bridge across the River and the Indians were encamped all around it. They followed us about every day, begging for anything we had until one day we gave them a small catfish which lay in the bottom of our skiff, pretty well perished. They were pleased with it but they came no more to our boat, though they followed me all around the woods, begging my birds, for which they had no use whatever, and I drove them away. We found birds not ever, and I drove them away. We found birds not very plenty but found plenty of cool, flowing springs and we made the most of them. Then we descended to the Mississippi again, passed up the river, ed to the Mississippi again, passed up the river, leaving Prairie du Chien well along in the afternoon. A storm seemed to be coming up and we fol- noon. A storm seemed to be coming up and we followed up the East side of the island opposite and lowed up the East side of the island opposite and the tempest seemed to increase and threaten. As it roared louder we hugged the shore till we passed the point beyond which for half a mile or more we had to cross the channel on the West side. We had not gone far when the rain began to come' down and the wind to blow with increasing force, but the lee of the mountain was before us, and the waves did not run very high to overflow us. We crowded on all the steam we could and just as we reached the embrace of the shore the thunders rolled over the hilltops, the waves reaching us and breaking against the sides of the boat and upon the land like the burst of desolation, and nearly engulfed us as we struck the shore. Barton and Collins jumped out, grasped the rope quickly, drew it around some saplings on the shore and held it taut till the fury of the storm had abated. If we had 156 STORM ABOVE PRAIRIE DU CHIEN. been ten minutes* later getting in a total shipwreck would have been unavoidable. The mountain towered up at a great height and warded off the de- ered up at a great height and warded off the destruction which was imminent, struction which was imminent, WE LAND JUST BELOW DE SOTO AND HAVE FINE SUCCESS-- BOAT GETS LOOSE WITH THE DOG. At Prairie du Chien the ferry boat was thrown high and dry upon the shore and much property went without price in this disaster of wind and rain. We continued our journey up past Lansing and were in sight of this place when I missed my dog. Looking about for the skiff which was usually fastened to the stern of our vessel we found that also ened to the stern of our vessel we found that also was gone, and lo, and behold, on casting our eyes down the River we saw it had broken loose and was drifting downwards probably forty rods away, and in it sat Ponto, looking wistfully forward to us and surveying the gap which widened* rapidly between us. If he could have reached us by jumping out of the boat he would have done so. We ing out of the boat he would have done so. We turned round, overtook the skiff and took the poor fellow in, and there was great joy and a good laugh at Ponto's expense. From Lansing we passed out along the East side, keeping with the channel, and eventually reached a mile or two below De Soto, a short distance from the end of the timber as it reaches the prairie. Here the shooting was remarkably good. I hunted on the side of the River markably good. I hunted on the side of the River by the boat ; Barton and the other boys crossed over to the other. Mrs. M. was somewhat disturbed by the Indians, who came along every day in their skiffs, stopping and begging for meat, and she had to use all her diplomacy to keep them off the boat, Annoyed by the Indians. as they were hungry thieves and would ask only for what they could not get otherwise. She put them off by telling them we were short of provisions. Had they known we were so far away there is no The Dog Loose and Lost in Sight. telling what they might have done, but she gave them no clue where we were. They were, dirty, vulgar and immodest, and if they were children of 158 FAMILY RETURNS HOME. Nature,, they were spoiled children. One fellow came along in his skiff alone, sitting bolt upright and paddling from the rear, with only one piece of Covering on his person, and that a straw hat. He presented a very artistic pose, and Mrs. M. thought he would suit an artist if his picture was well finished. ished. My family now thought of returning home. It was near September anl the boys were unwilling to leave, but I promised them they could have the boat again after we had gone. We got off at Prairie du Chien, whence my family and self returned home. The last day the boys went across turned home. The last day the boys went across the River up where they were camped. They did not return till very late, not before nine o'clock in the evening, and they had to make their way slowly through the bushes and they were lost part of the time. When they came in they were loaded with birds. Barton had killed forty woodcocks and the rest did proportionately well. Barton was the banner hunter all the season. As we were coming down to Prairie du Chien we counted up his dues, out of which his expenses were to come for boarding him and ammunition, and we found since he ing him and ammunition, and we found since he came on the boat the last of June he had to his credit two hundred and forty dollars, which I paid him then and there all in a lump. As Bailey was now able to manage the boat he took it and returned with the Bartons to the same ground and all did well. Birds were high this season and most of them brought $1.25 per pair, and the last went to Sumner. After my family got home I returned up the River again as far as McGregor and went on to Cresco. I hired a one-horse buggy with sufficient room in the back of it to hold one hundred cient room in the back of it to hold one hundred pounds of ice and I began business the first day of PRAIRIE CHICKENS SELL At $1.00 TO $1.25. 159 September. I went back into the country ten or twelve miles and I averaged over fifty chickens a day till I could get some hunters to help me. I shipped a box every three days. I repacked my ice when I arrived out in a big dry goods box, putting it in the center and underneath it a large lot of hay or straw, then I put on a layer of sawdust, over this the ice, then another layer of sawdust, and filled the box up with dry hay packed closely around. The first night I uncovered the ice from the top, except a thin layer of sawdust which I allowed to remain. Then I took the day's birds and laid them, breast down and drawn, on top, covering them with hay tightly again, putting on the lid so the flies could not reach the game. The second day I used what ice space was left in the same manner, the third I took the ice all out, putting the cooled birds on the bottom, ice on top of them and fresh birds on top again. By this means I had the whole mass cooled by the third morning when I went to town, killing a couple of dozen or so on the road as I went and knowing I could not ship until afternoon. I had them all packed and delivered and I was on my way back again by dark. When some help came in a few days we found chickens so plenty we increased our force to seven or eight men. The creased our force to seven or eight men. The weather was now getting cooler and prices stirrer till in a few days they reached $1.25 per pair, selling them as they run young and old by the barrel, ing them as they run young and old by the barrel, dividing our birds up between Mr. Lyon and Mr. Sumner. Soon we crowded the market a little too fast and prices fell off to $1.00, and by the end of September to seventy-five cents, at which price we sold but few, packing them away in New York until prices recovered again, when we sold out. The til prices recovered again, when we sold out. The fifth of October we came home. I paid up the 160 JOHN BARTON. i hunters all that was due them, and had five hundred dollars stuffed down my bootleg, with quite dred dollars stuffed down my bootleg, with quite a lot of birds yet to market. Gathering up the remaining woodcock from the boat we had splendid success all that summer. We shipped four hundred dozen chickens from Cresco and lost only seven birds, and between twenty and twenty-five hundred woodcock, none of which sold below a dollar. John Barton, who accompanied us on this trip, was a remarkable hunter. He was an enthusiast in sport and barring his vices, which wrought him more injury than anybody else, he was an agreeable companion, inclined for fun and mirth on every occasion, and no sign of laziness or weariness about casion, and no sign of laziness or weariness about him. He always said he did not care how hard he worked, just so he had "a devil of a good time afterward." After a hard tramp in which few could keep up with him he would not complain if his supper was not ready, not even if he had to get it himself. He had some fantastic names which he applied to men and things, and his epithets were often so grotesque and ludicrous that the appellations vividly remained to vex the victim or to call tions vividly remained to vex the victim or to call up new associations of familiar objects which gave you new interest in them. He felt carefully over the bumps of men, not by hand, but by intuition, interpreted their peculiarities, and then he named them, terpreted their peculiarities, and then he named them, not viciously nor with any sign of a sting, but they were there to stay. Not one who' ever knew him will forget his Gil-a-lu bird, a diminutive species of bittern not bigger than a snipe, which rises up out of the marsh, dangling his legs like a jumping jack until he gets a good start and then throwing them out behind him, drops down into water or bog again. All the books of ornithology could not displace that name. It was so with men. It was so with things HIS PROFLIGACY. 161 he handled, with his gun, with his dishes at table, with the back fields which he inspected or the sloughs which he crossed. He gave them all a name as he liked and they were not inapt nor hard to remember. He was a man of large physique, he was member. He was a man of large physique, he was built for hard labor without weariness. He took long strides when he was walking. His shoulders were bent by looking at the earth too long and too carefully, and he always reminded me in his swinging gait of Dr. Johnson. There was no doubt he ing gait of Dr. Johnson. There was no doubt he had a mind of great calibre if he had chosen to use it before vice and passion had made inroads upon him, but he was now at the height of physical prowess. He seldom failed to bring down his bird under ess. He seldom failed to bring down his bird under most unfavorable circumstances, as his count showed at the end of the season when he eclipsed all others, but in thirty days after he left the River he was a ers, but in thirty days after he left the River he was a bankrupt and except the small amount of thirty dollars which he had become indebted for in the spring, lars which he had become indebted for in the spring, and which he now paid, he had not a dollar remaining the first of November. Gambling and drinking ing the first of November. Gambling and drinking did their work and did it well. In the spring follow^ ing he was down on the Edwards River to hunt snipe as usual and I was so delighted with his efficiency the past season that I went down to see him, ciency the past season that I went down to see him, but the bow so long bent was now broken. He could scarcely kill a snipe at all, where a greenhorn would have taken them easily. The snipe would rise in its quiet way, giving its familiar sound and seeming to say, " 'Tis John, 'tis John, 'tis he, 'tis John!" Bang would go his gun and away would go his bird. He was now shooting in the open field, the easiest of all shooting, whereas last year he shot through the roughest of cover where a glimpse of a bird many times was all you could get, and he was master. Now the penalties of dissipation were I6ii WILLIAM MORRIS, upon him. His muscles refused to act with that promptness and correctness which gave success. I saw no more of him after that year, but several boxes of woodcock came from him from Bellevue, Iowa, years later, and he married soon after at Hanover, Illinois. His wife died in 1883 an d since then I am told he has loitered around Galena Junction, fishing some and hunting some, but always the tion, fishing some and hunting some, but always the victim of bad habits. Of William Morris a few words will suffice. He was not born tired or lazy, but while with us he exhibited no weariness for he did not work hard enough to induce it. He would forage around an hour or so in the morning, kill eight or ten birds, then retire to the boat the rest of the day perhaps to fish, perhaps to dream. He was a good shot and had long been known for his superior marksmanship. I do not think he cared much for money or what it would bring so he had a good time, and this he had without limit. Fishing, hunting or trapping suited him equally well. His shanty on the big slough northeast of Geneseo not far from the Deacon Kemis place, was a model of a backwoodsman's con Kemis place, was a model of a backwoodsman's outfit. Traps and guns and skins of furred animals made his place outdo a second-hand store, and mals made his place outdo a second-hand store, and the odor that surrounded him was a mixed quantity between a decaying fishhead and an evaporating skunk skin. He was not vicious and he was liable to immortality from the many victims that left their malodorous breath behind them. He had the same advantage in hunting as Barton had, yet he only earned vantage in hunting as Barton had, yet he only earned fifty dollars while Barton earned five times that much. He was equally as good a shot as Barton, and I believe was equally good as any of the many sportsmen which this country has brought to notice, but the motive power was sadly lacking and he took THE OGDENS. 163 tio trouble about it for he had a good time without much labor. His fish pole was always hanging- from the boat and many a good catch he made, and many a good meal he shared with us. He was ready to help anywhere he was needed and he was singularly free from all forms of vice. Of the remaining members of the party who accompanied the boat, first and last, I will now speak. companied the boat, first and last, I will now speak. Billy Ogden was accounted as fine a shot as we had on the boat, but he resembled William Morris in his lack of energy and when he killed half a dozen or dozen birds he went back to the boat to rest or sleep. Many days he rolled himself up and lay in the sun when the shooting was fine. His brother Marion was the only one who could rouse him up, and it mattered little to him what the business in hand was. I think he would as soon have gambled with a man and got his money by unfair play, or thrown a railroad train from the track for plunder, if Marion had told him to do so, as he would have gone out to hunt with him, and yet his nature was quiet. He was not a drinker. If he indulged at all it was more to please somebody else than himself. He seemed to have no obstructive morals. self. He seemed to have no obstructive morals. He was fortified with no sense of obligation. He thought he was a child in mental strength and he weighed things as a child. He had all the physical handicraft which a man uses and that was enough, and he punished a man hard who picked a quarrel with him. He moved to Narka, Kan., many years ago and was in durance vile, afterwards released, and at the last report was a settled barber there. Marion Ogden, the brother, was a man of noble physique and he had all the dash and daring of a man of the road. He never knew when he was whipped and if he had happened to have lived at 164 THEIR DISSOLUTE CHARACTER. the time of the buccaneers on the Spanish Main, he would have done that cause ample justice. He was quite young when I first knew him and I found him an adept in all the artifices which men employ to avoid labor. In Atkinson, where he was brought up, he heard nothing but oaths in his father's family, and Tom Nowers used to say he did not under- ily, and Tom Nowers used to say he did not understand how the Ogdens could always dress well, stand how the Ogdens could always dress well, better than he, and do nothing. When he did work on the boat he worked hard, and he early learned most of the secrets which hunters successfully employ in capturing every kind of game bird, and the ploy in capturing every kind of game bird, and the bag which he brought in was always large and he did not waste much time in dawdling around and in sleep, but woe to that man who stirred up a fuss with him. He expected you to be honest with him but he did not court honesty himself. If you suggested fight with him for a settlement he accepted gested fight with him for a settlement he accepted it readily, for he knew he was master in that kind of craft. He always carried his pistol, which he called his gun, and if he could not enforce his contentions one way he would do it another. He was specious in modes of expression, calculated to minimize and discharge undesirable questions. His morals, if he had any, were corralled with great severity. His vices exercised the right of eminent domain. If he had come into authority any time in his life he would have pushed in with unmitigated vigor. If he had been a Roman general he would have put his enemies to the sword or to the cross. He would stand mies to the sword or to the cross. He would stand unflinchingly before any weight of evidence until he was absolutely bowled down. When he left the River he moved to Nebraska and we commenced buying game there, and he furnished a large amount in 1877 and 1880. He was near Hastings at that time and the grass plover were very plenty there A REMARKABLE TRIO. 165 those days. The large summer kind were particularly so, and he killed sometimes one hundred birds larly so, and he killed sometimes one hundred birds in a day in August and as high as forty chickens a day in October and November. Later years he was about Burwell, but his evil habits forbade his staying long in one place, and I have not heard from him for several years. ORM BROWN, IKE SEYBERT AND JOHNNY O'BRIEN. Mr. Orm Brown associated with us only one year on the boat, and he could not make it profitable. He was very popular with all the crew, and the old song he used to sing- so often of the "Three crows that sat on a tree And were as black as black could be," will always give him a place in our memory. And Johnny O'Brien was as fine a young man as you need ever to see. He was a full blooded Catholic and one Sunday night while we stayed at Guttenberg there was a great dance going on there and berg there was a great dance going on there and annoyed us who were trying to sleep. In the morning Mrs. M. remarked in his presence, not know- ing Mrs. M. remarked in his presence, not knowing what his religious views were, that they must ing what his religious views were, that they must be all Catholics for they didn't care anything about Sunday. She knocked the props out from under Johnny at once and he was on his feet in an instant. "Yes, they do," he says, "they think everything of Sunday," and Mrs. M. only escaped a scene by saying they were probably Dutch Catholics. Johnny ing they were probably Dutch Catholics. Johnny did everything on the boat we asked him and stayed by us till the last. He had the asthma very bad, and like Brown he had to go West or Southwest to escape its terrors, and recovered from it as west to escape its terrors, and recovered from it as long as he was away. 166 IKE SEYBERT A DEGENERATE. I have to record something of the creature who was commonly called Ike Seybert. He was engineer most of the time with us but I think he knew gineer most of the time with us but I think he knew little or nothing of the office when he commenced. He was constantly screwing up the bolts on the engine and on the eccentrics and it cost us much expense to repair the breaks which he made, beside A Gay Bird Not on the List. the valuable time which went to waste. He was unclean and repulsive, quick to perceive and prompt to embrace all the seductions of sensuality. I could excuse him somewhat for mocking a preacher in his nasal twang and intonations, for the resemblance was almost perfect, but when I found him bringing a demi-monde on the boat my patience was exhausted and I walked her out and ordered him to hausted and I walked her out and ordered him to R. E. BAILEY. 167 follow. To revenge himself after getting off at Prairie Du Chien and accepting my note for what was due him to be paid on the first trip down, and for which I left the money when I came but which the note therefor was not obtainable, he afterwards sold the note to the Ogdens. They brought the same and sold it in this city, but the buyer on a statement of the facts refused to collect and lost what he had paid for it. There was nothing on the street too vile for him. He was last heard of in Ottumwa, Iowa. The year 1872 was one long to be remembered, for it was fertile with disaster. We sent R. E. Bailey to manage the boat which had been left over at North McGregor, and it was managed well enough, but birds seemed to have slacked up in numbers and prices were not so good. I had determined to put up a freezer in Cresco and through termined to put up a freezer in Cresco and through July and August was building it. I got it completed before the middle of August when the chick- pleted before the middle of August when the chickens were ready to be put into it and I supposed I ens were ready to be put into it and I supposed I had ice enough to run it. They came in so fast, however, that I could not freeze all of them at once and was forced to ship when prices were low and the weather was very hot. I had no time to go into the field myself and all my receipts were purchased. When I got reports of the first shipment chased. When I got reports of the first shipment they went through in bad order, not bringing me one-half of what I paid for them, and I stopped shipping and attempted to hold them in the freezer. We had three rooms, and on charging them all we found we would not have ice enough to run them very long and we began to practice economy, at the same time taking everything that came in. Here was our fatal mistake. If we had limited our purchases instead of the ice we used and frozen every- chases instead of the ice we used and frozen every168 CAUSE OF THE CRESCO DISASTER. 168 CAUSE OF THE CRESCO DISASTER. thing we did take in down solid and kept them, so we should have worked through all right, but when the birds barely froze a little and then were packed together to make room for more, it softened the whole lot, which in time began to show decay, and birds when once softened cannot ever again be brought back as good as they were. By September ist when birds were getting nearly grown we ber ist when birds were getting nearly grown we had several thousand young and immature birds which no one seemed to want in market and which was just opposite of what we had expected, and these not keeping just right left us in a precarious position. In this extremity I had a car of ice shipped in from McGregor but that did not last long, and now when the birds were getting large enough to be in demand we stopped buying. The 20th of September I returned home, leaving everything in the hands of R. E. Bailey. It was getting thing in the hands of R. E. Bailey. It was getting colder and birds began to be wanted in New York. I had reports from Bailey about every day who said everything was all right. I advised him to ship a few boxes to see how they would sell. After he had started one box or two he continued shipping and no reports came to me only in a round- ping and no reports came to me only in a roundabout way through his hands. In the meantime about way through his hands. In the meantime the whole line of railway between Cresco and New York was showering down new shipments upon that devoted city, where after the dealers had received one box they refused to take more, and most ceived one box they refused to take more, and most of them were partly lost or entirely so, and the freight and express bills were returned to me to pay, for which I forwarded over one hundred dollars and did not receive a cent value therefor. I lars and did not receive a cent value therefor. I stopped Bailey's shipping as soon as I could telegraph. In the meantime he continued writing me egraph. In the meantime he continued writing me the birds were all right. I ordered him to send me R. E. BAILEY MANAGES BADLY. 169 a box by express to Kewanee so I could see what they were, and on receiving the same, notified him that they were all worthless, dismissed him from my service and put further operations in the hands of a colored man who seemed to show a great deal of aptness for taking care of the house. Mr. Bailey came home a few days afterwards and I showed him the birds were spoiled, being sticky and soft. He said he was sick soon after I left and had not been able to attend to the business as he liked, putting the job in the hands of the colored man before mentioned. SHIPS THE FREEZING PLANT AT CRESCO TO KEWANEE. In time I had the freezer emptied of all the birds it contained out on the prairie, gave a man forty dollars the following year to tear out the piping of the freezer, load it and send it to me, and the banker where I did business sold the building for me. When the car arrived Mr. Kerr, who was agent here, reported that there was a carload of stuff at the railroad billed to me which he said looked to him like old iron, and asking me about it, said he did not believe I had ordered it, that it did not look to him to be worth the freight. However, I unloaded it, and that metal was in a large measure the material which entered in to make our ure the material which entered in to make our future freezer, for all further business twenty years afterwards. Much of this damage came from the hunters carrying out with them insufficient ice, but more from laying down their birds in the field when they got a little heavy, where the flies stung them. When I shot all the birds myself, or at least examined them every night as they came in and amined them every night as they came in and 170 TRY FROZEN GROUSE AT CRESCO IN 1873. packed them, I kept them in perfect condition, but they came in often at night when I could not tell exactly what state they were in, and here the loss largely occurred. I never went back to Iowa but once, and that was the year 1873, the year of the panic. This year also prices were low, but I bought low and examined thoroughly what I bought and had them well frozen, for I had plenty of ice now, and in the Fall freighted them to Atkinson, and while such birds would not now bring full prices on account of the trouble the dealers had had with my former birds I got through fairly well without loss. The Fall I left the freezer in charge of Bailey there were a great many chickens offered me in Atkinson after I returned and I packed them there ; finer birds you could seldom see and full grown, and it was with much difficulty that I could get purchasers to take hold of them, from the belief that they were not equally good with unfrozen stock, which opinion in future years I had the satisfaction of seeing so thoroughly disproved that I was able to sell any quantity of frozen birds at the highest figures and the dealers waiting, ready for the goods whenever I had them packed. I will now record the last trip I had with the Firefly in 1873, which also was the last year I carried the gun there or elsewhere. This was the ried the gun there or elsewhere. This was the same year we went to Cresco as already narrated. Something of the novelty of such expeditions hael already worn off, and most all of the main hunters had had their turn at it and retired. There still remained one man, E. Gladhill of Erie who was a noted shot and wanted to run the boat this year. Some were booked to come on later, but on the first of July I boarded the boat with him at Lansing, Iowa, and we started up the River, for two men BOSS LAST TRIP OF FIREFLY IN 1873, 171 could now handle the boat alone. We took a different route from what we had taken before. We ferent route from what we had taken before. We followed up on the West side where there was no channel for big boats but the heavy rains had raised the water nearly all over the islands north of us, and there was a little secondary channel where a large body of water flowed close to the shore, partly obstructed by bending willows which we had to throw open as we passed them ; in time reaching smoother waters and a stream that seemed to flow both ways, up which wc followed in the direction we thought we ought to go. Sometimes we were rushed up hill apparently, and sometimes downhill, passing open farm land on our right and at last reaching a point where the water seemed to come all from the hills on the West and in the direction of the Little Iowa River which we thought till tion of the Little Iowa River which we thought till now we had got into. In the course of a mile or so we came out into the open again, finding a big flat of meadow land to our left, and still further the railroad track in sight above the lowland which was entirely covered by water. It was deep enough now so we ran over the bank of the channel and floated in the open field without touching bottom. I had never been here before and I remarked to Gladhill that the country which we were approaching was the finest sight I ever beheld, prospectively ing was the finest sight I ever beheld, prospectively at least, for woodcock. We moved on up towards the railroad track and when we had gotten with twenty or twenty-five rods of the shore we struck bottom and there being a cottonwood there which stood up out of the water we tied up to it. We were then thirty or forty rods from the river up which we came and which passed under the railroad track ahead of us a little to the Northwest. road track ahead of us a little to the Northwest. The water was knee deep and we waded ashore. 172 REMARKABLE WOODCOCK COUNTRY. We took no guns with us as we intended not to hunt till next day. However, we went up and examined the ground along the river bed, pulled amined the ground along the river bed, pulled away the bushes and were delighted to find every evidence of a large amount of birds there. The soil was honeycombed with the fair dwellers and we saw increased evidence of their immediate presence. Next morning we started in, after running our boat back into the channel and bringing it ning our boat back into the channel and bringing it up near the railroad bridge, and first we ran over the small island immediately under the bridge, to the right as you go upstream, not over three or four Railroad Bridge Over Little Iowa and Bogotts Bluff. GREATEST BANNER DAY EVER RECORDED. 173 rods long or broad, and on this we raised fourteen brids, thirteen of which we took in, one escaping across the stream. Then we followed up above the bridge on a low wet muddy bottom with very little cover except large maple trees, and here shooting a few birds Gladhill said that as it was now near noon he would go back to the boat and get some ammunition as he was likely to run out. I waited for him to do so and he was gone over an hour. I waited so long that he might have equal chance with myself. I was fortunate in the morning in taking a supply of over one hundred shells, more than double what I usually take, which we put in the skiff ble what I usually take, which we put in the skiff and took up the stream with us. I had my breech loader, Gladhill had a muzzle loader. He remained away so long I was getting quite uneasy when at last he came and explained that he had stopped in the boat to cook his dinner. We started in again. It must have been nearly noon. The next island, which was a long one with high, dry land in the center, by going around the shore of it, the entire distance we secured forty birds. Then we followed up the shores on each side of the stream, finding and killing a great many until finally we struck a moderate sized island which seemed to have birds all over it. By this time my cartridges were running low and my companion said the same. The ning low and my companion said the same. The sun was then at least one hour and a half high. We fired our last shots, gathered up our birds all around where we had left them, and then jumping in our skiff returned to the boat. We had a large basket measuring over a bushel which we filled heaping full. After counting the birds, which numbered 171, 79 were for Gladhill and 92 for myself. Next morning we returned where we had left off the pre- ing we returned where we had left off the previous day and shot forty birds more. We stayed vious day and shot forty birds more. We stayed 174 EIGHT HUNDRED BIRDS IN SEVEN DAYS. on this river about six or seven days, in which time we killed eight hundred birds, and we decided when we left that there were about a hundred birds remaining. We ran our game down to Lansing and shipped it all to Kewanee, where they were frozen and sold later for $1.25 per pair for the best looking. The rough birds sold as low as seventy-five. ing. The rough birds sold as low as seventy-five. All of them would have brought the top figure if we had known how to renovate them as we did learn afterwards. This is, I believe, the largest number of woodcocks ever killed by two men in one day. If we had had a little more ammunition it would have been easy to have killed two hundred birds before sundown. Frank Forrester says in 1850 or thereabouts himself and another man killed over one hundred birds in Orange County, New< York, on the Drowned Lands in one day, which is far less than the number we took in. I left the Firefly at this time, but the boys run it about two years more. Before going I had quite a catastrophe near where the boat was tied up. In the picture you will see a house and some outbuildings on the right under the trees. Most of the trees between the house and our boat are now cut off and you could not then see that house. I went over there every day or two to get some milk and I felt quite at home. They were pleasant people and they showed me every courtesy. The night following our last hunt I went over there as usual. Ponto followed me along entirely of his own free will, and as I reached the house there was a cat sitting in the doorway, which however I did not notice. The dog was coming up, and the cat seeing him as I opened the door, slipped in the door beside me. I closed the door, the woman halloed out, "Scat there," and A CATASTROPHE. 176 A CAT-ASTROPHE. started to drive her out. The floor was nicely polished and a little declining and as she made a spring toward me and the door her feet slipped and she came down square on her "spankers." There was a flutter of skirts and white robes only for an instant, when she was on her feet again and the wrath of Pelee shot out from her countenance. Purple lines stole down the roadway of the eyes and ple lines stole down the roadway of the eyes and lodged in the corners of her mouth. The melodrama commenced. Just a little to the right as I drama commenced. Just a little to the right as I entered there was a wooden bench used to hold the water pail and sometimes do the family washing, and above it the window. The cat, frightened ing, and above it the window. The cat, frightened at the confusion, started for the window and the woman a close second, and in its haste the cat landed first on the bench, on which was spread three or ed first on the bench, on which was spread three or four sheets of fly paper. It stopped there and the consternation that cat expressed was beyond all computation. At first she swung her tail in whip fashion, like the drivers play their horses on our beer wagons, only there was no perceptible snap. Then she looked to her feet and tried to .raise one after the other, and the whole sheet of sticky substance came up with it and the hind foot trod on stance came up with it and the hind foot trod on this filmy, viscous blanket and she fell back again, the picture of unutterable despair, when she was ready now to capitulate. The woman seized the unoffending cat with all the additions her feet had clinging to her, took her to the wash tub, wrought over her until she could walk alone, threw her down outside and told her, "Now stay there !" I was too full of laugh to entirely keep quiet, but had to check myself for fear I should be treated the same way as the cat. I shall never forget what a "great matter a little fire kindleth." "FRESH FISH HEAR." 177 Since the railroads came in on both sides of the river it gave distant hunters a chance to come in and hunt the best ground and compete with us. We sold the boat to a man in New Albin, a mile or two from where we killed our birds, and this boat was used one or two seasons as a ferry between that place and Bad Axe, now Genoa, just across the river. Taking the boat from first to last there was not very much profit in it, but the family with some reservations enjoyed it ven much and their two seasons outing in this manner will not soon be forgotten. There was much to see along the shore, many curiosities to pick up, the finest springs everywhere, and the fishing was always good. We ob- where, and the fishing was always good. We observed, as we came down, one sign at Lansing fas- served, as we came down, one sign at Lansing fastened to the railroad bridge, which read, "Fresh tened to the railroad bridge, which read, "Fresh fish hear." We were always solicitous to know whether the fish heard or not, for there was a market her} and fish were in great demand, and 1 im- ket her} and fish were in great demand, and 1 imagined some time large schools would be heading agined some time large schools would be heading that way and the net would break, as it did in Galilee. There was one point below Dubuque at which we caught more black bass than we could use. More than a dozen would rush for the bait as soon as it reached the water, and hundreds of them could be seen lying near the bottom and preying on the small minnows that swam around the point. Catfish were caught at any time, and sometimes pickerel in the back waters. One of the sights was when Mrs. M. attempted to pull in a large catfish and it was doubtful awhile whether the fish would not pull her in. However, she landed a whopper. In 1873 om actual labors in the field, by wood and stream, ended. We had carried a gun for fifteen years and we now laid it down, never desir178 GAME BUSINESS IN HENRY CO. FALLS OFF. 178 GAME BUSINESS IN HENRY CO. FALLS OFF. Mrs. M. Pulls in a Whopper Catfish. ing- to take it up again. We had in that time seen the finest flocks that ever inspired a hunter, pass out of existence. Henry County was practically denuded of game. The States west of the Mississippi nuded of game. The States west of the Mississippi River were no better off, but beyond the Missouri lay a great country full of every description of birds we had here except woodcocks and partridges, and these were found only in the lands further north, beginning in Wisconsin and running through Minnesota and Montana and the Dakotas, and here we nesota and Montana and the Dakotas, and here we turned our attention for twenty years more until 1893. In 1880 my son C. M. Merritt went westward to Nebraska and other states to supply what we lacked in our own state. Chicken and quail were the principal game there, except in the Spring when dow cipal game there, except in the Spring when dow birds and grass plover and some jack snipe were to TRADE IN THE WEST BEGINS. 179 be had, and a few golden plover. Some of our County hunters had already gone there, among them the ty hunters had already gone there, among them the Ogdens, and we opened trade about Hastings. In August the grass plover were fat and large and in great demand. A good hunter could kill from fifty to a hundred birds a day in the corn field. In a short time we gathered up there some four or five thousand birds at a uniform cost of ten cents each on the ground. The first birds were rather light, but the demand was so urgent they easily brought three fifty per dozen in New York. The latter part of August they became very fat, and finally sold for $4.50 per dozen for the best birds. A good many of the same kind came in here and were equally fat and salable. What we did not immediately sell we froze up, and although our house did not do its work as well as it should at that time we sold none of them below four dollars. In the winter we bought large quantities of grouse and quail, and from one town there was shipped over ten thousand chickens in the first fall and winter we were there. In the Spring we went back as we heard there was a species of game called daw birds, and these with grass plover, which at that time sold well, made us a good business. Up to this time dow birds had never been ness. Up to this time dow birds had never been very much seen in the New York market. They had been killed in Boston Bay and old dealers remembered the time when they were there plenty. membered the time when they were there plenty. In this state we had frequently killed them in the spring and packed them separate on account of their large size and fatness, but they never brought more than golden plover, so we put them all together afterwards. The first birds we received from Ne- terwards. The first birds we received from Nebraska we marketed at $2.25 per dozen. As their braska we marketed at $2.25 per dozen. As their values became known and buyers found that they were to be had they advanced in a year to $3.50 and DOW BIRDS OF NEBRASKA. Dow Bird $4.00 and a few years later to $5.00 and even $6.00, at which price we sold a good many barrels. We bought grass plover at nearly the same price, but receipts began to increase so fast in a short time beyond the demands of the market that they declined to about seventy-five cents per dozen, and clined to about seventy-five cents per dozen, and even sixty cents. Thousands of them were to be had at any price a buyer might give. The most we could ever get for these spring birds was two dollars and this occurred only once in two or three lars and this occurred only once in two or three years. As there were few golden plover in Nebraska and the flocks had mostly removed from Henry County by the drainage and plowing of the bottom lands where they fed, by 1875, we learned from some hunters that had moved to Minnesota that they were ters that had moved to Minnesota that they were there quite plenty the first week in May. We went there, and in the neighborhood of Luverne and Southward to West Bend, Iowa, and there found them as we were told. They were now in very active demand and sold from two to three dollars per dozen. One year they were so plenty that they GOLDEN PLOVER IN MINNESOTA. 181 filled all the markets east and west at the low price of $1.25 to $1.50 per dozen. This was about 1880 and large quantities were frozen. By the latter part of the summer they were sold out and the quantity was never so great again. We held ours till the following spring when they sold for three dollars. These birds have since larg-ely left that country. They move toward the Northeast about the second week in May and whither they go it is not known, but Frank Forester says that they go to Cape Breton where they breed. It is probobly that they have done so, and may do so yet, but we have not heard of any receipts from that country. Some day some industrious sport will follow them up to their destination as they certainly have not been destroyed and always will be in demand. SUMMER GRASS PLOVER NOT PLENTY IN NEBRASKA. BRASKA. We were not able to get many summer grass plover in Nebraska after the first year, and not many afterwards in this county. We think the slaughter of these birds in April is largely responsible for their scarcity in summer. They all leave the ble for their scarcity in summer. They all leave the West by the first of September. In November of that year when they were so plenty we followed them to Texas and had almost overtaken them, when a freeze coming on they passed into Mexico, where they winter. The spring birds were hunted with such severity and with the capture so easily of many thousand dozen in the course of thirty days, and with pi ices so ridicuously low, we gave up packing them in 1892. They ought to increase now when hunting them has ceased, if the laws of the State protect them, as we think they do. The same is true of dow birds, which have now become very scarce, covering as they do, only a small scope of country 182 GROUSE OF NEBRASKA. in Nebraska and Indian Territory ; if they can be shipped they will soon be hunted to death. Golden plover were never plenty west of the Missouri, and almost always of a poor quality. But few snipe were in the State, and grouse and quail the only game of note. Nebraska has, I think, the finest quail of any state, even better than Kansas or Missouri, and the grouse are unexcelled. Iowa and Illinois have no better. Kansas has two kinds of grouse, one very small and not much in vogue. Besides they have the common grouse which are excellent. Quail are always plenty beyond the Missouri, in Kansas, Oklahoma and Indian Territory, and from the latter lahoma and Indian Territory, and from the latter the largest supplies have come of late years. There is no reliable estimate of the numbers that have been there killed. Much of the time the laws in these Western States have been entirely ignored, but the pendulum has now swung backwards and it seems probable that the shipping of all kinds will be outlawed, and the result already has been that game has lawed, and the result already has been that game has largely been withdrawn from the tables of the wealthy, and hotels and restaurants do not call for it in the cities where it was once so plenty. It is certain that with the population rapidly increasing it could not long remain a standard article of diet, somewhere it must give way, and it seems likely that this is a good occasion for looking around and noting where we stand. Snipe and woodcock are also rapidly decreasing and though the laws may check them for a while, their destruction is imminent in the near future. Ducks seem to follow the nent in the near future. Ducks seem to follow the rest. Fifteen years ago the Mississippi was full of mallards in November and December about New Boston. We packed 150 barrels in thirty days from Keithsburg and New Boston alone, and after this flight we had lessening numbers very fast in the DECLINE OF DUCKS. 183 following- years. Up to that time teal were abundant, blue wings in particular came in early, in dant, blue wings in particular came in early, in October around Annawan, where there were shallow ponds and feed plenty. Wagon loads of them were taken out there in thirty days, of the very best quality. We distinctly remember getting in seven or eight barrels at a time within three or four days which sold in Xew York at seventy-five cents per pair, the highest price we ever were able to reach, and strange as it may seem, when they were most plenty. Such birds would not bring over fifty or possibly sixty cents in New York for the last few years. DESTRUCTION OF PIGEONS. Pigeons can hardly be called game, yet in our first few years in the West we bought large quantities, mostly from St. Louis. At that time W. W. ties, mostly from St. Louis. At that time W. W. Judy was the ruling game dealer in that city. We first became acquainted with him when we were returning the Firefly from the South in 1870. While turning the Firefly from the South in 1870. While stopping in the city we inquired for some particulars about the River, and were referred to him as an expert in all river matters. That was the only time I pert in all river matters. That was the only time I ever saw him, but he impressed me very much as a man to make a friend of. He was very courteous, genial and more than ready to assist me in every thing I asked for. Later my son made his acquaintance and we bought many thousand dollars worth ance and we bought many thousand dollars worth of game of him. Pigeons were his specialty, and we commenced to take them at seventy-five cents per dozen. After taking a few hundred dozen he reduced his price to fifty cents on track, and we bought duced his price to fifty cents on track, and we bought a good carload of him at that price. They came to us in sacks of fifty to seventy-five each and we froze them all up in about the vear 1881. We marketed 184 SLAUGHTER OF PIGEONS IN MISSOURI. them in the spring following, and although they were not active, they sold for one dollar to one twenty-five per dozen, a few at $1.50, and we cleared fifteen hundred dollars on the lot. Later Mr. Judy died, and we bought of his successor stall fed birds which were trapped and fed and fattened and then killed for market, when they easily command $2.50 to $3.00 per dozen. Some of these birds mand $2.50 to $3.00 per dozen. Some of these birds we kept two or three years. The last barrel we marketed in Boston at full price. These birds were marketed so closely and destroyed so ruthlessly, that we believe that these were the last stall fed birds that were ever marketed, and pigeons themselves are now only a remembrance. In i860 to 1865 they were plenty in Illinois, vast droves of them appearing in the woods in fall and spring and often taking ing in the woods in fall and spring and often taking to the wheat fields in September, where they were easily captured. Their meat in its wild state was dark colored, of coarse texture and not urgently wanted, but when well fattened they were very much like tame squabs which now take their place. At the time we commenced hunting- woodcocks on the Mississippi, the pigeons flew so thick and fast in June, that you could shoot them by the hundreds without moving a step, but to market them required they should be packed in ice and expressed, and when this was done, there was very little left out of one dollar per dozen, at which price they could be sold. On one occasion while shooting along near the mouth of the Maquoketa, I carried my dinner with me in my game sack, and about noon was getting hungry, and sat on a log to eat, when I found my meat had all spoiled. It was a terrible hot day and I could not work much longer, when on looking up on a tree over my head, I discovered a lone cock pigeon sitting on a dry limb. I soon ANNAWAN TRADE. JOHN LYLE. 185 brought him down, and kindling a fire made a very eomfortable dinner and was able to go on with my hunt till nightfall. About 1880, after we had opened up in the West we abandoned the Joles country and took the Annawan trade, which was large for many years, instead. wan trade, which was large for many years, instead. With the exception of prairie chickens and woodcock all kinds of prairie birds there abounded and cock all kinds of prairie birds there abounded and continued so until about 1890. Most of the trade was in the months beginning with and following September and continued till the January after. In September we had the first young prairie chicken and as the middle of October was reached the cluck shooting was excellent. At this time we went regularly to the Caugheys four or five miles North of larly to the Caugheys four or five miles North of Annawan where the hunters worked regularly and brought in their game and exchanged it for cash and ammunition. Blue wing teal were quite plenty and mallards increased as the month of October waned and they began to put on their winter coat. At this time, besides Caughey and Hiserodt, Fronk, Jim Smith, the Mapes Brothers and as many straggling hunters that came along, with considerable re- gling hunters that came along, with considerable receipts from Charlie Clemens, we gathered up a good ceipts from Charlie Clemens, we gathered up a good load of valuable birds every trip till the ice drove the clucks out, when the trade and the season closed. Hiserodt kept record for that time and his accurate sales for his own shooting were over four hundred dollars. At this time we frequently met our townsman Uncle Johnny Lyle either coming or going to Annawan or both. Many times he rode with us. On several wan or both. Many times he rode with us. On several occasions he had a farm wagon, loaded with barrels of flour. One day he told me that White, the Miller, owed him a good bit of money which he could get only partially by payment in flour, and that every 186 JOHN LYLE. load he took away cost him a hundred dollars a barrel. After awhile I saw him in town while I was rel. After awhile I saw him in town while I was looking over a load of birds and he said to me, "I think you have traded long enough and made enough to retire and take it easy." I retorted that when I got so I could sell my birds for a hundred dollars a barrel I was going to quit like White did. It was only a little while after that I sold very many barrels at over 3 hundred dollars, each, six of them going at one time for nineteen hundred net. Uncle John, as we called him, was always very free to loan you money if you needed it, but when you paid him he always exacted compound. He was a keen judge of character and seldom read unwisely. Prairie chickens have not been plenty in this state since 1870. In Nebraska they were plenty till after 1880, when the rush of hunters from Illinois reduced their numbers. At that time we got most of duced their numbers. At that time we got most of our supplies from Nebraska. In ten years more the same fate befell the western birds as our own. If immigration had continued into the state as it did into the states adjoining, the end would have come sooner, but Nebraska has now a smaller population than it had ten years ago. As a consequence more prairies remain unbroken, and where prairie fires are kept out many flocks are raised yearly. When Nebraska and Minnesota and the Dakotas all come braska and Minnesota and the Dakotas all come under the plow all the laws that can be made will be impossible to save them. In this state they are confined to low swampy lands lately redeemed from the fined to low swampy lands lately redeemed from the water, where there is abundant cover for their nests, but when heavy rains fall the young are all lost. The oldest inhabitants will remember the time when the flocks in this state were numbered by the hundreds, and very many contained one hundred to a dreds, and very many contained one hundred to a thousand birds. I have seen more birds fly up in PLENTIFUL P. CHICKENS IN i860. 187 one field at one time in October, than are now living within the limits of this state, and in one instance in Stark County on a cold day in early winter I have seen acres covered with the birds, as thickly as they could sit. Along low valleys like the Edwards River the birds would gather at the approach of snows in such quantities, that they covered ground for a distance of a mile in length, and in 1861, north of Mt. tance of a mile in length, and in 1861, north of Mt. Pleasant, some fifteen or twenty miles, I have seen the fences at the first fall of snow covered with chickens for a whole mile in a straight line without a break. In this country when snow fell, after feeding on the fields in the morning, they took to the ing on the fields in the morning, they took to the high wood covered hills by the thousand, where they remained till later in the day, when they flew into the corn fields again. In the day time in Iowa, before the fences were so plenty, they gathered in the fore the fences were so plenty, they gathered in the grass in long ridges on the prairie, and from ten o'clock, when they began to set for the dog, in sunshiny days they remained till four o'clock, when shiny days they remained till four o'clock, when the whole mass would raise and fly to the corn fields to feed. These ridges made excellent sport. I have killed as high as forty a day in the country Northwest of Ainsworth, in Iowa, the first of December. west of Ainsworth, in Iowa, the first of December. Before snows came grouse were in excellent demand at sixty-five cents per pair, but they had to be transported by express so that it is not probable they ported by express so that it is not probable they cleared us much over two dollars per dozen. Board was cheap, but ammunition was very dear. Lead rose rapidly in the markets when the Civil Wai came on. Shot was $5.50 per sack, and powder $8.00 and upward per keg. So long as the snows held off we did well enough. By earlier rising and watching the flocks as they came from their roost in the morning, we got a fairly good idea where they were in the day time. They would go back 188 PRAIRIE CHICKENS IN IOWA. anywhere from half a mile to a mile and a half, where the prairie grass was the tallest and thickest, and in places where young shoots grow up and interlaced the stalks of grass the covering was very terlaced the stalks of grass the covering was very thick. The birds lay close, and you had a picnic. There was no use looking for them much before ten o'clock. If you did they would rise en masse and move away to* some neighboring ridge. After the sun shone warm they would begin to scatter out, each bird by itself, when they would rise singly and give you a good shot. One day I marked the direction of the flock and I found them scattered out tion of the flock and I found them scattered out over the entire length of the ridge, and I followed it till feeding time. I lost a good many crippled birds, but the time for looking up was too valuable for that purpose, and where they fell among the corn stalks the hawks found them and ate them up before morning ; but we bagged forty birds. When the snow at last fell the sight of the moving flocks was like that of the mallards in the Fall, streaming along over the grain fields, not unusually half a mile in length, but they were very wary on the fence, or wherever they alighted. The young man with whose father I stopped had heard of a trap with double lids which fell in as the bird touched the trigger and jumped upon it, trying to reach an ear of corn overhead, and after finding that they worked well, he built a large number and put them out in his garden close by, and was able in one week to catch over five hundred, which we bought At that time trapped birds would outsell those that were shot, but this fancy did not last long because trapping birds destroyed them so rapidly, the laws were enforced and shooting became the only mode of capture. After this so many were marketed that the price went down to thirty cents per pair in New York in the early Spring. Charles davenport. 189 In 1857 we killed our first chickens in Henry County. We returned from the East in September, bringing a man to hunt with us. We went four or five miles East of Kewanee, and we did not do well and the price was only seventy-five cents. By the time cold weather set in, my partner threw up the sponge and returned to his native land, and I immediately made the acquaintance of the Emerys in mediately made the acquaintance of the Emerys in the Kemerling country, northwest from Kewanee a few miles. Hull, the young man of the family, was a good shot, and remained on the old place till his father died, and the son-in-law, John Davis, of Davis Bros., moved away. Part of the time I shot northeast of town, walking two or three miles each morning, and the snow was heavy and the air very cold. We had no rubber boots at that time, and I often had to pound my feet on the hard ground a half hour or more, before they became comfortable. I shipped occasionally a barrel and for a wonder, prices all through January were very good. Prairie chickens brought one dollar per pair readily, and quails three dollars. At that price I could make five dollars a day, for I could average two dozen quails beside a few chickens, most every day on my way home, which had plunged under the snow for the night, and rising up close by you could scarcely miss them. The Express office at that time was in the old Lyman building, corner of Second and Main St., and the Express agent was Charles Davenport. After awhile he wanted to buy my birds, and as he offered to give me as much as I could get for them in New York, I sold them. It was the time of wildcat money, which, however, he did not offer me, and cat money, which, however, he did not offer me, and I received my pay all in gold. It was a very profitable venture for him, so much so he took a number of hunters late in the winter to Iowa, and on his return i90 MAPES BROTHERS. he gave us such flattering reports that we went there the next year. Davenport remained in Kewanee only one year, when Jerry Hopkins started the store and H. C. Parker became Express Agent. Jerry himself sometimes bought a few birds, and as he kept ammunition his place became a rendezvous for all the hunters. At this time Hull Emery and his brother-in-law John Davis were there all together one forenoon, and it was very cold and the stove was red hot. John says to< Jerry, "Put me up a pound of powder." Jerry did so and handing it to John he shoved it in the back pocket of his coat, and swung around like all men do with his back to the fire, never once thinking of his powder. His coat brushed against the stove and set it on fire, and the smoke rising, I saw that an explosion was imminent and I sung out a warning, which was very nent and I sung out a warning, which was very timely, as otherwise it would have destroyed his coat and given us a funeral. While woodcock shooting was good, we did not kill many chickens in summer, but left them for Fall. But in 1865, as we have said, the shooting was so poor around Savannah and up the River, we persuaded the Mapes Brothers to come to Sabula opposite Savannah and hunt prairie chickens. They went out about ten or twelve miles in the country where they found them quite plenty, and in the course of ten days brought us in about five hundred . of them. As I could not find enough boxes to pack them in, I went across the River to Savannah, and there at the saw mill had a supply of thin boards sawed out to line boxes with, put them in the River and towed them down to Sabula, going along with a skiff to guide them. There I put up the boxes double, filled them in between with sawdust, and shipped them next day. They arrived in fair PRICES FROM 1856 TO 1895. 191 order and sold to A. & E. Robbins for seventy cents per pair and no commission. Afterwards I went out on the same ground and hunted a week and came in with my load late in the afternoon, tired and hungry. I ran into a baker shop at Sabula to get a lunch. I noticed the flies were very thick there and one or two* opened up in the piece of pie I ate. However, I swallowed it and went on to Savannah. After dark I was seized with terrible cramps and pains and I thought it was over with me, as it would have been, if I had not got relief soon. Christian Science had not then been known or I should have been inclined to call it an illusion. I bore it as patiently as I could and in the course of two hours I got better, and resumed my usual work next day. I found the baker was using cobalt to kill the flies, not expecting to kill me or his patrons. It is interesting here to note the prices which game brought from 1856 till 1895, a period of thirtynine years. The first year prairie chickens sold for nine years. The first year prairie chickens sold for one dollar per pair throughout the season, but trade did not commence till late and did not last long. Next year they sold from seventy-five to a dollar. IN 1 859- 1 860 seventy-five to eighty-five cents. In the first years of the war they sold down to twentyfive and thirty cents, with an occasional raise to sixty five and thirty cents, with an occasional raise to sixty or sixty-five cents, when stocks ran low. After 1864 they held to a more steady price, generally from eighty-eight to $1.25, but in 1865 they reached $1.50 and after that for many seasons they ran from $1.12 1-2 to $1.25, from October till the last of December. After the general rise of prices and the depreciation of government money was over, and during the 70's, the lowest prices would be in December, when supplies were the largest, but seldom cember, when supplies were the largest, but seldom went down to sixty cents again. In these early days 192 H. L. LAWRENCE OF BOSTON. sales were legal till March 1st, and dealers began to put away birds whenever the prices declined in December. Somewhere about 1880 or probably a little earlier the season was shortened to February 1st, but the growing scarcity held them during the holidays at about one dollar, and then till February about $1.25, but the law was not observed with any nicety and the birds sold any time till warm weather, but were not exposed publicly on the market. In Boston it was legal to sell birds till May 1st. Probably more birds were sold in this time at one dollar ably more birds were sold in this time at one dollar than at any higher price. After the early 8o's and freezing began, dealers laid away their birds in December and January and brought them out in the cember and January and brought them out in the month following. With exceptions of one or two years grouse hardened in price till 1895, when they reached the highest point ever before known. Summer birds brought extreme prices. Birds did not mer birds brought extreme prices. Birds did not have to wait for a market and so were not laid away. There were as many buyers as there were sellers. Our receipts were fairly good and we sold all on orders as they arrived. When we got an accumulation of three or four barrels we were anxious to tion of three or four barrels we were anxious to dispose of them. I would get an inquiry from New York and also from Boston every two or three days and sometimes daily. In that case I had to express, which would cost me double the price of freight. I had three or four barrels on hand and I concluded I would ship them to Lawrence and take my chances of getting an order before they arrived. I thought if I did not I would telegraph at the end of the line to hold them for me and not deliver them. I shipped them and when they were two days on the road Lawrence wanted that number of barrels. I sold them with no specifications how they should arrive, or the exact time, but they were supposed to rive, or the exact time, but they were supposed to LAWRENCE OBJECTS TO RUSE. 193 arrive prompt. Two days after they were delivered to him on the same time they would have arrived, if I had sent them by express. He kicked pretty hard, because he saw the ruse of shipping them to him and selling them to him before he got them, but there was no recourse. I often did this with commission men, who were not my regular consignees. They would invariably quote me prices signees. They would invariably quote me prices which were higher than the market, when they had none of mine to sell and wanted to get some. THE PHILADELPHIA MAN WANTS EGGS, BUT NOT THAT WAY. KNAPP & VAN NOSTRAND OF NEW YORK MAKE A BAD GUESS. I waylaid a man that way in Philadelphia on eggs. Before he wrote me the price of eggs and about the time that I thought a letter was due, I shipped him several barrels of eggs by freight, without giving him any notice. Then his letter of advice reached us in a day or two, that prices had advanced several cents per dozen, and by the time his letter reached me the goods came to his hand, and he promptly returned me twenty-five cents per dozen for the whole lot without discount of any kind, and evidently much more than they were worth. I sent a dently much more than they were worth. I sent a barrel of dow birds to Knapp & Van Nostrand and they claimed they were too long kept for the price (merely a smart guess) and asked what disposition they should make of them. I ordered them turned over to another dealer, who was well pleased with them who gave me fifty cents a dozen more than I had billed them to the first parties. I will at this time relate a deal I had with H. A. Sumner, who was really Edward Sumner, but through some misfortune was compelled to operate 194 A DEAL WITH tt. A. SUMNER. through his wife's name. He ordered a barrel of snipe in the spring. I shipped them to him at a set price and at the same time a barrel to John A. Lyon, commission man. On receipt of them Sumner reported that the barrel was spoilt. In a day or two ported that the barrel was spoilt. In a day or two I got sale from the commission man which was at full values and no complaint. I reported the fact to Sumner. A few days later he reported that he might be mistaken and he would let me know when he saw what he could do. Thirty days later he returned me the full price as they were billed. I had two instances of similar character, one with N. Durham and one with Edson Brothers, the details of which in the latter case were too offensive tails of which in the latter case were too offensive to publish. In either case I regarded it as a steal downright and simple, the facts of which I do not state expecting them to repay me. I have but one A BAD DEAL WITH N. DURHAM. A WORSE ONE WITH EDSON BROS., N. Y. MISTAKEN IDENTITY OF A. & M. ROBBINS. more complaint and this is not with A. & E. Robbins, but with A. M. Robbins, their successors. bins, but with A. M. Robbins, their successors. These gentlemen were heavy dealers, like all their fathers were. They always insist upon the choicest stock and I always gave them the best in the market. They asked it as a special favor that when I had something fine I should let them know, and when I sent them they received them acceptably. After the death of the old firm they in repeated instances ordered snipe and plover and teal duck, and when they were delivered to them, all of them being select birds or intended to be so, they would report they were not satisfactory, and asking for the manner of disposal. One day they ordered a barrel of ner of disposal. One day they ordered a barrel of feEFORE FREEZERS WERE IN COMMON USE. 195 teal duck. They were refused and returned. It was a very cold time in winter and came back by freight. I immediately unpacked them from the barrel, repacked them in a box, and taking out a few birds packed them in a box, and taking out a few birds that were not hardly up to the mark, I got another order from the same party and returned the birds almost as soon as they had landed. This time when they received them, they were all right. If I do not know what good birds are, I must be very dull of understanding, after passing a whole life in the business, and probably am incapable of knowing right from wrong. One thing I would warn all shippers against. If you send a stock of goods of any kind and trust them to commission men, learn the character of the persons to whom you ship beforehand, and do not be deceived by flowery words forehand, and do not be deceived by flowery words by which they may attempt to gain shipments. By doing this you will save a great deal of worry and often of loss. No commission man, when once he has got your goods in his possession, likes to have them taken away and given to another. He has figured out for himself a profit in the sale and when he has a suspicion that you are dissatisfied, and you order him to do this, you will very likely find that all such goods have been sold at a ruinous price, or perhaps he has absorbed them altogether without any price, and there will be no chance for recovery for you. We w T ere speaking of the prices of ery for you. We w T ere speaking of the prices of birds about the time that freezing began to be in common use. At such times any reduction in the price of game birds on account of* a large supply would send them immediately to the freezers, but in 1870 and '71 there were no freezers to be had ; at least there was no public freezer in Chicago. We bought very many of our birds, especially snipe and teal and redheads and some canvas in Chicago, and 1&6 BAD GAME SPOILS MARKETS. some large lots- of canvas and red heads in St. Paul, and almost universally they paid us well. T. D. Randall was then in Chicago, a commission man, and he received a great many snipe in the spring. He said to us that if we would give him one dollar per dozen, I might look his birds all over, select what I liked and refuse what I liked. At this price I could not buy them in the country, and therefore for that year we let them go by and bought of him, and at the time of the fire in Chicago in 1871 prairie chickens and quails were offered in any quantity on the Chicago market. Shortly after we had got them packed, prairie chickens advanced in Boston the first of April to $1.10 per pair. Then as we started to unload the market broke down to sixty cents, and we put them in the freezer and carried them over till fall. When fall came they were not in first class order, neither were they very bad. They were slightly mouldy around the head, and I suspicion they had thawed a little at some time in the course of the summer, but they held their shape, and we had considerable difficulty in disposing of them because our room was not quite cold enough. At the same time the stock from Cresco came on the market and this being so very undesirable that it threw a cloud on all frozen stock, so that for a year or more such goods could not be disposed of for any reasonable price. Still we were not so much disappointed as this was our first trial and they sold from seventy-five cents down. In 1880 chickens brought $2.50 in the early fall in Nebraska, and $4.00 or more through the winter, while towards the nineties they advanced to $5.00 and $6.00 delivered here. Most of the time from 1871 to 1881, a period of ten years, prices would run down about Christmas in New York to seventyfive cents for chickens, and later would run up in five cents for chickens, and later would run up in GAME LAWS DESTROY FIXITY OF PRICES. 197 February to a dollar or more, when birds were scarce, and quail in the same way. When freezing began to be general in the early eighties, changes were less violent, for all superabundant stocks were put away and left to be absorbed when prices had advanced. I should think in those ten years $1.00 would cover the average prices in January and February. From 1881 to 1895, there were many months when prices reached $1.25 for chickens, and three dollars for quails, but $2.00 to $2.25 was the more usual price for the latter and when there was an over supply a year or two quails ran down to from a dollar to a dollar and a quarter in the winter and spring. From 1885 to 1895 heavy receipts of quail came in from St. Louis, and for some years later, and by November the market would break from $1.50 to $2.00 and advance to $2.25 and $2.50 later, and sometimes to $2.75. In 1895 occurred the highest price ever recorded till then for chickens or est price ever recorded till then for chickens or grouse as we call them, till 1900, when the Game Laws coming to be enforced produced a great scarcity. There was a -very small crop raised on account of the extreme heat that season and birds brought early in September $1.00 to $1.12 and $1.25, continuing high all the fall and winter, and in February reached $1.75 per pair, at which price we sold a great many barrels. There had been no complaint or obstruction to shipping at that day up to February and the market seemed constantly to gain strength. The Boston market was very active and birds sold there all the spring and quail to May 1st. In February, 1875, Messrs. Putnam, Wiggin and Upton sold for us a box of quail of about two hundred birds at five dollars per dozen, the highest price I ever was able to reach. I may say that the birds that I sold to Davenport in 1867, he reported 198 TRADE IN PARTRIDGES. to me were sold, the quail for six dollars and the chickens for nine dollars, which I have no reason to doubt was true. Since the troubles began in 1896 and the seizures of birds for illegal holding or shipping the receipts of game of all kinds on the market have rapidly decreased, and the demand has been correspondingly light. Some birds for a short time have brought improved prices, prairie chickens selling up to $2.00 per pair and partridges in October and November to $2.50 and $3.00 per pair. tober and November to $2.50 and $3.00 per pair. Quail have been so easy to get from so many distant points and being of small bulk have met the demand more promptly, and have not sold much higher than before. In 1880 our first frozen partridges sold for $1.00 per pair in September. In the next five years fresh young birds brought from $1.50 to $2.00 and frozen from $1.25 to $1.50, held birds of prime quality reaching the latter price, at which price we sold thousands of pairs. With these high prices traffic was awakened in the Northwest and as the tide of birds began to flow in prices declined for fresh drawn birds from seventy-five to ninety in October and November, and September $1.00 to $1.25. After a continued decline of several months prices would revive again in February and later, so that we had two good seasons to sell in, September and February. Then the new laws forbid their transportation out of Dakota and Minnesota, so that it became impossible to get them through to market in any number, from which cause prices have reached the high point noted. If this had not been done ed the high point noted. If this had not been done the ruin of the partridges was absolute. They were never plenty in Illinois. I never saw but one or two birds in the sixties. In the seventies and eighties quite a good many were reported in different parts of the county, but the destruction of the woods and NO CANVAS BACK IN ILLINOIS. 199 underbrush has gone on so rapidly it is doubtful if there are a dozen birds in Henry County. The swamp lands in the north part of the County have dried up so fast, all kinds of ducks make short visits in the Fall and the teal of both kinds find no place to light or feed. Mallards, which used to stay all the Fall until the ponds froze up, often thousands of them in the marshes until December, when sands of them in the marshes until December, when the shooting was best, come but seldom and in small numbers, and do not remain but a few days. Red heads and canvas back were always scarce here, are never seen in the Fall, and few in the spring, when they are uniformly poor. For many years we had large receipts from the Illinois River in the Spring, from Havana, Beardstown and Maquoketa, and buyers took them readily in the Fall at $2.50 to $3.00 per pair, for which they would not now pay over one dollar, and the trade was of such small proportions it was finally neglected or abandoned. What shooting there is in the Fall is in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakota, and there are the only commercial birds obtainable, and the restrictions placed mercial birds obtainable, and the restrictions placed upon getting them make their capture difficult. It seems that only in a very restricted sense the commerce in birds is likely to be kept up, and if the merce in birds is likely to be kept up, and if the demand does not increase it is not needed. The trade will be confined to Fall and early Winter months, if any continues, as it was forty years ago. The shooting of prairie chickens in Henry County has been very light since 1870. The larger part has been killed in the summer months, and only till the new law went into effect did the hunters confine their hunt to the month of September, and now killing is entirely forbidden for several years. This could have been improved by making the open season in October instead. Then the birds would 200 BEST WAY TO MAKE A BAG. have been able to take care of themselves. The nicest weather we have is in October, when the killing frosts have cnt off the top of the corn stalks, where the birds stay during- the day time, and are easily captured. There is much science in getting a good bag, even then, for the time they will allow your approach is limited between nine o'clock in the morning and four or five o'clock in the afternoon. It is useless to go into the corn field before noon. It is useless to go into the corn field before or after that time. Only the brightness of the sun holds them in cover, and they are scratching and dusting themselves in the hot hours of the day, and wandering listlessly about, not going very far from where they first alighted. The better way is if you are up early in the morning in the neighborhood of fields they are known to visit, to quietly watch their movements as they leave the long grass in their roosting places, when you can mark them carefully as they light down in the field. Moreover, if you go to hunt them do not waste your time on weedy or uncultivated fields. They will not go there unless frightened, and it would be almost impossible to less frightened, and it would be almost impossible to find them if they were there. Therefore pick out the clean fields and those that have signs of being used and do not disturb them on cloudy or rainy days, when they come out into the grass and stubble and will not allow you to approach them. We hunted after this fashion for many Falls until snow flew, first Northwest of Cambridge a few miles, and later on the Edwards bottom South of the city, and always with good results. South of Atkinson in 1866, in November, about five miles out, kinson in 1866, in November, about five miles out, we hitched our horse for three successive weeks at the same tree top, omitting Sundays- and Mondays, and we took in that time three hundred and forty chickens, The lowest number we killed in any one P. CHICKEN SHOOTING IN 1866. 201 day was twenty, and the largest was thirty-six, which netted one dollar per pair, very closely, on the ground. On cloudy days we looked after quail and snipe, and let the chickens rest. In the corn fields the dog was trained to beat the ground very closely, not over a rod wide in any direction, while in grass cover he would beat out many rods and seldom flush any. The moment he struck a chicken's track or got the wind of one he was as im- en's track or got the wind of one he was as immovable as a rock till you came up. Further than movable as a rock till you came up. Further than that we found the great necessity of getting the best gun obtainable, and not carry it too long, whenever anyone wanted it more than we did. We usually bought a new one every Fall, so they did not lead, and sometimes late when the birds grew wilder, we used wire cartridges, which, when properly fitted to the gun, did wonders. I know I have killed single birds over twenty rods, and I believe in firing at a flock I have killed them nearly lieve in firing at a flock I have killed them nearly double that distance. After January we hunted quails in Knox County and they sold readily after 1862 at $2 to $2.25 per dozen. For two or three Winters the shooting was excellent. The corn fields were very small, only a few acres at most, in among timbered settlements, and in all that time I never heard the report of a gun unless it was my own or some of my companions. You would not get very far away in a day. If the birds were in the corn field and you did not get them there you followed them out on the hillside and picked them up one by one, sometimes in little brush patches, sometimes where a clearing had been made, and the little oak shoots had sprung up a foot or more and left a cover of brown leaves where the birds gathered as night approached. Sometimes a plaintive ered as night approached. Sometimes a plaintive note was heard from lost and scattered flocks, which 202 QUAIL HUNTING IN /KNOX CO., ILL. brought us up to them again. The hillsides were often very steep, and it was quite a task in ferreting out the birds here after they were once scattered. We kept them in limits as much as possible, killing the outside birds first, and in this way many flocks slept their last sleep. Many times a day we would secure a whole flock, or nearly a whole one, at one firing, and fifty to seventy birds was a usual day's hunt. One large flock of twenty birds used a corn field adjoining a small timber patch. The stalks were so broken they would not stay but a short time, and I missed them a long while. One morning a light snow had fallen. As I struck the field, which was open so I could see far down the rows, I discovered the flock piled up and lying very flat on the ground. I walked along as if to pass them by in a quartering direction. As I got a step or two past I turned suddenly and faced them and fired one barrel. Only one bird raised, which stopped with the remaining barrel. All the birds that fed in the fields were fat and heavy, but there were some flocks which never left the timber, and they were so poor they could hardly fly. These we did not molest. One of those years we hunted on the hills lest. One of those years we hunted on the hills above Gladstone, along the river bottom below Burlington, where we found many of these starved birds trailing around in the snow among the bushes near the river with apparently nothing to eat, and their cry was pitiful. It was a very cold Winter, and in many places you could walk over the snow banks. Many flocks perished, and they had to be recruited the following year from places where food abounded. I have never seen quails more plenty in Henry county than in 1859 an ^ i860. At that time we were hunting in the fields bordering on the Big Slough and many corn fields were as QUAIL PLENTY IN HENRY CO. IN i860. E03 small as in Knox County. Prices in the Fall were 18 to 20 cents each. In November they fell down to $1.50 per dozen. We were shipping to A. & E. Robbins, and every week our shipments piled up more and more. The first of December we shipped over a thousand birds in one day and the price fell to eight cents each. We were buying very many of them at one dollar per dozen or over, and we had to abandon the business for some months. Those hard years followed which we have already described, and afterwards we did most of our hunting in Knox County. At that time the bluffs along ing in Knox County. At that time the bluffs along Rock River and Green River were full of birds, but they were so low we did not seek after them very much. When the revival of prices came towards the end of the civil war, the reserves were drawn down quickly, and since then all efforts in that direction have been scattering and infrequent. Bushes have been cleaned up, vines torn down and the grass has gone under the plow, and what flocks there are have fled back into the great corn fields, where it is difficult to gather very many of them. We skipped one winter in Knox Sounty to give them a chance to recover if they would, but after our return there we found them no plentier than when we hunted them every year. The great desideratum with quails as with all other birds is that sideratum with quails as with all other birds is that they should have grass or bushes, or some kind of cover, and that is now seldom seen. The most plentiful supplies in this country have come from along the Mississippi, where the country is rough and fitted to be their home. A dozen years ago nearly all the quail were killed in this neighborhood, but a remnant was left around New Boston, Keithsburg and further South, which recruited the fields burg and further South, which recruited the fields wherever the birds were frozen out, so that they 204 TRADE IN FROZEN GAME. are moderately plenty now all over the county. We do not look to see them any more plenty as corn fields are not suitable for nesting places. Since 1880 buyers have had recourse largely to Kansas and Nebraska, and Oklahoma, and the supply there has seemed to be limitless, till now the laws have become enforced, and the cities will have to do with- come enforced, and the cities will have to do without. out. We have not said very much about frozen game since freezers came into fashion soon after 1880. I imagine there will be no dissenting voice to the statement that from that period until 1892, and in some cases until 1896, that where the freezing was properly done and the temperature steadily maintained, the business was very profitable. The main tained, the business was very profitable. The main support was the active demand for game birds of every description, except between '93 and '96; during the commercial disasters. In many places game ing the commercial disasters. In many places game gave out, and this threw increased demand on the remaining fields of supply. No first class hotel or restaurant was considered worthy the name that did not regularly furnish game dinners. Game was a cash article, and it could be sold for cash as readily as government bonds. One successful packing made the way for another, and one packer's success was the prelude for another's success. In Iowa and nearly all the States West of the Mississippi the industry flourished, some places packing only snipe and plover, others packing chickens and quails, and still others dow birds for the short season they tarried, and some packed only ducks. All these varieties were laid away in abundance. What were not native and of sufficient quantity we shipped in from the several States, and tested the keeping qualities of the different kinds thoroughly. After the experience had in packing quails in air tight REFRIGERATION STARTED IN 1876. 205 packages, we put up all. our birds in the same manner. It was some expense, but in the end it was ner. It was some expense, but in the end it was economical, as well as successful. This prevented prices from going so high as well as it saved the market from going too low. Hunters made good profits, as well as the packers. In some cases we carried the goods to the second or third year, but few people took the chances of carrying them so long, and unless the temperature was suitably low or some kind of air tight packages were used, very few took the chances for over six months. When we did carry longer we did it with much hesitation, and generally from compulsion, where some kinds of birds did not find a ready market. The only kind that gave me much trouble was mallards. They occupied a large space, were constantly accumulating on your hands and, of course, went into cumulating on your hands and, of course, went into the freezer with the result that there was always some complaint that they were soft when they came out. With this exception, the useful sorts opened up fine, grass plover exceptionally so, and snipe and teal always made money. In this connection past experience may be of some benefit to those who anticipate embarking in cold storage. The kinds of goods to be stored and the temperature required for each are the important factors to consider. Until 1876 refrigeration in the United States had made no progress. At that time and during the World's Fair at Philadelphia, the Pictet machine of Geneva, Switzerland, was exhibited, and the interest in it became very great. hibited, and the interest in it became very great. The principle of the machine was the reduction of sulphurous acid under pressure, when it becomes a liquid, and is then allowed to vaporize and cool a current of brine which flows around the water tanks to be frozen. Either this or the expansion of 206 PARTRIDGE TRADE RUINED. A some compressed gas is the basis of all refrigerators, and Pictet's plan is by many considered the tors, and Pictet's plan is by many considered the best. The main difficulty with all these machines is their expense, both in the first cost and later in the running of the machine, and unless the business is very large and can be successfully applied ness is very large and can be successfully applied to the preservation of many different articles, it will not be found profitable. If I were to engage again in cold storage I should most certainly go back to the old method, where the expense is trifling, no possibility of your freezing rooms getting fling, no possibility of your freezing rooms getting out of order, and one man can direct and almost maintain the efficiency of a large plant. Our old style was so simple and cheap that its total cost did not exceed three dollars per barrel to carry frozen goods for one year, or three hundred dollars for a room holding one hundred barrels. There is nothing to be gained by holding a room below 18 or 20 ing to be gained by holding a room below 18 or 20 F., for any frozen goods you may want to carry, and the cost of ice in most places is quite inconsiderable. For eggs, where temperature to be main- erable. For eggs, where temperature to be maintained is 30 or 31, I should use a fan to expel the tained is 30 or 31, I should use a fan to expel the foul air, which can easily be run in connection with a dynamo now to be found in all important places. Up to 1880 I had not handled any frozen partridges, and although Bond in Chicago offered them ridges, and although Bond in Chicago offered them at fifty cents per pair, I did not buy, as they were not reputed to keep well when drawn. At this time I put up a few whole birds frozen, to see how they would keep through the Summer. In the Fall they sold promptly at $1.00 per pair. Then I put up more partridges, five barrels, placing them alongside of frozen turkeys. When the turkeys were sold side of frozen turkeys. When the turkeys were sold I did not realize on two cars as much profit as I did on the five barrels of birds, when I discontinued packing poultry entirely. Along after the early PARTRIDGE TRADE RUINED. 207 8o's Col. Bond was buying large quantities of frozen partridges from Minnesota, and they were whole birds, but the market was full of them. I commenced buying of him and packed away several menced buying of him and packed away several thousand pair at about 16 to 20 cents each. They sold well in the Fall following at $1.25 per pair, and later at $1.50, before the Fall price dropped again. Markets had now improved so much, trade was stimulated and a new dealer appeared in St. Paul with whom I connected later, and who, in a few years, monopolized the N6rthwestern trade. I took several thousand pairs of him at $4.25 per dozen. This relieved the market from going down so low as usual, and the St. Paul dealer replaced his sales in still larger lots, till all that kind of game seemed in a fair way of extinction. The state then took a hand and forbid shipments out of it. In the meantime we took in fifteen hundred pairs in Wisconsin in the distance of not over one hundred miles, and with this stock on hand we had dred miles, and with this stock on hand we had enough to last two or three years. We carried them through that length of time, and the last birds were as good as the first, and brought as much money, for all that we kept in good order. Soon after this Col. Bond left the trade, the Robbins' died in New York, and the life of the trade died out with them. No history at this time of game and game killing in Henry County would be complete unless it embraced the doings of the Mapes Brothers, and espe- braced the doings of the Mapes Brothers, and especially John Mapes, who has been here since the cially John Mapes, who has been here since the first hunting began. His father was an old resident when I first knew him, and I heard it said at that time his word was as good as his bond. John was of heavy, Herculean frame like a gladiator, with a constitution exceptionally hardy, and now at seventy MAPES BROTHERS CONTINUED. years of age seems likely to remain here some time. Their farm was located on the head waters of Mud Creek, an inconsiderable stream which finds its way into Green River, and these Nimrods traversed its banks with such frequency the paths were worn as deep as that of the Indians' along the affluents of The Nestor of Hunters. the Missouri or Mississippi. They had a trace of Indian blood in their veins. They were of the nature of Gypsies. Hunting, fishing and trapping was ture of Gypsies. Hunting, fishing and trapping was their pastime, and they descended the valley through which the Creek flowed much as the Northern JOHN MAPES. 209 tribes which overran Rome, not so much for conquest as to enjoy the fertile fields of Lombardy and quest as to enjoy the fertile fields of Lombardy and Piedmont. When the family grew up the major part went westward to the Republican river in Kansas. John always bore up the family name for his exploits with the gun and rod. I have known him to hunt snipe all day from five to ten miles away, in the Fall, and bring his birds to town and sell ' them every day when there was very little market at five cents' a piece. One Fall he lugged his chickens from the bottom to town the whole summer through till he was nigh broken down. Sometimes he was down the Mississippi in the Fall, sometimes up that stream in the summer. Then he would be hunting quail in Kansas and Nebraska through the winter. Later he moved down on the Green River, and got him a farm which overlooked the broad meadows of that stream, and though always a brigand, hunting on the farms of others, ways a brigand, hunting on the farms of others, he could not and would not allow any poaching on the lands which he controlled. He was not easily excited, he was not easily afraid, he was not so timid but what he would draw profit from his own family as quickly as he would from a stranger. He absolutely refused to take a rest for rest's sake, as time so much wasted. His breath was ripened with the ozone of the morning, the evening dews brought healing to his tired feet. He had no vices. He did not know there was a saloon. He had no religion, he did not know or care for a church, and it was an even thing with him whether it pointed to hell or Heaven. If he could have believed he was a child of Heaven he would not have lieved he was a child of Heaven he would not have cared to return to his Father's house. He worshipped the senses -- the altar stairs without the altar. ped the senses -- the altar stairs without the altar. Sight and sound and feeling were the harmonies. 2iO JOHN MAPES. HUNTERS RAN TOUGH. They were the three graces which brought him deliverance. Tihey sat at his table, they followed him liverance. Tihey sat at his table, they followed him into the fields. They rounded up his days of labor, they checked up his days of sport. The quiver of a duck's wing was more potent than an angel's. Feathers overbore faith. What the eye had not seen nor the ear heard were the discords. Such men ought never to grow old' for when the eye is unable to supply vision, or hearing to pick up the lost chords, from being skeptics of others they become skeptics of themselves. In time after he was come skeptics of themselves. In time after he was sixty years of age he left his family a mile away and crossed the river, not the Styx whose barge made such chastened music to* the immortals, nor with the ghostly Charon to ferry him, but his own son-in-law who passed him to a land he had chosen where an unsympathetic wife would not despoil him of the fruits of his labor, nor swallow up his economies, and where the ducks might visit him al- nomies, and where the ducks might visit him always, and so he says they do. ways, and so he says they do. We cannot at this time refrain from commenting upon the character of the great army of those who have taken up hunting for a profit. With two or three notable exceptions, I cannot find that their lives have been sweet or savory, or that they have served any high or beneficent purpose upon their contemporaries. One only of them all was, I deemed, a representative man, of broad and liberal nature, sharing at one time the confidence of all men, using his gifts as God gave him to use, a pronounced Christian, who, in the day of peril, to avoid payment of debt, abandoned his post and between two days started on his long journey to the tween two days started on his long journey to the Pacific coast, as says the bard, "When you and I and all of us fell down And bloody treason triumphed over us." GEO. BEERS AS A FINANCIER. 2li We were shocked. For a long time nothing was heard from him. Then he authorized his brother to go around to his creditors and offer them twentyfive cents on the dollar. Out on such outrage ! Bet- five cents on the dollar. Out on such outrage ! Better offer nothing and be bankrupt than to couple the ter offer nothing and be bankrupt than to couple the offer with the assurance that he was able to do better, but would not. Some men are born with great natural abilities. They go into battle with polished guns and shining helmets, which are too heavy for them, and they are borne down early in the struggle, and abandon their guns and accoutrements and stand trembling before defeat. They ments and stand trembling before defeat. They drop into an ambulance when they should ride in the band wagon, and they drive heavily through the mud and mire of stirring columns which ride on before them, and with cheer and shout lead the way to San Juan. The others are clog men who follow behind, whose vices betray them into weakness, or their faith is thrown away in the presence of disaster. There is another kind whose weapons are aster. There is another kind whose weapons are light but effective, who take just stores enough to last on their journey, who seize the first and fastest conveyance they can get hold of, covering years with moments, and with flying steed break into wavering columns and summon them to victory, gaining the salvos of a nation and the applause of history. The first of these represents George Beers. I was with him on the ridge between the Twin Lakes in Loraine when he shot off his thumb, and helped to get him home again. I think the weights he carried were too heavy. He was a bad disciplinarian, but that was no excuse for shifting his plinarian, but that was no excuse for shifting his burden on others and then mockingly abandoning them to the struggle. He was a bad financier, and bad financiering and bad morals are almost synonymous. Such men float easily along on the onymous. Such men float easily along on the 2i2 HUNTERS MADE MONEY EASILY. stream of good luck, as they call it, when it passes their way, and become too exalted over success. With the ebb tide they fall back into the trough of their many wasting burdens again. I cannot see that their calamities came from carrying a gun. Often I have thought they came because they did not carry it. fbr many years Hunting was more profitable than farm work, and was as good as a trade. Money was made easy and spent freely. Such men pair their vices with their virtues, and hope to balance the account, but vices are negatives, they start at zero and go downward, and denote the absence rather than the expression of values and the results are faulty and uncommercial, and the stain is unatoned. The glow of the outer world and the illusions of sense more largely influence youthful natures which have learned only physical wants, ful natures which have learned only physical wants, as in the case of the boy who, on coming out of a devotional meeting, said to his mother, "They didn't bring me any cheese, Ma, they sang bringing in the cheese (sheaves)." All natures require the counterpoise of moral forces or dry rot supervenes. "I know men," said Napoleon Bonaparte, "but Jesus Christ was not a man." You may dig deep in the earth and channel the foundations and superimpose the tints of flowers and the breath of summer, but the hydraulic process must go on and the fountains be reached or our labor is lost. No business can flourish where intemperance knocks at the door and is let in. Only healthy, robust natures can stand the strain of hard travels and uncertain fare which hunters must endure, and in the relaxation they are fain to cultivate the saloons where morality is constricted and disease blossoms and sheds its baleful stricted and disease blossoms and sheds its baleful fruit among families and firesides until the want of a penny becomes that of a pound and hope E. P. WHIPPLE. 213 dies out, and crime treads on the heels of seedy garments and unclean speech and the short life is sur- ments and unclean speech and the short life is surrendered and goes back to its Maker loaded down rendered and goes back to its Maker loaded down with judgments and the terrors of a fast coming remorse. Fifty years ago E. P. Whipple wrote, 'To one who reflects on the nature and capacity of the human mind, there is something inconceivably awful in its perversions. Look at it as it comes fresh and plastic from its Maker. Look at it as it returns stained and hardened to its Maker. Conceive of a mind, a living soul, with the germs and ceive of a mind, a living soul, with the germs and faculties which Infinity cannot exhaust, as it first beams upon you in its glad morning of existence, quivering with life and joy, exulting in the bounding sense of its developing energies, beautiful and ing sense of its developing energies, beautiful and brave and generous and joyous and free. The clear pure spirit, bathed in the auroral light of its unconscious immortality, and then follow it in its dark conscious immortality, and then follow it in its dark passage through life as it stifles and kills every aspiration and inspiration of its being, until it becomes piration and inspiration of its being, until it becomes a dead soul entombed in a living frame." So many with a florid countenance of apparent freshness, not only try to deceive others but often deceive themselves. ' A drunkard once reeled to Mr. Whitefield and said, "I am one of your converts." ''I field and said, "I am one of your converts." ''I believe you are," was the reply, "for you are certainly none of God's." Men cultivate companion- tainly none of God's." Men cultivate companionship often of the most sordid kind. The Prisoner ship often of the most sordid kind. The Prisoner of Chillon would not have been loth to leave his prison walls if he had not become acquainted with spiders and flies. Of all the hunters I have known with but one or two exceptions, none of them had a moderately cultivated taste. As Wordsworth says, tivated taste. As Wordsworth says, "A primrose by the river's brim, A yellow primrose was to him, And it was nothing more." 214 SALOONS PAY IN SOME WAY. It is related of Sir Walter Scott that in company with his wife he was crossing the fields when pany with his wife he was crossing the fields when the lambs began to skip and play before them. On which Scott remarked on the beautiful sight and how nice the lambs were, and she replied that "they were nice when boiled." A big butcher once remarked to Dr. Johnson, as if to gain that writer's marked to Dr. Johnson, as if to gain that writer's applause, "Who rules o'er freemen, must himself be free." The Doctor surprised him by saying, "Rank nonsense, as well say 'Who slays fat oxen must himself be fat.' " There are two things that war against a man's better nature, vices or passions, and apparent personal interest. The vices every man will tell you sonal interest. The vices every man will tell you what they are, but they belong only to his neighbor. The interests of a man are not always what they seem to be, but either through a mental cloud or perverse or inactive conscience, the properties which should make him better are declined for those which please him or bring immediate rewards. In a large sense money outweighs all other things, but there are other tangible values which everyone calls his interests which he must protect, and these, with the great mass of men, are not moral forces at all. Everybody can observe what friendships are formed by trade which puts money into the hands of those who are eager to reciprocate profits, but not sentiments or association. A few dollars judiciously ments or association. A few dollars judiciously distributed has saved many a man from prison, if not from the gallows. This is what keeps your saloons alive -- they pay. This is what keeps up companionship with ourselves when otherwise we are ready to say that all is gone. If we could strip ourselves of this self entanglement and be guided only by what was our real interest, rather than the makeshift of what appears to be so, this robe of ours WEALTH IS THE SCAFFOLD OF MORALS. 215 would be brightened up and the sublime glories would reach us, and not the glittering baubles which shut them from our hearts. I would not like to sorrow as those who have no hope, but I see the clouds row as those who have no hope, but I see the clouds forming, and though the showers may do us no harm and the rainbow may follow, a whirlwind may be in store when the foundations are insecure, and disaster may whiten the fields with wreckage instead of the burden of harvest. The late Charles Blish of this city was wont to declare "The present generation is doomed. When I see young men with no visible means of support, wasting their time and energies with traveling expenses far beyond their means, which I would not think of contracting, and the round of entertainments which fills out their days and nights and draws upon limited purses and must be met often by dishonesty and crime, or entailed upon the thrift of ancestors, I know they are tailed upon the thrift of ancestors, I know they are without hope." We may well see that this evil lies deeper than the surface. Though every man's pocket was lined with gold, a good man does not spring upon the world because of great treasure. More often the presence of great wealth is a handicap which only the few turn to profitable account. cap which only the few turn to profitable account. There is a widespread defection from the high standard of morals today which is beginning to bear fruit. You can hardly trust your neighbor, you are not sure of yourself. If you have a valuable interest it must be secured by some surety which places the responsibility farther back than its source. Why not trust the principal rather than the surety who must be paid therefor? Simply because the moral sense of the former is only a creature of law, and is subject to attack. There would be no attack if there had been no failure, but why fail? Every material thing that is needed to do business 216 WEALTH IS THE SCAFFOLD OF MORALS. is around you. Capital and labor wait on the man with a purpose, and they follow him around and plead for opportunity. From whence, then, does honesty of purpose come? It must come from an informed and cultivated conscience, and that conscience must be tivated conscience, and that conscience must be the basis of your everyday acts. This will forbid your accepting any kind of property without gift or payment, and any speculation which involves surety. This is not a chance world in which you reap what you do not sow. Otherwise no human life could exist, or anything which is on the earth wrought out by man. "Two things," said the great astronomer Kepler, "fill me with wonder and amazement, the starry heavens above, and the moral nature within man." Look up, oh man, at the al nature within man." Look up, oh man, at the heavens, and see if you can unfold the riddle of the stars. The Rosetta Stone in the Delta of the Nile unlocked the hieroglyphics of Egypt. The Infinite which presides all around you and beats upon thrones and wastes their pomp and glory in oblivion will not open with a finite key. More than two ion will not open with a finite key. More than two thousand years have passed since the prophet foretold that "no more a Prince shall sit on the throne told that "no more a Prince shall sit on the throne of Egypt." Can you tell where the Prophet derived his knowledge which has been verified to this day? The world stupefied with sin cries out for God. The French Revolution which struck down all morals was forced to declare that if there was no God it would be compelled to invent one. Now we are fast reaching that point. Reverence is dying out, the chill and the gloom of the churches is arrayed by insincere partisans against the hope and faith which seeks to draw all men into honest and consecrated lives. If you forget this you trample upon crated lives. If you forget this you trample upon vour own instincts. The failure of this man or that THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE. 217 man will not help you, for all good and worthy things have counterfeits, and it would surpass all record if some Judas or Simon did not take the record if some Judas or Simon did not take the life or solicit the franchises of our Lord. To believe is to be chastened with whips. To not believe is to be chastised with scorpions. The public conscience is the greatest criminal we have in these times. Neither the caitiff did nor the he and she Silverman has very far exceeded the bounds of the kingdom which society allows to offenders. What a roost of unclean birds ! But the fenders. What a roost of unclean birds ! But the business methods of business men in this country produces a new batch of conspirators as fast as the old are cleaned up. The apathy of most men whose interests are not at stake is astounding. A laugh will intimidate the strongest resolution, but a laugh at crime is criminal. Forgery and perjury are bought with a golden girdle which the poor aspirant thinks will make him a rainbow after the storm ant thinks will make him a rainbow after the storm of sin has ceased for a season. Mental reservation will cover up some acts, but it will not drive tion will cover up some acts, but it will not drive out consumption, the sputum of which is in everybody's throat. The unawed and uncompromising body's throat. The unawed and uncompromising stamina we once had has lost citizenship. The penalties for violated rights in this life ought in some way to be compatible with the punishment which shall follow hereafter, else there is no hell, conscience is a misnomer, and our ideas of right and wrong are confused and calamitous. Do not think that patriotism is the highest type of valor. There are greater victories than battle flags. There are sieges once begun which never end, bloodless because they reach where flesh and blood can never come. The moral stalwart is not here, he is risen and will hardly be found this side of Galilee. Self-abnegation stands at the door of 218 THE DEPARTED. THE INDIAN WARDS. every perfect soul. Until you can reach that goal you cannot enter in. The lions of St. Mark were not those which had crunched human flesh. The eagles that were borne along the Rhine had never screamed in their native haunts of Thessaly or Piedmont. The only selfish thing in the world is the rainbow which permits you to see it only at your angle. The only selfish thing in the universe is Heaven which you shall see for yourself and not another, but of this selfishness may we all receive and grace for grace. When that which is perfect shall come, selfishness shall cease to be an unholy passion, for there ness shall cease to be an unholy passion, for there is no rivalry where there are no possessions and no emotions to betray where they are cradled in love. It would be impossible to describe all who have been associated with us since this history began ; the Fronks, the Hiserodts, the Joles, Clements and Runnels, and the vast army who have come and gone, and many who are now out of reach of sound or voice, the Choir Invisible, but memory of whom is fragrant with the good and tolerant of the bad in human character, and whose varied ideals have gone to make up the ebb and flow, the contracting and expanding of the activities which everyday life vests in us, and to all such we send greeting. We greet many more beyond the reach and limits of Henry County, many of whom we have not seen and yet loved, from distant states, from beyond the great rivers where the heats scorch and wither, where the sands blister the feet of the traveler and the winds carrying the breath of volcanoes suck out the life of every living thing. There are the wards of the Nation, whose only school of discipline is the vices, who are barred from many of the benefits JOHN A. LYON. 219 which their land produces. The Indian lands are overflowing with chickens and quail, but the white man is the only referee they have whether they shall kill and market what they have fed and protected in their fields. Most of them are very poor, and if they could market the game of that region it would be an immense benefit to them in becoming good citizens. In this record very little has been said of the men who were my consignees, of whom we have often spoken, who always rejoiced when success overtook us and sympathized with us when defeated, and have now, one and all of the great trio' whom we shall name, entered that fixed abode where the panorama of this life is an ineffaceable reality. It is orama of this life is an ineffaceable reality. It is with pleasure I lay this wreath of many threads and fibres of memory at the little shrine by the wayside where the wayfarer can linger and where the side where the wayfarer can linger and where the virtues of each shall be recounted to the traveler, and where faults (as who has none?) be left to that charity which never faileth, at the fountain which they unlocked, and drinking of its clear crystal waters may go forth refreshed. tal waters may go forth refreshed. John A. Lyon was Nature's nobleman. He was absolutely void of cheat or deceit. For thirty-five years I knew him intimately, examined his books many times on points which others might have desired to conceal, and he was the same unflinching, sired to conceal, and he was the same unflinching, unreserved man he was when I first knew him. Hfe made mistakes in figures, but I never saw him feel worse than when the mistake was in his favor. In this case he could not sleep, he could not lie still till he knew what the mistake was and the correction was made. If others made mistakes against him he made no note of it beyond the time it occurred, and he would not ask reparation unless the mistake JOHN A. LYON. John A. Lyon, the Incorruptible. was very great. He was close, careful and methodical, and never let his expenses outrun his income. ical, and never let his expenses outrun his income. When I last saw him, about 1889, I was troubled because I could not seem to obtain clear insight into his feelings, and when the conversation was the most earnest and animated he would often lapse into silence, as though he did not understand what I was saying. He would not remember what I had said when I repeated it, and his eyes had that far AMOS ROBBINS. 221 away look which was as if seeking to penetrate the invisible. I thought then, and still think he was wrapt with a vision which was unfolding to him the world of spiritual life which seemed to belittle all the transactions of this. It may have come to him that his life was drawing near to a close, and that the dawn of a better morning beyond the hill tops was soon to* clasp him in its munificent embrace. (I shall see him but not now. I shall be- brace. (I shall see him but not now. I shall behold him but not nigh, for he has entered in through hold him but not nigh, for he has entered in through the gates into the city.) Of Amos Robbins, the acting manager of the firm of A. & E. Robbins, I shall speak briefly. He was not a man to inspire emotion. If you had any tender sympathies, any weakness of nerves which you could not restrain, you had to cast them aside in his presence. He was a colossus of finance and where he. went Love withdrew. He warned you in advance if you had any love not to imperil it on him. He was a Harriman or a Hill, financing great measures which the common crowd knew nothing about. In his department his sway was absolute. All the managers of restaurants and hotels looked to him for their game. When he told tels looked to him for their game. When he told them to drop one kind, it was done. When he told them to take up another it was done without asking why. He bought the best that money could buy and he would not put out on a good customer anything which he knew in any sense was inferior. He had abundant capital. He paid magnificently for what he bought if it suited him. He speculated on the market whenever he had an opportunity and seldom speculated unwisely. If he caught the market short of what he had, no price would permit ket short of what he had, no price would permit a short to slip into cover unharmed. He made his own combination of circumstances and worked them AMOS ROBBINS. Amos Robbins, the Caesar. out with a vigor that needed no outside help. Under such circumstances it was necessary that a der such circumstances it was necessary that a shipper should not place his life in his hands, so that when the stars in their courses fought for him as they did for Sisera and were moved out of their orbits by his tremendous mechanism, they could be drawn back again without your life being ' at stake. We had a foil, two of them. The one was John A. Lyon and the other was Edward EDWARD SUMNER. Sumner. Neither of them carried any large capital but they were intelligent, industrious students ital but they were intelligent, industrious students of values when prices were persistently under valued, and many times the prices rebounded on the ued, and many times the prices rebounded on the street within a few moments, or minutes, or hours, and no one could tell why. Amos Robbins made a fortune for the firm and enough for himself, but it was not large. He was of a convivial nature and vast sums were said to have been expended in his entertainments. Nevertheless no man could do as that man. He was head and shoulders above all that went before him, and none after him have been able to follow in his steps. The moment he was dead the game business was palsied, and the prices which for long years waited on his footsteps were rudely cast aside. No man could place them where they could command such firmness as he himself. He handled the market as a tradesman would handle his wares, selling them when and where they should be sold. There was but one Robbins, there will not be another. All the rest are pygmies, sitting around camp fires and telling idle tales, whilst he with higher range of vision and keener insight swept the field of his chosen industry with the wand of a magician, filled up his coffers with the quiet assurance of one bred to millions, and died the undisputed peer of the field he had won. Of Edward Sumner it may be said that he soon saw what Fulton Market was doing and he set about to draw some of the trade from there into Washington Market. He was interested largely in poultry and game. He was a shrewd calculator of values that were and were going to be, and in time he put his attention more fully into the game business. Beyond one or two mistakes, one of which ness. Beyond one or two mistakes, one of which EDWARD SUMNER. Edward Sumner, the Student. at least was a heavy one, he was as good a man to trade with as I ever would want. I believe he was an honest trader, though his language was so vile and offensive you would at times feel justified to dispute it. He was a thoroughly competent judge of different kinds of game he handled. It was said of him that he would take a frozen snipe, chew it up without cooking, so he could tell whether it would thaw out sweet or not. Without the er it would thaw out sweet or not. Without the THE HAPPY HUNTING GROUND NO MORE. 225 mistakes mentioned he might have become a power PS Washington Market. He was a splendid paman From no man was I more pleased to get cor- man From no man was I more pleased to get corspondence. He did not talk much tamp-* spondence. He did not talk much tamp-* He was willing to give you all the good points that Should golem your shipments but you mus follow your own opinions. He was a tireless ,vr.t on every occasion you needed to hear from hkn He would pay drafts to the bottom dollar anoarently and he was never whining about it and. sendu g you mean notices of what he would or voulddegnot do. In this way he dis counted many commission men, who get into a fever when their bank account runs low and a draft would mean bankruptcy. Sumner talked everything, filthy beond endurance or description, and never seemed ond endurance or description, and never seemed to think it was out of place. In ear her years . I did not much notice it and I do not think he indulged fc i it quite so freely. Something must be allowed for the society around him, for market men are proverbially foolish and filthy talkers, and they do not seem to notice the effect of it themselves. With such an active dealer in each market and a commission man on the street, that person was fortu- mission man on the street, that person was fortunate who had the benefit of their united efforts. nate who had the benefit of their united efforts. These three men all died within two or three years, not far from 1890, and bitterly have I felt their loss * The Great West has seen but one happy hunting around We do not know where it will ever find another". Henry County, in the Valley of the Mississippi, has held more game than any land of its sissippi, has held more game than any land of its size in the world. If the myriads that have possessed it should lift up their wings like the cheru- sessed it should lift up their wings like the cherubim in Ezekiel, the thunders of their voices would bim in Ezekiel, the thunders of their voices would drown Niagara. What happiness and untold bene226 THE HAPPY HUNTING GROUNDS NO MORE. 226 THE HAPPY HUNTING GROUNDS NO MORE. fit it has brought to millions ; what tables have been garnished all over the East as well as the West with the rich fruits of the hunter's labor. What other department of business has so well represented an united country where the benefit of one State was the happy heritage of all. Now, the States are antagonistic, the Commonwealth is no longer pre- tagonistic, the Commonwealth is no longer preserved. To those of us who have passed the meri- served. To those of us who have passed the meridian of life, feeling the approaches of age, the game dian of life, feeling the approaches of age, the game campaign of the past will not soon be forgotten. Many will come to hear our story and forget themselves listening to the narration. The half has not selves listening to the narration. The half has not been told, but enough to mark the thirty years during which the game birds of the country passed ing which the game birds of the country passed away. Many mementoes of rare sport will doubtless be treasured by each one of you. The old gun less be treasured by each one of you. The old gun will awake new energies, its antiquated style will recall pleasant memories, they will sing its doxology, they will utter a new dispensation, they will ology, they will utter a new dispensation, they will follow you in your quiet hours, they will fasten upon your dreams. Along the Green and Rock Rivers, the wide Mississippi and the bays and bends of the Illinois, you will hear the chant of the waters anew. The grandchild will come to take your ters anew. The grandchild will come to take your place. Like the schoolmaster, you will "shoulder your crutch and show how fields were won." You will oil well the old stock, you will smooth down the rusty barrels. If Homer is to be believed, Ulysses thought as much of polishing his splendid armor as he did of victory. 'With my staff," said Jacob, "I passed over this Jordan." On the banks of the Tiber stood the Temple of Janus, where the victorious Roman Generals hung up their trophies of war. Oh, Father T'iber, in this Western Hemisphere, where the great waters gather and pass on phere, where the great waters gather and pass on to the ocean, there are multitudes of arms which 22? HUNTER WAS NOT NECESSARILY SERVILE. hail- over quiet firesides, which illustrate the deeds and daring and the energy of those who never shed human blood or heard the paeans of victory I heir Temple of Janus is closed for it is a time of peace, where neither sorrow nor the taint of battle shall ever rise up to darken their souls. In all my acquaintances with hunters I have been compelled to mark their defects, but there was always a brighter side which was more or less ob- ways a brighter side which was more or less obscured. I know of very few of them, but what if scured. I know of very few of them, but what if thev had chosen could have reached higher walks of life, persistently and deliberately attempted. Hunting was looked upon as so much of a pleasure that the immense toil and labor endured was ure that the immense toil and labor endured was not counted. To those who have brawn and muscle to use or develop what is now to take its place . cle to use or develop what is now to take its place . Such must either work for themselves or work for others ' The latter may do and with the great crowd of dependents must do, but it is to the last a species of slavery and so far must appear debasing Master and owner are not very far apart ing Master and owner are not very far apart in" the world's measure. To make a start is the struck to make the first thousand dollars is the tirumph. Passions are not evil when they prompt to good purposes, but their appeals are not mostly that wav, but rather for pleasure, when they are like water sprouts which forage upon the ascending sap A clothesline will hang you if you give it play The summons of sense bring great disquiet where they are not opposed. In the organic world success follows the line of cleavage or the line ot least resistance but in the human organism it is different. Here dogged determination must be the ferent. Here dogged determination must be the rule The solicitations of pleasure must be answered with a frown. Barriers must be broken swered with a frown. Barriers must be broken down in attack. Outposts must be set up when 228 DON'T EXPECT TO DIG UP DIAMONDS. besieged ; the spy with honeyed words must be executed, and you must climb the hill though it means a Waterloo. If you frown at misfortune your wife will call you a blockhead and give you only a wooden wedding. Withal, be not too sanguine in the belief that there are acres of diamonds lying all around you. It is not true, it is only a rhetorical exaggeration and if followed will bring you disappointment. Competition is too bitter, the resources of your ances- petition is too bitter, the resources of your ancestors have been already coined, and the mine is tors have been already coined, and the mine is worked out. The reserves are put away in a strong box which you cannot reach. Look about you and you will see the holes from which your fortunate progenitors digged with such assiduity. Though you had the making of an Astor the fur bearers are not working night and day to .enrich your coffers. The construction of railways by the elder Vanderbilt and the wrecking of others by Gould brought no sinecure to their successors. The pioneers of Sutter's ranch left no shrub or bush unshaken for you to find a gold mine. Uncle Sam's farms are passing, the best are already gone. The Dantes and the Miltons, should they again appear, would find no new phraseology to depict Heaven or Hell. Wealth is cautious and conservative and its favors falls only to its friends. Societies will open the door only when you present the right key, without which the parlors that entertain not commoners but the distinguished of every name, will moners but the distinguished of every name, will utter, "Procul, O Procul profani." The Rose of Sharon is too thinly planted to make picturesque highways and entice you with its fragrance, "and utterly to destroy" means that "the Canaanite is still in the land," the enemy is still sowing tares which cannot be rooted up till the restitution of all THE DOG. 229 things, and until which time there can be no sudden or universal return to God. The roads most traveled are those which end in a squirrel track at last eled are those which end in a squirrel track at last and run up a tree. There is no more useful animal to the hunter at all times than the dog, while he is the better half in all warm weather shooting. Fortunately we had need of but four, of which only one bore the larger part of the burden. The first one ended his life on the banks of the Green River in Massachusetts, that stream which Bryant has immor- chusetts, that stream which Bryant has immortalized in poetry. The second was worn out and talized in poetry. The second was worn out and gave up at the mouth of the Apple River, a few miles above Savannah. The third was my pride and joy for many years, a noble dog, than which nothing pleased him better than the sight of a gun and a man to carry it. His scent was remarkably keen and strong. He knew everything markably keen and strong. He knew everything that could be known about a woodcock, all that a dog's nature could understand. He had pointed out thousands of them, wondering- many times, as it seemed to> me, when he would turn the white of his eye around with so much earnestness, why I did not see what he saw, and smelt so keenly, and when at last I was compelled to order him to put up the bird, as it rose many times he caught it before it escaped from the bushes. When once the bird was killed he was satisfied and passed on for more birds, and for many a long and weary day he never tired out. He was equally well with snipe, or partridge, or quail, or grouse, but his long hunts were mostly with woodcock. He was a short, compact dog of dark color, mixed with white spots, a very short tail, not a very large dog, and a pointer. You could trust him when going across the country to tell you all the game that was 230 SANCHO-- THE DOG. within his reach. When he discovered a bird he would stop squarely without stirring, looking- back occasionally with that inquisitive eye of his to see if you were going to follow him. If you did not and he saw you were driving away, he would make a quick run, put up the bird he was pointing and then put after you with all his might to overtake you. This was Sancho, and his death was painful to me and somewhat dramatic. He was working closely along a high, dry ridge with the open below but bushes towering high overhead. Below low but bushes towering high overhead. Below me was an open stretch of low ground, and below the limbs an open space through which you could shoot. He found a bird and I ordered him to put it up. Tlhe bird, instead of springing up through the bushes, as they ordinarily do, dodged under the limbs cut into the open way and swung around to my left to gain the high land again. I was not over ten or twelve feet from the dog and as the bird passed in the open he came just opposite the dog, and my eye following the bird I did not notice Sancho, and the charge struck him squarely sideways, and the poor brute made a low whine, try- ways, and the poor brute made a low whine, trying to come to me, and fell dead. I left the place ing to come to me, and fell dead. I left the place with a sad heart and long afterwards tried to. locate the spot, but everything had vanished that re- cate the spot, but everything had vanished that reminded me of him. He was with me five or six minded me of him. He was with me five or six years. He lies below Cassville five or six miles, along a highway where the wood teams pass and repass every day, not far from the Milk Slough so often spoken of. He was nearly worn out at this time. The fourth and last dog was with us on the boat in 1871 while we were encamped opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin River. I had posite the mouth of the Wisconsin River. I had shot a bird which he did not seem to find, and was scolding him a little when he struck and soon CHARACTERISTICS OF DOGS, HORSES. 231 left me on the Island. I returned in the evening but saw no more of him. In the morning" we heard the bay of a dog and looking across the Mississippi we beheld him on the Southern shore of the Wisconsin and looking pitifully across to us. We re- consin and looking pitifully across to us. We recrossed and took him back to the boat where later crossed and took him back to the boat where later I sold him to one of the hunters and I never saw him again. There is a characteristic feature among bird dogs which is not easy to understand. There are times when they are in the best of condition, when they see the bird fall and rush madly after it if allowed and if they do not strike the scent at once they give a turn or two and come back discouraged. No persuasion or allurement of any kind will prevail with suasion or allurement of any kind will prevail with them afterward. They will lead away readily to fresh fields or pastures new, but they will not hunt up the lost bird. It is not, however, a dead bird, but its wing is broken and the general opinion seems to prevail that it is able to hold back its scent and remains perfectly still where the bird falls. I have had this happen repeatedly on chickens, quails, partridges and woodcock, and it is ens, quails, partridges and woodcock, and it is most exasperating. Once at the mouth of Penny Slough a partridge rose up the hill and I saw him fall. The dog lead out after him, gave two or three quick turns and came back without it. The grass was short here and the wind blew strongly, which might have dissipated the scent. If the habits of the partridge were like that of a chicken, it begins to run the moment it strikes the ground, and if the dog starts right on its trail it will follow it any distance, even where the ground is bare. I have had my dog follow a partridge in Wisconsin for a quarter of a mile before it was overtaken, sin for a quarter of a mile before it was overtaken, and walk steadily on without a break from first to 232 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOGS, HORSES. last. The dog is the most devoted friend a man has. While attaching- himself to one man alone he will hunt until his feet are all worn out and bleeding and until he can travel no longer, but of all things a bird dog abhors is the presence of sand burrs. I had never seen any till I hunted North of Annawan. On those sandy hills they are in great profusion and were then at that time much frequented by chickens. We were not successful at quented by chickens. We were not successful at first and my dog began to show some disappointment when suddenly he slacked up, went slower ment when suddenly he slacked up, went slower and had every appearance of a horse that was collicky or foundered. He held his tail, not straight out, but circular, and he lifted his feet like they do when they find squirrels or a turtle. I drew up, supposing he had found something, but I was mistaken. I remembered the city hunter who was rep- taken. I remembered the city hunter who was represented as following up a dog pointing all the resented as following up a dog pointing all the while, upon which he cried in despair that if he kept up that thing all day he would get no partridges. The dog's eye was raised appealingly to- ridges. The dog's eye was raised appealingly toward me when it flashed into my mind that he had ward me when it flashed into my mind that he had struck a nest of sand burrs. I examined the dog's feet and all between his toes were filled in with them, and I had to pick them all out and leave the neighborhood. Two horses I wore out completely, one crossing the burning sands below Savannah on my way to that city yielded up his life the night after I got there, and the last, worn out with age and labor, died here in this city twenty-five years old. He learned to do everything a hunting horse could possibly do. He would see a chicken on a fence as quick as I would and you did not have to tell him when to stop, for he did that of his own accord. You could leave him anvwhere in the fields from FUTURE OF GAME AND GAME BUSINESS. 233 nine o'clock in the morning' till six o'clock at night without fastening, and you would find him when you wanted to return home. He died at last of old age. What shall be said of the future of game and the game business ? In Illinois game birds are becoming a thing' of the past. It seems incredible coming a thing' of the past. It seems incredible did we not know that the last ten years have done more havoc in the Hocks than the thirty years which preceded it. Up to 1892 or 1893 jacksnipe could be had almost anywhere in the spring or fall. We calculated there was killed in Illinois in those thirty years no less than two thousand dozen each year, and the market was large enough to take and consume them all at paying prices. For the same time there was marketed each year from Henry County and the Mississippi no less than three or four hundred dozen woodcock, and the average price was as high or higher than now. Quails were all over the state on high or low grounds, in the woods and in the corn fields, and were so universal it would be difficult to give an estimate, but versal it would be difficult to give an estimate, but the number killed must have been very large. Prairie chickens have been in limited supply for the last thirty years, but they were never nearly as scarce as now, the low bottom lands being their only place to nest, and these overflowed with water, most of the covies perished. There have been very few grass or golden plover killed since 1880. Very few ducks nest here now. In the dry years very few are seen or killed. This year of great abundance of water, there ought to be plenty, but they dance of water, there ought to be plenty, but they are not. We have reason to believe they have emigrated with the geese and brants and cranes and traverse in their flights long distances to lands which have not been open to the hunters. To keep 234 FUTURE OF GAME AND GAME BUSINESS. any appreciable amount of game in this country we shall have to follow the practice of English lords of great estates. Land in severalty of small compass will not hold birds that roam over vast acres pass will not hold birds that roam over vast acres and belong to no man in particular. And here comes in the difficulty with the law. When it is conceded that all the game in the State is owned by Government, how shall private individuals make their tenure good so they can hunt at will. Such people will be able to keep poachers off their land, but if they kill are they not poachers themselves? It would seem as though the proper way to do would be to give all hunters a fair chance and equal so long as the game would permit without destruction, and allow it to> be shipped as long as it was tion, and allow it to> be shipped as long as it was legal to kill, when all the rights of citizens in distant states would be protected. It would only be tant states would be protected. It would only be proper to throw the law open once in quite distant years when the supply of game would not be interferred with because the flocks would not stand terferred with because the flocks would not stand constant or yearly pursuit. The rage for hunting seems to have gone beyond all reasonable bounds. It has always been yond all reasonable bounds. It has always been believed that the scarcer the game the less the demand would be made upon it. A hunt that would mand would be made upon it. A hunt that would bring in two or three dozen birds was supposed to have no allurements where it was reduced to two or three, but the fact remains that the enthusiasm is unabated where men hunt for sport, and actually the value of the game killed is often less than the cost of killing. Men are getting used to small bags and they do not weep over the expected. In New York State the killing of one or two woodcock a day was not discouraging and to kill three or four or more was an eye-opener. The man that shoots for profit cannot work himself down to this low FUTURE OF GAME AND GAME BUSINESS. 235 average. Consequently he is not a factor when scarcity is apparent or prices are low. It would seem that laws could be made according to the promise of the crop every few years, in which every man that chose could share. It might be proper to have open season most every year if the killing was allowed and followed at the proper time and then only, but no prairie chicken should be killed in Illinois until October, and even November would be preferable. When the corn fields are bare and the snow is piling up in the meadows and swirling along the valleys, not many birds would be reached. It might be proper to kill them until February and nothing would suffer. The question might be raised whether the summer shooting has not done more harm than all the laws have done good. The killing of summer birds has run into the millions in Iowa and Nebraska and Minnesota, and in Illinois has approximated a ratio nearly as great. nois has approximated a ratio nearly as great. There has been no real winter shooting in Illinois for thirty years. Then all the surplus has been drawn off in warm weather and a large share of it was lost or damaged. Let us get at the cause where it lies and not charge it up to professional hunters who are seldom interested because it is unprofitable. Look at the crowds of hunters and dogs that ble. Look at the crowds of hunters and dogs that sally forth every first day of September in the chicken states, and tell us if it is not remarkable that any birds remain there at all. Don't tell us of the noble sport enjoyed by these knights of the gun, when, oh ye lawmakers, it is nothing short of murder. We often hear it remarked by young Nimrods, and older ones as well, that it is highly objectionable to shoot birds sitting, but it is rather commendable to flush them first and give them some chance to escape. Their theory is untenable, un236 FUTURE OF GAME AND GAME BIRDS. 236 FUTURE OF GAME AND GAME BIRDS. less while they slaughter young birds by the thousand in hot weather, too small to take care of sand in hot weather, too small to take care of themselves, they can show it is merciful. It is a fraud upon legislators to permit such laws to pass. What a cry is raised over the destruction of whole broods of quails, sometimes, and at some fortunate shot. Nevertheless, the same persons will sally out where a flock is known to use and kill two or three, or perhaps half a dozen, rest awhile, then pursue them again a few days later till every bird is gone. I well remember a hawk which had marked a flock of quails on the bank of a stream, and made a dash among them every day or two, capturing one at a time till the whole brood disappeared long before spring. It is a persistent following of the flock, whether one or more is killed at a time, that wipes out the brood. The hunter for profit does not do this. If he gets among them he probably kills half the flock at the first onset, then passes to other grounds that have not been disturbed. He can no more think of spending his time upon remnants of flocks than he could expect half a meal to nants of flocks than he could expect half a meal to keep him alive. When the surplus has become reduced he moves away. Did you ever know a duced he moves away. Did you ever know a pasteboard and gingersnap sport ever to say he had killed enough and would take no more. Possibly the law might compel them to limit their killing, otherwise their appetite is unsatiable. Look over the best hunting grounds in Henry County, the best that have ever existed, and I think you will find that if anyone has killed game illegally it has not been an up and down hunter who hunted for profit. It would not be to his interest to do so. From a partial comparison of quail grounds which have been shot over each year with those hunted over every other year, the number of birds killed CHANGED CONDITIONS ARE FATAL. 237 in the former was noticeably no less than in the latter. It seems to be a law of Nature that whole broods do not thrive like broken ones. After a cold winter in which only here and there was a flock saved it seems remarkable how soon the hunting was restored over large areas. The last hard ing was restored over large areas. The last hard winter we had here there was not known a single flock to survive. Nevertheless when spring opened the voice of the quail was heard in our land, and even now, if the old covers of grass and bushes could be restored, the supply would soon be inexhaustible. This is the natural home of chickens exhaustible. This is the natural home of chickens and quail. The boom of the former was everywhere heard on the prairies in the spring, quail where heard on the prairies in the spring, quail compassed this city within half a mile, prairie chickens were taken plentifully where the Boss Works are now ; on the old cemetery grounds the fences were filled with them when snow flew. Quail roamed the streets in October and often appeared in the spring. Partridges flew into the houses every fall. Woodcock were plenty in the Blish ery fall. Woodcock were plenty in the Blish woods in October. They have been known to feed in our dooryard. The present generation cannot understand this : it thinks a holiday necessary not understand this : it thinks a holiday necessary to find a few birds. We think because the conditions are so much changed for the worse that the tions are so much changed for the worse that the numbers of game birds have lessened and made it impossible to restore them again. We shall never see many woodcock in this country hereafter. The growth of cities, the spread of railroads and the drainage of wet lands makes their stay impossible ; very few are to be found on the Mississippi at present. In Henry County they were practically weed- ent. In Henry County they were practically weeded out in ten years after the hunting of them com- ed out in ten years after the hunting of them commenced. On the Missouri there have never been menced. On the Missouri there have never been many. The farthest west we ever got any number 238 WATER AND COVER ESSENTIAL. was in the neighborhood of Columbus, Nebraska. I have searched many miles for them along the Missouri and never flushed one, but there are certainly some there. The Mississippi is slowly dry- tainly some there. The Mississippi is slowly drying up 3 as every traveler knows. The streams which ing up 3 as every traveler knows. The streams which are its natural feeders have been opened to the sun and evaporation and drainage have carried off the surplus which was meant for use all summer. The water sheds have augmented their capacities, the wooden coverts have diminished theirs. Cattle roam over the islands in numbers where in the 6o's they were scarcely to be seen. Railroads travel the farthest limits and along the valleys on both sides. Hunters come from everywhere and drop off anywhere where birds are to be found. Egress and ingress are easy, and even with strict laws hunters get most of the game. If there was none killed in the South it is not certain any considerable number would breed with us during the sum- ble number would breed with us during the summer, but within the last few years hunting has mer, but within the last few years hunting has rapidly increased in the South and in an alarming manner for both woodcock and snipe. Woodcock are especially sought after, and in the absence of the former the latter is taken. Woodcocks are confined entirely to wooded districts and they fill the bill so completely from their large size and fine quality that very few are left to return to us in the spring. Southern jacksnipe are uniformly poor, and feeding as they do on wild, uncultivated lands and extensive areas, they are not so easily obtained.. If they could be had in numbers, the Eastern markets doubtless would take them all, where more kets doubtless would take them all, where more northern birds and those of better flesh could not be had. In Illinois they will soon become so scarce they will cease to be hunted. With the present laws large fat birds ^cannot be had in the spring QUAIL THRIVE BEST AMONG FARMERS. 230 when they are at their best. The 20th of April they begin to fatten and by the 1st of May are outlawed. The fall birds are mostly poor and have to be held for a market. Both grass and golden plover have disappeared from Henry County. There is no known country where they can be had in very great numbers and reached by the railroads. In Nebraska the summer grass plovers have become braska the summer grass plovers have become scarce. Ten or twelve years ago they were plenty in August. If they can be had now at all it will be in Texas, through which they pass in October and November. The hope of the partridges for the present is in Minnesota, North Dakota and in Montana. Much of these states is timber land and if the laws which now rule were enforced the birds ought to increase again for some years. The slaughter previous to the passage of the laws was beyond all computation. Enough were killed in one year for five years till the states could endure it no longer. Buyers were entirely forgetful of their own interests. No doubt they would, if allowed, have killed every bird if they could have lowed, have killed every bird if they could have realized ten cents each. What kind of birds have been left in Illinois that are likely to remain with us? Only chickens and quail, and of the former only a very limited number. Some help might come from the laws, but the men who hunt for sport, under some pretext, manage largely to ignore them. All talk about preserves where no man nore them. All talk about preserves where no man with a gun, outside of the club, will be allowed or considered, is futile. This is Englishy enough, but the theory you claim to believe in will not allow you to take and hold the property of the government. ment. What will become of the quail ? No doubt they present the most striking instance of self-protection. 240 SPORT SO-CALLED IS IGNOBLE. While they have lost the bushes and fields of grass with heavy cover, they have taken to the corn fields and hedges, and are not easily driven out, and being half domesticated they are able to nest in ing half domesticated they are able to nest in every small patch of grass or spurs of ridges near to dwellings and even in instances mingle with the fowls of the farm yard, and so in limited numbers may always remain. They have continued to bers may always remain. They have continued to remain in the older Eastern states, although poorly fed and pursued with great acticity. The pigeons are gone, the ducks are going, there is no reason why they should remain. Every piece of wet land where a duck could be induced to tarry is patroled by a sentry, not with a muzzle loader or even with a single or double barrel, but the resources of the gun makers have been put to the sources of the gun makers have been put to the limit to furnish a weapon that will "bark" like a dog all day or night, continuously if necessary, and whether poacher or a plunderer, whatever you might name him, he holds the key to the life of every duck that passes his neighborhood. If he gets sight of a duck he will shoot, and I have known him in his honest self-consciousness to shoot at the heavens and expect a duck. It is time now we should come to some conclusion about this exercise which is fancifully called sion about this exercise which is fancifully called sport. Is it sport or is it murder? Is it noble or is it ignoble? In its last analysis, the moral character of an act must be judged by what it does or by ter of an act must be judged by what it does or by the motive that inspired it. Doubtless to kill wild and dangerous animals would be considered right even if it produced sport. The butcher strikes down unoffending animals, but with the purpose of sustaining human life. Nevertheless on some juries he is not permitted to serve because of his familiarity with blood. To kill game for market TAKING LIFE FOR SPORT IS BRUTAL. 241 where the public is benefited would not be considered an unjust act. We think young bloods who ered an unjust act. We think young bloods who harness themselves up for a summer hunt where the market does not need the goods and no sale is intended of the game and where if any use is made of it it goes to personal friends who have very little need of it, it very much resembles the sport of the cowboys who run down the buffaloes. Doubtless it was sport in their war, but the bones that less it was sport in their war, but the bones that lined the pathway of the Union Pacific were as eloquent as those of the Christian martyrs that lie on the "Alpine mountains cold." If we ever had a year full of bitterness and crimination of ourselves it was when we hunted without a purpose selves it was when we hunted without a purpose and made a holocaust of dead and dying birds. It is said the Roman ladies set down in the wet arena, slippery with the blood of those who had never offended them, to a magnificent supper, and greatly enjoyed the sport. The poor Batrachian that makes himself merry in the ponds when persecuted and stoned, has been known to say, "This may be sport to you, but it is death to us." To take the blood of any living thing, purposeless or causeless, seems not to belong to the nations which call themselves civilized. The beetle -- the scarbaeus of the Egyptians -- the snake, the crocodile, and other inferior ani- ians -- the snake, the crocodile, and other inferior animals, to take the life of was not permitted, nor to mals, to take the life of was not permitted, nor to be sacrificed by them. Many of the specimens were deposited in the tombs with the kings and queens of Egypt. Where courage and skill are requisite it may make a sport noble, but where skill alone is necessary, and that not of very high order, the nobility wanes and the brutal remains. Let us inter- bility wanes and the brutal remains. Let us interpret morals in a generous manner as it becomes the pret morals in a generous manner as it becomes the wisdom and experience of the twentieth century. We are not modest enough to believe what Agrippa said unto Paul, "Much learnino- doth make thee 242" HUNTER FOR PROtTT HAS HAD HIS DAY. mad," nor with Pope, "A little learning is a dangerous thing," because really there is nothing to be gerous thing," because really there is nothing to be gained by the gun any longer. You may as well call back the tribes of the desert, buried by the sands of the Sirrocco. They will not answer. Wealth may build for itself preserves and parks and the general government may make poaching piracy, and every authority be invoked to convert the broad acres of our country into an English manor, and the dragnet will hold nothing but the common quail. With the passing of the wild grass of the prairies grouse will linger awhile and be lost, or like the buffalo, exist only in a few specimens. The water birds will visit us less and less mens. The water birds will visit us less and less every year as the water courses dry up, and will ultimately be found only in the far North. The hunter for profit has had his day, the pot shot and the pot hunter must disappear. What little game remains that you can legally take will fall into the hands of the city sport. He will outclass you because he can outbuy you. To the class you because he can outbuy you. To the farmer the lot falls of raising and protecting and then of forfeiting his crop by being forbidden access to the markets of the world. There will be no cess to the markets of the world. There will be no markets. Where there is nothing to sell there will be no one to buy. You cannot step into another State with a gun but an officer is at your heels and demands a license or a fine. The young man with blood tingling in his veins and ambitious to distinguish himself in the field with dog and gun, must guish himself in the field with dog and gun, must round up his energies in some other channel. Nature is lustful, ebullient, profligate, but you can ture is lustful, ebullient, profligate, but you can dull the finest edge with a trifling hair, and while there is nothing to be gained by controversy, submission is only the price of valor, while the killing mission is only the price of valor, while the killing of birds for sport is so brutal Christian ethics should make it a thesis for future orations. PART II. GAME BIRDS OF THE MIDDLE WEST. ENGLISH SNIPE OR JACK SNIPE. This little bird, commonly called by market men the English snipe, should more properly be called the American snipe, as it is much smaller than the English bird, but its habits and appearances, aside from its size, are almost identical. Among sportsmen it is more generally termed the jack English or Jack Snipe. snipe, and from the brevity of the word that expression has come to be more common. We have pression has come to be more common. We have no other game bird so small that has equal value with it, or that is so highly prized by epicures or lovers of ideal game. This bird is only nine to ten inches in length to the end of his bill, and rarely weighs over four ounces each. A good barrel of 244 ENGLISH SNIPE. fifty dqzen will seldom weigh over a hundred and seventy-five pounds, including the barrel of twenty pounds, and two hundred pounds would be considered heavy. To obtain over that weight it would ered heavy. To obtain over that weight it would be necessary to have all selected birds. Nevertheless some birds are obtainable in May which weigh less some birds are obtainable in May which weigh close to six ounces and are as large as some woodcocks. They are inhabitants of slough land and cocks. They are inhabitants of slough land and marshy places where they get their living by boring for earth worms, for which their bill is highly adapted, but they cannot bore in very heavy ground or on uplands where there are no water courses. Their bill is upwards of two inches in length and flattened toward the extremity, after which it resumes its normal shape to the end. It is noticeable sumes its normal shape to the end. It is noticeable for having a series of little dots or indentations where the flattening occurs, and by their presence it would be impossible to confound it with any other bird. It breeds close to its type and the variations in color or form are few, so that a white tions in color or form are few, so that a white feathered bird is rarely if ever seen. In general its back is variably dark and light, while its breast from the center down is nearly white. Its feet present long, thing, stright lines, and the impressions are often prominent and noticeable in muddy sions are often prominent and noticeable in muddy places, and are only distinguished bv their length from the rail, which feeds also in low, marshy grounds, but with more frequent spots of water. This bird traverses the whole of North America, on the Sea Coast, on the Rivers, on the Plains, where there is much water. Up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the Savannahs of the South, by the affluents of the Gulf of Mexico, by the landlocked streams which appear with the rains of locked streams which appear with the rains of spring and shrink away in the summer. Always a wanderer, coming and going within certain dates ENGLISH SNIPE. 245 which seem to mark its passage north or south, shunning travel by day and eager to dash in at night where no sign has appeared the day before, the most determined and inexplicable little foreigner, without a country, but ready to naturalize eigner, without a country, but ready to naturalize himself wherever he makes his home. In spite of all the array of guns which come down from the walls to meet him and the steady tramp of veterans who know his voice as well as that of the brant and geese of the Spring, and salute him as they would a lost brother, with such fearful carnage, he never falters. With what magic does he rise up and utter "s-c-a-p-e," gives a few lunges in a zigzag fashion, and darts off in a straight line and sinks" behind some clump he has noticed, or dips off suddenly into the flags. He may settle in the marsh where the water is too deep for you, or he may whirl around into the air, gather up one or two or more companions, and sail away, perhaps a mile or more, before he alights again. When the grass is short he is very wary but as it lengthens late in April and makes a shade for him you may walk past him within a few feet and he not take wing. He may drop down into a wagon track, entirely oblivious of you, or a cow track may form him a cover. His eye is very large and bright and he notices your every movement. If he thinks he is discovered he is up and away. He may sometimes be seen walking about in places where he is times be seen walking about in places where he is not much hunted. In back fields by small streams he may reveal himself at his own sweet will, coursing the ground and taking a snap at the worms be- ing the ground and taking a snap at the worms below which furnish him his meal. In the Spring low which furnish him his meal. In the Spring time on his arrival, if it be a cloudy day, he wiil rise high into the air and deliver his love notes, which can be heard for miles, whirling around in 246 ENGLISH SNIPE. circles of lesser or greater diameter, then suddenly dropping towards the earth with the velocity of a hurricane. He will pour forth a torrent of sound with his wings resembling the scooping notes of a sky rocket, dying away in softer measures like a horn. Sometimes in company with ten or twelve others he comes down suddenly from a cloudless sky, the first of the season, in the day time. He is a rare judge of feeding grounds. Not every spot which holds water will hold him. He discovers the nature of the soil long distances, he will not tolerate cold, clammy bottoms. If he discovers a strip of fertile lands adjoining plowed fields where the worms have got in, he selects it and will have no other. On open tracts of rich soil without cover he will often tarry, but likes cover better. Where the grass is mowed short he passes it by. Where corn fields adjoin he will fly there for shelter. He will remain away in some secluded place after he has been once flushed for hours, and will only return at nightfall. He likes community but not turn at nightfall. He likes community but not company. He is the prince of open lands as the woodcock is prince of the woods. The first of May the female begins to< nest. When it is finished and the eggs laid the old note ceases, the voice it utters is coarser and deeper, sounding more like "c-a-r-k" than "scape." It lays four eggs, mostly light brown, but speckled and tawny, and deeper stained at the larger end. When the season for shooting is past he is gone. By the tenth of May a rain storm may come on and carry him you know not whither, and he will not reappear before August, and not then if the Summer is dry. When he returns he is in poor flesh and only in favorite places turns he is in poor flesh and only in favorite places does he regain the good condition he had in the ENGLISH SNIPE. 247 Spring before he is ready for his trip South in November. Jack snipe usually arrive in the Spring about April ist, sometimes they are as late as the twentieth, if cold weather sets in or snow falls heavily tieth, if cold weather sets in or snow falls heavily when they arrive. In that case they are liable to remain late South and not stop in Illinois at all. The earliest birds ever known to arrive was in 1879, when they appeared quite plenty west of Annawan March 7th. Hunting of them successfully is quite a science. In windy days hunters have learned to beat down the wind, when the birds will rise upwards and give you a good shot. There is no wards and give you a good shot. There is no country where greater bags have been made than in Henry County. Many times have one hundred been taken in a day and exceeded. In one case a hundred and thirty were killed in one day with a muzzle loader on Mud Creek. Southern Illinois was a fruitful haunt for them many years. The Carlyle Bottoms were famous. In Missouri, along the Chariton Bottoms, immense numbers were killed. At Beardstown and Burlington thousands were shipped. Only in the last ten years have the numbers commenced to fall off. You will not now collect in the whole State of Illinois as many as we used to get in one week in Henry County in i860. The travel of this bird in the Spring from the far South is in the nature of a romance. For many months he has fed at the Gulf, he may have traversed the Isthmus. He hears the beating of the ersed the Isthmus. He hears the beating of the Pacific, he covers the foorsteps of Balboa. Behind him the Summer, before him the screech of the wild fowl opening up the frozen fastnesses of the North. Enwrapped in the clouds of the night he plunges into the airy abyss. Headland and Mainland vanish before him. Turbulent rivers and land vanish before him. Turbulent rivers and 248 ENGLISH SNIPE. mountain ranges disappear as if by magic. Rising cities throw out a line of light. To-day he feeds in the cotton fields, to-night he will be beyond the black belt of the bondman. The constellations with their jewelled fingers, open up the gateway of the Mississippi, he enters the vortex of commerce, he follows the coast line. He feels the breath of Spring wrestling with the chill of winter. Far below is the mad rush of bursting floods which in- low is the mad rush of bursting floods which increasing warmth has melted from their icy chains. creasing warmth has melted from their icy chains. Only the stars above him twinkle and are still. They are his handmaids, they are the lamps of Heaven. If he were in doubt of his way they would befriend him. With his practiced eye they are visible in the day time. He may hear far away the notes of the Angelic Choir. If he were a bird of song he could enter the gates. There is a power "That guides his way along that unseen coast, The desert and the illimitable air, Lone wandering but not lost."' The wav shortens, he is nearins: the end. An indefinable sense of joy gladdens his bosom as the sun breaks forth and gilds anew the land of promise. It suffuses his being. The throbbings of pa- ise. It suffuses his being. The throbbings of parental love now surpass all his other passions. He rental love now surpass all his other passions. He sees beyond the little nest with the helpless ones, and with increasing delight he flies forward. Tomorrow he will rest in the summer land and the morrow he will rest in the summer land and the home which will make him a heaven. The American woodcock is the most charming game bird we have in our country. He is also some smaller than his English congener, but his nature and habits and general appearance are also very similar. Like the snipe, he is a bird of passage, and though he will endure some cold weather, sage, and though he will endure some cold weather, WOODCOCK. 249 both in coming early and returning late, he is seldom to be seen here after the middle of November dom to be seen here after the middle of November or earlier than the first of April preceding. After a late snow in April you will often see his track along coverts of thick bushes which border timber lands, and by going a few steps you will easily flush him for he is not a wanderer after he reaches his summer home. His track is as smooth as though pressed in molten glass and the steps preWoodcock. Woodcock. cede one another with the precision of a square or a plumb. The impression he makes is broader than that of a snipe and he is a much heavier bird. When he is in full flesh he is considered to weigh on an average about half a pound, but there are cases on record where he has reached three-quarters of a pound if not more. In October he is ters of a pound if not more. In October he is heavier than in Spring or Summer, and a barrel of birds in the Fall will usually weigh something between the two figures. He wastes very little in tween the two figures. He wastes very little in 250 WOODCOCK. dressing, because he does not have a crop. His breast bone is thinner than a knife blade and all the exigencies of digestion are reduced to a minimum by the food he eats. Beneath his feet roam the slimy creatures which are to manufacture muscle for himself and pleasure for gourmands. His legs are re- self and pleasure for gourmands. His legs are remarkably large so that his rise is active and springy. markably large so that his rise is active and springy. His nest is formed from April ist to July and in instances until late in September, but usually the young is nearly enough advanced to fly well by the twentieth of June. In one instance I killed a young bird the first of October barely large enough to fly and not yet full feathered. Likewise I raised a bird from his nest on the hillside along Green River the first day of April immediately following a heavy freeze, the nest containing the full number of eggs. But in June I have often driven them off their nest, while for the most part the flocks were grown and able to fly. Their nest is on higher ground than that of a snipe in most cases but I have found them on the river bottom where the rise of water would entirely overflow them. Their nest contains the same number of eggs as a snipe, four in number, and similarly spotted brown. The color of the bird is nutty brown, lighter on the breast and darker and mottled on the back and head. When he starts to rise and expands his wing and tail he is the most perfect picture of beauty ; he is the flower of the air. The snipe is a pansy, the woodcock the rose of summer. The tail coverts with their ring of charming white when expanded represent the blossom. ing white when expanded represent the blossom. With what beautiful lines does he suggest rhythm of movement as he clears the bushes, the tree-tops, and beats his way with a cadence of flapping wings until he has crossed the sunlight and enters the shadows again. You have lost him for awhile, You may ows again. You have lost him for awhile, You may WOODCOCK. 251 be able to find him not very far away. He sits in cover if cover can be found. He does not make merry in the sunlight. He seldom takes to the open fields. Love is an inhabitant of the rocks but he of the woods. With that marvelous eye of his he will see where men stagger. He is the" most sagacious bird in existence. Where the galinaceous birds will take to the wing he sits quietly. He is the cock of the woods. If by chance you should see him alight and should follow him up intently he knows your purpose in a moment. He is not going to make a confidant of you, he will rise again before you are in reach, and he will continue to rise as long as you will follow him and worry him. But oh, young sport, beware, do not tempt him that way. Mark where he lighted and go thy way, he will not run away. He will not of his own will leave his secluded cover until nightfall. He, too, is gregarious, he ed cover until nightfall. He, too, is gregarious, he has some near relation not far away. You may pursue them for awhile and then come back. He now sue them for awhile and then come back. He now thinks you have given up the chase. His fear is now vanished. He believes from his escape so long you will not again find him. He is to all purposes now the same bird as though you had never forced him to rise. Your dog is coursing around and he now scents him readily. He draws up slowly, yourself directly behind him. Where now are your eyes, self directly behind him. Where now are your eyes, why can't you see him ? You begin to measure the ground inch by inch. You are certain as the dog hesitates he must not be six feet .awav, but oh, your eyes are blurred. There is a watery 'channel where the tears gather and you wipe the mist away. "Oh," you think rapidly, "if I could only see that bird'l would shave his head off in an instant." You want him, you are not debating how you may get him nor what he is worth, but you want him, and so the plot 252 WOODCOCK. thickens. Your dog turns up the white of his eye appealingly and cynically seems to mock you. You wait a moment. You will order him to> "Put it up" if the bird does not rise soon, or you do not see him. Wonder of wonders, your eye now strikes his. With his color so similar to that of the ground you had overlooked it. Your fingers feel the trigger. The stock seems to be loose and shaky in your hand and its throbbings pass all over you, but oh, up goes the bird, with the velocity of a torrent he arises, shakes the bushes behind him and climbs the height of the limbs above. Now all your skill is to be tested. The moment he passes the top of the limbs he will be out of your sight. You make a fair shot, but you are nervous, your shot spreads but little, you shoot too quickly, or too late, and you miss him perhaps by an inch. He is out of your field of vision, or perhaps as you fired you lost sight of him. Or the limbs and leaves come raining down, there is a touch of sunlight, and on top of the leaves comes down your bird. If you miss him, he goes ten or twelve rods, then descends again, makes a sharp, straight line through the clearing, passes a thick clump of wavy bushes and congested limbs, turns suddenly to the left around a thick cover and drops down again within, when you may repeat the same process as before. If you hit him fairly well he comes down with a broken wing or perhaps with it cut off entirely, or you macerate his head and the mangled body falls into your hands all the same. The woodcock by a system of telepathy which you cannot understand, divined your intentions in a moment when he rose into the air, never stopping to ment when he rose into the air, never stopping to inquire whether they were good or bad. This is his security that he knows how to lie still when he thinks he is not seen. I know I have passed within WOODCOCK. 253 a few feet of many a bird and yet neither myself nor dog was able to discover him, either when entirely unhurt or crippled. They will sometimes al- tirely unhurt or crippled. They will sometimes allow you to put your feet squarely on the bog where low you to put your feet squarely on the bog where they* sit and only start up when the grass brushes against them, the sagacity of the bird is further shown by their care for their young. Many times when hunting on the Mississippi, we have landed on an Island that had until within a few days been entirely covered with water, and the woodcocks were there and young birds that could not fly. This wonder for a long time we were unable to dispel, till one day on the Rock River, just above the Railroad Bridge at Colona, I was beating the bushes road Bridge at Colona, I was beating the bushes south, and before I got fairly where I expected to find the birds, and talking sharply to my dog, I observed a woodcock coming out of the brush towards served a woodcock coming out of the brush towards me with his legs hanging down and a big bunch of something held between his thighs, as it appeared to me, and I thought it very strange, because woodcocks do not move of their own accord in the sun- cocks do not move of their own accord in the sunlight and in the heat of the day. It was a female light and in the heat of the day. It was a female bird which made a peculiar noise with its bill very similar to their love notes in the spring, and I let the bird 'go till I could ascertain more about it. I went directly into the bush and she followed me and flew around me several times, and there I found all the birds of a brood but one, none of them able to fly, but a few feet, and the bird was evidently on the point of taking another in her feet and carrying it away. A chicken or a quail under such circumstances would flutter around and make a great dis- stances would flutter around and make a great display of anguish, but I never knew one of them to play of anguish, but I never knew one of them to seize the young and carry it away to save it. It has been said that woodcock never alights in a tree. Old hunters always repeat this story. Most 254 woodcock:. game will alight in a tree when occasion serves, the quail, chicken and partridge being fond of so doing, but across the River from Savannah, in one of those dry, hot summers, I discovered a woodcock sitting on a stump and bowled him off, and although I had been shooting close by for an hour he did not appear to have been frightened. At the mouth of Green River in the '6o's, there was quite a body of woods, most of it on pretty high ground. I commenced the middle of June to shoot woodcock there and most of the birds lay along the muddy banks of the stream or in the sloughs that put back therefrom. I did not find as many birds as I had expected, and I followed back from the bed of the River a short distance to see if they had not flown into cover there, when suddenly I discovered a bird flying from the River denly I discovered a bird flying from the River towards me. I followed it up and killed it and started back to find whence it came. As I did so I passed a tree with its top broken off about twelve or fifteen feet from the ground. I heard the call of a woodcock, and looking up from the point of the stump, a whole brood, one excepted, the old b^ird and her young ones, came down and I got most or all of them. When these birds arrive in the spring they select their summer home contiguous to some swampy bottom, well watered and interspersed with trees, and soon commence their airy flights as evening comes on, rising often to great distances, and after circling around a few times, singing their love notes slowly and with sliding motion, they suddenly start into more rapid movements. The circles are diminished. Their notes are quickened and more liquid ished. Their notes are quickened and more liquid and delivered with great frequency till the syllables seem to overlap each other in their haste to escape. WOODCOCK. 255 The wings quiver and beat the air with tremulous motion, and the bird poises in its flight and comes down to the earth like an arrow and if you happen to be beneath him, you are in danger that he will strike you squarely on the head, but usually he turns aside, picks himself up on a bog and utters "s-p-a-t-e." I have often marked their descent and wondered how closely they came to you without quite reaching you. They will generally alight within a rod or two of you. At such times they will in a rod or two of you. At such times they will continue to utter their pass word for many minutes before they rise again. On my neighbor's farm in New York State, there was a side hill covered with short, stubby bushes and this was a favorite resort for these birds. They sat there during the day time and at nightfall would rise up and whirl around in the adjoining pasture, and many times I tried to intercept them as they rose, but never succeeded. One night I followed them back into the field and killed it under the hickory tree as I have described. I was as proud of that feat as I would have been in war to take the scalp of an Indian. It was no use to me, except the small taste I got when it was cooked, and it was fine, but it was on a par with much of the hunting that is practiced at this day. To kill a deer may be sport, or a bear in the wilds of Minnesota or Mississippi, may be noble, but I cannot help think it smacks of bloodthirstiness and in the end is brutal and cruel, always barring the extermination of wild animals when necessary, and your own need or choice of the means of support. We think the toreador who goes into the bull fights of Spain or Mexico to appease the cry of the populace for blood differs only in degree not quality from lace for blood differs only in degree not quality from the hunter that pursues wild birds merely for sport. The passions in either become whetted and ferocious. 266 WOODCOCK. They are like milestones which, within bounds, lead to the Holy City, but if you will not stop there, there is music and dancing- beyond where revelry sits in the seat of the scornful, and in the end "In Memoriam" crowns the last milestone. When in 1850 Carlyle began to develop his Thesis that real health and strength were always "unconscious," he roused the British lion to say, "What -- do you think I am no longer to be rampant but couchant. Fie on you, Scotchman !" Nevertheless, this led to reverse the hostile attitude of Britain and open the way for bloodless victories to follow. The bill of the woodcock is a marvel of adaptability. It is heavier and stronger than that of the bility. It is heavier and stronger than that of the snipe. It gradually decreases from its initial junction at the base of the bill and continues to lessen in tion at the base of the bill and continues to lessen in thickness until it reaches the end. The muscular power in the bill of the woodcock is immense. While the bird feeds in soft and moist places, like the snipe, it is not confined thereto. The feathers that fringe the edge of the bill are often found covered with mud, but in places where no water is formed beneath forest trees where the sun does not penetrate, or in corn fields, it feeds often with equal trate, or in corn fields, it feeds often with equal facility. It will feed on dry ground, where when its bill is removed, the space fills up with dropping soil. When traveling North or South it will often stop at night in some old pasture, many individuals often in company, and probe the ground with holes for a large area, till they take their flight again. In rapidity of flight they are said to equal all other birds. It not infrequently dashes itself to death against some sharp obstacle which it cannot avoid. I once picked up a bird on the railroad track just out of Kewanee with its breast pierced through with a thorn. Where there are mountain sides no height woodcock:. 25? for them is inaccessible. I have shot them in the Fall on the top of the highest mountains in Eastern New York. Once in pursuit of a partridge on a ledge hundreds of feet from the valley going sheer down its precipitous sides I rose a woodcock and killed it and in its fall it fell nearly a hundred feet below me. The scent of the woodcock is very strong. Any good dog will take it readily and the scent is not always dissipated when the bird leaves. In favorite places the dog' will take it on the morrow following. It will last longer than that of any row following. It will last longer than that of any other bird. Not even a quail or a partridge will remain fresh from one day to another. This is particularly true where the bird has fed over night. In ticularly true where the bird has fed over night. In the morning before dawn he may pass to a new country and your dog draw as for a fresh bird, and not know he is gone. The prairie chicken or prairie hen, as it is sometimes called, is the most valuable species of game times called, is the most valuable species of game we have in Illinois. Not only does it possess the flavor which many housewives seem to covet, but its large size places it in the list of eatables not very expensive when the bird breeds plentifully and the laws permit its capture, but undoubtedly the limit of production has been reached and passed here and those that expect to partake of it, will often have to go beyond the Missouri. There is always a comparison to be reckoned with between the amount of parison to be reckoned with between the amount of game at any time to be had and the increase and the spread of population when game is to be used as a food product. Forty years ago prairie chickens went begging in this town at one dollar per dozen in summer, and two dollars in winter and none seemed to care to buy. The population was from one thousand to fifteen hundred, and the only avenue to wealth and prosperity was to wring- it from the PRAlRiE CHICKEN. soil. Manufacturing had not come in. Millionaires, if there were any, were then far back in the aires, if there were any, were then far back in the Eastern States, or possibly in Chicago. There was too much water here to advance fortunes out of it, and those that had the greed did not think they felt the need. At that time the prairies were alive with chickens. If their nesting grounds had not been desolated by fire and they had been allowed to increase to their natural limit the corn fields of Illi- crease to their natural limit the corn fields of Illinois could not have fed them all. It was no uncom- nois could not have fed them all. It was no uncomPrairie Chicken. Prairie Chicken. O ^*Z1^Z mon thing to see whole corn fields overrun and ruined by them in the 6o's. Ducks and geese and cranes stalked all along the low bottoms of Mud Creek and the marshes about Annawan and Rock River, but they were wilder and presented no comparison in their destructive character to the thou- parison in their destructive character to the thousands of prairie chickens. The wild fowl remained sands of prairie chickens. The wild fowl remained a month and passed away. Prairie chickens sat down by a corn field and ruined it much as the barbarians crowded around a fortified city for plunder. barians crowded around a fortified city for plunder. PRAIRIE CHICKEN. 259 Many a time have we been offered free feed for ourself and horse if we would come and hunt them self and horse if we would come and hunt them out. In 1855 and '56 we killed a great many and was glad to receive $1.50 per dozen for them and carry them twenty miles to market. In the summer of that year all the towns we visited had vast sections of undeveloped prairies around them. Here tions of undeveloped prairies around them. Here the birds grew and multiplied. Within two or three miles of as large a city as Peru the hunting was splendid. The turnpikes were just being laid out and travel was exceedingly difficult where they were not. During every little rain the roads were quagmired. Many wayside places seemed to be cut off mired. Many wayside places seemed to be cut off from the towns. There was a dearth of activity and here the broods grew and spread. Population rapidly increased until the Civil War but the broods fell back and the numbers were not shortened or decimated as they have been since. We have already noted how in 1865 invention and the progress ready noted how in 1865 invention and the progress of wealth swung ahead, but until it laid its hands on the farms there was no perceptible diminution in the numbers of prairie chickens. In the '6o's you could go out on a hillside and pick up the eggs as plentifully as you would gull's eggs in the Falerones. Then the farmers set themselves to burning over the old grass and increasing their farms and continued to do so till there was no grass to burn and no farms to buy. Do you think the hunters killed the birds? I tell you, nay. What was three or four thousand chickens to take out of two or three adjoining counties in this state during the whole of one year. There were at that time hillsides where one hundred to five hundred eggs was no great collection to pick up in less than half a mile. In LaSalle County I could kill a hundred chickens a day, but the more I killed the worse it 260 PRAIRIE CHICKEN. was, for all the farmers in the neighborhood could not consume them and would not even though they cost them nothing. Now let us remember that the broods then were very large, seldom less than twelve to fifteen birds, and they were everywhere on the prairie stretching away miles upon miles and when I could give away no more, I saw in October more birds rise out of a forty acre field than all the cities in the Union could consume in a month. Don't you suppose that if all those birds had had a chance to breed the year following and their nests been protected from fire or the rapine of egg hunters and so continued, there would have been sufficient to supply every family today with a reasonable amount of game. Continue this increase for another year and all the hunters in Christendom. would other year and all the hunters in Christendom. would have been unable to shake them out. I never hunted that land again, neither anyone else for market purposes that I know of, and you might now search it poses that I know of, and you might now search it over through corn field and prairie and back to the city, and you would not find a baker's dozen to pay you for your pains. If the prairie chickens could not survive hunting of that sort when it raises twelve or fifteen young at a time, how are the snipe and woodcock with broods of only four to escape, and these you must remember have their feeding grounds always restricted far beyond anything comparable to theirs. parable to theirs. From 1870 to 1880 the flocks did not show any apparent diminution. They were already so reduced in size and numbers, that their pursuit was unprofitable, and though many hundreds were killed in able, and though many hundreds were killed in August very few, if any, after December, and the supply gradually increased all through the Fall by accessions from Iowa, which could constantly be seen crossing the Mississippi. But these are inPRAIRIE CHICKEN. 261 PRAIRIE CHICKEN. 261 superable problems, and the farmer who certainly owns the land if he does not the birds, is not going to sow for another to reap. This state has ceased to be the hunters' paradise and it will remain so because the greater value for farming will swallow cause the greater value for farming will swallow up the lesser for sport. When we come to examine the characteristics of the bird in detail we shall feel friendly toward him and regret his departure. He is emphatically the pride of the prairies. He is of noble presence. His size is so great and he stands so squarely on his feet you can but admire him. The feathers on his breast are beautifully barred. He is clothed to his toes. He is made to withstand all the vicissitudes of climate. The brown covering of feathers on his back and the motley markings make him undistinguishable whenever he sits down. Under his neck is a yellow stripe which aids his beauty. der his neck is a yellow stripe which aids his beauty. H : is wings are powerful propellers, he disdains short flights. He may wing away a mile or more at a stretch when pursued, or travel many miles for a new home. He will cross great rivers. He will enter foreign states when his food supply is shortened or fails. In April or the beginning of May ened or fails. In April or the beginning of May the hen builds her nest. She lays twelve to fifteen eggs at a sitting and often raises two broods when one is destroyed. The male is a grand picture when he begins his courtship. If you will observe him on his "booing" grounds in the spring he makes his nobility known in a superb way. The bright yellow that blazes over his eyes is his badge of royalty, it is the button of Prince Chuan, it is the love token which now inflames him and which he will lay aside later when flames him and which he will lay aside later when he shall take his mate to his heart. With a little coterie of ten or twelve he is making a parade. Within a circle of ten or twelve feet every member 262 PRAIRIE CHICKEN. is his own master. He is not a poacher. If his neighbor intrudes he pursues him, if he resists he indulges in a short passage at arms, jumping up and down, giving a vicious peck or two and then separating, he goes back to his circle and begins to inspect it with great particularity. He travels round the circumference, his neck expands, the feathers part and reveal a line of flame, the ear feathers spring out like spears. With his head close to the ground and his short tail thrown forward he is the picture of rage. And now commences a "boo" which seems to spring out of his mouth like that of a boy blowing bubbles. It is the soft, voluptuous strain of the male, with notes as full and swell as grand and elastic as Holiday chimes, pouring forth in one concerted peal the ecstacy and exhilaration of his soul. He seems to have no purpose in this display but to charm his mate. Unlike the partridge, play but to charm his mate. Unlike the partridge, the vibrations are softer and continuous, but they reach long distances. This is the only season of the year when he appears in full dress and cares to be seen. At a distance he appears to move tail foremost for his tail overshadows his head and breast. most for his tail overshadows his head and breast. He is still wary. Advance and he moves away, return and he returns. Every day in March or April he will retake his ground and repeat his tactics. When the eggs are laid then the familiar sound of the "booing" ceases. You may inquire for him but you will not find him. He is not making calls and he does not appear in public. He has taken into his company several others like himself and gone into bachelor quarters. In some remote field by some shadowy maze of bog- or slough grass along which you may be hunting for snipe, you will find him, If water abounds or a little pond lies near PRAIRIE CHICKENJS HE NATIVE OR NOT? 263 along which a new growth of grass is forcing its way through the old sod yellow with summer growth, you will raise him every few rods. He is now very gentle. He will seldom rise over a few rods away, and the amateur sportsman is terrified at the thought of letting him escape. He wonders why birds have become so plenty, more so than ever before and he inwardly resolves he will return some summer day and make a wonderful bag. When in city or village he confidentially informs his friends that he has found a place where chickens are very thick and when the time comes he will show them what he can do. Alas, Summer comes. He clothes himself as lightly as possible, for is he not going to have a big day's sport? He hardly takes time for a lunch, but hurries on out to the country to the place of his choice. He beats right and left, he urges on his dog, he courses through tangles of summer growth of vines and weeds. He wipes the sweat from his brow, but the birds do not rise. There is a sense of weariness. The worry and disappointment accelerates it, and the long day sweeps on unmindful of the meager stores which supply his midday meal. He goes home wiser and lighter than he planned in the spring, and wonders what has become of all the birds he saw there before. The wise hunter must learn to change his fore. The wise hunter must learn to change his tactics for any kind of game and pursue it in different localities whenever they change, and he who will ent localities whenever they change, and he who will not will be hopelessly left when he counts up his returns. There is a question often raised as to whether the prairie chickens were native to this country, and if so, how did they support themselves before the country was settled and corn fields came in. We do not know, but we have it from good authority that 264 PRAIRIE CHICKENS. PIN TAILS. our present birds were once natives of Pennsylvania and did not feed in corn fields. In those great barrens on the hillside, where the charcoal burners rens on the hillside, where the charcoal burners lived, the bird was native and got his living by budding. Any man who has hunted chickens in the winter with a sled, knows that prairie chicken is partial to feed of that kind here. Apple buds are his favorite but he will not go unfed where other buds are to be found, any more than will the partridge. It has been our experience on more than tridge. It has been our experience on more than one occasion to find a flock of prairie chickens alighted on the ground in the thick wood and evidently displaying their former and normal traits by dently displaying their former and normal traits by budding. I stated in the beginning of this article that the large size of this bird made him a general favorite for family as well as for the cook. One bird will make a meal for a small family, two will suffice for a large one, and only the delicate connoisseur or gourmand will take exceptions to its quality as being much inferior to woodcock or quail. Prairie ing much inferior to woodcock or quail. Prairie chickens full grown, weigh on an average about two pounds. If packed in small boxes they weigh two and a half pounds by the box. If in barrels of forty or fifty pair each they run about two and a quarter pounds. There is not much difference in weight whether they come from Nebraska, Minnesota, Illinois or Iowa. There is a pin tailed grouse which nois or Iowa. There is a pin tailed grouse which very much resembles prairie chicken, which is slightly smaller and sometimes has been known to mix in with our home birds. In this case the family resemblance of both parents is marked and there is no appreciable difference in weight. These come mostly from Nebraska. They flourish best in hilly country, and among the sand hills of Western Nebraska they are very common. They do not come braska they are very common. They do not come KANSAS PRAIRIE CHICKEN. 265 down to the corn fields until late in the season, and the neighborhood of Johnstown, Nehr., seems to be the dividing line. West of it the pintails, and East of it the prairie chickens. In Minnesota and the Dakotas and in wooded countries the pintails are more plenty. In this state there have been none seen since 1870. Previous to that date they were occasionally killed. In Montana also the pintails prevail. In Kansas we have a smaller prairie chicken, being similar to our home birds, but not much over half the size. When the full sized bird can be found they are not much sought after and their value is proportionally less. The prairie chicken covers a wide scope of country, beginning with Indiana it follows Westward to try, beginning with Indiana it follows Westward to the Plains. It does not go South of Illinois and is scarcer as you proceed South. It prevails Northward in the Dakotas and Minnesota, till it comes in ward in the Dakotas and Minnesota, till it comes in contact with the pintail which sometimes displaces it. It does not occur in Montana. In Iowa, Nebraska and Indian Territory is his settled home. The ka and Indian Territory is his settled home. The small grouse occur in Texas as well as Kansas. Whoever saw a live partridge for the first time and does not remember it? If you have been in the woods and one sprung suddenly from beneath your feet, the memory of it will be a silken thread which shall join you to the few and loving surprises which have come to you from the country, from the woods and waterfalls and painted in glowing colors the ambitions of travel. If you have followed him further over hill and dale, have heard the rush of his ther over hill and dale, have heard the rush of his wings many times till it became like a twice told tale without emotion, have heard him tap his heart beats to his mate on a broken log, and have dwelt on the many artifices which he employs to lead you away from his home and his loved ones, and have PARTRIDGE. not felt a thrill of delight, then Nature's beautiful purposes of adaptation you have lost. The partridge is essentially a bird of the woods as the prairie chicken is of the prairies. You can drive him from his home and he will take to the fields but he is not to the manor born. He is familiar with the thickets, he disports many hours among the tree tops, living or dead. Some cover he must have or he will not stay. He essays to find his way through briars and brambles. If he has found a wild grape vine with fruit he will come morning and night for his food though it has cost him a weary flight to do so. The bitter sweet vine with its red clusters is a favorite, and in the last recourse when all else fails him he will take to the buds. In the Northwest there is a tree which bears clusters of long pendants similar to the black alders of the East and with these he can fill himself in short order. In the older states East he was in the habit in my early days of coming to the apple orchards and feeding there. Just at nightfall the whirr of his wiugs could be heard as he left fall the whirr of his wiugs could be heard as he left the bushes and swamps and started for the tree tops. PARTRIDGE. 267 With what avidity he snapped off the buds when he came. Sometimes in heavy falls of snow he would sit content among the limbs of the orchard all day long where no enemy was known or noticed. The color of the partridge is light brown on the back and neck interspersed w r ith lighter spots varying greatly with the location, and it is believed with ing greatly with the location, and it is believed with the age of the bird. The entire plumage may run thro' all the colors from a light brown or grey on the back to a deep yellow on the tail, and from brown and white spots on the breast to a color nearly white. The ends of the tail feathers are beautifully barred. The ruff of black feathers on the side of his neck gives it the name of the ruffled grouse. The front of his neck is light yellow. In Minnesota the birds are mostly of a brown hue. In Wisconsin many birds incline to the light or bright yellow on their wings and tail. In many remote places among the Green Mountains the light yellow prevailed. Where hunting was more common the darker hues appeared as they always did in New York State. The few birds killed in Illinois have run dark brown. The light yellow we think indicates increased age. Like all game birds the part- cates increased age. Like all game birds the part.-lPS-'-'i~ *<PS- #-*PS- -f-'-.^;._ _".:.- - 3 .-lPS-'-'i~ *<PS- #-*PS- -f-'-.^;._ _".:.- - 3 4- Mute^ Different Tracks Made by Game and Song Birds. 268 PARTRIDGE. ridge walks with great precision, planting his feet squarely in a straight line. The impress of "his feet in the snow is very marked and beautiful and is easily distinguished from the prairie chicken or quail. The sparrow, the robin, the lark make short jumps as they go. The songsters of the woods double round in every conceiveable attitude, but the partridge like all game birds walks with the pride of a veteran and is the representative of high art. His motions have that promptness and steadiness which give you respect, as becomes a regal lord among tlie denizens of the field and forest. In my early days many hours were spent in the woods where the partridges dwelt. Trapping was common and most of ridges dwelt. Trapping was common and most of the birds that were not shot were taken with stone traps set up with a figure four. In heavy snow storms the birds would often disappear under the snow and remain there concealed for many hours together, only the entrance being visible and at such times the farmer boys would come, hunt up the holes and falling suddenly on the unsuspecting birds would make them their prey. Sometimes the whole flock would be taken, but more often many escaped. This kind of commerce represented quite a trade before cap lock guns appeared, and the market men coming' along once or twice a week carried the produce to market of butter, eggs and game. Once I was told a great thaw came on and a number of birds began to soften and be in danger of spoiling. On the road to> Peekskill, the market on the Hudson, the driver was passing a small pond which had been frozen and now thawed. Thinking the birds too far gone to sell, he took the string and threw it into the water and passed on. A week later the weather had become much colder. The pond was freezing up when he repeated his trip and seeing the birds PARTRIDGE. 269 there still undisturbed, he cut them out, cleaned up the feathers and sent them on their way again to New York, for which he received a good sum. I set many traps myself for these birds. One day I placed a line of traps along a path in the woods a few steps apart on a hill side which was a thicket, where partridges frequented and when I came out the next day to look after the traps, I had a whole armful of birds underneath them. When the birds ceased coming I set more traps outside of the wings of the others and much snow began to fall. I neglected them for a few days, but going later found one bird frozen fast under the trap, much eaten with mice, but I tore it out, sent it to market and it sold readily for a decreased price. I distinctly remember the first partridge I ever shot at tinctly remember the first partridge I ever shot at the top of the rocks encircled with evergreens as I have related. I took it home and as we had a visitor that day, old Dr. Johnson, as he was called, itor that day, old Dr. Johnson, as he was called, we cooked it as a special honor to him. Partridges are adepts at concealment. Their dark feathers in a large way insure their safety. Sometimes they will rise afar off when you are not in times they will rise afar off when you are not in pursuit of them. Again they will sit still and let you pass within a dozen feet. If they have perched upon a limb of a tree where the woods are heavy and open, you can scarcely scare them away. One day I fired a small rifle in hunting squirrels and I discovered a partridge sitting on a limb only a few feet away. I was nervous and could not hold correct aim. I fired at least five or six times at him rect aim. I fired at least five or six times at him until he got ashamed of me and moved off. I have shot them on apple trees, where they had alighted to bud right over my head. When they fly to a grape vine, if the lower bird is first killed, and that manner followed the last one will remain to the end 270 PARTRIDGE. until all are killed. Many years before I came to Illinois I was told of one that appeared in the bushes close by the house one clay, and allowed the little girl of the house to pick it up and bring it in as a pet or plaything and it showed no signs to fly away. I was passing a piece of woods in New York State, where I had sometimes seen a partridge rise from a little ridge, and looking down thoughtlessly as I came that way one day, I discovered him squatted close on the ground and I was not then over a dozen feet from him, and he remained without making an effort to rise till I killed him. out making an effort to rise till I killed him. This bird is not small. If you should meet him in the woods, coming suddenly upon him in some retired place, bursting out from some cover he would startle you. You would affirm that he weighed at least five pounds. On the contrary he will scarcely weigh a pound and a half; he is about two-thirds the size of a prairie chicken. His flesh is the menu of a king, the color of it being pure white recommends it to the housewife. In times of open mar- mends it to the housewife. In times of open markets it commands more price than the prairie chick- kets it commands more price than the prairie chicken, often bringing seventy-five cents to a dollar a en, often bringing seventy-five cents to a dollar a piece or more. At present the stringent laws make it less valuable. As the birds can be had in the Eastern States while the prairie chicken cannot, the large size of the latter is an additional inducement to purchase it. They appear in all parts of ment to purchase it. They appear in all parts of the United States except on the prairies, the plains and wet lands, where there is no timber, and sometimes will take to the prairies also. We found them times will take to the prairies also. We found them plentiful thirty years ago in Iowa, when we hunted prairie chickens. They were found many miles away from any woods. The dogs followed them through the coarse grass with great eagerness and they gave you a good shot which you would seldom PARTRIDGE. 2?1 miss. There are now very few such birds in Illinois, and the promising flocks of a dozen or twenty nois, and the promising flocks of a dozen or twenty years ago seem to have been destroyed. In Minnesota and Montana they are most numerous, but we sota and Montana they are most numerous, but we have never succeeded in killing more than twenty birds in one day. but believe many more have been taken in the states just mentioned, where so many thousand birds were exported until within the last few years. In the Eastern States partridges are very scattering, hardly half a dozen birds can be taken by one man in a day. They nest along the skirts of timber land, seldom going back far from the edge where they can retreat into heavy woods if necessary, and if a water course is obtainable they prefer that neighborhood. They lay a dozen eggs or more at a sitting and if not disturbed their flocks are uniformly large. If you have ever heard a partridge drum you will not forget that pleasing peculiarity of his social life. By it he keeps in touch with his fellows or his mate. He selects some fallen log in the woods, which he can reach with ease from a thicket or brush pile, and from whence when the mood takes him he can send his dispatches to all the members of his family. The boom of the partridge resembles the "boo" of the prairie chicken, but is not pro- bles the "boo" of the prairie chicken, but is not produced by the throat, but by the beatings of the duced by the throat, but by the beatings of the wings. The bird rises upon a log. For a moment he looks around to see no one approaches, and gives a rap on each side of the log with his wings. The motion resembles that of the baton when struck by the leader of an orchestra. The vibrations begin, they leap to the hills, they spread to the valleys. A momentary pause follows. One, two, three, the beats come forth in rapid succession. The bird rises upon his feet, he trembles with emotion, he 272 PARTRIDGE DRUM. floats in the air on his wings and toes. With one prolonged effort he beats such a tattoo all the woods are vocal. They dominate all sound, they rise into echoes, like the murmurs of the woods or an incoming train. Then the wings are folded the sounds ing train. Then the wings are folded the sounds die away like the pulses of the ocean. With more or less pause he will continue this tumult for hours. It is not confined to any one hour, or month, or place. All the long summer and into the fall he continues this exercise at intervals. It is not easy to see him, for he is on guard against approach. At a slight sound he will stop his beating before you get near him, unless it is by strategy. ing before you get near him, unless it is by strategy. He is an efficient dissembler. If she has a brood the female will use all the arts at her service to draw you away from the loved ones. Once in a field outside the woods I was surpised by a partridge running before me and flapping her wings as if in trouble or her wings were broken. I pursued, thinking to catch her, but I reckoned too quickly. When she reached a fence she raised over it so easily I was fain to leave her and lost my interest in her. On returning to the place from which she started I found one young bird not yet flown, somewhat larger than a quail, and I secured it. I car- what larger than a quail, and I secured it. I carried it home, put it in a cage, but it beat its head ried it home, put it in a cage, but it beat its head against the bars and wires and died. However, it lost some of its wildness and fed out of my hand without fear or desire to fly away for many days. In many ways Nature plans a recompense. When the soil is barren the sun is lavish. Among wild birds where great waste is liable to occur she provides extreme expedients of cunning by which the vides extreme expedients of cunning by which the mother bird saves her brood. They are the pawns which Nature gives for the perpetuity of bird life. They are the physical and social equivalents by QUAIL. 273 which she prevents or offsets impaired numbers. If wild birds had no more safeguards than domestic they would soon perish. The quail is one of our most esteemed game birds. Not only is his flesh tender and delicate, but it rivals the partridge in excellence of flavor and juiciness. By most people it is more highly esteemed ness. By most people it is more highly esteemed than snipe, woodcock or prairie chicken. In its native state it is half domestic, and instances are on record where it has sought the seclusion and protection of the farm yard and mixed in with the tection of the farm yard and mixed in with the fowls. It frequently lays in the same nest with the fowls and brings forth its brood in the same way. It is often kept in confinement till its wild nature is eliminated and its desire to run away abated. With the farmer he is proverbially called "Bob White" from the similarity # of its whistle to that sound, which commences in early summer when the bird begins to nest and is heard at frequent intervals morning and evening till the fall, when the brood is raised. In early summer the male is perched upon a fence post, or he walks with his lady love along the highways where feed is abundant and within easy reach. He is the pet of the dant and within easy reach. He is the pet of the farmers, who not only delight to see him with his covey of ten or fifteen birds, but generously credit him with devouring the bugs which are the ruin of their harvest. He is prized the more because when he has found a suitable home he seldom cares to go away. He requires food and shelter like the old-time harper. He will endure all the inclemencies of weather, will wander out before the storm cies of weather, will wander out before the storm begins and fill his crop and will sit by in cover till the storm ends. Only the snows fret and chasten his weary soul. Then he forms a trust and with the members of his flock builds a Chinese Wall QUAIL. which shuts the Tartar drifts from his roost, and, sitting together with their heads pointing outward, they wait for the sun to melt and soften the snow. If the snow is heavy and sleet falls and freezes a crust they are entrapped. Many days come and go ; their food is spent, their plump bodies waste away in the stress of weather, and, cold setting in, whole broods freeze and perish. Such occurrences are rare biU they occur at times in the whole of the Northern states and the remnants in the Spring Quail. are years in recovery. We do not remember of over three or four such catastrophes in forty years in Illinois and that in the Northern part. The Southern part with local broods escaping went to fill up the gap in the years following. The quail seldom weighs half a pound from the best sections in the North, and Southern birds, including Tennessee and Texas, often weigh much less. A bar- nessee and Texas, often weigh much less. A barrel of forty dozen will seldom exceed two hundred rel of forty dozen will seldom exceed two hundred pounds. The best birds come from Nebraska, QUAIL. 275 while those from Kansas, Missouri, Iowa and Illinois are little inferior. The character of the food nois are little inferior. The character of the food supply has more to do with their size than any other factor. Where they are best fed there is no complaint of light weight or shrunken bodies. The quail is conspicuous by the white stripe of feathers under his neck, which is confined to the male, and then it appears only after the second year. In one instance at least the white has been superseded by bright black, which specimen we now have, originally received from Indian territory. The color of the bird is mostly dark brown tory. The color of the bird is mostly dark brown over the head and neck and getting lighter as it proceeds downward, with the ends of the shafts of ceeds downward, with the ends of the shafts of the feathers a lighter hue and the extremity of the tail feathers a light blue. The breast feathers are flecked with bright oval spots. He has the appearance of being rather timid and of a playful pearance of being rather timid and of a playful nature, but his character highly disproves that idea. He is a good fighter and comes into battle with the vigorous manner of partridges or grouse, by jumping furiously at his mate and pecking away until he has lost or won. He is a polygamist and autocrat and disputes the authority and presence of other males that spring up and attract attention in his covey. Ordinarily he is gregarious. All through the fall after the brood is grown and able to fly, through the winter and until late in the spring, he refuses to be separated from his mates. You may hunt him all day and he will not abandon his natural dwelling place so far but that his don his natural dwelling place so far but that his shrill call will unite the covey again. If not followed up, after he has taken flight, in the course lowed up, after he has taken flight, in the course of an hour or two he will begin to> travel back towards the point from which he came, and with wards the point from which he came, and with an occasional whistle the flock will unite before 276 QUAIL. night fall. Bob White will not be out late at nights. The partridge will go off by himself anywhere and at any time out, of the brooding season. where and at any time out, of the brooding season. He will sit all night in an evergreen tree alone, or he will take his bed in the snows or on the ground in hearing distance of others, and no two of them sitting together. The quail will not roost in the trees. He will take to them frequently when he can find no other cover, sometimes after a heavy fall of snow or when a crust is formed and he becomes too conspicuous, but at night fall he recants his heresy and demands a compact union. cants his heresy and demands a compact union. His nest is a very simple affair of a few joints or tufts of grass woven together and lined with the soft feathers which he can find to spare. The nest contains fourteen or fifteen eggs of a buff and white color with small patches of brown. It is generally placed in an open field where the growth of grass protects it from intruders, whether human or vermin. When the brood is brought out it is the weakest of all birds. The little ones very much resemble bumble bees and they scatter out and disappear in the most absurd holes and corners, throwing themselves at times on their backs and covering themselves with a leaf like an umbrella and giving no clew to their whereabouts until you are gone, and the female calls them to herself again. When they get large enough to fly they are called "wooly heads," which all hunters disdain to take or pursue. A few birds become large enough to fly in September and more in October, when they are suitable to kill, but until snow tober, when they are suitable to kill, but until snow flies and December has come you will not be sure but that you will find many immature birds that you will have to pass. The first light snows that come will bring your best sport. At that time the QUAIL. 277 covies are full grown and birds of full size. Now they make a quick, sharp rise when flushed but will not fly far. You will not expect a bird that is only seven inches in length, of heavy build and short wings, to fly any long distance without rest. His feet carry him much further than his wings and he much prefers to use them, and he will only fly when it is unavoidable. There are times when he takes up a line of travel from one state to another, and rivers as large as the Mississippi will not stop him. Sometimes for days he will remain on one bank before he will venture to cross, and many are lost where the banks are very far apart. In 1866 and 1867 vast numbers of them left their native home in Wisconsin and crossed into Iowa and Illinois. In such cases it is not uncommon for a linois. In such cases it is not uncommon for a number of broods to associate together and in some instances over fifty birds have been found in one covy, and as these journeys occur only in the fall on the approach of cold weather, and largely from a colder to a warmer clime, it is believed to be an instinct of self-preservation comparable to the migrations of water fowls. Immediately after a very grations of water fowls. Immediately after a very cold winter they will spread out over extensive tracts, mostly in pairs, where the covies have been desolated by frost, and cold, and many miles of country become joyful with them in the Spring where they have not been known in the winter. It is a well-known fact that in the old world quails pass from the Northern countries on the approach of winter, from France and Germany and even Britain into Spain and Egypt and Italy, and in such large numbers as to supply the markets of Europe. The increase of the bird is so rapid and his disposition to nest in any vacant place where the generosity of man will allow him to bring up 278 QUAIL. his family in the manner he requires, it may be generations before he will disappear from the Western States. He has been hunted almost to death for ern States. He has been hunted almost to death for fifty years, in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, and still he remains, often in numbers not few. Where the partridge can live there is no doubt of the survival of the quail. He will venture into the farm yard in stress of the coldest weather and in the woods and swamps he will live on the balls of skunk cabbage, or in the neighborhood of a cider mill he will do well on the seeds thrown out with the pumice. He will often get poor in heavy snowstorms but return to normal condition when fine weather opens again. In fine, he is at home in more climates, he will stand more neglect, lie will give more hostages to fortune, and remain intact and unsuppressed, than any bird we have in this country. He is cosmopolitan, his home is from Connecticut to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Plains. He will endure and perish and will endure again in the cold, constricted region of Minnesota or Wisconsin, never heeding or seeking his nesota or Wisconsin, never heeding or seeking his genial brethren of the South, who are accustomed to kindlier quarter and fare. Quail hunting has largely lost its prestige in Illinois ; it can never be of any great interest to> the sportsman where the state is made over mainly to cornfields and meadow land. Outside of the neighborhood of great cities there are few cornfields of any size which do not shelter one or more flocks of quail during the winter, but to step into a forty-acre cornfield and hunt ter, but to step into a forty-acre cornfield and hunt it over for the purpose of getting a chance shot is the height of folly, which only a novice will undertake. After the first rise the birds become scat- dertake. After the first rise the birds become scattered and with a good tracking snow the crossing tered and with a good tracking snow the crossing and recrossing of isolated birds soon destroys all QUAIL. 279 chance of tracking them out. They will not lie still and the benefit of a good dog is not manifest where the pursuit is along open rows of corn stalks and the bird can track faster than you can follow him. When snow comes we would not use a dog at all. In the fall he is a necessity and if there is some open ground covered with tall grass and scattering thickets to which the bird can fly for shelter, you are tolerably sure of good sport. There is much of this kind of ground along the Rivers at the present day, along the sand dunes and patches of uncultivated grass. In country of this kind around New Boston, up and down the River where the fields are of reduced size, the birds are easily reached. There are many points along the Rock ily reached. There are many points along the Rock River where good bags can yet be made and where the birds seem to wander, during periods of cold weather. I have never seen, however, any country where the shooting was better than among the Swede settlements in Knox county. The timber belt is there well broken up into small holdings, the land is rough and broken and coal pits are frequent, and after the corn is picked there is hardly quent, and after the corn is picked there is hardly a track made in the fields until spring work again begins. Most of the cornfields will not exceed five acres each, and as soon as you raise a flock of quails they take to the thickets along the hillsides and dive down among the narrow canyons, sides and dive down among the narrow canyons, where they lie close until you hunt them out. They rise one by one and the sport is fine. Two things they require ; when they find food and shelter they will not move away. They seem to suffer nothing from the loss of part of their flock. They ing from the loss of part of their flock. They whistle for scattered or lost members but once, or till darkness sets in. If they do not return their call ceases. They have no remembrance of lost 280 QUAIL. companions ; they pursue their daily round for food and shelter as though they never existed. Often have I seen a quick winged hawk come suddenly upon them when the covey was flushed, and before it had rested in a fair and open field, take one or another in his claws and carry them off a few rods to an old tree top, without putting himself to any effort to overtake them. This has always happened in a timber country. I never saw a quail pened in a timber country. I never saw a quail caught by a hawk on a prairie. To those who hunt for profit, above all things, hunt by yourself alone. To say nothing of the risk of injury by the careless handling of the gun of your companion, one gun will destroy nearly as many birds as two guns or more in the hands of companions. One gun is ample for the destruction of a flock, if you desire it. This applies as well when shooting over '6 dog as without one. When you have found a flock and raise it, it is altogether likely that when you shoot you will both aim at the same bird, at least with one barrel, with the result that it is generally torn to pieces. Waiting for your companion erally torn to pieces. Waiting for your companion to fire often means you will not fire at all. Of the vast number of quail that have been killed there seems to be no means of getting any record, and the fact that the necessary supply for all the markets of the country have been received from less kets of the country have been received from less than one-third of the area of the tillable lands of the country, and that they have survived for a period of at least fifty years, makes it certain that their riod of at least fifty years, makes it certain that their final extinction will be longer delayed than that of any other bird. The improved quality of repeating firearms will be its greatest enemy. peating firearms will be its greatest enemy. The Golden Plover is a bird of passage in Illinois. It comes from the South in the spring and nois. It comes from the South in the spring and from the North in the Fall. Its habits have GOLDEN PLOVER. changed somewhat from what we first knew him, in that now more often he has only one period of arrival in the Spring, about May ist, whereas he used to come in small detached bands about April 15th and sometimes a month earlier, on the breaking up of the frost by a sudden warm spell. At ing up of the frost by a sudden warm spell. At such times his flesh was in very poor order, nevertheless quite salable from its scarcity at that time theless quite salable from its scarcity at that time of the year. After a week's rest in April he moved on to some other country and when he appeared Golden Plover. again in May he had put on a new and flashy coat. Streaks of black feathers had formed along the sides of his head and neck, and bright spots of black had replaced the dirty brown of his breast, which he wore when he went away. The longer he tarried in May the slicker and shinier his coat became, so that when he left for his summer journey, about May 15, his outward appearance pre- ney, about May 15, his outward appearance presented a guarantee of the fat and juicy relish which sented a guarantee of the fat and juicy relish which his body gave. To our mind, in this condition he is the peer of any bird we have in the West, and has come to be as highly prized by market men as 282 GOLDEN PLOVER. any other. In these late years as the flocks became smaller they became also wilder, and instead of staying in flocks when they alighted they spread out over the ground, every bird by himself, so that it has been impossible to shoot large numbers with a single shot. It also happened from the scarcity of flocks that a hunter could not station himself in any one place and be sure of killing very many at once. In the 6o's the case was altogether different. In the country North and East of Atkinson and around Hundred Acre Grove, and in the marshes nearest thereto, the birds came in large flocks, great numbers of them, and remained through the season bers of them, and remained through the season till the time of their disappearance Northward. Within two miles of Atkinson we have seen as large numbers as in any part of Illinois. There was a brisk chance for the exercise of all the skill you possessed in taking them. Over high knobs the flocks would pass continuously for days in a northeast direction, and, sitting in your buggy with a gentle horse the numbers you could shoot were almost unlimited. In the morning the birds were wilder and more inclined to separate. As the heat came on they became less restless, their suspicions died away and by ten or eleven o'clock you cions died away and by ten or eleven o'clock you could drive up within three or four rods of them, and by not driving directly towards them, but taking a quarterly direction, they would drop down ing a quarterly direction, they would drop down on a hillside, close to the ground, and lie there till you had stopped and fired. If they showed a disposition of unusual wariness and we could not get position of unusual wariness and we could not get more than one or two birds at a shot, we would not shoot but gradually round them up towards the pond or the edge of a marsh, and rather than be driven over that to less rich feeding grounds GOLDEN PLOVER. 283 and take the labor of a flight, they would allow you to approach very close, sometimes would gather up into an immense flock, when you would get in your destructive work. For hours we have followed that plan in a single locality, where on the lowed that plan in a single locality, where on the open prairie they would constantly rise and pass on before you out of reach. Sometimes they would light by a narrow pond of their own accord, large numbers of them, till the ground was perfectly black, when we would kill from twenty to forty birds at one discharge, but the success was most marked when they sought the shallow water an inch or two deep, spots of which were conspicuous all over the prairie. There the birds went for a bath. Then they became the victims of the crippled ones who at the first shot were not killed but pled ones who at the first shot were not killed but unable to rise and used their vocal powers with effect to call back the flock which had started to move away, lifting their wings in the air and making their inimitable cry. The flock would return ing their inimitable cry. The flock would return and settle down among them and the slaughter be repeated. As the heat increases and the low pools shorten up and the ground that once was damp and soft, so that the worms could easily be reached, has now become hard and sodden, the plovers show more decided symptoms to move away. They congregate in larger flocks. They sail round in the air gregate in larger flocks. They sail round in the air and examine the most favorable places to alight. Small places where the grass has a firm growth they desert, the better places hold them a little while longer. They are plenty today. In the morning following there is a scarcity apparent and by midday whole detachments begin to gather in the air day whole detachments begin to gather in the air and sail about. At the sound of a gun they rise high in the air, and after making a few circles, sometimes for miles in diameter, whistling con284 GOLDEN PLOVER. 284 GOLDEN PLOVER. stantly, they whirl off into another state on their way to the North. From Illinois they pass into Iowa and Minnesota, only remaining a few days, then northeasterly again. They are not heard from unless they land as of yore in the vicinity of Cape Breton and New Foundland. As they are always wanted badly for market purposes and could easily be had in Boston or New York if they were to be reached at such a short distance, we hardly think that very many of them remain there at this day. One thing is noticeable, the bird before he leaves this State has only very small eggs when it is killed, so that we have reason to believe they have a month or more in time to reach the country where they propose to nest. There are such vast and unexplored wilds in British America and around Hudson plored wilds in British America and around Hudson Bay, even up to the Arctic Ocean, where ducks and geese and cranes abound and nest every year, we believe their present breeding place is in that country many hundred miles beyond Illinois, but their try many hundred miles beyond Illinois, but their flight is so rapid and their incubation so short that some stray specimens reach us on their return September 1st, before they have wholly regained their tember 1st, before they have wholly regained their winter plumage. What few remain here get very fat before they move away and in that time their plumage changes. There are few golden plover west of the Missouri and we are inclined to think that during their souri and we are inclined to think that during their times of passage they follow up and down mostly through the gateway of the Mississippi. We have said the grass plover is an inhabitant of this state, and it remains with us all summer. Here he raises his brood and leaves early for the South during the month of August. Some stragglers appear in October. He is also extremely glers appear in October. He is also extremely plenty in Kansas, Nebraska and Minnesota, and GRASS PLOVER. considering how much he has suffered at the hands of many hunters, the wonder is that he has survived at all. Unless it is the quail no game bird vived at all. Unless it is the quail no game bird has figured up the losses to as high a total as has the grass plover in Nebraska and Kansas. In those states it seemed to be the ambition of an inconsiderate dealer to see how many birds he could destroy erate dealer to see how many birds he could destroy and sell at a minimum figure, so small, indeed, that Grass Plover. the price but slightly paid more than the cost to kill. In some future period some seeker after statistics will be surprised to learn that not less than tistics will be surprised to learn that not less than fifty or sixty thousand birds went annually out of Nebraska in April to Kansas City, and afterwards were sold broadcast all over the Union wherever a buyer could be found for a munificent sum not to exceed fifty cents per dozen and sixty to seventyfive cents in New York, and this same drain was five cents in New York, and this same drain was continued for many years until after 1890. This 286 GRASS PLOVER. had a bad effect in an indirect way. Ordinarily grass plover get their young raised in June and July, and the prairies of Nebraska and Kansas are teeming with them in August. When we first went there in 1880, in August, a good shot could kill a hundred birds a day in the cornfields, (most of them magnificent birds and extremely fat), and continue so doing till near the first of September, when they moved on to the south. We never could find them very plenty in August but one year. As soon as we began to hunt Dow birds in the Spring in times of scarcity, the hunters spent much of their time in killing grass plover and then the young birds began to disappear from the prairies. Instead of getting a great many handsome birds in stead of getting a great many handsome birds in late summer that would weigh four or five pounds to* a dozen, we were compelled to be content to gather in only a few barrels in a whole month, and many of them too light to be wanted. If some restraint could have been put upon this slaughter in straint could have been put upon this slaughter in the Spring enough birds could have been saved to supply all the markets the year round with fine, fat birds. Even the poor spring birds would have brought a moderate price if they had been scarce. The year before 1880 we sold them as high as $4 a dozen, which was a good price for a bird which had little to recommend it but its scarcity. We paid that year the same price for Dow birds and grass plover. The next year we paid $1.25 to $1.50 for grass plover and $2.00 to $2.50 for Dow birds. As the years followed one another the price constantly was raised on Dow birds and lowered on stantly was raised on Dow birds and lowered on plover until at last Dow birds were worth $4 a dozen and grass plover worth 60 cents. One year during a scarcity of snipe we sold our entire stock of grass plover, spring birds, at an average of about Grass plover. 287 $2.00 a dozen. This slaughter that was going on in Nebraska and Kansas was followed up largely in Northern Iowa and Minnesota. In these places new freezers were being put up in many places. All that seemed necessary to the buyer to make fortunes was to freeze up the birds and wait quietly for the profit. Thousands and thousands of dozens were absolutely thrown away. We know of one man in Kansas, not a dealer, who after shipping east four or five thousand dozen, offered to sell us as many thousand dozen as we wanted for fifty cents per dozen on track. It took ten years to decimate the grass plover in the Western States. To us it passed all understanding that a bird that usually raised only three or four young in a season and was seen only in scattering pairs, not very son and was seen only in scattering pairs, not very many appearing at any one time, could escape extermination so long. No doubt many sections of termination so long. No doubt many sections of country were not molested, and the drafts that were made upon the birds reached wide areas, and those who had entertained bright hopes of great margins began to waver when unprofitable returns began to come in. The spring bird is a light affair. He comes to his summer home without fear, and while the female is busy with her nest the male comes sailing along in his triumphant way, throws up his wings and settles down on a post where you are sure to see him, often by the roadside, where he can regale you with his song and invite you to disturb him if you dare. If you are riding across the prairie and he sees you he will follow you many times for miles, singing his friendly song far above your head till you are far away, then he returns to the neighborhood of his nest. In driving along you may, borhood of his nest. In driving along you may, if you choose, snap off his neck with your whip 288 GRASS PLOVER. when once he has alighted. This state of endearment does not last very long. As a rule, you may ment does not last very long. As a rule, you may say, as he begins to grow fat he begins to grow wary. When the young leave their nest the grasshoppers are in season. He leads his little flock of hoppers are in season. He leads his little flock of young birds to some old grass pasture which is a partial cover and alive with his kind of feed, where they all begin to feast and fatten. He takes on a bright inquiring look, and if the cover of old grass is not sufficient he is careful to fly to thicker cover, or even to run there before he will give you a good shot. If he thinks he is hidden so you do not observe him, he may sit quietly, but all the probabili- serve him, he may sit quietly, but all the probabilities are he has sized you up with a good deal of ties are he has sized you up with a good deal of judgment. As his fatness increases the feathers on his breast are changed from a light to a bright yellow, and you can tell his condition by the strength and brightness of his color. When he first came he did not display that rich hazel which is a marked feature of his autumn days, and he seemed more inclined to run than to fly. Then he was much of a coquette, alighting wherever he thought you would notice him, now flying delightfully near you, he would warble his address. "Don't you know me? I was with you last year. Glad to see you every day." And every day he will come and repeat the same message till midsummer. Slowly his peat the same message till midsummer. Slowly his fashion changes as Autumn comes on and his brood is saved. He leaves the mowed field and the mower. As a rule the thinner the bird the lesik he is er. As a rule the thinner the bird the lesik he is troubled with your presence. As he gets in better flesh his timidity and suspicion rapidly increase. He has a way now of throwing up his wings, but it is to fly. When he mounts it is high up in the air and his notes at parting are monosyllables, which seem to glide like jets of oil from his fat MALLARD DUCK. and unctuous throat. He is individual now, not social. He is partial awhile of the dignity and delight cial. He is partial awhile of the dignity and delight of a few friends, but they are soon forgotten, and he will pass out one by one into the gloom and darkness which intervenes between his home and the ness which intervenes between his home and the land which he now covets. The coming rain storm will end his summer life. His secret is with the stars until he is a hundred miles away. When we come from land birds to water birds among game, as are the various species of ducks, we would naturally expect their numbers would be very much increased. Water covers a large part of the globe, but most of it is unfit for the home or the haunts of wild fowl. The ice pack that covers the north part of the Continent for eight months ers the north part of the Continent for eight months of the year drives them to warmer climes when winter is on. The great oceans produce no bush, 290 MALLARD DUCK:. no vegetation, no plot of land upon which the weary traveler from Arctic Seas can rest. From year to year the waves swallow up all that the Sea produces. Only the floating ships that pass on into the night and leave no trace behind them escape. The shores of the Ocean are silent. Only here and there a little belt of water surrounded by rising peaks of land that cover in an estuary or bay and draining oft into shallow basins where bottom is easily reached for food, have the ducks any sanctuary whatever. As the cities enlarge and spread and white sails dot these suburban resorts, the ducks must go to sea or fall back into the rivers and lakes of fresh water. There their prospects are not much better. American genius and enterprise are scouring the back bays for new railroads and new lines of travel. Cities are planned, new ships come to port, and the rivers are unlocked and their treasures transported away. Many years ago the ducks nested in large numbers in every marsh where wild flags, or water and coarse grass appeared. The Annawan swamps, in common with many others in the country, raised mallards and teal in profusion. Then came a dry spell of several years' duration. The importunities of farmers, who saw a chance of enlarging their realties, drove an effective bargain with holders of these waste and flooded lands, and with a system of ditches, reclaimed so much of it that the ducks eventually avoided it, and their associations were so thoroughly dissipated they never sociations were so thoroughly dissipated they never cared to come back. For a while they bred and thrived in the waters of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Inside of the timber belt of Northern Minnesota lies an immense prairie country, full of all the rice ponds and laughing lakes which encourage the ducks to tarry. There they first appear in the Fall within MALLARD DUCK. 29i reach of the hunters as the weather turns cold. Here the ducks filled in as they left Illinois in the Spring. The waters were troubled. The Indian dwelt^along the shores; his trusty canoe was always at hand ; the markets were open for ducks ; ways at hand ; the markets were open for ducks ; he wanted them, and when he commenced to hunt he hunted all Summer. The home markets furnished him advantages for sale. Across the open nished him advantages for sale. Across the open pools he pursued the birds with vigor. The ring of the carbine in those wilds was heretofore almost unknown. His bark cut the waves that were guiltless of ripples save for the newcomers and his old- less of ripples save for the newcomers and his oldtime fur bearers. The ducks could not rest, they time fur bearers. The ducks could not rest, they moved again. This time they passed northward, so f?r the blast of the steam whistles could not reach them. Neither could the Indian move that far. He is a mover from time immemorial, but the' white man holds all the routes of travel and will continue to do so. The Indian must go back to the fur bearers that thread their way through all the fresh water lakes, or perish. The Indian will live and die on the outskirts of civilization and still be uncivilized. How far northward the ducks have emigrated is unknown, but it is believed many of them are very near or quite within the Arctic circle. Somewhere about 1885 we had our last flood of ducks. They were in surfeit, mostly mallards. The waters of the Mississippi were congested with them. The same occurred along the Chariton in Missouri, and doubtless many other points. The birds were not hard to reach. It was winter time and the slaughter kept up until it was nearly Spring. As one flock was destroyed new ones came in. Whole carloads were killed and sent to market and sold at ridiculously low prices. Where freezers were to be had hundreds of barrels were carried over into 292 MALLARD DUCK. the next year. If you can believe that short time destroyed them altogether as it did the pigeons a little later, then you have no need of hunting or of laws. The mallard is a native of no state or territory exclusively. He is not unknown in the waters of Long Island Sound. We have shot him in the Croton River that supplies the aqueduct of New York. He is an inhabitant of the entire West and South, beside his active visits in the extreme North. His lines of travel in the Spring and Fall carry him along the important rivers. He turns off wherever he can see an open pond to feed and rest. He is always on the lookout. No other duck sends out so many scouts to spy out the land. The most remote lakes are not infrequently visited by him wher- mote lakes are not infrequently visited by him wherever they have been detected by the sharp glance of ever they have been detected by the sharp glance of his eye. He knows every defense that hunters make to lure him within reach. He knows the safety of other ducks which he sees in the waters will grant him the like safety. Where redheads and canvasbacks alight he is all patience and fearless. He is backs alight he is all patience and fearless. He is more neglectful of the teal and small ducks which use shallow water and near cover, and he has been surprised so many times that at every motion he is fearful an undiscovered enemy will spring up. He is partial to the flags where they fringe deep water and he can sit about unnoticed. He is a bird of many associates and is not coy or critical about his companions. He will sport in the air with a flock of teal or even small ducks, and on the arrival of a new flock of any kind he is liable to light down among them. His appearance is like a flag set upon all waters. Like the crow while watching for himself he watches for others. His size varies greatly self he watches for others. His size varies greatly and much with the season. In the Spring he arrives MALLARD DUCK. 293 poor in flesh. When the cornfields are bare he soon makes up for all short weights. Forty years ago he used to be frequently found in the cornfields in March and even in February. Now he seldom appears before April ist, only in very scattered flights. pears before April ist, only in very scattered flights. By the middle of April, when he is ready to nest or leave, he will weigh from three pounds upwards, earlier not to exceed two to two and a half pounds. In the fall he is not desirable until after October 15th, when his winter coat is far enough advanced to give him the best sale. In general when his coat is fine his flesh is also. The female does not present the beautiful color of the male, neither is her sent the beautiful color of the male, neither is her weight so great. Sometimes they have been fed and netted in the Fall in large numbers, and in that case they would weigh four pounds each. Where hunting is good many persons seem to desire mallard shooting above all others. There are men who lard shooting above all others. There are men who can lie down in the bottom of a skiff and dropping on their back when seeing a flock of mallards approaching, can so place or displace themselves and proaching, can so place or displace themselves and without frightening the birds away secure a good shot with each barrel. We did not spend much of our time with them. What little we did was generally unprofitable. Size considered, they are the erally unprofitable. Size considered, they are the cheapest ducks in the market. They are heavy to carry where you have not the convenience of a boat and the best shooting is often where a boat cannot travel. Besides mallards and teal, especially the greenwings, are most liable to spoil of all wild ducks in a sudden change of warm weather. To draw them reduces their best appearance and value. Ordinarily we could kill as many chickens in a day as mallards and many of the drawbacks we have noticed did not happen to them, and they would sell for double the price. I am not certain after 294 MALLARD DUCK. handling many thousands of mallards I derived any profit from them. In instances they have sold remarkably well, perhaps for a first time and under markably well, perhaps for a first time and under new circumstances. I never sold any higher than $1.25 a pair, and then only in the winter season after the close of the war. A dollar per pair has been the objective point, and that has been very few times reached. There are wonderful stories afloat of immense numbers of mallards killed by some fortunate hunter, but I am not one so fortunate. I never killed er, but I am not one so fortunate. I never killed but fifty birds in one day, and that only once in the course of three or four hours' shooting. This was in a cornfield adjoining Coal Creek a mile and a half north of Annawan, and the circumstances were all favorable. Large numbers of mallards sat in the Creek all day and late in the afternoon came out over the field, attracted by a thin strip of buckwheat which twisted around at varying angles and cut in twain twenty or thirty acres of corn. I had only to step inside the shadow of the corn and the work commenced. A new breech-loader had just come out and I had one of them. It was a pinfire and alreadv the defect of that kind of gun was apparent. The smoke constantly worked out around the ent. The smoke constantly worked out around the pin. The strain of the gun by degrees parted perceptibly the close union of stock and barrel and it ceptibly the close union of stock and barrel and it appeared no great prophecy of the future when the locking would give way. I threw down a handful of shells on a corn hill and began to blaze away. The shots seemed to have unusual effect, perhaps, the birds were closer than I imagined, but I seldom fired in vain. Small detachments of birds came up steadily from the Creek, and viewing the ground, prepared to light down. They returned with one Or two less each time. My dog sat by me and TEAL DUCK. 2"5 picked up all the wounded birds. He knew when the shot was effective and if the bird fell twenty yards away or forty yards, he bounded away and brought it in, never missing- a bird. I never shot so fast before. The loads were strong and the gun was light. I constantly felt at every recoil that the fastening was gone or given way, and even doubted whether my head remained. I examined the smoked barrels, saw that they held nearly in place, and drove in two more cartridges. At last I broke a wing but slightly from the point. The bird settled over the top of a hill and the dog tarried too long. I ran after him. On the way I ried too long. I ran after him. On the way I ran onto another hunter who was all anxiety to know how many men were shooting over there. I told him there was no one else but myself, and explained to him the action of the breech-loader. He plained to him the action of the breech-loader. He declared he thought all h -- 1 was broken loose. In the course of a few hours I secured the number above stated and never lost one bird. Where the hunter has succeeded in finding an open hole in the ice in the marshes north of Annawan, and the flags gave him cover to approach nawan, and the flags gave him cover to approach within shooting distance, fifty birds have been killed at one discharge, and probably a few more. When the ice is forming and birds come in thick around a pond hole it keeps it from freezing and then the death record may be very great and the birds are the best of the season. There are few people who have taken an interest in game birds but have a distinct idea of the nature and appearance of teal duck, both green and blue wing. In the early history of the game business in Illinois both kinds were quite plenty. Wherever shallow water prevailed and the season of the year was opportune, in the swamp country north of AnTEAL DUCK. TEAL DUCK. nawan and Mineral, and in and adjacent to St. Peters, flocks of a thousand or more were of no unusual occurrence in September and early October. The best hunters killed as high as ioo birds each in one day and in one season when a swivel gun was brought into use it was reported that fifty or more blue wings were often killed at one shot. Good teal shooting was then the rule in October until away along in the '8o's. The difference' between the two kind of teal was very early apparent. tween the two kind of teal was very early apparent. The blue wings were always in superior condition Teal Duck. throughout the fall. The green wings were of a soft and spongy nature. They rarely remained entirely sound when held a few days for shipment. tirely sound when held a few days for shipment. The only time they were really prime was at the close of the season, either Spring or Fall. Their plumage then was of the best. They associated in small bands which followed up the little outlying streams that go to make up the more important rivers. Here they remained till the heat of sumGREEN WINGS AND BLUE WINGS. 297 GREEN WINGS AND BLUE WINGS. 297 mer or the cold of winter drove them out. They remained long- after the blue wings were gone, which had become more sagacious and moved South. At this time the markings of his neck and his whole coat was noticeably beautiful. The stripes of tawny red had become brilliant and set off the plainer colors which covered his back. His wing and tail covers were marked with an excess of varying tints, all of which exhibited themselves when on the wing. Either kind was easily killed, as they lived and fed remote from deep waters. Generally the two- kinds fed separately, but the blue wings did not covet wooded countries while the green wing frequented both timber and prairie. The green wings weigh much less than a pound, the blue wings very often a pound or more. The blue wings arrived early in pairs in the Spring ; they went South in flocks. In the beginning of May and through the month of June in those days strips of old grass, adjacent to shallow ponds, oftenest in the neighborhood of marshes, were coursed enest in the neighborhood of marshes, were coursed over by the female who repaired there to build her nest. In some little tussock, hid away from the view of passersby, she formed a bed of soft grass overlaid with feathers from her own body, wherein she laid twelve or fifteen eggs, which she watched with tenderest care till the brood appeared. In July and August she led them to adjacent waters long before they could fly. Every brood formed a covey fore they could fly. Every brood formed a covey and of every covey she was the sole guardian. They fed along the shore and were ciuick and alert to hide away when anybody appeared. Whoever has seen these new-born flocks, skimming the waters of a pond without a ripple on the ming the waters of a pond without a ripple on the surface, or slipping slyly through flags and brakes and spear grass without a stem displaced or a panel 298 GREEN WINGS AND BLUE WINGS. broken, must have felt the illusions of art slip away before the grander displays of nature. Summer renews the rich garb to the hills and fields which Winter winds have shaken. Over the barren earth falls rain and sunshine. A plant springs up here and there, a leaf or flower hides the uncanny mould, a tiny nest is formed and soon the waters are gay with microscopic fleets. From out the fetid waste towers and cathedrals and steeples of woven grass spring up and the corridors sparkle with insect life. In the twilight, in the black and dark night the water spider spins her Gobelins. Across turbid pools ter spider spins her Gobelins. Across turbid pools and angry chasms she throws bridges of gossamer and traverses them with electric speed to bind the moth and the fly in her chambers, and robed in a vest of gold and scarlet, she sits down a queen. From beneath the surface of the water spring up airy bubbles which bear golden crowns or flash in helmets of a mock army fading away in the allabsorbing waters. The rough world is symbolized absorbing waters. The rough world is symbolized in the glory of her children. We think the large flocks of ducks that in those early days appeared were made up mostly of homegrown birds. The Annawan country at that time grown birds. The Annawan country at that time seemed to be underlaid with the waters of an immense lake. Buckles of Geneseo used to say he mense lake. Buckles of Geneseo used to say he could sink the town with an augur hole. It did not seem possible the land could ever be drained. Nevertheless the many dry seasons that have preceded ertheless the many dry seasons that have preceded the present one have wrought wonders and now water is none too plenty and ducks have ceased to nest there. We recall the distich of Sir Walter Scott : "To see the stately drake Lead forth his fleet upon the Lake." and wonder that he was a benedict and carried a TEAL DUCK. 299 gun. "Anything alarming?" "Oh, no," but Lockhart, his son-in-law, described the poet as possessed hart, his son-in-law, described the poet as possessed of very varied general information, the owner of a dog, and if of the hunting kind must have taken him to the Tweed many times and seen ducks in profusion where he might have brushed up his information with the familiar adage, "All ducks are formation with the familiar adage, "All ducks are not drakes." Furthermore, between the two ditches of Abbottsford and Ballantine & Company, which were slowly draining him into bankruptcy, he might have overlooked obvious distinctions of habits male and female, and accorded the male duck the undeserved honor of being the lord protector of the deserved honor of being the lord protector of the flock, when on the contrary all hunters know the female bears all the drudgery of protecting and. caring for their young, a conspicuous fact noticeable ing for their young, a conspicuous fact noticeable of all ducks. The drake is the most perfidious benedict. He lives in open disregard of the rights and privileges of his mate, making morganatic marriages in all kinds of times and places. He is es- riages in all kinds of times and places. He is especially fond of displaying the superficial gaudiness pecially fond of displaying the superficial gaudiness of his coat to every female that passes and never wearies of their attention. Like many a lord he is not on hand when crises come. Often in some secluded pond he spends long seasons of rest in the cluded pond he spends long seasons of rest in the company of strange wives while the heat and halo of summer lasts. He limits his matrimonial duties to himself, which are often elusive and performed only when it suits him. When the female in all this time has reared and cared for the brood the repentent lord comes back. He has now sobered down ent lord comes back. He has now sobered down into quiet ways with the shedding of his summer coat. He is again gregarious and will not seclude himself any longer among strangers. He will keep in close distance with the members of his flock, but he will also join an emigrant flock as readily as 300 TEAL DUCK. his own. He will bring roving flocks together, and the larger the aggregate the better does he seem pleased. He becomes more wary as the fall approaches and the flock increases. He will rise en masse with the least alarm and is subject to all the limitations which beset his bird life. He is fattening rapidly and by the middle of October pre- tening rapidly and by the middle of October presents an interesting mark for the gunner. He falls sents an interesting mark for the gunner. He falls with a splash and a thud, many times in numbers at one discharge. The few brig*ht days of early October seem to be well pleasing to him and he remains much in the same neighborhood if water is abundant and he is not too hotly pursued, but the time of his sojourn is short and in common with most birds he disappears in a night. He passes far to the South and in the Winter time he is as far down as the swampy country of Louisiana. The blue wing is a superb treat for the table and to our mind has never been sufficiently prized. His flesh is firm and will remain entirely sound when the green wing is rapidly becoming out of order. Like the canvas and redhead he is fat only in the fall and his entire change of color from Spring to Fall makes it impossible to substitute Spring for Fall birds. A few hundred teal have been gathered in the St. Peters marsh the past Fall, but a change backward to dry seasons again will be fatal to further sport among us. ther sport among us. Canvasback and redhead have always occupied a very conspicuous place among marketmen wherever they were to be had and the laws permitted their sale. In 1885 and '86 they reached the highest figures known, at least for canvasback, and five to> six ures known, at least for canvasback, and five to> six dollars a pair was no unusual price for fat, heavy Fall birds in a wholesale way. Redheads at that time sold as high as three dollars per pair for spring CANVASBACK AND REDHEAD. 301 birds, but two dollars was the more common price and in some seasons they declined to less than one dollar. Under the stimulus of the larger figures the country was scoured from Wisconsin to Texas and all along the Atlantic coast the birds were Roughly handled, and even' California was drawn on for Winter ducks, especially canvasback. In a year or two the pendulum swung backward. Fashion, which in a large measure sets the prices for all game birds, changed suddenly so that they were Canvas Back. not so frequently called for. Many of the birds were found to be of poor quality and lightweights were common among Spring ducks, which, coming out of the coolers hard frozen, they deceived ing out of the coolers hard frozen, they deceived the best buyers, until Spring birds were almost unnoticed and fell from to one-half to one-third of noticed and fell from to one-half to one-third of their former values. Then it followed that standard weights of three pounds for canvasback and two dard weights of three pounds for canvasback and two pounds and a half for redheads for the Fall catch were insisted upon. If this recession in prices had not occurred when it did canvasback and redhead 302 CANVASBACK AND REDHEAD. would soon have been a thing of the past. All kinds of ways for securing these birds were practiced and allowed. Sink boats, sneak boats and ticed and allowed. Sink boats, sneak boats and swivel guns were brought into play and destroyed large numbers, whereas if they. had been protected and allowed only to be killed as now in the fringes of deep water where flags make a cover, they doubtless might have remained fairly plenty for many less might have remained fairly plenty for many years to come. Not very many are now killed in the spring time Red-Head. in Illinois. Those that are brought into the market come mostly in the fall from Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the hunters there have been very reticent nesota, and the hunters there have been very reticent of disclosing their knowledge of the exact places where they were killed, but now that the laws have forbidden shipping out of the State the knowledge is not so important, and the man that goes for sport can certainly now secure them fairly easy and in reasonable numbers. Redhead seem to be plenty yet in some places, but not enough come in of standard weights to materially influence the market. dard weights to materially influence the market. They hold their place well up to old figures and it CANVASBACK AND REDHEAD. 303 is no secret that except where wild celery grows, which gives the canvas a very excellent flavor, the quality of fat redheads fully equals that of canvasback, and except among the smaller sizes are worth back, and except among the smaller sizes are worth equally as much. Doubtless the appearance of the canvasback has tended to give it a fanciful name. In this respect it is widely different from all others. Its neck and bill are very long, fitting it to ers. Its neck and bill are very long, fitting it to feed in deep water, and while the bill of the redhead is rather broad and short, that of the canvas is head is rather broad and short, that of the canvas is thin and long. The male redhead and canvasback are very beautiful from their pronounced red color. In the Spring the breast of the canvasback is a clear white, so that the different markings make him an object distinguishable everywhere at long distances. In the fall he takes on a grayer color, the white disappears and the colors are not so bright. In 1884 appears and the colors are not so bright. In 1884 we had a large stock of redheads, which sold very slowly in the following Winter and Spring at about eighty cents per pair, which was in no way encouraging, and contrary to the advice of the best couraging, and contrary to the advice of the best dealers we put up a large quantity in the Spring following, which we bought at low prices. The results were extremely flattering and they have been sults were extremely flattering and they have been related in a previous chapter. Neither redheads nor canvasbacks are native of this State. Occasionally a redhead has nested in this country, but we have never known a canvasback to nest here. It is not known with any certainty just where they pass the Summer, but it is far to the Northwest, where they must nest, and they first appear in Wisconsin during the flights of other ducks from the North, ing the flights of other ducks from the North, where henceforth the onlv trade in them will be. 304 GAME LAWS. The game laws are popularly supposed to be passed for the protection of game. When they accomplish that purpose they are to be commended, complish that purpose they are to be commended, but in most cases they lose that distinctive quality and are made for the protection of sportsmen. Such men are always opposed to pot hunters. Yet it is true that all sportsmen are pot hunters, either for themselves or somebody else, only the real pot hunters work for their own profit, to get game, while ers work for their own profit, to get game, while the true sportsmen who are real shot slingers work for the prize of winning and the delight of sport. If the birds to be protected are so scarce that only a few can share the prize then the generosity of those who are able and willing to give the game away is invested with a new luster. Now is their day of grace. The noble sportsmen who fight shy of selling their goods are invited by the laws to step in and take the game while it is to be had. Profit taking in game in Illinois is a thing of the past. There are no levies of wild birds being made. There are no accumulations in cold storage, which disturbed the game fanciers so much a few years ago. turbed the game fanciers so much a few years ago. The laws are made for your benefit. If you doubt this a study of their real character will disabuse you. You need not be told that to kill prairie chickens in September is not to protect them, when as a consequence every brood is cut to pieces in a few days after the commencement of the month. Jacksnipe are free to be killed all Winter when they are far of! in the Southern States trying to eke out a precarious existence until Spring. In April the same law holds good till fat and flesh is put on, then shooting ends. Not till the last week or ten days of April is the bird at its best flesh, and of what value is it to kill thin and sickly birds up to that time ? What do vou think of wookcock sold GAME LAWS. 305 in the open markets under guarantee of law in December and January? You may well wonder at cember and January? You may well wonder at the gullibility of law makers which allows sportsmen, noble though they be, to go South for Winter sport and kill the very birds that we shall need next Summer to raise new broods. Not a woodcock breeds mer to raise new broods. Not a woodcock breeds in Louisiana, Summer or Winter. Nevertheless you can go there and your table d'hote be supplied with them every day, and they can be distributed in Northern markets at present when they are few as in the past when they were plenty, till they are none left to distribute. The game laws of Illinois permit the bringing in of birds from other States from October till February following. The Southern States will make the same plea for winter shooting that our hunters do for Spring shooting in Il- ing that our hunters do for Spring shooting in Illinois. Woodcock are to be had in the Southern linois. Woodcock are to be had in the Southern States only in the Winter, and it is now only a question between sportsmen who shall get them, North or South, but in the end it will be as the frog said to those who were stoning him, "This may be sport to you but it is death to us." With our shooting of Spring ducks, if it is claimed this is the only chance for them to be killed, we would say why need they be killed at all. They are, in most cases, so poor in flesh their market value is very small. The woodcocks are put to the slaughter twice every year, from September to December in the North, then till February in the South. At the present time in December and January the hotels in the Gulf States are seeking to attract guests by the superior facilities of shooting woodcock, quail and snipe which they have there, and which in the case of woodcock and snipe are the remnants of broods which have been raised and protected in the North. It is not believed the Legislature had in 306 GAME LAWS. mind birds of passage as these two kinds are, when it admitted their sale from other States, and they intended the laws should apply to prairie chickens and quails from beyond the Mississippi. As these States now forbid transportation out of their limits, it would be no hardship to repeal all the laws its, it would be no hardship to repeal all the laws which make provision for interstate traffic. Woodcock and snipe could then be used only for home cock and snipe could then be used only for home market and further diminution of birds could be placed where the real fault belonged. There have been laws for game protection ever since the State was settled, but they were not early of any practical value. So long as game was in plentiful supply the laws were not invoked and in no case were penalties exacted of any moment till the laws were consolidated in '89 and the appointment of game wardens in 1885. Subsequently ment of game wardens in 1885. Subsequently thereto for many years a semblance of enforcement was kept up in Chicago whose dealers took upon themselves the burden of seeing that the laws made were practically in their favor, and when the wardens could get no remuneration in enforcing the dens could get no remuneration in enforcing the laws, in time they became impatient and demanded some suitable recompense for lying still. Then the dealers bought their favors though they did not denominate them bribes. No one but the dealers in Chicago took the trouble and expense to go to Springfield and the law makers there passed whatever was asked by three or four dealers carte ever was asked by three or four dealers carte blanche. As long as they could make the laws so that they worked entirely for their benefit they could afford to pay the wardens to stand still, but in time they demanded larger bribes. To save themselves the dealers concocted the plan of consolidating the trade within their hands and shutting out others, and by so doing, paying expenses out of the profits. GAME LAWS. 307 This did not occur until 1896. Those who did not pay the wardens were prosecuted. Three or four men combined the trade in their own hands, and the amount of game seized from all shippers was very great. At that time it was not known that it was illegal to ship birds out of Illinois from October to February. If the law had been actually read and so considered, it was difficult to understand how that birds killed in Nebraska, transported to Illinois and then reshipped to New York, could break the law any more completely than it would have done to ship direct from Nebraska to New York. All the West was at that time draining its supplies largely into the lap of Eastern dealers and the scope of the trade seemed to widen and broaden perceptibly. Before 1889 it was legal to ship to the East ibly. Before 1889 it was legal to ship to the East prairie chickens and quails till March, then it was narrowed down to February and all the dealers, both shippers and receivers, considered no impediments in the way during that period. But when ments in the way during that period. But when freezers began to play a" prominent part in the preservation of birds, the older and abler dealers began ervation of birds, the older and abler dealers began to put away receipts in times of surplus and to bring them out later at a profit. Large stocks were carried over from month to month, and later than March or April, and were profitably sold in Boston and New York, often as late as May 1st. In the early '70's a Mr. Racey of New York City had constructed in Center Market a new plan to freeze birds and hold them, and he bought birds in December and January when low, and retailed them all out in the Spring as suited his fancy and profit, and he supposed that they were legal to hold both in time and place because they were his property and bought when the law permitted it, but the Game Club of the citv contested his claim and won their 308 GAME LAWS. case on the plea that the law forbid having in possession after February ist, and that the law must session after February ist, and that the law must be construed strictly, and as a consequence himself and business was practically destroyed. Then the dealers commenced to sell the birds on the quiet without disposing of their stocks faster than was profitable, and no trouble came of it until about 1890. At that time Powell Brothers discharged an employee, who immediately made complaint that a large quantity of game was held in storage by them. This was seized and confiscated, and about $2,500.00 was paid for illegal holding and selling. These prosecutions began to disturb game dealers more or less in the West, but as long as Chicago was open to a few dealers and Express Companies did not refuse to take game through to the East at any time fuse to take game through to the East at any time when it was asked, it was felt that it would be policy to have the business adjusted and settled first in Chicago, and outside dealers worked in the lee of transactions that were known to be going on there. There were laws in Nebraska and Kansas which forbid transportation out of the State, but they were more or less neglected and shipments came from there as freely as usual. While this subject was- under consideration, early in the summer of 1895, the storm which had been kept down in Chicago by liberal bribes or bounties, broke out in Ke- cago by liberal bribes or bounties, broke out in Kewanee. The game warden with deputies and con- wanee. The game warden with deputies and constables appeared and claimed I had sold and shipped stables appeared and claimed I had sold and shipped a box of game to a small station on the C. B. & Q., contrary to the statutes of the State, and consequently had made all the game I then possessed lia- quently had made all the game I then possessed liable to seizure. The law of 1889 prescribed that it ble to seizure. The law of 1889 prescribed that it should be unlawful to hold game after February 1st for purposes of sale. As I had sold one box which was not disputed, it was claimed that all the rest was KEEP AND SMITH. 309 for purposes of sale. In the mean time the warden seemed to be more anxious to settle than to proceed against me, and suggested that if I would pay him $200 he would let up and go away. He read some papers in my presence but did not claim any arrest, but invited me to go down to Galva with him where complaint had been made for the Hinsdale shipment and where the case was to be called that day. What it really amounted to I never fairly understood, but after the warden had made his plea and court adjourned it was stated to me that the case would journed it was stated to me that the case would come up for hearing in the circuit court in October. I gave the warden no money and offered him none, but the next day I thought it prudent to ask counsel of my lawyer who was sick in Wisconsin, whither I went, passing through Chicago. I did not stop in the City, but returned there the following morning, when on going down to South Water street I ing, when on going down to South Water street I was told there was a telegram awaiting me from the day before. I found this to be from my son saying that the game warden had returned and was going through the house, opening and taking out packages to the Justice office. I wired I would be down as soon as possible, but as my counsel was unable to come, I started to look farther. I ran on to F. M. Smith, whom I had known in the same business with myself and with whom I had dealt considerably in former years, and he said he could take me to a lawyer who did all his business. He would not be at all extravagant in his charges and would be an able man to conduct my defense. I saw him and he consented to come to Kewanee if I found that I needed him when I got home. When I returned I found my son had put the case in the hands- turned I found my son had put the case in the handsof J. K. Blish, but Mr. Blish thought that if he was of J. K. Blish, but Mr. Blish thought that if he was not too high priced, I had better let the Chicago 310 GAME TRIAL IN KEWANEE. lawyer come down. In the mean time the case had been adjourned by the Justice here till I could get home and make my defense. I wired the lawyer to come down. F. M. Smith wrote me that it was going- to be an important case and asked me if he had not better come down also. I answered him that I did not need him. Nevertheless on the afternoon of the day previous to the trial, both Keep, the noon of the day previous to the trial, both Keep, the lawyer, and Smith came on and proceeded to make themselves merry with benzine and to inform everybody far and near they met what an 'important case body far and near they met what an 'important case would be called in the morning. When the case was called Keep followed the witnesses with great assiduity, few sentences passing without rising the siduity, few sentences passing without rising the peculiar words, "I object." His versatility on the floor was melodramatic. Sometimes we thought he had started out on a cake walk, or was about to execute some new dance. When he had got his argu- cute some new dance. When he had got his argument well in hand, he swung it around like a club ment well in hand, he swung it around like a club with such vehemence, the audience became dizzy with his repetitions, and it was a delight to them when he sat down. Doubtless he meant it to be well shaken before taken. The case was argued through the day and evening, and taken under advisement until the following morning, when contrary to all belief and all law the Justice convicted me and put me under ten thousand dollar bonds for trial in the County or Circuit Court. Several packages which were made of galvanized iron and air tight were broken into and some of them were partially thawed but they were allowed to be replaced in the freezer and were not materially damaged, and all of them were permitted to remain, under the assurance that they would not be disturbed by us until the call of Court and subject to its order. Lawyer Keep at the trial did not show any reGAME TRIAL AT CAMBRIDGE. 311 GAME TRIAL AT CAMBRIDGE. 311 markable talent or skill in addressing the court as he was evidently under the influence of drink, but when next morning he started for the train to go home, he had revived far enough to put in his bill for services, which he said was $500, and on my protest of its being exorbitant he offered to reduce it to $400. I gave him $100 and told him I would write him about the balance in Chicago. Smith came up and walked down with us to the train. After he was gone, I sat down and wrote both to Keep and Smith and asked Smith to go and see him on purpose for me, if he would not reduce the remainder pose for me, if he would not reduce the remainder which he claimed down to $200. Smith replied he had seen him and that he would not. Keep also wrote me that if I did not send him $300 more in twenty-four hours, he would draw on me therefor, I concluded to let him draw, that is, by implication silently, and when the draft came it went back unpaid. paid. Then the summons came for trial at the Circuit Court of the case in which Keep claimed $400, remaining for his services at the preliminary trial. maining for his services at the preliminary trial. It transpired before that time, that Smith and Keep went int©️ail agieementduring that preliminary trial, in which I now believed that the whole stock of game which was seized would be sold in Kewanee, and Smith was to be the first to buy in the whole stock at nominal prices and take it to Chicago, while Keep was to make out an enormous bill and get the cash out of it for his services. If they had shunned the saloons they might not have gone entirely astray. In October the case came up before a jury. There were only three witnesses, two for Keep, being Smith anel himself, while I myself was entirely unsupported. Manifestly the preponderance of evidence would ed. Manifestly the preponderance of evidence would be on their side, and as Smith and Keep swore posi312 GAME TRIAL CONTINUED. 312 GAME TRIAL CONTINUED. tively that I agreed to pay the remaining $400, the jury felt the gravity of the case very keenly. The two witnesses were asked if I did not correspond with them in regard to a reduction of the charges after they returned to Chicago, and they said I did not, that they never heard from me after they left Kewanee. After further questioning, Smith admitted he believed I had written something to him about ted he believed I had written something to him about it but would not admit the talk of any reduction. We showed by the testimony of several witnesses that Keep was of little or no value to me as counsel, that he was more or less under the influence of liquor, and as one witness expressed it, "had on a jag," all of which the jury rated at its full value, but they were impotent to overcome the combined evidence of the two witnesses. At this point the unexpected happened. We had subpoenaed two witnesses who, on coming to court, and being questioned, did not appear to throw any additional light upon our side, and we allowed them to go home. The plaintiff's assistant, Ladd; caught that up as a proof that they would be useful to them, and asked the court for a recess in the evening till nine o'clock the next morning, when they said they would certainly be able to ing, when they said they would certainly be able to produce them, and the court granted their plea. I had previously been telling my counsel that the witnesses statements were not true, that I had corre- nesses statements were not true, that I had corresponded with each of them, soliciting a reduction sponded with each of them, soliciting a reduction and that I had letters at home to support the fact. I had intended to take them with me, but we drove across the country, and I overlooked getting them in the hurry of getting off, but the letters were not in hand, and the gravity of the case became more apparent. This recess gave us the desired opportunity and we sent by the same constable who had the nity and we sent by the same constable who had the subpoenaes for the returned witnesses, a request to GAME TRIAL CONTINUED. 313 my wife to send over the letters, telling her where they were. They found only one but that was sufficient, inasmuch as it described my inquiry of Smith cient, inasmuch as it described my inquiry of Smith to go and see Keep for the desired reduction and which Smith said Keep would not grant. Re-enforced with this letter, counsel read it to the jury forced with this letter, counsel read it to the jury when first called in the morning. The two witnesses did not appear and no further witnesses were nesses did not appear and no further witnesses were called. The case was argued sharply on both sides and went to the jury. In a short time they returned and brought in a verdict for the defendant and in private assured me, that if the hundred dollars had not been paid, they still would not have allowed him anything. On this occasion Brother Comstock of the Cambridge Chronicle, bubbled over and indited some bridge Chronicle, bubbled over and indited some doggerel, parts of which we reproduce : "Well, Brother Merritt showed 'Keep some Henry County justice, thanks to the jury." "Keep is dear and Keep is cheap, You can tell seeing on the street, But he's- the consarnedest cheat In Illinois with legal feat. "Alas, alas for Mr. Keep, We'd think h'ed want a winding sheet, Or better far, a Rip Van Winkle sleep, And then he'd be a thing concrete." Before the time of the Circuit court to convene the State's Attorney conceived a plan of bringing me to trial on information and not by indictment, and thereby taking away the rewards from the Game Warden in case of conviction at its regular session. With this purpose in view, I was called to court 314 GAME TRIAL FOR POSSESSION OF STOCK. early in the fall without the knowledge of the Game Warden, and although he was notified later he could not arrange to come nor would the State's Attorney wait for the Circuit Court. On this trial no witnesses were called, but those who had a part in the nesses were called, but those who had a part in the seizure of the box of game that went to Hinsdale, except my son, and he did not remember of any illegal shipments beside this. This was evidently illegal, and the jury brought in a verdict for the plaintiff for the amount of $5 for each bird contained in the box. This was the only judgment that tained in the box. This was the only judgment that ever was rendered against me in Henry County. In a few weeks the main call at issue between the warden and myself was the right of the warden to take or not to take away the whole stock of game which I had in my freezer, which he claimed. Scarcely any witnesses were called in this case, and the fact was discussed at considerable length, whether the sale of the box at Hinsdale was prima facie evidence that the balance of the stock was for sale. I was a witness and Ladd asked me if I had not within the last few months bought any game in the country round about, at Galva or at Atkinson. I replied that I didn't handle any birds from those places. "Well, then, is there not some place within the State where you have bought?" I answered "Yes." At this admission all eyes were open and the audience reached forward and pricked up their ears. "State, then," he said, "if you please, where you have bought in that time." I answered that I had bought birds that were shipped me from New Boston. "How many?" "Several boxes, but the shipper informed me they were brought from Iowa across the River." "Have you anything to show that he said so?" I said "Yes, I have a letter." "Let me see it," he said. I took it out and reached GAME TRIAL FOR POSSESSION OF STOCK. 315 it towards him, when he said it didn't matter, he didn't care to see it. I was questioned no further, and the case was argued with no tangible evidence except of the one sale. The jury was out a .few hours, bringing in a verdict for the defendant. This decision was so unexpected to the plaintiff and his advisers, that it seemed for awhile to have thrown the game clubs off their balance. No further demand was made and I proceeded to sell my stock as mand was made and I proceeded to sell my stock as usual. In October the quails were put on the market, a large amount of them and sold well. Prices continued high all the season, the highest for chickens and quails at that time we had ever known. Buyers took stock readily and put it into consumption. By the time the spring opened we had realized tion. By the time the spring opened we had realized out of it over $20,000.00. During all this time the game clubs had not been entirely idle. They had raked the law over and over again to see if there was not some provision to stop this indiscriminate slaughter of birds. They discovered in the game laws the clause which permitted dealers to receive game from other States between October and the February following, specified for the sale of the said game "in the villages and cities of the State." This had heretofore been overlooked and it was not believed that it would be illegal to ship out what was lieved that it would be illegal to ship out what was legally shipped in. If strictly construed, however, it did not permit birds to be shipped out of the state. Nevertheless, the effect would be that if dealers outside of Chicago could not receive birds, then they must either go direct to Chicago or New York. This law was not attempted to be enforced until the following year. If it had been enforced in 1895 the ruin of outside dealers would have been complete. The game dealers in Chicago were prompt to seize this opportunity. It gave them a 316 WAS IT A CONSPIRACY? club by which they hoped to demolish the trade of outside dealers. Then how were they to escape themselves? They sought the Game Warden, they "ptivsuaded tun* to lie still and not to disturb their goods, while he seized all the goods of other dealers and put the proceeds in his pocket as far as he possibly could. The business was consolidated in the sibly could. The business was consolidated in the hands of three or four parties. The rest of the dealers in Chicago stood still to see what was going on. If they had anything- it was confiscated, they could not or would not pay the Warden to let them alone. Game shipped to these three or four parties was taken care of. Large quantities arrived ties was taken care of. Large quantities arrived every day. Did it stop there? Certainly not. Chicago could not use one-third of all that arrived. cago could not use one-third of all that arrived. Boxes were taken in and their contents transferred to new packages with new labels representing everything under the sun but game. Express Companies thing under the sun but game. Express Companies received them, and after a while shippers from outside of the city could not get a pound past Chicago. side of the city could not get a pound past Chicago. Yes, they could. You could ship to these dealers, which you had a right to do, and they could transship, but they demanded double commission, and ship, but they demanded double commission, and every possible way of escape was used not to fall into their hands. The game business quieted down a good deal and the profits derived from confiscation were materially lessened when once it was found out. No further shipments were made to that firm and not every shipper found who they were that did receive game. When this- business dropped off so that the Wardens could not confiscate much more goods, their dividends were perceptibly lessened, and the premiums they received from these few dealers were hardly sufficient to support them, but the dealers could not do any better, they were already robbed. Public sentiment was awakened. The ready robbed. Public sentiment was awakened. The ENFORCING GAME LAWS RAISES PRICES. 317 Western States could ship directly to New York. This they proceeded to do, and the plum was rapidly disappearing from the dealers in the City. What was shipped directly to New York brought big prices with no risk whatever. What was sold in Chicago did nearly as well and the dealers flattered the shipper and dared the informer under cover of permit. They fought sharply with two-edged blades which cut off others, while it supported themselves. But public sentiment which had begun to accumulate for some time, now rose in revolt. The partridges of the States of Minnesota, and as far North and Northwest as the Railroads reached, were simply being annihilated. One or two dealers had controlled the market with such persistency, that an trolled the market with such persistency, that an omnibus law only could save the birds which were crowded in in such quantities in the Eastern Cities, that they scarcely brought half they were worth. Both sides fought vigorously, but the State won and saved what game was left. Prices rose to a prodigious height, but the birds did not come. The leaks which all presumed certain to be found, were thoroughly stopped. Then in the following winter Kansas and Nebraska revived their old laws and put them in. shape to enforce them. For the past year or two birds are said to have increased considerably, particularly in Nebraska, and until the siderably, particularly in Nebraska, and until the prairie grass is rooted out or the laws forbid shooting small and immature birds they will continue to ing small and immature birds they will continue to increase, or until population runs them out. We commenced shipping in the fall of 1896, much as we did in '95, but in much smaller quantities. The demand for game East was very urgent, but not at so high a figure as the year before. So many dealers had started up in the West, we had great difficulty in securing the supplies we needed. The 3i8 GAME WARDEN SEIZES N. Y. SHIPMENTS. memory of the past year also operated as a spur. When we thought along in January we could spare a few barrels profitably, we did so and we sent them to New York by freight. We had some poor stock it was necessary to put off before spring and we sent these along with the sound birds. We sent them by freight. We were somewhat surprised to hear from Chicago that the first shipment of two or three barrels of prairie chickens had been seized by the Game Warden there, and we were so confident of our position that the shipment was legal, fident of our position that the shipment was legal, we put the case in the hands of a lawyer to collect damages from the Railroad. The birds were not taken under a warrant, and so far as we can learn the Warden sold them for his own account and held the profits. Neither of these two acts was legal, but the Railroad Company defended themselves on the plea that the goods taken were contraband and no damage was obtainable. We protested against the Railroad Company giving them up without a warrant, and in later seizures the Warden was compelled to use a warrant, in which case he could not pelled to use a warrant, in which case he could not sell the goods for his own benefit. We started on a new plan. We had orders for a line of goods which we wanted to move, and there being no< hurry for their use, we did not want to pay express charges upon them. It occurred to us that a poultry dealer who was shipping often might take the goods and forward them himself for us, and by marking the barrels poultry, they would escape the vexations of seizure and trouble and expense afterwards. The plan worked for once, then another shipment of seven barrels followed, and they were seized with a warrant. The Justice ordered the warden to hold them in cold storage till legal time elapsed before the sale. As soon as I found when that sale would WARDEN SUES FOR HEAVY DAMAGES. 319 come off, I ordered a dealer to buy them if he could and they went below market price, but values were booming. The quail were in fine condition, two barrels of them and they sold at full price. The partridges were very poor, five barrels of them, and they sold for $1.00 per pair, double the value in any market that I knew of. We appealed the case and attempted to contest it, but it was called surreptitiously without notice to us or any public an titiously without notice to us or any public an nouncement as there should have been, and we lost. There was a determination of the Court to give us as little chance as possible, and if we had succeeded then it is more than likely we would have lost later on. Smith conceived the idea that he could get us up there through the medium of a friendly letter on the plea that the dealers were going to make up a sum to pay my losses. We, however, did not go as we had lost all confidence in him, and when once off our base, we could not defend ourselves. The next move made by the Warden was either to indict me or sue for heavy damages. The seven barrels that were seized were carefully counted and on this count and some other imaginary counts he proceeded to sue me for several hundred thousand dollars. The birds sold realized some seven hundred dollars. Before I knew of the last seizure I dred dollars. Before I knew of the last seizure I had another shipment of five barrels on the way. These by quick action I secured in Chicago before the warden knew it and right under his nose, and transferred them not five minutes before he ascertained where they were. When the trial came on in tained where they were. When the trial came on in the fall for offering to ship the game out of the State, a new Game Warden had taken the place of the old one. He was very sanguine of his success of connecting me with all the counts he had made up. The State's Attorney worked with him for all 320 PROOF I SHIPPED ONLY AS AGENT. he was worth. The barrels of money the Warden said he would make, or had made, were not very definitely known by very many where they were to be found if he was to be believed. He came to town and examined the poultry man who shipped the game and who was always a ready tool for all such transactions that promised him dividends. However, he did not appear at court, but in the appeal ever, he did not appear at court, but in the appeal that afterwards was thought necessary, he testified that the reason I gave him for using his services was that it was illegal to ship. Nothing further from the truth could possibly be. I distinctly told him more than once, that the shipment was legal. Until the last shipment I had not looked carefully into the law and had not weighed the force of that provision which allowed game to be sold in the villages and cities of the state. I saw the situation now as I never had done before. The law clearly defined the provision, and while it appeared no different to ship direct than it would be to re-ship, if the law must be strictly construed, then I had no remedy unless I could show that I was an agent for the parties that bought the goods, and if I shipped for them then the burden fell on them, there where they could not be reached. In that case I was clearly selling the goods as I had a right to do in the markets of the State. The dealers in New York sent on orders and the burden of proof was for us. We took depositions from the men who had ordered and they were altogether favorable. To the dered and they were altogether favorable. To the credit of the State's Attorney it may be said that he did not press the interlocutory hearing very smartly and when the case had progressed to the end of examination of witnesses, we produced the depositions amination of witnesses, we produced the depositions in which the two parties to whom the goods were consigned swore squarely that they bought the goods VERDICT FOR DEFENDANT. 321 of me and ordered them shipped to them and that they were their property. The prosecution produced no other witnesses than those who received and counted the goods in Chicago, and the Railroad Agent that had shipped frequently barrels of goods for us. In these cases we showed that the shipments were of other game that was legal to ship or that it contained poultry. Previous to the trial, the Wardens had made repeated statements that they could show that I had twenty or thirty men constantly all over the County buying all the game they stantly all over the County buying all the game they could get hold of, and that what was not in the fields alive was dead and in cold storage. So far was this from true, and so impossible to prove, that not a single witness to that effect was produced. Since 1882 or '83 I had bought but very few birds of any kind in the State, had confined my purchases to West of the Missouri and to Wisconsin and Minnesota and Montana, and had not had a man in my nesota and Montana, and had not had a man in my employ hunting for thirty years past, and then only once. The complainant argued very strongly that the place I made the sales was not a market place, that it was my duty to take the birds to the center of the city and there sell them, which clearly I had not done. The Judge set this point at rest, declaring that if my ice house, which had been used for thirty years for that purpose, was not a market, it was impossible to see where there could be one in the streets of Kewanee. The jury was out but a short time and brought in a verdict for defendant. This ended all litigation about game birds of any moment in Henry County up to the present time. We still had a good many birds in possession. If the New York law held good that all game held after February 1st could be seized and there was no redress, ary 1st could be seized and there was no redress, then it would be fatal to the rightful possession of 322 GAME DINNERS UNFASHIONABLE. birds at any time when it was not legal to kill. Furthermore that decision held that if there was a pro- thermore that decision held that if there was a proviso of allowing five days to dispose of the goods viso of allowing five days to dispose of the goods in storage, that constituted an insuperable barrier against any claim for carrying them longer because the time was specific and the law must be strictly construed. We decided to dispose of what we had and in various ways we cleared the house before spring. The Express Company afterward in 'gy and '98 refused to guarantee safe arrival and since then all the State laws have been supervised by a Federal Statute which makes it legal to seize anywhere game illegally shipped. Game went rapidly where game illegally shipped. Game went rapidly out of fashion. The hotels and restaurants refused for the most part to put it on their bill of fare and except for short seasons they will supply only what is brought to them by their guests. It now remains to be seen whether the promises that flocks of game will be speedily recouped to any material amount are justified or whether the prosecutions were started too late to save them and were cutions were started too late to save them and were primarily to fill the pockets of the Game Warden. It also remains to be noted that if the law actually sustains and is intended to sustain the right of ally sustains and is intended to sustain the right of seizure of any game reshipped from the State that had been allowed to come in under law, then the Game Warden which seized the game in the winter of 1896 must have been woefully off his job in not seizing our game in 1895. The law was the same as in 1896. Shipments were made in 1895 without any concealment and without any suspicion that it was illegal. The goods were plainly marked on the barrels what the contents were. They were shipped largely by express and many by freight. The business properly culminated that winter when we sold ness properly culminated that winter when we sold the largest amount of birds we ever possessed and GREAT NEGLECT OF THE GAME WARDEN. 523 the prices were the best. In the few years that followed there was no year when prairie chickens lowed there was no year when prairie chickens would not sell wholesale at $1.75 per pair. The demand was great even at that figure and what does mand was great even at that figure and what does not often happen we sold small summer birds as high as $1.30 per pair. The goods were well kept, some of them for two years or more. If Smith had worked up his plans in the fall as he failed to do in the summer, there is no telling what might not have happened. If Smith and Keep had kept whiskey out of them, and taken the Game Warden in as a partner, they would most surely have accomplished their end thoroughly, such as con Id not come in their way again. They became back numbers by standing still. PART III. EVOLUTION OF THE GUN. The gun is an autocrat. It can make or unmake nations. It may be a toy a boy can play with, or a Krupp gun with its shot heard round the world. It has rung all the changes from joy to sorrow, despair and death ; it has been the herald of the birth of a Prince or the death of a warrior. It has set up new constitutions, it has dissolved old ones. In all the exigencies of war it has been the chief arbiter ; in commerce it has led the way to unknown seas, awakened the slumbering energies of dying or prostrate peoples and put them in the way of new discoveries and undying hopes, but it has had to bear the reproaches of war, the garments rolled in blood, the misery as well as the envy of those it has put down. Evil has followed the track of the good ; love has surrendered to hate and tragedy has been the end of triumph. Woman has been blessed and cursed with the same weapon. In the councils of the nations she has been honored and her rights upheld, only to be assailed and overthrown in the confidence and seclusion of home. Lavish as has been all its arts to destroy human life, its real service is to save it with the combined skill and inven- ice is to save it with the combined skill and invention of centuries. Governments only can handle tion of centuries. Governments only can handle artillery and this formidable weapon protects state from state and nations at war with each other. The smaller arms are more scattered as their cost is minimized in the hands of individuals. They serve varied and important interests in the procurement of law and order, but they cannot reach the privacy of home and they cannot enact penalties before a ORIGIN OF THE GUN. 325 crime is committed. Hunting with fire arms has become a national sport. The history of the gun, come a national sport. The history of the gun, however, does not begin with the field and forest. Game taking seems to have been a very early diversion for kings and princes. All the nations of the sion for kings and princes. All the nations of the Old World that had vacant lands within their borders, followed the chase with hawk and hound, and ders, followed the chase with hawk and hound, and all the devices which they had of bows, arrows and spears, and of hunting lions, tamed and brought to such skill that animals and birds were readily captured. From the employment of field sports to pur- tured. From the employment of field sports to purposes of war the step was easy. The barbarians that poses of war the step was easy. The barbarians that came down from the North and overran the plains of Gaul and Spain and Britain and finally blotted out the Roman Empire, were just as active and industrious hunters as were the cultivated peoples that dustrious hunters as were the cultivated peoples that dwelt along the Mediterranean. Fire-arms was not the invention of antiquity. The nearest approach after the beginning of the Christian era was the rushing, sputtering fire cracker of the Chinaman or the thundering noise of the Greek Fire. The invention of the Chinaman still survives through all vention of the Chinaman still survives through all the ages of more than two thousand years, and may be said to be co-incident with the remote origin of our present gun, which it anticipated but did not have the genius to discover. It is remarkable that the peoples who made war a pursuit, like the Assyrians and the Persians or the Greeks, who ex- syrians and the Persians or the Greeks, who exhibited such skill in the fine arts of sculpture and hibited such skill in the fine arts of sculpture and painting, did not improve and develop the plainer arts which lay at the foot of chemistry rather than alchemy, or apply the important uses of iron rather than stone and bitumen and for a better purpose than walled cities and towers of Babel. The origin of the gun dates back to the thirteenth centurv, when the longf wars that shook the foundar - r 326 GARDEN OF EDEN. 326 GARDEN OF EDEN. tions of states had cemented or destroyed them in blood. Lighter and less effective weapons had preceded and the student of history will fail to find the ceded and the student of history will fail to find the time or place when some form of warlike weapon did not exist. The Garden of Eden furnishes the background for all subsequent investigation of the character of the primitive man in the first weapon he had ever known. Weapons that kill are the living utterances of a nature that is brutal. Did then the curse of blood fall upon man as the blight of thorns and brambles fell upon the soil, so that his nature became simply rebellious against the Divine authority which drove him out of the Garden? We may ity which drove him out of the Garden? We may well believe that the labor which was pleasant within became wearisome without and the curse that in became wearisome without and the curse that made man a vagabond, made him also an anarchist. What visions wrapped his soul we do not know, but Milton has pictured his despair in the glowing words of Paradise Lost : i "They looking back all the Eastern side beheld Of Paradise so late their happy seat, Waved o'er by that flaming brand. They, hand in hand, with wandering step and slow, Through Eden took their solitary way." The Bible text makes the brand a flaming sword "that turned every way to guard the way of the Tree of Life." Consider now the two delicate souls finely wrought by the finger of God going out as outcasts from the only home they had ever known, with nothingof skill of handicraft, encumbered with appetites that nature thrust upon them unsatisfied burning in their soul with distrust of everything they called their own, what else could we expect but that the spectre of blood should have been forced THE FIRST WEAPON A SWORD. 327 into every fibre of their being. That terrible beacon light revealed to them a hand to hand encounter, against which Divine vengeance offered no prescription, rolling before their eyes in fitful gleams on the tion, rolling before their eyes in fitful gleams on the dark clouds where Nature had become hostile, the very weapon which in their bewilderment and consternation should haunt them and their posterity sternation should haunt them and their posterity forever. From this primitive origin, through primitive nations the sword has descended practically unchanged to the present day. Doubtless the first changed to the present day. Doubtless the first weapon man used was the sword. Its use for domestic purposes soon came to be manifold. In the mestic purposes soon came to be manifold. In the establishment of sacrifices it was a most pressing need. Abraham took it into the mountain with him when he was called to sacrifice his son Isaac. It had a double purpose in war for it was used in acts of offense and defense. The Israelites were a pastoral people dwelling in tents and moving from place to place as their herds found suitable sustenance. In time the herdsmen of one tribe came in tenance. In time the herdsmen of one tribe came in conflict with those of a neighbor and war sprung up. Many a quarrel was ended and many a knot, was cut with the sword. Their neighbors were warlike and in a sudden attack might wreck their frail homes and send them out to perish in the desert. Fifteen hundred years before our era a colony of Hebrews settled in Goshen in Egypt. They came from the land of Ur of the Chaldees, on the right bank and near the mouth of the Euphrates, which empties into the Persian Gulf, and about seven hundred miles directly west from their starting point. These were afterwards known as the people of Israel. They remained in the country and multiplied till a great famine prevailed and they were plied till a great famine prevailed and they were 328 WEAPONS OF THE JEWS. THE BOW. compelled to purchase corn from the Egyptians, when they became bondsmen in Egypt. After four hundred years they were driven out, wandering along the Red Sea and the desert till they settled on the East side of the Jordan in Palestine, fighting the Canaanites and the Philistines who occupied ing the Canaanites and the Philistines who occupied the outside rim or shore of Phoenicia. In time they became large owners of land on both sides of the river and they met and intermingled with their neighbors in some sort of treaty for mutual protection. Eventually they became a great nation and tion. Eventually they became a great nation and were ruled by a king, and Jerusalem was the metropolis of the Jews, which was taken and destroyed eleven times, up to and including its capture stroyed eleven times, up to and including its capture by Caliph Omar in 637 A. D. The weapons of the Jews were the same as that of the Assyrians and Babylonians in that the sword played a conspicuous part, and as was represented on their monuments. It was worn in battle on the left side and hanging at the waist as nearly level as possible. They had also lances, spears and javelins, as their sculptures exhibit, and in addition another weapon which was to become conspicuous for more than three thousand years, and goes far to show that its birth was contemporary with that of the sword. This was the bow, and archery grew up from its use and prevailing- practice. The primal man was alone, Nature was antagonistic. The bird flew ; man's arm could not reach or overtake it. The wild beast fought him or ran away from him. To capture either he must increase his own strength or diminish theirs. Swords were not always powerful to defend or restrain enemies, but they were singularly defective in pursuit. The spear and the jave- larly defective in pursuit. The spear and the javelin wore out the endurance of many lives. So far as lin wore out the endurance of many lives. So far as they could reach they shortened space, as telegraphs THE ASSYRIANS. 329 and telephones obliterate distance today. No war could hope for certain success with the sword alone. In the struggle with wild beasts, man was more frequently subject than lord. Prowess which was confined to physical endurance was no guarantee of success. The better weapon would be one that would reach the greater distance, or whose flight was more rapid. Man reasoned early that if he could employ any specific quality of matter, the simplest even, ploy any specific quality of matter, the simplest even, that of the tree for instance, say its elasticity, in a weapon, he could surmount the fleetness of foot and wing. In this attempt he discovered the bow, and it may be said to occupy the middle kingdom between the sword and the gun. The bow was the tween the sword and the gun. The bow was the first weapon that appealed from hand to hand conflict, and it would be easy to follow it in the im- flict, and it would be easy to follow it in the important part which it held, passing down through portant part which it held, passing down through civilized and uncivilized races till the gun of modern times took its place. Necessities of existence ern times took its place. Necessities of existence furnished the first weapons. As families grew and settlements were extended the whole earth was overspread with husbandmen, who for self defense made common cause for common interests and regulated and settled those of private individuals. In lated and settled those of private individuals. In time the older and more capable individual was chosen to be a patriarch. These heads of tribes did not always agree with each other and they were compelled to fight for themselves or move away. No doubt Abraham moved from the early seat of the race and came into Palestine from this very cause, but the cause became efficient in a little while again, when he was fain to separate himself from Lot, giving him his choice, which fell upon the lands of Sodom. The Assyrians in their representations of animals, and especially lions, chiselled in tations of animals, and especially lions, chiselled in stone with great skill and accuracy, and their gold330 USE SWORD AND BOW. 330 USE SWORD AND BOW. smiths wrought the most exquisite articles of personal adornment in their shops. We may recall sonal adornment in their shops. We may recall Byron's mention of them in the lines beginning : "The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold. And his cohorts were gleaming with purple and gold." in allusion to the purple murex which the Phoenicians drew from the waves of Tyre and elsewhere, cians drew from the waves of Tyre and elsewhere, and to the current trade of the smiths, also, "The sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly o'er dark Galilee." The spear was a native weapon of the Assyrian. They early became noted for taking up arms against their neighbors. The inhabitants of Assyria were soldiers outside of Babylon whose people were inclined to more peaceable pursuits and the exercise clined to more peaceable pursuits and the exercise of the arts then known. They copied in sculpture what the soldiers exhibited in the field. The finest friezes ornamented their temples. The archers were shown drawn up in battle in close columns with their bows bent and ready to discharge and their faces exhibit the quiet firmness and assurance of well tried soldiers. The use of the sword was no doubt supplemented by the bow. Sacred history is full of exploits with the bow. Esau, it is remembered, took his savory meat with bow and arrow. Of bered, took his savory meat with bow and arrow. Of Saul it is declared that the battle went sore against him, the archers hit him and he was wounded of the archers. Next to God David put his strength, in the bow. David and Jonathan's friendship was knit together by the trial of the arrows. The bow minimized distance and time, but the sword has always imized distance and time, but the sword has always remained an adjunct of war. It is a symbol of vengeance and its mandate is blood. It has followed PERSIAN ARMS AND XERXES. 331 conquering armies always. It has reddened battle fields with slaughter ; it has sacked cities and filled with brutal lust the bosoms of the conquerors. Cities were razed to the ground and plowed up and the last spark of life was quenched with the sword. The oldest inhabitants in the historical period were the Assyrians. Their records are meager beyond the story of the monuments and one historian, Herodotus, with scattered allusions by one or two other dotus, with scattered allusions by one or two other writers. The subjugated lands to the East were too poor to furnish them the revenue they wanted and they turned their faces to the West to the wealthy peoples that had grown up since Abraham's time along the shores of the Mediterranean, and in a few years Judah had become subject to Assyria and Nineveh had become a great city till it was taken and burned by the Medes and Babylonians at the close of the sixth century B. C. and Cyrus the Persian became the great king. This vast kingdom between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf was in a constant state of war, either with the mountainous Scythians on the North or with the Mongols and some mixed races on the East ; and with the repeated rebellions of Egypt, whose territory she claimed and lost and claimed again, the limits of Persia were often circumscribed into reduced areas by the fortunes of war, and she was no wise fitted for foreign invasion. Nevertheless Xerxes in his desperate ambition led the larg- less Xerxes in his desperate ambition led the largest army into Greece that ever had been seen under est army into Greece that ever had been seen under one command at that time, which the Greeks destroyed and the fleet and sent the trembling king stroyed and the fleet and sent the trembling king a fugitive back to Asia. Xerxes' invasion occurred 480 B. C. In the interval between that event and Alexander's conquest of 146 years the Greeks had been increasing and drilling their armies for the 332 THE WEAPONS OF THE GREEKS. struggle and the punishment which she was to mete out to Persia in the overthrow of her possessions and renown. Alexander's conquest began in 334 B. C. The Persians used the same weapons as the Greeks, but the weapons of the Greeks were better manned. The spear was the main weapon of attack. The sword came in when the enemy was halted or wounded. Moreover the bow cut a controlling figure with disciplined troops. The army of Alexander was fully supplied with weapons that it knew der was fully supplied with weapons that it knew how to use. It was skilled in resources. Alexander was more than resourceful ; he knew the full value of food and clothing to an invading army. Besides the firm discipline he did not fail to impress upon them the fact that every dissatisfied soldier was privileged to return to his home. The glory of conquest was held out to them in such glowing colors quest was held out to them in such glowing colors that pride in success overbore all fear of war. The bows he used had been thoroughly tried long before he invaded Asia. They were of yew of the utmost spring and of the length of nearly six feet. Only men of the strongest muscles could bring them to their full tension and constant trials and exhibitions had made skilled archers of them all. Their spears were long also, the length of eighteen or twenty or even twenty-four feet. They were drilled to form the Grecian phalanx of eight soldiers deep, or in emergencies to form them into sixteen. Withal the phalanx was a solid body with only limited spaces between the ranks and this was fully covered by projecting spears. The spears were like javelins which could be withdrawn after impact if no lodgment was effected. They were shod with iron ment was effected. They were shod with iron points, while the Persians in the great scarcity of that metal used many substitutes which their invention was able to create or supply. tion was able to create or supply. GREEK WEAPONS OF ALEXANDER. 333 There is no doubt that Alexander was well provided with military engines, scaling ladders and vided with military engines, scaling ladders and war chariots when he left his country. These were in no small degree the pride and power of the Grecian nation. With these he broke down the walls of Tyre and Gaza. His fleet followed along the shore till he had reached Egypt, where it is probable they were transported in the canal that was then built across the narrow isthmus to the Red Sea, from whence the fleet later passed on to the mouth of the Persian Gulf. Alexander's reputation had preceded him so that his march was easy. Most cities opened their gates. After a visit to the Libyan oasis and receiving divine honor he returned along the route to Phoenicia, then traveled eastward to the mouth of the Euphrates where his true expedition against the kingdom of Cyrus, now in the tion against the kingdom of Cyrus, now in the hands of Darius, commenced. With the taking of Babylon, Susa and some neighboring cities and the death of Darius, he set out on that long journey to the North through the country now called Afghanistan till he had reached the River Jaxartes, near istan till he had reached the River Jaxartes, near which he built the Caucasian Alexandria, the second of that name, destroying all opposition as he went and taking tribute and coin of the cities he entered, then passing the winter on the Oxus, he started southward till he reached the Hydaspes, an eastern branch ward till he reached the Hydaspes, an eastern branch of the Indus, expecting soon to proceed down the Ganges, both of which rivers flow from the Himalaya mountains where his soldiers refused to go laya mountains where his soldiers refused to go farther and decided him to return over another route down the Indus to the Persian Gulf. Only this refusal of the army stopped his march to the Indian Ocean. What cities he visited at the extreme limits c"f this route is not known, but his soldiers reported that they passed near the Indus one so well de334 ALEXANDER'S INVASION. 334 ALEXANDER'S INVASION. fended with a species of fire thrown from the walls that prudence forbade their attack, and it is surmised that it might have been the original Greek or mised that it might have been the original Greek or Chinese fire. Alexander was warned not to enter Babylon but he persisted and entered and in a drunken frenzy perished at the age of thirty-three and after an absence of 1 1 years from Greece. In this time he had traveled over four thousand miles and taken as prizes from the cities he captured over fifty millions pounds sterling. In it he became acquainted with all the trade routes which had been quainted with all the trade routes which had been established before the conquest which led into China or India. It is certain no natural barriers of wood or wild opposed his passage. He followed rivers when he could, he crossed them when he needed ; the great plains and water sheds disappeared behind him as the nations fled before him. Wan- hind him as the nations fled before him. Wandering tribes surveyed him in the distance as the dering tribes surveyed him in the distance as the coyote looks down from the hills upon the weary traveler. The gates of the Caucasus trembled with his phalanx -to the shores of the Hindu Kush, across which he swept for twelve hundred miles to the Gulf, not a man, not an army save the worn out and disheartened Darius and the feeble Bessus, whom he left early in his journey, blocked his way at any time. No wonder when he surveyed the route he had traveled and the dangers he had overcome he began to believe with the oracle in the come he began to believe with the oracle in the oasis that he was the son of Zeus and not of Philip. H]e had smitten Persia with the heel of a conqueror, had repaid his country a hundredfold for queror, had repaid his country a hundredfold for the crimes of Xerxes, but his ungoverned self stood before him which he could not shake off. Where were his victories? We shall find them mainly in Alexandria, the Egyptian Alexandria, which has been the metropolis for the commerce ALEXANDER'S INVASION. 335 of three continents for 20 centuries. In the library which established his fame till Omar, the Caliph, set it on fire. In that Scythian wilderness hitherto unexplored and unknown save only from the innumerable hordes that issued from its prolific numerable hordes that issued from its prolific bosom, presenting a continual menace for centuries from Kanush to the Yellow Sea. In those immense stores of coin which the Persian kings had been hoarding for centuries, and which now became the prize which the succeeding generals carried to their native land to redeem it awhile from decay. And lastly, the great scope which his invasion covered, more than two thousand miles from Macedonia, throwing alien peoples in contact, in morals, in primitive inquiries in science, in universal acquaintance mitive inquiries in science, in universal acquaintance with each other which the succeeding despotisms never entirely lost. Alexander was a mighty sequoia among the trees of the forest, but its branches were broken and scattered, its heart decayed and over the sapless trunk parasitic plants had builded bowers of green leaves and hidden its squalor. On the topmost spire the woodpecker with its flaming crest most spire the woodpecker with its flaming crest tapped the hours, tap, tap, tap, and in the silent pauses heard the echoes like a bell tolling the death of the monarch. The grey wolf heard the dropping debris and listened for a while as it fell piece-meal from the rotting limbs, then trotted away in the shadows. Obscured in silence and mystery the trunk shrank away, a lifeless mass, till a sudden gust swayed it to one side, when with a groan it broke and in one mighty crash which rung- in countless peals through the woodlands, it fell crushed into fragments. Suppose that Alexander had changed the route of his invasion and had gone Westward rather than to the East, what obstacles would he have found that 336 IF ALEXANDER HAD GONE WESTWARD. he did not find in his campaign against Persia? Would Italy have stood in his way? Why, it was but four hundred years since it was established on the Tiber, and the first inhabitants who settled along the sea coast were Greeks. Many of the inhabitants were Greeks, and their sympathies were all with their own nation. The government was made up of robust men and well drilled soldiers, but the army had not the solidity nor the unity and discipline of a despotic leader like the son of Philip. Like all constitutional governments, the different functions were filled with men of short service, and as tions were filled with men of short service, and as when Caesar came later any ruler would have found it impossible, as Caesar did, to cut loose from his base unless he cut loose from the government and became a dictator. No doubt exists that Alexander had conferred with Kraterus many times on der had conferred with Kraterus many times on the subject of universal empire. His cavalry would have been more than a match for his Italian neighbor, his weapons at that time were equal to the bor, his weapons at that time were equal to the best, and he would have been so close to his base, he was virtually on home soil. Then he would have crossed the mountains and Gaul and Spain would have been at his feet, when he could, have swung around into Germany, passed the Rhine, and following the Danube, been on the confines of Europe lowing the Danube, been on the confines of Europe and Asia, whither following the line of the Black Sea he could have overrun the tribes of the Caucasus, trodden the plains of Scythia, which he had casus, trodden the plains of Scythia, which he had so long planned, and renewing his old route through Persia would have soon been on the Gulf. Then he would have taken the advice of Pharasmanes, the Chorasmian Prince, when he passed through Bactria on his expedition, and passing up the Indus to the Hydaspes would have crossed to the dus to the Hydaspes would have crossed to the headwaters of the Ganges and following it to its EGYPT. 337 mouth washed his foaming steeds in the Indian Ocean. If he had not done this he would have turned to his left in Gaul, passed through Spain, across the Gibraltar into Africa, where he would have been welcomed in Egypt, the oracles would have pronounced his origin divine, and Arabia would have been the last stand, instead of the first, for human freedom, as he had proposed when he perished at Babylon. Nothing less than the then known world would have met his ambitions when he came to believe he was of divine origin, the favored child of God. But what of the new dominions of Alexander which at his death embraced three continents, "From Macedon to Artaxexes' throne"? This mighty structure in its political unity fell to pieces in the space of two years. In 80 years domestic discord sprang up worse than a Kentucky mestic discord sprang up worse than a Kentucky feud. The several parts of the Asiatic confederacy broke into petty kingdoms and provinces and formed governments of their own. Then the barbarians attacked them separately from the north and east. South of the Caspian sprang up the Parthian,, until he spread his kingdom over the great plain of Babylon and the Tigris valley. The Bactrian disputed lon and the Tigris valley. The Bactrian disputed for the lands along the Indus and the regions ruled by the Indian king Porus. Northward and eastward he extended his sway into Sogdiana and the region south of the Oxus. Only in the southwest, in Egypt, did Ptolemy remain faithful to the Greeks. Bactria united with Parthia, and now commenced that struggle with Rome which lasted for near five hundred gle with Rome which lasted for near five hundred years till the latter obtained the sceptre of the world. Macedon fell to the Romans B. C. 168, Greece proper, 146 B. C., and Carthage the same year, but er, 146 B. C., and Carthage the same year, but Egypt, which had been plundered so long by the Persians, remained faithful to the successors of Al333 EGYPT. 333 EGYPT. exander for three centuries till the Romans established suzerainty over her about thirty years before lished suzerainty over her about thirty years before the Christian era. In that time Egypt acquired a prosperity which she had never before known. Scholars flocked to Alexandria as they had before flocked to Rome or as they later flocked to Constantinople. The art of war had not lost any popularity, tinople. The art of war had not lost any popularity, neither had it gained any decided prestige. No new discovery had been made or new invention perfected. It is certain the conquered nations laid none down at Alexander's feet. .Such an occurrence would have given a captive immediate liberty, would have put him at the head of the army or clothed him with imperial authority. Egypt was a land of antiquities, mellow as wine with age and ripe with the treasure and tilth of a bountiful sun. From her open throat sprang the lewd and luscious tongue of the Nile, lapping the seas between two mighty cheeks of sand. The earliest ambition of the Egyptian was to rest. If not in this world, at least in the world to come. For this they built those pyramids, to cover their mortal remains, which they fondly hoped would be imperishable. They wrapped the decaying body with many folds of linen filled with gums and spices, and enclosed in coffins doubled and trebled, resting in a stone sarcophagus of great weight placed in a mortuary chamber, sealed and secured by immense stone slabs in the heart of the pyramid. They hid away in the walls statues of the dead, often in great number, that in case of the loss of the body the soul could return and find its continuance in the image without reincarnation in beast uance in the image without reincarnation in beast or reptile. From puberty to old age they began or continued to lay aside the cerements of death, and the skill of king and architect was sought to make PHOENICIANS. 339 the chambers of the dead unknown and inaccessible to the living. They gave their labor to bondsmen, their leisure to the Nile, dreaming away in the lassitude of sultry hours of the rich harvests which flowed unearned from her prolific bosom. The Egyptians were early acquainted with the art of warfare. Their army consisted of two divisions, a cavalry and an infantry force. The war chariot with its 'archer and charioteer, and the heavy foot soldiers with shields and spears, swords and battle axes, and the light infantry with bows and axes and sometimes slingers, with their arrows tipped with flint. Since the conquest the soldiers became more familiar with the use of the weapons as they became more abundant. Forges prang up for their came more abundant. Forges prang up for their manufacture in Syria and Palestine. Iron could be obtained everywhere in trade with the Phoenicians. Grecian supremacy was rather courted than avoided and the monarchy of the Pharaohs, which had lasted for three thousand years, passed into Greece 334 ed for three thousand years, passed into Greece 334 B. C, and there remained till it was overtaken in 32 B. C. by the rapid rise of Rome. The prophecy was to be fulfilled, the reigning princes of the blood ceased. As it was written, "There shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt." Outside of Egypt was Phoenicia, whose fortunes always rose or fell with hers. It occupied a narrow strip of land running north and south along the Mediterranean, about two degrees of latitude in length and joining Philistia or the land of the Philistines on the south, and reaching the mouth of the Orontes on the north, at the time of the Persian supremacy and of its greatest prosperity. sian supremacy and of its greatest prosperity. They called themselves Canaanites and were early known by the adjoining nation for their skill in navigation, their success in the industry connected 340 PHOENICIANS. with the purple miirex which formed the basis of the Tyrian purple, in mining of gold and silver, especially in Spain and some of the isles of the Aegean, and more than all their traffic in the wares from one country to another in ships and caravans. They were pre-eminently traders and had no distinct purpose of acquiring territory. They opened tinct purpose of acquiring territory. They opened and maintained trade routes through Persia and Arabia and Egypt, and followed the traffic on both sides of the sea to the ocean. They furnished ships and fleets on notice, now for Egypt, now for Persia, and now for Alexander. At the time of his sia, and now for Alexander. At the time of his return he ordered a new fleet from them, of ships equipped and sent to Thapsicus on the Persian gulf. They were early in the employ of the Romans, but they acknowledged the sovereignty of Egypt till the Roman arms overthrew Greece. They built but one great city, Carthage, and with it the Romans were at war from the days of Hannibal, one hundred and eighteen years, till the city was destroyed dred and eighteen years, till the city was destroyed and ploughed up by the Romans. Along this highway by the water's edge had passed the Babylon- way by the water's edge had passed the Babylonian, the Assyrian and the Persian and Greek war- ian, the Assyrian and the Persian and Greek warriors from the earliest history. It was not distant riors from the earliest history. It was not distant from the early home of the Hebrews. It was the borderland of the children of Israel who yet dwelt there and with whose history was interwoven the remembrance of the calamities that had befallen that people. The conquest of Alexander gave new life to their traffic eastward. The Greeks went and dwelt in the land which Alexander had conquered from the time of his invasion till his return, and they developed many of the arts which made intercourse with that people profitable. The Persians course with that people profitable. The Persians saw their opportunity as their kingdom revived. They grasped at the rich merchandise that came GREECE AND ITALY. 341 from China., and what they could not deliver direct to the rich cities of the south and west they turned over to their enterprising neighbors, the Phoenicians. By the opening of the second century B. C. cians. By the opening of the second century B. C. the Bactrians beyond the Euphrates, though nominally subject to Greece, carried their arms along nally subject to Greece, carried their arms along the Indus and into part of China, and even to the ocean, and brought from the new lands cocoons and manufactured silks, the spices of Malabar and Formosa, and they traded in sulphur and bought costly furs and garments and many other things which art could covet or wealth procure, and these with the products of Persian looms, flowed in a steady stream westward to a bountiful market. The Phoenicians confined themselves largely to the trade route along the sandy desert six hundred miles from the port on the Persian Gulf to Egypt, while the Persians followed north of the Caucasus, up the Cyrus and down Phasis to the Black Sea and the Hellespont. Over these routes sprung up the traffic which brought to the knowledge of the Greeks and Romans the Greek or Chinese fire which was the basis and the nucleus of modern fire arms. But this was not to appear very soon. Dying nations carry no inventions to perpetuate their mem- tions carry no inventions to perpetuate their memory. They may seclude themselves beyond moun- ory. They may seclude themselves beyond mountain ranges, but no sooner does prosperity commence tain ranges, but no sooner does prosperity commence than the barriers are broken, and the hermit nation must throw open its gates or pass into oblivion. The Roman world was now entering on its scene of triumph. The wild tribes who inhabited the great plain of Italy seven hundred years before it was parceled out and occupied had become consolidated in one great confederacy at Rome. Two dated in one great confederacy at Rome. Two promontories here side by side jut out into the Mediterranean, the Grecian and the Roman, "two 342 ROMAN ARMS IN FIRST CENTURY. whelps that lick up the ocean foam." The Greek empire was largely bound up with the Roman. Greeks first colonized the shores of Italy. The courage, the resources, the discipline of that mighty kingdom of the son of Philip had passed into Roman hands. Rome had ennobled the march of man hands. Rome had ennobled the march of Alexander by giving the surviving cities the freedom which he had denied them. She was a con- dom which he had denied them. She was a conqueror more for dominion than for rapine or plun- queror more for dominion than for rapine or plunder. All she asked was tribute and to take and der. All she asked was tribute and to take and keep the name of Romans. She put into' their hands Roman arms, and in time expected them to adopt the Roman language and the Roman dress. In this she copied the habits and manners of Greece whose colonies first built up the cities of the Mediterranean. Roman policy was more humane and terranean. Roman policy was more humane and enlightened, and the Western promontory was destined to play a more conspicuous part in history as tined to play a more conspicuous part in history as it did not so completely abridge the freedom of the individual. The legion represented the matured service and conspicuous success of the Romans. That Rome formed and reformed her legions in such a way as they were superior to the Grecian phalanx there is no doubt, but she could never have broken that formidable organization by brute force without the employment of superior tactics. The early Roman sword copied the form and quality of other ancient nations. Strange as it may seem there is no distinct statement just what it was, but on the monuments of the first century B. C. it was a short weapon worn on the right side, suspended from the shoulder in contradistinction from pended from the shoulder in contradistinction from the Assyrians, who wore it on the left. The blade was from twenty-two to twenty-four inches in length and double-edged. Later it was made longer and ROMAN ARMS IN FIRST CENTURY. 343 sometimes with single edge. The main weapon, however, was the pilum, which was a species of pike about twenty inches in length, of iron with an iron knob for a head, attached to a shaft twice its length, and which when thrown against a shield pierced it and fastening thereto, the heavy iron bent under its weight to the ground, uncovering the head and body and leaving them exposed to the sharp sword of the enemy, which meant certain death. The sword when brought against it was hacked and broken or rendered useless. At this period so little mention, or so little use is made of the bow, as also it is by the Greeks, that it would appear to have lost its favor, but that the two nations used it there is no doubt. The bow would shoot many times beyond the limit of the spear or pilum and when the archers- were placed on the wings or in front they did great execution. In its proper use it was necessary to fortify its point with iron, and while the western people did not have it, or only in small quantity, in the east it could be had anywhere and became an object of traffic as commerce increased and wealth multiplied. It is doubtless a fault that the Romans did not appreciate the bow more fully. The time came when the Franks beyond the Alps repented the want of it, and were driven to increase their store at a very inopportune moment, while the Roman leaders suffered great distress through its scarcity in the latter days of the Empire. There were also 1 the cuirasses and the helmets which made the Roman soldier the envy of his comrades. Sometimes the former were supplied only to the chiefs. times the former were supplied only to the chiefs. The helmets usually were of metal, though sometimes they were formed of leather or linen on which times they were formed of leather or linen on which were sown circular plates of metal, and which early covered almost the whole body. In this case 344 ROME AND JULIUS C^SAR. the weight became very cumbrous with the round or convex shields, so that the common soldier sometimes succumbed under it, and later was one of the causes of the fall of the Empire, in that the enervated soldiers refused to use them and threw them away, delivering their naked bodies to the spears of the barbarians. It must not be supposed that the arms enumerated are associated with the beginnings of a great empire. Rather they are the result of the skill and discipline which had continued for centuries and had yet to carry them as conquerors to the ends of the then known world. They represent the whole science of warfare up to the time of Julius Caesar. The legion had supplanted the phalanx. The victories that followed Caesar's arms show us conclusively that he lowed Caesar's arms show us conclusively that he found no weapons superior to those that were Roman, and now that the great arteries of travel to man, and now that the great arteries of travel to the East had to be gone over again, their superiority was a necessity. The Roman eagles were borne ity was a necessity. The Roman eagles were borne along the highways that Grecian industry had builded and Grecian arms had defended. The Persian, rising up like a lion in his lair, was anew the sian, rising up like a lion in his lair, was anew the inflexible foe of the Empire. Macedon was now Roman. Through it the legions were set in motion, on through Thrace to the Hellespont. They tion, on through Thrace to the Hellespont. They traversed Asia Minor and were again on the highway that skirts the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, now way that skirts the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, now reduced cities lying in magnificent decay. Gradually the Roman soldier pushed his way to Persia and ly the Roman soldier pushed his way to Persia and Armenia, and across the Euphrates till five provinces were added to the empire. There he stopped inces were added to the empire. There he stopped when he had reached the end of his old dominions, the ultima thule following the footsteps of Alexander. If he had gone a few leagues farther he der. If he had gone a few leagues farther he would have struck the domain of the Parthian, with ROME AND JULIUS C^SAR. 345 whom in after years he was to have a terrific war. But the enterprise was all too costly, the provinces were too far distant, the fruits too barren, and the successive emperors from Octavian to Traj'an held with a feeble hand the subjugated lands which they would have been glad many times to give away. In 66 and 67 B. C. Syria and Palestine were annexed to the empire by Pompey, who it was said nexed to the empire by Pompey, who it was said entered the Holy of Holies in Jerusalem, and these two with Egypt became the faithful dependencies of Rome when the Grecian supremacy came to an end. Rome was now the mistress of the world ; she had held Spain from the time of the Scrpios ; her authority extended from Greece westward along the banks of the Danube and the Rhine. She was planning a military expedition beyond the Alps. The Christian era was about to dawn and the streets were soon to be filled with "Parthians, Medes and Elamites and the dwellers in Mesopotamia." A Christian martyr was soon to appeal to RJQme. Was the cruelty and bloodthirstiness of the emperors to increase or decrease with this new religion as its diffusion extended through the Roman Empire? The world shuddered at a Caesar but it acknowledged his the best government that was known. edged his the best government that was known. If the dagger of Brutus had not fallen Christianity would have been tolerated before Constantine. Julius Caesar represents everything that was known of military science anterior to the Christian era. He was altogether too wise not to be familiar with all of the most deadly weaopns. In this iar with all of the most deadly weaopns. In this respect he competed with Alexander, in personally inspecting all the arms which his soldiers carried, but he was the greater tactician and he performed evolutions more numerous and complex than were known by the Greeks. His movements were not 346 HE ATTACKS GAUL AND BRITON. controlled by violent paroxysms of passion or bursts of sorrow. He does not seem to have been ruthlessly bloodthirsty, and he created the jealousy only lessly bloodthirsty, and he created the jealousy only of weaker nations that were ambitious of his fame. His life was mostly spent in the camp and his first exercises were in the overthrow of the pirates on the Mediterranean. When he became consul he was entrusted with an army which was directed westward over that vast ridge of the Alps which Hannibal scaled when he broke into Italy during the Punic wars. He was now to be introduced to the wild and mostly unknown nations of the north, who were described as barbarians and who, becoming dissatisfied with the frozen and unproductive ing dissatisfied with the frozen and unproductive regions they inhabited, sought to conquer and dispossess the present owners and transplant their possess the present owners and transplant their own families where they could enjoy the rich bounties of a warm sun and fruitful soil. Caesar's ties of a warm sun and fruitful soil. Caesar's record of eight years, from 57 to 49 B. C, is the most remarkable in history. In that time he had subdued the whole of Gaul, now France, except the Greek city of Massalia in the southeast, had driven all the tribes who had crossed the Rhine back to their native home or destroyed them, had made two expeditions into Britain, and while not entirely successful had been able to hold most of the island, cessful had been able to hold most of the island, had checked and broken a rising conspiracy at home in an absence of only fifteen months, and had written that compact and graphic history of the nations ten that compact and graphic history of the nations whom he had met, which has come down to us in his Commentaries. Here he had inscribed all the rude arms and arts that the barbarians had invented, and we find no trace of any discovery which could supplement or supplant the accredited weapons of former times. There is one fact, however, to be noticed. The IRON AND THE WEAPONS OF BRITAIN. 347 Britons contested the advance of Caesar's arms with war chariots, where the Romans appeared without them. It is not possible they were ignorant of them. They certainly had been used by Eastern nations, especially the Greeks during the time of Alexander's conquest, and they were in common use in the games of both Greek and Roman. It is possible that for the present the Romans depended chiefly on their swords and spears, the latter of which the Caledonians used as also clubs, while they do not seem to have had bows, which if they were used at all were only in a limited way against the Romans. Now the war chariot shows a more advanced state of military efficiency and inventive vanced state of military efficiency and inventive skill than the bow which is common to most uncivilized people, and which does not require much civilized people, and which does not require much outlay of iron. They had iron but it was scarce and clumsily extracted from widely separated mines. It seems quite possible that the Phoenicians constructed and introduced those moving vans which structed and introduced those moving vans which were often armed with scythes among the Celts or ancient Britons. Such a vehicle could produce great consternation in an attacking army. The Phoenicians are known to have come to the Scilly Islands for tin and doubtless to Cornwall, the mountain side of the island, where tin was abundant and tain side of the island, where tin was abundant and which they could reach following northward after passing through the straits of Gibraltar. It was in line with their trade to build anything they could sell or transport, and while the nation had declined for three hundred years the fragments were glorious and their knowledge ancestral, and it is quite possible that no weapon created for war would be for- ble that no weapon created for war would be forgotten for centuries. We know with what zealous gotten for centuries. We know with what zealous care the Romans preserved the temple of Janus on the Tiber, which contained the arms of the soldiers 348 ROMAN WEAPONS. which came back covered with glory from the war. Troy was captured in 1184 B. C. and Alexander, when he started out to conquer the world, made a visit to the Troad, where the bones of the Trojans reposed, and was shown the shield of Achilles, now over eight hundred years old, and it is said that Caesar laughed when he was shown the sword which he had lost many years before on the battlefield. No doubt the Hebrew nation gave this trad- field. No doubt the Hebrew nation gave this trading people the knowledge of war chariots. If not, ing people the knowledge of war chariots. If not, the Greeks were in constant intercourse with them, planting colonies in the islands of the Archipelago and the coast of Spain, where immense quantities of gold were brought from the interior along the Guadalaquiver, so that some have contended it was the original Ophir. They sailed among all seas and into the ocean, only going so far from land as not to be blown from sight of it, and in one instance sailed around the Continent of Africa in the stance sailed around the Continent of Africa in the employ of the Egyptian king. In this expedition to Britain the Romans carried shields which the inhabitants of the island had never before seen. These were defensive weapons and the art of making and using them was held in common with the Greeks, but while the shield was mon with the Greeks, but while the shield was often very serviceable it was impossible to discharge an arrow at the same time, which required the use of both hands. The Romans carried the shield on the one arm while with the other they threw the spear. In latter times shields were confined to separate ranks. arate ranks. Augustus Caesar, or Octavian, became ruler at the death of his great uncle, Julius Caesar, and under his reign Rome is considered to have reached der his reign Rome is considered to have reached the limit of her greatness. It was the boast of Octavian that he found the city brick and left it ROMAN EMPIRE DEFENDED. 349 marble. His administrative ability was- exercised *largely in beautifying the city and keeping sur- rounding nations in check, but he was not a warrior like Julius Caesar. He formed great armies rior like Julius Caesar. He formed great armies and sent forth many legions but he seldom accompanied them into the field, and as if to prove the panied them into the field, and as if to prove the theory that no government can be entirely successful without a military general who was a thorough ful without a military general who was a thorough patriot, a skillful disciplinarian and possessed of abundant resources, there broke into the Roman dominions from north to south a horde of barbarians minions from north to south a horde of barbarians who in the next five hundred years were to perplex, vex, and at length destroy the Empire of the world! Had the former Caesar lived he would have treated them with such severity the borders of the Rhine and the Danube would have been respected, though his measures would have seemed harsh and cruel. At the time of his death he was preparing to punish the Parthians, who had defeated Crassus beyond ish the Parthians, who had defeated Crassus beyond the Euphrates and captured and retained the Roman standards. These Octavian or Augustus secured by diplomacy, though it cost him a journey thither and twice he visited his legions in Gaul during his long reign. Beyond the Julian Alps and along .the wide expanse of the Danube and the shorter stretch of the Rhine he did not go, but his legions were there. These two rivers were the limits of the Empire and will measure the route which the barbarians followed from the north to the south be- barians followed from the north to the south between Scandinavia and the Black Sea. Beyond tween Scandinavia and the Black Sea. Beyond that lies t'he Caspian with the mountain ranges of the Caucasus between, whose defiles have been the barriers against which the barbarians have beat for ages. Around the Southern point of the Caspian is Armenia, which was the battle ground of Roman and Persian, before and after the Christian man and Persian, before and after the Christian 360 BRITISH WEAPONS. era, and between that province and Euphrates iay the home of the race. On the Eastern side of the Caspian, flowing from what is now the Scythian Gulf, in a direct line east on the 40th parallel, you will reach Cashgar beyond the Shan mountains and in the borders of China. This will give you the limits of the inroads of the Northern tribes whose attacks were so bloody and so costly to the Romans. From the mouth of the Rhine to the mouth mans. From the mouth of the Rhine to the mouth of the Danube is approximately one thousand miles, and from the Danube to the Scythian Gulf is nine hundred, and from the Scythian Gulf to Cashgar in China is one thousand more. With the exception of this last distance the Romans had to defend a borderland of over two thousand miles, to say nothing of England, an isolated country which was held ing of England, an isolated country which was held until 410 A. D. during the wars of Alaric, the last of the Roman conquests and the first to be thrown away. Before this the Romans had learned what it cost to hold in subjection a country so distant, roamed over by plundering savages, always numerous and always near. Its seacoast was ravaged merous and always near. Its seacoast was ravaged by pirates, who crossed to the mainland as occasion served, and who were little better and no worse than the tribes in the interior. In their extremity the Romans constructed two walls, which shut off the north part of the island, now Scotland, from the south, intending to keep north of its borders the wild tribes by two legions which constantly guarded the fortifications. ed the fortifications. We can judge something of the natives of the British Isles that stone walls, however strong, could keep ish Isles that stone walls, however strong, could keep them within the limits their conqueror set for them. They had neither attacking nor defensive weapons and were ignorant of discipline. The Romans had the best arms the government could furnish and FINAL REFUGE OF THE BRITONS. 351 their morale was kept up by approved rules and brilliant tactics. Their helmets were bright and clean, their cuirasses were pictures of art and heavily woven in colors, their shields of rough bull's ily woven in colors, their shields of rough bull's hide within, plated without, boldly swelling out in the center, reaching a point where darts and spears were harmless. Homer describes Achilles at home polishing his splendid armor for battle. History describes the earliest migrations from the East as towards the Northwest, from the tablelands around the Caspian. These people were called Aryans, who must have carried their weapons common to that country with them. It is a principle mon to that country with them. It is a principle well established that no instrument of war is laid aside till a better one is substituted. The Caledonians in time exchanged their clubs for the arms of ians in time exchanged their clubs for the arms of the Roman. The Goths, as we shall see, learned their weapons from the Greeks and not the Greeks from them. Our own aboriginal tribes threw away the tomahawk when a fowling piece was accessible. Tribes may go out and be lost, nations be absorbed and assimilated with their conquering brethren, but the last tie that holds decrepit nations is their arms. On this plea the early migratory tribes seemed to show little that distinguished the character of their ancestors in their old home in central Asia. Scholars see some peculiarities of the Sanscrit tongue in ars see some peculiarities of the Sanscrit tongue in Celtic forms of speech which represent Tiu, the power of the sky, or Zeus of the Greeks, and which is further expanded to Tuesday, and Thor to Thursday. But the nations as Caesar found them were lit- day. But the nations as Caesar found them were little better than naked savages ; as they fought with tle better than naked savages ; as they fought with the invaders they seemed to rely entirely for their success in their ability to throw large and unwieldly masses of limbs or muscle without order or discipline or protective arms against the skilled veter- cipline or protective arms against the skilled veter352 GERMAN HUNTERS FIRST INVADERS. 352 GERMAN HUNTERS FIRST INVADERS. ans of the Empire. Their rapid overthrow was inevitable. Had the combatants been equally arwied evitable. Had the combatants been equally arwied and trained they would have fought as "Greek meets Greek." In their homeland before their migrations their contests were less unequal, but their grations their contests were less unequal, but their arms were much the same and each one supplied himself with the very best weapons he could afford. Often they engaged in battle to test the ford. Often they engaged in battle to test the weapons of their adversary. The first man killed gave up his weapon and his adversary secured it. If its material or workmanship attracted his attention he retained it. If not, he threw it away, and there you may believe, it did not long await a claimant. The flying clouds of Cossacks of whatever name or race, the vultures that feed and fatten on the spoils of an army, devour or appropriate everything and destroy what they cannot use. The weapons of the early Britons were spears and battle axes and clubs. They had neither bucklers nor shields, but neither the Romans nor the lers nor shields, but neither the Romans nor the Teutonic invaders whom they resisted could drive them entirely from Britain. They sought refuge in Wales and Cornwall or the Highlands of Scotland, where they have remained almost to> the present day. There have been two countries in the world which have furnished vast swarms of Barbarians, who have left their native homes in the North for the softer skies of the South, and have crossed the line of invasion we have mentioned from the Northwest to the Southeast, the Scythians eastward of west to the Southeast, the Scythians eastward of the Black Sea and the Germans to the west and northwest. Germany is a land of woods. More than two-thirds of it was anciently covered with forest. The Wester and Hartz mountains give way to the great Thuringian Chain, running from northwest to southeast. This forest was then a THE FRANKS. 353 park of wild animals. In Caesar's time there roamed the wild bull; bears and deer were frequent, and the elk had not as later followed the reindeer to the North. The rivers were a marvel. Within a circle whose radius would not exceed fifty miles three great rivers rise and pass to different parts of the Empire. Two of them connect, and a third only separated by the distance from Lake Constance to Geneva. By these a trader could reach the North Sea, the Western Mediterranean at the Gulf of Lyons and the Eastern at the Hellespont. Up the Rhine and down the Rhone, was a common expression of traders one with another. The Phoenicians sion of traders one with another. The Phoenicians in an early day transported amber from the Baltic overland to the Danube, and both the Rhine and Danube were in constant use by the conquering Romans who had their legions to guard the passes and the frontiers. Nothing was known of the Germans till the time of Caesar. Then, as if their roving nature suddenly possessed them, there broke forth from the woods and morasses a swarm of adventurers more furious and persistent than sprang venturers more furious and persistent than sprang from the caverns of the Trojan horse. They were nomads and a nation of hunters. Did they not worship Woden or the mighty Thor, which thundered ship Woden or the mighty Thor, which thundered as Zeus in the lands from which came their ancestors till he sent them forth beyond seas to found a tors till he sent them forth beyond seas to found a home in the West? Now, the Elbe and the Vistula were as sacred as Ida or Parnassus. Tinged tula were as sacred as Ida or Parnassus. Tinged and fed with this romance, they sought the warmer climes of the South. They rushed to the rivers and seemed determined to cross, but they had no boats and no knowledge of building them. They had little or no' iron, for its use was not needed save to point their spears. Some of them may have swam across, but many of them had their wives and chil354 BOWS MOST COMMON. 354 BOWS MOST COMMON. dren, which they transported only when winter came, making a highway of ice. The Amgles, the Saxons and the Jutes passed into Britain, while the Goths and the Vandals found a home across the Rhine in Gaul or Spain, or they descended the Danube and in present Hungary founded them a king- ube and in present Hungary founded them a kingdom which was not to cease till the destruction of dom which was not to cease till the destruction of Rome. An association of different tribes succeeded, which called themselves Franks, and they drove ed, which called themselves Franks, and they drove out of Gaul the newcomers, or incorporated them with them and established a government forming the present nation of France. These with the Huns from the east and north of the Chinese wall were the main tribes that attacked the Roman Empire east and west, from Caesar's time till 476, when the Empire fell, and these were called Barbarians. As Gaul was a dependency of Rome since its conquest by Caesar and remained faithful till the decline quest by Caesar and remained faithful till the decline of the Empire in the Fifth century, the tribes that invaded that country were as much enemies of Rome in that period as though they were encamped on the Rhine or the Danube, but in 410 Rome abandoned Britain, and in 448 withdrew her last army and advised the Franks to take care of themselves, as Alaric the Goth was already at their gates. selves, as Alaric the Goth was already at their gates. Twice the Goth overran Rome and sacked it till in 552 the Gothic kingdom was destroyed by Justinian. The Huns were totally overthrown at Chalons ian. The Huns were totally overthrown at Chalons in France a hundred years earlier, and the Vandals, after taking Rome once, were dispersed and lost in Africa after the fall of Carthage, and passed out of history one hundred years before the Saracen invasion in the seventh century. Clovis, the Frank, vasion in the seventh century. Clovis, the Frank, united the scattered tribes in a strong confederacy which sent tribute to Rome, which continued to claim a nominal sovereignty. SARMATHIANS AND SCYTHIANS. 355 It is somewhat remarkable that the savage tribes here mentioned spread over a country a distance of two thousand miles, constantly in a state of warfare and governed by leaders whose skill was often fare and governed by leaders whose skill was often a match for the most cultivated races, found nothing to invent or increase the efficiency of the arms ing to invent or increase the efficiency of the arms they carried. They simply fell into the use of the very weapons of the people they overthrew. What they did not have they learned to imitate, and by giving greater vigor, as the Romans lost it, they overmatched the genius which the latter possessed. They were slaves to the Roman arms, and so pleased were they to obtain them that they forgot their own interests in their haste to adopt them. Bows were on the whole the most useful weapon for all nations, but the more cultivated people early used them the least. The Franks in course of time improved them to cross bows, but they were not actually a new weapon. The countries on both sides tually a new weapon. The countries on both sides of the Alps armed their soldiers with swords and spears, and I apprehend that if a gun of .much greater destructive effects had been invented the majority of soldiers would have held to the old weapon, inasmuch as their personal bravery shone more conspicuous in the simpler arms. The remaining nations which made incursions into South- maining nations which made incursions into Southern Europe and Western Asia were the Scythians, ern Europe and Western Asia were the Scythians, Sarmathians and Mongols. When the Greeks first extended their trade north of the Black Sea in the 7th century B. C, they found a very wide extended nation whom they called Scythians or Scolots. They extended west into Europe, where they were called European Scythians. Beyond them east were the Sarmathians, somewhat of the same characteristics, and lastly the Asiatic Scythians or Mongols,, who occupied the highlands along the Russian Steppes. 356 SARMATHIANS AND SCYTHIANS. They occupied also for their dominions from early ages the plains of Tartary, reaching unto and sometimes into Western China. The Scythians were times into Western China. The Scythians were masters of a large part of Northern Europe, long before the settlements of Greece and Rome. They were a pastoral people with flocks and herds, living in tents, moving about from place to place with ing in tents, moving about from place to place with their wives and children. Before Caesar's time they seemed to have lost their name and place, either from being incorporated with other nations or being overthrown by them. They were in the track of migrations from East to West, and as the Huns ran across only the Alani in their march to Europe, they may have withdrawn farther North, where they occupied lands under another name and out of reach of the wandering- tribes. They may have been related to the Avars, from the river Var, whom the Turks dislodged about 545 A. D. Certain it is the Huns found no Scythians on their way to Europe and the Danube, where the remnant that was rope and the Danube, where the remnant that was not cut to pieces by the Turks finally landed. The Sarmathians were a limited people, east and west of the Don and north of the Caucasus, while their larger neighbors spread from the Vistula to the Volga. The Sarmathians had little iron and in their emergency they invented a sort of cuirass formed of horses hoofs, which resisted the sword and the javelin. These hoofs they cut up into thin slices overlapping each other like scales, and strongly sown on coarse linen. The quivers of their bows ly sown on coarse linen. The quivers of their bows were filled with arrows pointed with fish bones dipped in poison. They fought on horseback with bows and arrows as well as spears, but they made no lasting impression on the lands of the South to permanently occupy them -- neither they nor their Scythian neighbors, but were like the Bedouins of ENGLISH BOWS AND ENGLISH ARCHERS. the plains, at home anywhere when night falls. The Scythians were always distinguished by their bows and from being a Tartar tribe were sometimes called Tartars from the extreme length of that weapon. It was often of the length of six feet and their arrows were proportional. All the country east to China and even China itself affected these large bows, and the Chinamen styled their invaders from this country as "great bowmen." With this statement we might stop and declare that offensive weapons seem to end where they began, at the bow. Neither the wild tribes of the gan, at the bow. Neither the wild tribes of the woods nor the plains, neither the cultivated Greeks nor the Romans seem to have invented, or have in process of invention, anything which did or would give promise of radical change in the weapons of war. So certain were the ruling nations that this weapon would not be superseded that they ceased to look farther for anything new or novel, and they regarded further invention as unlikely or impossible. Nothing seemed likely to drive out the bow. In the Scottish wars the English army of cavalry and archers was matched against Scottish spearmen and easily won. At the time of Edward III of England, archers had become the mainstay of the army. They formed the complement thereof, either in front or rear ; in infantry or cavalry the bows supported the wings. Their range was remarkable. An English archer is known to have discharged his weapon lish archer is known to have discharged his weapon at a distance of six hundred yards with precision and effect, and three hundred yards was considered no unusual achievement by many skilled arch- ered no unusual achievement by many skilled archers. In the time of Elizabeth taxes were paid in ers. In the time of Elizabeth taxes were paid in part by bows and arrows or the material to make them, and although gunpowder had been invented and siege guns were coming into use, half of the 358 ROMANS SHOW SIGNS OF DECAY. cost of expensive armaments was charged to bows. Henry V had twenty-four thousand archers and Edward III ten thousand archers in his war against Philip of France, who nevertheless had five thousand cross-bowmen. Nor was the bow wholly giv- sand cross-bowmen. Nor was the bow wholly given up until within the space of one hundred years en up until within the space of one hundred years past. What sport the English hunter had with it is chronicled in the many valuable lives that paid the penalty of their folly. William Rufus, King of England, was killed in New Forest while hunting in the year uoo by his companion, whose ar- ing in the year uoo by his companion, whose arrow, discharged at a buck, glanced from a tree, row, discharged at a buck, glanced from a tree, and who, seeing the desperate plight he was in, hastened with all possible speed to the seashore and, finding a vessel, embarked for Palestine, went thither and flung his life away in battle with the Turk. John, the greatest of the Comnenian Princes of Constantinople, was killed by an arrow which fell from his quiver while hunting wild boar in the Valley of Arizarbus. Richard, an elder brother of William Rufus, was also killed in the New Forest, as was his nephew, Richard, and Richard Cceur de Leon, who had come home safe from the Crusades, was killed at Chalons with an arrow. The sades, was killed at Chalons with an arrow. The American Indian, with his prodigious strength and towering muscles, made the bow a terror to the white man. It is related of Powhattan that he drew a bow of such great length and with such masterly vigor that he sent the arrow clean through the body of a deer and fatally wounded his mate that stood beside him. The splendor, the renown and the decline of the Roman empire are among the conspicuous facts of history. So extensive and so complete did the former appear to be that when its boundaries were pushed out farther and farther by able generals ROMANS SHOW SIGNS OF DECAY. 359 and not unwilling emperors it was beginning to suffer from internal decay. In Caesar's time the Emperor, as he was the head, was supposed to accompany the army, but with the exception of Tra- company the army, but with the exception of Trajan and Aurelian, and still later Julian, after Octa- jan and Aurelian, and still later Julian, after Octavian's death that custom was not generally prac- vian's death that custom was not generally practiced. By that means the army in distant prov- ticed. By that means the army in distant provinces was more effectually cut off from the direc- inces was more effectually cut off from the direction and support of the Senate, which in its early tion and support of the Senate, which in its early history was the ruling body. In time the arms which built up the Empire, in the hands of unpatriotic and mercenary leaders, contributed to its triotic and mercenary leaders, contributed to its overthrow. The Generals received and distributed the prizes of war and levied and frequently retained the necessary tribute where their armies were tained the necessary tribute where their armies were encamped. From the time that Caesar crossed the Rubicon the army, while not obedient to' law, enforced what they were pleased to call their own forced what they were pleased to call their own laws. The government from being republican became despotic. Augustus or Octavian died in the came despotic. Augustus or Octavian died in the year 14 A. D. and the feeble emperors that followed for forty years added no lasting glory and preserved none which they had inherited. Succeed- served none which they had inherited. Succeeding them, however, Trajan, Hadrian and the two ing them, however, Trajan, Hadrian and the two Antonines so supported and emphasized the teachings of Augustus that the name of Roman lost all ings of Augustus that the name of Roman lost all its former obloquy, and by general consent this period became the happiest of Roman greatness. By the testimony of Augustus, he warmly advised his people not to seek to increase their limits by conquest of further territory, declaring that the limits of the Rhine, the Danube and the Ocean in the West, and the Euphrates in the East, were the extent of the dominions which they could hope to hold .safely, and advising them that in the administration of those distant lands there was an open istration of those distant lands there was an open 360 CONTEST ADVANCE OF SCYTHIANS. field for diplomacy which could accomplish more than arms. With two exceptions in the next two or three hundred years this advice was pretty closely followed. Julius Caesar, while he had overrun ly followed. Julius Caesar, while he had overrun Britain, had not conquered it as he had conquered Gaul.- This was afterward effected under succeeding Emperors -- by Agricola, under whose direction ing Emperors -- by Agricola, under whose direction those great walls were built between the north and the south parts of the Island in that narrow space a little north of Edinburgh in Galway where the Firths unite to form an isthmus of about forty miles. Besides this the army made one expedition across the lower Danube by which Dacia was added to the Empire, the only Roman province beyond that great river. The banks of the Euphrates were carefully guarded by Trajan and Aurelian, and "b-efov* fully guarded by Trajan and Aurelian, and "b-efov* the fall of the Western Empire by the Emperor Julian, who lost his life by a javelin in his attempted retreat from the dominions of Persia. The Par- ed retreat from the dominions of Persia. The Parthians were the only enemies that contended suc- thians were the only enemies that contended successfully with the Roman arms in that distant re- cessfully with the Roman arms in that distant region until the Northern hordes came down from gion until the Northern hordes came down from Scythia and under different names possessed themselves of the great plain of Asia Minor, or drifted selves of the great plain of Asia Minor, or drifted onward, a great propelling wave into Europe, through Thrace and Dalmatia in Northern Greece, now Roman land, beyond the Danube into the confines of Hungary. The Persian Sapors died, hav- fines of Hungary. The Persian Sapors died, having spent most of their time in wars, either for the ing spent most of their time in wars, either for the capture or recovery of Armenia, which lay between them and the Roman lands, and whose peo- tween them and the Roman lands, and whose people were always Romans and who were included ple were always Romans and who were included in most treaties which the Persians made with the Romans. While Armenia remained under the protection of the Empire it ably defended it against tection of the Empire it ably defended it against the constant inroads of the barbarians, who broke WEALTH DEVOTED TO LUXURY. 361 through the defiles of the Caucasus on their march to the West. The Romans set up the Kings of Armenia, and so well and favorably known were the menia, and so well and favorably known were the people of this province that Chosroes, the Persian, tied from his own nation to the Romans, who protected his minority and gave him Roman culture. tected his minority and gave him Roman culture. When in a stress of misfortune at the farther East the Roman general withdrew his protection for awhile, the barbarians broke through the narrow passes of the Caspian and were so troublesome to them and the Persians that the two empires mutually built and guarded a long line of fortifications, ally built and guarded a long line of fortifications, which ran from Colchis, at the mouth of the Phasis, on the Euxine, to the plains above. Treaties with the Persians were always made to be broken according to the necessities or abilities of the combatants, ing to the necessities or abilities of the combatants, and this intercepting line was violated by the Persians one hundred and fifty years after the Western sians one hundred and fifty years after the Western Empire was overthrown, but in this ferment, which preceded the fall, articles of luxury flowed in copious streams by way of caravan, which ran through ous streams by way of caravan, which ran through to the open ports. The Romans in enjoying their wealth forgot or neglected the avenues through which their progenitors had made it. As dissipation increased the flood gates of expenditures re- tion increased the flood gates of expenditures remained open. The merchant galleys were busy in mained open. The merchant galleys were busy in transporting articles of jewelry and' feminine adornments and the evanescent odors of India or the Isle ments and the evanescent odors of India or the Isle of Cathay. The spices of Ceylon and Malibar ; the pearls and carbuncles of India and the silks which the looms of Nankin manufactured, became most conspicuous as merchandise or dearest article of female attire then known. Every six months, ships starting out from the Red Sea and running along the mainland to the Persian Gulf at length reached Cevlon, where Chi362 CHINA. 362 CHINA. nese merchants met them and sold their wares. When the Persian wars did not interfere the caravans met the ships returning home and took its vans met the ships returning home and took its usual route up the Tigris or the Euphrates by the ruins of Babylon on to the north of Palmyra, where it joined the mountains and skirting around it went westward in the Syrian Desert on to Damascus and the Mediterranean shores of Phcenecia and ultimately to the three great distributing centers of mately to the three great distributing centers of Alexandria, Constantinople and Rome. The Persians also competed for the trade and when the sians also competed for the trade and when the route was blocked through the desert, they took north of the Caspian and then around to the Black Sea or the Euxine, reaching Constantinople that way. There was also a farther Eastern route, which the Persians could use and that was by way of Kansuh, the northwestern corner of China, a direct route from Pekin, south of the Great Wall, rect route from Pekin, south of the Great Wall, where there was always an open port. The great difficulty was in crossing the mountains and the possibility of meeting hostile tribes. There was no tribute in passing through the Hellespont and the route to Alexandria was sometimes changed to cross the Isthmus, when there was a canal. When the fleets landed farther south in a port of Arabia, the goods were transported to Yemen, on the Eastern side of the Sand Desert and when the traffic from Abyssinia was unimpeded, it followed across the country to the Nile, whence it descended the River to the City. Whatever way it came, when once the gates were open they were not easily closed and it is fortunate we believe that other classes of merchandise than articles of luxury found passage into chandise than articles of luxury found passage into Syria. Chinese pyrotechnics may have been an article of luxury and flowed in like any foreign commerce finding a channel already prepared. Who THE WONDERFUL CHINESE. 363 transported or delivered the goods we do not know. But if the Chinese prepared them they were certainly able to transport them, and when once de- tainly able to transport them, and when once delivered they fell into hands, either ignorant of their livered they fell into hands, either ignorant of their use or zealously determined not to barter them away on an open market. We will see how far the East was indebted to the Chinese for Greek Fire. Beyond the Eastern boundaries of the Roman Empire and thence forth reaching to the Yellow Sea and the Ocean was the great Chinese Empire. Its history, strange though it be, antedates all human record. It became a hermit nation solely for man record. It became a hermit nation solely for its own defense, always persistently devoted to industries, which require patient thought and minute dustries, which require patient thought and minute investigation, they have from time immemorial prosecuted scientific inquiries. Long before the Babylonians read the stars, they had made charts of the heavens. They discovered the art of printing on movable blocks or types long before the ing on movable blocks or types long before the Europeans. They discovered silk worms and the mode of propagating them and had woven their tiny webs into the most costly articles which found a market in the marts of their enterprising neighbors. When this commerce was interrupted by the bors. When this commerce was interrupted by the transplanting of the eggs into Persia by two monks who carried them away in a wooden tube or pencil, they applied themselves with renewed zeal in the manufacture of silk garments or vests, which became objects of barter and exchange, and which came objects of barter and exchange, and which were frequently mentioned as the spoils of subject nations in their foreign wars. With such, ject nations in their foreign wars. With such, habits of acquiring and unburdened with the vice of spending they became, like the Jews, kings of finance within their commercial limits, and while the Greeks were exploring the estuaries of the 364 GREEK FIRE FROM CHINA. Euxine, founding new cities and planting colonies here and there, and the Phoenicians were trading in the products of the mines and fields and in traffic along the Mediterranean, and opening up great routes of travel, they modestly secured the prizes of manufacture in constructing inexpensive and easily preserved articles of traffic and disposing of them through first hands and in exchange for coin. They rarely passed beyond the limits of their own country except in occasional wars, disposing largely of their goods in their capital city and the outskirts of the provinces which had a trade with western nations. They were skilful engineers and physicians and worked with considerable skill mines of cians and worked with considerable skill mines of gold and silver. "Their skill as craftsmen," says a Franciscan friar, "in every art requiring minute research, was equaled by few and excelled by none." Their heaviest burden was the inroads which their neighboring nations made upon them from the north and west, and in the long run they suffered more from foreign invasion than they were able to repay. From the few scattering notices obtainable, it appears that the Greek Fire originated in China and found its outlet through the then known channels of trade, the caravans. Though historians nels of trade, the caravans. Though historians differ and the ablest of them all cautions his readers to suspect his ignorance from the slight evidence obtainable, both of the country of its origin and its early composition, the doubt is the weakest which couples its appearance in Asia Minor the early part of the Third Century. From that time forward several instances are on record of an artificial fire which eral instances are on record of an artificial fire which was employed by besiegers or besieged in the investment of a city. Sometimes it is hard to dis- vestment of a city. Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between the mechanical engines and the tinguish between the mechanical engines and the INSTANCES OF USE OF THE FIRE. 365 material because every besieging army carried trains of these engines and battering rams, and they threw red hot balls of stone or iron which were easily mistaken for foreign fire. Somebody delivered the goods into Syria as they there first appeared, and before the final rupture of Rome with internal hemorrhage. Later we shall see bv whom the discovery was claimed, but the followinginstances show its origin long before the siege of instances show its origin long before the siege of Constantinople. In the year 270 A. D. Zenobia and Odaenathus disputed the sovereignty of Rome over Palmyra, a city of the Syrian desert and on one of the trade routes between the East and the West. Aurelian was Emperor and he proceeded against her, and after reducing her to submission he departed home. When nearing the straits which connect Europe and Asia he was overtaken by a courier who informed him that she had again rebelled, and, returning at once, he overthrew her belled, and, returning at once, he overthrew her army, destroyed the city and took her in chains to Rome to grace his triumph. "The Roman people," says he, "speak with contempt of a war I am waging with a woman. It is impossible to enumerate ing with a woman. It is impossible to enumerate her warlike preparations of stones and arrows and every species of missile weapons. From every part of the walls artificial fires are thrown from her military engines." We cannot say what that arti- ' ficial fire was, but at least it was suggestive of being, and it clearly was, the nucleus of that great ing, and it clearly was, the nucleus of that great discovery which five centuries later arrested the march of the victorious Prophet of Arabia. In 546, after the fall, Rome was attacked by an army of Goths led by Totila and captured in spite of the defense of a floating castle which contained a magazine of fire, sulphur and bitumen. As these were zine of fire, sulphur and bitumen. As these were the main ingredients of Greek Fire, it seems hardly 366 CLEOPATRA COQUETS WITH ROMANS. safe to claim that the discovery came to the knowledge of the Romans nearly two hundred years later. edge of the Romans nearly two hundred years later. Possibly it might have remained a secret possession of the government had that remained in Italy, sion of the government had that remained in Italy, but its glory had fallen and the Empire had been transported to the City of the Straits. Coming still nearer the siege of Constantinople we may remember that Heraclius invaded Persia for the purpose ber that Heraclius invaded Persia for the purpose of calling off the army with which Chosroes had laid siege to the city. Heraclius suddenly attacked in the winter season the walls of Salban in Media and razed them to the ground with the aid of darts and torches. These torches were not merely combustibles of flax wound round the point of a dart, bustibles of flax wound round the point of a dart, but their destructive nature arose from the composition in which they were dipped and which once sition in which they were dipped and which once set on fire could not be put out, and the historian distinctly says "the city was saved by fire and mechanics." The fire was doubtless some form of Greek or Chinese combustible which later saved Constantinople, but had no great potency as an attacking weapon till it was later improved and be- tacking weapon till it was later improved and became an explosive. came an explosive. It is generally believed, and often stated, that this trade between the West and the East by caravan was not large during the decline of the Empire. Nevertheless it continued of very fair proportion, in connection with Alexandria, which derived almost its entire profits from foreign commerce. most its entire profits from foreign commerce. Ptolemy Philadelphus reopened the canal of the Red Sea, established a desert route for the caravans, sent ambassadors to India, and enlarged the trade with it and Ethiopia, or Abyssinia, which continued for eighteen centuries beginning with 266 B. C. The Romans were very careful not to obstruct any commerce, the fruits oi which they enjoyed or which merce, the fruits oi which they enjoyed or which LUXURIES RUIN OF THE ROMANS. 36? ultimately would be of interest to them. The state of Egypt at the time of Cleopatra illustrates the fact that Rome was steeped in the luxuries which she was fain to enjoy and only foreign countries could furnish. At the time of the death of her father, Ptolemy Auletes, she became ruler under the Romans in connection with a younger brother whom the laws compelled her to marry. He was but a youth and she pined to be free from her boy husband, and with the entire authority of the government to espouse Antony, who as one of the ernment to espouse Antony, who as one of the Roman Triumvirs, was looking after his interests in Asia Minor. Octavian had instructed Antony to call Cleopatra to trial for usurping the throne and putting her brother to death. The queen did not wait for Antony's tribunal, but set of! with a costly galley with sails of silk and purple, and reclining on an improvised throne scented with the clining on an improvised throne scented with the odors of Ceylon, with strains of music and the artful coquetry of lights and shadows which betrayed ful coquetry of lights and shadows which betrayed her royal dress and luxuriant form, over which the eunuchs bended in silent admiration, she sailed up the Cydnus in Cilicia and bore Antony off to Egypt, a slave and not a judge, leaving his kingdom to the peril of being lost to the Roman arms. dom to the peril of being lost to the Roman arms. There with the use of all the arts of a profligate woman she detained him for several years, until Octavian, becoming weary of having his authority thrown into disrespect, made war upon him, and in the battle of Actium in the Adriatic, where Cleopatra furnished part of the ships, Caesar overthrew him. Cleopatra, hasting away to Egypt, threw him. Cleopatra, hasting away to Egypt, killed herself on report of Antony's death, which Antony seconded by doing likewise. She gave as her only testament to the Roman people three children to Antony as she had before given to Caesar a dren to Antony as she had before given to Caesar a 368 DEAD TRUNK MAKES LITTLE SHADE. son. With her expired the last of the Ptolemies, the sixth in order and the most profligate of them all. If we will examine carefully what kinds of merchandise the traffic was made up of which came chandise the traffic was made up of which came into the ports of Rome and Alexandria we should be able to compute how much virtue was left to the, Romans before the Fall. These articles were silks, jewels, perfumes, pearls, precious unguents, slaves and slave girls, with salt and sulphur and in the Syrian desert at Palmyra where the caravans were not long in their route from East to West, was to be seen bales of purple wool, Grecian bronzes as ornaments for the temples, and incense, the olive oil of Palestine, with hides from Arabia, which lined along the public buildings on the backs of asses or camels made a show of Eastern pomp and elegance which strangely contrasted with the movings sands of the desert. Pliny computes the ings sands of the desert. Pliny computes the value of the wares which became articles of luxury as introduced into Rome as not less than ury as introduced into Rome as not less than three quarters of a million yearly. Silk was the most expensive of all the articles of dress. It was estimated that it was then in the second or third century worth a hundred dollars a pound in the Capitol. Pearls and diamonds stood highest among precious stones, and aromatics were used extensively in their pagan worship for the temples. The sively in their pagan worship for the temples. The Senate at this time complained that in the purchase of female ornaments the wealth of the State flowed to foregn nations. The annual loss from this source is computed at eight hundred thousand pounds sterling. When we consider the amount that con- ling. When we consider the amount that constantly flowed in from the Provinces as tribute, the stantly flowed in from the Provinces as tribute, the rich mines of Spain and the revenues from conquered cities, it does not seem at all disproportion- quered cities, it does not seem at all disproportionTHE WAGES Of SIN IS DEATH. 369 THE WAGES Of SIN IS DEATH. 369 ate as long as the rulers were possessed of the principles of public virtue, but it is commonly remarked ciples of public virtue, but it is commonly remarked that those suddenly raised to affluence are the least worthy to receive it, while those born to fortune, if they pass the early years with safety, can endure the homage of luxury without unworthy ostentation. The heritage of ancestors in jewels and un- tion. The heritage of ancestors in jewels and unserviceable bric-a-brac and heirlooms seldom reach serviceable bric-a-brac and heirlooms seldom reach the open market, when once they have been valued as keep-sakes. Luxury twines like a parasite round a healthy tree ; it is modest, living in seclusion under the protecting leaves of the giant oak, which der the protecting leaves of the giant oak, which supports it from publicity, but the ruder sort is ambitious, it is vulgar and clambers up with apparent grace a trunk dead at its top ; without a parent grace a trunk dead at its top ; without a crown ; without a leaf and living on the dead past bestows a wealth of leaves and shade, which covers its naked defects till it falls. The latter kind seems to represent the wealthy Romans as they were in the latter days of the Empire. As the woman with many lovers is false to pire. As the woman with many lovers is false to them all, so the worship of many gods and goddesses, however refined, is fatal to any belief. The desses, however refined, is fatal to any belief. The woods and groves and later the temples corrupted the morals without informing the faculties. The virtues that have no active enforcement by mental training sink to a common level and that is low and debasing. The commune of France is impossible anywhere, because the man of ten talents is sible anywhere, because the man of ten talents is not satisfied with the pay of five. Frederick the Great found it an ungrateful task to raise an army of six-footers, because the culling out process must take off the heads of the tallest or stretch the necks of the shortest. There are but two places in the world where a level is always forming, the ocean and the desert, and these two have never found a 370 GREEK FIRE. habitation for man. The wages of sin is death ; the wages of poverty is silence. No living thing flies or flees or swims in the waters of the Dead Sea and impure things and bacilli swarm in foul and stagnant waters. In the Roman world love had become lust. No woman of beauty, of chastity, who valued herself, dared to show herself uncovered in the presence of the Emperors. The debaucheries of the Court before the fall were of the same disgraceful character as those of Theodora, wife of Justinian, ful character as those of Theodora, wife of Justinian, after. Seductions were rampant, lewdness grew to be constitutional. The fetters of unseemly passions held the people till long after mid-summer prime had passed away, when Nature is sombre, its appeals luke-warm and its responses indifferent. The wife of an emperor mourned like Alexander, because the parsimony of Nature abridged her gallantries. The voluptuousness and sensuous models of Egypt were trans- ness and sensuous models of Egypt were transplanted into Italy after Cleopatra had passed one planted into Italy after Cleopatra had passed one winter season with the Caesar at Rome. The Eunuchs presented new inducements to gratify the tastes of their masters, because they were in condition to be trusted themselves without betraying dition to be trusted themselves without betraying others. The Greek fire as a combustible came into the notice of the Eastern world, as we believe, while this depravity was centralizing about Rome. Somebody in the Provinces gave it or sold it to 1 Zenobia, body in the Provinces gave it or sold it to 1 Zenobia, who was wise enough to know its worth and to keep it as profoundly secret as did the Greeks, when once they knew what is was. The description of this combustible as it appeared at the Seige of Constantinople has been well described by a French critic, who writes -- "It was scribed by a French critic, who writes -- "It was like a winged long tail dragon, about the thickness GREEK FIRE AFTER ZENOBIA. 371 of a hogshead, with a report of thunder and the velocity of lightning, which dispelled the darkness by its illumination. It was discharged upon the enemy by various engines of war, or in smaller quantities attached to arrows or darts " Aside from its terrible appearance it concerns us most to know what was the propelling force, whether of outside agency alone or in part, and whether it was wholly a combustible. We are inclined to view it only as the latter, at least in its earliest stages and during this siege, and while it is conceded that it was composed of a mixture of Median oil or petroleum and posed of a mixture of Median oil or petroleum and sulphur, and the pitch from evergreen firs was added to conceal more thoroughly its ingredients, saltpeter was afterwards added, when it became an explosive. It is known that rockets were employed at a very early period in India and later by Leo at the time of the siege. The composition may have been enclosed in hollow globes of iron and discharged like a hand grenade from the walls, in charged like a hand grenade from the walls, in which case it would not have been of the immense size that was sometimes noted. There is one instance, and only one, wherein the retraction of stance, and only one, wherein the retraction of twisted cords is given as the motive power. Now the fact that this substance was often vomited forth from the mouths of copper tubes fastened on the prows of ships, confirms the belief that the propulsive force was the same as that used by the sive force was the same as that used by the machine guns against a besieged city. This was hand power of some sort, aided by mechanical contrivance, and made so strong as to readily shake trivance, and made so strong as to readily shake and batter the walls. Joinville, who was an eye witness of the siege, says it was thrown from a petrary, which was a device for hurling stones and rocks. It is not to be supposed in the first instance of its use that it would show the same or ecmal 372 MATERIALS WELL KNOWN. effects that were obtained afterward, but its chance of improvement was slow so long as it was known to be confined to one city without the aid of inventors from without to add or exhibit its terrible ventors from without to add or exhibit its terrible effects. But the materials of manufacture were common in many Eastern cities. Petroleum was a product which under one name or another was known to all the inhabitants of the Mediterranean, as well as the Euphrates. It was carried on the backs of camels from city to city. It was known to the Scythian country, to Arabia, as well as to China and India. The terror Greek fire inspired in its composition was out of all proportion to its effect, but it produced fear and fear is destructive of the morals of any army. It could be put out only with sand, earth or vinegar. Water merely quickened and increased its danger. When thrown over the walls of a city, it immediately attached itself to some loose object, when the ately attached itself to some loose object, when the people fled and the city fell. No time was necessary to make it a blazing caldron. The patient and minute industry of the Chinese in the combination of the two materials, petroleum and sulphur, was added to by distant nations who became possessed of the knowledge of its wonderful effects as an agent in their wars. By the means of the charred embers of wood fire, acting on the nitre already in the soil, a further compound would be formed, using the same materials as afterward entered into gunpowder. Tourists and travelers for sport might at powder. Tourists and travelers for sport might at any time kindle a fire while camping over night by which the materials would be brought together and an explosion would be the result. Such result actually followed, it is believed not from the Chinese, tually followed, it is believed not from the Chinese, who were proficient in the ruder forms of artificial fire, but who for a thousand years always asserted GREEK FIRE BECOMES AN EXPLOSIVE. 373 that they knew nothing of its application as gunpowder to the arts of war, and indeed the knowledge powder to the arts of war, and indeed the knowledge slumbered everywhere till about the fourteenth century. The Chinese claimed the accidental discovery of fire by the fricton of two pieces of dry covery of fire by the fricton of two pieces of dry wood. In 284 A. D. Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, sent ambassadors to China, and the Persians peror, sent ambassadors to China, and the Persians for a long time, as well as the Romans, in the third century, were so well acquainted with the China trade and with war between them, the traffic was constantly flowing into other countries from Kansuh in the Northwest. After the trade was re- suh in the Northwest. After the trade was restricted by constant wars of the Persians, it was ex- stricted by constant wars of the Persians, it was extended more fully along the sandy deserts of Ara- tended more fully along the sandy deserts of Arabia, and later by water transportation when the bia, and later by water transportation when the Arabs began to plunder caravans which got through by Mecca and Medina. The most we can say then is that the Chinese originated or employed the materials which formed the combustible while other terials which formed the combustible while other nations outside added saltpeter, when the explosive nature came into notice. This becomes more probable from the fact that while the original of the able from the fact that while the original of the Chinese ingredients placed together, when once exposed to the air takes fire, the addition of salt- posed to the air takes fire, the addition of saltpeter makes an explosive. Then to get its full ef- peter makes an explosive. Then to get its full effect, it became necessary to control and centralize fect, it became necessary to control and centralize the ingredients in such a way that the combustion must take effect in time and place as suited the operator, or else the operator must be destroyed by his own petard. Whether this hollow tube was suggested by Pan playing on his pipe or flute, or the known fashion of some tribes that with the use of a reed as a blow gun, was discharged poisonous weapons, or from the knowledge of circulatory and digestive processes, or the warlike method of discharging missiles by 374 IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. means of tubes over the walls of a besieged city, does not appear certain, but it was not done to any extent before the fourteenth century, as the closed tube did not appear till that time in its use for the purposes of artillery. Up to that time, some six centuries elapsed with no important improvement in the use or efficiency of military arms, only two additional implements of war had been added by the tional implements of war had been added by the Romans from the beginning of their history, one of which was the iron mace or battle ax in the West and the lance in the East. War would naturally create weapons of war, and this it did in number by a greatly increased ratio everywhere the Roman government held its armies. The forges of the great ernment held its armies. The forges of the great cities of Gaul and Syria were working night and day in bringing out increased numbers of weapons of the size or character the smiths could handle. It is said there were twenty-seven factories in these two provinces alone after Clovis had begun his work of cutting to pieces, forming anew and consolidating the remnants of three nations of barbar- solidating the remnants of three nations of barbarians in Gaul. In Constantinople from the time of ians in Gaul. In Constantinople from the time of its foundation, immense preparations were constantly in vogue for supplying swords and spears stantly in vogue for supplying swords and spears and bucklers for the army in constant struggle in the East with Persia or in defending the City from the attacks of mercenary tribes, which at any moment and without warning congregated in battle ment and without warning congregated in battle array around the walls. Every battle left a confused mass of broken armor, too good not to be fused mass of broken armor, too good not to be stolen and too poor to repair. The vices of savages are always built upon the weakness of their adversary, real or supposed, and whenever a legion sary, real or supposed, and whenever a legion showed signs of giving way as the Romans often did, when they reached the outer circle of their conquests, east or west on the Euphrates or the GREEK FIRE HELPS ROMANS. 375 Rhine, the slaughter of men and weapons was something teriffic. When Crassus was defeated by the Parthians about the first century, the shame at- the loss of their standards so played upon the mind of Augustus, that he made an unusual effort to regain them by going there himself, a thing which he seldom did and recovered them at a great sacrifice. fice. So far as the Barbarians are concerned, who made war upon the Roman dominions, we have seen that up to the time of the decline and fall, they had brought to light no new or important discovery, which would lighten the horror or shorten the conflict of arms. The Roman world seemed apathetic, flict of arms. The Roman world seemed apathetic, while it was slowly sinking, where courage could no longer compel victory. The Romans were not inventors, but simply conquerors, and when the Rom- ventors, but simply conquerors, and when the Roman youth by the softness of their manners cor- an youth by the softness of their manners corrupted by wealth and with weak and flaccid muscles rupted by wealth and with weak and flaccid muscles refused to handle the weapons, with which their ancestors achieved the great conquests from Britain to the Euphrates, and left the long line of outposts which ran from the Rhine to the Danube and the Euxine open to the Barbarians, and only slaves and captives to guard the road to the Capital, there was no longer any force which could break the fall or hold the. Empire together. If some Callinichus had then come to their rescue, with the discovery, which it is claimed he delivered to the Greeks two centuries later at Constantinople, the Roman might turies later at Constantinople, the Roman might have rolled back the tide which set in from the north and east, driven the Barbarians to the mountains and maintained the supremacy, which it had tains and maintained the supremacy, which it had gained, not only in war, but in all the arts which adorn and beautify the life of a nation. Gibbon has said that no new arm had appeared from the time 376 BOW REMAINS WITH SCYTHIANS. of Thttcydides, five hundred years before the Christion year ; it might be said with truth none had ap- tion year ; it might be said with truth none had appeared till Constantinople was invested by the Turks peared till Constantinople was invested by the Turks in the Seventh Century. Practically the number and nature of the arms they used were few and limited. In Alexander's time the pike and sword and battleaxe and bow, not counting slings, were the sole out- axe and bow, not counting slings, were the sole outfit. The pike was very long, of sixteen feet, which fit. The pike was very long, of sixteen feet, which was after his conquest found to be so cumbrous and unmanageable, it was reduced to twelve feet. The eastern nations, into whose provinces Alexander transported his army, were all bowmen. As a general rule the Eastern nations in contra distinction eral rule the Eastern nations in contra distinction from the West, have always considered the bow as their most effective weapon. All the nations that dwelt in Scythia north and east of the Black Sea to the confines of Finland and Siberia, now under one name and now under another, stretching over those vast plains which Russia holds for thousands of miles to the Arctic ocean, always made special and effective use of the bow. As these countries embraced the tribes which made inroads into the Roman provinces, always going south, seeking warmer and more fertile climes for their families and flocks, while the cultivated peoples, that lived in or near the promontories that jut out into the Mediterranean never carried their commerce beyond the table land of Russia or steppes of Tartary, yond the table land of Russia or steppes of Tartary, we may believe the bow originated in that quarter contiguous to the Caspian. At all events the Tartar bow was always meant and dreaded by the tar bow was always meant and dreaded by the Romans when they compared their own arms with those of the peoples beyond the Caucausus, the Caspian, the mountains of Armenia, the Oxus and the Jaxartes. In ages long past before history can make determinate limits, the bow was the main ZENOBIA QUEEN OF PALMYRA. 377 weapon employed in attack or defense in Assyria and Babylon, where originated the progenitors of mankind. But it was of little use in the hands of feeble or effeminate peoples like the Romans, snch as they became in their decay. Under different names the same weapon is often meant as in the case of the pike, which becomes a spear or lance. The sword in Scottish annals becomes a falchion, with the Turks a cimeter and the form and shape assume different styles to suit the fancy or caprice of the nation that adopts it. The fact that the purpose or the effect of the weapon was unchanged is pose or the effect of the weapon was unchanged is indubitable proof that the Romans had lost the enterprise and elasticity of their ancestors without terprise and elasticity of their ancestors without genius to discover their weakness or thrift to repair their mistakes before the inevitable fall, which sooner or later must come or some fortunate Syrian unknown to fame reaps the benefit of an inestimable discovery. From what we have been able to gain of scattered notices from different writers, we should place tered notices from different writers, we should place the discovery of Greek or Chinese fire as it was then understood from the middle to the end of the third century. This is not entirely agreeable to some writers, but when we consider the proofs which lead to this belief and the fact that the disagreement may arise more from the looseness and agreement may arise more from the looseness and ambiguity of words which are the weapons and not the argument itself, we may find our conclusions are reconcilable. We have already given several instances where a mixture of petroleum and sulphur was used. Once against the Goths in Italy, once in Persia, at the walls of Salban, and one more important and specific instance, at the Siege of Palmy- portant and specific instance, at the Siege of Palmyra, wherein Aurelian was the Roman general and ra, wherein Aurelian was the Roman general and emperor and Zenobia was the Queen of that city. S78 GOTHS QUICK TO LEARN OF ROMANS. She was eventually subdued and taken to Rome to grace the triumph of her captor. It is now upwards of fifty years since we first read the story of the Palmyrean Queen and our conception of her character myrean Queen and our conception of her character has not been very much dimmed or altered in that long - interval. To us it is a most melancholy story from the time Aurelian engaged her armies in Antioch and Emesa, till he had broken her power, tioch and Emesa, till he had broken her power, trampled upon her successful and brilliant administration and, fastened with a golden chain to his istration and, fastened with a golden chain to his chariot, offered her to the dust and contempt of Rome. But it is not in sympathy with her fallen power alone that we make issue, for she was honorably saved from death, given a villa at Tivoli, ably saved from death, given a villa at Tivoli, twenty miles from the city, and for many generations her name with all the honors acquired was tions her name with all the honors acquired was perpetuated unbroken to a long line of posterity. Where were all the great generals who plodded along the highways from Tyre and Antioch and Babylon and the Persian Gulf, with their immense armies to be destroyed sooner or later by Sapor and the Chosroes, that this little secret was overlooked and the bold, sprightly, energetic and withal looked and the bold, sprightly, energetic and withal beautiful woman was able to secure and control and flaunt it in the face of the Roman legions? The secret she knew how to acquire and maintain would have been of more worth to the Roman world than all the armies that passed the straits of Europe and Asia. How she acquired this knowledge we are unable to determine but as the Empire edge we are unable to determine but as the Empire extended over all the lands with which she was acquainted, from Rome to the Imperial city of Ctesi- quainted, from Rome to the Imperial city of Ctesiphon, the capital of Persia, we think she skillfully phon, the capital of Persia, we think she skillfully and purposely held the knowledge to herself and later imparted it to the Emperors as they treated her with becoming civility in her villa. Let it be reGOTHS QUICK TO LEARN OF ROMANS. 379 GOTHS QUICK TO LEARN OF ROMANS. 379 membered she was no settled enemy of Rome, she had repeatedly overthrown Persian armies, which Roman generals and soldiers were only too glad she should do, and had even helped them in reducing and holding Egypt in submission and with the knowledge so acquired and bequeathed to the Romans she was able effectually to prevent Totila, the ans she was able effectually to prevent Totila, the Goth, from entering the city. Was it not significant that in the three centuries which elapsed between her fall and the attack of the Goth no living person, high or low, held the key which could shut out a foreign army from Rome. We do not believe that the eign army from Rome. We do not believe that the full success of the invention at that time had been reached. We see no evidence of an explosive compound which was afterwards developed and reached pound which was afterwards developed and reached the market among the Greeks, but the force of two' ingredients was sufficient to save and maintain the fortunes of the city. The fire was there and it could be distributed at any of the frequent sieges artificially with the same force that carried red-hot balls ally with the same force that carried red-hot balls of stone and iron from the military engines, that accompanied every Roman army, but the Goths had no knowledge of its existence. They were a race of hardy, compact and substantial bodies and although they never developed any of the arts them- though they never developed any of the arts themselves they were ambitious to learn, quick to imitate, selves they were ambitious to learn, quick to imitate, and of such versatility in mechanical contrivances, they were soon possessed of all the devices of the Romans. They entered the armies of Rome for the one purpose of becoming their equals, and the vices of the growing youth among their rulers contributed so far to their success that they soon knew tributed so far to their success that they soon knew at some future time, not far distant, new blood must be infused or failure was inevitable and in their place the Goths would become the sovereigns of Italv. 380 COMMERCE BETWEEN SYRIA AND CHINA. It may as- well be remembered also that after the fall of the Western Empire the theory and practice of the arts through mechanical power were cultivated extensively by the emperors at Constantinople vated extensively by the emperors at Constantinople and they were only too quick to put into execution any expedient which would tend to vanquish their enemies. It was common report that Syracuse had been saved by the burning glasses of Archimedes and Proclus was said to have destroyed a Gothic fleet in the harbors of Constantinople with sulphur, which it is needless to say was not unaccompanied by some foreign substance, presumably bitumen, as a single substance could have had no positive effect. It is recalled that Septimius Severus, in 201 A. D" while attacking Atra in his eastern expedition, had his siege trains burned up with naphtha, and it is easier to explain the appearance of naptha than that of sulphur as the whole of the provinces of Persia are supplied abundantly with that material, while sulphur has to be imported. We shall be compelled to go back to China as a first inventor of original Greek fire, because of the nature of the materials and the character of the Chinese justifies that conclusion, they being chemists of greater or lesser originality and accustomed ists of greater or lesser originality and accustomed to close and protracted inquiries while the Romans were more mechanical in their nature and could carry out in a better manner what the hermit nation could suggest. As to the commerce between Syria and China there is no doubt that it was as constant and extensive in the reign of Zenobia as it was in the time tensive in the reign of Zenobia as it was in the time of Justinian or Chosroes, two or three centuries later. During this time the manufacture of silk was largely carried on and silk and silk cocoons was a great staple of commerce between the two countries, Fall of rome and the goths. 38i which foreign merchants purchased in Pekin and manufactured articles of silk were held in great esteem by the Persians and silk vests comprised largely the tributes, which they demanded of the Romans, whenever they were successful in wars with them. This traffic was largely carried on by the Mohometans in their holy wars and by the Persians before the rise of the Saracens. During this sians before the rise of the Saracens. During this time, while Rome was weakened and luxury was rampant, while the Roman nobles were living in affluence, bringing their corn from Africa and their prosperity in various channels was marked either as tribute or as wealth which was confiscated from the nations which they over-threw and while they expected nothing and gained nothing, but what was pected nothing and gained nothing, but what was brought from the provinces by the same channel, by some inscrutable decree they received the blessing of the Chinese discovery, which neither party was able to weigh at its full value till it had revolutionized modern war-fare. The constant wars, which left neither life nor property with the growing luxury was fast threatening the extinction of ing luxury was fast threatening the extinction of the human species. It is computed that not over one-third or one-fifth of the inhabitants of Italy and Syria remained, when Rome gave up the struggle for foreign conquest, turned over her authority to the eastern Empire, which after the fall of the City of Rome held only the coast line of the Adriatic under an Exarch of Ravenna and southward running to Campania and Calabria and later to Sicily ning to Campania and Calabria and later to Sicily at the overthrow of the Vandals. The City of Rome fell to the Popes as the rulers of Italy who claimed both temporal and spiritual power, but sometimes they ran away when a foreign army approached and they could not maintain themselves without help. When the Lombards under Alboin had settled in 382 FALL OF ROME AND THE GOTHS. the northern part of Italy and were carrying their arms southward, they seemed determined to overthrow most of Italy and were it not for Pepin of throw most of Italy and were it not for Pepin of Gaul, who crossed the Alps to their relief, the City of Rome would have fallen. The Goths under Theodoric held the city for sixty years till Narses and Belisarius, fresh from the conquests of Africa, terminated their reign in Italy and the provinces got back the management of their own domestic affairs while the Imperial City held to its former prestige as the center of the great, religious hierarchy, which set up and dethroned at its dictation archy, which set up and dethroned at its dictation the kings and princes, who 1 ruled beyond the Alps and calling to their aid armies in defense of their presumed rights when their authority was disputed or the City attacked. Their authority was so great and the name and fame of the city had grown so long under the rule of able emperors that until the year eight-hundred, when the reign of Charlemagne commenced, that the great generals came there to enjoy their triumphs and the emperors to be crowned and travelers from every province continued to come and view the magnificent city which tinued to come and view the magnificent city which for twelve hundred years had become the museum of Empires effaced, the musical, literary and critical emporium of wealth and fashion and art, the palaces which beauty had honored and of which poets and orators had sung the praises which civic pride had builded and martial valor had defended and a beseeching cry to Heaven had finally saved from the seeching cry to Heaven had finally saved from the torch of the Barbarians. Rome was abandoned for the City of the Straits, the great Constantinople as yet young and uncrowned. In trying to discover the origin of Greek fire and its introduction into Syria not only does it appear there was a clear route opened up from China or ROMANS NOT GREAT AT INVENTION. 383 India by means of caravans, however infrequent, and however often their route was changed to suit the exigencies of war or conquest, it may have appeared that the trade was not only possible, but very probable in the importation of Greek fire. Now by the able in the importation of Greek fire. Now by the system of exclusion it might further appear that this combustible could not be produced by any other people. The Roman people had assimilated the Barbarians and in many cases subject peoples and races of neighboring countries had associated with them till they became homogeneous. Inasmuch as they ruled over the entire country from the Euphrates to the Atlantic, and from Egypt to the Baltic at the time in which this discovery in whole or in part was possessed by some Syrian, the probabilities are that if a secret it was most likely the bilities are that if a secret it was most likely the Roman people would have been the first to have purchased or possessed it, their generals were the shrewdest and most progressive individuals (the nation could furnish, they would have caught at the opportunity to secure any device that would give success to their arms and undying luster to their own name. In the event of a new discovery of great importance they would have been recalled to Rome immediately and if not granted a triumph, they would have been hailed as the deliverers or the restorers of the Empire, would have been granted the freedom of the city, a heavy increase in pay and would have been entitled to the rank of Caesar. So much for the character of the Romans as purchasers, but were they producers ? Beyond the lim- chasers, but were they producers ? Beyond the limited scope of mechanics and exploits in the field and ited scope of mechanics and exploits in the field and in arms their genius did not seem to run in other or abundant channels. They may have invented the compass. They produced few inventions that required deep thought or profound study. The 384 ROMANS IMPROVE ARMS. Roman nation was conspicuous from Caesar's time for the study of ways and means to colonize distant countries ; to increase modes of travel and to tant countries ; to increase modes of travel and to use all the devices of labor which did not depend entirely upon mental training. In their constant wars they invented military engines, wooden turrets, which they either transported across the coun- rets, which they either transported across the country or built on the spot as the necessary and special try or built on the spot as the necessary and special accompaniments of sieges, they sent these moving vans in large numbers, when they expected to attack a walled city, ten being the usual number with tack a walled city, ten being the usual number with a large army. Their catapults and ballistae were of such enormous strength and efficiency, that very few walls could resist them. They could throw stone and iron balls of hundreds of pounds weight, (whatever the power may have been) over the walls into the city and set it on fire. As time passed on and armies in the field engaged less in battle and more in walled towns, they laid aside the pilum, which had been so serviceable in hand to hand contests, and built instead towers leading to the top of tests, and built instead towers leading to the top of the walls with such destructive effect. They threw darts wrapped with tow and fed with oil from them, and they built battering rams headed with iron with such velocity as twenty or fifty men could produce, that scarcely a wall was left without yielding. They established posts for conveying news from city to city and from their remotest possessions to the Capital and their expedition for that age was somewhat tal and their expedition for that age was somewhat remarkable. They could make a distance of one hundred miles in twelve hours by having relays of horses every fifty or sixty miles. The event of a battle gave the officer in charge of important news no excuse of any kind for delay, no expense was to be thought of, and neglect was the worth of his life. They organized their armies on a different basis in ROMANS BUILD SHIPS OF WAR. 385 later years than when they first encountered the Persians. They met bowmen with bowmen, and cavalry with cavalry, put their bowmen in the front or rear, and the light troops in the center. By this means they could easily and rapidly throw out wings like a crescent, and when the attack was most spirited and the center engaged, draw the horns together, encompass a great mass of combatants and gether, encompass a great mass of combatants and send them to the rear as prisoners. They exchanged the pilum for the lance as the shields, when changed the pilum for the lance as the shields, when covered with plates or steel, were impenetrable or at least would not hold the weapon. They reduced their legions from ten thousand men, including auxiliaries, and cavalry to five thousand men with additional cavalry and in the Persian wars seven legions numbered only twenty thousand outside of cavalry. They kept two legions in Britain to defend the walls, which Hadrian and the Antonines fend the walls, which Hadrian and the Antonines had built to keep out the Caledonians, and something in excess of thirty legions in the remaining thing in excess of thirty legions in the remaining provinces. These walls were a terror to the Picts and Scots who were moving southward. Not a man in Britain, neither the earliest inhabitant, the Celts nor the devouring swarms that poured forth from the Rocky passes of present Scotland was able to throw them down, much less to build them. The strongest part of a wall is no better than the weakest, but est part of a wall is no better than the weakest, but the savages found neither. What was two legions to protect two hundred miles? And Roman walls were built elsewhere as effective in other provinces of the empire. They strung them along from the Rhine to the Danube. They built them at the passes of Thermopylae, where the three hundred Greeks distinguished themselves in holding back the Persians, running a long line into the mountains of sians, running a long line into the mountains of 386 NOT GIVEN TO ABSTRACT TRUTHS. Thessaly. They built the long wall of Thrace to keep cut the hordes of the Danube and save Constantinople, running it northward parallel to the stantinople, running it northward parallel to the Euxine and lastly the two separate walls, which ran one for sixty and one for two hundred miles through the Caucasus to shut out the Scythians, and which the Romans and Persians as long as they kept their agreements good, maintained separately for common defense. Barbarians of the cold north needed no< walls, but they needed armor and weapons, and they needed a navy, or at least a knowledge of shipbuilding, and they found this knowledge in their intercourse with the Romans. When the Goths first descended from the upper Euxine through the Hellespont in the third century the character of their craft was very remarkable, not only in the size of their vessels, which were capable of holding twelve to fifteen men each, but there able of holding twelve to fifteen men each, but there was not a nail in their construction, not a rivet nor a bolt, and while they were flat bottomed, against which the pressure of the water was very great, the seams were held tight and the boards fastened with the ligaments or tendons of animals. The Romans soon showed them how to construct vessels that were serviceable enough before long to carry them to Britain or to Africa, and while the Goths were no great artificers at anytime in metals, they had the privilege of supplying themselves from the forges of their masters. As often as the Romans forbid the sale of weapons to them, they relaxed the severity of the laws as their necessities became stringent. The Romans were as anxious to sell as their competitors were anxious to buy- When the Goths besought the privilege of crossing the Danube without arms a few years later, they were allowed to keep them by giving hostages that they would NOT GIVEN TO ABSTRACT TRUTHS. 387 not use them against the Romans. In all things the Romans showed themselves skilled artificers and tacticians without which knowledge their bravery would have been no equal match against their enemies. Vigor and robustness came from the moun- mies. Vigor and robustness came from the mountains ; effeminacy from the plains, and it was only tains ; effeminacy from the plains, and it was only a few years when the Barbarian plunderers learning the habits, acquired the vices of their conquerors ing the habits, acquired the vices of their conquerors and then commenced their decay. When the Franks with the confederate tribes crossed the Rhine and held the country to the Loire and the Seine, and their capital in Paris, they were in the fullness of vigor and easily subdued the Burgundians and Alemanni that dwelt near the present provinces of manni that dwelt near the present provinces of Alsace and Loraine, but they degenerated early and were no better than the tribes which they overthrew. In the field as in the forum, the moral sense threw. In the field as in the forum, the moral sense receives the first blow and human rights cannot be maintained when that is obliterated. Clovis in a short reign relaxed into his old ways ; his life was short and his reign enfeebled, and he seems to have embraced Christianity in compliance with the earnest wish of his wife, and in answer to a vow, that if he was victorious he would accept the god of Clotilda. Gibbon says, he was a robber, a liar and a tilda. Gibbon says, he was a robber, a liar and a murderer, but Macaulay, with more discreetness and perhaps sympathy, says, that "All of the Teutonic , invaders, Clovis, Alboin and others, were zealous Christians." Perhaps it was a passion with Gibbon to call all Christian" invaders or conquerors evil bon to call all Christian" invaders or conquerors evil names, as he elsewhere calls the Normans of the Conquest in England, pirates. It is a melancholy fact that railers against Christianity have been able to suppress or distort the tianity have been able to suppress or distort the truth of history as Renan in our day becomes ridiculous digging in the foundations of Tyre and the lous digging in the foundations of Tyre and the 388 CONSTANTINOPLE. "Holy Biblus" to discover some vestige of the "women of the ancient mysteries" and forgetting entirely the women of the Gospel whose loving devotion was so dear to the heart of our Lord. There votion was so dear to the heart of our Lord. There is a wide gulf between Philip drunk and Philip sober. We may now fairly conclude that the characteristic traits, the habits and inclinations of the Romans istic traits, the habits and inclinations of the Romans did not lead them to the investigation or discovery of abstract truths, and that while they did not purchase and no Syrian could sell to them a discovery chase and no Syrian could sell to them a discovery of such practical value, without the fact being either claimed or discussed by at least one party or the other to the outside world, the fact remains that some at least of the ingredients of Greek fire were not to be found westward of the Euxine and the Hellespont, and therefore the discovery must be confined to Eastern nations. Sulphur could be obtained anywhere in Sicily and the volcanic regions, tained anywhere in Sicily and the volcanic regions, while the oil of Media or bitumen or petroleum was a native production of Persia or Arabia and Tartary with its soil mingled with niter in abundance which was the only ingredient necessary to make the combustion explosive. It may be said, and we do not bustion explosive. It may be said, and we do not wish to be misunderstood, that the accidental discovery of the effect of intermingling the three in- covery of the effect of intermingling the three ingredients might have been discovered in the latter gredients might have been discovered in the latter country, while the two former, which could be had in the far East as well as in Roman lands, was transported hither in the caravan trade. Neither Syria nor Persia, nor Arabia, nor the lands north or east of the Euphrates have ever made any claim whatever, that they used or had knowledge of any such discovery till they obtained it long after the Greeks had saved the city and the Mosque of St. Sophia not only from barbarians, but from the cruel CONSTANTINOPLE. 389 and relentless war of extermination, which the fanatics of Islam imposed upon their Christian neighbors. What disposition can rationally be made of the tradition, that Callinichus imparted all the knowledge of the discovery when made, or the particulars of the composition of Greek fire will appear ticulars of the composition of Greek fire will appear later in the siege of Constantinople. In the present view there is nothing that seems to indicate that the Romans as such knew anything of this compound, either by purchase or discovery, till the third century, and as their territory was so extensive and the tury, and as their territory was so extensive and the subject nations very shortly became homogeneous, and as neither themselves nor the barbarians claimed to know anything of the ingredients or the knowledge of its use anywhere, and besides were not edge of its use anywhere, and besides were not skilled as inventors from their nature and habits together with the fact that the materials were not in gether with the fact that the materials were not in common use in Europe, so as to be articles of merchandise, we may fairly claim that all these people were excluded from participating in the benefit of a probable discovery. We must further ex- fit of a probable discovery. We must further exclude the Turks, the Russians and the Arabs, as clude the Turks, the Russians and the Arabs, as they did not appear in history till after the siege of Constantinople when the discovery was a secret of the Eastern Empire, the Imperial City, in contradistinction from Rome. distinction from Rome. Constantinople occupies the seat of the ancient Byzantium on the straits, which separate Europe from Asia. As the former city it had a history, which carried it back within one hundred years of the foundation of Rome. The great navigator Byzas, a Greek, who followed the seas and proclaimed himself the son of Neptune, set up his gods claimed himself the son of Neptune, set up his gods and established his authority 656 years before the Christian era. The Bosphorus so called, which flows south from the Euxine or Black Sea for a 390 CONSTANTINOPLE. hundred and twenty miles, till it reaches the Hellespont, broadens from one and a half to three miles pont, broadens from one and a half to three miles before it reaches the Mediterranean during a further progress of sixty miles. How many times the ther progress of sixty miles. How many times the fortunes of the city rose and fell in the contests between Athens and Sparta or Philip of Macedon tween Athens and Sparta or Philip of Macedon over the control of the city, we may not determine, but eventually when Greece fell into Roman hands, it seemed to be their joy to destroy everything that was Grecian and Septimius Severus about a hundred and ninety-six A. D., leveled it to the ground, dred and ninety-six A. D., leveled it to the ground, but the Goths taking advantage of the fall to make inroads into Thrace and Asia, the Romans were compelled to restore the city, which continued to grow in strength and importance in spite of wars and proximity of the Goths till the year 328, when Constantine made it the foundation of his Empire, or, as it was called, the New . Rome. From Constantine to the fall of the Eastern capital, a period stantine to the fall of the Eastern capital, a period of over eleven hundred years, the city was besieged about twenty times and was taken but thrice. During the era of the Crusades, it was taken by Franks ing the era of the Crusades, it was taken by Franks and Venetians and held for fifty-six years, a most disgraceful act for the kingdom of Italy. The Huns attacked it in 450 ; the Huns and Slavs under Justinian and the Persians and Avars in the reign of tinian and the Persians and Avars in the reign of Heraclius, but all in vain. It was besieged by Alexius Comnenus in 108 1 and finally captured by Mahomet Second in 1453, and has remained in possession of the Turks till the present time. In 626, session of the Turks till the present time. In 626, when the Persians and the Avars attacked the city, we make the first approach to the use of Greek fire, which is going to play such an important part in the safety of the city for the next four hundred years. The fall of the Western Empire and the building up of the Eastern part which remained was of momenCONSTANTINE. 391 CONSTANTINE. 391 tous consequence to all of their inhabitants. In the one hundred and fifty years which elapsed in that time, the rivalry between the capital cities was constant and severe. The people of Italy were proud stant and severe. The people of Italy were proud of their history and more proud of their ancestry, as noble families cling to their titles when their wealth is frittered away. But the genius of Rome was expiring with the valor of its arms, militarism was the prophetic stone on which their renown was built. The sons of aliens learned the discipline which the Romans lost and the City of the Straits was to be the last bulwark of the Empire for a thousand years. pire for a thousand years. The situation of the city was the most admirable that could be conceived. Its strategic importance began to be estimated when it was found that the barbarians from Germany and Scythia following either the Danube or the mountains to the Euxine, threw themselves either on the defenseless coast of Asia Minor or the Plain of Thrace. The city was about fifty miles farther from the Danube than was Rome. The wars with Persia on the East seemed of endless duration. To transport their armies, the Romans had to submit to a largely increased expense by its distance from the metropolis without pense by its distance from the metropolis without any special advantages that could be gained for any country but Greece, anl they seemed to be careless for Greece more than for any other province. Moreover the Barbarians after arriving in Thrace found over the Barbarians after arriving in Thrace found Constantinople too stongly guarded to give them any prospect of capture when they almost universally headed for Rome, whose defenses were less ally headed for Rome, whose defenses were less impregnable. The Goths themselves, when once they were permitted to locate land in the Empire, spread themselves among the hills and valleys of Greece. Sometimes they paid tribute ; sometimes 392 CONSTANTINE. they exacted tribute, but they were not the worst enemies Rome ever had. Many thousands joined the Roman armies when the Roman youth were incapable or unwilling to fight and they always had capable or unwilling to fight and they always had such respect for their superiors, they called themselves allies and auxiliaries, and even Romans. Fur- selves allies and auxiliaries, and even Romans. Further than this, it is believed Constantine wished to ther than this, it is believed Constantine wished to rid himself of the thralldom, which the popes were exercising first of all over the Italians, and then on the cities beyond the Alps, in that they were struggling to unite temporal and spiritual power, which gling to unite temporal and spiritual power, which Constantine showed all through his subsequent history he was anxious to prevent or counteract. tory he was anxious to prevent or counteract. Constantine was a soldier when first he arrived in Gaul. He had been detained at the court of Diocletian in Nicomedia not far from Constantinople, it is believed, as a hostage for his father, who nople, it is believed, as a hostage for his father, who was sent to Britain, and as soon as Diocletian consented to his visit, he made an exceedingly rapid sented to his visit, he made an exceedingly rapid journey and reached his father just as he was setting out from Boulogne and accompanied him to ting out from Boulogne and accompanied him to Britain. Some time after arriving, his father died at York and the army invested the son Constantine with the purple. He subsequently reduced to subjection all the warlike tribes in Gaul and Germany, jection all the warlike tribes in Gaul and Germany, and on the Rhine and the Danube, and as one of six colleagues he overcame them by the rapidity of his marches, by his tactful address and by his courteous manner of yielding where to decline would teous manner of yielding where to decline would be dangerous, the last rival being Licinius whom he besieged at Byzantium, followed across the Bosphorus after his escape and at last subdued him and phorus after his escape and at last subdued him and sent him an exile to Thessalonica, where he soon died. Before Constantine's reign the emperors acquired the habit of living in some remote city as pleasure CONSTANTINE DIES. 393 and convenience seemed to dictate. Diocletian passed his days between Nicomedia and his villa in Thrace and seldom appeared in Rome. Constantine in all his military expeditions beyond the Alps and the Rhine was but twice in that city. There the generals of the army were compelled to report east or west, and the ministers of finance and government were unwilling or unable to call them from ment were unwilling or unable to call them from their retreat. Then in 364 the government was divided between the capitals and also there was a vided between the capitals and also there was a division of the Roman territory in 395 between Arcadius and Hpnorius, who were elected emperors, the one taking the east and the other the perors, the one taking the east and the other the west, which drew with fatal effect the capitals from each other. Constantinople was a Greek city, its inhabitants were nearly all Greek, as ancient Byzantium had been from its foundation, but the language of the. court and the laws it promulgated were all Latin. Most of the institutions were copied from the literature of Rome. The scholars that had so long come ature of Rome. The scholars that had so long come from Germany to be educated and from Gaul and Britain, became more enthusiastic for the new city as the grandeur of the old was eclipsed by the new. The Barbarians that had a predilection for peace were allowed to come in small numbers, within the city gates ; very many of the Goths and other tribes were allies if not auxiliaries of the army and as they were all Arians and the Christian or Catholic element was Athanasian, the disputes were often ment was Athanasian, the disputes were often serious and vexatious. The emperors claimed relief from constant fusilades of courtiers and army lief from constant fusilades of courtiers and army magnates who had offices to solicit or friends to promote and they maintained at a safe distance the quiet of the villas, but corruption brought on decline and decline meant loss of territory. cline and decline meant loss of territory. 394 MAHOMETANS AND THE 7TH CENTURY. Constantine died in 337 and in the reign of his successors the possessions of the Empire gradually dwindled away till the time of Heraclius, a period of over three hundred years. The Western Empire abandoned Britain in 438. Gaul fell to the tribes of Germany with as much a hold as possible by the popes. The Vandals took Africa, Sicily and the Islands and the new Persia which succeeded the Parthian kingdom -- the Sassanians, took back all the lands beyond the Euphrates, which the valor of Trajan, Aurelian and Julian had won. They divided Armenia with the Romans and levied a tribute upon them of eleven thousand pounds. All that remained to the Romans was from Tyre to Trebizond on the Black Sea, a part of Greece and Italy and the adjacent coasts of Asia Minor. Carthage still remained, but Egypt, which had been thage still remained, but Egypt, which had been exempt from war since Diocletian was again subdued by the Persians. In the beginning of the dued by the Persians. In the beginning of the Seventh Century, they had taken Damascus, Jerusalem and Antioch, and in 616 appeared on the salem and Antioch, and in 616 appeared on the Eastern shore of the Bosphorus at Chalcedon, where, without attacking the city they held their camp for ten years and to all the suppliant embassies of the city they manifested supreme con- bassies of the city they manifested supreme contempt. Neither would they accept tribute. In .this tempt. Neither would they accept tribute. In .this emergency Heraclius, who was ex-arch at Carthage after the fall of the Vandals, was recalled and made emperor. The arch-bishop confiscated the consecrated plate of the churches and even Alexandria sent donations to swell the modest wealth of dria sent donations to swell the modest wealth of the city. By this means he was able to collect from every quarter and provide the expenses of an army and Heraclius started by sea with a fleet, which could not be circumvented as an army would be by land, and passing to the east entered the harbor CONSTANTINOPLE ATTACKED. 395 of Scanderon in Cilicia, pursued his course through the Black sea and the mountains of Armenia and passing the winter on the shores of the Caspian he reached Ispahan, the following spring, the heart of Persia. Chosroes hastened home to battle with the Romans and with much skirmishing at length ventured a battle at Nineveh, where he was overthrown, and a few years later was murdered and thrown, and a few years later was murdered and the house of Sassan came to an end in 640. Heraclius returned home at the expiration of three clius returned home at the expiration of three years having made an alliance with the Turks whom he found dwelling on the north bank of the .Oxus, and received from them a re-inforcement of forty thousand horse. In the meantime, Chosroes had made an alliance with the Avars who had come down from the Northeast, nearly a century before, and on arriving at Constantinople in 626, Heraclius found they had broken through the long wall of Thrace and assaulted the capital. In their long acquaintance with the Romans, they had learned the science of attack, they advanced under cover of protected roofs. Their engines threw volleys of stones and darts and twelve lofty towers, which they built, gave them an ample view of the city. In this emergency they were surprised by a sudden downpour of fire, which was uttered forth from the pour of fire, which was uttered forth from the mouths of engines within the city walls. The Avars wavered and then withdrew from their lofty towers and set them on fire. What ships they had in the harbor, they also set on fire and burned and the Chagan commenced a retreat. The Persians were unable to help their allies as they had no boats to cross the straits and no shipping of any kind, which the Greeks would not have destroyed, when once thev had set out for the Western shore. 396 THE AVARS RETREAT FROM SUDDEN FIRE. Besides the Persians carried on their wars against the Romans with very little spirit, when they were away from the sight of their capital. They were both equally faithless and pressed their deception at every opportunity to cover up broken premises and conceal new plans of taking advantage of each other. They were like lovers, who in a fit of spleen or jealousy become estranged and after the bitterness is endured for a while become weary and ness is endured for a while become weary and learn to kiss and make-up. In the struggle for succession Chosroes had once fled to the Romans, who were proud to receive him and accept his confidence. It was impossible to starve the city, because the sea was open to their merchant vessels, and they traded with Alexandria and Carthage and other ports in Africa with Sicily the great granary of the west, and ports on the Black sea, a great shipping point for corn and in times of scarcity with Gaul from whither they brought it down the Rhone rapidly into the Mediterranean. terranean. The historian who dismisses the siege of Constantinople with the remark that the "powers of fire tinople with the remark that the "powers of fire and mechanics were used with superior art and success," gives us no information of what that fire consisted, nor the nature of the mechanics, which were used to deliver it with success upon the heads of the besiegers. In a previous att?~k upon the city in the time of Justinian, 553 A. +-J., he coolly informs us the city was "saved by the union and fermentation of iron and sulphur," and about the same time, when the Persians attacked Colchis, which lay at the mouth of the Phasis, which empties into the north end of the Black sea, he says, ties into the north end of the Black sea, he says, "Sulphur and bitumen, which might be called oil of Medea, was first used," which certainly is an CONSTANTINOPLE BESEIGED. 397 error as has before been shown as early as the reign of Zenobia, if not of Septimius Severus 201 A. D., the oil of Medea or bitumen had been used for the same purpose at the sieges of Atra and Palmyra. Now it requires no great discernment to perceive that the oil of Medea or petroleum and sulphur were but little more active agents in protecting a city than would be either of the ingredi- tecting a city than would be either of the ingredients by themselves if the mechanical power em- ents by themselves if the mechanical power employed was simply able to cast them over the wall, ployed was simply able to cast them over the wall, which could be done by hand, as in this instance of the Avars they were the besiegers and not the besieged ; they knew nothing of the use of this destructive compound, while the besieged not only structive compound, while the besieged not only had the knowledge, but they had no use of mechanical engines, when they could do the work by chanical engines, when they could do the work by hand from the tops of the wall. Fire brands, bitumen and sulphur did not require active agents to dis- men and sulphur did not require active agents to distribute them from inside the walls, but when you tribute them from inside the walls, but when you put them in combination with an explosive, the best mechanical power was requisite to give them suitable effect. We doubt if under cover of their tor- ble effect. We doubt if under cover of their tortoises, as they were called, with uninflammable toises, as they were called, with uninflammable roofs and only the two ingredients were used by the besiege a they could have put an army to flight as these Greeks are said to have done. Now one horn or the other of this dilemma must be supported, either the combatants knew nothing of Greek fire, in which case mechanical contrivances for dispersing the fire are fruitless and should ances for dispersing the fire are fruitless and should not be mentioned together as though they were in constant and necessary connection with each other, or else the real Greek fire was known before 626 in the siege here mentioned. If we have the implement for delivering Greek fire, we certainly must plement for delivering Greek fire, we certainly must have the fire, and we have no knowledge that any 398 THE ARABS WERE MASTERS OF SCIENCE. considerable improvement had been made between 626 and 679 by which the three ingredients of sulphur, bitumen and nitre, which constitute, as we phur, bitumen and nitre, which constitute, as we believe, the real Greek fire, could be dispersed with greater effect than when there were only two ; we conclude that the siege of 679 was equipped the same as the one that preceded and only had what it had borrowed from its neighbors. Constantinople was besieged by the Arabs for six years, from 672 to 679, and again in 717 by the same people and for the same purpose, to spread the religion of Islam or Mohammedanism. This war was one of religions and not of races ; it was characterized by a ferocity that put to blush all former acterized by a ferocity that put to blush all former wars and deluged with blood more than one-third of the face of the globe. From an obscure city and an obscure family it drew within its charmed circle not only generals with the talent of conducting great armies, of sultans and caliphs whose ambition was to equip and support them, but men of tion was to equip and support them, but men of knowledge, of science and letters, who knew how to build great cities as well as to overthrow them, skillful to conduct negotiations, able to look ahead and patient for results, which were born of brain and not of muscle, a living embodiment of all the forces which the times produced, coupled with an enthusiam that forgot obstacles, forgot possibilities, forgot their own blood in the destruction of their enemies and on the altar of superstition, consecrated their lives, their fortunes and their eternal hopes to build an imperishable monument, not to God but to Allah, the God of Mahomet. It is clearly apparent he had an eye to his own interests by the revelations, which he promulgated from time to time as tions, which he promulgated from time to time as his own necessities were discovered, that the kindness which he inflexibly maintained towards his ness which he inflexibly maintained towards his MAHOMET. 399 wife, Cadi j ah, was more potent than command and more resourceful than argument and to Abu Tali, his uncle, and AH, his son, he opened up such splendors of this life and the world to come that they dors of this life and the world to come that they insensibly embraced his opinions while appearing to oppose them. To the obsequious Zeid he offered freedom and to the Koreish of Medina, who bitterly opposed his pretentions, and to the chief ruler of Mecca, who conspired to slay him, he replied by escaping in the dead of night to Medina, which has fixed the memorable era of the Hegira, from which proceeds the lunar years of Mahometans. His famous doctrine, "there is but one God and Mahomet is his prophet," is perhaps the boldest assertion ever conceived and embraced by one man sertion ever conceived and embraced by one man to connect his image with the Almighty. To one who inquired of his ancestry he answered, producing his sword, "this is my pedigree." He came to his doctrine by no sudden inspiration; he was in a land of Jews and Christians and they uniformly taught their belief in one God, whatever formly taught their belief in one God, whatever false views they may have associated with it. They had been settled in that land for over six hundred years and their beliefs had attracted the consent of vast numbers of men. Mahomet was a great reader of the Jewish writings and he slightly changed er of the Jewish writings and he slightly changed "the sword of the Lord and of Gideon" and substituted therefor the more pleasing name to him of stituted therefor the more pleasing name to him of Mahomet, which he said to Cadijah, his wife, was better. If he could make the people believe this he had a secure title for pre-eminence, as his terrestrial life was an image or concept of the celestial trial life was an image or concept of the celestial and the principle of reverence and worship of the infinite which was felt in all their hearts would lift him head and shoulders above the race of mankind. kind. 400 SPREAD OF THE SYSTEM IN TEN YEARS. In the course of ten years he had secured a sufficient number of followers to publish his faith ficient number of followers to publish his faith openly and to draw the sword to supplement his faith. He attacked the caravans, which carried the commerce of the east to the west. The Persians who always made claim to Arabia were his sians who always made claim to Arabia were his nearest neighbors on the north and east, and the Mahometan faith was presented to them in an auspicious moment, when the house of Sassan, the second great empire of Persia, was passing away ; further than this the result of the battle resembling a skirmish turned out so disastrously for the Persians they soon lost what little hope they had and sians they soon lost what little hope they had and their enemies were correspondingly elated. While the Persian bowed under the severe stroke of Islam there suddenly appeared upon the scene a new competitor for glory and empire from the far north, petitor for glory and empire from the far north, the hated Turk, who had once before made himself familiar to them and the Romans. His dominions extended from the right bank of the Oxus westward to an unknown distance and northward to the ward to an unknown distance and northward to the neighborhood of the Arctic Circle, while the south bank of the same river was occupied by the Persians, and Chosroes had married the daughter of the Turkish chief, so that the Persian soon found himself hemmed in by two warring nations, one of self hemmed in by two warring nations, one of which was a desperately religious enthusiast and the other without any religion was willing, to throw his sword into the scale of the victorious warrior. The Turk was already an ally of the Romans and in spite of his affiliation with the heir of the house of Sassan, he contributed not a little to its overthrow. san, he contributed not a little to its overthrow. The Arabs established themselves in Persia by the middle of the Seventh Century. In the meantime they had overrun Syria, Palestine and Egypt and they continued their victorious career to Carthage TERRORIZE THREE CONTINENTS. 401 and Spain by the opening of the Eighth Century. Therefore, when they appeared at Constantinople in 668, or as one author has it in 672, the terror of their name had spread consternation throughout Europe and the Eastern capital. The Saracens were so far superior to the Persians in military preparations, they were possessed sians in military preparations, they were possessed of a fleet and since the conquest of Syria, they had control of the mountains of Lebanon and cut large quantities of ship timber and piled it along the Phoenecian coast at Jaffa to build and equip the vessels of Egypt as they were needed. The Arabian fleet cast anchor seven miles from the city and ian fleet cast anchor seven miles from the city and from night till dawn, till dawn again, they pushed their impetuous columns from the Golden Gate to the Eastern Promontory and placed their battering rams and engines of war in position to attack the walls according to military precedent. But great dangers are sometimes averted by great resources and when they commenced to man the ramparts for a siege, there came down upon them a rain of artificial fire, such as they had no record in all history. The walls were lofty and solid, the flying tory. The walls were lofty and solid, the flying flame seemed to them the messenger of death and the blast of trumpets and the shrill sound of leaders invoking to battle with the promise of immeas- ers invoking to battle with the promise of immeasurable rewards here and of Paradise hereafter, urable rewards here and of Paradise hereafter, seemed to have lost their wonted inspiration. The Roman energy was re-kindled with the fires that burnt up or destroyed the movable turrets. When once the fire was started, it was not easily put out and the engines of the besieged threw the devouring element with great energy and at immense dis- ing element with great energy and at immense distances. The fugitives that had fled from the fall tances. The fugitives that had fled from the fall of Damascus and Alexandria entered the gates and worked the engines with enthusiasm till the Sara402 CALLINICHUS AND GREEK FIRE. 402 CALLINICHUS AND GREEK FIRE. cens abandoning further hope on the appearance of winter, retreated sixty miles away to Cyzicus, where they had their magazine of stores with the loss of thirty thousand and the venerable Job, who had once succored the prophet. For six years the same tactics were repeated with no visible sign of success, when in dispair they made peace with the Romans and a solemn truse for thirty years and a heavy tribute and a farewell. That the generals and the caliphs respected this truce is apparent as they did not again spected this truce is apparent as they did not again appear in Asia Minor till 717, when the siege was renewed by a remarkably obstinate attack and defense of the capital by the two armies and the im- fense of the capital by the two armies and the immense slaughter which the Greek fire wrought with mense slaughter which the Greek fire wrought with the followers of Islam. They were now possessed with a mortal fear of this compound, which could not be attacked or put out. Their chief resource was confined to keeping out of its reach, but the vessels of Alexandra and Africa were subject to the same malign influences and the mariners of many hundred transports deserted in a body to the Christians. Famine and disease followed in the train of this unholy war to the disconfiture of Moslemah. Leo, the Isaurian, was now on the throne of Constantinople. As soon as he heard of the invasion, he set himself to meet it with the courage that put to shame the feeble emperors who had preceded him. He drew from the Danube an army of Bulgarians by suitable gifts and ube an army of Bulgarians by suitable gifts and promises, and these savages inflicted a slaughter of twenty-two thousand. The instinct of fear gave rise to the story, which was not disputed by the Romans, that the Franks from beyond the seas were arming in their defence. Added to this the insufficient supply of food was a great drawback, while ficient supply of food was a great drawback, while ONLY SULPHUR AND BITUMEN. 403 the city being supplied with abundance from the fisheries caused them to hesitate, and after a siege of thirteen months the Caliph consented that Moslemah should retreat. In its departure through lemah should retreat. In its departure through Bythinia, a large part of the army was cut to pieces and the fleet was so damaged by fire and tempest that only five galleys entered the port of Alexandria. We are chiefly concerned with the statement of the historian, namely, "The important secret of compounding and directing the artificial flame was im- pounding and directing the artificial flame was imparted by Callinichus, a native of Heliopolis, in parted by Callinichus, a native of Heliopolis, in Syria, who deserted from the service of the Caliph to that of the Emperor." The historian in this case is careful to observe that "He should suspect his own ignorance and that of the Greek guides, who are so jealous of the truth," and it may be said so indifferent to relate it. Now all the particulars of the reign of Zenobia for four or five hundred years earlier are related with minute accuracy of her husband and of his murderer and the manner by which band and of his murderer and the manner by which she made the murderer pay the penalty of his life, together with the confession of Aurelian that bv the use of artificial fire thrown from her military engines and every species of missile weapons she was armed with such desperate courage, that he could only trust in the protecting deities of Rome. Now to state that the important secret of compounding this flame was imparted by Callinichus is pounding this flame was imparted by Callinichus is not pertinent, for he has already said that in 201 A. D., at the siege of Atra in Persia, the siege train of Septimius Severus was burned with naphtha, while in this case the principal ingredients of Greek fire was naphtha or liquid bitumen, though he afterwards adds, it was mingled with sulphur and pitch. wards adds, it was mingled with sulphur and pitch. Let it be understood, then, that it was naphtha, sulphur and pitch. We have yet to see that these alone phur and pitch. We have yet to see that these alone 404 CALLINICHUS BUT LITTLE KNOWN. constituted the main ingredients of Greek fire. If it be so, then Greek fire was never in the sieges above mentioned, because he relates that it was an obstinate flame, the size of a hogshead and with a tail nate flame, the size of a hogshead and with a tail like a dragon and report of thunder, which manifestly was far beyond the power of bitumen and sulphur. A fire of this kind would be nothing more than throwing a torch, which was no discovery at all and noth- ing a torch, which was no discovery at all and nothing which required an engine to disperse it, or ing which required an engine to disperse it, or which when dispersed, could produce a report like thunder and fly with the velocity of lightning. Further, the world is now and always has been familiar ther, the world is now and always has been familiar with the use of fire ; but when we speak of any mechanical arrangement in connection with its use, we mean something more than ordinary fire, and so we must construe all cases, where they are associated together. In this way, if we have nothing- ciated together. In this way, if we have nothingmore than sulphur and bitumen, the world had more than sulphur and bitumen, the world had known it five hundred years before the siege of Constantinople. The evidence points conclusively that the thunder and lightning evolved from a fire the size of a hogshead must have been the result of an explosion and not of simple fire, and that explosion could occur in no other way, as we believe, plosion could occur in no other way, as we believe, than by the addition of nitre. How this could have happened and the fact have not been published to the world in some form has been stated. Let us look at Callinichus. He is but little known, at least he is not well known, and that makes the claim more suspicious. As a native of Heliopolis in the Syrian desert, between Damascus and Palmyra, where the caravans usually travel, when they take the central road, coming up from the Gulf, it is certain he was neither a hermit nor a recluse. It is very remarkable that he should have an invention of such a valuable character to CALLINICHUS A FORTUNATE MAN. 405 deliver at a time when its need was of the greatest possible moment ; when the arms of Islam had overthrown the cities of Syria and in the height of their thrown the cities of Syria and in the height of their fame were planning to take the last stronghold of the Christian faith, not a Christian himself and obviously long enough possessed of the secret to have derived the greatest benefit from the Sultan if he had been so disposed. It would have approached a miracle if he had rejected the oppor- proached a miracle if he had rejected the opportune moment and keeping the secret within his own tune moment and keeping the secret within his own breast had thrown it without recompense to the Christian dogs. Such a possibility may mean little or much to those who interpret the history, but we are far from believing that the knowledge of Greek fire was known only so late as the siege last mentioned. We would sooner believe Callinichus came into the knowledge of it from some forefgn source, presumably from China, by way of caravan and that he made it an object to advance his interests in some way by claiming the secret of its dis- terests in some way by claiming the secret of its discovery or preparation as his own. He may have covery or preparation as his own. He may have come into the discovery much as McPherson, who could not write, himself, but could interpret the poems of Ossian and by adding here and there a line and supplementing them with links and amendments, which he was able to furnish, made the ments, which he was able to furnish, made the work of another appear as his own. He was not like the great navigator, who had opened up a new world, about which he had dreamed and read and written until he had made the foundation of a brilliant discovery. Rather was he the fortunate man liant discovery. Rather was he the fortunate man who, seeing a smouldering fagot, which somebody had left uncovered, picked it up, brought it to life again, and with skillful hands and trifling loss arrested the conflagration of a great city. It was in rested the conflagration of a great city. It was in the end setting up the despotism of the gun with 406 GREEK FIRE SAVED CONSTANTINOPLE. all its cruelties for the despotism of the sword, which was itself more cruel, as Aaron's rod swallowed up all other rods. With but a small part of lowed up all other rods. With but a small part of its effective force so opportunely engaged, developed and dedicated to Christianity, it rolled back oped and dedicated to Christianity, it rolled back the terrible torrent which had startled the nations of Western Europe and quenched the hopes of the East in blood till the absorbing and brutalizing process of Islamism could be verified and its limits determined by the virtue, the valor and the resources of the nations which were first to develop sources of the nations which were first to develop under Charles Martel on the Plain of Tours. The innocent agent of procuring this combustible, or explosive as it may be termed, while thinking no doubt of personal and immediate gain, was worthy of the lasting gratitude of the nation, and for the Greeks, who guarded it with scrupulous care, it was the Palladium of their liberties for four hundred years. Whatever opinion we may form of dred years. Whatever opinion we may form of the nature of this compound, whether two or three or more ingredients, nothing new developed for several centuries to pave the way for modern firearms. The weapons of the Greeks were the weap- arms. The weapons of the Greeks were the weapons of the world, with this invaluable discovery ons of the world, with this invaluable discovery not yet set free. The City of Constantinople was attacked four times from 782 to 1043 -- Dv the Hungarians in 924, by Alexius Comnenius in 108 1, by the Franks and Venetians in 1204, an d occupied by them -till 1260, and attacked by the Turks once after the Crusades, and finally taken in 1453 by that nation. sades, and finally taken in 1453 by that nation. Mahomet died in 632 at the age of sixty-three years, and the reign of the Caliphs commenced two years later. In that time the Crescent has passed beyond Africa, across the Straits of Gibraltar into yond Africa, across the Straits of Gibraltar into Spain by the year 710, and, crossing the Pyrenees, MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE FALLS BACK. 407 it reached out one thousand miles from the coast of Africa, fighting its way along the Rhone and the Loire till its victorious arms were suddenly checked by the valor and genius of Charles Martel, son of the elder Pepin and Duke of the Franks, tel, son of the elder Pepin and Duke of the Franks, in j$2. Christianity had a chance to breathe from the Crescent and the scimeter, and the tide of war was eventually rolled back in the East, so that in three hundred years from the death of Mahomet all Spain, Africa and most of Syria, including Damascus, Antioch and the cities of Cilicia had been mascus, Antioch and the cities of Cilicia had been lost to their arms and restored to their ancient rulers, and Persia had recovered five of her former cities, including Nisibis in Armenia, which Jovian was compelled to give back to the Persians on the retreat and death of Julian. The passage of the Tigris, which had been so long denied to the arms or even the sight of the Romans, was again opened up, and although on the retreat or return of the Greeks the fugitive Princes in some cases regained their capitol, Antioch, Cilicia and the Isle of Cyprus became permanent additions to the Eastern capital. Only Bagdad remained to the Caliphs, who held this important centre for over five hundred years. From the latter half of the Seventh Century to that of the Eleventh Century the Greeks, or as they called themselves, Romans, held in strict secrecy the knowledge of the ingredients which combined and saved their city! There was neither motive nor ability to bring the compound to a higher state of efficiency, or to popularize the discovery, so long as it subserved their purpose. It does not appear that they instituted any experiments by chemical analysis to make the two or three ingredients explosive, or to introduce projectiles. They may not plosive, or to introduce projectiles. They may not have known what an explosion meant, and a period 408 THE SARACENS. THEIR RELIGION. of four hundred years was necessary before some thoughtless traveler, in kindling a fire, threw the nitre and the refuse of wood fire -- the charcoal -- # into mutual relations with each other. Nitre itself was not explosive, and at this time the oil of Medea, or petroleum, seems to have dropped out and charcoal came in, as we hear very little of petroleum afterward. We believe at this time the troleum afterward. We believe at this time the discovery was complete, so far as the combustion was concerned, but the propelling force did not appear till after or about the time of the Crusades, when it became a projectile. We believe that the terrible secret was permitted to remain hidden so as to avoid the possibility of some unscrupulous person blazing it abroad. In the hands of one person son blazing it abroad. In the hands of one person of known loyalty it was safe. In the hands of several the danger would be increased as many times eral the danger would be increased as many times more. At this time, under the reign of Leo the Isaurian, and Theophilus and Pope Leo IV, the city enjoyed its greatest prosperity, commerce spread its wings, but the vigor of the Saracens dwindled away into the same channels of luxury as had the Romans, and in this case they were of material benefit to them in later years. They brought out and studied the various writings of the Greeks, in science, philosophy and medicine and in physics, and when they were inclined to levity, with a tinge of seriousness added, they pursued alchemy instead of astrology. They recov- sued alchemy instead of astrology. They recovered some books that would have been lost to the ered some books that would have been lost to the world without them. They were prolific writers themselves, especially in Spain for five hundred years, when darkness had settled over Europe. As this period of darkness began to pass away, it is believed they instituted the use of closed tubes by which gunpowder was projected, and it cannot be THE SARACENS. NO IMAGES. 409 disproved that they invented gunpowder before the time they were driven from Spain into Africa by Ferdinand and Isabella. At this time we are writing they had not become so conspicuous in benefits ing they had not become so conspicuous in benefits to the outside world, and what they did not produce themselves they purchased freely of their neighbors, so that luxury became to be the rage with bors, so that luxury became to be the rage with them, as it had been with the Romans. The Caliph's slaves were clothed in splendid apparel, their liph's slaves were clothed in splendid apparel, their belts glittering with gold and gems. His palace was profusely furnished with the choicest tapestries, many thousand of which were embroidered tries, many thousand of which were embroidered with silk and gold, a tree of gold and silver spread its luxurious branches on which gorgeous birds spread their wings of silver. The wisdom of the Saracens was most pronounced in their system of religion. When Ma- nounced in their system of religion. When Mahomet proclaimed the one God, he did not make homet proclaimed the one God, he did not make any distinct or valuable addition to the doctrine of the Jews or Christians. In this way he avoided the antagonism and gained some credit for generosity. Furthermore, he proclaimed a determined war against images and idols. claimed a determined war against images and idols. He appears to have acted honestly in his earlier teachings, and when he found himself unable to succeed without arms he took to arms. He had before him the command of God to Israel to destroy the Canaanites root and branch, and so the stroy the Canaanites root and branch, and so the foundation of Jewish writings allowed him to build a scaffold on which to hang all unbelievers. His life was a romance garnished with strange adventures, a poem of new and unaccustomed harmony. tures, a poem of new and unaccustomed harmony. While converts were coming to his doctrine and coin was flying to his coffers, traffic was the only employment which the Arab cultivated. All others fell to menials. He was the Father of the Faith- ers fell to menials. He was the Father of the Faith410 NATURE WORSHIP. 410 NATURE WORSHIP. ful. His revelations inscribed in the Koran were of equal value with the sacred books of Israel, and his destruction of images shut him out from all alliance with paganism and pagan worshipers and pointed the way to claim authority with God. He died in the fullness of faith, saying, "I come, I come," equal in loftiness of utterance to the most heroic martyr. Paganism was the ruin of the Roman Empire. When the survivors of Troy arrived at Latium, on the banks of the Tiber, that river was covered with bushes. The hills were cut up and apportioned among the tribes of Umbrianas, Sabines, tioned among the tribes of Umbrianas, Sabines, Oscans and Latins, and each family had its genii or Lares and Penates. They were children of the earth, they had grown up among the hostile and destructive forces of Nature, they had listened to the moan of the trees, had seen the sudden swinging and erratic charge of the elements, had shud- ing and erratic charge of the elements, had shuddered at the throes of thunder, and had measured dered at the throes of thunder, and had measured in their limited way the effects of the lightning as it burned up their frail dwellings or crashed along the cliffs which overlooked their homes. Power is always represented by some visible or imaginary creation. In imagination Death is swallowed up of Life, the Creator is always greater than the thing created, the heroes have become gods ; why not the mysterious forces of Nature ? Then began the first impulses toward an imaginary Pantheon. As it had been in Assyria and Babylon, as it was with the Israelites, as it was with Abraham resting under the oaks of Mamre and pleading for the cities of the Plain, ready to be engulfed with fire for the worship of false gods ; as it was with Greece, perishing before her time but listening with wrapt ears to the voices speaking from the groves CHRISTIANITY. 411 of Delphi and Daphne, the oaks of Didona and the sweet, mysterious cadences of the Vale of Tempe. Now, Nature men are not harmed by the mysteries of Nature. The gods whom they affect to serve are false gods. They are but few, their fellowship is sought only for good acts, and the violence that follows long after a state or nation is developed re- lows long after a state or nation is developed requires that bad and base acts shall be propitiated quires that bad and base acts shall be propitiated by a monster as cruel, as remorseless as their own souls have become. Murder, rapine, license to do evil, licentiousness and its secret worshipers, worship not only the sun, moon and stars, but they ship not only the sun, moon and stars, but they worship whatever their vain imagination may set up -- the most ugly, cruel and degraded forms and the most disgusting images imagination can paint. By this means the better nature is killed. Luxury is not the only power in the destruction of nations, it is only a stimulant which has its root in the morbid and diseased creations of a man's self. If the Roman Empire could have maintained its robustness man Empire could have maintained its robustness through all the decades of its expansion, even though the Satyrs dwelt in the woods and the Fauns on the hilltops, and the Tritons trod the waves, Liberty would have remained a sacred treasure, and the eagles that hovered over the city would ure, and the eagles that hovered over the city would have borne its arms unsullied from ocean to ocean. If Christianity was one of five causes in its destruction, why has it so changed its character that struction, why has it so changed its character that it uplifts, sanctifies and ennobles every nation that receives it. Every system that aspires to universal authority must have some defects in its organization, some things creep in which are not needed, tion, some things creep in which are not needed, gain the respect and alliance of some individual which is unworthy, and the whole system receives a loss if not a shock thereby. Monasticism was the first fruits of a literal interpretation of the com412 FALL OF ROME AND CHRISTIANITY. 412 FALL OF ROME AND CHRISTIANITY. mands of the Gospel. Time and experience weed out the difficulties without destroying or endangering the leaven which is working out the crudities ing the leaven which is working out the crudities which are inseparable from lasting structures. It is admitted that the winds of Africa and Arabia, which swept over the flying sands of the Desert, carried the stifled moan of many penitents who sought by the stripes of the body to atone for the sin of the soul. One or two sanguinary wars would have carried to the death more victims than all that perished with these self constituted sacrifices, which corrupted and destroyed nobody else, while they missed God and found only themselves. What shall be said of those that found God, devoted to him the sanctity of their lives, and under voted to him the sanctity of their lives, and under the solemn sentence of death gave it up willingly to the executioner. We know very little what the Christian church did for two centuries after their Leader left it, but the most ardent unbelievers recount that it went about doing good, abating the count that it went about doing good, abating the hardships and cruelties of war, and so opening up the way for the better civilization which is crowning the hopes of today. If we had nothing more ing the hopes of today. If we had nothing more than the seven churches of Asia, their history and the letters and acts of the heroic Paul, we should have an answer to every critic who casts a doubt upon the supreme importance and final conquest of Christianity. We can lawfully claim that Christianity did not work the ruin of Britain, Gaul or Ger- ity did not work the ruin of Britain, Gaul or Germany, because those countries had not received many, because those countries had not received Christianity when the Western Empire fell. We can maintain that Armenia and a large part of Asia Minor, which were the first fruits and always earnest for the faith, were as loyal subjects as the Em- nest for the faith, were as loyal subjects as the Empire ever had. It is certainly clear that Rome fell pire ever had. It is certainly clear that Rome fell largely by the false gods which she introduced into CRUSADES. 413 her bosom, full of all the vices which the human mind can conceive, cruel and lustful, but their time was shortened as soon as Christianity became the ruling religion in Rome. When there was nobody to believe in their existence and no one ready to sacrifice the temples were abandoned, but the insidious venom which had eaten its way into the sidious venom which had eaten its way into the throne of the Caesars had corrupted the morals and enervated their bodies and luxury was only another name which cropped out in the orgies and follies of paganism, which would not have been noticed and certainly not fatal if the hardy and trained veterans of Italy had not been followed by a breed too puny to hold the reins of Empire and too selfish to abandon them on the road to death. Only eighty years don them on the road to death. Only eighty years intervened between the fall of Paganism and the fall of Rome, a time altogether too short to be saved by the religion of Nazareth. During this four hundred years in which Greek Fire was locked up in Constantinople with no inquiry and as little concern in regard to it by neigh- quiry and as little concern in regard to it by neighboring nations, a Holy War, not by Saracens or in- boring nations, a Holy War, not by Saracens or infidels, nor by the undisciplined remains of Pagan- fidels, nor by the undisciplined remains of Paganism, which in some quiet quarters still survived, but ism, which in some quiet quarters still survived, but by the followers of the Nazarene himself, surprised the world by its magnitude and the bitterness of its fury which embroiled the nations of the West with the East, and threw them with terrible fury against each other. Jerusalem had been taken by the Arabs in 637, and later by the Seljukian Turks, who in the tenth century followed Southward from the Oxus, and overrunning Asia Minor, now Anatolia, drove in the wings of the Mahometan army and stripped them of all their conquests in Syria. These Turks had forgotten all their pledges to the Empire, had embraced the religion of Islam, and while they iU THE TURKS AND CRUSADEkS. secretly admired the veneration of the followers of Christ for all that remained of the founder of their religion, and saw with no concern its footsteps trodden by an undisciplined horde to the gates of the den by an undisciplined horde to the gates of the Holy Sepulcher, their vanity was inflamed by excessive tributes which the Christians were forced to cessive tributes which the Christians were forced to pay, till at length they provoked them with repeated insults and threats to compel them to discontinue their visits by the sharpness of their railery and by actual conflicts which they were unable to avoid. The Turk was bloodless in his make-up though so profusely he could shed blood. His natural sympathies had been blunted by the rigors of an un- pathies had been blunted by the rigors of an unfriendly clime and by the hardships of an unsym- friendly clime and by the hardships of an unsympathetic government which made him stubborn and pathetic government which made him stubborn and revengeful. He could cover the grossest outrage under the most affable and pleasing exterior. His thickset, squatty figure, when resting on a carpet or a divan, resembled an idol from the banks of the Ganges. On the assurance of Mahomet that the sword was the key to hell or heaven, he bounded up from his seeming lethargy, declared his belief in the faith, and threw his sword in the balance against the Christian dogs. The crusaders began their war in 1096 by influencing Western Europe and all the nations who fluencing Western Europe and all the nations who were under the dominion of the Emperor of Constantinople, or the Pope of Rome, who were called stantinople, or the Pope of Rome, who were called upon to fight the Northern invaders. Without following the dreadful avalanche which desolated Eu- lowing the dreadful avalanche which desolated Europe of its surplus inhabitants and threw them with rope of its surplus inhabitants and threw them with remorseless slaughter on the shores of Asia, which drained the resources of kings and threw it away on the sands of Syria, we must admire those noble souls, who in the heat of misrule and oppression, divested themselves of every glory the world had to JERUSALEM CONQUERED AND THEN LOST. 415 offer them, suffered all the contempt which unsuccessful struggles threw in their way, and to the cessful struggles threw in their way, and to the last battling as they believed for the glory of God, were cut to pieces in the desert, and with their last breath begged only to see the beloved city from which their Master had ascended to Heaven. Of these last were those souls whose story opened with 'Godfrey of Bouillon and ends with St. Louis IX of France, who saw slip from his grasp what his brother with more success seemed to have obtained, and impatient to give up the cause which he had consecrated in his heart, led the two last of the nine Crusades and perished at Tunis, unable to get out of Africa. Jerusalem was conquered and reconquered by the Latins and at last taken by Saladin of quered by the Latins and at last taken by Saladin of Egypt who had taken it from the Turks, after being in the hands of the Crusaders for eighty-eight years. We are anxious to know what relation the Crusades sustained to Greek Fire, for the Emperors had sades sustained to Greek Fire, for the Emperors had all knowledge of its manufacture till they commenced. The first Crusaders that escaped safely menced. The first Crusaders that escaped safely from the Turkish sword after they had crossed the Straits, an undisciplined and really bigoted crowd of fanatics who went only from sudden and uninformed impulse, broke like a great wave on the formed impulse, broke like a great wave on the shores of some desolate Island and drove its ragged edge upon the shore in spray and foam. They brought nothing for a siege but what they held in their hands. Many of them had neither a scrip nor wallet, without sense in their heads nor bread in their bodies, or breath in their bones. Their horses were few. The knights, as they were called, rode them in armor and would not unhorse themselves to make teams for transport or burden. It is probable that their leaders were supplied with Greek Fire, as they 416 BENEFIT OF THE CRUSADES. were constantly in communication with Constantinople, but as they had no- means of throwing this nople, but as they had no- means of throwing this compound over the walls, while the besieged could easily reach the top of their walls, with the same means of defense, the Christians were put to a great disadvantage. In a few days the desperation of necessity set in. A straggling party observed some timbers near the coast adjacent to Jaffa, which had been thrown into a hole and abandoned, and dragging these out, they made a scaffold, after trans- ging these out, they made a scaffold, after transporting them to the city, reached the walls, and the porting them to the city, reached the walls, and the fury commenced. If we may believe the reports sometime later one of the leaders saw a sign in the heavens which resembled a picture of St. George, and crying out that the angelic band was coming to their deliverance, they made a sudden and successful attack, and Godfrey was on the top of the cessful attack, and Godfrey was on the top of the walls. How far Greek Fire was employed or permitted does not seem entirely clear, but we are told mitted does not seem entirely clear, but we are told that the Saracens had discovered its secret before the siege commenced, and if so, the equal fire from the contending combatants would have been less perceptible, and its extent might not have summed up to very great aggregate proportions for either party. Possibly in the first siege and with such irregular attacks, the use of the combustible was limited, but as the struggle was kept up in some form with varying success for one hundred and seventy-six years, it must have won considerable merit in shortening the period of the Crusades. It was believed at the outset that it would unite the Latin and Greek princes, but when the Latins in 1204, forgetting their allies altogether, took Constantinople away from the Greek Emperors and held stantinople away from the Greek Emperors and held it for fifty-six years, all signs of amity and compromise were swept away. promise were swept away. CHRISTIAN WORLD REVIVES. 417 If the Crusades had done nothing more than set a bound to the ambitions of the Caliphs, and hold the fanatical followers of Islam away from Constantinople, it would have been worth a vast deal to stantinople, it would have been worth a vast deal to the peace of the world. This it did for three hundred and fifty years, and Western Europe, in its dred and fifty years, and Western Europe, in its era of darkness, was saved from the scimeter of the Saracens. With the abrupt close which Islam met in France its empire was shortened and almost disestablished. By that time the studious and conservative people of the city awoke to the future that was dawning on the Eastern Capitol, by the interchange of ideas which had flowed unrestrained where otherwise they had lain dormant to the Reformation, by the decay of feudalism which allowed private fiefs or holdings to increase into dukedoms in the hand of dukes, and they into larger divisions to form at last stable monarchies. The loss to Western Europe by the Crusades was incalculable, but its gains were far greater. Man had become less a subject and more a lord, but he was . his own lord. Talking and thinking became more earnest and more to the purpose. The follies are always remembered when it pose. The follies are always remembered when it is a losing game, and the- remedies become less imaginary. Deeper mining brought to the surface sub- inary. Deeper mining brought to the surface subterranean riches ; as the storm broke away mistakes terranean riches ; as the storm broke away mistakes were discovered. The early sun forced its way into porticoes and hatchways and darted under the eaves where bright thoughts sallied out as swallows salute the daybreak. It said "Good morning" to many a weary traveler flecked with dirt and wet with the midnight rain. Society was reforming. No man or set of men could hold the strong box into which all the credits of a nation were stored and hold the key without honest possession. The cap of Gesler rolled in the dirt. 418 GUNPOWDER FOLLOWS GREEK FIRE. In two hundred and fifty years from the commencement of the Crusades the genius or enterprise mencement of the Crusades the genius or enterprise of the Christian world seemed to have revived with new vigor. What did all wars mean, without swords and spears and cruel instruments of death. The new enterprise had this meaning. The time was coming, indeed had come, when the Chinese or Greek Fire was to put on its crown with no weak apology for its being and reign uncontrolled, the most brilliant discovery that had appeared. Gunpowder and fire arms preceded the art of printing powder and fire arms preceded the art of printing by a hundred years. The Divine promise of "Peace on Earth and Good Will to Men" might have been chanted on the wings of the morning as the outcome of this discovery. It was not the reformation. come of this discovery. It was not the reformation. It preceded it, dignified it, and if we will receive it, was a tender reminder of the flight from Paradise. The mission of the sword was ended, the ministry of Peace was to begin with new weapons ; no savage nation could ever control gunpowder. No Christian Emperor could ever lock it up as a menace to the rest of mankind. If it were necessary to store it, the Christian world would have ample means to destroy every other nation, without the savagery and stroy every other nation, without the savagery and cruelty of missile weapons. The exact time and place of the discovery of gunpowder is unknown ; the channels of information, powder is unknown ; the channels of information, as well as of trade, were not thrown open in the time of the Crusades, and we are less surprised that in the five decades after their close more and better knowledge of arms came to light than in the fifty that preceded. It did not come by the red cockades of chivalry, but in 1325 or 1326, in the City of Florence, Italy, a council of twelve was appointed lo superintend the manufacture of cannons of brass and balls of iron, and in 1327 Edward III used the GUNPOWDER HANDMAID OF ARTILLERY. 4l9 first ordnance in England in his invasion of Scotland. Within fifty years these munitions of war land. Within fifty years these munitions of war were considered indispensable and they were offered on the market in limited quantities, till the time of Queen Elizabeth, when taxes were paid partially in arms, or the material to make them. The Moors of Spain at that time were the most enlightened people in Europe, and their globes of fire, with resounding thunder and lightning, were their efforts at artillery. The moment that saltpater or nitre came in contact with ignited charcoal, an explosion of more or less force followed, and this force was equal in all directions. Not so with the weapons of war, which were tions. Not so with the weapons of war, which were hurtful only at the point of contact. To harness this force and put it into the service of mankind, required no great skill or time to develop, but its great quired no great skill or time to develop, but its great purpose now and hereafter was to be not only an explosive but also a projectile. Gunpowder and artillery appeared simultaneously. When the three or more ingredients of Greek Fire were brought into contact, a closed tube was necessary to prevent expulsion in every direction. Such sary to prevent expulsion in every direction. Such tubes were probably used in the rockets of India for many centuries, and some elastic mind may have discovered its germ in natural processes which are common everywhere. The age supplied its own necessity, like a vestibuled train, it went straight when once it was started. It did not, like a horse with a nail in its foot, have to slow down. In this way it preceded printing, as men in a barbarous state prefer arms to anything they have to read. The earliest cannon were composed of iron staves hooped together, or thin iron tubes coiled round with ropes. For five centuries the production and use of artillery developed slowly. The ingredients of gunpowder had to be studied, as well as the re420 MAHOMET It. TAKES CONSTANTINOPLE. 420 MAHOMET It. TAKES CONSTANTINOPLE. sisting power of the arms. The powder used was a magazine of oxygen and when it exploded occupied two hundred and eighty times its original space. In the deflagration, the force exerted was forty tons to the square inch and only material of the closest texture would prevent the weapon from being shattered to pieces. tered to pieces. From the time of the Crusades till the middle of the fourteenth century, experiments in the manufacture of guns, indestructible by gunpowder, was facture of guns, indestructible by gunpowder, was zealously and steadily urged, and the Saracens in Spain were no whit behind their enterprising neighbors, the Latins. In invention they were the fore- bors, the Latins. In invention they were the foremost people in Europe. The solid, substantial, men- most people in Europe. The solid, substantial, mental qualities of the Western nations did not ripen tal qualities of the Western nations did not ripen equally in their variable climate with the lively and sporadic temperament which had suddenly sprung into affluence and kindled with the heat of a tropical sun. In 1453 Mahomet II began and completed a task which had taxed the abilities of many generals for a thousand years through all the Dark Ages. Constantinople was not impregnable, but the arms of stantinople was not impregnable, but the arms of the Caesars were obsolete. Greek fire had become a common knowledge to all the Eastern nations, so there was no superiority to be gained by one contestant over another. The legions whose victorious testant over another. The legions whose victorious eagles had borne victory along the Rhine and the Danube had wasted away in the sloth and luxury of degenerate times and people. The advance and charge of veterans, with sword and lance, and the munitions of modern warfare, were but child's play tilting reeds against stone walls. Mahomet was a Turk, but he was not of the house of Seljuk which first made an alliance with the Romans. He was of the tribe of Osman or Ottman and came from the CANNON MADE TO SHOOT FIVE MILES. 421 same country as the Seljuks, though farther East than the lands occupied by them. When the Mongols arose in the latter part of the twelfth century, gols arose in the latter part of the twelfth century, their ruler, Jenghis Khan, overrun the Northern part of China, breaking through the Great Wall. Then he advanced west into Europe, and in so doing dislodged the Ottomans, who for giving valuable assistance to a scattering band of Seljuks, obtained sistance to a scattering band of Seljuks, obtained some lands and cities in Asia Minor, whence they extended across the Hellespont into the present Roumelia and Eastward into Syria, and then advanced into Csesarea and at last into Egypt about vanced into Csesarea and at last into Egypt about the year 1300, when the Seljuk dominion came to an end. They became and remained Mohametans, as all their descendants are. Some few months previous to 1453, Mahomet II inquired for and was shown a man whom he asked if he could construct a cannon that would reach the limits of the city. He said he could, and at the instance and under the commission of Mahomet, he constructed a great foundry at Adrianople in Thrace, 150 miles distant from Constantinople, where he cast a cannon that could actually shoot five miles, though so great a distance was not then needed. When this was done he transported it across the country by a whole train of wagons, and in the following spring appeared before the city with a great army. There he found this huge cannon was very imperfect and that it could not be fired non was very imperfect and that it could not be fired more than seven times in one day, and in the end it went to pieces, though it had a bore as large as a man and weighed very many tons. It was a wise thought of Mahomet which brought it nearer the city from Galatea, a suburb ten miles away, and making a tram road of planks across the narrow Isthmus to the opposite triangle of the Golden Horn, 422 CHRISTIANITY GAINS BY PAST MISTAKES. in the basin of which he drew his galleys, he was able to place the cannon directly opposite the walls. In this way he finally made a breach and in fiftyeight days took the city. eight days took the city. As Mahomet at this time had several hundred smaller cannon it illustrates the great advance which military science had made. It is also to be noted that both sides used Greek Fire, so that in a test of strength its virtues were equally balanced, except in the case of the besieged who had no scaffolding to build. Both armies were sufficiently provided with every species of missile weapon, but they were as potent as jack straws against a deluge. The Greeks were short of gunpowder, a very serious circumstance, but in a siege of two months, and with cumstance, but in a siege of two months, and with a quality inferior to modern preparations, complete foresight was hardly obtainable. The progress of the siege need not be told from day to day, and from one discharge of thunderous artillery to another. The superiority of gunpowder was acknowledged and its use was open to the world. Not all the barbarians who overturned kingdoms had produced a single discovery which in breadth of utility had been such a great blessing to mankind. It was a Hungarian that cast the great cannon. It was a Syrian who, if he did not discover, offered to a free people the happy combination of Greek Fire, which saved Christian nations for a thousand years, and Western nations indefinitely, from the sword of the victorious Moslem. On the other hand, it was the barbarians, a band of cutthroats and pirates, who first ravaged the coasts of England, pillaged everything they could carry away, made Gaul a land of free booters and Germany a hive of swarming vagrants without a home or country, and nothing to recommend them but their inimitable vigor, pluck IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTILLERY. 423 and muscle, which was needed to intermix and build up the sharpened, sensitive and otherwise corrupted brains of the South. The Cimbri and Teutones started the march from the Northwest, the Goths took up the middle country, and the Turks and Avars the East. It was not a losing game for the Republic that dwelt on the Adriatic and the Mediterranean, if they themselves had preserved, not terranean, if they themselves had preserved, not their boundaries of land, which fell to all men, but the more sfeneral virtue of common sense, which seemed to fade away in the track of foreign invaders. Christianity alone saved them, though it vaders. Christianity alone saved them, though it wrought slowly and came late. It is no disgrace to it that its Empire ended for a few generations in Africa, as Gibbon states, for it fell of its own van it v, in encouraging monks and Coenibites from all parts of the earth, and making a test of doctrines unauthorized and which need never be repeated again among men. Today the Cross is returned, not only to the rim but to the whole breadth of the African Continent, and its religion is not barbarian, did not come from barbarian sources and will not need to emigrate to retain life and vigor. To the barbarism that is past we can only use the curt saying of Carlyle, "Tremble, oh thou land of many ing of Carlyle, "Tremble, oh thou land of many spitters and jokers, for a pleasant man has come among you, and you shall be laid low with the joker of jokes and he shall talk his pleasant talk to thee, and thou shalt be no more." Shed blood is not good. What we want is living blood, flowing through stalwart bodies. Moses was a stalwart, and when he wart bodies. Moses was a stalwart, and when he slew the Egyptian and hid him in the sand, his act was feebly prophetic of the dreariness and desolation of the government which was soon to fall to tion of the government which was soon to fall to pieces. When once artillery was invented, a new field of 424 IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTILLERY. inquiry and discovery was open. Gunpowder and a gun of some sort, presumably a plain tube, was not at first attractive. Many persons thought it was or would be a failure. The action of gunpowder in artillery was most criticised because it was more common. The first cannon were breech loaders and were fired by a spark or a live wire, but it was only in the hands of a great army with a great commissariat and a plethoric treasury that its results missariat and a plethoric treasury that its results were satisfactory. Kings could use them ; the Edwards had a train of them ; but the cost confined wards had a train of them ; but the cost confined them to use in few battles. They were immensely heavy and when placed in the front of an army in a slight coupe or a sudden diversion by the enemy they were liable to be captured and turned against themselves. A change of front made its movement a troublesome necessity, and a large number of horses and many yoke of cattle was needed to make the change. On very rough ground or on a steep hillside it could not be moved, and was liable to be overtaken by the enemy or sunk in the mud. Gustavus Adolphus remedied this evil in part by making tavus Adolphus remedied this evil in part by making the cannon of very light weight and increasing the number, so that each piece of ordnance could be moved with a single span or yoke, and so distributed in different parts of the field that they could not all at once be captured, but then the range was much shortened by reducing the quantity of powder and the effect was correspondingly reduced. Strange as it may appear, the science of artillery was born nearly full grown, without being dandled on the laps or fed on the paps of people too proud to acknowledge the foundling. It was a breech loader then as it is today. The combination of the explosive was little different from what it is now, and plosive was little different from what it is now, and the shape and purpose of the barrel was nearly IMPROVEMENTS IN HAND GUNS. 425 identical with ours. The missiles discharged were first stone, then balls of iron, and sometimes they were launched red hot. The dimensions of the siege guns were of larger or smaller capacity as the necessity arose of scattered or concentrated fire, and the sity arose of scattered or concentrated fire, and the rifling of the chamber was not introduced until 1846. Solid shot were mostly used at the beginning of the 19th Century, when the French introduced hollow projectiles and grape shot held together by a net similar to the wire cartridges seen in our day, and the calibers of guns were reduced in size and made uniform as they now are. The cannon of Napoleon were not essentially different from those of Mahomet at the siege, and while the range of modern artillery has largely increased and is still increasing, all new discoveries appear along established lines. A distance of five miles for modern lished lines. A distance of five miles for modern artillery is now no miracle and the present year has seen that distance attained with remarkable accuracy in four out of five shots, but the mammoth gun of Mahomet was able to carry as great a distance. We shall soon be counting on ten miles, and with substantially the same weapon. The new designs are stantially the same weapon. The new designs are mostly apparent in a few guns of increased bulk and weight which are not now so great factors as they used to be, and the innumerable quantity of range guns are of quite moderate proportions. But where the size of the shot is increased, the bore must be correspondingly increased also, so that it is able at one discharge to efface an army or a city. The new explosives, while so numerous and so devastating, do not seem suited for gun service, as no gun could hold together under a generous charge of such material, while their liability to premature explosion from a sudden jar makes them extremely dangerous. Common powder needs no substitute 426 IMPROVEMENTS IN HAND GUNS. as it is a force which is practically unlimited and controllable. We could almost close this record in the light that beats around thrones and armies that are to be shaken or annihilated in the presence of modern armaments, and that some government or some Napoleon is able to create or compel to resist. In the commencement of our inquiry we had in contemplation only a history of small arms and such as templation only a history of small arms and such as the sportsman could carry in the field and with which most people are familiar and evince the greater interest. The monster cannon which are seen only at long intervals by most of us are not models of beauty, are repellant to common understanding, when we consider that their initial dis- standing, when we consider that their initial discharge is of such great expense that a long con- charge is of such great expense that a long continued use of them would threaten to bankrupt a tinued use of them would threaten to bankrupt a nation. Masses make a government, but the best government is that which is reached through individuals. When gunpowder was first introduced, viduals. When gunpowder was first introduced, hand guns and hand grenades became popular. They seemed to be the offspring of and promoters of military spirit. The. great military leaders came to learn tary spirit. The. great military leaders came to learn of the superiority of infantry over cavalry. Then followed the necessity of an arm that every soldier could use and was capable of the highest degree of efficiency. The closed tube which sprang into notice with artillery was equally useful with small arms, and here was one element of its weakness which was not observable in the cannon. The cannon rested on a carriage and it lay prone before you. A live coal or a hot iron was all that was needed to fire it and the impetus was directed only in a straight line with the barrel. It was not a wandering machine that could be taken up by anyone and set chine that could be taken up by anyone and set down in another part of the field, while the small arm was portable by any one person, Two or more CAP-LOCK THE CROWNING INVENTION. 427 persons were necessary to handle army ordnance of the smallest caliber, while heavy guns required many horses or yoke of cattle, or some other outside power, to change its position. The new hand gun required one man to hold it up by hand on the shoulder and another to aim and fire, and something or somebody suggested a breech to take the place of the hand of one man, and a bent piece of wood at last adapted the gun to the shoulder. Still the gun man could not fire his own gun, and the time taken was so great that a whole flight of arrows could be let loose before a single charge could be driven home and unloaded. Some sort of appliance was necessary by which fire could be thrown into the pan, or the aim was useless. In the reign of Henry VII of England a hammer was introduced with some sort of a lock which was released by a trigger to a pan at the side of the barrel. This hammer held a match which ignited the priming. Next, the wheel-lock was introduced, in which a steel wheel protruded into the priming pan, and rubbing against a piece of iron pyrites, which the trigger released, produced sparks and set fire to the priming. The match-lock proved to be an improvement and remained in use till the seventeenth century, when the mained in use till the seventeenth century, when the flint-lock took its place, which was in use during the American Revolution, and perhaps many of us have seen it. Little change appeared in the eighteenth century, but in 1807 a Scotch clergyman, eenth century, but in 1807 a Scotch clergyman, Alexander Forsyth, obtained a patent for fulminating powder, which, however, was not put in use till ing powder, which, however, was not put in use till 1834. Later the cap and nipple appeared, whicrT made a complete revolution in the extension of firearms, and later placed them in the hands of the arms, and later placed them in the hands of the militia. It revolutionized the pursuit and capture of game birds and wild animals by hawk and hound 428 WAR BROUGHT GUNPOWDER. and hunting leopards which brought them into captivity by distancing them in speed in the former in- tivity by distancing them in speed in the former instance and furnishing a weapon to battle with the stance and furnishing a weapon to battle with the ferociousness of the latter, who are placed now at a great disadvantage. It was a solemn answer to the burglar and highwayman and evil-doers of every breed whose inclination was foul and brutal. In fifty years and since our day, the flint-lock has been laid aside and the cap-lock has taken its place. The benefit of the change has been so important that bird and beast and creeping thing has been subject to the mind of man. The common gun meets enemies of every kind at home or abroad, on land or mies of every kind at home or abroad, on land or sea. Within a few years the breech-loader has superseded the muzzle-loader, and the safety of the weapon and the rapidity of firing has been so much increased as to become popular. In 1866 Prussia invented the needle-gun and proved its superiority in the seven weeks' war with Austria, and in the Franco-German war the breech-loader came to the front as the most popular kind of all, and its sufficiency was so far demonstrated that an army has ciency was so far demonstrated that an army has not since been considered armed without it. We shudder to think what the great captains of the world would have done if the modern arms that came into use since the discovery of gunpowder had fallen into their hands. Once was Europe and once was Asia nearly depopulated with the sword. The boom of cannon and the crack of the weapons of common infantry would have given a long sleep to the arts hovering in the twilight, waiting for a new day. Religious' bigotry would have been armed with the bitterest rancor, and the curses of the dying would have shut out the song of the angels. It may seem the essence of heresy to declare that war brought gunpowder; rather than that, gunREFORMATION CLEANS OUT OLD ABUSES, 429 REFORMATION CLEANS OUT OLD ABUSES, 429 powder brought war. Nevertheless, the Holy Wars were not the fruit but the fountain and generous source of the discovery. Immediately the spread of learning began in the capitols of Europe, invention was quickened, the rasping of intellects of competing and unhomogeneous people was answered by sparks that set loose trains of thought that opened up the tiwlight of a new day, beat upon the -thrones and empires that, going to decay, were wedded anew to the inspiration of the hour and brought to life a new and welcome progeny. Among barbarians skill and ingenuity reached nothing higher or more lasting than the weapons which they carried into the field and the small implements with which they tore up the ground and cultivated scattering crops. The better class held in fee and trod as they pleased the cultivable lands of their poor cousins whom they dispossessed. They ate up their substance, and then with cruel hand forfeited the life which had saved their own whenever they pleased. The ruling class that lived mostly in the cities were little better. The reign of the Emperors of Constantinople was a record of mutilations, of inquisitorial searchings after new methods of torture, without law, without courts, without precedent only as they made precedents -- little better in the long run than that of the dents -- little better in the long run than that of the Khans of Tartary, who put to death at the end of the bowstring. When the Reformation came, this whole batch of unclean things was emptied out. Some were picked up again, but the great mass of them settled down in a weltering pool, which society was only too ready to cover up. Commerce in Europe and through the East began to brighten up soon after the Crusades ceased. gan to brighten up soon after the Crusades ceased. Traveling, that had been almost suspended between 430 IGNORE THE ARMS OF ANTIQUITY. China and India and the West, took on new life. The industry in silk and silk goods revived, the caravans started anew and over a wider range of country. There were more buyers as well as more sellers. Industry was better rewarded; adventurers in the business world suffered less. Luxuries were more in demand, for they came from a wider country and reached a wider market, and were used in try and reached a wider market, and were used in a more healthful and cleanly channel. The West gained in ideas to compensate for its loss of wealth, and all the channels of industry seemed pouring forth employment for individuals and communities, so that war seemed altogether unlikely, and if it came it would be controlled within barriers that Nature had made or that a congress of peoples had determined. The mariners were going out to* sea beyond the limits- of the land and beyond sight of the shore; the compass was the guide and new worlds were the consequence. Old things were passing out, the new were coming in. The Saracen was pointed to the shores of Africa, whither for a while he could sojourn; the Moors also beyond Gibraltar, and the haste that hurried them away was auspicious of the times and the state of the nations as well. We do not know what explosives like gunpowder will accomplish in the future, but it is reasonable to suppose that whatever power they may be made to exert there is only one route along which they must all travel. Nature is not so generous as to give us two ways where one will serve, and the enclosed tube or cylinder will never become so* old as to be obsolete. The weapons of antiquity have passed their prime -- the sword must be relegated to obscurity as the reign of gunpowder extends and pre- scurity as the reign of gunpowder extends and prevails. The singing spear of Homer will never more vails. The singing spear of Homer will never more WHAT GUNPOWDER HAS WROUGHT. 431 make melody for the legions. The bow will bend in solitudes where the tide and life of regenerated peoples beats in vain ; on frozen shores or inhospitable lands, where commerce does not raise its flag. able lands, where commerce does not raise its flag. The province of the gun is to reach at long distances, and if war must come, blood shall not drip tances, and if war must come, blood shall not drip on our doorsteps. When modern nations shall accumulate great masses of firearms with sufficient cumulate great masses of firearms with sufficient ability for rapid firing and unlimited range, war will perish in a dream, for its expense would be fatal. Contracts long ignored between sovereign states will not be settled by the arbitrament of arms. Peace will follow compromises ; diplomacy, which is only another name for deceit and the sophistries of courts, will give way to a better understanding of the laws and rights of individual men. Threats of war will pass away as doves fly to their windows. Great ships of steel, riding at anchor and buffeting the waves ; great cannon bristling at every porthole ; great armies ready for the field, equipped with every necessary that wealth or human ingenuity can furnish -- these will declare the terms of peace. The nish -- these will declare the terms of peace. The hermit nation which adheres to primitive arms or methods must reform or be ground to powder. China, which has thrown open her great discovery, must take it back with largely increased powers and uses and put it into immediate commission where her empire extends. Japan has already thrown away her antiquated arms as she found them unserviceable. Our brothers across the sea have made their able. Our brothers across the sea have made their reign in India one of great practical utility, whose people, under great restraint by their native rulers and by immemorial customs, seemed incapable of throwing off the yoke which despotism had saddled upon them. When gunpowder attacks bigotry the walls begin to tremble. Enlightened management 432 ^EIGN OF GUNPOWDER PERMANENT. produced from Christian sources will supplant the labors of the Christian missionary, as it has already abolished largely child marriages, the suttee, the sacrifice of thousands at the grave of departed warriors or under the wheels of Juggernaut. It has riors or under the wheels of Juggernaut. It has broken the bonds of slavery wherever the armaments of lightning and thunder cut the, foam and ments of lightning and thunder cut the, foam and wake the echoes of distant lands. It is but a few years since the black man lifted up his arms in despair for Africa where now he is comparatively cheerful, happy and prosperous. We cannot fail to admire a discovery that brings life and liberty to thousands, while it abridges the happiness of few. Cobwebs grow in the shadows -- they are evil things, like owls and bats, that disappear in the morning. They need not distort our vision in the sunshine and their filmy threads are too burdened with ghostly remains to invite lengthened interviews in the shade. The railway train is the opposite. In the distance it is a shadow, as it grows nearer the whirling wheels hold us in suspense till it passes. We should not forget it nor fail to inspect it carefully if we saw it in Egypt or Paradise, We know, oh Gun ! thou art black and rough and iron-hearted and unyielding, and thy voice may be boastful, but the issues are too great which thou art working out through human hands to cancel or conceal the mightiness of thy empire. Thou art getting nearer to our vision and uttering sublimer truths, beautifying human life as industry is rewarded and the fruits of thrift and enterprise are warded and the fruits of thrift and enterprise are secured. The last child of a long race of patient ancestors who have fondly looked and waited to behold thy kingly brow. We salute you, oh gun ! by past memories and the intense realization of future prophecies, when all equal things, in fact and THE GUN IS THE PALLADIUM OF LIBERTY. 433 in name, shall become equal, when armaments and equipments of war shall cease to be the playthings of princes and the resort of unconsecrated champions of tyranny wherever man is found. To every pions of tyranny wherever man is found. To every threatened breach of the decalogue it will eventually oppose itself and cry out, "Thou shalt not." It will create and preserve the forces which build up a healthy and enlightened conscience, dissipate lawlessness, the terror of the strong over the weak, con- lessness, the terror of the strong over the weak, confirm in all men the desire to do good and not evil, firm in all men the desire to do good and not evil, to see that all laws are wholesome, healthy and efficient, and establish beyond controversy every in- cient, and establish beyond controversy every indisputable right to which man is born. When these disputable right to which man is born. When these are secured the humble and economic arts shall come in and prosper. We know with what great difficulties the discoveries of the world came in, and the rebuke which they met from those who should have been their ardent advocates. The compass, the arc, the potter's wheel, the movable types of Caxton and Guttenberg, when men had no light comparable to those of the present day, are instances. Now ble to those of the present day, are instances. Now men stop and think, almost everything is possible which the human mind can conceive. The prophet of today reaches his tombstone tomorrow, for all eyes cannot endure the light which breaks in* upon every zone of human knowledge. Fifty years ago the Sage of Cragenputtoch delivered his message, "To do something, if it is the livered his message, "To do something, if it is the utmost you have in you, and do it in God's name." The boom of the cannon is to be the ministry of Jesus, the wash of its waves shall carry his salutation to all lands. The gun will do much, as it has tion to all lands. The gun will do much, as it has done much in quiet places where the law is not needlessly invoked. It enters into the safety of homes ; step by step it follows the individual who cannot rely upon brute strength. It is not the law. 434 GUN IS THE PALLADIUM OF;LIBERTY. it does not make law, but it is and should be its agent. The man who works beside him who does not work without any protection soon becomes the victim. The gun, whether in public or otherwise, makes the wrongdoer hesitate with fear and where everybody may have the support of some kind of arms, it is seldom necessary to have any. The gun is the one friend that cannot get old. It is on guard by night and by day, in heat or in cold. It may be in your arms or lie beside you, it holds in suspense or grapples with the outlaws of society, and when once arraigned follows them to their doom. To the pioneer it comes as the one comfort which is not denied him when all others fail. He takes his matchlock with a confidence that was never violated. With it he has met the hungry wolf and closed his jaws, and his own life has been often prolonged with the fruits of the chase. The gun has been a reformer. The evils which it has brought in are incomparable with those it has cast out. It has carried the prestige of a higher civilization where life was low and vitalized it with new tion where life was low and vitalized it with new vigor. It has opened the prisons, cut off the chains and drawn the trembling victims from fire and fagot, from the lash and the rack, and given them new ideas of virtue and new surprises of conscience where it was wasting in atrophy, and in the reformation of the body uncovered the jewel of the soul, ation of the body uncovered the jewel of the soul, creating the mental equipment anew so that it became clean, sweet and resourcful, inviting the bet- came clean, sweet and resourcful, inviting the better spirit to come to its temple and be welcome. It ter spirit to come to its temple and be welcome. It stands at the door in the hands of that grimy representative when the soldier enlists for service. It resentative when the soldier enlists for service. It alone witnesses the kiss of "wife, mother or lover. At the hour of his departure it sleeps by his side, in the vigils of the camp or on the battle-field, and is GUN IS THE PALLADIUM OF LIBERTY. 435 more familiar to him in emergency than knapsack or canteen. He may fall in strange lands and be rescued, or the sad pall may be made where he has fallen, and only the last look which science can recover from the grasp of death be obtained by her cover from the grasp of death be obtained by her who was his all in all. Death will not steal him away without a last volley over his grave and a longsilent farewell, and if we may follow him farther silent farewell, and if we may follow him farther only from his having met his last enemy would keep him from calling for his arms. POEM S POEMS. THE MYSTERY. A COELO MYSTERIUM. There's blood upon the moon, to blood the moon Shall turn till some high priest in pity grown, Seeing our sorrows as his own, Has gathered all the nation's guilt Of all the blood that e'er was spilt From righteous Abel down. So garments rolled in blood may be The winding sheet of mystery By which the soul climbs up to God. In angel hands the martyrs breath Bears, him beyond the gates of death, Wipes off the sweat which hotly rolled To stay the plunderers of his soul, And in the realms of light makes known The kingdoms now become his own. Singing the songs the angels taught, Bringing the gifts the Magii brought, Blending the service with the sense Of myrrh and nard and frankincense. Dear Heart, if ever thoughts precipitate Accuse thy burden altogether great, And tears flow down from thy weak eyes Obsequious to the fading light, The gilded dome shall clear thy sight. 440 THE MYSTERY. There some fair orb o'ercasting all May be the tears that you let fall, And lamps of Heaven that never dim, Blazing in pomp from rim to rim Of that great balcony shall be The Nation's hope and destiny. Whilst still survive the blood and tears That make the record of the years, Each jewelled star in chorus sings, The Cherubim lift up their wings, Triumphant songs that never cease, "Good will to men on Earth and Peace." And oh, if some sweet Pleiades be near To soothe and cheer a fainting mariner, Let not Orion, that son of Mars, Dispute the courses of the stars And bring defeat like Sisera. And should apostate fiends prepare To wreck all we have lodged there Of faith and hope in one sweet star, They'd fall from Heaven like Lucifer. So twinkling stars in mercy meek Would beckon if they could not speak, Till breaks the golden bowl to tell To each the plentitude of Hell. The saddest words, the most forlorn, Spoken by man since Christ was born, Wrecking the heart with anguish torn, "His blood on us and our children." THE MYSTERY. 1 441 In worlds of space, in darkness so profound No eye could measure and no plummet sound, Unnumbered systems rise to dawn A moment brief and then are gone. But never yet shall thy sweet ministry Eclipsed be by any malady Of earth or sky. Never a gale That sweeps the sea or bends the sail, Never the cyclone's fatal breath, Nor cloud-racks hurried dance of death Can smite the stars, nor tempest driven Can drown the melody of Heaven. Whilst he that runs as he that reads May count his stars as nuns count beads, Brightest and best that little gem That led the way to Bethlehem To see the King, and show to thee The mystery of that red sea Of blood. Wash and be clean. BEYOND THE BLUE. What seaport town is this, And whence so brave a crew Sailing away for shores of bliss Never the land in view? Many a year has come and gone Many a sea-bird south has flown And ships have sailed and ships are due That never came back bevond the blue. 442 BEYOND THE BLUE. All day long with song and shout, Many a ship went sailing out, Along the track the dolphins flew The flying fish, the shrill sea-mew, Burst o'er the bows in flying crowds ; The stormy petrel sought the shrouds Till night came on they never knew Whither they were beyond the blue. Some few there were in passions power Frittered away the morning hour, Heard siren songs or what is worse Floated away to isles of Circe, Where beauty smiled, where music pealed, In eager haste they slipped the keel ; But sailing oft you hardly knew Whither they went beyond the blue. Once on the ocean's outer rim, The sails were set, the masts were trim, The sun a marvel to behold ; Never withdrew its sea of gold ; jBut straining seas in every part Exhausted all the sailor's art, Though sailing on you hardly knew Whither they went beyond the blue. Caught in the dreadful undertow, The masts and sails were soon to go. The fickle wind turned to a gale. The fog came down with rain and hail, BEYOND THE BLUE. 443 Great billows rose with every breath, And darkness led the dance of death ; And looking now full well I knew Whither they went beyond the blue. Oh ! ships that sail, oh ships that toss, Without a guide you may be lost, Oh ! sailors wheresoever cast It is to port ye come at last. Nor ship, nor sail, nor dripping oar Nor wash of seas shall reach that shore. Where all is peace, be this my due, The happy home beyond the blue. UNSATISFIED. I am a child of little thought ; My teachers are themselves untaught. Caught in the dreadful undertow, Whither my way how shall I know. Falter or fail, the Great Author still Unchanged must do his sov'reign will. The eyes that see are dimmed and blurred, The spirit tones are all unheard. Could faintest voice from that far shore Reach my dull ears I'd ask no more. The purple plum Is not so dumb, The yellow peach 444 UNSATISFIED. Yields to my reach, And loving lips, Like finger tips, Are prone to meet I know But oh, but oh, where shall I go To find my friend become my foe? The little nest that once had grown So doubly dear is sad and lone. And when I hear the dripping rain, The rafters creak and cry with pain, Some ghost I'm sure is writing there In ghostly stains all my despair. Till bended roof and strained wall Fulfill the promise of their fall. Only the swallow under the eaves Neither his bosom frets nor grieves, Whilst I am left nor peace nor rest Slowly rny sun sinks down the west. FAIR AND FOUL. "Fair is foul and foul is fair Hover through the fog and filthy air." -- Macbeth. "If you would view fair Melrose right, Go visit it by pale moonlight ; But many a ruined shapeless wall Had better not be seen at all. Many a wan and wasted dame FAIR AND FOUL. 446 That fans her tallow dip to flame Gives up as hostage for her pride A long-drawn life of suicide. And sad to see the withered sires (Volcanoes that have drawn their fires) Piping the songs they used to sing When hope was borne on buoyant wing, And sadder he whose tender cares Encumbers all his modest prayers, Sees the gray light go silvered down On fringed lips that once were brown And dimly feels the soft caress Sink to a span and growing less. For all is gone or going on To silence and oblivion. "The pouting lips, the breath that's warm With summer fragrance and of morn, The golden locks that rise on piles Like bridges o'er some sunken wild -These may allure, and often do, These may allure, and often do, As caves where winds go whistling through And many a cheek on others may To-morrow smile as you to-day And leave behind (I will not lie) But swarming droves of bacilli. In law and physic you may test The shortest way to be the best. But blushing cheek will so undo it, The longest way seems shortest to it. FAIR AND FOUL. "I saw a coquette once, and fair ; I knew her dainty cheek and hair, The crinkle on her upturned nose, Her swelling bust and pinched toes, With many a soft and sunny curi She might have stood against the world As Caesar did, whose very name Had lit her footsteps with a flame. Out from her lips of honey-dew, Rippled and rolled sweet nothings through ; Caroled and caroled like a bird, The swee'st notes I ever heard. And by her look which oft betrayed Much more unspoken than was said, With many a soft and silly wink She bore me softly to the brink. FAIR AND FOUL. 447 Her eyes so bright she raised her fan To break the light -- (I speak as man, And never care at all to bellow) -'Tis true she winked another fellow 'Tis true she winked another fellow And left me in the shade -- the mouse -When first I try to build a house When first I try to build a house (Whoever heard; I never did before), With fans, I'll deaden up the floor. And I was lost had not a blonde Lifted her baton as a wand Sung out the hymn, "Pull for the Shore." They pulled and pulled but eyed me more With many a smile, but when the laugh Opened its gates too wide by half, "It's up to you," cried Leonore, I could have sunk beneath the floor. Without a shade upon my face, Without a prayer to give me grace, I answered true (The shore in view) Summer -- is -- o'er. "I saw a man -- I knew him well -His feelings gave him such a spell His feelings gave him such a spell At every stage they rose to score him, At every step were there before him. His friends were few of every name, And scarcer grew the more they came, Had he but been a little jolly, 448 FAIR AND FOUL. They soon had laughed him of his folly. And oh, the roses might have grown Where night-shade lingered all alone ; For pains like his would give a shock To nerves elastic as a rock. His belly like a punch-bowl grew, He ate to kill a kangaroo. Down from its seat degraded, lower'd, His native wit fell overboard, And none remained another day Had not a doctor passed that way, . J fLnJ&.n 1 <M 4 . - y ' \ -11; f'.-s 91 s # Observed the awful maw, and said Nothing was left up in his head; The gray matter gone, every nerve On double duty had to serve. Their elder brother that fed on grass Some wild beast maybe, or an ass, FAIR AND FOUL. 449 Whilst the great ducts so filled with steam Shot poisoned vapors in a stream. His pent up feelings must have vent, And this is what the doctor meant; Felt of his pulse and pulled his tongue, Emptied the barrel by the bung. Only a Seidlitz powder, please, Could reach the seat of his disease, And much surprised the idle brain Welcomed its nerves safe back again. And now whene'er his plaint begins Of pains low down his abdomen, So like a chicken thief he feels, Quickly he takes unto his heels, His adipose tissue falls away, Rises aloft the crowning gray." SATISFIED. The man is born, but not the hour. It waits until endued with power The victory sees. Th' encircling sun is constant taught To bring to light what man has sought Upon his knees. To hear the music of the spheres, Diving must give you ears, Or toll the bell. 450 SATISFIED. For all the promises that spring May to the dove's returning wing Be lost as well. I know the key will fit the lock, His grace will never mock My being free, And sin and death shall cease to mean What to our ears has always been Captivity. If in His councils it shall be That I shall sign my own decree, It shall be just. Nor aching heart nor throbbing breast Shall bear a shadow that shall rest On whom I trust. fl-283 84 ERRATA. Page 109 should read "Four propositions. " A ^ A^ ♦️ ^ deg H deg AT < <y o deg " * * <** ^ A^ * ^ a9 *!*.?- *> V ,* 5 A 5 ' * '^S^VC* *^ ^ U .*J^f//Z^> * A^ * *$5^1Y%"* **Ls ^ a0 4 p>. r oK ^< ^ a5> * '*?* *> v ,"i *"' r oK ,0' < rf .0V <y\ vy/////4r A k> V <y\ vy/////4r A k> r oK a0* *I**" > V fc ". - o N o <U <y - 1 * o ^ ... <>." 9 * ^, >." 9 * ^, <" ♦️; \/ '^ **""*' ^ N MANCHESTER, * deg^ ^ * "^SSlfC" T>

mild gibberish

20008530

Songs of the Irish revolution and songs of the newer Ireland,

Millen, William Arthur

songsofirishrevo00mill_djvu.txt

IRISH REVOLUTION Songs of the Irish Revolution and Songs of the Newer Ireland William A. Millen WILLIAM A. MILLEN AND WHO THUS MADE THIS UNDERTAKING POSSIBLE Songs of the Irish Revolution (foreword by the author) Ego Americanus sum. None will accuse me of being otherwise with impunity. A long and honorable ing otherwise with impunity. A long and honorable record of service on both sides of the family, beneath the Stars and Stripes of America, has been the standard set for me to follow. It was given to me to ard set for me to follow. It was given to me to contribute my mite towards upholding my forebears in the greatest of world wars and even yet I wear the uniform of the United States Navy, and am mighty proud to do so! Ego Americanus sum, for it seems that when one is inclined to be partial towards the Irish question (as my personal experiences wards the Irish question (as my personal experiences in Ireland must make me partial), a holy howl goes up to Heaven and one is rated as a suspect. The world is learning to view the Irish question from a more sympathetic standpoint, but the days these verses deal with, are those when the idea of an Irish Republic was not quite so popular! It is now some eleven years since I first set my foot in Erin. Eight years I spent in the land of my forefathers and they were growing and garnering years. fathers and they were growing and garnering years. It was to Parliamentary Ireland that I came, but it was Republican Ireland that I left. The Newer Ireland was in embryo, and I witnessed its birth and early infancy. Sligo in the picturesque Northwest was where I spent the earlier years of my sojourn in Erin, but in time, the pursuit of learning led me to Dublin, where I became a student at University College, Dublin -- constituent college of the National University of Ireland. Those were stirring times, and versity of Ireland. Those were stirring times, and with keen interest I watched the rise of the VolunFOREWORD FOREWORD teer movement. The climax came in the Rebellion of Easter 1916! The Irish Revolution, as it is sometimes termed, was fraught with deeper significance times termed, was fraught with deeper significance than the majority of men could see. The general unrest in Ireland^s metropolis caused an anxious parent to recall me to the land of my birth and early upbringing -- the United States of America! Still, the great trend of Irish Republican thought swept on and carried the country in the General Election of December 1918. But little over two years were required to forge the stubborn iron of public opinion in the furnace of the Newer Ireland spirit! The procrastinating, promising puerile land spirit! The procrastinating, promising puerile Ireland of Redmond and Dillon became the active, achieving and alert Ireland of the Easter Week martyrs, of De Valera and Arthur Griffith! A better era for Erin is dawning, for within the Republican fold, no creed nor class privilege prevails. In my student days in Dublin, I used to see the law students, dusky and turbaned from far-off India, wearing the Sein Fein tricolor! It is my humble opinion that the National University of Ireland (my own old Alma Mater) will be the salvation of the country. I wonder if Ireland's critics remember that the leaders and martyrs of the Volunteer movement were men of learning and respectability -- that many of the rank and file were college men! I have the faith that the alumni of N.U.I, shall very soon come to be a force in the land. May Ireland be raised to that degree of perfection to which all good Irishmen in particular, and every true citizen of the world in general, would have her in reality. She is already so in our thoughts and ideals. Erin Go Bragh: GOD SAVE IRELAND. V. 8. S. Aulick, October 31, 1919. vi Contents Foreword v Prologue ix The Newer Ireland 1 Paet I AT THE DAWNING The Patriot Martyrs of 1916 A Lonely Lamentation The Message of the Dead . The Muse of Mars Erin Free -- Erin Glorified To a Rebel Patriot Leader June- -- the Artist at Eventide IB Paet II ECHOES OF ERIN The Awakening 21 The Return of the Celts 23 Mankind's University 24 Saint Patrick's Day at Sea . . . .26 Protean Land 27 A Celtic Christmas .... . . 29 A Keen for the Castle of Breffny . . .32 The Spark 34 The Sacrifice ....... 36 The Eve of All Hallows in Erin ... 37 Caed Mile Failte 40 The Vision of Granuale 42 vii CONTENTS The Stranger's Castle The New Irish Brigade Cardinal Newman Sons of the Younger Ireland The Power of Blood . Erin, Saint Patrick's Crown of My Fettered Bride The Queen's Harp Bells of Sligo Cathedral Lough GiU .... The Spirit of Summerhill . Daybreak .... Erin's Easter Bells L 'Envoi .... Joy M Vlll Prologue Oftentimes, around the fires of memory, The scenes and friends I used to know. Come from the shadow-land of Yesterday, And live again, in Fancy's roseate glow: And then ere yet we set forth on the morrow To pioneer our way across the plains untrod, I think me of my boyhood's days in Sligo, And neath the moon, I see an olden church of God : I see the neat and whitewashed cottages Where in my teens my errant feet once led -The lakes, the mountains and the villages: The lakes, the mountains and the villages: The pastures where the strapping kine were fed. I see again the little Irish churchyard Where my forefathers sleep in silence and content: Ransboro Chapel too . . . my thoughts all guard Each spot where happiest days of mine were spent! IX SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Newer Ireland Out of chaos into cosmos, Out of suffering and throes -Rejuvenant and joyful, Rejuvenant and joyful, The Newer Ireland rose! The Emerald Isle gave up its wealth To children of her soil; And industry and learning Gave brain and brawn their toil! Her harbors long a barren waste Were ploughed by ships galore; And against her purple heavens. Huge saffron wings did soar! The exports of her busy sons Touched earth's forgotten bounds; And the Celts once hunted as the hare, Ran with the foremost hounds! Self-reliant, self-determined -No more a beggar went No more a beggar went Beseeching strangers' benison; Her heart with anguish rent: The Bog of Allen flourished With dear homes and fields all sowed, And the rugged Wicklow mountains Gave the wealth that God bestowed ! Where once the olden days had seen But blackness and Death's pall; Ten million Gaslic children dwelt [1] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND From Cork to Donegal! Her missionaries preached afar -Her scholars filled the earth; Her scholars filled the earth; And seanachus told how an Easter Week Had wrought New Ireland's birth! And in lecture halls, the learning Of Columba thrived once more -And the Isle of Saints and Scholars And the Isle of Saints and Scholars Glowed with Patrick's faith of yore: Sure the heart o' me was joyful, For beneath her newer phase, 'Twas the same sweet soul of Ireland, That had steeled her bitter days! [2] At the Dawning Verses written while a student in University CoUege Dublin (N. U. I.) after the Rebellion of Easter 1916. SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Patriot Martyrs of 1916! They died like their sires before them -Gave all for their Dark Rosaleen: Gave all for their Dark Rosaleen: Life, talent and blood, all for Erin, In love for their emerald green: Glad to die for downtrodden Ireland, Faced the guns of the firing squad In the yard of notorious Kilmainham, Returned their pure souls to their God! They saw their Republic vanish, As oft Erin's dream hath before' -Men of brains, of position and learning Men of brains, of position and learning Paid the price with their priceless gore: When earth smiled in Maytime's glory, And bells told of Paschal tide. These dashing Republican soldiers Went to meet their Crucified! Ah, what must have been the greeting Beyond the dim mountains of Death, When the souls of those patriot-martyrs Went forth, with the last feeble breath! Did not Erin's illustrious army, Way up in the City of Peace Welcome their latest comrades Who bled for dear Erin's release! Methinks bold Robert Emmet, The O'DonneU of yore and O'Neill; With Davis and Rossa and Wolfe Tone; [5] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Allan, Larkin, O'Brien -- all leal -Hailed the newest heroes of Erin Hailed the newest heroes of Erin In Columba's and Patrick's home -Afar from earth's turmoil and trouble, Afar from earth's turmoil and trouble, In the blessed ethereal dome! Silent now are their trusty muskets That gallantly scattered the foe; Their green-white-and-orange banner Floats no more o'er the G. P. 0. Yet those heroes shall live undying Like the spirit of Granuale, And their deeds shrined in song and story, Shall summon the clans of the Gael! Yes, the Fair and the Loving shall mourn them, And pray for their souls' repose; But the brave and the dauntless shall murmur For vengeance against the Rose! When the names of the tyrants that slew them Shall have turned to death and decay. The names of the '16 heroes Will thrill sober hearts and gay! Future days shall enkindle that spirit Of the Old in the willing New, And make their grandest visions -Their wildest dreams come true! Their wildest dreams come true! Hoary sire and sober matron Will repeat the saga once more. And whisper: "0 Children of Erin, Remember the heroes of yore!" I decipher the uncertain shadows On the veil of the Future so dark. And list how proud Erin shall utter [6] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The names Pearse, MacDonagh and Clarke: Shall tell with real glowing ardor, How courageous and well they died; Of Heuston, McDermott and Plunkett And the rest with brave Major McBride! |7J SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND A Lonely Lamentation Wail now, Banshee of the Irish nation, Wail for the bold and the brave: Mourn for the patriot sons of poor Erin, In tears their fond memories lave: Where are the fervent Republican heroes, That lately spake, full of good cheer? alas, moan, lament, be sorrowful, For no longer they linger here! Raise the keen in the gloomy homesteads, Grieve for the martyred dead: Sit in sackcloth and lowly ashes. For those souls who forever are fled. Let the Requiem solemn be chanted; Toll slowly the old church bell: Let the sad notes of "Dies Irae" Be sung for the Brave who fell! [8] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Message of the Dead! Ho, the Irish Brigade has come to life In these dismal latter years: Not "on far foreign fields" do they enter the strife, Those Irish Volunteers! The Wild Geese have flown to their native shore, And they strike with stalwart arm -Mid the crack of rifle in the capital. Mid the crack of rifle in the capital. They answer the sharp alarm! No more ^neath King Louis' fleur-de-lis, Or the banner of Sunny Spain: They have answered Erin's feeble plea, Freely and not in vain. Black '47 has passed and gone, And the days of '98, But the spirit of Vinegar Hill lives on And the Fenian ambitions great; With the rousing, ringing watchword That a sorrowful past recalls. With the treacherous, lying, Orange horde Outside old Limerick's walls. The Irish Republic's soldiers Strike a blow for their Innisfail, To free from British serfdom The children of the Gael! The fiery cross a-blazing fleets; The tocsin speaks to the world; 'Tis Easter Monday in Dublin's streets -[9] [9] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND There New Ireland's flag is unfurled! Though only a fraction of Erin's sons Followed the tri-color then, Their apparent defeat is our strengthening To rouse up the souls of men! In the blushing modest month of May, Fifteen brave hearts were stayed: Confessors one and all were they For that creed for which Lawrence prayed; For which brave Hugh Roe gave up his life, For which Hugh of Dungannon planned: Aye, for which that valiant soldier fought -Owen Roe, 'neath O'Neill's Red Hand! Owen Roe, 'neath O'Neill's Red Hand! And in later times for which Wolfe Tone, Lord Edward and Emmet too Waged all, save honor bright alone, When stormy tempests blew : The cause, the creed, the beau ideal For which Grattan pleaded long. Of which Moore, Davis, Mangan, sang, With lyre and plaintive song! Confessors aye, and martyrs stand For the cause of yesterday: That Kickham, Parnell, Mitchell and Smith-O'Brien loved alway! What are the names, willing scribe, The angel will record. That Erin might the strength revive Of Meagher of the Sword! Yes, write them reverently tooUpon each Irish freeman's heart -- Upon each Irish freeman's heart -[10] [10] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND In burning letters write the True Who bravely played their part. Write Ceannt and Colbert, John McBride, Daly and Thomas Clarke: The dauntless brothers Pearse -- they gleam Like beacons in the dark! Write on and let the whole world know Of Plunkett's deeds of fame; How Heuston faced and beat the foe; James Connolly the same! The O'Rahilly, Gael of the Gaelic soul, MacDonagh the Muses^ friend: McDermott, the brothers O'Hanrahan ; For all let our praise ascend! God of our Fathers, not in vain have they died, They watch from their felon's graves: Their spirits within us shall ever abide. Bringing hope to those reckoned as slaves : "Idealists all" will the critic sneer; But they who love Erin's lore Will breathe a fond prayer for her soldier sons Who revived the true spirit of yore! God of our Fathers, in peace may they rest, Who died that Erin might live: If aught was against thy Christ's behest O God of our Fathers, forgive! Eequiescat: In some grim prison ground. Those Celtic of the Celts now sleep; Mingling with their beloved soil, While we stay behind and weep! Awaiting the Last Loud Trumpet's call They slumber . . . their life's work o'er: [11] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Freely they gave up life and all To revive the spirit of yore. For helping hands and loyal hearts The mighty dead call on the Gael, "Arise and finish out our work, For God and Innisfail!" [12] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Muse of Mars (To the memory of Thomas MacDonagh, Assistant Professor of English Literature in University College, Dublin, by one of his students there). I used to hear your lectures in the University, Where lions guarding, look out upon Saint Stephen's Green: en's Green: You were fair Wisdom's priest in that beloved scene. And we were students seeking for an Arts' degree : All through the dying Autumn days of dull '15 To Christmas white, your daily task (and ours) went pleasantly ! Then came the tedious term after the Yule : The welcome holidays appeared and went at Eastertide; tide; And you, alas, went with them, for you on earth had died< -Now gone to be a truer teacher in a newer school -- Now gone to be a truer teacher in a newer school -To preach the fiery gospel of a Nation sorely tried To preach the fiery gospel of a Nation sorely tried Unto a world where only spirits rule! Beloved Professor! In my foolish heart methinks I know Your spirit often haunts the school great Newman led: Like some brave Hamlet, carried off while precious youth was red # -Airing thy grievances and Erin's to July suns and Airing thy grievances and Erin's to July suns and Winter's Snow: [13] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Mingling with the students when 'tis noonday overhead, head, And walking pensively alone, beneath the moon's fair glow! Thine was the scholar's soul, the Poet's and the Seer's : Thine was the vision of the sheeted dead and gibbering ghosts -- ing ghosts -i^ The battles in the clouds among the armed hosts i^ The battles in the clouds among the armed hosts i|?ove the City of Dublin. With the fulness of the .*^ years, J\)rsake the doom and darkness over which the /*tyrant boasts- -Come, strengthen willing arms and dry the widow's Come, strengthen willing arms and dry the widow's tears ! M .*>' [14] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Erin Free -- Erin Glorified Hark Erin! Raise aloft thy tear-stained eyelids; Arise from thy ebonite bed: Behold in the household of Heaven, The forms of thy Immortal Dead: There see the sons of Saint Patrick In serried ranks appear, As Princes in God's own Kingdom -They, deemed but plebians here! They, deemed but plebians here! Thou who hast clung in dark desolation To the sad yet comforting Tree; Will yet ascend from Mount Olivet, After death on thy Calvary! Aye, will mount the stairs of Heaven When Christ ascends once more, After Jehosaphat's judgment -Thy pain and mourning o'er! Thy pain and mourning o'er! In the New Solyma of glory -Citizens leal to their King, Citizens leal to their King, The Children of Lir and their mother Shall reign free from sorrowing! Then truly the Erin that suffered When others were rich and free. Will gain from the Sun of Justice, Her fulness of Liberty! [15] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND To a Rebel Patriot Leader! (Lines written in memory of Patrick H. Pearse, Commandant-General of the Irish Republican Army during the stirring days of Easter Week, 1916.) Eminent Patriot, Poet and Scholar, Sadly have I read thy last adieu Written to thy cherished mother -And the little poem penned by you: And the little poem penned by you: How could mortal read that letter Of a brave intrepid Gael, And not feel a throb of anguish For the dead in Kilmainham Jail! A holocaust dear to the hearts of all Freemen, Thou and thy bold companions wert; A sacrifice rare, that the Spirit of Erin Might awaken and watch alert; Oil for the lamp of Kathleen Ni-Houlihan, To guide her through the gathering gloom -You Patrick Pearse, and your trusty fellows, You Patrick Pearse, and your trusty fellows, Chose gladly a prison tomb! "This is the death I should have asked for" -Well did your wish come true! Well did your wish come true! "A soldier's death for Erin and freedom" Was yours, with your dauntless Few! But now thou art gone, Brave Hero : Orator, bold pamphleteer -Head-master in far-famed Saint Enda's: Head-master in far-famed Saint Enda's: We breath a true prayer o'er your bier! [1^] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Twine then a garland of prayers for the Valiant, Who martialled the Volunteers: Let their names writ in blood, shine in glory -Wax bright with the coming years. Wax bright with the coming years. May their spirit live within us -Undying, true and fierce: Undying, true and fierce: And remember the noblest and purest -The illustrious Patrick Pearse! The illustrious Patrick Pearse! [17] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND June -- the Artist at Eventide A rich golden belt clasps the Western sky, On this eventide in June: Cloudlets of violet and pinkish hue Float 'twixt the sky-line and Heaven's blue; Over a halo of tea-rose tint: The swaying elm trees, half green, half black, Keep time as the breezes sigh: One bashful star 'gins in gold to glint. Into sight like the mother-moon. For the lordly sun has gone to rest : Then a shy little star, the boldest and best Calls to brothers and sisters too, "Come out, for the sun's not in sight" -And e'en now his banners bright fade in his track. And e'en now his banners bright fade in his track. Into the purple of night! [18] Echoes of Erin SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Awakening Did they think that the soul of my Erin was dead -That Saxon wiles had wooed her? That Saxon wiles had wooed her? Did they think that heart the years had bled Now had turned to her vain intruder? Did they think that the wounds that yet were red, Could be healed by the kiss of a Tudor? Vain thoughts for the grasping Saxon band, For the soul of my Erin so meek, Awoke, o^er the drugged and drowsy land In her sons of that brave Easter Week! For aye be it thus, when true men shall stand, For God and Erin to speak! [21] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Return of the Celts. The Celts are going, the Saxons sang O'er a proud race, famished by hunger's pang: They chuckled in their fiendish glee, They sail in their coffin-ships over the sea Away to Southern and Western climes : They boasted through the London Times, In jeering tones, in accents glowing, "The Celts are going, the Celts are going!" The Celts are going . . . but not yet gone: Thank God, their children still live on In the Land of Patrick and Columbkille, In the fertile vale, on the rugged hill: But the Bad Times and the crowbar brigades Have filled many a hearthstone with green grass blades : Within many a quiet churchyard gate, They sleep, who perished in '48 ! The Celts are going . . . but hark on the gale That sweeps the four corners of Granuale, The sound of a rifle in Dublin's fair Town : Why it tilts the King of England's crown, And the bullets of the Volunteers Are singing the watchword of the years -The Wild Geese return from a foreign vale -- The Wild Geese return from a foreign vale -What Ho ! The Celts are coming back to Innisf ail ! What Ho ! The Celts are coming back to Innisf ail ! The Celts are coming back again -'Cross purple hill and mossy glen: 'Cross purple hill and mossy glen: [22] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Not with furtive step, but with tread of men, The Spirit of Erin, o'er hill and fen Sweeps with the stride of Owen Roe -Though footsteps of blood dot the virgin snow Though footsteps of blood dot the virgin snow The Spirit of Erin is marching on With men of brain and men of brawn! The Celts are coming back to stay -To inherit the land of their sires' clay: To inherit the land of their sires' clay: The West's awake from Shannon to sea, She has answered the call of Liberty! Ye Sons of Banba, arise in your might -De Valera leads for Erin and Right: De Valera leads for Erin and Right: Thank God, the Celts are coming back Into their own, again! [23] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Mankind's University The Cross of Christ rears up its head -The light of Knowledge full is shed The light of Knowledge full is shed Upon each kindly hill and vale: Sweet Peace, her benison bestows And Piety now thrives and grows With Learning, in dear Innisfail! From Burgundy the scholars come, From utmost parts of Christiandom : From far Italian frontiers, To Armagh, Derry and Clonard, To go forth doctor, teacher, bard, From the Isle of Saints and Seers! Wherever Christ^s blessed creed is taught. The sons of Holy Erin sought The pagans far across the sea: From Derry, Clonfert and Lismore The sainted scholars homeward pour From mankind's university! Alas, the mad barbaric hordes, The Norsemen from their native fjords Swept down where piety and learning grew; And tried to tarnish her fair name Until the day of reckoning came With Clontarf and Brian Boru! [24] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Misfortune followed from the Danes -A nithless foe swept o'er her plains; A nithless foe swept o'er her plains; The schools -- the pride of Long Ago, Were ruined by a stranger's hand; The monasteries of the land Fell, as the walls of Jericho! The dead alone can fitly tell Of ruined altar and silent bell -Of abbeys and schools where the mosses grow; Of abbeys and schools where the mosses grow; Well may their children long bewail The fall of the learning of Innisf ail -Famed Bangor's ruin, and Armagh's woe! Famed Bangor's ruin, and Armagh's woe! Learning that once was Erin's pride, When the pagan ruled half a world beside -Come, as the foreign scholars do, Come, as the foreign scholars do, From India's and America's pale. To study with the sons of Gael' -let great Newman's dream come true! let great Newman's dream come true! [25] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Saint Patrick's Day at Sea Saint Patrick's Day upon the ocean wide; Far, far away from Erin and the shamrocks green; Apart from friends, and one fair sweet colleen Exiled from me, her lover, and her home by Shannon's side! non's side! Saint Patrick's Day "Somewhere upon the Atlantic waves" -God be with the good old days of yore God be with the good old days of yore When far away in Erin, fun and mirth galore Ran riot in the land for which my fond heart craves! Sometimes through the sea, I think I hear the wail Of plaintive bagpipes down the lonely years, And then to "God save Ireland" march the Volunteers, teers, And my heart goes trooping onward with the children of the Gael! Down whitewashed village streets this holy day. Fresh plucked shamrocks on each proud breast airily -The fifes and drums are playing merrily The fifes and drums are playing merrily The "Wearin' of the Green" to me, from far away! [36] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Protean Land. I saw once a land where the grasses grew Greener and yet more green; And the moonbeams peeped on the rich cornfields That shone in a silvery sheen: I saw the fish in her rivers leap, And the stags on her proud hills roam: I sighed and longed for that lovely land -A fairyland, and a home! A fairyland, and a home! But I looked again when the sun was high, And the sky hung in blue-gold veils; And I saw her people -- a wretched lot. Living in cabins and jails: But most of her children were scattered far To the East and the distant West : Ah, there seemed no hope, for the foreign yoke Bore down on that race oppressed! And I saw the ruins that marked the march Of this race across centuries: Cromlech, round-tower and abbey Arched by the eternal trees! Alas that the canker-worm of hate Had set its mark everywhere: Famine and exile had stifled her all. And I prayed, "GOD COMFORT HER!" The legions of Hell were gathered there To harass each step and path: [27] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The angels came when the darkness fell, To pour out the vials of wrath: But I saw a light in Cimmerian gloom, And it grew till it reached the sky -And the voice of the dead through the living spoke, And the voice of the dead through the living spoke, ^'Our land shall never die!" [28] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND A Celtic Christmas The Twenty-fourth was all so quiet and still, Save when some homeward cart with Christmas fare Rattled along as horses climbed the hill -Yet there was frost and silence in the air! Yet there was frost and silence in the air! And just a blotch of palest rose, Smeared across the West in timid flight Was all the meek day said . . . and now he goes, And there is silence grey, and night! The gleam of stars that tremble in the frost Is leading me to Bethlehem, like hearthstone's ember Leads back the lone one and the lost, But now the dark and cold that is December Is cheered and lighted up -- in farmhouse windows The Christ-Child candles glimmer through each curtained pane; Fainter as night advances, each love-lit candle glows, Till in the dark, they vanish, one by one again! MIDNIGHT ! The blessed hour of the Saviour's birth, Then clearly through the icy air there swells Twelve slow and solemn strokes to all the earth, As Christmas Day is ushered in by chapel bells: From midnight Mass to Mass at midday hour, The children for the Babe of Bethlehem will come. And through the grey gloom, God's eternal power Is leading them out, the blind, the lame, the dumb ! [29] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The student is back from his college now, Sons and daughters have come to their home again, And rejoice beneath the berried holly bough, Twined with ivy and fern, plucked in some sheltered glen! For the absent and dead, a prayer to the Lord Then the Mother uncovers the warm Christmas treat -The best that purse and skill can afford, The best that purse and skill can afford, On the snow-white tables, tasty and neat! Thus passes the Cherished Christmas Day -A feast for the body and soul outpoured; A feast for the body and soul outpoured; E'en the robin will twitter a merrier lay For the tit-bits and crumbs from the festive board ! The starlit dusk of Christmas fades and faints Into Saint Stephen's dawn -- the feast of him The first true witness in life's blood -- the van of saints # -The nearest to the Babe of Bethlehem! The nearest to the Babe of Bethlehem! And now like perfume from some fragrant flower, Saint Stephen's Day brings back the charm of Christmas morn -Many an Irish soul at mealtime hour Many an Irish soul at mealtime hour Abstains from meat, that he who bore first scoff and scorn Will ward oE fevers and diseases of the flesh: Today we go a-hunting for the wren. And some will chase the hares with hounds so sleek and fresh, Panting clouds of breath o'er hill and frozen fen! With masks and costumes queer, down many a quiet lane, The wren-boys come to farmhouse doors and sing [30] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND A Christmas carol -- then an old melodion^s strain Pipes out a melody to earth's new Infant King ! Perhaps a good old-fashioned dance tonight Will gather lads and lassies to the nearby school; Perhaps a play will make the evening bright, And social cheer will crown a gladsome Yule! The Christmas Tide in Erin is the best That earth can offer: mine the heart that knows For I have spent them all in East or West -Wherever on this earth, my wind's will blows: Wherever on this earth, my wind's will blows: And when my Sligo hills are wreathed in snow-drifts wild. My thoughts fly back there o'er a foreign sea -Down in my heart I thank the Infant Child Down in my heart I thank the Infant Child And His sweet Mother, for their gifts of memory! [31] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND A Keen for the Castle of Breffny Ah, here O'Rourkes of Breffny lived and died, Where stand these chill and cold grey walls: What change from days of pomp and pride, When festive laughter echoed through these halls! Hearts that were bold and minds of noble power, Forms that were fair and pure as eyes could see; All sleep . . . some in the shade of Sligo Abbey's tower. And some are slumbering in Creevalea ! The ashes are long since dead on the hearth, The rains of centuries have dashed in might Where oft was sung the song of mirth, And seanachus made short the Winter's night. Only the cawing of the busy rooks is heard Where o'er the waters rang the harp of Breffny's proud bard: The chattering of some small saucy bird Replaces now the tread of many a trusty guard! Here where in glory hung the foeman's blade, His cherished banners and his tunic too : Stand bleak walls by the dint of Time decayed. And ivy hangs a-dripping with the rain and dew. Like some sad wreath o'er Erin's house of woe -A tribute to the memory of the brave and dead, A tribute to the memory of the brave and dead, Who, actors in the first scene of that tragic show. Gladly for Breffny and their Erin, fought and bled! [32] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Here within the crackle of the stout oak logs, Where crouched the wolf-hounds, panting from the chase; Young Prince O'Rourke, fresh from the hills and bogs, Gave to the weary stranger, once thrice-welcome place ! The Castle of Breffny, whose wide portals wider thrown ' To those poor pilgrims in 0' Sullivan Beare's retreat, treat, With the grasses of three hundred years is now overgrown: grown: Many the souls that tarry there, though few the feet! Methinks a brighter light ere long will glow. In place of one that pilgrim eyes had sought, And yet round Dromahaire, chill winds may blow -Unquenched will be the torch of Freedom lately Unquenched will be the torch of Freedom lately caught From flames awakened in the Sty^an gloom: And Breffny, the first sad page in Erin's sorrowful tale, Long thought to be the epitaph on Nationhood's fair tomb Will be a sweet rainbow of promise to the Gael! [33] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Spark The night was dark -- a tiny spark Glowed in the ashes gray: Though the wild wind howled, And the black sky scowled, Erin knelt there to pray -And she sat near the hearthstone anxiously, And she sat near the hearthstone anxiously, Waiting for someone, and Day! She nursed the spark, while she heard the bark Of distant dogs and curs: For her own out there, She made a prayer, In that desolate house of hers; And she stirred the embers fitfully -The embers of turf and furze! The embers of turf and furze! The lightning flashed and the thunder crashed Around her comfortless cell: Some grim funeral pyre. She nursed her fire -Though she suffered the torments of Hell: Though she suffered the torments of Hell: And even her children would not have knoAvn This Shan Van Vocht, their mother's shell! Though the storms did brew and the fires grew A dot in the night's black bowl; The tempters came With their hearts of shame And offered her dole on dole -But through all that weary night of want -- But through all that weary night of want -She would not sell her soul! She would not sell her soul! [34] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Somewhere in the world, a flag is unfurled, Of orange and white and green: And the dawning streaks O'er the Eastern peaks Tell of a vision seen -For her children have kindled that dying blaze For her children have kindled that dying blaze On the hearth of my Dark Rosaleen! [35] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Sacrifice! "Erin must die" the tyrant decreed, Though the tyrant had glutted his devilish greed On her life-blood and wealth, With a vampire's stealth: And poor Erin toiled on up Calvary's slope -To the place of skulls and of lesser hope! To the place of skulls and of lesser hope! Her nobler children saw her distress; The Crown of Thorns they take and caress: The stronger and bolder Snatch the Cross from her shoulder -The latest farthing of devotion they pay -- The latest farthing of devotion they pay -In the winepress of wrath, her pain allay! In the winepress of wrath, her pain allay! noble children from noble womb. Who cheerfully chose the darkening tomb, And heartsblood gladly gave, That generations no longer slave Beneath the tyrant's hated yoke . . . Sacred the very sacrificial smoke! priests of the newer dispensation, Who live in the hearts of the Irish nation: -Your blood has more than sanctified Your blood has more than sanctified The colors and creed for which you died -Let all men know your freebom sacrifice. Let all men know your freebom sacrifice. And knowing, shall appreciate the price! [36] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Eve of All Hallows in Erin Mellow October is waning fast; 'Twill die at the stroke of midnight bells That peal through the silence and dead of night From the big Cathedral in Sligo Town, Built on the beautiful River of Shells! Tomorrow will be the Feast of All Saints -The Militant Church will celebrate The Militant Church will celebrate The glory of King and Queen made poor -The humble exalted -- for Jesus' sake -- The humble exalted -- for Jesus' sake -In the Church of Mary Immaculate! In the Church of Mary Immaculate! But that for the morrow -- this haunted night, Joy for the Harvest haggarded now; And fun ere the gloom of Winter, Will keep Summer's smile within our hearts, Till Spring returns with swallow and plough! The sun that was sickly and yellow today Set behind the cairn of Knocknarea: A rosy, robust chap, and now the lanes And shucks around the fields are hidden By a mist that is ghostly and grey! The straggling carts rattle homewards, And the howling of some distant dog Lends a sense of weirdness to the scene: Whiter than snow are the fields neath the moon That gleams alike on hill and bog! [37] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The flicker of the open firelight plays On the curtains and yellow blinds Of many a happy home tonight, The Gael their ancient Sawan hold once more With gleeful hearts and cheerful minds! Loughey boys shall have their night this Halloweve: A riot of home-made fun and revelry: Gates shall be missing the dawn of All Saints: And cabbage stumps will rattle on many a cottage door, Just for a bit of pure deviltry Happy the unwedded maid who finds The ring in her piece of home-made cake: A bride before twelvemonths she'll be: And the bouchaill will read the Fate's decree, For his future colleen's sake! In the depths of many a lonely kiln, Unwinding a ball of yam: The lover will see life's future mate: The mirror reflects my love this night, As I eat an apple by candlelight in the barn. Nora will know which one of her boys Will be true, by the chestnuts that jump on the grate : Rosy apples and cakes and nuts galore Will load the tables, this set night -Anon the mystic rites we'll celebrate! Anon the mystic rites we'll celebrate! The ritual of Halloweve demands The unwed, uncertain lover to fare For one thirsty night on a salty herring -[38] [38] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Oh, the tricks that are played with the Sphinx of Fate -In my homeland, from Grange to Ballysodare! In my homeland, from Grange to Ballysodare! While far away in my Erin they play Their jokes this Thirty-first, mid moans and grins My cup of sadness is turned to wine of joy, Because I know a prayer for me, their roving boy, Is offered up, before the evening meal begins! While in verses rude I write the story of this night, As ^tis in my own place 'round Sligo: And live in spirit as once I lived in flesh -I know that I am leagues away from those dear I know that I am leagues away from those dear scenes # -A rover on the restless Gulf of Mexico! A rover on the restless Gulf of Mexico! [39] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Caed Mile Failte To sea-bound battlements I came, In a land that once held a fair proud name In the Western sea; And guarding the glory of bygone days, I heard that password, that Heavenly phrase Caed Mile Failte! What wealth of earnest, goodly cheer From smiling Irish lips to hear Caed Mile Failte! The kindly Celt's forget-me-not; Ah, sweeter words were never thought -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! They mean, "We open up our land. Our homes, our hearts and give our hand To you, our friend: Rejoice and enter Erin's gates. Where kindest, heartiest greeting waits -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! Poor outcast, yet of golden parts, We gather you unto our hearts, Caed Mile Failte! Our land is poor, but yet our best Is all for you, our welcome guest -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! Our treasure-house is opened up. Come, drink a brimming measure cup -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! [40] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Drink in the legends and the lore, Our music, history -- and more, Our literature and ways! Some friends will wish your future well, And health and happiness foretell # -Vain, idle hopes: Vain, idle hopes: But the Celtic saying welcomes you In robes that other folks would rue -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! Ah, in my wanderings I have heard The kindly, genial greeting word Of many climes : The "Viva" of the Portuguese, But one is sweeter far than these -Caed Mile Failte! Caed Mile Failte! [41] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Vision of Granuale! I have caught the Irish spirit From the legends and the lore; And learned to love my sires' land From shore to rocky shore I have seen the peace of Tir-n-an-ogue In gentle country lanes: And the martial fire of Owen Roe Flashed in thunder and the rains: I've seen scattered shrines of Druid gods In groups of sturdy oak: I have knelt at moss-grown altars, Loved by genial country-folk: The sorrowed tale of suffering Is writ in Breffney's halls, But the hymn of hope and freedom Rings through glens from waterfalls: The ancient glory of Erin, Stands inscribed in Clonmacnoise; In the fields and heath-clad mountains I have listened to her voice: Her spirit falls upon me As I read her martyr's prose, And glean history from the ballads Of her glory and her woes! Her retinue of fairies From the cromlechs and the raths. And the leprechauns and banshees That haunt the lonesome paths -All these passed before my vision All these passed before my vision In one glorious review -[42,] [42,] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND As I dreampt of holy Ireland, Beneath skies of Southern blue: And IVe seen the Shan Van Yocht in her When bogs were grey with cloud: Sweet Kathleen Ni Houlihan Came with the Maytime proud: Sure I'm thinking of the heathered hills, And fields all fringed with furze And I'm praying that 'twill come again -The glory that was hers! The glory that was hers! [43] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Stranger's Castle In the gentle peace of an Irish vale A stranger full armed in a coat of mail Rode into the dell Where Peace did dwell, And built a stronghold in that paradise -A stain beneath the genial Irish skies A stain beneath the genial Irish skies That ever meditate upon the sons of Gael! And they who dwelt in that valley fair Oft wondered what the stranger knight kept there; And rumors ran That the fairy clan Kept holiday in its walls of mystery -For the stranger kept under lock and key For the stranger kept under lock and key This castle haunted as a banshee's lair! The Stranger came both early and late To lead some Croppies to the castle gate: Whispering, pale He told the tale Of Protestant tyrants that had tracked their sires To Death, with famine, sword and fires -Craftily the Stranger sowed the seeds of hate! Craftily the Stranger sowed the seeds of hate! This same Stranger took some Irish Protestants aside, And to their ears a secret he'd confide: A hideous plot Was being wrought By Croppies to disrupt the Island Home, And set a tjrrant Pope of Rome Upon the soil for which their sires died! [44] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The years are not long (nor the memory spent) Since the Stranger went forth on his errand bent: And kept apart The Irish heart -For Croppy and Orange madly vied For Croppy and Orange madly vied To win the day for their own dear side, While the stranger laughed to his heart's content! But there came a day in Erin of ours, When the Stranger left his castle's towers: A messenger white At dead of night Came riding hotfoot from the Stranger's shore With the startling, terrible news of war -"Come quick, and gather all your powers!" "Come quick, and gather all your powers!" While the Stranger was fighting his foemen bold, Some were seen to enter the castle's fold: For Orange and Green Went there to glean The secret that held them both in awe, And made them enemies within the law -So together they entered the Stranger's stronghold! So together they entered the Stranger's stronghold! They searched cranny and nook and every place; And they swore an oath in the Stranger's face, Did Orange and Green: And that gentle scene Became no more a bugbear for them both: In its halls they joined a solemn oath -United we stand for the Irish race! United we stand for the Irish race! [45] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The New Irish Brigade No Irish seas sing requiem, Nor Irish winds shall moan o'er them -Whose bones and ashes scattered wide Whose bones and ashes scattered wide Throughout the known world today -As soldiers, saints and scholars, they As soldiers, saints and scholars, they Toiled far from Shannon's side! Some as brave warriors undismayed, And some in a gentle cloister's shade; And some as builders of states were seen; And more in Learning's lecture hall . . But the sorrow of Erin smote them all -The love of their Dark Rosaleen ! The love of their Dark Rosaleen ! Brave exiles from their native shore, Gladly and willingly they swore To work and fight and die at last For the land wherein they settled down: In quiet field and noisy town -'Neath many flags their lives were passed! 'Neath many flags their lives were passed! Down through the bitter centuries A flag that fluttered in the breeze Was carried through war's blood and fire: An emblem of their creed unfurled: Confession unto all the world: On battlefield: in lonely choir! A legend writ in blood and love On foreign fields did float above [46] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND That dauntless band where'er they strayed : From Ramillies to Landen's plain: From Ypres down to sunny Spain -The conquering Irish Brigade. The conquering Irish Brigade. The passing of olden scepter and crown Dimmed not the Irish Brigade's renown : Through the turmoil of a Civil War, Meagher's famed Brigade right nobly stood And wrote their fame in steel and blood, From Virginia's slopes to Georgia's shore! When the pillars of the whole world shook, The field the Irish soldiers took: The requiem now sobs and swells For Anzac, Scotch, Canadian, For French and for American -From Flanders to the Dardanelles! From Flanders to the Dardanelles! "Faithful always and everywhere" Was the motto their fathers used to bear: Though not always a decimated race Torn by famine and prison and steel. They always heard the stranger's appeal -They never stood in the tyrant's place ! They never stood in the tyrant's place ! And say ye that this race is dead -That these famed Wild Geese all have fled? That these famed Wild Geese all have fled? Forgot their ancient, earned renown -They only sleep till the Judgment Day, They only sleep till the Judgment Day, Victors on fields of awful fray? Seek ye the answer in Dublin Town! The stranger's cause has well been fought: The stranger's liberty dearly bought [47] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND With Irish blood and Irish tears: Know ye, we fight for our Motherland, And on Erin's shore we take our stand For those rights we have fought for years ! Faugh a hallagh, and clear the way, We are out for Victory today; We trample the olden bigots and lies, And rear our standard of truth and light Aloft above the blackness of the night -A newer light is breaking in the Irish skies ! A newer light is breaking in the Irish skies ! [48] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Cardinal Newman A Prince of Holy Church and king among them all: Brave brainy giant who could throw the gauntlet down With any savant who wore cap and gown -He left his sireland for an island small -- He left his sireland for an island small -Kind, noble Christlike heart and mind serene; Kind, noble Christlike heart and mind serene; That fellow-men might tread on learning's way: All creed and color made of common clay -He came to Dublin and Saint Stephen's Green! He came to Dublin and Saint Stephen's Green! Saint Stephen's Green in Dublin's heart Was where a Churchman had his noblest dreams : There where a scholar wrote his learned themes -Above the city's din and smoke apart: Above the city's din and smoke apart: Through twilight of the Nineteenth Century, ghostlike and faint, like and faint, He came like some blessed vision to make whole again; To cure the lepers and drive pain from writhing men' -A pious scholar and a learned saint! A pious scholar and a learned saint! And then the years crept on with their reward Of dead sea fruit for sinners and a life of woe: Great Newman saw his scholars come and go, And seeing, in his heart he thanked the Lord ! Those same frail frescoes that looked idly down On sage professors busy with their books and class, In later days beheld a wonder come to pass -A dream as of Gerontius, came in Dublin Town! A dream as of Gerontius, came in Dublin Town! [49] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Aye, once again from East and West The foreign scholars flocked to Erin's shore To drink a draught of learning and rich lore -Once more the lights of Knowledge blazed on Erin's Once more the lights of Knowledge blazed on Erin's crest! After the wailing night of persecution, want and woe -After the hedge-school and the hunted sire, After the hedge-school and the hunted sire, One came to Erin -- lit a quenchless fire; Newman's the hand that set the turret lights aglow The flame of hope that seemed to flicker in the grease Blazed forth, as once a Paschal fire that Faith did feed, In liberty for every class and any creed. That blended green and orange in the white of common Peace! mon Peace! Saint Stephen's Green beheld the flash of gun and battle scars, And saw her sons for Mother Erin slain -Brave college men that fought for Ireland's Brave college men that fought for Ireland's gain . . . While Newman's spirit prayed among the stars ! [50] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Sons of the Younger Ireland There's a grey college bordering Stephen's Green: There's a church just beside the lecture halls: And there's vacant seats where the boys were seen In the busy classes and choir stalls! Full of life and learning's every phase, They were hopeful then, in my younger days. There's a little professor who used to teach His English class in the afternoons -A soldier's heart with a scholar's reach, A soldier's heart with a scholar's reach, He lectured through harvests to busy Junes . . . But they buried him since in a Rebel's grave: His life for Erin and freedom he gave! There's a brand new college they're building at ease Around the comer 'long Earlsfort way -Where the old Royal once conferred degrees -- Where the old Royal once conferred degrees -But that's the tale of another day! But that's the tale of another day! Mine be the dreams of Newman's domain Where the souls of the Younger Ireland reign ! The sons of the Younger Ireland laid Their caps and gowns and texts aside, And grasped the keen and willing blade -And manned machine-guns with their sires' pride: And manned machine-guns with their sires' pride: Brave Arthur Griffith's ardent pen Made hirelings into martial men! For the unlettered peasant with donkey and cart -(Unlettered because of a stranger's laws) ; (Unlettered because of a stranger's laws) ; [51] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND For sake of a people sick at heart, The college men gave their lives for the cause : And surely no star shines half as bright As those meteor-souls that flashed in the night! They sparkled across Old Erin's ken -The fiery crosses that blazed from afar: The fiery crosses that blazed from afar: Foretelling the combat to red-blooded men, And heralding the morning star. . . . The dawn is breaking across the wrack, And an army stirs in its bivouac! [52] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Power of Blood 'Tis said that on the field of Waterloo The prettiest flowers spring from out that fertile soU, Watered in years agone by blood of heroes bold, Who bravely fell amid war's dread turmoil -Strange thought, that Flora should prefer that crim- Strange thought, that Flora should prefer that crimsoned mold soned mold Whereon to nourish flowers the fairest ever grew! There is a power in blood that all men know -'Tis valued far above earth's paltry dross -- 'Tis valued far above earth's paltry dross -For blood is potent where gold sickly shines : For blood is potent where gold sickly shines : On Golgotha the Blood of Christ shed on the Cross Purchased a gift which ten of Pluto's mines Would not have bought for all their glittering show! The fight for Freedom was begun in blood; From Lexington to Yorktown it ran red: Thank God, not vainly did that life-blood flow, For Liberty from her secluded bed Came forth that all the world might know That out of evil, God distills good! The Irish race has chafed beneath the chains Outworn and fastened by a stranger's hand: With one brave effort, Irishmen Have fought and bled, proclaiming to the land That Liberty no longer seeks a glen, But walks abroad through all the fertile plains! [53] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Surely the blood that flowed in Dublin's streets When Easter bells were ringing holy peace, Will yield a thousand-fold for all the Gael, And from the tyrant's chains obtain release For Motherland, our cherished Granuale . . . O Blood that breeds a purpose in each heart that beats ! [54] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Erin, Saint Patrick's Grown of Joy That Paschal fire once lit upon the hill of Slane . By him who like the Baptist, feared not kings, Burns bright today within the bosoms of the Gael, Unquenehed and undiminished by the tyrant reign Of Persecution, whose foul arts did fail To pervert Erin's children, safe neath Heaven's wings ! Brave Erin! patient, strong, enduring all for Christ! To earth thou lookest not for well-earned meed: The Tribe of Levi 'neath the new regime of God Art thou -- ne'er wilt thou be enticed To wander from the path that Patrick trod: Fidelity to Peter is thy creed! As in thine olden days, scholar and saint Went forth to bear glad tidings to a pagan world : May thy anointed sons set out like them. Keeping alive the fires of Faith lest they grow faint -Leading the exiled Celt into the New Jerusalem -- Leading the exiled Celt into the New Jerusalem -Untainted in lands where o'er sin's jagged cliffs Untainted in lands where o'er sin's jagged cliffs all creed is hurled! The reign of Anti-christ sets in apace, But Erin as of yore, a beacon bright Shall beam again far o'er the shapeless surge -For she, the Mother of a martyred race, For she, the Mother of a martyred race, Shall strive for Jesus' sake to heal and purge A sin-stained world now settling in the dusk of night! [55] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Fair Bride of Clirist and Mother of the Gael! To thy Apostle's wish ever firm and true: He who upon Croagh Patrick humbly knelt; Imploring that in Jehosaphat's dread vale. He might be judge o'er his own Celt, Will witness bear for thee before the wondering nations' view! [56] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND My Fettered Bride Centuries ago they bound my love, My own dear Rosaleen Dhu: Fettered her tender limbs with a chain -Made her walk through the mud and the cheerless Made her walk through the mud and the cheerless rain: Rejoiced in her sorrow and laughed at her pain -The heartless Saxon crew! The heartless Saxon crew! Through the times of the cruel Penal laws, Avourneen, you were bent to the sod: Your priests were hunted and done to death # -The invader poisoned Religion's breath -- The invader poisoned Religion's breath -But in spite of his heinous shibboleth -- But in spite of his heinous shibboleth -You were faithful to your God! You were faithful to your God! Yes, they made her drink a chalice of woe -A goblet of blood and tears -- A goblet of blood and tears -Till she nearly died at the dismal sight' -- Till she nearly died at the dismal sight' -At the Famine's dark and dreadful night -- At the Famine's dark and dreadful night -She mourned o'er her children's hapless plight * -- She mourned o'er her children's hapless plight * -In those pitiful, heartrending years! In those pitiful, heartrending years! Though they tore your body and made you weep Through the years that in anguish roll -Though they placed you on the torturing rack, Though they placed you on the torturing rack, And beat you blue and beat you black, And made your children a wretched pack -They could not subdue your soul! They could not subdue your soul! Yes, the soul of Erin lives on aflame, Through the rain and the blinding sleet: Soothing the wounds that pain and smart, Vivifying the weakened heart. Helping the body to do its part -Till the world's pulse ceases to beat! Till the world's pulse ceases to beat! [57] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Queen's Harp! (Written en route to the Azores) The Muses and Art have both combined To picture the Mother of God and o' me: But yet the choicest lags behind The One Reality! # Not mine the power of brush or pen To portray you to my fellow-men, Sweet, Gentle Mother! But tonight, as the wild wind roars aloft, And is answered by the wilder sea; And darkness veils all ocean craft -Stella Maris, Ora pro me! Stella Maris, Ora pro me! And let my willing heart of clay Be the harp, on which Thou tonight shall play. Queen of the Angels! My thoughts be the music plaint and sweet That proceeds from chords touched by Thy hands: Music that shall give courage to faltering feet. To cheer me over foreign lands Of earth, and desert wastes of sea. To Death ... to Victory . . . and to Thee, Fair Queen of Heaven. [58] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Bells of Sligo Cathedral. BeUs of Sligo Cathedral That hang in a silvery chime; The dowry of a maiden fair Is the gift that brought you joy-bells there, When Death claimed the maid in her prime : Bells that peal out the hymns of our olden Faith, In a tone that is soft and sublime! The sweet bells of Sligo Cathedral Are chiming down boyhood's way: Chiming softly again Over snows and through rain; Or when Summer and I keep holiday: Chiming up from the vales to the mountains That encircle Sligo Bay! The dear bells of Sligo Cathedral Are calling the rising hour -Boys in my college of Summerhill Boys in my college of Summerhill Must arise, when the Angelus over Lough Gill Peals from the belfry tower: <i From truant September to studious June, Those bells wield a tyrant's power! The joy-bells of Sligo Cathedral Their p^ean of peace outpour: "Adeste Fideles" when Knocknarea Is white from the cairn to the sea -And when primroses peep -- the Winter o'er And when primroses peep -- the Winter o'er Easter hymns will sound on the holy bells. From Strandhill to Aughamore! [59] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Now the bells of Sligo Cathedral Are chiming across the years, Messages sacred of other days, Calling me back from my godless ways, To the Lord of my hopes and fears: Telling in silver-toned accents Of those dear days my lone heart reveres! [60] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Lough Gill Killarney of the Northwest. Have you never seen the gleaming Lake?* Then a journey, friend, you must surely take From Sligo Town To Cairn Crown -And catch a glimpse of that vision rare, And catch a glimpse of that vision rare, To view the wooded islands fair From the margin of the brake. You may sail through the rushes and up the stream Up the Garavogue where the waters gleam: Up the Garavogue where the waters gleam: Through the "Narrows" Like trusty arrows -And land on the islands fringed with fern: And land on the islands fringed with fern: Hawthorne is the ashes -- an Abbey the urn Above the spot where the old monks dream! Creevalea Abbey near the Bonet's side, From the isles through the haze is faintly spied: And Breffny's halls Your spirit calls -A ruined castle on a charming shore -- A ruined castle on a charming shore -The sorrowed of Erin, evermore: The sorrowed of Erin, evermore: Once a haughty chieftain's pride! O'er the dim Ox Mountains the moonbeams peep When Cathedral chimes are lulling to sleep Far and faint In language quaint ^ -[61] [61] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Then the ghostly Lady of the Lake Must walk abroad for Erin's sake-A watch o'er Breffny, Dervorgil must keep! A watch o'er Breffny, Dervorgil must keep! Alone in the moonlight you must steal When the islands are bare, and pilgrims kneel At Christmastide : O'er the waters wide A vision of friars with habits white Stained with their life-blood you must sight -For your ears the bells of olden Holy Cross will peal ! For your ears the bells of olden Holy Cross will peal ! You must see and learn from sweet Lough Gill Devotion that tyrants could not kill # -In Tubbemault's well -- In Tubbemault's well -In each Abbey cell: In each Abbey cell: You must know of a nation's tragedy That is linked with the ruins of Breffny -You must drink in the beauty of valley and hill! You must drink in the beauty of valley and hill! Have you never seen the Gleaming Lake?" Then a journey, friend, you must surely take, To the fair Northwest, When the season's best: From Hazelwood or from Dooney Rock You may feast your eyes on the silver lough -Go, friend, for health and spirit's sake! Go, friend, for health and spirit's sake! [62] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND The Spirit of Summerhill The tanned and robust scholars Are flocking into town; In from the farms and the villages * -In from the hills of brown: In from the hills of brown: Into Sligo on the River of Shells, Up to the College gates, Through the old dim grey quadrangle, To where Learning sits and waits. Our Fathers will tell of a college On the Shannon banks in Athlone; But we are the boys of a Summerhill That we're proud to call our own! What pathos and joy, what laughs and tears, Our college cup can fill -But who shall know all that the name stands for But who shall know all that the name stands for None save a student of Summerhill! Though long be the years we are parted. Far from hearth and homeland we roam, SUMMERHILL shall aye be our talisman -We've a pride in our college home; We've a pride in our college home; For those years in the College of MaryHave fitted us well for the strife -- Have fitted us well for the strife -Gladiators, that training has made us, Gladiators, that training has made us, To fight in the arena of life! Those tedious years of study Have flown all too soon -Exams, and games are over, Exams, and games are over, [63] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND With the latter days of June: But our Alma Mater we're proud of, For Summerhill we stand -She has made us better and stronger She has made us better and stronger For God and our Native Land! Author's Note: -- Summerhill College, Sligo, Ireland, is the Alma Mater of John McCormack, land, is the Alma Mater of John McCormack, the noted Irish tenor, and of Burke-Cochrane, the famous lawyer. [64] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Daybreak Night came with chill and bitterness With want and woe: After the glory of sunset, And the afterglow: Night beat with wings of blackness, Like a harpy wild -And blotted out the moonbeams And blotted out the moonbeams From Erin's child! The red went from the sunrise -For red was hate: For red was hate: Keen watchers woke the sleeping Hard by the gate: The dawning flush was orange, The trees were green: But my soul was in the whiteness That lay between! [65] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND Erin's ELaster Bells The Easter moon wore just a haze of cloud, When bells began to peal o'er hill and verdant vale -'Cross Banba's bogs and fertile fields well ploughed, 'Cross Banba's bogs and fertile fields well ploughed, In my dear Erin of the dauntless Gael. God-sent peace then settled down With sunrise over field and town, As Easter bells all softly told their tale! What is the message o'er hill and lea This Easter-tide that the glad bells bring? What are the tidings they carry to me. At the end of April's burthening? "They tell of One that the Romans slew: They tell of Life, resurrected anew -That Death's dominion hath taken wing!" That Death's dominion hath taken wing!" The seasons fade: the years depart: The bells of Easter ring out to the breeze: I listened . . . but sadness came on my heart. . . . They had lost their olden witcheries "They toll for those who loved too well The Land of Erin : and now the knell Peals out for the souls of these !" Still the Easter bells of Erin tolled Their sadness unto early May -They were slow friars, gaunt and old -- They were slow friars, gaunt and old -Lost was their merry roundelay: Lost was their merry roundelay: [66] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND But the words of the Risen Christ came back As my soul lay on the torturing rack: ^^They too, shall arise some day" They laid Erin's broken body away -With machine-gun and cannon they sealed her With machine-gun and cannon they sealed her tomb -And they set their soldiers of alien clay And they set their soldiers of alien clay To guard her in death and doom ! Like her Risen Lord did our Erin arise And cast her chains to the utmost skies -"While Easter hells chime, there shall he no gloom,! "While Easter hells chime, there shall he no gloom,! Again JRegina Coeli chimes And Alleluias are heard once more -How changed these days in Erin's times, How changed these days in Erin's times, A sentry guards her island door: He wears a trusty bandolier: He is an Irish Volunteer -The death-cap and dungeon are ancient lore! The death-cap and dungeon are ancient lore! Aye, the Bells of Easter peal far and wide: They who were slain, rise again: Resurrection for those who nobly died In a barrack-yard, in the Stranger's jail: Love is rewarded and duty done: A hundred flock, where before was one -The Easter Bells are our Holy Grail! The Easter Bells are our Holy Grail! [67] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND L'Envoi The Ireland that bowed to wrongs and woes, Has passed from beyond our ken: The freshness of morning has gladdened our hearts : The Easter Week heroes have taught us our parts -In our ranks are pure women and men! In our ranks are pure women and men! ARISE! Ye sons of the martyred dead -Let the Irish banshee wail; Let the Irish banshee wail; For I've heard her a-keening in crowded towns, And o'er lonely bogs and on quiet downs -Whisper, and list to the gale! Whisper, and list to the gale! Are your ears made of stone that ye hear not the tread Of legions of men clad in green -The Shawneens they cringe as they call on their king : The Shawneens they cringe as they call on their king : The staunch "Soldier's Song" we shall live by and sing -Ah, well may the Sassenach keen! Ah, well may the Sassenach keen! FORWARD! Ye children of Easter Week-They shall feel the strength of Irish steel: They shall feel the strength of Irish steel: For I've seen the blush in cheeks that were snow: The old men are straight and the children grow -All shall work for the Gaelic weal! All shall work for the Gaelic weal! There are wheels to be turned and meal to be ground -For the Children of Banba increase! For the Children of Banba increase! Brain and brawn has each its own portion to do -[68] [68] SONGS OF NEWER IRELAND We have mourned for the Old, let us welcome the New -Our penance has changed into peace! Our penance has changed into peace! TO VICTORY! Too long has the Tyrant reigned-He has ground us to dust 'neath his heel of mail: He has ground us to dust 'neath his heel of mail: Thank God, that the Sassenach's day is done -The Vision is Life, and the battle's near won -- The Vision is Life, and the battle's near won -Onward for Innisfail! Onward for Innisfail! WILLIAM A MILLEN. 9] Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Sept. 2009 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION 111 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1 6066 n'>A\ 77Q-?111 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 018 349 OOP A

mild gibberish

unk83002485

Short stories of the hymns ...

Kieffer, Henry M.

shortstoriesofhy01kief_djvu.txt

Author of "The Recollections of a Drummer Boy," "College Chapel Sermons," "The First Settlers of the Forks of the Delaware." "It is to Laugh." "The Funny Bone," etc. StEINMAN & FOLTZ Copyright, 1912 By Henry Martyn Kieffer LANCASTER, PA. IN WHICH Some of our Best Hymns MOST AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. PREFACE The purpose of this little book is to present to its readers some brief account of the origin and authorship of some of our more familiar hymns. It is not the purpose to attempt to cover the whole ground of Christian hymnology, in its simply historical aspect, as that would demand the preparation of a book of very considerable dimensions. It is proposed, simply, to select from a very large posed, simply, to select from a very large amount of material which the author has for years past been gathering, a few of the more striking and interesting incidents connected with the composition of some of our best known Songs of tion of some of our best known Songs of Zion. In doing this free use will be made of such works on the subject as either a private or a public library will afford, 6 l^nUti while some assistance, and that not inconsiderable, will be found in certain considerable, will be found in certain carefully kept scrap-books of apoplectic dimension and appearance, the joint product of scissors, paste, and patience for many years past. It is quite possible, truly, that this little book may traverse some ground already familiar to some of its readers, but it is believed that to the great majority of them the story of the hymns is jority of them the story of the hymns is new, and will prove interesting and profitable. At all events, it will be an fitable. At all events, it will be an advantage to all who have not access to special works on the subject, to have in hand, gathered up in brief compass and available shape, such facts connected w^ith the origin of the hymns, as nected w^ith the origin of the hymns, as the author, after some years of patient search, has found most interesting and instructive to himself. Atlantic City, N. J. ^Ijfxirt #t0m0 0f % %mn0 CHAPTER I Our Hymns -- where did they come from? As you take your seat in your pew on the Sunday morning, and open your hymn book to find the hymn which the minister has just announced, does it ever occur to you to inquire, as you look at the hymn, ^'Who wrote this hymn? Why ? And under what circumstances ? ' ' Your hymn book may perhaps of itself tell you the name of the author and the date of its composition -- but that is very little information. Let us say, for example, that the hymn which the minister has announced is, "Blest be the tie that binds Our hearts in Christian love! The fellowship of kindred minds Is like to that above." Your hymn book may indeed tell you that this was written by one John Fawcett, in the year 1772. But these bare cett, in the year 1772. But these bare facts have very little interest for you. Who was John Fawcett, and why, and under what circumstances did he write this good old hymn? If we could only get at that, perhaps we should find a new interest and see a new meaning in this grand old song of Christian fellowship. If a person has not yet started such inquiries as these in his own mind in ref- quiries as these in his own mind in reference to at least some of the hymns we erence to at least some of the hymns we are accustomed to use in the service of the sanctuary, he has not a little yet to learn in connection with the general subject of singing in church. No one can understand a hymn, or at least appreciate it aright, or feel the full power preciate it aright, or feel the full power of its meaning, unless he knows somewhat of the spirit which actuated its composer and the outward circumstances poser and the outward circumstances which called it forth. Such historical knowledge of the hymns adds a new interest to them. It is true here as it is true generally -- that our knowledge of the history of a thing is the measure of our interest in it. Whether it concern the earth which we inhabit, the language we use, the laws by which we are governed, or anything whatsoever with which we have to do, history is ever with which we have to do, history is in all respects one of the noblest, most refining and instructive branches of study. And everything has had a history. The mountains which rise towering toward the sky, and which seem to have been from everlasting, were not always where they are now. The rivers did not always flow in their present channels ways flow in their present channels toward the sea. The continents were at one time at the bottom of the ocean. Earthquakes, volcanic action, changes of climate, and a thousand other influences have conspired to make the fluences have conspired to make the 10 ^If0rt ^ttxtuB of tijfie %mn0 earth what it is. It has had a history. And it derives a new interest for us the moment we begin to read and study and examine into the manifold changes through which it has passed. Indeed, anything develops a new significance the moment you learn something of its past. The piece of coal which you unthinkingly toss into your stove becomes a something more when you comes a something more when you learn that it is older than the family of man: that it once was a piece of wood and grew in a forest, the like of which is now nowhere to be found, and of which, if it only had a tongue, it could tell a most wonderful story. Now hold it in your hand, and turn it over, and look at it in wonder. So, too, the words which we daily use, have had, each and all of them, a history -- often a very beautiful and instructive history; and when one once begins to go to his die#I|0rt Btatxta 0f % %mn0 11 #I|0rt Btatxta 0f % %mn0 11 tionary, and studies the origin of words and the changes through which they have passed, language ceases to be the dead thing it formerly was esteemed, and becomes living, interesting, instructive. tive. So it is with our hymns. We have been using many of them ever since we could sing; and we have sung them not knowing where they came from, by whom written, when or where or why; not knowing but they may have been dropped down from the skies; not knowing, even while we sang them, that each ing, even while we sang them, that each has had its lesson of instruction in the very circumstances which gave it birth. We were like our ancestors of an hundred years ago who roamed over the hills of central Pennsylvania never suspecting the vast mineral treasures which had been laid up in store beneath their feet. There are probably very few, if any, of our readers who have not often joined in singing, "Come, Thou Fount of every blessing. Tune my heart to sing Thy grace; Streams of mercy, never ceasing, Call for songs of loudest praise. " Yet -- who wrote it? It was written by a certain Robert Robinson, of Cambridge, England. He was born in the bridge, England. He was born in the year 1735, and was converted under the preaching of Whitefield. He is said to have been a man of unusual mental endowment, and shortly after his conver- dowment, and shortly after his conversion he became a preacher. Unfortun- sion he became a preacher. Unfortunately, he was also a man of a restless ately, he was also a man of a restless disposition, unstable in his thinking, always going from one thing to another, and eventually became an infidel. It would seem, from a careful perusal of this hymn, that when he wrote it in the first enthusiasm of his conversion, he ^lj[0rt ^t0rtfa of % %m"a 13 was sensible of the unsettled character of his own mind and heart; for you will notice how, in the last verse, he pleads piteously for the grace of constancy -- *'0h, to graee how great a debtor Daily I'm constrained to be! Let that grace now, like a fetter. Bind my wand 'ring heart to Thee! Prone to wander. Lord, I feel it -Prone to leave the God I love -- Prone to leave the God I love -Here's my heart -- Oh take and seal it. Here's my heart -- Oh take and seal it. Seal it from Thy courts above!" In connection with the history of this hymn, it is related that the author of it was one day traveling by coach and had for his fellow passenger a lady, an entire stranger to him. She had lately seen this hymn, and admired it so much that in the course of conversation she asked him whether he had ever seen it, and whether he could tell her who was the author of it? At first he avoided her questions, for he was at that very moment an avowed infidel. But as she pressed him for an answer and began to tell him what a blessing and comfort that one hymn had been to her soul, he at length burst into a passionate flood of tears, exclaiming, "'Madam, I am the poor unhappy man who composed that hymn many years ago; and I would give a thousand worlds, if I had them, to enjoy the feeling I then had!" The poor man died hopeless. Alas, that one should preach the gospel and himself be a castaway ! away ! Let us take another familiar hymn which, like the above, we often sing at the opening of service, and which is frequently used when ministers and laymen meet in Conventions, Assemblies, men meet in Conventions, Assemblies, Conferences and Synods -B^att Btaxxte^ of % Ifijmtts 15 B^att Btaxxte^ of % Ifijmtts 15 "I love Thy kingdom, Lord, The house of Thine abode; The Church our blest Redeemer saved With His own precious blood. " For this most excellent hymn we are indebted to Timothy D wight, D. D., one of the many celebrated Presidents of Yale College. He was born in Massachusetts in 1752. His father was a mer- chusetts in 1752. His father was a merchant, his mother the third daughter of chant, his mother the third daughter of Jonathan Edwards. He was a bright boy, learned the alphabet at a single lesson, could read the Bible at the age of four years; was ready for college at eight, entered at thirteen and graduated at seventeen. He at first devoted himself to the study of law, but found his way into the ministry, and was appointed a Chaplain in the Continental army in 1777. In 1795 he was elected President of Yale College. It is said of him that he was capable of doing an almost incredible amount of intellectual work, and credible amount of intellectual work, and that after working and studying all day he would sit up far into the night writing poetry. It was, no doubt, over the midnight oil, after a long day's work had night oil, after a long day's work had been done for the Church of Christ, that he took his pen and wrote, as if anew consecrating himself to the service of the Master -"I love Thy kingdom. Lord, "I love Thy kingdom. Lord, The house of Thine abode; The Church our blest Redeemer saved With His own precious blood. I love Thy Church, Oh God! Her walls before Thee stand Dear as the apple of Thine eye. And graven on Thy hand. For her my tears shall fall. For her my prayers ascend. To her my cares and toils be given, Till toils and cares shall end. " As we read these burning words of selfconsecration to the Redeemer's Church consecration to the Redeemer's Church and Kingdom, one can imagine and almost in fancy see the weary Yale College most in fancy see the weary Yale College President at the midnight hour, perhaps, when the day's work was done and all the house was still, bending over his study table which with him, as with many another minister of Christ, had become a veritable altar of the Lord, with an aching head and a tired hand writing these words so familiar to us all. This hymn, which breathes a spirit of such consecration to the Church of Christ, could have been written only by one who had first of all really consecrated himself to God's service and praise, and it never can have its full power save only with those who, like the author of it, have indeed laid themselves on the altar of the Gospel. It is worthy of observation that many 18 ^l|0rt BtnvxtB nf th[t %mtta of our most celebrated hymns were composed by ministers of the Gospel. And posed by ministers of the Gospel. And it is also worthy of remark how even they do not seem at all times to have been equally prepared for so difficult a work as hymn-writing, but appear to have been moved by the good spirit of God to an almost irresistible impulse on certain occasions of rare inspiration, when their casions of rare inspiration, when their hearts were aflame and their lips aglow with a fire kindled by a live coal from the altar. It has largely been in connection with pastoral care or pulpit nection with pastoral care or pulpit labor that our noblest songs of Zion first saw the light of day. Hymns, that is to say good hymns, were never, or at least very seldom, written with much forethought or conscious premeditation. thought or conscious premeditation. They were born, rather, out of a full heart and an overmastering inspiration, when the heart was all aglow with heavenly light and warmth, and when the enly light and warmth, and when the ^I|0rt BUtxtB flf % %mtt0 19 intellect and the imagination were raised up, for the time being, to a higher plane than usual. Like the holy men of old, our hymn- writers ^* Spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. '' Here is another hymn which we often sing. It was composed by a minister and was drawn from or was suggested by ministerial experiences -"Blest be the tie that binds "Blest be the tie that binds Our hearts in Christian love; The fellowship of kindred minds Is like to that above. When we asunder part It gives us inward pain; But we shall still be joined in heart. And hope to meet again. >> In the course of the narrative of the circumstances connected with the writing of this hymn, it will be observed how ing of this hymn, it will be observed how pastor and people are far more attached to one another than either is aware of, till they come to part. The relation between pastor and people seems to be so sacredly close and so tenderly affectionate, that it cannot be broken with- tionate, that it cannot be broken without great pain. So it was, at least with out great pain. So it was, at least with John Fawcett, the author of the above hymn. It is related that after he had been a few years in the ministry, his family (as is often the case), ''increasing far more rapidly than his income,'' he determined to make a change in his pastoral relations by leaving the congregation he had been serving, and gregation he had been serving, and settling in a Baptist church in London. Accordingly, much to the regret of his people, he delivered his farewell sermon to them, and shortly thereafter made final preparations for the removal of his family and household goods. On the day appointed for the moving, surrounded by his weeping parishioners, he was ed by his weeping parishioners, he was busily engaged in loading furniture, boxes and bundles, on six or seven wagons which were to carry him and his to his new field of labor. All the while this was going on his poor people stood around him weeping, and praying him that he would even yet change his mind, clinging to him and begging him to remain with them. The last wagon was finally loaded, and the pastor and his wife sat down on an empty box, to weep with the people before saying a last good-bye to them. "'Oh, John,'' said the good wife, "I cannot bear this. I know not how to go.'' ''No," said he, ' ' nor I either. And -- well -- and we won't go, either! Unload the wagons and put everything in the place where it was before!" The London church was at once fore!" The London church was at once informed by letter that the Rev. John Fawcett had changed his mind and would not become their pastor, and while the unloading of the six wagons was going on, and amid such rejoicing as we may imagine, he sat down and wrote, with a full heart and a trembling hand, that beautiful hymn of Christian fellowship which will be sung until all the saints are reunited in Heaven, -"Blest be the tie that binds "Blest be the tie that binds Our hearts in Christian love!'* CHARLES WESLEY. ^tfiirt ^tortw 0f % %mti0 23 CHAPTER II The story of the very favorite and beautiful hymn, "'Jesus, lover of my soul,'' has often been told, but as it will bear frequent repetition, we venture to tell it once again. Your hymn book will probably tell you that it was written by Charles Wesley in the year 1740, but it will not tell you the circumstances of trouble and danger by which it was wrung out of his heart, a knowledge of which alone will enable one to grasp the full meaning and power of this deathless hymn. The story runs that Charles Wesley and his brother John were one evening holding an open air meeting on the common. It was during the rise of Method- mon. It was during the rise of Methodism in England, and the preachers of the ism in England, and the preachers of the new denomination were frequently assailed by the mob and pelted with stones. sailed by the mob and pelted with stones. In the midst of the services the mob came down on the preachers and dispersed the meeting, compelling the Wes- persed the meeting, compelling the Wesley brothers to flee for their lives. They ley brothers to flee for their lives. They at first took refuge behind a hedge where they protected themselves as well as they could against the shower of stones rattling around them, and shortly after, in the gathering darkness, found a safe retreat in a certain spring-house. Here they struck a light with flint and tinder, dusted their clothes and bathed their bruises in the water of a spring which there bubbled forth in a refreshing stream. This done, they sat there listening and waiting for a safe time to go to their homes ; and while thus at leisure, Charles Wesley pounded a piece of lead into a rude pencil and wrote on a scrap of paper his immortal hymn, "Jesus, lover of my soul. Let me to thy bosom fly. " If the hymn be read carefully, it will be observed how the circumstances of danger and trial under which it was composed ger and trial under which it was composed have been, as by a masterly inspiration, woven into its very warp and woof. The angry mob furnished the conception of the ''nearer waters,'' ''the tempest,'* and "the storm/' With reference to their having sheltered their heads behind the hedge, he wrote a Cover my defenceless head With the shadow of Thy wing. The spring-house and the hedge suggested the line, "Safe into the haven gested the line, "Safe into the haven guide," and the cool waters of the spring became a type of Him who is the "Fountain opened in Israel for sin and unclean- tain opened in Israel for sin and uncleanness," of whose waters if a man drink ness," of whose waters if a man drink he shall never thirst again, and of whom the poet wrote those words which will never cease to be sung until we all drink of the waters of the ^' River of Life'' in Heaven -"Plenteous grace with Thee is found, "Plenteous grace with Thee is found, Grace to cover all my sin; Let the healing streams abound, Make and keep me pure within. Thou of life the fountain art. Freely let me take of Thee, Spring Thou up within my heart. Rise to all eternity." This hymn, especially when sung with some knowledge of its historical origin, is the prayer of the persecuted believer fleeing to Christ for protection and help. To the true believer the world often appears not only a desert, but a desert swept by a continual storm. It is only in Christ that we find refreshment and safety. "In the world ye shall have tribulation; but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world/' A War Incident A party of Northern tourists formed part of a large company gathered on the deck of an excursion steamer that was moving slowly down the historic Potomac one beautiful evening in the summer of 1881. A gentleman, who has since gained a national reputation as an evangelist of song, had been delighting the party with his happy rendering of many familiar hymns, the last being the sweet liar hymns, the last being the sweet petition so dear to every Christian heart, "Jesus, lover of my soul.'' The singer gave the first two verses with much feeling, and a peculiar emphasis upon the concluding lines that phasis upon the concluding lines that thrilled every heart. A hush had fallen upon the listeners that was not broken 28 ^iynrt BtatiiB of tl|^ l^gmna for some seconds after the musical notes had died away. Then a gentleman made his way from the outskirts of the crowd to the side of the singer, and accosted him with, ''Beg pardon, stranger, but were you actively engaged in the late war?" ''Yes, sir," the man of song answered, courteously; "I fought under General Grant." "Well," the first speaker continued with something like a sigh, "I did my fighting on the other side, and think, indeed am quite sure, I was very near you deed am quite sure, I was very near you one bright night eighteen years ago this very month. It was very much such a night as this. If I am not mistaken, you were on guard duty. We of the South had sharp business on hand, and you were one of the enemy. I crept near your post of duty, my murderous weapon in hand. The shadows hid me. Your beat led you into the clear light. As you paced back and forth you were humming the tune you have just sung. I raised my gun and aimed at your heart, and I had been selected by our commander for the work because I was a mander for the work because I was a sure shot. Then, out upon the night rang the words -'Cover my defenceless head 'Cover my defenceless head With the shadow of Thy wing. ' Your prayer was answered. I couldn't fire after that. And there was no attack made on your camp that night. I felt sure, when I heard you sing this evening, that you were the man whose life I was spared from taking.'' The singer grasped the hand of the Southerner, and said, with much emotion: ''I remember the night very well, tion: ''I remember the night very well, and distinctly the feeling of depression and loneliness with which I went forth to my duty. I knew my post was one of great danger, and I was more dejected than I remember to have been at any time during the service. I paced my lonely beat, thinking of home and friends and all that life holds dear. Then the thought of God's care for all that He has created came to me with peculiar force. If He so cares for the sparrow, how much more for man created in His own image .'^ And I sang the prayer of my heart, and ceased to feel alone. How the prayer was answered I never knew until this evening. My heavenly Father thought best to keep the knowledge from me for eighteen years. How much of His goodness to us we shall be ignorant of until ness to us we shall be ignorant of until it is revealed by the light of eternity! 'Jesus, lover of my soul,' has been a favorite hymn to me; now it will be inexpressibly dear. ' ' expressibly dear. ' ' g>l|0rt BttttxtB 0f % ^gmttfii 31 The incident given in the above sketch is a true one, and was related by a lady who was one of the party on the steamer. 32 ^l|0rt BtatxtB 0f tty? %mtta CHAPTER III Trial, trouble, affliction, sorrow -- out of these have come our sweetest songs of Zion. Who is there but knows that the most beautiful and touching of the Psalms were written at times when their authors were in the depths of distress and anguish? So true is the general principle that Sorrow and Song go hand in hand, like twin sisters, that a careful analysis of our hymnbooks will show that those hymns which are most endeared to us all were composed at times deared to us all were composed at times when their authors were in the greatest possible trouble of mind and heart. At this we need not be at all surprised as though it were something strange or unusual; for it seems to be a general law, prevaihng in the world of nature, even. and much more in the world of mind, that low things are the necessary antecedents of high things. In God's crea- cedents of high things. In God's creation chaos goes before cosmos, always, tion chaos goes before cosmos, always, and the night before the morning. As the lark that soars the highest builds her nest the lowest; as the nightingale that sings so sweetly, sings, not under the noonday sun, but in the shade where all things rest -- and sings best, too, when a needle is thrust through her eye; as the branches that are most laden with ripe fruit bend the lowest; as the lowly valleys are fruitful while the lofty mountains are barren, and the most fragrant tains are barren, and the most fragrant spices will not yield their most precious perfumes until they are crushed and bruised -- even so it seems with the human soul. This, too, like the olive, must be crushed ere it yield its fruit, and, like the nightingale sings its sweetest songs only when suffering the keenest anguish. The lives of the song-writers of Zion show, as few other Hves show, that ^'through much tribulation must we enter into the kingdom of God/' For, the Latin word, ^Hribulum/' (from which the English word "tribulation'' has evidently been derived,) was the name for dently been derived,) was the name for a flail. And so, what are "tribulations" but the blows of the heavenly husbandman's flail, threshings, as it were, of our man's flail, threshings, as it were, of our inner spiritual man, whereby whatever is light, trivial, and poor in us is separated from what is solid and true, the ated from what is solid and true, the chaff from the wheat? As a quaint old poem saith -"Till from the straw the flail the corn doth beat. "Till from the straw the flail the corn doth beat. Until the chaff be purged from the wheat. Yea, till the mill the grains in pieces tear, The richness of the flour will scarce appear. So, till men's persons great afl3ictions touch. If worth be formed, their worth is not so much; Because, like wheat in straw, they have not yet That value which in threshing they may get. Bliart ^tflrlea af % Ifgmtta 35 For, till the bruising flails of God's corrections Have threshed out of us our vain aflFections; Till those corruptions which do misbecome us Are, by the Sacred Spirit, winnowed from us; Until from us the straw of worldly treasures, Till all the dusty chaflF of empty pleasures. Yea, till His flail upon us He doth lay, To thresh the husk of this our flesh away, And leave the soul uncovered: nay, yet more -Till God shall make our very spirit poor. Till God shall make our very spirit poor. We shall not up to highest wealth aspire: But then we shall -- and that is my desire!" Through such threshings of God's hand, through such uncovering of the soul and making poor of the very spirit of man, our sweetest song- writers evidently passed at the time when they composed these immortal hymns, which will never cease to be sung until God's children sing the new song in heaven. One remarkable illustration of this we haf e already noticed in connection with the distressing circumstances in which 36 ^l|0rt BtttmB nf % IfgmttB Charles Wesley wrote the hymn, '^ Jesus, lover of my soul/' Closely allied to this, both in its substance and in the nature of the circumstances in which it originated, is that other beautiful hymn so dear to every believer's heart, ''Nearer, my God, to Thee." This was composed in the sick room. The author posed in the sick room. The author of it was Mrs. Sarah Flower Adams, who for many weary months watched and waited by the bedside of a sister dying with consumption, until she was so enfeebled by a disease which she thus con- feebled by a disease which she thus contracted, that she herself, shortly after the tracted, that she herself, shortly after the death of her sister, died, and so passed into that nearer relation to God for which she in her beautiful song so ardently longed. As one reads over the touching words of this undying song of the dying, as it may well be called, the image of the patient watcher, pale and haggard, rises to the view. Perhaps it #i|0rt ^tatxtB 0f % %mn0 37 was in some lone night watch, when weary and faint, while all the house was hushed and all the world was still, she sat and wept, that that sweet song burst forth from her overburdened soul -"Nearer, my God, to Thee, "Nearer, my God, to Thee, Nearer to Thee. E'en though it be a cross That raiseth me. Still all my song shall be Nearer, my God, to Thee, Nearer to Thee! Though like a wanderer. The sun gone down. Darkness be over me, My rest a stone -Yet in my dreams I'd be Yet in my dreams I'd be Nearer, my God, to Thee, Nearer to Thee!" The writer once heard this hymn, ^* Nearer, my God, to Thee," sung under very remarkable circumstances. It was 38 Bl tvt StomiS 0f % %mna during the Civil War. On June 18th, 1864, in one of our terrible battles in front of Petersburg, Va., one of my company fell. A ball had shattered his leg. Two of us picked him up and carried him on a stretcher to the Field Hospital in the rear. There were many wounded men there, all waiting their turn at the amputating table, and the surgeons were busy. When his turn came, we lifted him up on the table, and the surgeon said, ''Sorry, my boy, but your leg must come off, for the bone is all shattered by the ball." "All right," said the comrade. The chloroform was about to be administered when the boy said, ''Wait a moment. Doctor, I want to pray." "Yes," was the answer, "but be quick about it, for others are waiting. " The boy covered his face with his two hands for a few moments, and then said, "Now, I'm ready. Go ahead." ^I|0rt BUmB xtf % I|gmtt0 39 Quickly sinking into merciful unconsciousness he lay under the knife, and sciousness he lay under the knife, and with the first thrust of the long knife through his leg the patient broke into singing ''Nearer, my God, to Thee.'' He sang with a clear voice and an apparently unerring memory, missing none parently unerring memory, missing none of the stanzas and singing the hymn through to the end. The surgeon worked swiftly and surely, and with the skill of a hand long used to the terrible work, pausing only twice during the operation to wipe the gathering mist from his eyes, for while he worked the boy sang on. When the operation was concluded, tears were on many a cheek weatherbeaten and bronzed in long and hard beaten and bronzed in long and hard service, and the surgeon said, ''I venture to say that that boy comes from a ture to say that that boy comes from a Christian home somewhere away up North -- and may God bless him.'' Akin to the general tenor of the hymn 40 g>lf0rt ^tnma 0f % Ifgrntts mentioned above, is that ever beautiful even-song which is almost without a rival amongst our sacred melodies -- ** Abide with me; fast falls the eventide; The darkness deepens: Lord, with me abide!'* For this truly splendid and classical composition the Christian world is under lasting obligations to the Rev. Henry Francis Lyte, who was born at Kelso, Scotland, June 1, 1793, and died at Nice, 1847. Liberally educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he entered the ser- ity College, Dublin, he entered the service of the Master as a curate in the vice of the Master as a curate in the Church of England. In the earlier part of his ministry he settled in a dreary Irish parish, where he had many struggles with poverty. He seems, at this gles with poverty. He seems, at this time, to have had but little hearty interest in his labors, and acknowledged est in his labors, and acknowledged afterward that he went through with the functions of his sacred office in a merely mechanical and lifeless way. But God took good care to arouse Henry Francis Lyte to a warmer zeal, for He had a grand work for him to do for the Church. For, about this time, that is while he was yet a curate in an obscure parish in Ireland, being called one day to the bedside of a neighboring clergyman who was dying, and had sent for man who was dying, and had sent for Lyte in great agony, "because he was unpardoned and unprepared to die,'' this sad scene left so deep an impression on Lyte's mind that he says "I was deeply affected and brought to look at life and its issues with a different eye than before; and I began to study my Bible, and to preach in another manner than I had formerly done.'' It was to this revival in the heart and mind of this gifted man that we are indebted for the well known hymn -"Jesus, I my cross have taken, "Jesus, I my cross have taken, All to leave and follow Thee; Destitute, despised, forsaken -Thou from hence my all shalt be. '* Thou from hence my all shalt be. '* Compelled at length by ill health to resign his charge, he settled at Brixham, sign his charge, he settled at Brixham, a seaport town in the county of Devon, having probably chosen this location for the advantage which the sea air, as it was hoped, would afford him. The population was largely composed of rough, but warm-hearted fishermen, amongst whom he spent the remainder of his days, in many and sore struggles with poverty. Here he ''made hymns for his little ones, hymns for his hardy fishermen, and hymns for sufferers like himself.'' It was here too, that he wrote ''Abide with me,'' which was the last, as it was also the finest hymn which he ever composed. The story of the composition of it is #Iynrt ^tamB at % ^^mm 43 truly touching, and sheds great Hght upon its meaning. He had been in ill health a long time -- scarcely able any more to preach to his dear people. But though, as he says, "I was scarcely able to crawl, I made one more effort to preach and administer the Holy Communion. '" As his people surrounded munion. '" As his people surrounded the table of the Lord, they were all made to feel, both by the deep solemnity of his manner and by the earnest words with which he addressed them, that their pastor was amongst them for the last time. Many tearful eyes witnessed the distribution of the sacred elements as given out by one who already stood on the borders of the blessed land beyond. Having with his dying breath given a last adieu to his sorrowing flock, he retired to his chamber fully aware of the tired to his chamber fully aware of the near approach of the end; and shortly afterward, as his sun was drawing near to his setting, he handed to a friend this immortal hymn, which, accompanied by music which his own hand had prepared, is indeed Hke the song of the swan, his sweetest as it was also his last -- *' Abide with me; fast falls the eventide; The darkness deepens; Lord! with me abide; When other helpers fail, and comforts flee, Help of the helpless ! Oh, abide with me ! Swift to its close ebbs out life's little day, Earth's joys grow dim, its glories pass away; Change and decay in all around I see; Oh Thou who changest not, abide with me ! Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes; Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies ; Heaven's morning breaks and Earth's vain shadows flee; In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me! ' * To the end of all time, or certainly until the English language shall cease to be spoken, this unparalleled version of Christ's twilight walk with the two disciples to Emmaus will be sung. It will ciples to Emmaus will be sung. It will be the favorite even-song of worshiping congregations, and will never cease to cheer the souls of believers as they come, at last, to walk through the dark valley of the shadow of death. We turn attention to one more masterpiece of sacred song, which, like the one piece of sacred song, which, like the one above, was inspired by sickness, suffering and unutterable weariness of soul. ing and unutterable weariness of soul. This is-"Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, "Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, Lead Thou me on." To one who has watched the setting sun, as it goes down amid a flood of crimson and gold, bathing the clouds in splendor, and opening up vistas of beauty unsuspected in the garish light of noon-day, there is something in this grand close of the day infinitely suggeslive of the glories of heaven. It may live of the glories of heaven. It may be but a few moments ere this swiftly vanishing vision of heaven's pearly gates and jasper walls and golden streets will pass away, but evanescent though it be, it is, to every pious and thoughtful soul, a standing and oft repeated promise of the glories which await the faithful in the better land beyond. It was the sight of the setting sun that suggested the hymn we are presently considering. It was written by sently considering. It was written by John Henry Newman. In 1833, while recovering from a severe illness, he was upon the Mediterranean for his health. One evening when the warmth had died out of the air, he sat upon the deck of the vessel wrapped in a shawl, weak and homesick, watching the sun descend through the Italian sky, and sink into the sea. As the last traces of light faded away in the west, the memory of home and of the past came strongly upon him. Retiring to his cabin, he at once composed the splendid hymn -- posed the splendid hymn -"Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, "Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, Lead Thou me on; The night is dark and I am far from home. Lead Thou me on. Keep Thou my feet; I do not ask to see The distant scene: one step enough for me." How much the Church of all ages has been, and ever to the end will be, dependent on the sufferings of her people for dent on the sufferings of her people for her purest and sweetest songs of praise, no one can tell. We only know that such is the case. It is in accordance with God's law everywhere manifest, that the sorrow must go before the song, as the darkness goes before the day, and the cross before the crown. Even in heaven, when God's people sing the new song which none save the redeemed of 48 ^l|0rt ^taxxtB 0f tiff %mtt8i all ages can sing, it will, no doubt, be the preceding sorrows and sufferings endured on earth which alone will properly fit that mighty host to swell ''the perly fit that mighty host to swell ''the song of them that triumph and the shout of them that feast." Here is another hymn, a most touching song of Christian resignation, wrung ing song of Christian resignation, wrung out of the very heart of a pious man by affliction and suffering -- ''My Jesus, as Thou wilt." Its author, Benjamin Schmolke, was born about 1675. He was the son of a poor minister in Silesia, was educated for the ministry by some benevolent person, became his father's assistant in 1694, and was afterwards himself pastor at Schweidnitz. In 1730, he was paralysed and in part lost his sight. Then his home burned down, and all his little property was destroyed. Next his wife died, and one by one all his children passed away -- and then. homeless and friendless, as the nightingale sings most sweetly in her pain, and as the olive yields no oil till beaten and bruised, he gave to the Church throughout the world a classic song of Christian out the world a classic song of Christian resignation which will be loved and sung until sorrow shall be no more. This grand old German hymn has been most admirably translated by Miss Winkworth -- worth -"My Jesus, as Thou wilt! "My Jesus, as Thou wilt! Oh, may Thy will be mine! Into Thy hand of love I would my all resign; Through sorrow, or through joy. Conduct me as Thine own. And help me still to say -My Lord, Thy will be done! My Lord, Thy will be done! My Jesus, as Thou wilt! Though seen through many a tear. Let not my star of hope Grow dim or disappear: 50 ^If0rt BtatxiB of % Ifgmtta Since Thou on earth hast wept And sorrowed oft alone, If I must weep with Thee -My Lord, Thy will be done! My Lord, Thy will be done! My Jesus as Thou wilt! All shall be well for me; Each changing future scene I gladly trust with Thee : Straight to my home above I travel calmly on. And sing, in life or death. My Lord, Thy will be done!'' This hymn, we think and venture to say, should always be sung to "Jewett'' -- one of Carl Maria Von Weber's exquisite flights of song -- for this is like quisite flights of song -- for this is like no other in its intimate interpretation of the prayerful words. The tune, arranged by Joseph Holbrook, is from an ranged by Joseph Holbrook, is from an opera -- the overture to Weber's ''Der Freischiitz/' g^Iinrt ^tavxiB txf % Ifgmtta 51 CHAPTER IV Nowhere, perhaps, is the feeHng of fellowship and communion with all of God's people everywhere so prominent as in the hymns we sing. It has often been remarked that a true hymn must not express what is peculiar to the individual who composes it, nor even to the dividual who composes it, nor even to the class or community to which he may chance to belong. It must breathe a broad and truly catholic spirit. It must give expression to feelings or sentiments which are common to all Christians. It must give voice to the conscious faith of the whole church. Such a hymn will live: and if you will look into the matter carefully, you will find, too, that only such do live. A distinctively Methodist hymn, for example, is doomed to an 52 #I|0rt BtsxtUB 0f tlj^ Ifgrntta early death. A strongly Presbyterian hymn will never live to be twenty-one years old. But a truly catholic hymn, that is, one that breathes a broad and liberal Christian spirit, and expresses feelings, hopes, fears, confessions, such as are common to all Christian people, will live forever. Charles Wesley wrote *' Jesus, lover of my soul," but there is nothing said in it about the peculiar tenets of the Methodist denomination. Sarah Flower Adams wrote ''Nearer, my God, to Thee,'' and she was a Unitarian, but we fail to find any traces of Unitarianism in her beautiful hymn. Denominationalism seems to be very good and proper alism seems to be very good and proper in the catechism or in the confession of faith, but it seems quite out of place in the hymn book. If there is one point where people of different church relations do meet on common ground, and hold sweet communion and fellowship with one ^I|0rt BtttmB 0f % 2|gmnj0 53 another, it is in the hymn book. All Christian people seem to have vested rights in the songs of Zion, for they have all contributed their portion to the general collection. Here Luther's hymn '' A mighty fortress is our God/' stands side by side with the beautiful songs of the middle-age monks, as "Jesus, the very thought of Thee With sweetness fills my breast, " and "Jerusalem, the golden, With milk and honey blest." Here the author of ''Nearer, my God, to Thee" stands side by side with the author of ''I love Thy kingdom, Lord.'' Here the Baptist sings ''Blest be the tie that binds,'' and the Methodist "All hail the power of Jesus' name." We are diflFerent in our ways of worshiping and in our theology, but we hold to ing and in our theology, but we hold to the same Bible and use essentially the same hymns of praise. A very large proportion of our best hymns we owe to the remarkable genius of the Rev. Dr. Isaac Watts. He was born in England, 1674, and was a minister of the Gospel in what was known in those days as the ''Independent Church'' -- a body of believers which arose in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and which was distinguished from Episcopacy on the one tinguished from Episcopacy on the one hand and Presbytery on the other. From his earliest years he was noted for his piety as well as the remarkable brilliancy of his mind. Like Zaccheus of old, he was a very small man physically, being both short of stature and slender in form. It is related that on one occasion, when he was stopping over night at a hotel, some curious stranger, on ascertaining who the -^r^' 'w^:-'- ^^*^m ISAAC WATTS. little man was, exclamed, in a somewhat louder tone than he had intended," What! is that great Dr. Watts!'' It was not designed that this should be overheard; but the little man had very sharp ears, and at once turned toward his critic and replied : "Were I so tall to reach the pole, Or grasp the ocean in my span, I must be measured by my soul -The mind's the measure of the man. " The mind's the measure of the man. " Watts is only one example out of many of the general truth that it hath pleased the good Lord to make use of the weak things of this world to accomplish His wonderful purposes. Like many other great and useful preachers, Watts was very weak physically, being in fact an invalid; and yet he served his church faithfully for a period of fifty years. After preaching he was frequently so 56 ^Ij0rt ^turns 0f % %mn0 much exhausted as to be obhged to go directly to his house and retire at once to bed, having his room closed in darkness and silence. Yet, though physically small to insignificance, and often sick and weak to utter prostration, he placed the Church of Christ, in all lands and in every age, under lasting obligations for the most excellent hymns which came from his pen. He wrote a great many hymns, of which some, of course, are of inferior merit; but at the same time it is calculated that ''more hymns which approach to a very high standard of excellence may be found in his works than in those of any other English writer." Among these may be mentioned, "When I survey the wondrous cross On which the Prince of Glory died, My richest gain I count but loss, And pour contempt on all my pride. " ^Ifort ^tama at % %mna 57 (( Jesus shall reign where'er the sun Does his successive journeys run: His kingdom stretch from shore to shore, Till moons shall wax and wane no more. " Joy to the world, the Lord is come! Let earth receive her king. Let every heart prepare Him room. And heaven and nature sing. " My soul repeat His praise. Whose mercies are so great: Whose anger is so slow to rise, So ready to abate." "Oh God, our help in ages past. Our hope for years to come. Our shelter from the stormy blast. And our eternal home. " 58 ^If0rt S^t0rt^0 Bf % %mnfi "Before Jehovah's awful throne, Ye nations bow with sacred joy; Know that the Lord is God alone, He can create and He destroy. '' Concerning the last example here given, which the reader will recognize as Watts' version of the One Hundredth Psalm, it may be well to remark that the first stanza is Wesley's, not Watts'. As originally written by Watts, the Psalm read, nally written by Watts, the Psalm read, " Sing to the Lord with joyful voice; Let every land His name adore: The British Isles shall send the noise Across the ocean to the shore." The second stanza ran -- ** Nations attend before His throne With solemn fear, with sacred joy. " The Church in all lands is under lasting obligations to Wesley for having Bl^att BtxtmB nf % %mtt0 59 swept all this away, and for substituting in its stead that truly grand and thrilling first verse, *^ Before Jehovah's awful ing first verse, *^ Before Jehovah's awful throne. '' The hymn, '^ There is a land of pure delight,'' also comes from the pen of Dr. Watts. He was sitting one evening looking out of a window over the river Itchen in Southampton, and in full view of the beautiful Isle of Wight, when he composed it. The scenery which there greets the eye of the beholder, it is said, is indeed a type of that Paradise of which the poet sang. The country beyond the river rises from the margin of yond the river rises from the margin of the flood, and swells into a boundless prospect, all mantled in the richest verdure of summer, checkered with forest-growth and fruitful fields under the est-growth and fruitful fields under the highest cultivation, and gardens and villas, and every adornment which the hand of man, in a series of ages, could create on such susceptible ground. As the poet looked upon the scenery thus presented to view, he was inspired to sing of the fairer prospect of that blessed and beautiful Canaan which to the eye of the believer, rises beyond the swelling flood of the Jordan of Death, and where -"Sweet fields beyond the swelling flood "Sweet fields beyond the swelling flood Stand dressed in living green; So to the Jews, old Canaan stood While Jordan rolled between." i>I|0rt BtViVltB 0f % I|gmat0 61 CHAPTER V From hymns written by a man who was feeble physically let us pass to those of a man who was feeble mentally. The poet William Cowper was born 1731. He was the son of an English clergyman. From childhood he was shy, nervous, and physically feeble. At the age of eighteen he began the study of law, but did not well succeed. He gradually became melancholy, and made several attempts at suicide. Twenty times he put a bottle containing poison to his lips, but did not drink. Then he attempted to drown himself, and at last tempted to drown himself, and at last he tried hanging himself by a rope at the top of his door; but the rope broke, and other means failing he was forced to live on in spite of himself, for God had work for William Cowper to do. At length his friends placed him in an insane asylum, where after a period of two years he was restored mentally, and saved spiritually. Before his days ended, however, his malady returned, and he died ever, his malady returned, and he died insane. And yet, to this poor mentally deranged man are we indebted for such ranged man are we indebted for such masterpieces of hymnology as ''God moves in a mysterious way,'' "There is a fountain filled with blood," and ''Oh, for a closer walk with God. " The first of these, strange as it may seem, was composed while the author was under a cloud of temporary insanity. It is related that "when under the influence of the fits of mental derangement fluence of the fits of mental derangement to which he was subject, he most unhappily but firmly believed that the happily but firmly believed that the divine will was that he should drown himself in a particular part of the river #tfiirt S^tnmB 0f % %mnjg 63 Ouse, some two or three miles from his residence at Olney. One evening he called for a post-chaise from one of the hotels in the town, and ordered the driver to take him to that spot, which he readily undertook to do as he well knew the place. On this occasion, however, several hours were consumed in seeking it, and utterly in vain. The man was at length reluctantly compelled to acknowledge that he had entirely lost the knowledge that he had entirely lost the way.'' Cowper returned to his house, and was so impressed with the strange providence which had frustrated his design and prevented his rash intention, that he immediately sat down and tion, that he immediately sat down and wrote the hymn so admirably descriptive of God's mysterious providence. Considered by itself, and quite indepen- sidered by itself, and quite independently of the circumstances in which it dently of the circumstances in which it was written, this hymn of Cowper's must always rank among the masterpieces of sacred poetry. Grand in con- pieces of sacred poetry. Grand in conception and chaste in diction, each ception and chaste in diction, each stanza presenting a new and striking image, and every hne forcibly developing the underlying thought of the whole ing the underlying thought of the whole composition, it cannot fail to be regarded as a perfect gem of sacred song. God's planting His footsteps in the sea and riding upon the storm -- treasuring up His bright designs deep in unfathomable mines -- the dark and dreadful clouds of affliction big with mercy, and ready to break in blessing on the heads of God's people -- the hiding of God's smiling face behind a frowning providence -- it is not often one finds such exquisitely expressive and brilliant imagery as this woven sive and brilliant imagery as this woven into the warp and woof of sacred song, and with such consummate skill Besides this, Cowper wrote a great many other hymns, of which we shall mention only two. Cowper lived dur^tycrt BtxtmB ttf % %mn0 65 ^tycrt BtxtmB ttf % %mn0 65 ing the times when Methodism arose in England, and some of his best compositions were due to the inspiration of sitions were due to the inspiration of this rehgious movement. The Rev. John Newton, a friend of his, held meetings of a Methodistie kind which Cow- ings of a Methodistie kind which Cowper frequently attended. On one occa- per frequently attended. On one occasion Newton requested him to prepare sion Newton requested him to prepare a hymn for his prayermeeting, and shortly thereafter the Olney prayermeeting sang for the first time a hymn which has long since encircled the globe with its hallowed influences -"There is a fountain filled with blood, "There is a fountain filled with blood, Drawn from Immanuel's veins, And sinners plunged beneath that flood Lose all their guilty stains." The hymn, ''O, for a closer walk with God,'' we also owe to Cowper. It was probably written at a time when he had relapsed into deep melancholy and was wandering on the borders of insanity. Sadly and sorrowfully seeking sanity. Sadly and sorrowfully seeking again for the blessedness he knew when first he saw the Lord, and pitifully praying for the return of the Holy Spirit, he ing for the return of the Holy Spirit, he at last succumbed to his malady, but died quietly and peacefully. Entering thus into rest at last, and joining the blessed company of the redeemed of all ages, he no doubt realized as never before the beauty and sweetness of his fore the beauty and sweetness of his own words, first sung in the humble Olney prayermeeting, "Then, in a nobler, sweeter song, I'll sing Thy power to save, When this poor lisping, stammering tongue Lies silent in the grave." The truth that it pleases the good Lord to employ the meanest agencies for the accomplishment of His purposes, is well illustrated in the history of the g>I|0rt BttitxtB nf % I|gmn0 67 writer of the well-known hymn, "'Rock of Ages, Cleft for Me. " It was written by the Rev. Augustus Toplady (born 1740), and first appeared, March, 1776, in "The Gospel Magazine,'' which he edited. But little is known of the immediate circumstances connected with mediate circumstances connected with the composition of this widely known hymn; but Toplady himself acknowledges that the hymn was, in a large edges that the hymn was, in a large measure, at least, indirectly due to the agency of an illiterate man, who, although he did not himself write the hymn, though he did not himself write the hymn, yet was the providential means of its being written by another. Toplady relates that when he was a boy, only six- lates that when he was a boy, only sixteen years of age, while on a visit to teen years of age, while on a visit to Ireland in company with his widowed mother, he one day happened to stroll into a barn, where an earnest, but uneducated layman was preaching from educated layman was preaching from the text: "Ye who sometime were afar 68 ^l|0rt ^tnmB of % %mn0 off, are made nigh by the blood of Christ/' The sermon made a deep and lasting impression upon the lad's mind; it led to his conversion; he became a useful and celebrated preacher; and, although he did much good work besides, he will in all probability be best sides, he will in all probability be best and longest remembered as the author of ''Rock of Ages." Strange, that the influence of a sermon preached in a barn to a handful of people, by a man who could hardly spell his own name, should render possible, and indirectly produce, a hymn which should be translated into almost every tongue spoken by man, and which will continue to bring comfort and cheer to God's people in every fort and cheer to God's people in every age to the end of time. The life and the work of a minister often seems discouraging enough. Often and often the preacher, seeing so little immediate results of his labors, is tempted to sit down in despair. Yet, who knows how great good may be done through his humble instrumentahty of which he will never hear in this world. See what was accomplished by one sermon, and that by a poor, uneducated man! Perhaps he never heard of it. Perhaps he was in his grave, this poor illiterate Irishman, before '^Rock of Ages'' found its way into every home and every church in England, and set out on its mission of comfort and cheer to the whole world. Only let us labor on, in season and out, and God will no doubt care for the results. "In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand, for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, this or that, or whether they shall be both alike good.'' 70 ^If0rt S^nvxtB 0f % %mtt0 CHAPTER VI We have seen that many of our best hymns were originally suggested by the peculiar circumstances or special experiences of the persons who composed periences of the persons who composed them. This seems to have been the case with the hymn, "Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah." It was written by the Rev. Dr. William Williams, who was an itinerant Methodist minister in the time of Whitefield during the eighteenth century. He was born in the year 1717 in tury. He was born in the year 1717 in Wales, was well educated, became a poet of no little celebrity, studied medicine, was converted during the Methodist movement then prevailing, and at length devoted himself to the work of the ministry. He labored diligently for over half a century in the service of the Master, traveling on an average nearly twentyfive hundred miles a year for more than five hundred miles a year for more than forty years. His numerous and extended journeys were generally made tended journeys were generally made either on foot or on horseback, for in those days there were no railroads, and and in the country in which he labored there were few stagecoaches. There can be little doubt that his long and solitary journeys among the hills and over the moors, where he frequently lost his way and was forced to spend the night, in cold and hunger, under the open sky, suggested that ever beautiful song of the Christian pilgrim -"Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah, "Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah, Pilgrim through this barren land; I am weak, but Thou art mighty. Hold me with Thy powerful hand; Bread of Heaven! Feed me now and evermore. Open now the crystal fountain Whence the healing streams do flow; Let the fiery, cloudy pillar Lead me all my journey through; Strong Deliverer! Be Thou still my strength and shield. " This may well be called the prayer of the Christian pilgrim. God's children in every age are ''strangers and pilgrims/' They are aliens in the world. They seek a country which heth afar, and a ''city whose builder and maker is God." They often lose their way, and fall into many misfortunes on their journey, and well may they daily pray and sing, "Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah!" It may be here well worthy of remark that this hymn is usually sung to the good old tune of "Autumn," and that this was the tune played by the heroic band of musicians standing in water up to their waists on the deck of the illg>I|0rt ^tumB 0f % %mn0 73 g>I|0rt ^tumB 0f % %mn0 73 fated steamer, ^^The Titanic/' as she was sinking to her grave in the ocean, Sunday night, April 14-15, 1912, carrying with her 1635 men, women and ing with her 1635 men, women and children. What a pathetic appeal was not that playing of ''Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah'' -- a prayerful petition to the great and almighty God who ''holds the winds in His fist, and the seas in the hollow of His hand. " An additional very significant incident in connection with this greatest of dent in connection with this greatest of all marine disasters may here be very appropriately recorded. The incident is narrated in several newspapers of Philadelphia, by Mr. Laurence Beasley, of delphia, by Mr. Laurence Beasley, of New York City, a survivor. Mr. Beasley says: ley says: "One incident has occurred to me during the week that has elapsed since we landed in New York, that may be of interest especially to those who had friends on board. Among the pas- sengers were the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Carter, who were on their way to Canada. Mr. Carter was instrumental in arranging on the Sunday evening, a few hours ing on the Sunday evening, a few hours before we struck, what he called 'a hymn sing-song.* ^' There was no evening service, and he invited to the saloon such passengers as cared to come to sing hymns. Anyone was allowed to choose a hymn, and as many were present and were thoroughly enjoying the quite informal gathering, the singing went on to a quite late hour. ''Mr. Carter was apparently well acquainted with the history of many of quainted with the history of many of the hymns, their authors, where they were written and in w^hat circumstances, and he interested all present with his remarks on each hymn before it was sung. I recollect that many chose hymns dealing with safety at sea. Tor those SSlj[0rt BtsxmB ^f % %mn0 75 in peril on the sea' was sung by all with no hint of the peril that lay but a very few miles ahead. "Mr. Carter closed with a few words of thanks to the Purser for allowing him to use the saloon, made a few remarks as to the happy voyage we had had on a maiden trip and the safety there was in this vessel, and then the meeting closed with an impromptu prayer by him. This cannot have been more than two hours before the Titanic struck. My motive in mentioning this is that some of those who have lost relatives may like to know that their friends must have been helped and cheered at the last by the words they had sung but a short time before; the sound of singing voices must have been still a conscious one to many as they stood on the deck faced with the Teril on the Sea.''' Closely allied to this in point of sentiment is that other well-known hymn, ment is that other well-known hymn, "My faith looks up to Thee/' The author of this was Dr. Ray Palmer, a native of Rhode Island. He graduated at Yale College in 1830, and after graduation found his way to New York city, ation found his way to New York city, in great poverty, and there opened a school for young ladies. He had many struggles for a livelihood, was much alone and often weary and sad at heart, but he was a most earnest Christian. In December of the year in which he went to New York, he sat down in his lonely room and after a period of meditation on the Saviour's infinite love, and tation on the Saviour's infinite love, and the need of more earnest self-consecration to His service and praise, he wrote tion to His service and praise, he wrote this hymn in his pocket memorandum book, never intending that it should be seen by another person. He wished no one's eyes ever to rest on those beautiful words of self-surrender to Christ, because he regarded his hymn as a sacred cause he regarded his hymn as a sacred prayer of his own to his Saviour, and would as Kttle have thought of presenting it to the pubhc as of making senting it to the pubhc as of making known the secrets of his own devotions. For two years he carried this hymn in his pocket, next to his heart. But the good Lord had need of that hymn, and took good care that the Hght and comfort there was in it for milhons of sorrow- fort there was in it for milhons of sorrowing souls the world over, should not re- ing souls the world over, should not remain hidden under a bushel, but be put main hidden under a bushel, but be put on the candlestick that it might give light to all in the house. For, one day. Dr. Lowell Mason met young Ray Palmer on the street in Boston, and asked him to write a hymn for his ''Spiritual Songs'' which he was then preparing for the press. The young college graduate then modestly drew from his pocket ate then modestly drew from his pocket the lines ''My faith looks up to Thee,'' and gave them to Dr. Mason. The 78 ^If0rt BtttmB nf % %mn0 latter took them home with him to his room, and catching an inspiration similar to that of the hymn, he composed a lar to that of the hymn, he composed a tune called "'Olivet,'' to which the hymn has been wedded to this day. Dr. Mason met the author a few days afterward, and said: ''Mr. Palmer, you may live many years and do many good things, but I think you will be best known to posterity as the author of this beautiful hymn.'' This prediction has long since been fulfilled. The man who first out of the fullness of his heart sang this sweet song of Calvary has composed many tender and beautiful poems and discourses, but "his devout mind flowered out in one matchless lily whose ered out in one matchless lily whose rich odors have filled the courts of our God with fragrance." On the shelves and counters of our booksellers this immortal composition takes its place, beau- mortal composition takes its place, beautifully bound and illustrated, as one of tifully bound and illustrated, as one of g>I|0rl g^t0rtw of % %mttjg 79 the "Holiday books/' and is to be found side by side with such masterpieces as Newman's ''Lead, Kindly pieces as Newman's ''Lead, Kindly Light/' Lyte's ''Abide with me/' and Keble's "Sun of my soul, Thou Saviour dear." With these we well may rank Ray Palmer's hymn -"My faith looks up to Thee, "My faith looks up to Thee, Thou Lamb of Calvary, Saviour divine; Now hear me while I pray; Take all my guilt away; Oh, let me from this day Be wholly Thine!" This is not the only instance on record of a man writing many hymns that are good and but only one that will live long; and the above incident is quite in line with what we have so often noticed in these brief sketches -- that our best and finest hymns have been fairly wrung 80 Bl^avt BtcxxtB 0f tl|^ %mn0 out of the soul of the composer by some great sorrow, grief, or trouble. Remember, when you sing this hymn, that Ray ber, when you sing this hymn, that Ray Palmer was poor, alone in a great city, unfriended, naturally timid and reserved, not knowing what hardships might be before him in the great world, and feeling his loneliness and helplessness, turned in whole-hearted, trustful faith to God and Christ. ^I]f0rt BtmitB nf % %mttj0 81 CHAPTER VII To the pen of the late Rev. Dr. Henry Harbaugh, the president of the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church, logical Seminary of the Reformed Church, located at the time at Mercersburg, Pa., we are indebted for several most beautiful and enduring hymns. The first of ful and enduring hymns. The first of these is -"Jesus, to Thy cross I hasten, "Jesus, to Thy cross I hasten, In all weariness my home; Let Thy dying love come o'er me. Light and covert in the gloom. Saviour, hide me, Saviour, hide me, Till the hour of gloom is o'er!" The hymn comprises three stanzas, and appears in many collections anonymously, for it is only of late that the mously, for it is only of late that the authorship has come to Hght. In leafing over a book of poems by the author ing over a book of poems by the author of this hymn, entitled, ^'Harbaugh's Poems,'' a friend marked its first appearance in that collection. pearance in that collection. Dr. Harbaugh died in 1867, while president of the Seminary above named. He was a diligent student and scholar as well as a fruitful writer, especially of lyric poetry. He wrote quite a number of hymns in addition to the one above mentioned, of which, however, none seems likely to rival the excellency of the following, which has found its way into the hymnals of most of the churches, and bids fair to be in favor while time shall last -"Jesus, I live to Thee, "Jesus, I live to Thee, The loveliest and best. My life in Thee, Thy life in me. In Thy blest love I rest. Jesus, I die to Thee, Whenever death shall come. To die in Thee is life to me In my eternal home. Whether to live or die, I know not which is best. To live in Thee is bliss to me -To die is endless rest. To die is endless rest. Living or dying. Lord, I ask but to be Thine. My life in Thee, Thy life in me, Makes heaven forever mine. " That is truly a hymn that will Kve. Like Ray Palmer's, this hymn breathes the spirit of utter and absolute self -consecration to Christ. It is full of ^^sweet- secration to Christ. It is full of ^^sweetness and light.'' Perhaps the author's ness and light.'' Perhaps the author's own triumphant death was the best exemplification of his hymn. The beloved emplification of his hymn. The beloved president of the Seminary lay dying in the darkened chamber at Mercersburg, and anxious and affectionate friends moved about with noiseless tread and eyes suffused with tears. Could it be that he who, as man looked upon it, was so much needed, and without whom it was feared by many the Church could not successfully carry forward its work, must be taken away? Just when the dying, weary man seemed to be passing away, as he lay in a deep and apparently unconscious state, some one wishing to arouse him that he might speak yet one more word to his sorrowing household, called him with a loud voice. Opening his eyes wearily, as if he had come from far away, the dying man said with a smile, ^'Oh, why called ye me back from the golden gates?" Then he relapsed into that deep sleep which knows no waking for the believer until he wakes in the blessed land beyond. The hymn commencing ^lynrt ^tnrt^B at % %m"0 85 "Jesus, and shall it ever be A mortal man ashamed of Thee ? *' apart from the real value of the composition, is remarkable for the fact that position, is remarkable for the fact that it was written by a boy only ten years of age. The author of it was Joseph Grigg. It first appeared in an English magazine, and was entitled ^* Shame of Jesus conquered by love. By a youth of ten years.'' It was, no doubt, originally suggested by the shame which iginally suggested by the shame which young people often experience in making an open and public confession of Christ's name, and in witnessing the same in the company of godless companions. This feeling of shame of religion is one of the devices of the evil one to lead the souls of men astray. It is a very common obstacle in the way of young believers particularly, and in many cases it proves almost insuperable. With this terrible 86 #ty0rt BtamB vi tl|^ %mna threat of ''what the world will say/' the evil one frightens many poor souls away from the open door of mercy. Young men are ashamed to confess Christ's name lest their godless companions make sport of them. If these panions make sport of them. If these lines should chance to fall under the eye of any such young people we kindly ask them, for their own soul's sake, to read this hymn, and to remember that it was written by a young boy who was in the same case as themselves. It is related that a young person who had made a profession of religion and was much teased and persecuted by godless companions, stood firm; and on being asked panions, stood firm; and on being asked by his pastor why he did not give way, he said: "Sir, I once heard you say in a sermon that if we let the wicked laugh us out of heaven into hell, they could not laugh us out of hell into heaven again. " Biijxtt BtatxtB 0f % l^igmm 87 The author of this hymn was much persecuted, for he was compelled to live and work in circumstances in which he was obliged to associate with profane persons to whom all religious belief was a standing theme of jest and mockery. But the boy clung to Jesus, well content not to be ashamed of Jesus, and only hoping that Jesus would not be ashamed of him. "Jesus! and shall it ever be, A mortal man ashamed of Thee? Ashamed of Thee! whom angels praise, Whose glories shine through endless days ? Ashamed of Jesus! Sooner far Let evening blush to own a star; He sheds the beams of light divine O'er this benighted soul of mine. Ashamed of Jesus! Just as soon Let midnight be ashamed of noon; 'Tis midnight with my soul, till He, Bright morning star, bids darkness flee." 88 #I|0rt BtamB nf % %mttB CHAPTER VIII Everybody knows the good old missionary hymn, '^From Greenland's icy sionary hymn, '^From Greenland's icy mountains/' but not everybody has heard the story of its composition. The author of it was Reginald Heber, D. D., who after the composition of the hymn himself became a missionary to India, and died Bishop of Calcutta. He was one of the most accomplished scholars whom the University of Oxford ever ars whom the University of Oxford ever produced. He was born at Malpas, in Cheshire, England, in the year 1783. At the age of seventeen he was entered at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he became a distinguished student, carrying away many of the highest prizes for ing away many of the highest prizes for poems and essays. His prize poem on Palestine is generally considered the best REGINALD HEBER. #lj[0rt Btntxi^B nf % %mtt0 89 ever written at Oxford. His fame rests mainly upon his hymns which, as Kterary compositions, rank among the best in the EngHsh language. From his very earliest years he was remarkable for his piety and great kindness and affection. So great and accurate was his knowledge of the Bible that ''when only ifive years old, when his father and some friends were discussing as to the book of the Bible where some particular passage could be found, they turned to little Reginald for information, and he soon laid finger on chapter and verse." As an instance of the pious turn of his mind, it is related that when very young, hearing the lated that when very young, hearing the conundrum, "Where was Moses when the light went out," he solemnly said, ''On Mount Nebo; for there he died, and it may be said that his lamp of life went out there. " He was also so benevolent that he would give all that he had olent that he would give all that he had 90 #t|0rt ^t0nj0 of % I|ijmtt0 to the poor, so that his parents had to sew the bank-notes, which they gave him for his half-years school money, in the lining of his pockets, that he might not give all his money away in charity on the road to school. In 1807 he was admitted to orders, and after sixteen years of faithful labor in the ministry in England, he went to India as a missionary in 1823, where he labored for a period ary in 1823, where he labored for a period of three years, with such devotion to his work among the heathen that, from over exertion in an unfavorable climate, he died in an apoplectic fit while in his bath, April 13, 1826. Heber was the author of many hymns, all alike distinguished by finish and style, pathos, and soaring aspiration. To his poetic genius we are indebted for ''Lo, He comes, with clouds descending,^' *'By cool Siloam's shady rill,'' ''Jesus Christ is risen today," ''Holy, holy. #I|0rt BtxxtxtB 0f % %mtt0 91 holy, Lord God Almighty/' ''Thou art gone to the grave, but we will not deplore Thee/' and others: among which plore Thee/' and others: among which we pause to mention briefly that ever delightful Christmas hymn, "'Brightest and best of the sons of the morning/' In some hymn books this hymn begins "Hail the blest morn when the great Mediator," but in the greater number of the books it stands as above -"Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, "Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, Dawn on our darkness and lend us Thine aid; Star of the East, the horizon adorning, Guide where our infant Redeemer is laid. Cold on His cradle the dew drops are shining. Low lies His head with the beasts of the stall, Angels adore Him, in slumbers reclining. Maker and Monarch and Saviour of all. Say, shall we yield Him, in costly devotion. Odors of Edom and offerings divine. Gems of the mountain, and pearls of the Ocean, Myrrh from the forest or gold from the mine? Vainly we offer each ample oblation, Vainly with gifts would His favor secure; Richer by far is the heart's adoration, Dearer to God are the prayers of the poor." W^hen or why the first stanza of this hymn was changed, the writer has been unable to discover: but whether sung in the old way or the new, it is in every regard one of our choicest Christmas hymns. And now we come to the story of the composition of ^'From Greenland's icy mountains." For many years before he himself went to India, Heber was an enthusiast on the subject of missions. In 1819, four years before he went out amongst the heathen to preach the gospel, a letter was sent forth by the king, authorizing an offering to be taken in every church and chapel in England, connected with the Church of England, for missions. On the evening of WhitBl^avt BtttvxsB af % llgmna 93 Bl^avt BtttvxsB af % llgmna 93 Sunday, which was the day appointed for this purpose, Heber had engaged to dehver the first of a series of evening lectures in the church at Wrexham, which was in charge of his father-in-law, the Rev. Dr. Shipley. On the Saturday previous, as they were seated around the table at the parsonage. Dr. Shipley requested his son-in-law to write something for them to sing in the morning, thing for them to sing in the morning, suitable to the missionary service. Heber at once retired from the little circle, and withdrew to a corner of the room. After a while Dr. Shipley asked, "What have you written.?'' Heber then read the first three stanzas of that magnificent hymn which he had so quickly nificent hymn which he had so quickly written: "From Greenland's icy mountains. From India's coral strand. Where Afric's sunny fountains Roll down their golden sand; 94 B^ttxt BtixvxtB of % ffymtw From many an ancient river, From many a palmy plain, They call us to deliver Their land from error's chain. What though the spicy breezes Blow soft o'er Ceylon's isle, Though every prospect pleases, And only man is vile; In vain with lavish kindness The gifts of God are strewn; The heathen in his blindness Bows down to wood and stone. Can we, whose souls are lighted With wisdom from on high -Can we to men benighted Can we to men benighted The lamp of life deny? Salvation! O Salvation! The joyful sound proclaim. Till each remotest nation Has learned Messiah's name!'* iEUR There, there!'' joyfully and triumph#lj[0rt BtuntB 0f % %mtt0 95 #lj[0rt BtuntB 0f % %mtt0 95 antly exclaimed Dr. Shipley. **That will do-- that will do!" "'No, no/' said Heber, ''the sense is not yet complete." Taking the manuscript again in his hand and retiring a second time to his nook in the corner, in a few moments he wrote that magnificent fourth stanza, "Waft, waft, ye winds. His story. And you, ye waters, roll. Till like a sea of glory It spreads from pole to pole; Till o'er our ransomed nature The Lamb for sinners slain. Redeemer, King, Creator, In bliss returns to reign. ** The next morning, in the church at Wrexham, this great missionary hymn was sung for the first time and it was not long before it was adopted all over the world, and it will never cease to be sung so long as there is a single heathen 96 ^i|0rt ^t0rt^0 of ttff %mtt0 to be converted. Like many of our finest hymns, it was born on the instant, coming by a sudden flash-Hke inspiration; and the original copy still shows that it was so accurately written that the poet afterward changed but a single word. Let it be remembered, when we sing this hymn, that the author of it died a missionary among the heathen in India. ^if0rt BtxtmB 0f % ifgmtt0 97 CHAPTER IX ** Just as I am, without One Plea/' A faithful pastor of a small flock once met one of the young ladies of his congregation on the street, as she was on gregation on the street, as she was on the way to her dressmaker to have a dress made for a ball. Stopping her, he frankly asked her mission and she frankly told him. "I wish/' said he, "you were a Christian woman; that you would forsake all these frivolities, and learn to live nearer to God. Won't you stay away from this ball, if for nothing else, because I ask it?" She repHed, "I wish you would mind your own business, sir. Good day." The young lady went to the ball and danced all night. She went home, and when her head was at rest upon her pillow, con98 Blixivt ^tntxtB nf tl %mtts 98 Blixivt ^tntxtB nf tl %mtts science began to do its work. She thought how she had insulted her pastor, the best friend she had, perhaps, in all the world. The torment of conscience was kept up for three days until she could endure it no longer. Going to her pastor's study, she told him how sorry she was that she had said words that had caused his heart to ache. "I have been the most miserable girl in the world for the past three days,'' she said, "and now I want to become a Christian. I want to be saved. Oh! what must I do to be saved.?" The old pastor, with his heart full of compassion and sympathy and love for the contrite spirit before him, pointed her to the Lamb of God, and told her how she must give herself to God just as she was. "What! just as I am, and I one of the most sinful creatures in the world. 5^ You surely do not mean to say that God will accept me just as I ^Ij0rt BUv\PSB 0f % ilamtta 99 am?" '*I mean just that/' was the pastor's reply; "God wants you to come to Him just as you are." The young lady went home, and retiring to her room, knelt beside her bed and prayed God to take her just as she was. Reaching to a chair that stood by the bed, she ing to a chair that stood by the bed, she took a piece of paper and a pencil that were there, and under these holy influences wrote the verses of that hymn so ces wrote the verses of that hymn so dear to the heart of every Christian: "Just as I am, without one plea. But that Thy blood was shed for me. And that Thou bid'st me come to Thee, O Lamb of God, I come! Just as I am, and waiting not To rid my soul of one dark blot, To Thee, whose blood can cleanse each spot, O Lamb of God, I come! Just as I am, though tossed about With many a conflict, many a doubt, 100 Bhiavt Btams nf % %mna With fears within and foes without, O Lamb of God, I come! Just as I am! Thy love unknown Has broken every barrier down; Now, to be Thine, yea, Thine alone, O Lamb of God, I come! The lady was Miss Charlotte Elliot. The poem was written in 1834. The Hymn, ''Stand up, Stand up for Jesus. '' It is to be regretted that we know so little of the circumstances under which many of our hymns were written. In many instances, unfortunately, all that can be ascertained is the author's name and the date of the composition. It would certainly add much to our interest in and our intelligent use of very many of the hymns if there had been preserved Blj[Xitt #t0rtw 0f % %mtti3 101 for us some particular account of the conditions and circumstances under which ditions and circumstances under which they were first given to the Church. We are thankful that it has happened differently with the hymn we are presently considering -- '* Stand up, stand up ently considering -- '* Stand up, stand up for Jesus/' It was written in the year 1858, by the Rev. George Dufiield, Jr., a Presbyterian minister in Philadelphia; and we are fortunate in having preserved to us a well authenticated account of the origin of this deservedly popular hymn, written for ^^The Sunday School Times,'' some years ago, by the Rev. Samuel Duffield, the son of the composer. The article says : "The hymn, 'Stand up, stand up for Jesus,' has had such a history, and has been so honored of the Lord in the work of the Church, that these facts absolve me from any feeling of delicacy in offering, for the first time, its complete ing, for the first time, its complete history. Its author, my dear and honored father, could scarcely do more than ored father, could scarcely do more than give the mere unadorned facts. I think it is possible for me, in these columns, to correct certain errors, and to add certain elements of interest to the account. And when I remember that the same hand now pens these lines which once copied that hymn for the printer, I feel glad that it is permitted to me to tell the story of the hymn. ''In the great revival of 1857-58, Jayne's Hall, on Chestnut street, Philadelphia, was the largest room which could be phia, was the largest room which could be procured for the noon prayer-meeting. In this some three thousand persons were used to assemble, and there, one day, I saw a distant, slight figure, rise, and heard for a few moments a silvery and resonant voice. It struck upon my ear with a peculiar power, and I have never forgotten the person nor the tone. Blfixxt ^0m0 0f % %mttfl 103 That was the first and the only time that I saw or heard Dudley Atkins Tyng, rector of the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia. It was only a few any, Philadelphia. It was only a few weeks, indeed as I recall it, it was only but a few days after this, that we had the news of his accident. It was in 1858. He had left his study, wearing his study-gown, of silk and very strong, and had gone to the farm, where a mule was at work in a * horse-power' which drove a corn-sheller. Every Pennsylvanian of those days knows the great vanian of those days knows the great cogged wheels at the side of such a machine, and the danger of being caught in them. But Dudley Tyng, with a natural and self-forgetful kindness, reached over to pat the mule, and the cogs dragged his sleeve, and then his arm, into them. It was all over in a flash . . . The injury (as I have always understood) was met by amputation; 104 Bl^titt BtrxvxiB 0f % ^gmtta then by another, then by a third at the shoulder, but all to no effect. The sinews and muscles had been too deeply ews and muscles had been too deeply involved, and the man died. He was a member of the Young Men's Christian Association, of which Mr. George H. Stuart was then president. So also was I a member, with other boys and lads of my age. To us he sent the stirring message: 'Tell them to stand up for Jesus.' ^' I need not say how wide was the lamentation, nor how his sermon on Exodus entation, nor how his sermon on Exodus 10: 11 -- "'Go now, ye that are men, and serve the Lord,'' preached to a great audience on the Sunday before his death, was recalled by many. On the Sunday succeeding his death, my father, the Rev. George Duffield, Jr., who was the pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church, Northern Liberties, at Fourth and Coates streets, and who had been a ^Ij[0rt BtamB xtf % Ifgrntta 105 close and warm friend of Mr. Tyng, preached a sermon from the text, Ephesians 6: 14 -- ^' Stand, therefore, having ans 6: 14 -- ^' Stand, therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness/' At its conclusion he read the ness/' At its conclusion he read the hymn, which he had written by way of peroration. Mr. Benedict D. Stewart, at that time superintendent of the Sunday School, requested a copy for publi- day School, requested a copy for publication. This I made, by my father's cation. This I made, by my father's direction, in a rude, boyish, scrawl, and carried it to the printing-oflSce of a Mr. Thompson, who was a member of the Coates street church, and whose place of business was, I think, in the historic building on the corner of Sixth and Market streets. There were a number of the leaflets printed. I remember just how they looked and I would give a good deal to get one now as my own. "The hymn had six stanzas. It was 106 Bl itt BtBvuB 0f % %mna first copied into the columns of a Baptist paper. Shortly afterward it found its way into the hymnal of the Presbyterian Church and gradually into the hymnals of all the churches. It has been translated into several other languages, in- lated into several other languages, including the Latin. The latest render- cluding the Latin. The latest rendering now lies before me, written with a ing now lies before me, written with a brush, Chinese characters. It is a version of three stanzas by the Rev. W. J. sion of three stanzas by the Rev. W. J. McKee, of Ning-po. *^My father went to the barn-floor shortly after the accident, saw the place and heard the story from an eye-witness. It was on his return that he composed the hymn.^' Bl^xxtt BtamB 0f % %mttj0 107 CHAPTER X It is not often that a good and lasting hymn is written with intention and design. Very generally the best hymns sign. Very generally the best hymns have come, as it were, suddenly and unaccountably, as if by a divine inspira- accountably, as if by a divine inspiration, and very often their authors neither tion, and very often their authors neither anticipated nor could account for their subsequent popularity. To this general rule, however, there have been some notable and conspicuous exceptions. The grand old missionary hymn, ''From Greenland's icy mountains,'' for instance, was, as we have seen, written by stance, was, as we have seen, written by request. And the same is true also of that stirring Processional hymn, ' 'Onward, Christian Soldiers. " This, strange as it may seem, was written to order. Its author, the Rev. S. Baring 108 Bi^ntt S^tamB ixf tl|^ %mns Gould, an English clergyman, himself tells us that ''It was written in very simple fashion, and without a thought of pubheation. Whit-Monday being a great day in Yorkshire for school festivities, it was arranged, on the anniversary ties, it was arranged, on the anniversary of 1865, that our school should unite with that of a neighboring village, and wishing them to sing as they marched along, I vainly tried to find something suitable for the purpose. At length I resolved to write something myself, the result being 'Onward, Christian Soldiers/ It was hurriedly composed and had some faulty rhymes, and certainly nothing has so much surprised tainly nothing has so much surprised me as its popularity/' There is a hymn, or Christian song, entitled "Shining Shore," which, though falling somewhat short of any high hymnological standard, has yet been greatly nological standard, has yet been greatly Bilfxtt ^tavxtB nf % ^i^mna 109 blessed in the experience of God's people for many years past -"My days are gliding swiftly by, "My days are gliding swiftly by, And I, a pilgrim stranger, Would not detain them as they fly, Those hours of toil and danger. For, Oh, we stand on Jordan's strand. Our friends are passing over. And just before the shining shore We may almost discover. " Perhaps the music to which these words were set and have always since been sung have had quite as much to do with the popularity of the song as the words themselves. As for the words -- they were written by David Nelson, born in Tennessee, 1793; a physician, an army surgeon in the war of 1812; professed religion, became an infidel; repented of his infidelity came an infidel; repented of his infidelity and became a Christian again; became a minister; preached in Tennessee and 110 ^l|[0rt BttimB 0f % %mttH Kentucky; founded Marion College in Missouri, 1830, of which he was the president. He strongly favored emancipation, and that brought him into so pation, and that brought him into so much trouble that he removed to Illinois, where he died 1844. nois, where he died 1844. He had a charming voice, it is said, and used it with great effect, thus anticipating the singing evangelist of a ticipating the singing evangelist of a later day. He was so much interested in the colonization of the negro that he frequently got into trouble. On one occasion, at the close of the meeting, he casion, at the close of the meeting, he asked all who wished to remain so to do and discuss the negro problem of his day with him. Quite a number tarried and disorder followed, as a matter of course. How could it be otherwise in those days of hot blood .^ Nelson was driven from his home, he had to flee for his life. After long wandering, he reached the Mississippi river and concealed himself #If0rt Btx^txtB 0f % S|gmtt0 111 in the shrubbery on its banks, at a point where passengers were conveyed to the opposite shore. As he lay there with hungry eyes watching them so easily passing over to the landing which he could ''almost discover/' he took out an envelope from his pocket and there wrote this song of the Christian's longing for a safe and blessed passage to the ing for a safe and blessed passage to the ^'Shining Shore/' But the words without the music would probably have been lost or overlooked. However, a directing provi- looked. However, a directing providence took care that they should be dence took care that they should be wedded to suitable strains of stirring and inspiring song. They were like a seed thrown broadcast and at hazard, which, finding a favorable soil, springs up and grows into a noble tree. It is queer how such things come about. Massachusetts is a good way from Missouri, but one day, George F. 112 Bl^avt BtttvxtB 0f tiff %mttJB Root, a musical composer, was at the home of his parents at Willow Farm in that New England state, for there the scattered children gathered every summer from far and wide. mer from far and wide. "I was at some work at some songs, one morning," the composer afterward said, ''when my mother, passing through the room where I was at work, laid a slip from a religious paper before me, saying, 'George, I think that would be good for music/ As I looked at the poem beginning, 'My days are gliding swiftly by,' a simple melody sang itself into my mind. I jotted it down and went on with my work. Later when I took it up to harmonize it, the tune seemed so commonplace that I hesitated, but finally deciding that it might be useful to somebody, I completed it. When ful to somebody, I completed it. When in after years it was sung in all the churches and Sunday Schools in the land. Original Score of Hymn by Lewis H. Redner kA4^ ^6Cb Or<j ^iCUjl, A<^ ^ Dr. Philips Brooks wrote the famous hymn, ''O, Little Town of Bethlehem," and at his request Mr. Redner set it to music. #ij0rt BtxitxtB 0f % %mttj9 113 and in every tongue where missions were established, thus demonstrating that it had the mysterious thing called vitality, I tried to see why it should be so, but in vain." Of course; for man seeth not as God seeth. Speaking, now, of the singular providence of God, who thus caused an in- dence of God, who thus caused an inspiration of a sacred song to be given in spiration of a sacred song to be given in one part of the world and its melody in another part far away, we recall what we have read about that favorite Christmas hymn -"O little town of Bethlehem! "O little town of Bethlehem! How still we see thee lie: Above thy deep and dreamless sleep The silent stars go by; Yet in thy dark streets shineth The everlasting Light; The hopes and fears of all the years Are met in thee tonight. '* 114 ^Ijort ^atxsB of % %mtta As is well known, it was written by Phillips Brooks, at that time the Rector of Holy Trinity Church, Philadelphia. Dr. Brooks received his inspiration for this Christmas carol one evening in Christmas week in 1865. He was traveling in the Holy Land and on this evening ing in the Holy Land and on this evening was riding on the historic plain of Bethlehem from which the shepherds beheld the star. The inspiration was there given, although the words were not written until a year later. The circumstances in which they were set to cumstances in which they were set to music are related by Mr. L. H. Redner, who at the time was the organist of Holy Trinity, the superintendent of the Sunday School, and a teacher of one of the classes. ^^As Christmas of 1868 approached,'' Mr. Redner said, ''Mr. Brooks told me that he had written a simple Kttle carol for the Christmas Sunday School service, #I|0rt Sl0rtJ^0 of % I|gmtt0 115 and he asked me to write the tune to it. The simple music was written in great haste and under great pressure. We were to practice it on the following Sunday. Mr. Brooks came to me on Friday and said, 'Redner, have you ground out that music yet to 'O little town of Bethlehem?' I replied that I had not, but that he should have it by Sunday. On the Saturday night previous my brain was all confused about vious my brain was all confused about the tune. I thought more about the Sunday School lesson than I did about the music. But I was roused from sleep late in the night hearing an angelstrain whispering in my ear and seizing strain whispering in my ear and seizing a piece of music-paper, I jotted down the treble of the tune as we now have it, and on Sunday morning, before going to church, I filled in the harmony. Neither Mr. Brooks nor I thought the carol or 116 #tif0rt BttatiiB 0f % %mttjB the music to it would live beyond the Christmas of 1868. ''My recollection is that Richard McCauley, who then had a book store on Cauley, who then had a book store on Chestnut street, west of Thirteenth, printed it on leaflets for sale. The Rev. Dr. Huntington, the Rector of All Saints Church, Worcester, Mass., asked permission to print it in his Sunday School hymn and tune book, entitled ''The Church Porch,'' and it was he who christened the music, "Saint Louis.'' g^ljfort BtarxtB of % Sfamnsi 117 CHAPTER XI What strange contradictions, what veritable ironies there are in this mysterious Hfe of ours. Here is the hymn or rious Hfe of ours. Here is the hymn or song -- call it what you please -- ^'Home, Sweet Home." The author was John Howard Payne, an American dramatist and actor, born in New York, 1792, died at Tunis, Africa, 1852. He had no home of his own and died in a foreign land, being U. S. Consul to Tunis. There his body was buried and for many long years lay in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. ^^How often,'' said he, "have I been in the heart of Paris, Berlin or London or some other city, and lin or London or some other city, and heard persons playing or singing *Home, Sweet Home,' without a shilling to buy the next meal or a place to lay my head. 118 ^Ij0rt ^t0m0 0f tl|^ %mnB The world has sung my song till every heart is familiar with its melody, yet I have been a poor wanderer from my boyhood. My country has turned me from office, and in old age I have to submit to humiliation for my daily bread/' mit to humiliation for my daily bread/' And yet, before he died he had one high and memorable tribute paid to him, as the following will show: The First Singing of ''Home, Sweet Home." Perhaps the most thrilling quarter of an hour of John Howard Payne's life was that when Jenny Lind sang ''Home, Sweet Home" to him. The occasion was the Jenny Lind concert in Washington, the night of December 17, 1850. ton, the night of December 17, 1850. The assembly was, perhaps, the most distinguished ever seen in this country. tinguished ever seen in this country. The immense National Hall, hastily constructed for the occasion on the Bl^ntt ^t0nf0 0f % %mn0 119 ruins of the burned National Theatre, was filled to overflowing. Among the notables present and occupying front seats were President Fillmore, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, General Scott and John Howard Payne. Jenny Lind opened with the ^Xasta Diva," and followed with the "Flute Song" (in which her voice contested rivalry for purity and sweetness with a flute in the duet), then the famous "'Bird Song" and next on her programme the "Greeting to America." All the selections were applauded apparently to the full capacity of an enthusiastic audience and Mr. Webster, who was in his ence and Mr. Webster, who was in his most genial after-dinner mood, emphasized the plaudit by rising from his seat sized the plaudit by rising from his seat and making Jenny a profound bow, as if responding for the country to her "Greeting." But when the "Swedish Nightingale" answered the encore by turning in the direction of John Howard Payne and giving ''Home, Sweet Home/' with all the wonderful tenderness, purity and simplicity fitting both the words and the air of the immortal song, the diflference was at once seen between the mechanical applause called out by a display of fine vocalization and that elicited by the ''touch of nature that makes the whole w^orld kin/' Before the first line of the song was completed, the audience was fairly off its feet and could scarcely wait for a pause to give expression to its enthusiasm. People ordinarily of the undemonstrative sort clapped, stamped and shouted as if they were mad, and it seemed as if there would be no end to the uproar. Meantime all eyes were turned upon Payne, a smallsized, elegantly-molded, gray-haired gen- sized, elegantly-molded, gray-haired gentleman, who blushed violently at finding tleman, who blushed violently at finding himself the center of so many glances. SSI|0rt #tam0 0f % %mtt0 121 CHAPTER XII Something about ''The Star Spangled Banner/' Inquiries having been made in the columns of the Philadelphia "'Evening Bulletin/' from which the following is quoted, Katherine Durang Fisher says: "I would like to tell the story as my dear father, the late Charles Durang, told my sisters and myself. He and his brother, Ferdinand Durang, both well-known actors in their day, at the time of the attack of Fort McHenry were serving a ten day engagement there. That was on September 14, 1814, and both were then about twenty years old. When the poet, Francis Scott Key, came in, he held a piece of paper in his hand and calling to my father and uncle to listen, he read the original poem of 'The Star Spangled Banner' to them. My father and uncle were so much interested that they took the verses and hummed several airs to them, in their endeavor to adapt the words to music. Then my uncle, Ferdinand, suddenly exclaimed, 'I have it!' and hummed the words to the music of 'Anacreon in Heaven,' a well-known hymn that was then widely sung. Then the brothers Durang mounted a chair in Fort McHenry and sang the song until the whole garrison .joined in. Later they sang the anthem again in the old Holliday Street Theatre and the whole audience, in which was Francis Scott Key, also sang with the actors.'' #If0rt ^tamfi 0f % %mtt0 123 CHAPTER XII '' Closing Hymns. " The hymns which we sing in the evening, particularly those with which the ing, particularly those with which the evening service of the Lord's day is concluded, seem always to possess a peculiar cluded, seem always to possess a peculiar charm and power. And this seems to be the case because, to every thoughtful mind and reverent heart, the close of ful mind and reverent heart, the close of the day is, perhaps, more than any other time, the natural hour for calm thought and reverent devotion. Evening is the season of rest, of reflection, ing is the season of rest, of reflection, of quiet meditation. Then the day's work is done; its harrowing cares are over. Darkness comes over the face of the earth, the stars come out in the sky and both mind and heart, as by an irresistible impulse, run up toward God, resistible impulse, run up toward God, 124 g>lj0rt Bt0vxiB of % ^gmtw the creator of all, while feelings of gratitude for past mercies possess the soul, and thoughts come into the mind of the approach of that night which, sooner or later, must envelope us all in its impenetrable gloom and that great and endless day of God which shall know no setting sun. The evening of the Lord's day is, in a double sense, a time well suited for devotional purposes and the hymns which votional purposes and the hymns which we then sing should be, as we believe they for the most part are, sung heartily. The evening hymns we are accustomed to sing in church -- how sweet they are! How they seem to give expression to our otherwise pent-up and voiceless feelings of adoration and praise to our ings of adoration and praise to our Heavenly Father! Then, if at any time during the Lord's day, we should join heartily, earnestly and prayerfully in the sacred songs of Zion. BlfViVt ^tctitB of % %mtt0 125 Have you never noticed what a power the last hymn of a worshipping congregation has over both mind and heart? gation has over both mind and heart? If it be an appropriate evening hymn, and is sung to some well-known melody -how it lingers about one for days after- how it lingers about one for days afterward! You find yourself humming it, ward! You find yourself humming it, perhaps audibly, perhaps only inwardly, ^'making melody in your heart unto the Lord,'' while you are walking home from church. If you live in the country and have several miles to drive home in your carriage, as you roll along under the light of the full moon or through the gloomy forest, you find yourself or your wife or children breaking out involuntarily in the strains still floating in your tarily in the strains still floating in your mind and memory, as if wafted from God's assembled people. You will find that same parting song of Zion following you during the week with its sacred melody, as a breath from heaven. The wife at 126 #t|0rt BtamB nf % %m"0 her work in the house hums it, the husband whistles it as he shoves his plane or follows his plow, while, when silent, the sacred echo of the song is heard far back in the mind or deep down in the heart. Whoever writes a good evening hymn confers a great blessing on God's people throughout the world. Difficult as is the composition of a true hymn of any kind, the preparation of a good closing, evening hymn seems to be particularly a matter of rare accomplishment. We have, as you may have perchance already observed, very few good hymns ready observed, very few good hymns suitable to the close of the Lord's day, as will be found on consulting any hymn book. We propose to call attention to a few of the best. We have already noticed the classic composition -- ''Abide with me: fast falls the eventide'' -- which is indeed an evensong of most surpassing beauty. Then, there is the good old hymn, ''I love to steal a while away/' which has been in use among Christian people of all denominations for nearly a century. Of this hymn it is related that it was written in answer to the fault-finding of a meddlesome gossip. It was written by Mrs. Phoebe H. Brown, who lived near the village of Ellington in Connecticut, and it was first published in the ticut, and it was first published in the year 1824. Mrs. Brown was, at the time of the composition of this hymn, a care-worn mother of a large family of children. It was her custom every evening, when the weather permitted, to set her house in order about the hour of sunset, and, leaving the children alone at home, to go out by a well worn path to a quiet and secluded spot by a neighboring mountain stream and there hold boring mountain stream and there hold sweet communion with God beneath the overarching trees. There she was wont to pour forth her soul in suppKcation for her children, herself and her tion for her children, herself and her friends; to tell over her sorrows and trials, and seek grace and strength sufficient unto her need. One summer ficient unto her need. One summer evening on her return home from her leafy closet, she learned that a neighbor woman, a great gossip, had been for some time watching her and had been sharply criticising her apparent neglect of her family. Deeply pained at this, she sat down and wrote an apology for her conduct, in the form of a poem which was soon adopted as a hymn: "I love to steal a while away From every cumb'ring care. And spend the hours of setting day In humble, grateful prayer. I love in solitude to shed The penitential tear, ^Ij0rt Btaxxta nf % %mt" 129 And all His promises to plead. Where none but God can hear. I love to think on mercies past, And future good implore. And all my cares and sorrows cast On Him whom I adore. Thus, when life's toilsome day is o'er. May its departing ray Be calm as this impressive hour. And lead to endless day. " This she entitled ''An apology for my twilight rambles/' and addressed it to her lady critic, who, let us hope, was profited as well as reproved. One of the little ones for whom this Christian mother prayed in her leafy seclusion by the brook-side was the Rev. Samuel R. Brown, D. D., who was for many years an efficient missionary in Japan. It may also be interesting to know that the 130 Blptt ^t0mB 0f % %mtt0 author of this hymn had been in earlyyouth a servant girl; her life, from nine youth a servant girl; her life, from nine to eighteen being spent in poverty and slavish drudgery. She never went to school, seldom got to church and learned to write after she was married. She was one of the many persons whose lives have so forcibly illustrated the truth that it often pleases God to use the humblest instruments to accomplish His purposes, and that '' Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings He has perfected praise." In very striking contrast with the lowly origin of the above hymn, we may mention that masterpiece of evensong, ^^Sun of my soul. Thou Saviour dear.'' Scarcely ever can one join with God's people in the use of this hymn without feeling himself brought into close fellowship with the most gentle and loving ship with the most gentle and loving spirit of its renowned author, as well as g>lj[0rt #t0m0 0f % ^Vimm 131 being lifted up into an atmosphere of sweetest communion with our blessed Lord and Saviour. There is something so exquisitely tender in this sacred song -- it brings Christ so near -- that we feel quite certain, even before we know anything of its author, that it must have thing of its author, that it must have been written by a man not only of the finest scholarship, but also of the deepest piety. In this our natural expecta- est piety. In this our natural expectation we are not disappointed. The tion we are not disappointed. The author of this hymn, the Rev. John Keble, was indeed a man of the highest scholarly attainments, ennobled and est scholarly attainments, ennobled and purified by the power of Christian faith to a rare degree. If ever ''sweetness and light'' were harmoniously blended in the character and life of any man in this poor world of ours, John Keble was that man. In the absence of all information as to the immediate circum- formation as to the immediate circumstances which gave rise to the hymn we stances which gave rise to the hymn we have in hand, it will be at least interest132 01jnrt ^tnma nf % ffgrntta 132 01jnrt ^tnma nf % ffgrntta ing to our readers to know something of its author. John Keble was born on St. Mark's day, April 25, 1792, at Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. His father was cestershire, England. His father was rector of the church in this village during a period of fifty years. Himself a ing a period of fifty years. Himself a good scholar, the elder Keble did not send his son away to school while very young, but conducted his early education himself, and he did his work so well tion himself, and he did his work so well that his son John was elected a scholar in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, at the unusually early age of fifteen. He obtained a fellowship in Oriel College in his tained a fellowship in Oriel College in his nineteenth year, and the year previous to this he received double first class honors, a distinction which had been obtained only once before in the history of tained only once before in the history of the university, and then by Sir Robert Peel. He also gained the university prizes, and "achieved the highest honors of the university at an age when others Biintt #t0ma of % %mtt0 133 were frequently but on the threshold/' During his days at Oriel College he had for his fellow students some whose names became subsequently widely known throughout all Christendom; for the college, at the time when Keble entered it, was the center of all the finest ability in Oxford. Sir John Taylor Coleridge had been his fellow-scholar at Corpus Christi and at Oriel he was surrounded with such men as Copleston, Davison, Whateley, Arnold (of Rugby fame), Pusey and Newman. Not only in point of scholarship was he distinguished amongst men such as these -- *^he uished amongst men such as these -- *^he was more remarkable for the rare beauty of his character than even for his academic distinctions.'' Great purity of demic distinctions.'' Great purity of spirit, sweetness of disposition, simplicity, humility, characterized him through- city, humility, characterized him throughout his college days and ever afterward. out his college days and ever afterward. When he entered on the pastoral work 134 #tj0rl BtVitxtB 0f % %mtt0 he was renowned for his great kindness to the poor and for the unwearied interest he took in the sick and unfortunate. terest he took in the sick and unfortunate. Late at night he would be seen, lantern in hand, on his way to or from the home of some poor, sick or sorrowing cottager. There was in him not only great culture of the mind, great illumination of the intellect, -- but also great culture of the moral nature; not only ''light," but also "sweetness,'' without which all intellectual light is, after all, only darkness lectual light is, after all, only darkness indeed. One feels this to a remarkable degree in all of his writings. Whatever may be said of his theological opinions, there can be no doubt as to the great piety of the man. His " Christian Year,'' a volume of sacred song which will be found in nearly every cultured home, has had probably a wider circulation than any other book of the last tion than any other book of the last century. Between 1827 and 1872 one Bl^tttt #t0rt^0 xrf % ilgmtiH 135 hundred and fifty editions were printed. In all the sacred songs in this volume, one feels the excellence to be this same exquisite gentleness of touch, this same deep, tender, saintly sweetness which so attracted to him all with whom he came in contact while he was yet alive. ''The real power of 'The Christian Year' lies in this -- that it brings home to the reader as few poetic works have ever done, a heart of rare and saintly beauty. We may well believe that ages must elapse ere another such character shall again concur with a poetic gift and power of expression which, if not of the highest, are yet of a very high order.'' All this the reader feels as he reads this beautiful hymn. He feels that he is here very close to the heart of a man whose walk was close with God. Unbounded trustfulness in Christ -- "the bounded trustfulness in Christ -- "the perfect love which casteth out fear" -136 g^lj0rt BtavxtB nf % %mtta 136 g^lj0rt BtavxtB nf % %mtta are felt to thrill the soul as the congregation sings, ere it goes down from the gation sings, ere it goes down from the house of God at the eventide, while the darkness of night is gathering around, *'Sun of my soul, Thou Saviour dear. It is not night if Thou be near; O may no earth-born cloud arise To hide Thee from Thy servant's eyes. When the soft dews of kindly sleep My wearied eyelids gently steep, Be my last thoughts how sweet to rest Forever on my Saviour's breast. Abide with me from morn to eve. For without Thee I cannot live; Abide with me when night is nigh, For without Thee I dare not die. '* ^Jfort Btatxis of % I|gmtt0 137 CHAPTER XIV We come now, finally, to the chief of all closing hymns, -- the good old ''Long Meter'' doxology, ''Praise God from whom all blessings flow. '' For more than two hundred years this single stanza has probably been sung oftener and by more people than any other composition with which we are acquainted. It is the chief of all the doxologies, and it is not likely that it will soon be outworn, or superseded by any other. It never grows old. It never wearies. It is perennially fresh and sweet. It is very in- ennially fresh and sweet. It is very intimately associated with the most sa- timately associated with the most sacred scenes and hallowed memories of cred scenes and hallowed memories of the past. And it bids fair to be the favorite closing hymn for all of God's people to the end of time. Did you 138 i>i|0rt BtttxxtB 0f % %mtt0 ever stop to consider who wrote this dear old doxology, or to inquire how long it has been in use? It was written by Thomas Ken, a Bishop of the English Church, about the year 1697, that is more than two hundred years ago. Now, if you ask who Thomas Ken was, then let me ask you, do you not remember having read in Macaulay's History of England about seven English Bishops who were once imprisoned in the Tower of London and afterward brought to trial for treason, because they had refused to read in their several churches the famous Declaration of Indulgence to Roman Catholics, w^hich King James II had published? These seven men were -- the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lloyd, Turner, Lake, Ken, White and Trelawney. They refused to read the King's declaration, not only because they were opposed to Roman Catholicism, i'^EUR.^ THOMAS KEN. ^t|0rt BtxtntB ttf % %mtt0 139 but especially because they felt that the King, by his arbitrary action, was compromising the spiritual freedom of the promising the spiritual freedom of the Church. After a long consultation they drew up a paper in which, with every assurance of loyalty, they ventured polite- surance of loyalty, they ventured politely to state their reasons for declining to ly to state their reasons for declining to read the Declaration. This paper they presented to the king on their knees. On reading it King James flew into a terrible rage, called them rebels, and eventually ordered them to the Tower, there to await their trial for treason. The whole city of London was aroused in behalf of the Bishops, who were regarded as martyrs for the common garded as martyrs for the common cause. Followed by an immense crowd of people who cheered loudly and repeatedly cried, "God bless you!" they peatedly cried, "God bless you!" they were with difficulty conducted to the Tower, where, before the gates closed upon them, the very guards bared their heads and craved their benediction and 140 ^lynrt Status of % %mna blessing. You may remember also how, subsequently, they were brought to trial and acquitted and how wild all the country was over the good news. Now, one of these was Thomas Ken, at that time the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and we have mentioned the above circumstance partly in order to locate the author of our good doxology historically and partly to show what kind torically and partly to show what kind of man he was. That he was a man having in him the stuff of which martyrs are made is evident not only from the above narrated facts, but also from what is elsewhere related as belonging to his early history. In 1679 he had been appointed chaplain to the Princess Mary, pointed chaplain to the Princess Mary, the wife of William of Orange, and for a short time lived in Holland. In 1680 he returned to England and was made chaplain to the King, Charles II. Having his residence at Winchester, in 1683 ing his residence at Winchester, in 1683 B^tJtxt ^tnvuB 0f % %mn0 141 the King and his court of fine people of questionable morals once paid a visit to Ken, and it had been arranged that his house should be the abode of the famous Nell Gwynn, the King's favorite. But Ken at once objected to this arrangement, refused admittance to her and ment, refused admittance to her and compelled her to look for lodgings elsewhere. One would naturally think that where. One would naturally think that such an act would have been visited by the king's certain and severe displeasure, as no doubt Ken expected it would; but strange to say, it indirectly led to his promotion to the oJSice of a Bishop. For, only the next year after the above occurrence, when there fell a vacancy in the see of Bath and Wells, and different names had been proposed for the ent names had been proposed for the place, King Charles said one day, ''Where is the good little man that refused his lodging to poor Nell .5^" and resolved 142 ^l|0rt BtantB uf % that he and no other should be Bishop of Bath and Wells. I have his picture before me as I write -- a smooth shaven face it is, high forehead, strong chin, well-developed nose and a very pleasant expression in general. One only wonders why he never married. But he was a bachelor, -- traveled considerably and always carried his shroud in his valise with him wherever he went, and whenever he took seriously sick, he at once put it on. This may well illustrate that part of his celebrated evening hymn, where it says: "Teach me to live, that I may dread The grave as little as my bed. '* He is celebrated as one of the '* non-juring bishops'' who refused to take a new ing bishops'' who refused to take a new oath when William of Orange came in -an act which cost him his bishopric and an act which cost him his bishopric and ^Ifnrt ^t0n^0 nf % ^ttttts 143 led to his retirement, in which the rest of his days were spent. But, good Bishop Ken will be best remembered to the end of all time, not membered to the end of all time, not as one of the seven bishops once imprisoned in London Tower, nor as a prisoned in London Tower, nor as a '* non-juror,'' nor as a chaplain of King Charles II., but as the author of the noble song of praise to the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, ''Praise God from whom all blessings flow." As one of the fathers of modern English hymnology he has always held high rank. nology he has always held high rank. Scarcely even Keble himself, though possessed of much rarer poetic gifts, surpassed him in his own sphere. He wrote a volume of prayers for the use of the scholars of Winchester College about the year 1674. To this volume were added three hymns of his composition -one for the morning, one for the even- one for the morning, one for the evening and one for midnight. Of these, the ing and one for midnight. Of these, the 144 ^Ijort ^tVitxtB of % %mttja first two are household words whereever the EngHsh tongue is spoken. The ever the EngHsh tongue is spoken. The morning hymn is famihar to all: "Awake, my soul, and with the sun Thy daily stage of duty run; Shake off dull sloth, and joyful rise To pay thy morning sacrifice.'* The evening hymn is equally well known: "All praise to Thee, my God, this night, For all the blessings of the light; Keep me, O keep me, King of Kings, Beneath Thine own almighty wings. Forgive me, Lord, for Thy dear Son, The ills which I this day have done; That with the world, myself, and Thee, I, ere I sleep, at peace may be. Teach me to live, that I may dread The grave as little as my bed; To die, that this vile body may Rise glorious at the awful day. Bl^att S^txtmB 0f % %mtt)0i 145 Oh, when shall I, in endless day. Forever chase dark sleep away; And praise with the angelic choir Incessant sing, and never tire?" This is indeed a very beautiful hymn, and one endeared to us all by long use; but as it w^as originally written, when composed for the boys at Winchester school, it contained just one more stanza -- and this last stanza was our longmeter doxology, "Praise God from whom meter doxology, "Praise God from whom all blessings flow.'' This last verse, in course of time, became separated from the rest of Ken's evening hymn and was assigned to service as the leading doxology in all churches the world over. ology in all churches the world over. If Thomas Ken had never been chaplain to the King, a bishop and a non-juror, and had done nothing more in all his life, save only the composition of this 146 ^lj[0rt BtxtmB ttf tlit %mtt0 last verse of his evening hymn, his Hfe, even so, would have been well spent and a lasting source of blessing to all the world. Pray, do not forget good Bishop Ken when you sing "Praise God from whom all blessings flow, Praise Him all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye Heavenly Host -Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." ^Ijurt SS'tarxt& at % %m"a 147 CHAPTER XV "O Mother dear, Jerusalem, When shall I come to Thee? When shall my sorrows have an end? Thy joys when shall I see?" In nearly every collection this hymn, which in varied form has come down to us from the earliest period of the Church, will be found to have a well established place. Ordinarily its authorship has been attributed to David Dickson, who was a Scotch Presbyterian minister, born at Glasgow, 1583, became a Professor of Divinity at Glasgow 1640, and later in the University of Edinburgh. He was deprived of his oflfice at the Restoration for refusing the Oath of Supremacy, and died 1663. In the opinion of scholars, however, 148 B^nxt BUmB of t Ifgmna Dickson was not the author of this beautiful hymn, but rather its very excellent translator. The hymn comes cellent translator. The hymn comes from a very early period, just how early no one can tell; for, from the day when St. John on Patmos beheld ''The Holy City, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of Heaven," the blessed vision of the Heavenlv Citv continued ever present to the faith and hope of the Church. In the form in which we have this hymn in our collections, it may be well to note, it is but a very small portion of a much more lengthy composition, tion of a much more lengthy composition, well known in the Middle Ages in the Latin form. And it seems probable that, in the form in which it was then known, ''it had received contributions from various hands, additions which were mostly translations from the Fathers or from Mediaeval Latin hymns, having been made by one author or #lj[0rt BtVimB 0f % %mtt0 149 another at various times.'' The similarity of both sentiment and expression ilarity of both sentiment and expression between certain parts of the hymns and the writings of the Fathers, especially St. Augustine and St. Gregory, would seem to warrant the belief that ''David Dickson only put into shape, and polished a little, the work of his devout predecessors." The hymn is, therefore, a growth, sors." The hymn is, therefore, a growth, and embodying as it does the faith and the hope of so many long ages, it commends itself all the more from this cir- mends itself all the more from this circumstance, to the faith and the hope of cumstance, to the faith and the hope of the Church of the present day. As has been said, the hymn, as we have it in our day, is only a small part of the composition as it stood in the Middle Ages, and as few of our readers have ever, in all probability, had the privilege of seeing it in its entirety, we take the pleasure here to insert it as a whole. 150 #I|0rt BUtvuB 0f tt|^ %mn0 The New Jerusalem I. O Mother dear, Jerusalem! When shall I come to thee? When shall my sorrows have an endThy joys when shall I see? Thy joys when shall I see? O happy harbor of God's saints! O sweet and pleasant soil! In thee no sorrows can be found. No grief, no care, no toil. II. In thee no sickness is at all. No hurt nor any sore; There is no death nor ugly sight, But life for evermore. No dimmish clouds o'ershadow thee. No cloud nor darksome night; But every soul shines as the sun. For God himself gives light. m. There lust nor lucre cannot dwell, There envy bears no sway; Bl^fxtt BttivuB 0f % ^Qtnm 151 There is no hunger, thirst, nor heat. But pleasure every way. Jerusalem! Jerusalem! Would God I were in thee! Oh that my sorrows had an end, Thy joys that I might see! IV. No pains, no pangs, no grieving grief. No woful wight is there; No sigh, no sob, no cry is heard -No well-away, no fear. No well-away, no fear. Jerusalem the city is Of God our Eang alone; The Lamb of God the light thereof Sits there upon His throne. Ah God! that I Jerusalem With speed may go behold! For why? the pleasures there abound With tongue cannot be told. Thy turrets and thy pinnacles. With carbuncles do shine. 152 ^t|0rt S^txtvitB 0f % Ifgmtta With jasper, pearl, and chrysolite, Surpassing pure and fine. VI. Thy houses are of ivory, Thy windows crystal clear, Thy streets are laid with beaten gold -There angels do appear. There angels do appear. Thy walls are made of precious stones, Thy bulwarks diamond square, Thy gates are made of Orient pearl -O God, if I were there! O God, if I were there! VII. Within thy gates no thing can come That is not passing clean; No spider's web, no dirt, no dust. No filth may there be seen. Jehovah, Lord, now come away, And end my grief and plaints; Take me to Thy Jerusalem, And place me with Thy saints. 01y0rt 0t0m0 nf % %mttB 153 VIII. Who there are crowned with glory great. And see God face to face; They triumph still and aye rejoice -Most happy is their case. Most happy is their case. But we that are in banishment. Continually do moan; We sigh, we mourn, we sob, we weep -Perpetually we groan. Perpetually we groan. IX. Our sweetness mixed is with gall. Our pleasure is but pain. Our joys not worth the looking on -Our sorrows aye remain. Our sorrows aye remain. But there they live in such delight. Such pleasure and such play. That unto them a thousand years Seem but as yesterday. X. O my sweet home, Jerusalem! Thy joys when shall I see? Thy King sitting upon His throne. 154 #Ij0rt BttimB 0f % %mn0 And thy felicity? Thy vineyards and thy orchards are So wonderful and fair, And furnished with trees and fruit. Most beautiful and rare. XI. Thy gardens and thy goodly walks, Continually are green; There grow such sweet and pleasant flowers, As nowhere else are seen. There cinnamon and sugar grow. There nard and balm abound; No tongue can tell, no heart can think. The pleasures there are found. XII. There nectar and ambrosie spring -There musk and civet sweet; There musk and civet sweet; There many a fair and dainty drug Are trod down under feet. Quite through the streets, with pleasant sound. The flood of life doth flow; Upon the banks, on every side. The trees of life do grow. ^I|0rt ^tiXvxtB 0f % %mtt0 155 XIII. These trees each month yield ripened fruitFor evermore they spring; For evermore they spring; And all the nations of the world To thee their honours bring. Jerusalem, God's dwelling-place. Full sore I long to see; Oh that my sorrows had an end, That I might dwell in thee! XIV. There David stands, with harp in hand. As master of the queir; A thousand times that man were blessed That might his music hear. There Mary sings Magnificat, With tunes surpassing sweet; And all the virgins bear their part. Singing about her feet. XV. Te Deum doth St. Ambrose sing, St. Austin doth the like; Old Simeon and Zacharie 156 Bl^nvt ^UmB 0f % %mnj0 Have not their songs to seek. There Magdalene hath left her moan, And cheerfully doth sing, With all blest saints whose harmony Through every street doth ring. XVI. Jerusalem! Jerusalem! Thy joys fain would I see; Come quickly. Lord, and end my grief, And take me home to Thee! Oh print Thy name in my forehead, And take me hence away. That I may dwell with Thee in bliss. And sing Thy praises aye! XVII. Jerusalem, thrice happy seat! Jehovah's throne on high! O sacred city, queen and wife Of Christ eternally! O comely queen, with glory clad. With honour and degree. All fair thou art, exceeding bright -No spot there is in thee. No spot there is in thee. BliViXi ^t0n*0 0f % %mtw 157 XVIII. I long to see Jerusalem, The comfort of us all; For thou art fair and beautiful -None ill can thee befall. None ill can thee befall. In thee, Jerusalem, I say, No darkness dare appear; No night, no shade, no winter foul -No time doth alter there. No time doth alter there. XIX. No candle needs, no moon to shine, No glittering stars to light; For Christ, the King of Righteousness, There ever shineth bright. The Lamb unspotted, white and pure. To thee doth stand in lieu Of light -- ^so great the glory is Thine heavenly King to view. XX. He is the King of kings, beset In midst His servants' sight; And they, His happy household all 158 ^Iinrt ^t0nfja cf % ifjjmtw Do serve Him day and night. There, there the quier of angels sing; There the supernal sort Of citizens, which hence are rid From dangers deep, do sport. XXI. There be the prudent prophets all, The apostles six and six, The glorious martyrs in a row, And confessors betwixt. There doth the crew of righteous men And matrons all consist; Young men and maids that here on earth Their pleasures did resist. XXII. The sheep and lambs that hardly 'scaped The snares of death and hell, Triumph in joy eternally. Whereof no tongue can tell; And though the glory of each one Doth differ in degree. Yet is the joy of all alike And common, as we see. g>lj[0rt ^tam0 0f % l^gmna 159 XXIII. There love and charity do reign. And Christ is all in all, Whom they most perfectly behold In joy celestial. They love, they praise -- they praise, they love; They "holy, holy," cry; They neither toil, nor faint, nor end, But laud continually. XXIV. happy thousand times were I, If, after wretched days, 1 might with listening ears conceive Those heavenly songs of praise. Which to the eternal King are sung By happy wights above -By saved souls and angels sweet, By saved souls and angels sweet, Who love the God of Love! XXV. Oh passing happy were my state. Might I be worthy found To wait upon my God and King, 160 Blftitt ^orUa nf % %m"B His praises there to sound; And to enjoy my Christ above. His favour and His grace, According to His promise made. Which here I interlace. XXVI. "O Father dear," quoth He, "let them Which Thou hast put of old To me, be there where, lo, I am, Thy glory to behold; Which I with Thee before the world Was made, in perfect wise, Have had; from whence the fountain great Of glory doth arise." XXVII. Again: "If any man will serve Then let him follow me; For where I am, be thou, right sure. There shall my servant be. " And still: "If any man love me. Him loves my Father dear; Whom I do love, to him myself In glory will appear." ^Ifort #t0rle0 of % %mtt0 161 XXVIIILord, take away my misery. Lord, take away my misery. That there I may behold With Thee in Thy Jerusalem, What here cannot be told. And so in Zion see my King, My Love, my Lord, my All; Whom now as in a glass I see, There face to face I shall. XXIX. Oh! blessed are the pure in heart. Their Sovereign they shall see; And the most holy heavenly host. Who of His household be! O Lord, with speed dissolve my bands. These gins and fetters strong; For I have dwelt within the tents Of Kedar overlong! XXX. Yet search me. Lord, and find me out, Fetch me Thy fold unto, That all Thy angels may rejoice, While all Thy will I do. O mother dear, Jerusalem! When shall I come to thee? When shall my sorrows have an endThy joys when shall I see? Thy joys when shall I see? XXXI. Yet once again I pray Thee, Lord, To quit me from all strife, That to thine hill I may attain. And dwell there all my life. With cherubims and seraphims And holy souls of men. To sing Thy praise, O God of Hosts! For ever, and Amen! ^Ijori BtxtmB nf % IfgmttB 163 CHAPTER XVI "The Celestial Country'' While speaking of hymns of aspiration for the heavenly state, we naturally tion for the heavenly state, we naturally recall certain other hymns which are to be found in nearly if not quite every good collection, such as -"The world is very evil, "The world is very evil, The times are waxing late'* -"Brief life is here our portion, "Brief life is here our portion, Brief sorrow, short-lived care" -"For Thee, O dear, dear Country, "For Thee, O dear, dear Country, Mine eyes their vigils keep" -"Jerusalem, the golden. "Jerusalem, the golden. With milk and honey blest" -164 Blituxt BtBxxtJS^ sxt % %mn0 164 Blituxt BtBxxtJS^ sxt % %mn0 These, and some others of the same tenor, will be found in nearly all the hymn-books as accredited to John Mason Neale, Translator. John Mason Neale was born in London, 1818, graduated Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840. He was a prolific writer, especially of hymns and translations of hymns, and made the above translations from a very beautiful Mediaeval Latin hymn known as tiful Mediaeval Latin hymn known as 'The Celestial Country." It may be of some interest to us to know that he made his very worthy translation of this splendid hymn ''while inhibited from his priestly functions in the Church of England on account of his high ritualisitic views and practice. He was so isitic views and practice. He was so poor in consequence that he wrote stories for children, and composed and translated hymns for his living, but his poverty was overruled to the enrichment of all Christendom." ment of all Christendom." SS>I|0rt dtnrtw of % %mn0 165 As in the case of the former hymn, "O Mother dear, Jerusalem,'' so here: these hymns above indicated are not to be supposed to be the work of John Mason Neale. He simply extracted them and most intelligently and skillfully translated them from a very lengthy fully translated them from a very lengthy but very beautiful Mediaeval Latin hymn known as ''The Celestial Country,'' dating to the middle of the twelfth try,'' dating to the middle of the twelfth century. The authorship of ''The Celestial Country" is commonly by scholars accredited to Bernard of Cluny, He was credited to Bernard of Cluny, He was of English parentage, though born at Morlaix, a seaport town in the north of France. The exact date of his birth is not known; probably about 1100. He lived the Monastic life at Cluny, and but little is known of his history. He is not to be confounded with his contemporary 166 ^i|0rt Btttma of % %mnja of the same name, Bernard of Clairvaux. vaux. Bernard of Cluny lived at a time when the Church was torn by conflicting powers, when prelates and monks were alike corrupt, and the spiritual life of the Church was committed to the faithful few, and by them was kept alive. ful few, and by them was kept alive. To his peace-loving heart the strife and turmoils of the world were a source of great sorrow, and as he lacked power or position to suppress them by force, he spent his time in writing, as by a divine inspiration, the ''De Contemptu Mundi'' ("On The Contempt of the World"), a satire upon the iniquities of the age. This Latin poem, of nearly three thousand lines, he dedicated to his Abbot, Peter the Venerable. It is a bitter satire upon the corruptions of the times, but opens with a description of the peace and glory of heaven, and this part g>lj[0rt 0t0mBi rxf % Ifgrnna 167 of the poem is so exquisite that it has for centuries excited universal admiration. ''The meter of the original is tion. ''The meter of the original is very strange, each line being broken up into three equal parts -- a most difficult meter, and one which only a special grace and inspiration enabled the author, as he believed, to master. The following arrangement of the first lines will ing arrangement of the first lines will make this intelligible:'' "Hora novissima || tempora pessima || sunt: vigilemus mus Ecce! minaciter II imminet arbiter || ille supremus!"* mus!"* John Mason Neale made a most excellent translation of a part of this cellent translation of a part of this wonderful hymn of Bernard of Cluny, and the hymns above indicated are simply brief extracts from this translation. As the author of this little book tion. As the author of this little book * Schaff-Herzog Cyc. 168 #l|0rt BtBtUB 0f % ^}smm is persuaded that comparatively very few of his readers have ever seen the whole of Neale's rendering of this famous hymn, he thinks well here to insert it. Its date is about A. D. 1150. The Celestial Country The world is very evil; The times are waxing late: Be sober and keep vigil; The Judge is at the gate: The Judge That comes in mercy, The Judge That comes with might, To terminate the evil. To diadem the right. When the just and gentle Monarch Shall summon from the tomb, Let man, the guilty, tremble. For Man, the God, shall doom. Arise, arise, good Christian, Let right to wrong succeed; Let penitential sorrow To heavenly gladness lead, To the light that hath no evening. ^lynrt BtmwB af % %mttjB 169 That knows nor moon nor sun, The light so new and golden, The light that is but one. And when the Sole-Begotten Shall render up once more The Kingdom to the Father Whose own it was before, -Then glory yet unheard of Then glory yet unheard of Shall shed abroad its ray, Resolving all enigmas, An endless Sabbath-day. Then, then from his oppressors The Hebrew shall go free. And celebrate in triumph The year of Jubilee; And the sunlit Land that recks not Of tempest nor of fight. Shall fold within its bosom Each happy Israelite: The Home of fadeless splendor, Of flowers that fear no thorn, Where they shall dwell as children. Who here as exiles mourn. Midst power that knows no limit, And wisdom free from bound, 170 SSi|0rt BtnmB ttf % %mtta The Beatific Vision Shall glad the Saints around: The peace of all the faithful, The calm of all the blest, Inviolate, unvaried, Divinest, sweetest, best. Yes, peace! for war is needless, -Yes, calm! for storm is past, -- Yes, calm! for storm is past, -And goal from finished labour, And goal from finished labour, And anchorage at last. That peace -- but who may claim it? The guileless in their way, Who keep the ranks of battle. Who mean the thing they say: The peace that is for heaven. And shall be for the earth: The palace that re-echoes With festal song and mirth; The garden, breathing spices, The paradise on high; Grace beautified to glory. Unceasing minstrelsy. There nothing can be feeble. There none can ever mourn, There nothing is divided. ^If0rt BtiXtxtB nf % %mn0 171 There nothing can be torn: 'Tis fury, ill, and scandal, 'Tis peaceless peace below; Peace, endless, strifeless, ageless, The halls of Syon know: O happy, holy portion. Refection for the blest; True vision of true beauty. Sweet cure of all distrest! Strive, man, to win that glory; Toil, man, to gain that light; Send hope before to grasp it, Till hope be lost in sight: Till Jesus gives the portion Those blessed souls to fill. The insatiate, yet satisfied, The full, yet craving still. That fullness and that craving Alike are free from pain. Where thou, midst heavenly citizens, A home like theirs shalt gain. Here is the warlike trumpet; There, life set free from sin; When to the last Great Supper The faithful shall come in: 172 g>I|ort BtavuB of % %mna When the heavenly net is laden. With fishes many and great; So glorious in its fulness, Yet so inviolate: And the p>erfect from the shattered, And the fall'n from them that stand, And the sheep-flock from the goat-herd Shall part on either hand: And these shall pass to torment. And those shall triumph, then; The new peculiar nation, Blest number of blest men. Jerusalem demands them: They paid the price on earth. And now shall reap the harvest In blissfulness and mirth: The glorious holy people, Who evermore relied Upon their Chief and Father, The King, the Crucified: The sacred ransomed number Now bright with endless sheen. Who made the Cross their watchword Of Jesus Nazarene: Who, fed with heavenly nectar, ^Ifflrt Btfxtm of % f gmtta 173 Where soul-like odours play. Draw out the endless leisure Of that long vernal day: And through the sacred Hlies, And flowers on every side, The happy dear-bought people Go wandering far and wide. Their breasts are filled with gladness, Their mouths are tun'd to praise What time, now safe for ever, On former sins they gaze: The fouler was the error. The sadder was the fall. The ampler are the praises Of Him Who pardoned all; Their one and only anthem. The fulness of His love. Who gives instead of torment. Eternal joys above: Instead of torment, glory; Instead of death, that life Wherewith your happy Country, True Israelites! is rife. Brief life is here our portion; Brief sorrow, short-lived care; 174 Bljiart ^ttimB of % l^gmtta The life that knows no ending, The tearless life, is there. O happy retribution! Short toil, eternal rest; For mortals and for sinners A mansion with the blest! That we should look, poor wand'rers, To have our home on high! That worms should seek for dwellings Beyond the starry sky! To all one happy guerdon Of one celestial grace; For all, for all, who mourn their fall, Is one eternal place: And martyrdom hath roses Upon that heavenly ground: And white and virgin lilies For virgin-souls abound. There grief is turned to pleasure; Such pleasure, as below No human voice can utter, No human heart can know: And after fleshly scandal. And after this world's night. And after storm and whirlwind, g>I|0rt BtxxntB uf % %mtt0 175 Is calm, and joy, and light. And now we fight the battle. But then shall wear the crown Of full and everlasting And passionless renown: And now we watch and struggle, And now we live in hope, And Syon, in her anguish. With Babylon must cope: But He Whom now we trust in Shall then be seen and known. And they that know and see Him Shall have Him for their own. The miserable pleasures Of the body shall decay: The bland and flattering struggles Of the flesh shall pass away: And none shall there be jealous; And none shall there contend: Fraud, clamour, guile -- what say I? All ill, all ill shall end! And there is David's Fountain, And life in fullest glow, And there the light is golden, And milk and honey flow: 176 &Ij0rt ^t0rt^0 nf % The light that hath no evening, The health that hath no sore, The life that hath no ending, But lasteth evermore. There Jesus shall embrace us. There Jesus be embraced, -That spirit's food and sunshine That spirit's food and sunshine Whence earthly love is chased. Amidst the happy chorus, A place, however low. Shall shew Him us, and shewing. Shall satiate evermo. By hope we struggle onward, While here we must be fed By milk, as tender infants. But there by Living Bread. The night was full of terror. The morn is bright with gladness The Cross becomes our harbour. And we triumph after sadness: And Jesus to His true ones Brings trophies fair to see: And Jesus shall be loved, and Beheld in Galilee: ^lynrt BUxxtB 0f % %mttB 177 Beheld, when morn shall waken, And shadows shall decay. And each true-hearted servant Shall shine as doth the day: And every ear shall hear it; -Behold thy King's array: Behold thy King's array: Behold thy God in beauty. The Law hath past away! Yes! God my King and Portion, In fulness of His grace. We then shall see for ever. And worship face to face. Then Jacob into Israel From earthlier self estranged. And Leah into Rachel For ever shall be changed: Then all the halls of Syon For aye shall be complete. And, in the Land of Beauty, All things of beauty meet. For thee, O dear, dear Country! Mine eyes their vigils keep; For very love, beholding Thy happy name, they weep: 178 Bl^tivt BtuvxtB 0f % %mn0 The mention of thy gloryIs unction to the breast, Is unction to the breast, And medicine in sickness, And love, and life, and rest. O one, O onely Mansion! O Paradise of Joy! Where tears are ever banished, And smiles have no alloy; Beside thy living waters. All plants are, great and small, The cedar of the forest. The hyssop of the wall: With jaspers glow thy bulwarks; Thy streets with emeralds blaze; The sardius and the topaz Unite in thee their rays: Thine ageless walls are bonded With amethyst unpriced: Thy Saints build up its fabric. And the corner stone is Christ. The Cross is all thy splendour, The Crucified thy praise: His laud and benediction Thy ransomed people raise: Jesus, the Gem of Beauty, Biititt BUmB txf % Ifjjmttfi 179 True God and Man, they sing: The never-faiUng Garden, The ever-golden Ring: The Door, the Pledge, the Husband, The Guardian of his Court: The Day-star of Salvation, The Porter and the Port. Thou hast no shore, fair ocean! Thou hast no time, bright day! Dear fountain of refreshment To pilgrims far away! Upon the Rock of Ages They raise thy holy tower: Thine is the victor's laurel, And thine the golden dower: Thou feel'st in mystic rapture, O Bride that know'st no guile. The Prince's sweetest kisses. The Prince's loveliest smile; Unfading lilies, bracelets Of living pearl thine own; The Lamb is ever near thee. The Bridegroom thine alone; The Crown is He to guerdon. The Buckler to protect. 180 Blituvt BtfxmB of % %mtt0 And He Himself the Mansion And He the Architect. The only art thou needest, Thanksgiving for thy lot: The only joy thou seekest, The Life where Death is not: And all thine endless leisure In sweetest accents sings, The ill that was thy merit, -The wealth that is thy King's! The wealth that is thy King's! Jerusalem the golden, With milk and honey blest, Beneath thy contemplation Sink heart and voice oppressed: I know not, O I know not. What social joys are there; What radiancy of glory. What Hght beyond compare! And when I fain would sing them. My spirit fails and faints; And vainly would it image The assembly of the Saints. They stand, those halls of Syon, Conjubilant with song. ^I|0rt ^tBtitB 0f % %mtt0 181 And bright with many an angel. And all the martyr throng: The Prince is ever in them; The daylight is serene; The pastures of the Blessed Are decked in glorious sheen. There is the Throne of David, -And there, from care released, And there, from care released, The song of them that triumph. The shout of them that feast; And they who, with their Leader, Have conquered in the fight. For ever and for ever Are clad in robes of white! O holy, placid harp-notes Of that eternal hymn! O sacred, sweet refection, And peace of Seraphim! O thirst, for ever ardent. Yet evermore content! O true peculiar vision Of God cunctipotent! Ye know the many mansions For many a glorious name. And divers retributions That divers merits claim: For midst the constellations That deck our earthly sky, This star than that is brighter, -And so it is on high. And so it is on high. Jerusalem the glorious! The glory of the Elect! O dear and future vision That eager hearts expect: Even now by faith I see thee: Even here thy walls discern: To thee my thoughts are kindled. And strive and pant and yearn. Jerusalem the onely, That look'st from heaven below In thee is all my glory; In me is all my woe: And though my body may not, My spirit seeks thee fain. Till flesh and earth return me To earth and flesh again. O none can tell thy bulwarks, How gloriously they rise: O none can tell thy capitals Bl^nvt ^t0m0 0f % %mn0 183 Of beautiful device: Thy loveliness oppresses All human thought and heart. And none, O peace, O Syon, Can sing thee as thou art. New mansion of new people. Whom God's own love and light Promote, increase, make holy, Identify, unite. Thou City of the Angels! Thou City of the Lord ! Whose everlasting music Is the glorious decachord! And there the band of Prophets United praise ascribes. And there the twelvefold chorus Of Israel's ransomed tribes: The lily-beds of virgins. The roses' martyr-glow, The cohort of the Fathers Who kept the faith below. And there the Sole-Begotten Is Lord in regal state; He, Judah's mystic Lion, He, Lamb Immaculate. 184 Bl^tttt S^ttxvxtB 0f % %mtt0 O fields that know no sorrow! O state that fears no strife! princely bow'rs! O land of flow'rs! realm and home of life! Jerusalem, exulting On that securest shore, 1 hope thee, wish thee, sing thee. And love thee evermore! I ask not for my merit: 1 seek not to deny My merit is destruction, A child of wrath am I: But yet with Faith I venture And Hope upon my way; For those perennial guerdons I labour night and day. The Best and Dearest Father Who made me and Who saved, Bore with me in defilement. And from defilement laved: When in His strength I struggle, For very joy I leap. When in my sin I totter, I weep, or try to weep: Bif^xt Btsntxtjsi 0f % %mtt0 185 And grace, sweet grace celestial, Shall all its love display, And David's Royal Fountain Purge every sin away. O mine, my golden Syon! O lovelier far than gold! With laurel-girt batallions. And safe victorious fold: O sweet and blessed Country, Shall I ever see thy face? sweet and blessed Country, Shall I ever win thy grace? 1 have the hope within me To comfort and to bless! Shall I ever win the prize itself? O tell me, tell me. Yes! Exult, dust and ashes! The Lord shall be thy part: His only. His for ever. Thou shalt be, and thou art! Exult, O dust and ashes! The Lord shall be thy part: His only. His for ever. Thou shalt be, and thou art! 186 g^tforl BttivlSB 0f tl|f %mn0 CHAPTER XVII In conclusion -- it is well worthy of our thankful observation that the hymns of Christendom present an array of piety and scholarship truly admirable. They were written by some of the wisest and best men that ever lived; by writers of the highest literary qualification, by theologians of the profoundest ability, by College presidents and by University graduates. In the olden time God required of the Jews that they should quired of the Jews that they should bring only ''beaten oil" for the light of His sanctuary and He still cares that the best talent and the most unquestioned piety should be employed in His Church, while at the same time He has not failed to set the seal of His approval to the fervid tributes of song offered by some Blifxtt ^tama xtf % Ifijmtta 187 who were ignorant and illiterate in the things of man but wise in the things of God. For it must be conceded by every thoughtful and reverent person, that the hymns of the Church, whether written by men of culture or by men of no education, have ever been under the direction of divine providence. As some one has said -- '^Men may discuss the nature and the scope of the inspiration of the scriptures, but of the inspira- tion of the scriptures, but of the inspiration of the hymn book I, for one, am tion of the hymn book I, for one, am fully persuaded. Here, surely, as well as in the scriptures, 'Holy men of old spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.'" But, how strange it seems that of all the exquisite hymns known and loved by the Church of the present day, not one was known to the Church of the first century of the Christian era. Even St. Paul never heard nor used any of our 188 g^I|0rt S^tnmB 0f % %mn0 hymns. Not even the long-meter doxology was sung in his day. In the ology was sung in his day. In the PhiHppian jail ^^at midnight Paul and Silas prayed and sang praises to God/' and it is a matter of regret that ''Jesus, lover of my souF' was not known to them -- it would have been so strangely fitting. Moreover, unknown as all of our hymns were to the early Church, equally unknown will they be to the Church in Heaven. They are our Pilgrim songs in our journey through the wilderness of this world, but not one of them will serve when we have at last crossed the Jordan and have laid the pilgrim's staff aside forever. The hymn that will there be sung -"the shout of them that triumph, and "the shout of them that triumph, and the song of them that feast,'' -- will be a song that has never yet been written, at least by mortal man. As is said in g^lj[0rt Btttxm nf % ^1^mm 189 the Book of Revelation, it will be ^'A New Song'' that the redeemed will sing. "Jesus, lover of my soul, Let me to Thy bosom fly, While the raging billows roll" -that will no longer do; for there the that will no longer do; for there the raging billows will no longer roll, in that blessed haven of eternal rest. And -"Nearer, my God, to Thee, "Nearer, my God, to Thee, Nearer to Thee; E'en though it be a cross That raiseth me" -this will no longer serve in that land this will no longer serve in that land where the cross will be forever exchanged for the crown of everlasting rejoicing. Nor will it fare any better with -"Sun of my soul. Thou Saviour dear, "Sun of my soul. Thou Saviour dear, It is not night if Thou be near" -for ''There will be no night there." for ''There will be no night there." 190 ^Ijort Btixmia nf % %mttB No, no. It will be a new song the redeemed will sing, and it will be "'written deemed will sing, and it will be "'written in heaven/' "'And no man could learn that song but they that are redeemed/' ""And I heard as the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying -- ^Alleluiah: for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth/' Amen! Sv^tx of AuttjorH 191 INDEX OF AUTHORS PAGE Adams, Sarah, Mrs 36 Bernard of Cluny 165 Brooks, Phillips 114 Brown, Phoebe H., Mrs 127 Cowper, William 61 Dickson, David 147 Duiaaeld, George 101 Dwight, Timothy 15 Elliot, Charlotte 100 Fawcett, John 20 Gould, S. Baring 107 Grigg, Joseph 85 Harbaugh, Henry 81 Heber, Reginald 88 Keble, John H 131 Ken, Thomas 138 Key, Francis Scott 121 Luther, Martin 53 192 Unhtx 0f Autl|orj0i Lyte, Henry Francis 40 Mason, Lowell 77 Neale, John Mason 164 Nelson, David 109 Newman, John Henry 46 Palmer, Ray 76 Payne, John Howard 117 Redner, L. H 114 Robinson, Robert 12 Root, George F 112 Schmolke, Benjamin 48 Toplady, Augustus 67 Tyng, Dudley A 103 Watts, Isaac 54 Wesley, Charles 23 Williams, William 70 Winkworth, Miss 49 MhtK 0f Itrmttjfl 193 INDEX OF HYMNS PAGE Abide with me, fast falls the eventide 40 All praise to Thee, my God, this night 144 Awake, my soul, and with the sun 144 Before Jehovah's awful throne 58 Blest be the tie that binds 19 Brief hfe is here our portion 163 Brightest and best of the sons of the morning . 91 By cool Siloam's shady rill 98 Come, Thou Fount of every blessing 12 For Thee, O dear, dear Country 163 From Greenland's icy mountains 93 God moves in a mysterious way 62 Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah 70 Holy, holy, holy, Lord God almighty 90 Home, sweet Home 117 I love Thy Kingdom, Lord 15 I love to steal a while away 127 Jerusalem the golden 163 194 ^nhtx 0f Strmna Jesus, and shall it ever be 85 Jesus Christ is risen today 90 Jesus, I live to Thee 82 Jesus, I my cross have taken 42 Jesus, Lover of my soul 23 Jesus shall reign where'er the sun 57 Jesus, to Thy Cross I hasten 81 Joy to the world, the Lord is come 57 Just as I am, without one plea 97 Lead kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom. 45 Lo ! He comes with clouds descending 90 My days are gliding swiftly by 109 My faith looks up to Thee 76 My Jesus, as Thou wilt 49 My soul, repeat His praise 57 Nearer, my God, to Thee 36 O God, our help in ages past 57 Oh for a closer walk with God 62, 66 O Uttle town of Bethlehem 113 O Mother dear, Jerusalem 147 Onward, Christian soldiers 107 Praise God from whom all blessings flow .... 130 Rock of Ages, cleft for me 67 Stand up, stand up, for Jesus 100 Star spangled Banner 121 3tihtK of %mtt0 195 Sun of my soul, Thou Saviour dear 130 The world is very evil ("The Celestial Country'') 168 try'') 168 There is a Fountain filled with blood 65 There is a Land of pure delight 59 Thou art gone to the grave, but we will not deplore Thee 91 When I survey the wondrous Cross 56 NOV t8 1912 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: August 2005 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111 r-^ '/

mild gibberish

10003303

History of the diocese of Syracuse, established 1886;

Hewitt, William P. H.

historyofdiocese00hewi_djvu.txt

6 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. RT. REV. MGR. J. S. M. LYNCH, S. T. D., M. R. WILLIAM P. H. HEWITT STORY OF THE PARISHES DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE CATHOLIC SUN PRESS, SYRACUSE, N. Y. By Right Reverend Mgr. James S. M. Lynch, S. T. D., M. R. ESTABLISHED 1886 WM. P. H. HEWITT canal, which is now being built, will link its beautiful inland lakes, Oneida and Onondaga, with the artificial trench and facilitate the means of communication between the different parts of tate the means of communication between the different parts of the diocese. Its network of railroads binds still more closely the seven counties into which the diocese is divided. From a patriotic standpoint the diocese glories in the fact that the millions of travelers that pass year by year from the metropolis of the country to the great West, have pointed out to them lis of the country to the great West, have pointed out to them within its territory as they speed by, the memorial shaft that marks the site of the Battle of Oriskany -- that decisive conflict in our Revolutionary War. A little farther on is the site of Fort Stanwix, almost on the very spot where St. Peter's Church, Rome, now stands and there they see the tablet which keeps in memoiy the place where the Stare and Stripes were for the first time, in our revolutionary struggle, flaunted in the face of the enemy. Oswego, too, is replete with interest to the .student of American history. Always coveted as a vantage ground, it played a can history. Always coveted as a vantage ground, it played a most important part, especially in the French and Indian war and King George's war, and its capture by General Montcalm in the former, and again by the British in the War of 1812 were events of no ordinary importance. Its good harbor was always an attraction to the combatants, and the peaceful lake that flows so harmlessly by the Flour City to-day was the theater of most decisive and important naval maneouvere a century a^o. At the southern extremity of the diocese, through the beautiful Parlor City, flows the historic Susquehanna, and further on along its banks lies that fertile valley, the scene of the dreadful massacre of Wyoming in 1778 -- the crowning infamy of British rule sacre of Wyoming in 1778 -- the crowning infamy of British rule in America -- a tragedy which was so terribly avenged a year later by General Sullivan upon the Six Nations, who, with some English soldiers, had committed the atrocity. lish soldiers, had committed the atrocity. The lovere of fiction, too, must come to the Diocese of Syracuse to ''find the Path" traced out by our great American novelist, in what literary critics place at the head of the "Leather Stocking Series," and what he himself looked upon as the best of all his works. Here they may visit those shady nooks and quiet spots made famous by Cooper, albeit "the light has broken into the wilderness and the rays of the sun have penetrated to tens of INTRODUCTION. 7 thousands of beautiful valleys and plains, that then lay in grateful shade." ful shade." The Church Among the Indians. There are two distinct periods in the growth of the Church within the territory comprised within the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse. The first is the Missionary period among the Indians. It is a matter of history that this portion of the State was first occupied by certain tribes of the North American Indians. It is very probable that these Indians originally came from Asia and Tartary across Bering Straits to America. In the region extending from Albany to the western portion of the State were located five distinct nations, that went by the generic name of the Iroquois. The country of the Iroquois, with its lakes and rivers and forests and plains, was most delightful and attractive and well adapted for hunting-grounds for this nomadic race. tive and well adapted for hunting-grounds for this nomadic race. These five tribes were joined together in what was called by themselves and the French ' ' A Long House, ' '* and by the English the selves and the French ' ' A Long House, ' '* and by the English the League of the Five Nations, viz. : The MohaAvks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Seneeas and the Cayugas, and they occupied lands in the order named along the MohaAvk River and the four lakes from which they took their names, thus holding the waterways connecting the Hudson and the Ohio with the Great Lakes. ways connecting the Hudson and the Ohio with the Great Lakes. The Iroquois were the craftiest, most daring and most intelligent -- the bravest, fiercest and most warlike of all the North gent -- the bravest, fiercest and most warlike of all the North American Indians. They were called the "Romans of the New "World," and though still in the savage hunter state, they were the terror of every native band east of the Mississippi, before the coming of the whites, who in turn learned to dread their ferocious power. What is remarkable is that the population of the cious power. What is remarkable is that the population of the entire group was not over 25,000 (of whom one-tenth only were warriors), a comparatively small number considering the active part they played in American history and the control which they exercised through wide tracts of wilderness. Lossing thus beautifully describes this remarkable people: "The mighty fraction tifully describes this remarkable people: "The mighty fraction of the great Republic of the West -- this populous, wealthy and *The Five Nations proper, called "cabin builders" because of their singular "klll in framing houses, gave to the stretch of land occupied by them In New York State, the name "long house," the eastern door of which was guarded by the fierce and warlike Mohawks, where the river of the same name empties into the Hudson, while the western door was guarded by the Seneeas, the roost numerous and skilful of them all, located on Lake Erie. 8 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. powerful State-- had its birth two centuries and three-quarters ago on the little island of Mannahatta or Manhattan, lying where the fresh waters of the Hudson River lovingly commingle with the brine of the Atlantic Ocean. Around the cradle in which the infant empire was rocked stood in wonder and awe representatives of an ancient race, dusky and barbarous in aspect, whose tives of an ancient race, dusky and barbarous in aspect, whose early history is involved in hopeless obscurity of myth and fable. At the same time there was a barbaric republic in the wilderness, simple, pure and powerful ; its capital seated a hundred leagues from the sea, among the beautiful hills and shadowy forests and sunny savannas, ^\^thin the present domain of the State of New York. The existence of this republic was unknown to the nations beyond the Atlantic and unsuspected by them until Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River, until Champlain penetrated the wilderness of Northern New York, and Hudson voyaged up the beautiful river that bears his name, and touched the eastern border of this marvelous amphictyonic league, known in history as der of this marvelous amphictyonic league, known in history as ' The Iroquois Confederacy. ' "The polity of the Iroquois League was as purely democratic as possible in spirit, but it took the representative or republican form for convenience. Each canton or nation was a distinct republic, independent of all others in relation to its domestic af- public, independent of all others in relation to its domestic affairs, but each was bound to the others of the league by ties of fairs, but each was bound to the others of the league by ties of honor and general interest. The league had a president, clothed with powers similar to those conferred on the Chief ^Magistrate of the United States. He had authority to assemble a congress of representatives of the league. He had a cabinet of six advisers, and in the Grand Council he was moderator." Here it should be recorded that the first chosen president of the league was the venerable Ato-tao-ho. a famous Onondaga chief. The "inalienable rights of man" were held in such reverence that the Iroquois never made slaves of their fellow men, not even of captives taken in war. By unity they were made powerful, and to prevent degeneracy, members of a tribe were not allowed to intermarry with e^eh other. With these barbarians woman was man's eo- worker in legislation, a thing not yet known among civilized people. Women had a right to sit in the councils, and held and exercised the veto power on the subject of a declaration INTRODUCTION. 9 of war. They had authority to demand a cessation of hostilities and they were eminently peace-makers. Worthy, indeed, of study, is the form of government of this barbaric republic of the forest that once existed within the territory of the present Diocese of Syracuse. Indeed, may it not be tory of the present Diocese of Syracuse. Indeed, may it not be true what Dr. Golden in his "History of the Five Indian Nations" asserts "that the present state of the Indian nation exactly tions" asserts "that the present state of the Indian nation exactly shows the most ancient and original condition of almost every nation, so I believe here we may, with more certainty, see the original forms of all governments than in the most curious speculations of the learned. ' ' lations of the learned. ' ' The Onondagas were the central nation of the Iroquois and not far from the present Episcopal city, on Indian Hill between the ravines formed by the west and middle branches of Limestone Creek, in the town of Pompey, about two miles south of Manlius, was the seat of government for the entire League of the Five Nations. The Oneidas dwelt first on the southern shore of Oneida Lake, and afterwards near what is now Oneida Castle. It is difficult to say with certainty who were the first missionaries among the Indians in Central New York. Champlain aries among the Indians in Central New York. Champlain founded Quebec, July 3, 1608. His object being the conversion of the natives, he gained the friendship of the Algonquin tribes on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, and then opened trade with the Hurons, Indians of a different race, dwelling near the lake that now bears their name. The latter French settlement prospered and in 1614 Champlain obtained from France four Franciscan Fathers of the Recollect Reform to minister to the French settlers and to convert the natives. These Fathers arrived at Tadoussac, Canada, on the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25, 1615. The Recollects soon learned the two great languages of Canada, the Algonquin and Huron, and preached the Gospel far and wide. Father Joseph le Caron, embarking with some canoes of the Hurons, penetrated to the villages of that nation. When Champlain reached Quebec, after his third voyage to France, he found Hurons, Algonquins and Montagnais waiting for him to go on a great expedition of war into the heart of the Iroquois country. Champlain, with his Indian allies, started in canoes up the River St. Lawrence in September, 1615. While Champlain 's motive in attacking the Iroquois was no doubt an ^ 2 10 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. endeavor to cultivate the friendship of his Algonquin and Huron neighbors, yet by so doing, he secured for New France a savage enmity, which contributed more than any other one cause to cripple its energies and render it at last an easy prey to the rival power of the English colonies. "When they reached Lake Ontario they crossed over to the southern shore of the lake, concealed their canoes in the weeds and underbrush along the beach, and started overland to a fortified town of the Iroquois. Marshall maintains that this town was on Onondaga Lake. Clark and Shea contend that it was a few miles south of the east end of Oneida Lake. It is a historical fact that missionaries always accompanied the early explorers on all their important expeditions as they were more anxious and zealous for the salvation of souls than the explorers were to discover a northwest passage to the wealth of the plorers were to discover a northwest passage to the wealth of the Indies, which was the object of most of the expeditions of those times. It is therefore very probable that some of the Recollect Fathers visited the territory of the present Diocese of Syracuse and offered up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass within its limits on the shores of Onondaga or Oneida lakes and perhaps in what is now Oswego, as early as 1615, five years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock and six years before a permanent settlement was established on Manhattan Island by the nent settlement was established on Manhattan Island by the Dutch West India Company, who received from Holland the charter of New Netherlands. The Recollect Fathers soon found that the field was too vast for them, and they invited the Jesuit Fathers to join them in their work of evangelization, and in 1625 Fathers Charles Lalemant, Enemond Masse and John de Brebeuf of the Society of Jesus arrived from France. While the Recollect Fathers had up to this rived from France. While the Recollect Fathers had up to this time evangelized only the Algonquins and Hurons, they now extended their missions. tended their missions. Father Joseph de la Roche Daillon, a Recollect Father of noble family, set out in the autumn of 1626 from the Huron country for the towns of the Neuter Nation, who occupied both banks of the Niagara, and reached their frontier nearest to the Senecas. According to Gilmary Shea this zealous religious was the first Catholic priest from Canada who penetrated into the present territory of the United States. But these first missions among the ritory of the United States. But these first missions among the North American Indians were short-lived. When England finally INTRODUCTION. 11 restored Canada to France in 1632, Cardinal Richelieu offered the Canadian mission to the Capuchins, but the field was so vast that they declined to undertake the work. The great Cardinal then summoned to the task the Society of Jesus, excluding the Recollects entirely. The mission in Canada, under the direction of the Jesuits, began with the landing at Quebec, July 15, 1632, of Fathers Paul le Jeune and Anne de Noue, with a lay brother named Gilbert. The Jesuits resumed the missions begun by the Recollects on the St. Lawrence and on the banks of Lake Huron, in which members of their own Order had already labored. Father le Jeune was the Superior and at once devoted himself to learning the language and customs of the savages, and so studying the enormous field before him as intelligently to dispose of his meager forces. The Sulpicians from Montreal about the same time established a great mission at Oswegatchie, now the city of Ogdensburg. Father Isaac Jogues of the Society of Jesus, one of the two pioneer priests of Michigan, was the first actual missionary among the Iroquois of the State of New York. Returning to the Huron country from Quebec, August 1, 1642, he was captured by the Mohawks and subjected to frightful tortures, especially at Ossernenon, now Auriesville. By the aid of the Dutch he finally nenon, now Auriesville. By the aid of the Dutch he finally escaped to New York and returned to France. Father Jogues, honored in France as a martyr of Christ, had but one desire # -- to return to his mission among the Iroquois. He sailed from Rochelle, France, in the spring of 1644 and was stationed in Montreal. In May, 1646, Father Jogues was sent to the Mohawk country to have a treaty of peace with the French and their Indian allies, the Hurons and Algonquins, ratified. He returned to Canada and the foundation of a Mohawk mission was decided upon in order to cement the peace between sion was decided upon in order to cement the peace between the Mohawks and their old enemies. It was to be called the "Mission of the Martyrs" on account of the many Christians already put to death by the Mohawks and because many more martyrs would probably be sent to heaven before this savage race would be converted to God. Father Jogues again set out on his dangerous mission, but before he arrived the Mohawks had resolved to renew the war, and the courageous priest fell into their solved to renew the war, and the courageous priest fell into their hands. His head was cut off and set up on one of the palisades 12 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. of Ossernenon, and his body was thrown into the Mohawk. So ended this new attempt of the Church in Canada to start its work of evangelization over any part of this section of the State of New York. Father Jogues died without the consolation of once offering up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass on the banks of the Mohawk, although he visited different villages and baptized about seventy during the period of his captivity. It is probable that he passed through the Onondaga country on his way from Canada to Auriesville, but history is silent on the point. ada to Auriesville, but history is silent on the point. Father Simon le Moyne is the real founder of the Catholic Church in the present Diocese of Syracuse. He voluntarily undertook the task that had cost Father Jogues his life and was sent as an envoy of peace to the savage Iroquois. He started from Montreal with his Onondaga guides, July 17, 1654. The heroic missionary disembarked at a fishing village on Lake Ontario and traveled overland to Onondaga, the Indian village, and tario and traveled overland to Onondaga, the Indian village, and in every place through which they passed the Christian Hurons gathered around the missionary to receive from him his blessing and the sacraments of which they had been deprived for years. On August 10th a council was held at which all the natives of the Iroquois except the Mohawks were represented. Father le Moyne told them that the missionaries desired to come and instruct them in the faith. A celebrated Onondaga chief replied, accepting the offer. As a proof of his acceptance of the proposition of the Onondaga nation, Father le Moyne selected a site and drove a stake in the ground as a cornerstone of the future chapel. Thus was bom the Catholic Church in the territory comprised within the present Diocese of Syracuse. Fathers Joseph Chaumonot and Claude Dablon were selected to begin the work. They visited the salt springs which had been discovered by Father le Moyne and were located near Lake Ganentaa (Onondaga Lake). This spot had been selected as the site entaa (Onondaga Lake). This spot had been selected as the site of the proposed chapel. On Sunday, November 14, 1654, they offered up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass at a temporary altar in the fered up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass at a temporary altar in the cabin of an influential Indian woman of that nation, who openly declared herself in favor of Christianity, and offered her cabin as a chapel until the Onondagas could fulfill their promise of erecting a large mission-house and chapel for the Fathers. A little ing a large mission-house and chapel for the Fathers. A little bark chapel was soon constructed, with the assistance of the InINTRODUCTION. 13 INTRODUCTION. 13 dians, in the village of Onondaga, which was situated about twelve miles from the lake, two miles south of the present village of Manlius. ''When the Catholic world was celebrating the dedication of the grandest temple to the Most High, St. Peter's cation of the grandest temple to the Most High, St. Peter's Church at Rome," writes the historian, "a bark chapel was reared at Onondaga. " " It is true, ' ' writes Father Dablon, ' ' that for marble and precious metals we employed only bark, # As soon as it was erected, it was sanctified by the baptism of three children, to whom the way to Heaven was opened as wide beneath dren, to whom the way to Heaven was opened as wide beneath those vaults of bark as to those held over fonts beneath vaults fretted with gold and silver." St. John the Baptist had been adopted as the Patron of the mission, and it was doubtless under his invocation that this first chapel on the soil of New York State was dedicated. The chapel was soon too small for the converts. The sachems of Onondaga demanded a French settlement. Accordingly Father Francis le Mercier, as Superior, with three other Jesuit Fathers, and fifty Frenchmen, started from Quebec, May 16, 1656. The little flotilla bore aloft a white banner on which was inscribed the name "Jesus," showing the object of the expedition. They reached Onondaga Lake, July 11, 1656. The next tion. They reached Onondaga Lake, July 11, 1656. The next day a solemn Te Deum was chanted for their safe arrival and possession of the country was taken in the name of Jesus Christ, dedicating it to Him by the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. The site of the new French settlement, which was called St. Mary's of Ganentaa, was on a hill just north of the railroad bridge on the north side of Onondaga Lake, about midway between the two extremities, and near two springs, one of salt and tween the two extremities, and near two springs, one of salt and the other of fresh water. The ''Jesuit's Well," with its accompanying salt spring, marks the spot. The missionaries afterwards panying salt spring, marks the spot. The missionaries afterwards proceeded to the Indian village of Onondaga and reared a chapel, a larger and more solid structure than that raised the year before. The missionaries also visited the Oneidas and boldly announced the gospel to that nation, although a plot had been formed against their lives. Such were the beginnings of the Church in what is now the Diocese of Syracuse. Onondaga, twelve miles from the present Episcopal city, was the central mission and the most flourishing. The old Christians and converts were so numerous there that 14 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. three sodalities of the Blessed Virgin were established, one of Onondagas, one of Hurons and one of the Neuter Nation. But these ondagas, one of Hurons and one of the Neuter Nation. But these first missions among the Onondagas and Oneidas had but an ephemeral existence. The Iroquois were constantly incited against the French missionaries by both the Dutch and English in Albany. The Dutch were bitterly hostile to the spread of Catholic- bany. The Dutch were bitterly hostile to the spread of Catholicity among the Indians, and strove to poison the minds of the ity among the Indians, and strove to poison the minds of the red men against the Black Gown. Protestant England seemed glad of the opportunity to cross swords with the Catholic Church in the struggle for the country of the New World. Strange, indeed, are the ways of Providence. If Pope Julius II. had refused deed, are the ways of Providence. If Pope Julius II. had refused to grant a dispensation to Henry VIII. of England to marry his brother's widow, the English king was too good a Catholic at that time to live in incestuous concubinage, and the marriage would never have taken place. Later, when he became enamored of Anne Boleyn, Pope Clement VII., might have allowed him to marry her, without violating the laws of the Church, and England might yet have been Catholic in the seventeenth century and united with France in spreading the light of the true faith in the wilderness of New York State, instead of joining with the Dutch in putting every obstacle in the way of the conversion of the Iroquois by the French Catholic missionaries. And so, in spite of the heroic missionary labors of Fathers le Mojoie, Chaumonot and Dablon, the first Catholic mission in the State of New York, established near the site of our present Episcopal City came to an untimely end. It had lasted from Novem- copal City came to an untimely end. It had lasted from November 5, 1655, to March 29, 1658, and during that period chapels ber 5, 1655, to March 29, 1658, and during that period chapels had been erected in all the Ononodaga towns. The outlook was indeed discouraging. The blood of martyrs seemed to have been shed in vain, as no permanent foothold had been gained and nowhere south of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes was the where south of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes was the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass offered up. Not a single French priest resided at any place. But the zealous Jesuit missionaries were not dismayed, and we find them soon again risking their lives for the conversion of the savage Iroquois. Father James Bruyas set out from Quebec for the Oneidas. He reached Oneida Castle, within the limits of our diocese, and celebrated Mass in a chapel dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, on Michaelmas Day, September 29, 1667. During the year he INTRODUCTION. 15 was joined by Father Julian Gamier, who soon after proceeded to Onondaga, where he was cordially welcomed by Garaeonthie, the Onondaga chief, who erected a chapel for his use, which was dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The conversion of this able Indian chief a few years later, and his baptism by Bishop Laval in the Cathedral of Quebec in 1670, had a wonderful effect in reviving the faith among the Oneidas and the Onondagas. This great Catholic chief of Onondaga, Daniel Garaeon- dagas. This great Catholic chief of Onondaga, Daniel Garaeonthie, stands in history as one of the most extraordinary men of thie, stands in history as one of the most extraordinary men of the Iroquois League. A few years later Father Milet converted the great chiefs of the Oneidas at Oneida Castle, and this gave new hope to the heroic missionaries in their seemingly impossible task of converting the Iroquois. Here it ought to be noted to the credit of Onondaga, near the site of our Episcopal See, that even when the Iroquois openly made war on the French and the missionaries of that nation were no longer safe, and even when sionaries of that nation were no longer safe, and even when Father Milet was obliged to leave Oneida, the lamp of faith was kept burning to the very last in their capital. "The Catholic missions among the Five Nations were suspended in 1684," writes the historian, "except at Onondaga, where the two brothers in blood and religion. Fathers John and James de Lamberville, still maintained their chapel. ' ' But after 1668 the con- berville, still maintained their chapel. ' ' But after 1668 the converts were subjected to so many annoyances and dangers that verts were subjected to so many annoyances and dangers that isolation was thought essential and there was established for them near Montreal the palisaded Mission of St. Francis Xavier, known in our days as Caughnawaga. The depletion of the Iroquois population alarmed the sachems of the Confederacy. But quois population alarmed the sachems of the Confederacy. But just at the moment which seemed to mark the final destruction of the Catholic Missions among the Iroquois, a gleam of hope seemed to give promise of their renewed life. James II. ascended the throne of England in 1685 and openly professed the Catholic faith and made strenuous efforts to give back to Mary the dowry of which she had been robbed. While he was yet Duke of York, in 1682, he had appointed Colonel Thomas Dongan Governor of the Colony of New York. Colonel Dongan was an Irishman and a Catholic -- the first Catholic Governor of New York. He presided over the first representative assembly of New York Province, which gave us the Charter of Liberties, 16 DIOCESE OF SYKACUSE. which had so much to do with the rise and development of free institutions on this continent. Loyal to his faith and country alike, he sought to preserve and perpetuate the Catholic Missions among the Iroquois, without strengthening French influence in the colony. In the same spirit in which like problems have been happily setttled in our own days in the Philippine Islands and in Porto Rico, with true statesman-like grasp, he realized that it was possible for a conquered man-like grasp, he realized that it was possible for a conquered people to give up their sovereign allegiance, without giving up their religion. For this purpose he brought over with him three English priests, viz. : Thomas Harvey, Charles Gage and Henry Harrison-- all members of that great Society of Jesus, which knows no nationality. He entrusted to these Fathers the task of continuing the work of their saintly Brethren in Religion, and keeping alive those missions which had been founded in the blood of martyrs. He established a Latin school in New York City and placed it in charge of these English Jesuits. He planned that for the maintenance of this school King's farm would be appropriated, the site of which is just a little distance from the old priated, the site of which is just a little distance from the old limits of the city -- about where Canal street now stands. This farm became in 1705 the property of Trinity Church. Governor Dongan also prevailed upon the Catholic Indians, who had gone to Canada, to return, and he petitioned the King of England to send him a sufficient number of priests to live in the ten or twelve castles which the Iroquois had built, and minister to their spiritual needs. He asked the King also to allow him to donate a large tract of land to the Indians, on the present site of Saratoga. He promised to build a church for them on this reservation, which would be a kind of headquarters for the Catholic vation, which would be a kind of headquarters for the Catholic Indians of the Five Nations. He planned also to establish a settlement of Irish Catholics in the interior of the State, on one of tlement of Irish Catholics in the interior of the State, on one of the inland lakes -- very likely somewhere in the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse. The new colony was to be brought over ent Diocese of Syracuse. The new colony was to be brought over by his own nephew, Richard Talbot. James II., who was already tottering on his throne, refused to grant these pious requests. It may be that he feared that the Protestant element, which M^as already opposing him, would be more embittered by any action of this kind, so favorable to the spread of the Catholic religion in America. Governor Dongan, INTRODUCTION. 17 discourag'ed by this refusal and harassed on all sides by his relentless enemies, was finally forced to resign in 1688 and he lentless enemies, was finally forced to resign in 1688 and he returned impoverished and broken hearted to England. But when Dongan fell, fell also all hope of liberty for Catholic worship in the colony of New York, and the hope was expressed at ship in the colony of New York, and the hope was expressed at the time of his downfall, "that Papists would not henceforth come so freely to settle in the colony." Nor was this liberty of conscience to be regained except at the price of blood shed upon the altar of patriotism. How a single misfortune sometimes changes the whole current of a people 's history ! If James II. had succeeded in vanquishing his son-in-law, who usurped his throne, instead of being driven into exile into France, and if, peacefully reigning, he had seconded the wise projects of Governor Dongan for the spiritual onded the wise projects of Governor Dongan for the spiritual betterment of the Catholics among the Iroquois, there would have been no break to record in the history of the Diocese of Syracuse. The redmen of this wilderness of long ago would have kept the lamp of faith burning under the direction of English as of French Jesuits, and would have passed it on to the whites, who took their place in the natural march of civilization, and the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Syracuse would have had one continued existence from the days of Father le Moyne to our own. The heroic missionaries were loth to leave and hoped even against hope to succeed in the face of so many difficulties. Father James de Lamberville remained amid a thousand dangers until he was recalled in 1686. We find him later among the gers until he was recalled in 1686. We find him later among the Mohawks where he had the consolation of baptizing on Easter Sunday Catharine Tegakouita, the Lily of the Mohawks, sometimes called "the Genevieve of Canada." The introduction of times called "the Genevieve of Canada." The introduction of the cause of her canonization with those of Father Jogues and Rene Goupil w^as solicited from the Holy See by the Fathers of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, and is now in progress in Rome. The elder brother was obliged to leave soon after. The missions of the Society of Jesus among the five Iroquois nations, begun with the tortures of the saintly Isaac Jogues and maintained amid disheartening opposition for forty years, closed vir- tained amid disheartening opposition for forty years, closed virtually with the noble retirement of Father John de Lamberville. tually with the noble retirement of Father John de Lamberville. Though these missioners did not increase the Church Militant on earth, their great success was with the sick and dying, and the 18 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. fact that according to the records preserved, the baptisms of adults and infants from 1668 to 1678 amounted to 2,221, shows that they added considerably to the numbers of the Church Triumphant. In 1690 only one Catholic missionary was in the land of the Iroquois, and he was then, as the first had been, a prisoner. Father Milet, after the evacuation of Niagara, was stationed at Catarokouy, where his knowledge of the Iroquois character and language was reckoned upon as a means of drawing the cantons to peace. The missionary was captured by the Onondagas in 1689, and finally given up to the Oneidas, where he was held as a prisoner. In 1702 a last and equally futile attempt was made to re- oner. In 1702 a last and equally futile attempt was made to revive the faith among the Oneidas and the Onondagas. The aged vive the faith among the Oneidas and the Onondagas. The aged Father James de Lamberville was sent to Onondaga and arrived early in October, 1702. We find also among the missionaries the names of Father Bruyas, Gamier, Le Vaillant and Peter de Mareuil. The Jesuit missions in these parts were again restored and maintained during several years. For though England and France were at war, the savage Iroquois maintained strict neutrality, and that fierce nation remained at peace while civilized trality, and that fierce nation remained at peace while civilized men were warring around them. But again the faith of Christ had to encounter an opposition stronger than the antipathy of the red men of the forest. England again showed her hatred of the Catholic Church. She was land again showed her hatred of the Catholic Church. She was determined to put a stop, if possible, to the spread of the Catholic religion in the New World. Governor Bellemont of New York had in 1700 secured the passage of a law by the New York Colonial Legislature for punishing with perpetual imprisonment any nial Legislature for punishing with perpetual imprisonment any priest remaining in the Province or coming in after November 1, 1700, and any priest who escaped from his dungeon was liable to the penalty of death if he was retaken. To harbor a Catholic priest was to incur a fine of 250 pounds and to stand in the pillory for three days. lory for three days. In 1709 Colonel Schuyler visited Onondaga, and while professing the greatest friendship for 'the missionaries, persuaded the ing the greatest friendship for 'the missionaries, persuaded the veteran Father James de Lamberville to return to Quebec, and by stratagem induced Father Peter de Mareuil, the last of the heroic band of missionaries, to accompany him to Albany, where he was arrested by the Colonial government and detained as a prisoner INTRODUCTION. 19 until 1710. The Onondaga mission was thus finally broken up, the church and residence were reduced to ashes, the missionaries had been lured away by deceit and never returned. Thus finally closed the Jesuit missions among the Five Nations in their own territory. Here it ought to be noted that about the year 1712, an important event occurred in the history of the Iroquois. The Five Nations became the Six Nations. The Tuscaroras, a powerful tribe in North Carolina, had become involved in a war with the whites, originating in a dispute about land. The colonists were aided by other tribes and the Tuscaroras were defeated, ists were aided by other tribes and the Tuscaroras were defeated, many of them being killed and others captured and sold as slaves. The greater part of the remainder fled to the Iroquois, with whom there was a kinship. They were immediately adopted as one of the tribes of the confederacy, and they were assigned a seat near the Oneidas. They became the Sixth Nation. Thereafter the Jesuits were chiefly devoted to their mission in the village of Sault Saint Louis, near Montreal, now known as Caughnawaga, whither many Iroquois retreated before the inroads of Dutch and English settlers, who were now crowding roads of Dutch and English settlers, who were now crowding upon their lands. But the Oneidas and the Onondagas saw with regret their children dying without medicine, and what was worse, without baptism, and they longed to see the Black Gowns again. Their faith was not dead, but slumbering. It needed but a zealous apostle of Christ to fan it once more into flame. Abbe Francis Piquet, a Sulpician Father, established a mission at Fort Presentation on the site of the present city of Ogdensburg, He built there a new Iroquois town -- their banner still preserved, bears the totems of the Iroquois clans, the bear, the wolf and the turtle, their council-fires and the monogram of Christ. This zealous apostle, like the Jesuits of old, traversed again the forests and ous apostle, like the Jesuits of old, traversed again the forests and lakes of our diocese and invited the brave Iroquois to come to the new mission. So successful were his efforts that in two years there had gathered around the altar of the Presentation over 3,000 souls, drawn chiefly from Onondaga and Caynga. Bishop Du Breuil de Pontbriand, of Quebec, visited the mission in May, 1752. He baptized one hundred and twenty and confirmed a large number. This was undoubtedly the first Confirmation administered within the limits of the State of New York, and to the honor of the Diocese of Syracuse, it is recorded that the 20 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Sacrament Avas administered chiefly to the spiritual children of Father le Moyne from Onondaga. Thus is shown the continuity of the Catholic Church in Central New York. Ogdensburg is the link in the chain which binds the Church of Syracuse of the seventeenth to the Church of Syracuse in the nineteenth century. The Church of Syracuse was for a time removed to our northern frontier, and the lamp of faith was kept burning among the converts of the Onondagas, albeit obliged to worship God far from home on the banks of that great river up which the first missionaries had sailed to kindle the flame of faith among their fathers. But soon war began which was to close the French power on this continent and the mission of Ogdensburg for the Oneidas and the Onondagas was finally abandoned in 1760. A council of all the Six Nations was held at Fort Stanwix (Rome) in 1784, where a treaty was made which gave to each Nation a certain reservation of territory, excepting the Mohawks, who decided to settle in Canada. The Oneidas afterward sold their lands and removed to Wisconsin, where, in 1890, they still numlDered 1,710. In 1788 another treaty was consummated between the Onondagas and the State of New York by which the Indians relin- dagas and the State of New York by which the Indians relinquished all title to their lands, excepting a tract about ten miles quished all title to their lands, excepting a tract about ten miles square, around their castles. They also* surrendered all right to the salt springs on their reservation, for which they received an annuity. In 1890 the aggregate population of the Iroquois, including Canada, was 15,870, showing a decided increase on cluding Canada, was 15,870, showing a decided increase on former estimates. The Onondagas now number about 500 and of these rather more than a half are reckoned Christians. There are scarcely any Catholics among them. A few belong to the various Protestant denominations. The greater part are Methodists and quite tant denominations. The greater part are Methodists and quite a number are Episcopalians. Their present reservation territory near Syracuse has been reduced to 6.000 acres. They receive an annuity of $1,600 from the State. The problem of their future condition, so long as their great land holdings excite the envy and thirst of outsiders, is yet to be solved by some peaceful adjustment of their relations to the neighboring white settlers. At present they constitute in fact a INTRODUCTION. 21 regnum in regno within the State. Their own Peace-Maker's Courts have probate jurisdiction, and except in the matter of crimes and postal service, they are independent of State and county authorities. For a fuller account of the Jesuit Missions among the Iroquois the reader is referred to what is called the Jesuit Relations. What is generally known as the Relations proper, addressed to the Superior and published in Paris under the direction of the Provincial, commence with Father le Jeune's "Brieve Relation du Voyage de la Nouvelle France" in 1632. Thereafter a duodecimo volume, neatly printed and bound in vellum, was issued decimo volume, neatly printed and bound in vellum, was issued annually until 1673, when the series was discontinued. This valuable mine of American History, together with allied documents, covering a period from 1610 to 1791, and comprising ments, covering a period from 1610 to 1791, and comprising seventy-three volumes, has been edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and published in 1896 by Burrows Brothers Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. lished in 1896 by Burrows Brothers Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. The Church Among the Whites. 1784--1908. THE second chapter in the history of the Diocese of Syracuse tells the story of the propagation of the Church among the white men, within its territory. Less than a quarter of a century after the final destruction of the missions among the Indians in New York State, the first white settler, Ephraim Webster, after having served in the Revolutionary War to its close, ster, after having served in the Revolutionary War to its close, came to Oriskany, within the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse. After a residence of two years in that village, he removed to Syracuse and took up his abode on the west side of moved to Syracuse and took up his abode on the west side of Onondaga Creek, near where it empties into the lake, at a place which was formerly called ''Webster's Landing." Gradually a few Catholics followed the example of this bold Protestant white settler. The first immigrants were from Ireland and with their well known attachment to the faith, they clung to their religious practices -- even without priest or altar -- as they had learned to do in their native land. But the tyranny of the British government followed these hardy Irish settlers into the New World, whither they had fled to avoid religious persecu22 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 22 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. tion. The struggles of the Church with the crown all over the United States during the colonial period form some of the darkest pages of American History. The war against the French in est pages of American History. The war against the French in the eighteenth century was really a war against Catholicity, and, as, after a few years, hostilities also broke out against Spain, Protestant England was arrayed in a deathly conflict with the two great Catholic Powers that had obtained a foothold in America. These hostile movements tended to prejudice the minds of ica. These hostile movements tended to prejudice the minds of the people of the colonies against all who professed the Catholic faith. The conquest of Canada was especially sought in order to utterly extirpate the Catholic religion on the North American continent. The position of Catholics, therefore, in the English colonies during the eighteenth century was one of continual annoyance and persecution. Catholicity had been planted in the United States in Maryland by the Jesuit Fathers under Lord Baltimore in 1634. They had set an example of religious tolerance for the other colonies in striking contrast with the Puritans who had landed at Plymouth Rock only fourteen years previous. Bancroft, in describing the new colony, declares that "religious liberty obtained a home in Baltimore, its only home in the wide world." But in a few years afterward the Puritans obtained the ascendancy in the General Assembly and * ' popery and prelacy ' ' were forbidden by law. Under these circumstances the few scattered Catholics here and there in the broad territory of the United States were not welded into any distinct organization. Together with the missionary priests who attended to their spiritual wants, they were sionary priests who attended to their spiritual wants, they were under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of London, England. Bishop Challoner, Vicar Apostolic of London, reported to land. Bishop Challoner, Vicar Apostolic of London, reported to the Propaganda in 1756 with reference to New York that "if there be any straggling Catholics in that colony, they can have no exercise of their religion as no priest ever comes near them, nor to judge by what appears to be the present disposition of the inhabitants are we likely to be admitted amongst them." It was habitants are we likely to be admitted amongst them." It was not until 1784 that the penal laws against Catholics, after they had been in existence for nearly a century, were repealed by the New York Legislature, and the Catholic Church in the United States was then bom as a distinct body. Very Rev. John Carroll, a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrolton, a signer of the INTRODUCTION. 23 Declaration of Independence, afterwards the first Archbishop of Baltimore, was appointed Prefect Apostolic of the United States of North America by Pope Piiis VI., June 9, 1784, There was no diocese or hierarchy established until some years afterward. It goes without saying that the territory now comprised in the Diocese of Syracuse was then under the jurisdiction of Father Carroll, so that the source of the second stage in the Church's growth in these parts was Baltimore, as the first had been Quebec. The Diocese of Baltimore was established by the Holy See April 6, 1789, and the Catholics residing within the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse became the spiritual subjects of the Bishop of Baltimore. But the venerable Bishop Carroll could claim few spiritual children in Central New York. John Cunningham about this time had settled in his little log house or salt block in Utica at the foot of what is now Genesee street. He is the first Catholic of the diocese of which history makes mention -- the pioneer of that legion of Irish Catholics that followed in his wake and contributed to the upbuilding of the diocese. At that time there were not 500 Catholics in the entire States of New York and New Jersey, which then formed but a single diocese. How fervently our hearts should rise in thanksgiving to the Almighty, when we reflect on the marvelous multiplication of that little mustard seed then sowed in our diocese, which has now increased nearly one hundred and fifty thousand fold. But especially how grateful we should be to Heaven when we consider the wonderful growth of the Church in the Commonwealth -- unparalelled, perhaps, in the annals of history, so strik- wealth -- unparalelled, perhaps, in the annals of history, so strikingly exhibited this very year when three millions of Catholics ingly exhibited this very year when three millions of Catholics in the State of New York alone joined in spirit with the Mother See of this Province in the enthusiastic celebration of the centenary of her birth. ary of her birth. After the evacuation of New York by the British and the tolerance shown Catholics, especially on account of their loyalty in the War of the Revolution, in which they had taken such a prominent part, the Church came out in the open and the little flock of Catholics became much more numerous. Baltimore was created an archdiocese April 8, 1808, and the Diocese of New York was erected as one of its suffragan Sees. Father Luke Con24 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 24 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. canen, then in Rome, a Dominican, over seventy years of age, was appointed to the difficult post of presiding over the new diocese. But as he could not embark from Leghorn (Livorno), being a British subject, on account of the war between France and England, Father Kohlmann, a Jesuit, and subsequently Father Fen- land, Father Kohlmann, a Jesuit, and subsequently Father FenMdck, another Jesuit, afterwards Bishop of Boston, adminis- Mdck, another Jesuit, afterwards Bishop of Boston, administered the diocese for several years. Thus by a strange coinci- tered the diocese for several years. Thus by a strange coincidence, it was a Jesuit Father who planted the Church in our dio- dence, it was a Jesuit Father who planted the Church in our diocese in its first development, among the red men, and it was cese in its first development, among the red men, and it was two Jesuit Fathers who first ruled over it in the second period of its growth among the white settlers. When Bishop Connolly, the successor of Bishop Concanen, arrived in New York in 1815, to take charge of his vast diocese, comprising the entire states of New York and New Jersey, he found a Catholic population of 13,000, 11,000 of whom were Irish. Father Kohlmann had already planted the Church in Albany, the future capital of this State, and Father Paul McQuaid bany, the future capital of this State, and Father Paul McQuaid was the first pastor in that city in 1813. Utica, a part of the present Diocese of Syracuse, was then an out-mission from Albany in charge of Father McQuaid. Utica was the real head of bany in charge of Father McQuaid. Utica was the real head of navigation on the Mohawk in those days and it was looked upon, even at that early period, as the future great city west of Albany'. At that time there was no priest stationed within the limits bany'. At that time there was no priest stationed within the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse. The building of the Erie Canal had much to do with the development of the diocese. This great artery of commerce, binding the sea with the Great Lakes, and piercing the very heart of the Empire State, was begun July 4, 1817, and opened October 26, 1825. Graft must certainly have been unknown in those days when a work of such gigantic magnitude could have been completed in so short a time. It was chiefly the Irish immigrants that dug this long ditch. They probably did not realize at the time that in the designs of Providence ably did not realize at the time that in the designs of Providence the making of this waterway was to be the means of restoring the Church planted among the Iroquois in these parts and consecrated by the blood of martyrs. crated by the blood of martyrs. The Soggarth Aroon followed the Irish immigrant and as they dug the great ditch they saw with delight the Church of St. Patrick planted along its banks, and "building wiser than they rick planted along its banks, and "building wiser than they knew" they laid the foundation of what is now the flourishing INTRODUCTION. 25 Diocese of Syracuse. The growth of the Church was so rapid that it soon became impossible for the Bishop of New York to administer to the wants of such a multitude of people scattered over such an immense territory, and it became necessary to establish a new diocese nearer the central and western portions of the lish a new diocese nearer the central and western portions of the State. The Diocese of Albany was established April 26, 1847, and Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, D. D., afterwards the first American Cardinal, was appointed its first Bishop. The territory now comprised nal, was appointed its first Bishop. The territory now comprised within the limits of the Diocese of Syracuse was then placed under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Albany. Under the able administration of Bishop McCloskey and his successors, Bishops John J. Conroy and Francis McNeirny, this western portion of the new diocese grew and prospered during the next forty years. By that time the Diocese of Albany had become too large and populous for the care of one Bishop, and a division seemed imperatively demanded. peratively demanded. The Diocese of Syracuse, comprising the counties of Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga and Oswego, was projected by the Holy See September 12, 1886, and Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, D. D., was nominated Bishop-elect of the contemplated diocese. Father Ludden declined the honor, and begged the Holy Father to allow him to remain as a simple priest in the vineyard of the Lord. Thereupon considerable correspondence passed between Archbishop Corrigan of New York spondence passed between Archbishop Corrigan of New York and the Cardinal Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda in Rome. Finally the Diocese of Syracuse was erected by Pope Leo XIII., November 20, 1886, and Father Ludden, in spite of his emphatic refusal, was appointed the Bishop den, in spite of his emphatic refusal, was appointed the Bishop of the New See, December 14, 1886. He was consecrated in the Church of the Assumption, Syracuse, May 1, 1887. The consecrating prelate was Most Rev. Michael A. Corrigan, D. D., Archbishop of New York. The assistant conseerators were the Rt. Rev. Bernard J. McQuaid, D. D., Bishop of Rochester, and Rt. Rev Francis McNeirny, D. D., Bishop of Albany. The consecration sermon was preached by Rt. Rev. Michael A. Farrell, D. D., Bishop of Trenton. Bishop Ludden had been rector rell, D. D., Bishop of Trenton. Bishop Ludden had been rector of the Cathedral in Albany under Bishop McCloskey and VicarGeneral under Bishops Conroy and McNeirny, and for seven General under Bishops Conroy and McNeirny, and for seven 26 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. years previous to his appointment as Bishop of Syracuse, he had been rector of St. Peter's Church, Troy, which was one of the largest and most important parishes in the Diocese of Albany, and where he had left a record of splendid work well done. As he was well known and beloved by all the priests of the new diocese, he received a most hearty welcome, the more earnest and cese, he received a most hearty welcome, the more earnest and sincere, as he was practically their unanimous choice as Chief Pastor. Under the prudent and zealous care of Bishop Ludden the Diocese of Syracuse has grown and prospered. It has only just cese of Syracuse has grown and prospered. It has only just passed its twenty-first birthday, and already this dreary wilderness of a hundred years ago, where nothing was heard but the ness of a hundred years ago, where nothing was heard but the roar of the wild beasts and the savage yells of the red men as they donned their war paint, grasped their tomahawks and rushed into deadly conflict, is now a blooming garden, and in every niche and comer of these wilds of the past the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is offered up to the Triune God; and thousands of pious and devoted Catholics gather round the altar in fervent prayer. Churches, chapels, schools, academies, hospitals, orphan asylums and institutions of every kind have sprung up as if by magic, and the whole face of this beautiful portion of the Empire State shines with the marks of the spouse of Christ, to which it has been consecrated. It would seem that such protracted labors ought to have earned for the good Bishop a little rest in his declining years. And so, he felt justified in asking the Holy See for a Coadjutor who might relieve him from a portion of his arduous duties, and be ready to take his place without the work of the diocese being interrupted, whenever the Master might be pleased to call him to render an account of his stewardship. Our Holy Father, Pius X., cheerfully acceded to his wishes, and on the 9th of February, 1909, Rt. Rev. Llgr. John Grimes, D. D., was named as Coadjutor-Bishop of Syracuse, with the title of Bishop of Imeria, in partihus infidelium. Happy was the choice of the Supreme Pontiff. Born, like the Illustrious Head of the diocese, on the Island of Saints, whence came the builders of the Church in these parts, -formed, too, like him to the holy priesthood by the good Sulpician formed, too, like him to the holy priesthood by the good Sulpician Fathers of Montreal, -- attached during almost his entire ministry INTRODUCTION. 27 to the present Cathedral to which he is now to be wedded for life -- beloved by priests and people -- uncompromising in faith, zealous in work, vigorous in mind and body. Bishop Grimes is well ous in work, vigorous in mind and body. Bishop Grimes is well fitted for his allotted task. He will be able to lend a strong hand to his venerated Superior in the spiritual upbuilding of the diocese, and later on, when the mantle falls on his shoulders, there is every reason to hope that he will garner a rich harvest from the good seed that both will now jointly sow in this portion of the Lord's vineyard in the years that are to come. Bishop Grimes was born December 18, 1852. He was ordained to the priesthood in Albany, N. Y., by Rt. Rev. Francis McNeimy, Bishop of Albany, February 19, 1882. He was conse- Neimy, Bishop of Albany, February 19, 1882. He was consecrated Bishop May 16, 1909, in the Cathedral of the Immaculate crated Bishop May 16, 1909, in the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Syracuse, by Most Rev. John M. Farley, D. D., Archbishop of New York. The assistant consecrators were Rt. Rev. bishop of New York. The assistant consecrators were Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse, and Rt. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke, D. D., Bishop of Albany, The consecration sermon was preached by the Rev. Luke M. Grace, C. M. tion sermon was preached by the Rev. Luke M. Grace, C. M. When the diocese was established in 1886 there were only sixtyfour secular and ten religious priests. There were forty-six par- four secular and ten religious priests. There were forty-six parish and twenty mission churches and fifteen chapels, sixteen paro- ish and twenty mission churches and fifteen chapels, sixteen parochial schools, two academies, five orphan asylums and two hospi- chial schools, two academies, five orphan asylums and two hospitals. The Catholic population approximated 70,000. tals. The Catholic population approximated 70,000. The beloved Bishop of Syracuse has just passed his majority as a Catholic Bishop and is about to make his decennial visit ad limina to the Eternal City, where for the first time he will kneel at the feet of the immortal Pius X. and join with him in the celebration of the golden jubilee of his priesthood, the echoes of which have not yet died out in the Christian world. He will be able to report on this happy occasion that there are now in the diocese one hundred and five diocesan and thirteen religious priests; seventy parish churches, thirtyseven mission churches and seventeen chapels; twenty-one paro- seven mission churches and seventeen chapels; twenty-one parochial schools, of which four have complete academic departments ; chial schools, of which four have complete academic departments ; four academies distinct from parochial schools ; five orphan asylums and two infant asylums; three Catholic hospitals and a lums and two infant asylums; three Catholic hospitals and a Catholic population of 149,768. There are many causes for the remarkable growth of the Catho28 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 28 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. lie population in this portion of the State. I have already mentioned one, viz. : The Irish immigrant following the path of the tioned one, viz. : The Irish immigrant following the path of the Erie Canal and new villages and cities springing up along the new waterway, and churches dotting its banks. Besides this great waterway piercing our diocese from east to west, there was another, albeit less important and now closed, cutting it from north to south-- the Chenango Canal, which also had a great influence in the upbuilding of the diocese. The railroads also gave fluence in the upbuilding of the diocese. The railroads also gave a great impulse to the groAvth of this part of the State and the splendid trolley systems, among the very best in the State, brought hither men of energy that contributed both in brains and capital to the general prosperity. Many of these, too, were Catholics and generous promoters of the faith. olics and generous promoters of the faith. The Salt Springs of Syracuse, discovered by Father le Moyne in the missionary period, added very much to the wealth of these parts and attracted multitudes by their advantages, and when this investment became no longer profitable, capital found vent in extensive cotton and woolen mills, in foundries and factories of all kinds and large business establishments, all of which helped to swell the Catholic population of the diocese. It is not yet seventy years since the first railroad was opened in the diocese, viz. : The New York Central, between Utica and Syracuse, July 4, 1839 -- and only thirteen years previous the first horse car had made its appearance in the United States. Afterwards came the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg and the New York, Ontario and Western, the West Shore, and the Adirondack Railroads, all of which facilitated communication between the different parts of the diocese, thus helping towards its growth. Another cause which contributed to the growth as well as to the cosmopolitan character of the Catholics of the Diocese of Syracuse was the coming of the various nationalities at different periods and choosing for their home in their adopted country this beautiful region of the New World. The Gennans began to come hither in small numbers soon after the dedication of the first Catholic Church in the diocese, viz.: St. John's, Utica, in 1821. According to the official records Rev. John Lewis Wariath, attached to that church, was appointed pastor of the German Cath- tached to that church, was appointed pastor of the German Catholics of Utica, June 6, 1837, and served under the distinguished olics of Utica, June 6, 1837, and served under the distinguished INTRODUCTION. 29 Father Walter J. Quarter. Four years later, in 1841, the Utica German Catholic Church was organized, and its first pastor was Rev. John Prost. It was the first German Catholic Church between Albany and Buffalo. The new church was served by secu- tween Albany and Buffalo. The new church was served by secular priests until April, 1859, when the Franciscan Fathers of the lar priests until April, 1859, when the Franciscan Fathers of the Order of Minor Conventuals took charge of the parish. This, if we except the Mother House at Philadelphia established the year before, was the first foundation of this Order in the United States. Afterwards they took charge of a German Catholic parish in Syracuse and built the handsome Assumption Church in our Episcopal city. So successful were they in the financial management copal city. So successful were they in the financial management of the parishes entrusted to their care, that Assumption Church, Syracuse, was the only consecrated church in the diocese at its establishment, and St. Joseph 's Church, Utica, their first charge on tablishment, and St. Joseph 's Church, Utica, their first charge on coming to the diocese, has been remodeled and handsomely decorated and was consecrated at the opening of the year 1908. rated and was consecrated at the opening of the year 1908. The Franciscan Fathers have always been recognized and appreciated by the Bishop as a great help to him in the development of ciated by the Bishop as a great help to him in the development of religion. They are the only Religious in the diocese, but so well have they done their work as auxiliaries to the secular clergy that there never seemed any necessity for other Religious Orders to share it with them. The striking harmony that has always existed between these good Religious and the secular clergy, has isted between these good Religious and the secular clergy, has been very conspicuous at all times, and is doubtless the cause of that remarkable success which has attended the united efforts of these twin forces of the Church in the growth and prosperity of the diocese. The diocese feels honored that the Mother House of the Order in the United States is located in our Episcopal City. Only recently, through the executive ability of the distinguished Provincial of the Order, Very Rev. Dr. Miller, 0. M. C, and the zealous and devoted pastor of Assumption Church, Rev. Berard Schweitzer, 0. M. C, their new college has been completed, where their future novices are to be trained. It is said to be the finest house of the kind in the world in possession of the Order. As an outgrowth of their labors among the German Catholics, several new German parishes have been erected in different parts of the diocese, and the German Catholic population now numbers about 20,000 and is constantly increasing. It may seem somewhat strange that although the Church was 30 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. planted in the diocese by French missionaries from Canada, the Canadian Catholics never settled in large numbers, within its limits. A few thousand in Syracuse and Oswego, a few hundred in other parts, there has been no perceptible increase in their numbers since their first coming, thirty or forty years ago. The reason bers since their first coming, thirty or forty years ago. The reason for this is easily found. It is a well known fact that the tide of emigration from Canada has always been towards New England, where their countrymen have always been more numerous, land, where their countrymen have always been more numerous, and where the thriving mills and factories seemed to offer to them the best opportunities for desirable and lucrative employment. The Italian immigration began with the construction of the West Shore Railroad in the early eighties. They have continued to flock thither ever since in largely increasing numbers. With their own banks and theaters and business houses and newspapers, they are beginning to be recognized as a very important pers, they are beginning to be recognized as a very important factor in several of the cities of the diocese. They are principally found in Syracuse, Utica and Rome, and they must easily number at present 30,000, with a steady and healthy increase con- ber at present 30,000, with a steady and healthy increase constantly taking place. It is regrettable that a large number of stantly taking place. It is regrettable that a large number of these Italian immigrants are only nominal Catholics. A parochial school has been established for their children in Utica, where chial school has been established for their children in Utica, where they are the most numerous, and the self-sacrificing labors of the good Franciscan Sisters are already beginning to show their effect upon the rising youth. When it is possible to give all the fect upon the rising youth. When it is possible to give all the Italian children the precious benefit of a good Christian education, there is sure to be a change in their attitude towards the tion, there is sure to be a change in their attitude towards the Church, and it is to be hoped that the next generation will be practical Catholics and staunch supporters of the faith. Meanwhile, it is a noteworthy fact that the various attempts that have while, it is a noteworthy fact that the various attempts that have been made from time to time, to proselytyze these poor children of Italy and rob them of their faith, have generally proved abortive and it begins to look as if further efforts in that direction tive and it begins to look as if further efforts in that direction will soon be totally abandoned. The Poles began to locate in the diocese about a quarter of a century ago. They have now large and flourishing churches and schools in Syracuse and Utica, with several new ones projected in other places. They must easily number 10,000. They have never given the Bishop any serious trouble, as he required them from the beginning to follow the wise laws of the diocese for the INTRODUCTION. 31 administration of church property. The Polish Catholics are models of devotion to their religion. They make the most heroic sacrifices in order to frequent the Sacraments, and assist at Holy Mass. They are also remarkable for their extraordinary generosity in their contributions for church and school. Nothing but osity in their contributions for church and school. Nothing but the strongest Catholic faith can explain how readily even the poorest among them part with this world 's goods to help to build those magnificent churches that are the wonder of other nationalities. ities. The Lithuanians are comparatively few in number, and have as yet no church of their own and worship in the Polish or German Catholic churches, as suits them best. There are probably man Catholic churches, as suits them best. There are probably about a thousand Syrians in the diocese. They are found chiefly in Syracuse and Utica. They worship according to the SyroMaronite Rite, and a priest of that rite visits them once or Maronite Rite, and a priest of that rite visits them once or twice a year to minister to their spiritual wants. As a rule they are devout Catholics. Perversion among them seldom takes place. They are very faithful in attending Mass and frequent the sacraments in large numbers whenever the opportunity is afforded. ments in large numbers whenever the opportunity is afforded. They have a resident priest in Utica and have Mass every Sunday in their own rite in the Sisters' School Hall attached to St. John's Church. There are about 2,000 Slovak Catholics or Slavs in the diocese. They are found principally in Syracuse and in Binghamton. In the latter city they have a flourishing parish. hamton. In the latter city they have a flourishing parish. Another important factor in the upbuilding of the diocese was the work of the different religious communities devoted to education and charity. tion and charity. The Christian Brothers have been laboring in the diocese for more than half a century. The golden jubilee of Assumption Academy, Utica, which was their first foundation and one of the first in the United States, was celebrated in 1904 with extraordinary pomp and splendor on the feast of the patron of their nary pomp and splendor on the feast of the patron of their Order, St. John Baptist De La Salle, the Apostle of the Christian school. They have also a large and flourishing academy in Syracuse, and in both cities the fruits of their zealous labors in the cuse, and in both cities the fruits of their zealous labors in the training of the youth, are simply marvelous. The several communities of women have also done noble work in the diocese in the cause of religion. The Sisters of Charity from Emmitsburg head the roll of these heroic women. This 32 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. year (1909) they will celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of their coming to the diocese. For three-quarters of a century they have labored in Utica and for the most of that time in Syracuse, caring for the little orphans of the diocese and building up their ing for the little orphans of the diocese and building up their schools so as to compete with any in the country. The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis have also done exceptional work, especially in the hospitals which they founded in Syracuse, Utica and Oswego. It is the only community of Sisters whose Mother House is located in the diocese. But these good Sisters were not content to spend their lives in mere ordinary hospital work. When the opportunity presented they freely offered themselves to care for poor suffering humanity in its most repulsive form. Mother Mariana, who went out from Syracuse over thirty years ago with a band of heroic Sisters to care for the lepers in our far off eastern possessions of Hawaii, is still alive, a living martyr in her noble work of charity. Sister Leopoldina, who went from Utica in the same band, rejoices in the privilege given her of being the only Sister that is allowed to come in physical contact ing the only Sister that is allowed to come in physical contact with the sores of the poor lepers. Who shall say that these good Sisters are not bringing blessings down upon the diocese from which they went forth on their errand of self-sacrificing charity ? Besides these communities there are several others laboring with fruit in the diocese. The Sisters of St. Joseph from St. Louis, Mo., have a splendid boarding academy for young ladies in Binghamton, and also have charge of a great number of parochial schools, and they are not able to supply the demands made chial schools, and they are not able to supply the demands made upon them to open others in the diocese. The Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary from Hochelaga, Montreal, have a convent for young ladies in Rome, whose reputation has gone out far vent for young ladies in Rome, whose reputation has gone out far beyond the limits of the diocese. The Sisters of Christian Charity from Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and the Felician Sisters of St. ity from Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and the Felician Sisters of St. Francis are also engaged in the work of teaching in the diocese. All these good Sisters are laboring in a spirit of zeal and selfsacrifice in the moulding of the hearts of the little ones, and sacrifice in the moulding of the hearts of the little ones, and planting in them the seeds of piety and love of Holy Church. They are caring for the sick and the poor and the orphan, and whilst laying up treasures in Heaven for themselves, they are accomplishing results in the splendid betterment of our Catholic population far surpassing the material progress so strikingly INTRODUCTION. 33 manifested in the churches and charitable institutions that dot the diocese from one end to the other. In concluding I beg to remark a coincidence that is worthy of record. As St. Mary's of Ganentaa was the first church erected for white men in the Diocese of Syracuse, it seems fitting that St. Mary 's of Syracuse should be chosen for the Cathedral ; and as the other pioneer church erected in the Indian village of Onondaga was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, so also it is appro- daga was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, so also it is appropriate that the Mother Church of all the churches in Syracuse priate that the Mother Church of all the churches in Syracuse should be dedicated to the great Precursor of our Lord, thus keeping alive for the present and the future generations the golden memories of the past. With these prefatory notes I close this introduction. I congratulate the young editor for having so successfully woven into gratulate the young editor for having so successfully woven into an interesting and readable tale the story of the parishes of the Diocese of Syracuse, told by so many and in so many different styles of literary dress. I would ask the reader as he scans these pages to keep in mind the dual growth of the Church in Central New York. Quebec planted the first seed -- Baltimore the second. The rugged missionaries from France sailed up from Champlain 's city along the St. Lawrence, and on our Lake Ontario, and plain 's city along the St. Lawrence, and on our Lake Ontario, and through Oswego, Oneida and Seneca rivers, and, leaving their boats, followed the Indian trails of the wilderness of long ago. And wherever they passed they planted the Cross of Christ and built an altar and offered up the Sacrifice of the New Law. A century later new missionaries from the Emerald Isle came with credentials from Baltimore, the fountain of ecclesiastical authority in the United States. Starting from our great metropolis ity in the United States. Starting from our great metropolis they sailed up the noble river which Henry Hudson had opened to the world and then along the crooked turns of that same Mohawk over which their predecessors in the apostolic work had hawk over which their predecessors in the apostolic work had paddled in their rude canoes in the long ago. But the same broad ocean that washed the shores of Quebec flowed into the bay of the city of Lord Baltimore, and dashed its billows upon Civita Vecehia near the Throne of the Fisherman, who had sent out both bands of apostles to plant and replant the faith of Christ in Central New York. Not many miles from the Episcopal City of the Diocese of Syracuse there is a little mound, where the waters divide, and two 34 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. tiny streams, but a few feet apart, gracefully separate and flow on in opposite directions. The first flows towards the north, empties into Lake Ontario, dashes through the rapids of the St. Lawrence and washes the shores of Quebec. The other passes into the Chenango and then into the Susquehanna and finally empties into Chesapeake Bay, touching the shores of that city, *which has the honor of being the primatial See of the United States, even as Quebec was of North America. Thus nature itself, as if determined that we should never forget the twin sources of our faith, has symbolized in these dual streams in our diocese the two-fold source of our evangelization. And she seems to bid us send back along that two-fold channel to Quebec and to Baltimore, and thence by that ocean which binds both together, to Rome, our grateful thanksgiving to God for sending that first band of heroic missionaries to plant the true faith in this wilderness of the New World among the savage Iroquois, and later on ness of the New World among the savage Iroquois, and later on another corps of husbandmen to gather up the seed from the fallen tree and replant it again so solidly and so firmly that the Tree of Faith stands to-day a monument to their apostolic zeal, giant in stature, rich in foliage, abundant in fruit, and sheltering under its spacious boughs the thousands of Catholics of the Diocese of Syracuse. cese of Syracuse. PARISHES OF THE EPISCOPAL CITY ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. FIRST CHURCH FOR THE WHITES IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ERECTED BY JESUIT FATHERS AND FRENCH SETTLERS IN 1656-- FIRST CHURCH OF MODERN TIMES COM- TLERS IN 1656-- FIRST CHURCH OF MODERN TIMES COMPLETED IN 1827. PLETED IN 1827. THE Church of St. John the Baptist, as a modern organization, is of comparatively recent date. Her history, how- tion, is of comparatively recent date. Her history, however, goes to a remote period and is intimately connected ever, goes to a remote period and is intimately connected with the earliest discoveries and settlements on the continent of North America. This region was visited by Catholic priests years before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth Kock, and before the Dutch settled the New Netherlands on Manhattan Island. Other localities were blessed with the presence of the black robed priests, prior to this section. The saintly Father Jogues, S, J., was one of the first to pass through the Onondaga Valley on a mission of peace to his beloved Hurons. It was he who, on the feast of Corpus Christi, 1642, named Lake George the lake of the "Blessed Sacrament." It was he who inscribed the holy name of "Jesus" on the forest trees of the great empire state; it was he who preached so lovingly to the savage Mohawks, to be rewarded afterwards with a martyr 's crown. The place where he was martyred has been identified and has now a beautiful shrine where thousands from all parts of the country flock yearly to beg the powerful intercession of this servant of God. We have traditions of occasional visits of other missionaries to the Onondagas, tions of occasional visits of other missionaries to the Onondagas, prior to the coming of Father le Moyne in 1654. But he is the real founder of the Catholic Church in this county. We have the story of his coming in his own words. He says in his relations : ' ' On July 17, 1654, I set out from Montreal and embarked for a land as yet but little known, accompanied by a young man of piety and fortitude, who had long been a resident of that country." On August 5, Father le Moyne had nearly finished his try." On August 5, Father le Moyne had nearly finished his journey. He says: "We traveled four leagues before reaching 38 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. the principal Onondaga village. At a quarter of a mile from the village I began to hurrah in solemn and commanding tones, which gained me much credit. I called by name all their chiefs, families and distinguished persons. I told them that peace and joy were my companions and that I scattered war among distant nations. Two chiefs addressed me, as I entered the village, with a welcome that I had never before experienced among savages. At the grand council assembled by the chiefs in the cabin of Ondessonk, I opened the proceedings with the sign of the cross and dessonk, I opened the proceedings with the sign of the cross and with public prayer, on my knees, in a loud voice in the Huron tongue. I astonished them exceedingly by calling them all by nations, tribes, families and individuals, which amounted to no small number. This I was able to do from my notes, and to them it was as astonishing as it was novel. ' ' In another letter we find the following : "On August 16, 1654, we arrived at the entrance of a small lake ; we tasted the water of a spring which the Indians were afraid to drink, saying that it was inhabited by a demon who rendered it foul. I found it to be a fountain of salt water as natural as if from the sea, some of which we carried to Quebec." This spring is known as the "Jesuit's Well." In the same relation Father le Moyne says: "I baptized a young captive, 15 or 16 years old, taken from the Neuter nation, who had been instructed in the mysteries of our faith by a Huron convert. This was the first convert made at Onondaga. The joy I experienced was ample compensation for all past fatigues. ' ' Father le Moyne returned to Quebec, and the mission having been determined upon, Fathers Joseph Chaumonot and Claude Dablon were sent to the Onondaga Country to begin the work. They arrived in November of the same year and were joyfully received. A chapel was erected at Onnontage, the village at Indian Hill, and dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The mission dian Hill, and dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The mission proved so successful that the chapel was soon too small for the converts and it was replaced in 1656, after the arrival of the French colony, which had been promised the Onondaga sachems two years before, by a more commodious one. This colony, led by Father Francis le Mercier, S. J., consisted of four Jesuit Fathers and fifty Frenchmen. They set out from Quebec, May 16, 1656, and arriving at Onondaga Lake, July 11, CITY OF SYRACUSE. 39 began at once the erection of suitable buildings for the settlement. Here on the north shore of the lake, near to the ' ' Jesuit 's ment. Here on the north shore of the lake, near to the ' ' Jesuit 's Well," and on the site selected by Father le Moyne, the first church in the State of New York for white men, St. Mary's of Ganentaa, was erected within the confines of the present parish of St. John the Baptist. For a while the mission prospered. Other missions branched out from it among the Oneidas, Cayugas and Senecas. The results of the labors of the * ' black robes ' ' were visible everywhere. sults of the labors of the * ' black robes ' ' were visible everywhere. The Jesuit Relations of 1657 give a splendid pen picture of the daily life of the forefathers of this parish. "The divine office is recited, the sacraments are administered, the Christian virtues are practiced with as much modesty, care and fervor tian virtues are practiced with as much modesty, care and fervor as they are in the most Catholic and devout provinces of Europe. ' ' Converts were continually added to the faith, and the anticipations of the missionaries were raised to the highest pitch. Chapels were erected in other towns, and hopes for the conversion of entire tribes were entertained by the Fathers. But while these fond expectations were indulged, the savage Mohawks -- who had been weaned away from their Catholic faith, as a fatal result of a struggle for supremacy between the two most powerful nations of Europe, -- entered into a conspiracy with the Onondagas to destroy the Catholic missions. The plot was revealed by a friendly Indian, and the missionaries and the French colony escaped by the following ingenious method: Being forewarned of the intended massacre, they had prepared to escape in the night by means of several light boats, which they had secretly constructed in the large storehouse of the mission. The opportunity was furnished them by the inventiveness of a young man, tunity was furnished them by the inventiveness of a young man, very much a favorite with the great chief, who feigned he had a dream that the great chief must provide a general feast, after the custom of the Indian nation. The rule of politeness required that they should eat and drink all set before them till they became gorged and stupefied. The banquet was prepared; all had feasted to surfeiting; the young man played on his guitar to soothe them into profound slumbers. In a little while they were all asleep, and before they awoke the missionaries and their followers were in their boats and soon were far beyond their reach. In the morning the Indians supposed that the whites had 40 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. been sleeping as soundly as themselves, and it was not until they examined the premises that they discovered that their intended victims had fled. When the Mohawk conspiracy had died out, the Onondagas repented for having driven away their best and truest friends, the missionaries, and sent an invitation to them to return once more. This petition was accepted. A new colony, headed by the black gown, soon arrived, to be disturbed again by war rumors. The French and English were once more at war. The peaceful missions were again in danger of being destroyed. Nothing was left undone by the Jesuits to calm the passions of the outraged natives, but in vain. The domination of a power unfriendly to the Catholic faith poisoned the Indians against the missionaries, and after a heroic struggle of nearly a century, the Catholic missions among the Onondagas disappeared. Many of the converts retired to Canada, where they lived and died good Catholics, and many of their descendants are to-day leading peaceful, civilized, christianized lives in Northern New York. It has been charged that the Catholic missionaries baptized Indians and received them into the Church without instruction. Now this charge is absolutely false. The records of the missionaries, English, French and Spanish, show that instruction always aries, English, French and Spanish, show that instruction always preceded baptism in those who had attained the age of reason, and that when the fundamental truths were implanted in the minds of the newly converted, baptism was, except in rare cases, long deferred in order to test the constancy of the candidate. The catechisms and Bible readings prepared for missionary use in all parts of this continent are still in existence, and show how carefully the missionaries endeavored to convey to those in preparation for baptism the fundamental principles of the Church, aration for baptism the fundamental principles of the Church, in terms that an Indian mind could grasp. The written statements of the missionaries who labored in all parts of the conti- ments of the missionaries who labored in all parts of the continent show the utter falsity of the charge. nent show the utter falsity of the charge. Another charge is made to the effect that the French missionaries taught the Indians that they would secure eternal happi- aries taught the Indians that they would secure eternal happiness by killing the English heretics. The Protestant historians, ness by killing the English heretics. The Protestant historians, Bancroft, Parkman, and Fisk, who have examined all the documents of the early missionaries, have openly stated that no such ments of the early missionaries, have openly stated that no such doctrine can be found anywhere in them. There is not the CITY OF SYRACUSE. 41 slightest proof that can be cited that Catholic priests ever inculcated such ideas. Catholic Canada never sought war; she con- cated such ideas. Catholic Canada never sought war; she constantly proposed colonial and especially Indian neutrality. stantly proposed colonial and especially Indian neutrality. It seems like a dream. The children of the forest were transformed by the gentle teachings of the black gowned missionaries formed by the gentle teachings of the black gowned missionaries from savage beasts and ravenous wolves into gentle lambs and docile children of the Church. But the evil days came. England and France contended for supremacy in these primeval forests. The peaceful, christianized Indians were made partisans in this bitter conflict and the work of the self-sacrificing missionaries was apparently of no avail. But God's ways are not man's. The blood of the first missionaries among the Onondagas became the seed from which sprung some of the sweetest flowers that ever grew in the garden of the Church. The saintly Indian maidens and Indian warriors, who lived and died in the faith, are sufficient proof of this statement. ficient proof of this statement. The Jesuit, Father le Moyne, the founder of the Onondaga mission, was the first to make known the usefulness of the salt springs to the Indian and the white man, and with the usual success of first discoverers. His statement was called a Jesuit lie and was laughed at by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, but curious to relate, the chronicler spelled the word ''lye," an unconscious vindication to the Jesuit's truthfulness. The industry was as nothing then; the salt was merely a curiosity. dustry was as nothing then; the salt was merely a curiosity. Traders carried it to Albany and Quebec, only to exhibit it in exchanging their furs. The salt blocks were then a few small household kettles; yet this was the beginning of an industry which afterwards grew into vast proportions. The history of the pioneer Catholic church of Central New York is a history which lingers in the memories of a few who are yet living, who saw the infant church develop day by day, who watched the little mustard seed grow and spread out into a grand tree, under whose protecting branches so many now find rest and happiness. Let us examine the story of the infancy, the childhood, and the sturdy manhood of old St. John the Baptist's par- hood, and the sturdy manhood of old St. John the Baptist's parish. ish. The town of Salina was incorporated in 1809, and the first town meeting was held on the 9th of May of the same year, in 42 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. a tavern, the present site of the Salt Inspector's office, Exchange and Salina streets. The village of Salina was incorporated in the year 1824. The enactment declares "that it shall be on the ground adjoining the southeast side of Free street, that the village shall consist of sixteen blocks, each six chains square, that lage shall consist of sixteen blocks, each six chains square, that each lot be divided into four sections, and that no lot shall be sold for a less sum than $40. ' ' Among the men who composed the first Board of Trustees of this village corporation was one whose memory will ever be held in honor by Catholic and non-Catholic alike -- Thomas McCarthy. His strict integrity and honest manhood gave him the position, a few years later, of urging upon his fellow Catholics the necessity of building a church of their own. Thomas McCarthy was sity of building a church of their own. Thomas McCarthy was a man raised up by Divine Providence to do a work which the priest of that day in his missionary rounds could not hope to do. No one can imagine, unless it be the hard working missionary priest of the present time, the privations and difficulties the poor priest of seventy-five years ago had to endure. The saddle, for the most of the time, was his bed : in it, he thought out his sermons; in it, he said his prayers, and it carried for him all that mons; in it, he said his prayers, and it carried for him all that was necessary for the celebration of the Holy Mass: it was his Vade Mecum on his journey to visit his scattered sheep and to keep them in the sheepfold of the one true Shepherd. He was the pioneer who broke the forests for religion's swift advance. Thomas McCarthy, therefore, deserves an honorable mention in this brief history. He was born in Cork, Ireland, in the year 1783. Unlike so many of his fellow countrymen, he had the opportunity of a good business education before coming to this country, which meant for him a seven years' lesson in commercial life ; he mastered all there was to it. In the year 1808, we find him leaving his home for the land of the free, where he hoped to enjoy the happiness of liberty of conscience and an opportunity to realize the rewards of his labors. On landing in the tunity to realize the rewards of his labors. On landing in the autumn of the same year, he immediately laid his plans for the new future which stretched out before him. Modern conveniences were not then even in embryo. The old fashioned lumber- ences were not then even in embryo. The old fashioned lumbering stage which hung from leathern straps, made distances days ing stage which hung from leathern straps, made distances days and weeks, which are now made in a few hours. There were no canals, nor railroads. Salina, at that time, had the name all over CITY OF SYRACUSE. 43 the country, of being prosperous, because of the salt springs made known through the Jesuit missionaries. The few small kettles of the eighteenth century had given way to a vast system of salt blocks. Making salt for commerce was now an established industry. People were flocking here from many quarters, and the influx naturally drew with it many of the banished and exiled children of the down-trodden Emerald Isle. Thomas McCarthy was also drawn with it. To Salina, he started as soon Carthy was also drawn with it. To Salina, he started as soon as he recovered from the evil effects of a voyage, such as was experienced in the old sailing ships of those days ; and in a few weeks found himself in the place he was never to leave, until he left it forever in death. After a few years he saved sufficient money from his earnings to purchase a salt block. At that time a salt block was made up of eighteen kettles, and the ground occupied by them covered about eighteen by twenty-five feet, much narrower quarters than those made use of to-day, but vastly more profitable. Success crowned his untiring energy. In 1812 we find him purchasing a general dry goods and grocery store. The location of this store is where now stands the pump house, west of the Oswego canal. All the business transactions then for mercantile men were necessarily east. The great lakes of the West and Northwest with their populous cities, their immense commerce, and the great advantages of modern navigation, were then known to only a few white people and Indians. Commerce and business consequently went east to Utica, Albany and New York. This brought quently went east to Utica, Albany and New York. This brought Mr. McCarthy, who made his trip twice a year, in contact with many of his countrymen who, like himself, had come to try their fortune in a land said to be flowing with the milk and honey of plenty. By his honest business methods and genial social qualities, ho made for himself friends of all denominations, and it was principally upon these friends that he depended for the means of cipally upon these friends that he depended for the means of carrying out the one thought uppermost in his mind, -- the building for the Catholics of Salina a church, wherein they might worship God according to the dictates of their conscience. The original subscription list shows sums of fifty dollars and under; sums which in those days were large and generous. Thomas McCarthy saw with pleasure an increase of Catholics in 44 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Salina, for he loved his Church, and he made the first move in the matter by donating a lot for the erection of an edifice. That lot was the site of the old church on Salina street, where the Catholics of this entire county for many years worshipped their God ; where many who are yet living had the regenerating waters of baptism poured upon them; where happy hearts were sacramentally united, and where many of the parents of those who mentally united, and where many of the parents of those who are now in manhood's prime, went for the last time for the blessing of that fond and tender Mother Church, who loves her children in death as well as in life. Thomas McCarthy read far into the future. He built for posterity. He left behind him children and children's children who have followed in his footsteps in their generous support of religion. steps in their generous support of religion. The history of this pioneer church would not be complete if we omitted the name of James Lynch, the man who was its first treasurer, and whose interesting records are in the present church archives. James Lynch was born in Ireland, and at the age of twentyseven he came to this country. He served in the war of 1812 seven he came to this country. He served in the war of 1812 and distinguished himself in many important naval engagements. At the close of the war he engaged in business in New York City, and was there married. In 1825 he came to this city and for a period of nearly thirty years, he conducted a mercantile business in what is now known as the First Ward. During these years he also engaged largely in the manufacture of salt and, at the time of his death, retained a large interest in the industry. He was one of the first directors of the Syracuse GasLight company, and for several years he was its president. He Light company, and for several years he was its president. He was a trustee of the Syracuse Savings Bank and its vicepresident, and was also director in the Salt Springs National president, and was also director in the Salt Springs National Bank. He was a man of generous impulses and honest intentions. He was firm and decisive in his opinions, but tolerant to those who disagreed with him in religious dogmas. His business sagacity was amply rewarded, and till almost the close of his life he gave personal attention to his affairs. Politically, he was an unswerving and influential democrat. He filled many positions of honor and trust in municipal and other corporate bodies. He died on Good Friday, April 10, 1862, aged 87 years. There are many others who might be mentioned among the CITY OF SYRACUSE. 45 pioneers and patriarchs of this church. Peter McGuire, a man whose name has always been held as a synonym of everything that was noble and good; a man who for forty years took an active part in the fortunes of his church as trustee, and who never abated his zeal, until the feebleness incident to old age made him discontinue his constant duties as revenue collector of the church. The late venerable John McCarthy, a former trustee and parishioner, should be mentioned here. Of him a former beloved pastor. Rev. George Browne, writes: "How I would like to proclaim the names of all those benefactors of St. John the Baptist church! I am quite sure that it shall excite no jealous feelings if I mention the name of John McCarthy, an excellent Christian, a polished scholar and a leader in every good work ; Patrick Malloy, as generous as he was wealthy, and the venerable Peter McGuire, who was foremost among those that were always ready to advise, help and encourage their pastor in all his difficulties. I can only say : * May God reward them all. ' What they did to uphold the credit of the parish was at a great personal sacrifice. ' ' During the last half century and more many priests have directed the spiritual affairs of the people of this parish. Away back in the beginning of this century, missionary priests visited this locality and administered to the spiritual wants of the few scattered Catholics of Central New York. Among these welcome visitors were the venerable Bishops DuBois and Hughes of New York. They officiated at private houses -- especially at the McCarthy and Lynch homesteads. Then there were regular visits made by missionary priests from various localities, who came to administer the sacraments and instruct the children in Christian doctrine. This continued till the year 1827. The first resident pastor who officiated here was Rev. Francis Donohue. He completed the church and brought many to the faith. After six years he was succeeded by Rev. Fathers Balfe and Drummond, who in turn gave place to Rev. James O 'Donnell who remained in charge for five years. The next pastors were Fathers Radigan and Chartier. Then followed Rev. Michael Heas, whose memory will always be cherished by the people of Syracuse. He was a man who lived to do his Master's will. 46 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Self-sacrificing to an unwonted degree, ever sympathizing with the poor and needy of his parish,-- "he went about continually doing good." He was the teacher and the financial agent for his people, as well as their spiritual guide. He was the friend of the immigrant, and scores of them were, by his generosity, enabled to come to "the land of the free and the home of the brave." Through his exertions the first church was enlarged and beautified. The task was then most difficult as old Salina had but fifty families, and upon these he could not solely depend. Large sums were contributed then as now by our non- Catholic brethren. Father Heas, after serving faithfully old St. John the Baptist's parish for fifteen years, was transferred to a new field of labor. He was commissioned to form a new parish in what was then known as the village of Syracuse. He secured old St. Paul's Episcopal church, which he had dedicated to Catholic service in 1842. Rev. Michael Heas was succeeded by Father Guillick who in turn gave place to Rev. Joseph Guerdet. The latter labored here for seven years, after which he was sent to take charge of St. Mary's church, Oswego, and later to the Church of St. John the Evangelist, Syracuse. Then came Fathers Mullady and Hackett. Father Hackett took up the work laid down by his predecessors. Success attended his saintly efforts. He enlarged and improved the old church and brought the Sisters of St. Joseph to this parish, but strange to say, this great lover of Christian education never lived to see the Sisters he had prayed for during many years. They arrived in Syracuse the very day of his burial. A local paper of that time speaks as follows of this most excellent priest : ' ' Father Hackett is dead, -- the last remains of this venerable man were consigned to their last resting place on the 3rd of September, 1861, amid the tears and lamentations of his whole congregation." In the lamented Father Hackett was concentrated all that contributes to make a perfect man. In him could be found virtue without pride, charity without conceit, and above all things, a love holy and intense for God and His Church. Father Hackett 's grave is in St. Agnes' cemetery and is yearly visited by many of his old time-honored friends. His work was taken np by Rev. Maurice Sheehan, who guided the destinies of the CITY OF SYRACUSE. 47 parish for five years. He was a dignified, scholarly priest who had the confidence and love of his people. An event of note during his administration was the calamity that came upon the district in the great fire that destroyed the business portion of Salina. Father Sheehan died recently and was buried from St. Joseph's church, Albany. Old Salina had grown rapidly. From it, as an off-shoot, has sprung the thriving city of Syracuse. In those days there was money aplenty in the salt business. This caused a great increase in the population, and the old church was found too small to accomodate the congregation. Rev. James E. Duffy was the pastor in those prosperous times. He was appointed in January, 1866. Young and full of ambition and ability, he labored faith- fully among his people. The times were prosperous, money was plentiful and generous hearts were ready to give towards a magnificent edifice such as Father Duffy proposed to build. The corner-stone was laid in 1868 and the following year enclosed the present magnificent church. It was completed and dedicated in June, 1871. With the glory of the completed and dedicated temple came a crisis in the salt industry. The great Salina salt works began to fail ; the tariff was removed ; stronger salt springs were discovered in various localities, which lessened the expense of manu- covered in various localities, which lessened the expense of manufacturing the commodity. This lowered prices and lessened facturing the commodity. This lowered prices and lessened earnings, and the entire community was soon brought to the abyss of financial ruin. The new church was heavily in debt. Men of wealth were willing to assist their pastor, but their wealth was locked up in their salt blocks which lost their value. Those in poorer circumstances were as willing as ever, but their earnings were scarcely enough to support their little homes. Father Duffy who was a man of great integrity and honesty of purpose, tried hard to stem the tide. His devotion to a stricken people is to this day held in grateful remembrance. Hard times and worse payments were the obstacles placed in the way of his freeing this beautiful church from debt. The same fate met the church that met richer and more powerful institutions. Failing health made a change necessary, and in June, 1877, Father Duffy was sent to East Albany. Since his removal from here he has built an elegant new church upon the ruins of one that was 48 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. destroyed by fire, and he has erected and supported an excellent Catholic school. The name of Father Duffy will always be held in grateful remembrance in this parish. Rev. George Browne was sent to fill the vacancy. For two years he labored faithfully, day and night, to save the church from bankruptcy -- but it seemed a hopeless task. In January, 1878, Father Browne gave place to Rev. William J. Bourke, and after building a church in Troy, he retired to his former diocese in Canada where he has since labored with great success among a most devoted people. Father Bourke fully realized the difficulties he had to face in assuming charge of this parish, but he was a man who never faltered in the presence of difficulties. He knew the people of old St. John's and they knew him, for he was reared with them. How nobly they responded to his many calls during his administration, is a matter of history. For upwards of ten years he tration, is a matter of history. For upwards of ten years he labored to save the edifice from financial failure. * It was a weary task, but his cheerful disposition and noble heart won for him a host of friends who always rallied about him when there was mention of making a special effort to reduce the crushing church debt. Yet, with all this care and anxiety, he found time and means to accomplish other great undertakings. He would enlarge and beautify the Catholic school of this parish where the large and beautify the Catholic school of this parish where the children might be trained and educated without running the risk of weakening their Catholic faith. He left the school as a legacy to remind the people, as Catholics, of their duty to give their children what they have a right to demand at their hands -- a Catholic education. When he died, April 17, 1887, the whole community, irrespective of creed, showed him the greatest honor. His Bishop, Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, and brother clergymen, united with Catholic Syracuse in mourning the loss of this most excellent priest. The Rev. Dr. Lynch of Utica, his boon friend and classmate, in pronouncing his eulogy over the remains, said : "We have gathered here to-day to mourn a great loss. Father Bourke 's labors are too well known to you all to need comment. You were the witnesses of his great zeal and true Christian piety. He was a martyr to duty. ' ' These words were literally true. He was a martyr to duty, for he worked for his people most faithfully. He worked alone without the help necessary CITY OF SYRACUSE. 49 in a parish of this size. He deprived himself of many comforts to lessen the burden resting upon his people. In the words of the eulogy: "You, for whom he labored and died, must not forget him in your prayers. ' ' The Rev. John F. MuUany, LL. D., M. R., was sent in June, 1887, to fill the vacancy made by the death of Father Bourke and has labored zealously these twenty odd years in the common cause of religion and education. The debt on the church has been materially reduced and the property beautified and improved in many ways. The following Reverend Fathers officiated in this parish as assistant priests: The Rev. Francis J. Maguire, LL. D., was assistant to the Rev. James E. Duffy, from January, 1873, to July of the same year. Father Maguire built the Church of the Sacred Heart, North Albany, in 1878. While here he was loved and respected by the entire community, because of the great interest he took in the young men of the parish. The same zeal has terest he took in the young men of the parish. The same zeal has characterized his life ever since. Then followed the Rev. Richard Meehan, now of Troy, who remained here but a short time. In January, 1874, the Rev. John Mclncrow was missioned here. His stay was brief, but during that short period, he gave promise of the apostolic spirit that afterwards budded into flower and fruit in the wonders he achieved in Amsterdam. He was called to his reward too soon, but the fruits of his zealous labors in the cause of Catholic education and Catholic morality shall live forever. The gentle and delicate Father Hyland came next. None thought that the young priest would live many years, yet he has been blessed with a long and fruitful ministry. He is the honored pastor at Ilion, which position he has held for many years. The Rev. P. F. Harrick assisted Father Bourke for a short time. He was appointed pastor of the Catholic church at Marathon, which position he filled till his death in 1890. His sunny, genial disposition won him friends wherever he labored. Then came the position won him friends wherever he labored. Then came the Rev. Richard H. Gahan and the Rev. James Collins. Their sojourn was short, as both were in poor health. Father Gahan died in Hoboken, N. J., in 1888, and Father Collins in St. Joseph's hospital in this city, the following year. They were succeeded by the Rev. William H. Griffin, who is now pastor of St. John 's church, New Hartford. He is pleasantly remembered 50 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. by all the people of this parish. He was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph S. Tiernan, "who labored here four years with great zeal for the honor and glory of God. He established a total abstinence society, which did much good. He also organized a diocesan ence society, which did much good. He also organized a diocesan temperance union. Father Tiernan was appointed pastor of Camden in 1894, where he has been laboring with great success ever since. Father Tiernan was succeeded by the Rev. James A. McGuire, who died in St. Joseph's hospital a few months later. He was a lovable character and his untimely deatli was regretted by all who knew him. The Rev. Joseph Wilmes followed, and assumed duties in October, 1895, which position he lowed, and assumed duties in October, 1895, which position he most acceptably filled till called to St. Mary's, Utica. He was re-appointed to this parish in 1901. The Rev. William J. Glynn, D. D., faithfully served the parish as assistant from 1896 to 1901. Rev. Timothy F. Howard took his place and continues to look after the interests of the school and junior societies of the church. CATHEDRAL OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. CHRISTMAS DAY, 1842, the congregation of St. Mary's, now the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, assembled for the first time in their own edifice for divine sembled for the first time in their own edifice for divine worship. Previous to this time they had received spiritual care from St. John the Baptist church, in the town of Salina. Finding the distance to this church rather long they resolved to find ing the distance to this church rather long they resolved to find a more central place of worship. They organized themselves into an organization known as the "Catholic Society of Syracuse" and purchased from the Townsend estate on July 26th, cuse" and purchased from the Townsend estate on July 26th, 1841, for $800.00, a plot of ground on the corner of Madison and Montgomery streets. They next bought, for $400.00, the Episcopalian church which stood on the block lately known as the Granger Block property and now occupied by the Sedgwick, Andrews and Kennedy building on East Genesee street, at the corner of South Warren street and moved this building to their own property. The church was of small dimensions and would accommodate only about three hundred people. The pastor was soon obliged to enlarge this edifice to accommodate the increasing numbers of the new congregation. In fact, scarcely were the doors thrown open for the first time than standing room was at a premium. Men and women, who hitherto were not counted as Catholics, embraced this opportunity to satiate their thirsty souls with the spiritual draughts which flow copiously from the tabernacle of the Catholic Church. Exiles from home, hampered by prejudice against their religion, limited in this world's pered by prejudice against their religion, limited in this world's goods, they were unable to travel long distances to church, so they intrusted their faith to their Maker and by daily prayer kept alive the fire of their religion expecting, like the Israelites of old, the return of a happier day when they could sing their Canticles and offer Sacrifice to the God of their fathers in their own temple. Unable to accommodate the large congregation, the priest in 52 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. charge extended the church some fifty feet, enlarged the gallery and placed a substantial basement under the entire structure at an expense of some thirty-five hundred dollars. This was quite an undertaking for a congregation of limited means in those days, yet they cheerfully accepted the burden and with a truly Catholic spirit paid in a few years every dollar of indebtedness. From the very beginning the congregation gave signs of a sturdy Christianity which, when fostered by the careful hand of the Church, would lead its members in honorable ful hand of the Church, would lead its members in honorable and influential paths, would assist them to grow in prosperity and enable them to take an active part in the destinies of the town. The present position of the congregation fully justifies these anticipations. Notwithstanding the enlargement of the church, it was only a few years before a division of the parish was necessary, so numerous had the congregation become. In 1852 the parish of St. John the Evangelist was formed and placed under the direction of Rev. John McMenomy. St. Mary's parish consisted then of all the territory lying south of the canal in the city of Syracuse and the adjoining villages of Fayetteville. Jamesville, Cazenovia and Split Rock. The importance of the latter in these days may be seen from the fact that the lot on which the present church is located in Split Rock was purchased by the pastor of St. Mary's. He intended, no doubt, that a church would be built thereon for the tended, no doubt, that a church would be built thereon for the people. The first pastor of St. Mary's was the Rev. Michael Heas. He was a native of County Cork, Ireland, a very learned and energetic man. He presided over the church in Salina for some time getic man. He presided over the church in Salina for some time before coming to Syracuse. He saw, no doubt, that the harvest was ripe in this portion of the Master's field and that laborers were wanting. Resigning, then, his charge to other hands less experienced in mission work but competent to care for the well organized church of Salina, he took up his residence in Syracuse and formed the parish of St. Mary. The people in Salina were reluctant to let Father Heas depart, in fact they protested against it; but this officer in the army of Christ, this man who had already left country, home, kindred and friends for the Gospel's sake could not remain domiciled CITY OF SYRACUSE. 53 in comfort whilst he knew that his Master had not even a tent in which He could repose in these parts of His Kingdom. So faithful was he in the discharge of his duties and beloved was he among the people to whom he now administered, that for many years after his death he was remembered most kindly by the members of his congregation. In fact, for his people, Father Heas was the embodiment of every virtue. He was their leader not only in their religious lives but in their civic affairs. He was their counsellor in their difficulties, their source of consolation in their trials, their friend in all things. Joining in their tion in their trials, their friend in all things. Joining in their sorrows and their joys, he was truly, in the words of St. Paul, "All things to all men." While Father Heas was a man of tender heart and strong sympathies for his people, he was yet very firm in his convictions and never swerved from what he thought was his duty. tions and never swerved from what he thought was his duty. An instance may be cited. The immigrants, who formed the greater part of his congregation, brought with them from their native homes faults as well as virtues. These faults, in this free country, were calculated to grow rapidly and work damage among the people. Foremost amongst them was the unreasonable expense at funerals. Father Heas felt if this was not recti- able expense at funerals. Father Heas felt if this was not rectified it would tend to cripple, financially, a people who were fied it would tend to cripple, financially, a people who were already struggling for an existence. He strictly forbade the hiring of carriages for funeral purposes and, that most foolish of all practices, an unreasonable outlay for a coffin which was to be concealed for all time beneath the earth. This latter, however, has outlived his prohibition and is to-day one of the follies of our people. Father Heas was relentless in these restrictions and in confirmation of them, when he felt the hand of strictions and in confirmation of them, when he felt the hand of death was upon himself he gave strict orders that he should be laid away in the plainest of coffins, accompanied on foot by all those who wished to follow his remains to the burying ground. This had the desired effect and for years afterwards no carriages were found at the funerals of Catholics, until the formation of St. Agnes' Cemetery. One of the principal cares of Father Heas was for the children, a goodly number of whom was then, as now, the rich bless- dren, a goodly number of whom was then, as now, the rich blessing of St. Mary's. The baptisms, in those days, were about two ing of St. Mary's. The baptisms, in those days, were about two hundred a year. These God-fearing people evidently recognized 54 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. their dignity as God's agents and in no wise shortened the Creator's hand in the procreation of the human species. The children were congregated every Sunday and with the assistance of some faithful members of his flock, he taught them their duties towards God, towards their neighbor and towards themselves. From these classes Father Heas was never absent notwithstanding the many places he had to attend. He felt the responsibility that was on him to scatter, with lavish hand, the seed committed to him by the Heavenly Husbandman in the hearts of the dear little ones of Christ. He well knew that the harvest would be in proportion to the care taken by the tiller of the soil. With this end in view he labored faithfully and before death closed his eyes he saw himself surrounded by an intelligent and numerous people that would work wonders in the development of Catholicity. ment of Catholicity. Father Heas provided not only for the religious but also for the secular education of his people. In 1850 he had a school established for boys and girls and from his meager income paid the teachers. The school was continued by his successor, till owing to circumstances of place and money, it became impracticable. So interested was Father Heas in their educational ticable. So interested was Father Heas in their educational improvement that he provided for the children a singing master, a novelty certainly in those days. It was Father Heas who brought the Sisters of Charity to Syracuse and aided them to found the present Asylum in Madison street. There is another feature in connection with old St. IMary's which deserves mention. The pipe organ which was in the church at the time of its purchase was bought by the congregation. It was the first pipe organ in these regions and was of tion. It was the first pipe organ in these regions and was of most beautiful tone. It was much admired in its day and is now a relic, treasured for the congregation. Thus from the beginning was St. Mary's accustomed to the solemn services of the ning was St. Mary's accustomed to the solemn services of the Church. This interest in church music at the services has been inherited by the descendants of the founders of the parish and in later years we find these descendants purchasing from their own resources one of the finest church organs in the State. It is one of the things of which the present Cathedral parish feels proud. Father Heas died Easter Sunday, 1859. This is a coincidence that should be noticed ; on Christmas day, 1842, Father Heas CITY OF SYRACUSE. 55 celebrated the first Mass in St. Mary's parish church and on Easter Sunday, 1859, his soul was claimed by its Creator. The Rev. James A. O'Hara, in the following July, was appointed to succeed this very remarkable priest. pointed to succeed this very remarkable priest. Father O'Hara was a native of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland. When very young he came to this country with his parents, was educated at Villanova and Fordham. He was a man strong in mind and body. He had already cared for the missions of Oneida and Peterboro and the surrounding country. sions of Oneida and Peterboro and the surrounding country. His fame as a preacher and defender of the faith had preceded him to Syracuse, for during his ministry at Oneida he was called upon frequently to refute the calumnies and lies that were hurled against his Church by intolerant ministers and bigoted statesmen of that country district. Under the wise administration of Father O'Hara St. Mary's grew to be a power so that its influence was felt in the management of the affairs of the whole city. And not only in power, ment of the affairs of the whole city. And not only in power, but also in numbers did the parish increase so that the old edifice was much too small for the congregation. In 1870 the men of the southwest part of the city petitioned Bishop Conroy for a new church. The Bishop deputed the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, pastor of St. John's church, Syracuse, to examine the necessity for a new church. Father Guerdet reported amine the necessity for a new church. Father Guerdet reported favorably and the parish of St. Lucy's was formed. This new parish was practically a second division of St. Mary's. About this time Father O'Hara sought a vacation and having obtained it from the Bishop of Albany, went to Rome to see the City of Popes and to visit the Basilicas of fame in the Eternal City. Whilst in Rome he attended lectures at the College of Sapienza and after a successful examination received the title of Doctor of Theology. He now returned to Syracuse much improved in health and much elated over the high honor he had obtained by his own industry and scholarly attainments. Immediately upon his return he directed his energies to the building of the new St. turn he directed his energies to the building of the new St. Mary's, a project he had had in mind for many years and to complete which he had formed many plans, all of which, for one reason or another, were destined to failure. He considered the time now opportune and commenced the work. 56 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. His knowledge of Syracuse and his confidence in her development convinced him that the site of old St. Mary 's would not ment convinced him that the site of old St. Mary 's would not answer for the new church. He decided to build it in a more prominent quarter, in a portion of the city calculated to give prominence to the Catholic people. Present circumstances fully confirm the correctness of this view. The site upon which the Cathedral now stands was purchased for the sum of $35,000.00. The expenditure of this large amount of money was made necessary owing to the opposition to having a Catholic church in so prominent a quarter of the city. But Doctor O'Hara, no wise daunted by the expense or opposition, laid the foundations and raised the walls of the present beautiful Cathedral. Obstacles came, difficulties increased, at times the completion of the plans looked doubtful but that indomitable will, which had already triumphed over many difficulties, continued the struggle and the year 1886 beheld the practical tinued the struggle and the year 1886 beheld the practical consummation of St. Mary's at an expense of over $250,000.00. The church was opened for divine services on December 6th, 1886, by the Rt. Rev. Bishop McNeirny to the great joy of the pastor, his congregation and his numerous friends throughout the city. For three years the Doctor ministered to the wants of his congregation in the new church. Full of years and honors he died December 26th, 1889. To few men is granted the distinction that was shown to Dr. O'Hara. On the day of his funeral tribute was paid to his memory by the citizens of Syracuse regardless of creed or nationality. gardless of creed or nationality. The vast edifice, to the completion of which he had worked so nobly, was crowded as never before, and the streets, notwithstanding the inclement weather, were literally packed with standing the inclement weather, were literally packed with people. As the funeral procession left the church the bell in the City Hall tower was tolled, an unprecedented honor paid to the memory of a minister of the Gospel. January 12th, 1890, his successor. Rev. John Grimes, was appointed. During his ministry the church continued as before, pointed. During his ministry the church continued as before, the great effort being to pay off the debt which amounted to $120,000. The new pastor, owing to the general co-operation of the members of the church, succeeded in paying off the entire indebtedness, the last payment being made in July, 1908. This debtedness, the last payment being made in July, 1908. This CITY OF SYRACUSE. 57 stupendous achievement was accomplished by the priests and people of the parish without outside aid of any kind. There were no ple of the parish without outside aid of any kind. There were no fairs or festivals or other appeals to public charity. Stated collections for the purpose of reducing the debt were made and to lections for the purpose of reducing the debt were made and to every appeal of Father Grimes the response was prompt and generous, the people partaking of his enthusiasm and sharing his erous, the people partaking of his enthusiasm and sharing his desire that the debt be liquidated as soon as possible so that other and necessary parish work might be taken up. The great need of the parish has been for schools where the children might receive a real Catholic education. This has been preached to the ceive a real Catholic education. This has been preached to the people as a prime necessity and they are now prepared to make whatever sacrifice will be entailed in its building. In 1903 the Bishop of the diocese, the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, who had hitherto made his Cathedral at St. John the Evangelist church, decided to establish the Cathedral of the diocese. For this purpose he purchased, with his own money, the bath house known as the "La Concha", for twenty thousand dollars. He had this building removed and a magnificent sanctuary erected for St. Mary's, thus completing the most beautiful church in the central part of the State. This Cathedral, mammoth in dimensions, gorgeous in decorations, will stand for all time as a monument of generosity to the tions, will stand for all time as a monument of generosity to the first Bishop of Syracuse, the Right Reverend Dr. Ludden. The ornamental scheme of the sanctuary, its stucco work, the molding of all its varied forms should be of absorbing interest to the observer, reminiscent as it is of the piety and industry of the middle ages when all of the multitudinous details were wrought with loving care by hand, slowly and laboriously. Massing the light into a group of five magnificent windows, its tones softened by the tender coloring of the stained glass, the rays fall upon and enhance the stately beauty of the high marble altar. Pictured in these windows with masterly art are the principal mysteries of our faith and events connected with the life of the titular saint of the Cathedral, as the Annunciation by the Angel Gabriel, the Birth of the Savior, the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin into Heaven, the Crucifixion and the Resurrection of our Savior. rection of our Savior. The central altar is a splendid example of the sculptor's art, its delicate tracery and colors harmonizing perfectly with its 58 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. surroundings, and here also a close inspection is necessary to reveal the beautiful fretwork and many colored marbles that are blended and lost in the distant view, likewise the pictures in relief at the base that recall the great offerings of Abraham and Melchisedech, prophets as they were of the Sacrifice of the Lamb. This is the munificent gift of the late Rev. P. H. Beecham of Baldwinsville. The Sacred Heart altar is the gift of Mrs. Charles Hughes and though uniform in style with that of the Rosary altar, contains two beautiful pictures in relief, one over the tabernacle tains two beautiful pictures in relief, one over the tabernacle representing the apparition to the Blessed Margaret Mary, the other at the base of the altar that deserves an especial mention as it is a reproduction of that celebrated masterpiece of Leonardo da Vinci, the most marvelous conception of the Last Supper that has been portrayed by the masters, old or modern. The Rosary altar is the gift of the society of that name, whose membership comprises most of the congregation. The relief over the tabernacle represents the Holy Family with the figure of the Almighty Father appearing above. At the base the lilies so characteristic of the Virgin Mother are sculptured in a beautiful manner. ful manner. The marble altar-rail is the gift and memorial of John Quinn, father of the Rev. Francis J. Quinn. Beneath the high altar are the catacombs wherein are six crypts into which the bodies of the Bishops will be laid, and just in front of it there is a door concealed in the floor, through which in time of need the casket will be lowered. The sacristy is of ample proportion for all future needs of the Cathedral and is divided into two parts connected by a passage behind the sanctuary wall proper. The children under the pastorates of Dr. O'Hara and Father Grimes were religiously trained by the Sunday school only. Extra efforts were made during the week to teach the catechism to the children and by these extra classes, God fructifying the effort, the children profited admirably and are among the best in the city. All is done for the children that can be done without a parochial school. With the blessing of God they shall soon CITY OF SYRACUSE. 59 have a school that will be worthy of the Cathedral parish. The average attendance at the catechism classes is about 500, and the boys and girls attend till they reach the age of twenty and over and then it is with reluctance that the majority of them leave the classes. The first assistant at St. Mary 's was the Rev. Michael Hackett. He labored with Father Heas in the early fifties. He was an Irishman, learned in science and eloquent in preaching, and afterwards became pastor of Salina church. In 1852 the Rev. John McMenomy succeeded Father Hackett. Besides fulfilling the duties of assistant to Father Heas, he organ- sides fulfilling the duties of assistant to Father Heas, he organized St. John's parish and built St. John's church. He was ized St. John's parish and built St. John's church. He was afterwards appointed pastor and for many years filled that important position. In 1868 the Rev. Thomas Walsh was appointed assistant to the Rev. Father O'Hara. Father Walsh was a very learned man and was the author of several works, the most prominent of which was a history of the Church, in two volumes. He acted as pastor during the absence of Father 'Hara in 1869-70. Father Fournier, of French extraction, was sent to assist Father Walsh during the absence of Father O'Hara. He continued afterwards as assistant to Father 'Hara and was finally tinued afterwards as assistant to Father 'Hara and was finally appointed pastor of Deposit. Father Hayden was the next assistant. He was of Irish parentage ; genial and learned and was dearly loved by the congregation, many of whom still remember him. He was promi- gregation, many of whom still remember him. He was prominently spoken of for the new parish when St. Lucy's was organ- nently spoken of for the new parish when St. Lucy's was organized. He has filled several prominent positions in the diocese ized. He has filled several prominent positions in the diocese of Albany and is to-day the honored pastor of Gloversville. The Very Rev. James J. O'Brien, now the honored pastor of Sandy Hill and Dean of Warren county, was also assistant at St. Mary's. Father O'Brien was a man of the most genial disposition and was endowed with brilliant attainments. He was position and was endowed with brilliant attainments. He was dearly beloved by the people of St, Mary 's and when he departed for his first mission, at Fonda in 1882, many a tear was shed and many a prayer was said for his success in life. His memory is still precious in the minds of the people. Following Father O'Brien came the present rector of the Cathedral, the Rt. Rev. John Grimes, Coadjutor-Bishop of Syra60 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 60 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. cuse. He came to St. Mary's at a critical time and proved of invaluable assistance to the aged pastor during the trying time *when the constructive work on the magnificent new church had for one reason or another been delayed. After two years of service Father Grimes was sent to North Creek, where he remained ice Father Grimes was sent to North Creek, where he remained until restored to the parish on prayer of the building committee, returning to remain until 1887, when the Diocese of Syracuse was fonned and he was transferred by Bishop Ludden to Whitesboro in Oneida County. He continued in charge of that parish boro in Oneida County. He continued in charge of that parish until the death of Dr. O'Hara in 1889, when Bishop Ludden appointed him pastor of St. Mary 's. pointed him pastor of St. Mary 's. When St. Mary's became the Cathedral in 1904, Father Grimes remained as rector. He became a member of the Papal Household, with rank of Monsignor, in June of the same year. A hold, with rank of Monsignor, in June of the same year. A crowning distinction was conferred in January, 1909, when, in response to a request of Bishop Ludden that a Coadjutor-Bishop of Syracuse be appointed, Monsignor Grimes was chosen from among those nominated by priests of the diocese and the Bishops of the province and named for that exalted position by His Holiness, Pope Pius X. The news of the appointment was received ness, Pope Pius X. The news of the appointment was received in Syracuse on Januaiy 19th, by telegram from the Most Reverend Diomede Falconio, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, end Diomede Falconio, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, and was made the occasion of great popular rejoicing. The next assistant was the respected and honored pastor of the Church of St. Anthony of Padua in this city. Rev. Francis J. Quinn. Father Quinn is a zealous and pious priest and was esteemed and loved by the people. He still continues a favorite among them. Following Father Quinn came the Rev. James F. 'Shea, who for eleven years labored indefatigably for the welfare of the people. He is a man of keen judgment, always on the alert for the good of his people and whose purse is always open for the poor and needy. He despised hypocrites and never hesitated to express his opinion about them. At the laying of the cornerstone of the church built by him in Solvay the Bishop truly named him, "The energetic and irrepressible pastor of Solvay." Father O'Shea was the last assistant at St. Mary's. With the appointment of his successor, the Rev. James P. McGraw, S. T. L., began the life of the second Cathedral of the diocese. The CITY OF SYRACUSE. 61 Cathedral has now two assistants, the Rev. William M. Dwyer, S. T. B., having been appointed in November, 1904, and the Rev. James P. McPeak, S. T. L., in December, 1906. Rev. James F. Collins served as assistant during the summer of 1906, succeeding Father McGraw, who was appointed Chancellor of the diocese and secretary to the Bishop in May of that year. Chancellor McGraw is a native of Syracuse, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Philip McGraw of St. Patrick's parish, and a brother of the Rev. John A. McGraw, S. T. D., J. C. D., of Baldwinsville. He made his classical studies at Manhattan College and prepared for the priesthood at St. Bernard's Seminary. He was ordained in St. John's Cathedral in 1901 and later attended the Catholic University, taking the degrees S. T. B. and S. T. L. The following transcript of a record on file with the County Clerk of Onondaga is interesting as an account of the legal organization of the first parish of Syracuse : ganization of the first parish of Syracuse : At a meeting held at the Catholic Church in the town of Salina in the County of Onondaga, on the 11th day of July, 1841, for the purpose of organizing a Religious Society in the village of Syracuse pursuant to the provisions of the Statute in such case made and provided, notice of such meeting having been given according to Law, The Rev. Michael Hayes (sic) was appointed Moderator and William F. Byrne appointed Secretary; David Hall and Hugh Rogers were appointed returning officers, and the following resolutions were adopted : Resolved, That we do hereby organize ourselves into a Religious Society, pursuant to the Statute in such case made and ligious Society, pursuant to the Statute in such case made and provided, to be located in the village of Syracuse in the town of Salina in the County of Onondaga, Resolved, That the name of said society be called The Catholic Congregatimi of Syracuse, and thereupon John Murphy, William F. Byrne, Jonathan Cockson, Jacob Phfole and Placie Shemmel were duly elected Trustees of said Society. We, David Hall and Hugh Rogers, do certify the foregoing to be a true history of the proceedings of said Society and authorize the same to be recorded, pursuant to the provisions of the Stat"t^- [S.S.] David Hall, "t^- [S.S.] David Hall, Dated July 11th, 1841. [S. S.] Hugh Rogers. 62 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. State of New York, ) ]# ss * Onondaga County. \ On this 13th day of July, 1841, David Hall and Hugh Rogers to me personally known to be the same persons described in and who have executed the foregoing instrument, came before me and severally acknowledged that they executed the same for the uses and purposes therein expressed. Grove Lawrence, First Judge of Onondaga County Courts. Recorded July 15, 1841, at 51/2 o'clock P. M. Chas. T. Hicks, Clerk. The following gentlemen, in the order named, have served the church as trustees: Thomas McCarthy, Patrick Phalen, Frank Diel, John A. O'Reilly, Eugene J. Mack, Michael D. McAuliffe and John P. Lynch. Messi*s. Mack and Lynch serve at this writing. CHURCH OF THE ASSUMPTION. OF THE CITIES of Central New York there is scarcely one which has made such phenomenal progress and such giant strides in the increase of its population as the city of Syracuse. The little town of sixty years ago, numbering about 10,000 inhabitants, has grown to be a most populous ing about 10,000 inhabitants, has grown to be a most populous and beautiful city -- the envy of its neighbors and the pride of its own citizens -- sheltering more than 125,000 souls. The same wonderful progress shown in the material prosperity of Syracuse is also apparent in the world of religious thought and in the realm of Catholic activity. Sixty years ago Catholicity had but one temple erected to the honor and glory of the Most High, with only a small number of worshippers ; to-day almost 40 per cent, of the entire population is Catholic, and the Catholic visitor to Syracuse beholds, outlined against the blue vault of Heaven, the spires and towers of twelve magnificent churches in which the Clean Oblation of the New Law is daily offered up to God. The year 1843 marks the beginning of the ministration to the spiritual wants of the German-speaking Catholics of what now constitutes the city of Sj'^racuse. The total number of German Catholic families at that time was twenty-four. These were attended by a Father Guth, who came to them four times a year from Watertown and Croghan to read Mass and administer the sacraments and preach to his people in their mother tongue. The services on these occasions were held in St. John the Baptist church, the Rev. Michael Heas, rector. During the month of September, 1844, a Premonstratentian missionary. Rev. Adalbert Inama, arrived in Syracuse, sent by the Bishop of Albany with a commission to gather the Germans and build a church for them. Father Inama thus became the first pastor of the new congregation, the mother-parish of the German-speaking Catholics of Syracuse. "Work was immediately begun looking toward lics of Syracuse. "Work was immediately begun looking toward the formation of the new parish. Committees were appointed and funds collected. The lots upon which the church was to be built^ -- the identical plat upon which the present church stands-64 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 64 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. were purchased from the Hon. E. W. Leavenworth for the sum of $400. The work of constructing the small frame church, which was to have a seating capacity of 400, once begun, was rapidly pushed to completion, and on Easter Sunday in the year 1845, the Germans for the first time worshipped in the little church erected through their energy and sacrifice to the greater honor and glory of the Mother of God under the title of the Assumption. During the winter of 1845 Rev. Father Inama was succeeded by Father Roth, who remained until June, 1846, and was succeeded by the Rev. Theodore Noethen, a man of profound learning and great zeal, who did much to beautify the interior and to complete the exterior of the church and caused a bell to be hung in the small tower of the new house of God. During his pastorate the first parochial school in Syracuse was founded and placed in charge of a Mr. Freund, who was succeeded after a short time by a Mr. Mueller. The success of Assumption School, however, dates from the year 1848, when the late Francis Baumer was engaged as teacher of the 48 children then in attendance. In the month of October, 1849, Father Noethen was transferred to the Holy Cross church at Albany. The Rev. Florian ferred to the Holy Cross church at Albany. The Rev. Florian Schweninger of the Benedictine Order succeeded him as pastor and after serving for a year gave way to the Rev. P. Sanderl who remained in charge of the church until April, 1851, when Rt. Rev. Bishop McCloskey appointed the Rev. Joseph Raffeiner to be sixth pastor of the growing parish. By reason of the extraordinary immigration from 1848 to 1851 the membership of the congregation had so greatly increased that Father Raffeiner was obliged to enlarge the church. The edifice was extended in the fonn of a cross, and thus completed was sufficiently large to accommodate one thousand people. In INIay, 1855, the Rev. Frederick Mueller succeeded to the rectorship of the congregation, but remained only until October, 1856, being replaced by tion, but remained only until October, 1856, being replaced by the Rev. Joseph Lutz, who was the last secular priest to serve the church in the capacity of pastor. Father Lutz was in charge until February, 1859. March, 1859, marks a new era in the history of the Church of the Assumption and its best success dates from this time, when the Fathers Minor Conventuals of St. Francis took charge. The CITY OF SYRACUSE. 65 first Conventual to arrive in Syracuse was the Rev. Ladislaus Korten, 0. M. C, whose name appears on the parish records as having administered the Sacrament of Baptism on the 10th day of March, 1859. Rev. Alphonse M. Zoeller, 0. M. C, was the first rector under the new regime. He served until June, 1860, being succeeded by the Rev. Edmund M. DePaun, 0. M. C, who remained in charge until January, 1862, when the Rev. Alphonse Zoeller returned to serve until September of the same year. His successor was the zealous Father Norbert Stoller, 0. M. C. During his administration the present magnificent edifice and the first convent were erected. The laying of the cornerstone of the new church took place in the year 1865 and it was consecrated on May 5, 1867. It is of interest to note that the old crated on May 5, 1867. It is of interest to note that the old frame church was left intact and was used for divine service until the new structure stood completed about it. In September, 1868, Father Norbert was succeeded in office by the Very Rev. Fidelis Dehm, 0. M. C, Commissary-General of the Order, who continued as rector until January, 1878, being called to Rome and there consecrated Bishop of Moldavia. During the ten years of his rectorate the lofty towers of Assumption church, visible from all parts of the city, were constructed, tion church, visible from all parts of the city, were constructed, and the belfry furnished with four large bells. His memory is still fresh among the people of Syracuse, who remember "Good Father Commissary" for his learning, zeal and piety. He was succeeded by Father Norbert, who came again as pastor and remained until October, 1879, when the Rev. Leonard Reich, O. M. C, succeeded him. In the year 1880, during his administration, the large school on North Salina street, now used ex- tration, the large school on North Salina street, now used exclusively for boys' classes, was built. In January of 1881 a clusively for boys' classes, was built. In January of 1881 a new rector came in the person of the Rev. Alexis Rossbauer, 0. M. C, whose successful pastorate terminated August, 1883. Thereupon the destinies of the church were once more entrusted to the able and conscientious Father Leonard Reich, who for a period of almost five years kept up the high standard of the congregation. In May, 1888, the Chapter of the Order, held at Syracuse, elected the very Rev. Dr. Louis M. Miller, 0. M. C, as pastor of the church. It was during Rev. Dr. Miller's term that the lamented Francis Baumer, the city's most distinguished German66 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 66 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. American citizen, presented to the church the splendid Stations of the Cross, which he had imported from IMunich at a cost of $1,700, and the Holy Angels candelabra now at either side of the main altar. In October, 1889, the Rev. Dr. :Miller was transferred to Albany and the Rev. Bona venture ZoUer, 0. M. C, ferred to Albany and the Rev. Bona venture ZoUer, 0. M. C, succeeded him. Father Bonaventure erected the magnificent new girls' school and Sisters' residence, one of the handsomest and most complete buildings in the diocese. He also opened up the new Assumption cemetery. About this time Francis Baumer, upon his return from a visit to the renowned shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes, caused a reproduction of the famous Grotto to be made in the church basement, and also had constructed a chapel whose central figure is Christ in prison at the scourging pillar. In the fall of 1895 the Rev. Alphonse Lehrscholl, D. D., O. M. C, was made rector of the parish. He labored most energetically to beautify the interior of the church. A series of twelve very artistic stained glass windows, made by the world-famed Tyrolese Art Glass Company of Innsbruck, a magnificent organ, built at a cost of $9,000, an electric display consisting of over 1,300 lights, and the beautiful Sacred Heart Grotto and the Chapel of St. Anthony in the north basement, are among the improvements made during Father Alphonse 's incumbency. In July, 1898, the church was struck by lightning and a great storm caused $3,000 damage. With his election to the Provincialate of the order the Very Rev. Dr. Louis M. Miller, 0. M. C, became pastor of the Church of the Assumption, his term extending to January 1, 1903. During these three yeai-s and a half it was his first care to take off the shoulders of his children the hea^y weight of debt that rested upon them. How admirably he succeeded the small debt existing January 1, 1903, clearly shows. Only a $26,000 indebtedness on the church property, which is conservatively figured edness on the church property, which is conservatively figured as worth more than one-third of a million dollars remained, more than $22,000 having been paid during his pastorate. Dr. Miller is a man of profound learning and is an acknowledged leader in the realm of religious science. His extraordinary executive ability was recognized in re-election as Provincial of the Minor Conventuals, given him in the chapter held at Trenton, N. J. Feeling that the increasing cares of the Provincialate and CITY OF SYRACUSE. 67 his necessary absence from home took him away from his duties as pastor, he appointed on January 1, 1903, the Rev. Berard Schweitzer, 0. M. C, as his successor in the pastorate and named him Superior of the Convent. During the four years of his term of office the present pastor has carried out with marked success the plan of action mapped out by him when he assumed office. The church debt of more than twenty-six thousand dollars was cancelled in the first two years of his incumbency. Over two years ago, with the aid of the good people of Assumption and its many friends, the erection of the New St. Francis College and Convent was undertaken and now the substantial and beautiful building which is the pride of every North Side citizen is almost entirely completed and will ever remain a monument to the untiring efforts of the Franciscan Fathers and the good will and generosity of the faithful German Catholic men and women of the North Side. Assumption School, which is the pride of every member of the congregation, is in a most flourishing condition. The 1,200 children in attendance are under the efficient instruction of the dren in attendance are under the efficient instruction of the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, known the world over as great educators. This chronicle would not be complete without mentioning the gratifying fact that fifteen young men from Assumption congregation aspiring to the priesthood have entered the Franciscan gation aspiring to the priesthood have entered the Franciscan Order. Seven of these have been ordained and are holding responsible positions in various places. They are: Rev, Peter W. Scharoun, 0. M. C, rector St. Joseph's church, Utica, N. Y, ; Rev. Bernardine Ludwig, 0. M. C, rector Church of Immaculate Conception, Trenton, N. J. ; Rev. Aegidius Block, O. M. C, late Conception, Trenton, N. J. ; Rev. Aegidius Block, O. M. C, Utica, N. Y.; Rev. William Peberl, O. M. C, Camden, N. J.; Rev. Ferdinand Mayer, D. C. L., O. M. C, Master of Clerics, Trenton, N. J. ; Rev. Boniface Hennig, D. D., 0. M. C, Master of Clerics, Albany, N. Y. ; Rev. Camillus Eichenlaub, S. T. L., rector St. Anthony's church, Jeffersonville, Ind. ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. IN September, 1852, Right Rev. Bishop MeCloskey appointed Rev. John McMenomy, of Irish birth, pastor of a new church to be built in Syracuse. Father ]\IcI\Ienomy left Little Falls and repaired to Syracuse, where the lot for the new church was purchased in October, 1852. The following spring ground was broken for the new church and on June 16th the cornerstone was laid by Bishop MeCloskey. Father ]\Ic]\Ienomy stayed with Father Heas of St. IMary's church and assisted him on Sundays until Easter Sunday of 1855, when he celebrated INIass in the basement of the new church. The occasion was impressive. A choir came from Albany. The pastor preached the most eloquent sermon of his life. He was wannly congratulated by the leaders of the movement for the new church, among whom were Cornelius LjTich, Michael Gleason, Doctor Foran, Dennis McCarthy, nelius LjTich, Michael Gleason, Doctor Foran, Dennis McCarthy, the Clancy brothers, David, Patrick and William Hall, IMatthew and John IMurphy, Captain Pendergast, Nicholas Downs, Charles Manahan, James and Charles INIcGurk, and the Stanton, Kinney, Foley, Taylor and Dolphin families. The new parish began with three or four hundred families. The records of marriages and baptisms were probably kept in St. Mary's until January, 1856. The record of marriages from January, 1856, to autumn of 1858 was stolen from the vestry, probably when it was burglarized. On December 16, 1855, the church was dedicated by Bishop MeCloskey, assisted by Bishop Timon of Buffalo and sixteen priests. Father John, as he was called, remained its pastor until 1867. No other priest but he attended its people in the initial years, but Father Heas promoted St. John's interest in every way. Father John's health moted St. John's interest in every way. Father John's health failing, he was given an assistant about the year 1866, in the person of the Rev. Ambrose O'Neil. The new assistant's preaching and talents attracted the admiration of the entire city. St. ing and talents attracted the admiration of the entire city. St. John's church was for many years unpainted on the outside, without steeple or parochial residence, except a small part of the rear which had been fitted up for a rectory. Father John purCITY OF SYRACUSE. 69 CITY OF SYRACUSE. 69 chased the residence on the northeast corner of James and State streets during his period of poor health, but as he did not improve in his new quarters he moved back to the rectory in the prove in his new quarters he moved back to the rectory in the rear of the church. Father John built a small, neat school house in the rear of the lot now occupied by the Sisters of St. Joseph, and opening on Pearl street. He introduced into this school of one hundred pupils the Christian Brothers. They have remained since with a short interval of absence. In 1901 they mained since with a short interval of absence. In 1901 they moved into their present place, corner of State and Willow, and since have there erected their splendid academy. They teach the parochial school jointly with the Sisters of St. Joseph. The school is chartered by the State Board of Regents, In 1867 Father O^Neil was recalled east and Father MeMenomy continuing in feeble health, a pastor pro-tem was appointed in the person of Rev. B. F. McLoughlin, also of Irish parentage, who was called from Little Falls. Father McLoughlin shared the humble rectory in the rear of the church Loughlin shared the humble rectory in the rear of the church with Father John from June to November, 1867. Then Father John moved to Albany and Father McLoughlin was appointed to Cortland where he later died, full of years and with the affection of all who knew him. Father MeMenomy filled a short pas- tion of all who knew him. Father MeMenomy filled a short pastorate at Green Island and was then placed in charge of Sara- torate at Green Island and was then placed in charge of Saratoga. He lived there to a green old age and died there seven toga. He lived there to a green old age and died there seven years ago. To the last moment of his life he loved St. John's, Syracuse, and spoke tenderly of it. On the going of Father McLoughlin to Cortland the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, of French birth, was called from St. Mary's, Oswego, and took charge of St, John's. Father Guerdet was a careful financier and slowly and economically improved the church property. He painted the exterior of the church, built the steeple, erected a new and magnificent parochial residence and about 1875 fitted the old rectory in the rear of the church for the Sisters of St. Joseph. He later introduced them into the school where they still labor piously and successfully. When in 1882 the West Shore Railroad was built, Father Guerdet received $25,000 for a part of road was built, Father Guerdet received $25,000 for a part of the church lot including the Brothers' school. Father Guerdet invested this money in the new and splendid school on the comer of State and Hickory streets. 70 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Father Guerdet had many assistants. They each served a shorter or longer term, but the average service was about two years. Father 'Neil was sent back for a short time. Between 1867 and 1883 there were Fathers Muldoon and O'Connell Fathers J. S. M. Lynch, Reilly, John Hanlon, Patrick Brady, Roger "Ward, Thomas 'Connor and M. Mearns. His last assistant was Rev. T. W. Reilly, who also served his successors and ant was Rev. T. W. Reilly, who also served his successors and was appointed in 1890 to Whitesboro, where he died. Father Guerdet resigning on account of feeble health. Bishop McNeirney appointed Dr. Moriarty from Chatham pastor in 1883. Dr. Moriarty was of Irish parentage, was much esteemed by the Protest- arty was of Irish parentage, was much esteemed by the Protestants, among whom he made many converts. He remained pastor ants, among whom he made many converts. He remained pastor until 1887 when he was assigned by Bishop Ludden to St. John's church, Utica, where he died after a little more than a year's incumbency. When Syracuse became an Episcopal See, Bishop Ludden chose St. John's church for his Cathedral and appointed his Vicar-General, Very Rev. Dr. Lynch, as its rector. Dr. Lynch, an American by birth, immediately set to work to enlarge the Sanctuary, and to build a vestry befitting a Cathedral. He decorated the church and doubled the capacity of the school, giving it academic grades. He labored with earnest zeal and success until 1891 when he was transferred to St. John's church, Utica. He there continues his zealous and most successful labors. Bishop Ludden called to the rectorship ]Michael Clune, of Irish birth, from St. Matthew's church, East Syracuse, which he had founded under orders from Bishop McNeirney. In the Cathedral he met with instant and kind co-operation from the entire dral he met with instant and kind co-operation from the entire congregation. With him were the Rev. William F. Dougherty, who had so ably assisted Dr. Lynch, and the Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins. When St. John's church was built it was the fourth Catholic church in Syracuse, and drew its people from St. Mary's on the south and from St. John the Baptist's on the north. During its existence of nearly fifty years many congregations have gone forth from it. St. Patrick's, Geddes, was begun by Dr. Lynch when he was assistant at St. John's. Later, in 1872, St. Lucy's congregation was formed from St. John's and St. Mary's. St. Matthew's, East Syracuse, was erected in the territory of St. CITY OF SYRACUSE. 71 John's, although peopled largely from St. Mary's congregation. St. John's last offspring is St. Vincent de Paul's in old Lodi. In 1894 Father Dougherty was appointed pastor of the new church. In the fall of 1894 an Italian congregation was organized in the basement of St. John's. Their new congregation in ized in the basement of St. John's. Their new congregation in 1895 purchased St. Mark's church from the Lutherans which, as St. Peter's, became the twelfth Catholic church in Syracuse. The Rev. Joseph S. Tiernan, the R"v. Charles V. McGuire, the Rev. William H. Slaven, the Rev. Bernard Quinn and the Rev. T. O 'Sullivan, a priest from Ireland who had a brief residence in the diocese, served short terms as assistant priests. Father Hopkins was taken sick in 1895 and when he recovered went to Os- kins was taken sick in 1895 and when he recovered went to Oswego, where he is now the benevolent and zealous pastor of St. wego, where he is now the benevolent and zealous pastor of St. Mary's church. Rev. J. V, Byrne was with St. John's temporarily until the ordination of Father Ambrose M. Dwyer. In 1896 ily until the ordination of Father Ambrose M. Dwyer. In 1896 Rev. John A. McGraw was assigned to the Cathedral. In 1903 Father Dwyer was given a pastorate in Lestershire, and Father McGraw went to Rome to complete his studies in the Canon Law. They were both exemplary and successful priests. Fathers Christopher J. Donigan and Richard J. Shanahan were assigned to topher J. Donigan and Richard J. Shanahan were assigned to their places. The Living Rosary society was introduced in the parish by Father Donigan and the Holy Name society was reorganized and revivified through the efforts of Father Shanahan. These young priests worked zealously and successfully paving the way for a two-weeks' mission which was the occasion of a great spiritual awakening in the parish. On the afternoon before the mission's close, God sent, in the tragic death of the beloved Father Donigan, a piteous affliction. Relieved by the Paulist Fathers of the Saturday confession hours, jubilant at the assured success of the mission, and feeling the need of recreation, Fathers Donigan and Shanahan repaired to the Intercollegiate football game at Star Park. Early in the game the bleacherstand suddenly collapsed. In its fall the spine of Father Donigan was fractured between the sixth and eighth vertebrae. A surgical operation performed in effort to save his life proved fruitless. After hours of terrible suffering the gentle soul of the faithful young priest went back to God Monday afternoon, October 29, 1906. noon, October 29, 1906. 72 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Father Donigan was one of the youngest and most energetic priests in the diocese of Syracuse. Born at Binghamton April 7, 1876, he completed his classical course at Niagara University, and after graduation, made his theological studies at St. Bernard's Seminary in Rochester. In 1903 he was ordained to the nard's Seminary in Rochester. In 1903 he was ordained to the priesthood and after three months was assigned to Syracuse. In his college career he was somewhat of an athlete and never lost interest in innocent athletics. As a young priest, he was thoughtful, patient and an indefatigable toiler, and as a preacher eloquent and earnest. His ideals were high, but he lived up to them. There was an influence about him which was in the highest sense productive of good. He was an uplifter of men, and est sense productive of good. He was an uplifter of men, and everyone predicted for him a long and brilliant career. Out of respect Police Justice Shove postponed his court, in which Father Donigan was an efficient probate officer, and Chancellor Day suspended exercises in all the colleges of Syracuse University while the funeral ceremonies were being held. In the con- ity while the funeral ceremonies were being held. In the congregation which filled St. John's to the very doors were clergy gregation which filled St. John's to the very doors were clergy and laymen from many of the prominent Methodist, Episcopalian and other Protestant denominations in Syracuse. Hun- palian and other Protestant denominations in Syracuse. Hundreds formed in the procession to the station when the body was dreds formed in the procession to the station when the body was sent to Binghamton for burial. A bronze memorial tablet, the gift of a parishioner, has been placed in the church. The Rev. William J. Christian was ordained priest in December, 1906, and was assigned to St. John 's. ber, 1906, and was assigned to St. John 's. St. John's has about nine hundred English speaking families, mostly of Irish descent. It has a school worth .$40,000, educating 500 children. It has a rectory that cost Father Guerdet $22,000, and that he sold to the parish for $15,000. It has a convent worth about $10,000. The church itself cost more than $100,000 and the property is assessed $213,000. During 1905 extensive alterations were made in the church property. Chancel organs were placed, electric lights installed, emergency exits made near the altar rail on either side and the vestibules and organ-loft rebuilt. In 1907 a third story was added to the rectory. The debt is $12,000. St. John's is happy and prosperous. It ceased to be a Cathedral in 1903 when Bishop Ludden moved into the magnificent dral in 1903 when Bishop Ludden moved into the magnificent Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. It has pleasant memCITY OF SYRACUSE 73 CITY OF SYRACUSE 73 ories of the days when it was a Cathedral, and hopes to always keep the traditions of those days. The first trustees of St. John's church were Michael Gleason and Dennis INIcCarthy. The latter was a dry goods merchant, a man of wealth and distinction, who served several terms in the State Senate and in Congress. Mr. Gleason had large interests in the salt industry and Avas a representative Irish-born citizen. When St. John's parish was in the making he accompanied Father John on his weekly rounds, seeking out parishioners and collecting the weekly offering. It should be mentioned here that those same Irish immigrants who gave what they could afford cheerfully and with good grace when called upon also gave their services to the building of the church. The excavation and other rough work was done at night and without cost to the parish, even as the same work was done by Polish immigrants in Syracuse in 1907, St. John's was built while the tide of Irish immi- cuse in 1907, St. John's was built while the tide of Irish immigration was at its height. Thousands of these exiles found gration was at its height. Thousands of these exiles found hospice here, and of such the new congregation in greater part was made up. The Knownothing party was still rampant and numbered many fanatical adherents in Syracuse. In those troublous times Michael Gleason was the counsellor of his people. Many living to-day remember that St. Patrick's Day, in 1847 or '48, when, as the Irish were gathering for the time-honored parade, it was discovered that an effigy of St. Patrick, with strings of codfish and potatoes hanging from the neck, swung with the breeze at the top of the town "Liberty-pole" in the square at Salina and "Water streets. The authorities refusing the request of a committee that the effigy be removed, on the ground that the act "might provoke a riot," Michael Gleason felled the pole, and, says an old account, "There was no demonstration tending to any unlawful proceedings because of the pole." Nor was similar insult offered thereafter. Mr. Gleason died March 29, 1863. The Syracuse Courier and Union in its issue of March 31, said: "The death of Michael Gleason, a prominent and sterling Irish citizen, which melancholy event occurred early on Saturday morning, cast a sudden gloom over his many friends in this city at the unexpectedness of the 74 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. fatal event. He was a man of warm affection, great integrity of character and possessed of high moral worth, while his Christian life leaves an example for others to follow. ' ' He was for many years connected with the committee having in charge the financial affairs of St. John's church and at the time of his death occupied the vice-president's chair of St. John's Conference of the St. Vincent de Paul Society connected with the church, in all of which his active and zealous efforts in the cause of religion made him a valuable member and one who will be greatly missed. "The funeral took place at St. John's church yesterday forenoon where a solemn requiem Mass was chanted. Father John noon where a solemn requiem Mass was chanted. Father John McMenomy was the celebrant, assisted by Father O'Hara of St. Mary's and Father Sheehan of St. John's church, Salina. The various conferences of St. Vincent de Paul's society were out in full force to pay the last honor and marks of respect to the lamented dead. * * * * ^he church was densely packed throughout with the friends and acquaintances of the deceased and nearly every religious denomination in our city had representatives present eager to pay the last mark of respect to a sentatives present eager to pay the last mark of respect to a worthy citizen. "At the conclusion of the funeral services. Father John delivered a glowing panegyric over the remains, that went to the livered a glowing panegyric over the remains, that went to the hearts of everyone present, and sobs and tears responded to his feeling and touching discourse. The manly form that was so often seen walking up the aisles of that church will be seen there no more ; the heart that joyed over the success of any religious enterprise connected with that church is now settled in death and will never again beat responsive to the calls of charity or the noble impulses that always inspired it to deeds of benevolence. The moist eyes in that vast congregation spoke an eloquent lence. The moist eyes in that vast congregation spoke an eloquent tribute to the worth of the deceased and indicated how many felt his love and mourned with the family to whom he was more than a father. The funeral procession that followed the remains to their final resting place in the Catholic cemetery was the largest witnessed in this city since that of the lamented Fathers Heas and Hackett, and besides the procession a large concourse of citizens followed it in the streets and upon the sidewalks. Some estimate of it may be gathered when we state that as the CITY OF SYRACUSE. 75 head of the procession extended down through South Salina street and turned into Jefferson, the rear of it was at the Voorhees House, across the Salina street bridge. In compliance with hees House, across the Salina street bridge. In compliance with the regulations for burial in the Catholic Church, no carriages were used." The lay trustees at this time are Edward Joy and John Burke and between these and the first is a long line distinguished for faithfulness and efficiency. Of these were three whose long terms of service expired only with death -- Matthew Murphy, John McGuire and Joseph P. Bourke. ST. JOSEPH^S (FRENCH) CHURCH THE French Catholic congregation of Syracuse was organized in the summer of 1869. The pioneers were : Joseph ized in the summer of 1869. The pioneers were : Joseph Beuchat, Louis Rodier and Odilon Duplessis, members of the Lafayette Club. A substantial brick building, with a seating capacity of 500, formerly used as a Protestant Church, centrally situated in East Genesee street, was purchased for the sum of $5,000, and Avith the approbation of Bishop Conroy, of Albany, was placed under the patronage of St. Joseph. The first Mass was celebrated in it on the Feast of All Saints, 1869, by the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, then pastor of St. John the Evangelist Church. Among those present were : Joseph Beauchat, Louis Rodier, Odilon Duplessis, Napoleon Bichette, Justin Beauchat, Amable Lavaute, Aime Haraois, Louis Hamois, Edward Lavaute, Isidore Pothier, Charles Duplessis, Odilon Vadeboncoeur, Georges Larose, Narcisse Lavaute, Francois Lavaute, Francois Lefreniere, rose, Narcisse Lavaute, Francois Lavaute, Francois Lefreniere, Joseph Gibeau, Romuald Tanguay, Jean Loranger, Edward Lamontagne, Charles Lamontagne, Ambrose Jodoin, Isidore Poulict montagne, Charles Lamontagne, Ambrose Jodoin, Isidore Poulict and Pierre Hamel. The Rev. Joseph Quevillon was appointed rector of the new congregation by Bishop Conroy of Albany, and remained till the spring of 1871. He was succeeded by the Rev. L. Robillard, who labored successfully in the new parish for twelve years. Several improvements were made under his administration, and the congregation continued to increase in number. gregation continued to increase in number. The Rev. Joseph Brauillet took charge of the parish in January, 1882, and built a new vestry and temporary residence. A ary, 1882, and built a new vestry and temporary residence. A parochial school was also started, but failed, owing to the fact that the congregation was scattered and most of the children lived at a considerable distance from the church. Father Brauillet was called to a position of greater responsibility at Worcester, let was called to a position of greater responsibility at Worcester, Mass., and in the summer of 1883, the Rev. C. Guay, who had retired from the active exercise of his functions, was sent by the Bishop to take charge temporarily. He left after seven months' CITY OF SYRACUSE. 77 The Rev. B. C. Thibault, then pastor of the Church of the Assumption at Albany, was appointed rector in Februarj^, 1884, and still ministers to the needs of the congregation with marked success. During his administration the Church has been transformed into a dignified place of worship, with modern improve- formed into a dignified place of worship, with modern improvements. A parochial residence has been built beside the church, ments. A parochial residence has been built beside the church, and both church and house are free of debt. The first Mass thirty-five years ago was attended by about 200 persons. To-day the congregation consists of the same number of families, living in different parts of the city, and is one of the most active in the life of devotion and good works which contribute so considerably to the spiritual treasury of the Diocese of tribute so considerably to the spiritual treasury of the Diocese of Syracuse. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH THE Rt. Eev. John J. Conroy. D. D., Bishop of Albany, in June. 1870. authorized the formation of St. Patrick's church. In the parish were all of the Catholics residing in what was at that time the village and town of Geddes, the population of which was about 1,000. Previous to the formation of the parish the spiritual needs of the Catholics were supplied through Rev. Joseph Guerdet, pastor of St. John the Evangelist church. Syracuse. One of his assistants. Rev. Ambrose M. O'Neill, in 1868. organized a Sunday school in the village of Geddes. It is a singular fact that a Protestant gentleman called on Father Guerdet and requested him to organize a Sunday school as a means of improving the morals of the youth of the village. St. Patrick's Total Abstinence Society was organized about the same time. Rev. Hugh Shields was appointed the first pastor of the parish and on Sunday morning. July 31. 1870. he celebrated Mass ish and on Sunday morning. July 31. 1870. he celebrated Mass for the first time in Cool 's Hall, No. 101 Hamilton street. There were about 70 worshippers present. Among those who heard the first Mass were the following gentlemen and members of their families: John Cody, the present auditor of St. Patrick's, who built the altar and served at the Mass, Bernard Sisson and Dennis Callahan who were the first trustees of the church, William Hogan, Jeremiah Dw;\'er, Timothy Sheehan, James Keeler, liam Hogan, Jeremiah Dw;\'er, Timothy Sheehan, James Keeler, John Barager. Malaehy Gooley, Michael O'Brien, James M. Farrell. Thomas ^leagher, Cornelius Enright, John Fitzpatrick, Edward Fitzpatrick, Richard Tobin, Timothy Enright, John Brown. Philip McGraw, Patrick Fogerty. Patrick Parkinson, John Holihan, Joseph Donegan, John English, Michael Brown, James Lanigan, John Moriarity, Patrick Hannon, John Matthews. John ]\Iurray and ^Mr. 'Connell. thews. John ]\Iurray and ^Mr. 'Connell. The first baptism in the parish occurred on Sunday, August 7, 1870, when the infant son of Mr. and Mrs. James "White was christened James Lawrence, the sponsors being John Cummings and Miss Ellen Collins. CITY OF SYRACUSE. 79 On Wednesday, Xovember 2. 1870. the first marriage ceremony was performed by Father Shields, the contracting parties being Miss Bridget Murphy and Thomas Savage. The witnesses were Miss Catharine Murphy and John Lacy. The first confirmation was held on Sunday, September 15, 1872, when Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirney, D. D., CoadjutorBishop of Albany, administered the sacrament to a class of 300 Bishop of Albany, administered the sacrament to a class of 300 boys and girls. The first superintendent of the Sunday school was John Cody. The first Sunday school teacher was Miss ]\Iargaret Dunigan, who is still an active worker in the church. The health of Father Shields suddenly failed and early in the fall of 1870 he was obliged to resign his pastorate. He was a priest of unusual talent. He had a remarkably successful record in college and in the seminary. After being ordained. Bishop Conroy sent him to the Universitv^ of Louvain, Belgium, where he studied philosophy. Upon his return from Europe in 1869 he taught philosophy for one year in St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. He resigned from the faculty of the Troy Seminary to take charge of the new St. Patrick's parish. Upon the resignation of Father Shields. Father Guerdet was directed by Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany, to take charge of the affairs of the new parish. He sent his assistant priest, Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, the present Monsignor L;^Tich, pastor of St. John's church, Utica, to attend the new congregation, to celebrate ]\Iass on Sundays and take charge of the Sunday school. Father Ljmch was soon convinced that the needs of the people required a priest to be in constant attendance and with the consent of Father Guerdet and the implied approval of Bishop sent of Father Guerdet and the implied approval of Bishop Conroy, Father Lynch took up his residence in Geddes on February 1, 1871, and became the second pastor of St. Patrick's ary 1, 1871, and became the second pastor of St. Patrick's church. Father Lynch soon found that Cool's Hall was not a suitable place of worship for the now growing congregation and he was permitted by the school board of the town of Geddes to fit up the basement of Porter school as a chapel and celebrate Mass there on Sundays and week-days. It was a very edifying sight, much commented on at the time, to see all of the Catholic children of the tovm going to Mass before school every dav during dren of the tovm going to Mass before school every dav during 80 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Lent, in the very building where they pursued their secular studies. In the early part of 1870 Rev. Father Guerdet commissioned Dr. Gregory Doyle to purchase a site for a new church and the property at the corner of Lowell avenue and Schuyler street was bought for $2,800. It had a frontage of 132 feet on Lowell avenue and 180 feet on Schuyler street. Father Guerdet deeded the lots to the congregation at the price paid for them by Dr. Doyle, as he had simply held them in trust for the future parish. Ground was broken for the new church in the summer of 1870. During the pastorate of Father Lynch the members of the congregation were divided in their views touching the location of the new church. A large portion were satisfied with the site secured and an equally large part of the congregation were of the opinion that a lot further west on Genesee street should be selected. Many leading non-Catholics were vigorous in their opposition to the erection of a Catholic church on the site chosen and these gentlemen raised by subscription $2,500 which they offered as a donation to the church on condition that another site would be selected. Several meetings of the congregation were held to discuss the matter and finally by a unanimous vote it was decided to leave the whole matter to Father Lynch, both parties pledging themselves to abide by his decision. He decided that the new church should be erected on the present site. The next move of Father Lynch was to secure a building fund by a house to house subscription. In a few months he had collected enough funds to build the basement of the church. When lected enough funds to build the basement of the church. When finished it was entirely paid for. The plans for the church were drawn by Architect Charles H. Nichols of iVlbany, he conforming to the Gothic style of architecture. Philip Smith of Albany was awarded the contract for the building, the masonry and carpenter work to cost $28,500. penter work to cost $28,500. The cornerstone of, the new church was laid by Very Rev. Edgar P. Wadhams, then Vicar-General and Administrator of the Diocese of Albany, on Sunday, June 4, 1871. Rev. Patrick F. Smith of Camillus preached the sermon. On August 10, 1871, Father Lynch was summoned to Albany by Bishop Conroy and appointed Director of St. Joseph's Provincial Seminal-^'. Troy, and began his duties at once. Rev. vincial Seminal-^'. Troy, and began his duties at once. Rev. CITY OF SYRACUSE. 81 Patrick F. Smith of Camillus was appointed the third pastor of St. Patrick's church. Father Lynch 's labors in St. Patrick's parish will ever be remembered in Syracuse. He worked unremittingly for the benefit of the parish and his work was crowned with success. His energy and zeal were manifested in no unmistakable way and under his guidance the church grew and prospered. His successor, Father Smith, continued the work of completing the new church and on Sunday, September 15, 1872, it was dedicated by Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, D. D., Bishop of Albany. Rev. James Duffy of St. John the Baptist church, Syracuse, preached the dedicatory sermon. The Solemn Mass of Dedication was celebrated by Rev. J. S. M. Lynch. The growth of St. Patrick's parish during the pastorate of Father Smith was marveloiis. Its membership was trebled. He built a parochial residence at a cost of $3,000. Charles Umbrecht of Syracuse had the contract. Father Smith was faithful and diligent in advancing the spiritual welfare of all under his charge. To the great regret of the entire community, Father Smith, at his own request, was transferred to the important parish of St. Mary's, Hudson, N. Y., on October 7, 1875, and Rev. James P. Magee, pastor of St. Joseph's church. Fort Edward, N. Y., was appointed the fourth pastor. When Father Magee took charge of St. Patrick's church the debt was $30,000. During the early part of his pastorate he had many things to contend with. There was a business depression in Geddes and not until the Solvay Process Company's immense works were started did the pastor find relief in clearing many outstanding obligations. His parishioners were faithful, loyal and brave and weathered the financial storm, even to cancelling a note for $5,000, which they had assumed. The church property, valued at $80,000, is entirely free of debt and the building erty, valued at $80,000, is entirely free of debt and the building fund for the erection of a parochial school amounts to upwards of $21,000. The construction of this building is to be commenced this year, the plans calling for a stone and brick structure, consisting of eight rooms and an auditorium, the latter to be used as sisting of eight rooms and an auditorium, the latter to be used as a meeting hall for the societies of the parish. The building is to cost $35,000. 82 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Father Magee was born in St. Johns, N. B., and received his preliminary education at St. Mary's of the Hermitage and King's College, Fredericton, X. B. He came to Syracuse in 1859, when sixteen years of age, and in the following year taught in St. Mary 's parochial school, supplying for a Mr. Boyle, master. Later he attended Niagara College and was ordained priest at Troy in 1867, one of the first residents of the present city of Syracuse to receive Holy Orders. In passing, it may be noted that the Rev. Dominick L^Tich, ordained some years before, has the distinction of being the first native of Onondaga County to enter the priesthood. He was stationed for some years at Yonkers, New York. hood. He was stationed for some years at Yonkers, New York. The first native of the diocese to attain episcopal rank was a resident of Oneida, Father Meyers, of the Marist Fathers, who be- dent of Oneida, Father Meyers, of the Marist Fathers, who became Bishop of ]\Iadras, India. came Bishop of ]\Iadras, India. The building of a parish school will be the crowning achievement of a pastorate Avhich has lasted more than a third of a cen- ment of a pastorate Avhich has lasted more than a third of a century and which has been attended by splendid spiritual growth tury and which has been attended by splendid spiritual growth and material prosperity. Father Magee has made many improvements in St. Patrick's. Side altars were purchased ; a steam heating plant was installed in the church and parochial residence and the latter was enlarged and supplied with many modern conveniences. Having in mind the erection of a parochial school he bought on September 30, 1887, after being authorized by Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse, and the church trustees, from the Mead Belden estate a plot of land opposite the church for $8,000. Many well know^n priests have been connected with St. Patrick's church. All of them rendered great service in the cause of religion and to them is due no small measure of the credit for the splendid progress, both spiritual and material, that has been made since the parish was organized. The assistant priests have been as follows: Rev. Patrick Kearney, 1874 to 1876; Rt. Rev. P. F. McEvoy, S. T. D., Vicar-General of the Syracuse diocese, March 27, 1886, to July 12, 1887 : Rev. Philip F. Herrick, July 12 to November 2, 1887 ; Rev. John C. Higgins, November 2, 1887, to November 6, 1890 ; Rev. Thadeus O 'Sullivan, November 6, 1890, to February 1, 1893 : Rev. James Walsh, van, November 6, 1890, to February 1, 1893 : Rev. James Walsh, February 1, 1893, to April 1, 1893; Rev. James Duffy, April 1, 1893, to May 19, 1893 ; Rev. Patrick Donohoe, July 10, 1893, CITY OF SYRACUSE. 83 to October 28, 1902 ; Rev. Leo Finley, the present assistant pastor, was appointed November 18, 1902. tor, was appointed November 18, 1902. All of the priests who have served the people of St. Patrick's church are of Irish parentage. A majority of the present congregation are of Irish descent. The parish now numbers about gregation are of Irish descent. The parish now numbers about 600 families. About 2,800 persons regularly attend this church. Every priest whose name is identified with the church is gratefully remembered by the congregation. By his fervent and deeply religious work in the Bible classes Father McEvoy was the means of having several young ladies in the parish join religious orders. Father Higgins was noted for his effective labors in cultivating the study of music among the young of the parish. Father Donohoe devoted much of his time to the young men, especially in the line of literature and in giving helpful hints regarding healthful exercises. He it was who organized St. Patrick's branch of the Knights of St. John. St. Patrick's church has given to the holy priesthood and to the religious orders many distinguished members. The following have been ordained to the priesthood: Rev. William A. Ryan, Ph. D., pastor of St. Agnes' church, Utiea; Rev. Michael Horan, pastor of St. John the Baptist church, Valatie, N. Y. ; Rev. James F. McNamara, first assistant pastor Church of the Holy Innocents, New York city; Rev. John A. McGraw, S. T. D., J. C. D., pastor of St. Mary's, Baldwinsville ; Rev. James P. McGraw, who received the degree of S. T. L. in the Catholic Graw, who received the degree of S. T. L. in the Catholic University, Washington, Chancellor of the Syracuse diocese; Rev. Richard J. Shanahan, assistant pastor of St. John the Evangelist church, Syracuse; Rev. John P. Shanahan, assistant pastor, St. Agnes' church, Utica; Rev. Thomas Powers, of Parsons, Kansas. sons, Kansas. To the religious orders the parish contributed the following members: John Callahan, son of M. H. Callahan, is a novice at St. Paul 's IMonastery, conducted by the Passionist Fathers, at Pittsburg ; Brother Girardus, son of Jeremiah Dwyer, Provincial of the Christian Brothers in the western province of the United States ; Miss Emma Dwyer, sister of Brother Girardus, Sister of Charity stationed at St. Louis; Miss Kate Lanigan, Sister of Mercy, Chicago ; Miss Elizabeth Ryan, daughter of Martin Ryan, was a Sister of Charity at St. Louis, now deceased ; Miss Mary 84 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Brown. kno\NTi in the religious world as Sister ^Mary Beatrice, is a Sister of ^lercy at Niagara Falls: Miss Nellie Cody, daughter of Mr. and ^Nlrs. John Cody, jr.. Sister of Mercy at Batavia; ter of Mr. and ^Nlrs. John Cody, jr.. Sister of Mercy at Batavia; Miss Laura Dusard, daughter of Mr. and ^Irs. Daniel Dusard, Sister of St. Ann. "Worcester, ^Mass. : Miss ^Targaret Burke, a Sister of St. Joseph at St. Louis. ^Missouri : ^Nliss Theresa Cotter, a Franciscan Sister at St. Anthony's Convent. Syracuse, and the blisses Nora Whalen. Anna ^filler and Nellie Bateman, Sisters of St. Joseph at St. Joseph's Convent, Troy. ters of St. Joseph at St. Joseph's Convent, Troy. Some of the notable gifts to the church are : Handsome set of Stations by ^Mi-s. ^Margaret Carsoll in memory of her father, Timothy Enright ; St. Joseph 's altar, by the members of Branch No. 38, L. C. B. A. ; Blessed Virgin's altar, by the late Dr. C. K. Magee: Statue of the Blessed Virgin INIary. by the Children of ISIary Sodality. The windows in the church were donated by the following persons: Sanctuary windows, Daniel and ^lichael Coakley, ^Irs. ^Michael 'Brien. Dr. N. L. Mulvey, Mrs. John and Ella Murray, Dennis ^IcDonald. Gospel Side, by James Wall, Wolf family, William Hogan, Thomas and Julia Ahem. John Cody, John Murray. Epistle side, by Mary ^Moriarity. Terence E. Hogan, Parkinson family. William J. Hart. Richard Tobin. Dennis Callaghan. Upper windows, by ^largaret Donovan. Ann Cunning- laghan. Upper windows, by ^largaret Donovan. Ann Cunningham, Rev. P. F. Smith. Ann Callaghan, Hanora Conway, Mar- ham, Rev. P. F. Smith. Ann Callaghan, Hanora Conway, Margaret Hutchinson, Mary Geary. Sarah Agnes Hogan. Ellen garet Hutchinson, Mary Geary. Sarah Agnes Hogan. Ellen Collins. Mary Sisson, ^Nlalachi Dwyer, Viola E. Steers, Ann Hogan. Vestrs' windows, bv William and Catharine Davis. ST. LUCY'S CHURCH IN August, 1872, a committee of members of the Syracuse parishes of St. John the Evangelist and St. Mary visited the Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany, and obtained his consent to form a new parish west of Onondaga Creek. They were authorized to proceed with work of organization until a pastor should be sent to them to assume charge of the parish. They bought land and began negotiations with Contractor Patrick Commins to build a church. The committee consisted of rick Commins to build a church. The committee consisted of Messrs. John J. Lynch, Francis Connelly, Lawrence Ryan, Hugh A. Duffy, Thomas F. DeLany, Charles McFall, Nicholas Joy, Patrick Slattery, William Michaels, Thomas Kendrick, John Helmick and Francis ^lurphy. mick and Francis ^lurphy. For thirty-four years -- from the very beginning up to the year 1906 -- this parish had for its pastor the late Rev. John J. Kennedy. Born in Ireland, September 4th, 1844, he came, while nedy. Born in Ireland, September 4th, 1844, he came, while still a child, with his parents to Syracuse. He was educated in the public schools and served the altar at St. Mary's church. He completed his studies at Niagara College and then entered Troy Theological Seminary where he was ordained May 22, 1869. Father Kennedy was appointed assistant pastor at St. Mary's, Albany, as his first mission. In September, 1872, he was sent as pastor to the new parish in Syracuse, which he caused to be incorporated under the name St. Lucy, after the virgin martyr of the Sicilian Syracuse. The first trustees were the Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, Rt. Rev. Francis McNierney, Rev. John J. Kennedy, Francis Connelly and John Helmick. The present trustees are the Rt. Rev. P. A, Ludden, the Rt. Rev. Mgr. P. F. McEvoy, S. T. D., William P. Gannon and John 'Brien. John C. Keeffe and Patrick H. Halloran served in similar capacity for some years. loran served in similar capacity for some years. Father Kennedy was appointed vicar-general of the diocese of Syracuse July 25, 1891, and was created papal prelate July, 1895, by Pope Leo XIII. The first Mass of St. Lucy's parish was celebrated by Father 86 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Kennedy Sunday, September 17, 1872, in the first store of the Cook Block, Gifford street, on the west bank of Onondaga Creek. As the congregation increased an upper floor of the same building was used as a chapel until the completion of the basement ing was used as a chapel until the completion of the basement of the church. Among those present at the first Mass were the members of the committee which organized the parish, their wives and children: Mrs. Kennedy, mother of the young pastor, and Miss dren: Mrs. Kennedy, mother of the young pastor, and Miss Winifred and Miss Ellen Kennedy, his sisters; Mrs. Timothy Dwyer, Mr. and ]\Irs. Thomas McDonald, Miss Elizabeth Kendrick, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Bannan, Mr. and Mrs. Edward drick, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Bannan, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Bannan, Miss Maria Bannan, Mrs. Elizabeth Dowling, John Ryan, Miss Alice Ryan, Miss ]\Iary Ryan, Misses Margaret, Mary and Julia Callahan, ]\Irs. Schemmel, ]\Iiss Nellie Schemmel, George Schemmel, Mr. and Mrs. John Reidy, Mr, and Mrs. James Ryan, Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Scott, :Mr. and Llrs. Patrick H. Halloran, Bridget Halloran, Mrs. Ellen Hanna, John Welsh, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Kendrick, Dennis Kendrick, M. G. Kendrick, Mrs. James G. Brown, Mrs. P. L. Lyons, John M. Ryan, drick, Mrs. James G. Brown, Mrs. P. L. Lyons, John M. Ryan, Mary Ryan, Mrs. Hueber, Patrick Callahan, Mr. and Mrs. Pat- rick Flanagan, Edward B. Flanagan, Mary A. Flanagan, Mrs. Alice Kelly, Mrs. Catherine Kelly, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Egan, Francis Murphy, Mr. and Mrs. John Ryan, Patrick and Rose McCarthy. ]\Ir. and ]\Irs. Patrick Corbett, Mr. and Mrs. James Lyons, William Mahar, Ann Doyle, James Doyle, William J. Egan, Annie Egan, Mary Kippley, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Coughlin, Dennis Coughlin, Mrs. Anna Hannigan,Patrick 'Donnell, Mrs. Mary Sullivan, Bridget Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. John nell, Mrs. Mary Sullivan, Bridget Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. John Reidy, ]Maurice Reidy, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Welch, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Dixon, Mr. and Mrs. Bryan O'Donnell, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Haley, Mrs. Mary Miller, Mrs. Margaret Miller, Mrs. Mary Ryan, Mrs. Bridget Miller, Mrs. Ellen Carey, ]\Irs. Bridget Welch, Mrs. Honorah Carey, Patrick Meaney, Michael Meaney, Mrs. Margaret Meaney, Mrs. Honora Carey, ]\Irs. A. Smith, John Dunlay, John Fitzgerald, Catherine Fitzgerald, Patrick Ryan, Daniel Farricy, Peter Farricy, Helen Farricy, William Farricy, Ellen Farricy, Richard Hennessey, Edward Hennessey, Dennis Hennessey, Bryan J. O'Donnell and family, and John O'Brien. CITY OF SYRACUSE. 87 In June, 1873, the cornerstone of the church was laid and the first Mass was celebrated in the basement November 1, 1873. Two years later the church was completed and the first Mass said in the church proper on Christmas day, 1875. The parish, which then consisted of about 250 families, now numbers 600 families. They are mostly of Irish birth and Irish extraction. After the church was built the pastoral residence was constructed to the west and in 1892 the St. Lucy's Academy was structed to the west and in 1892 the St. Lucy's Academy was begun on the east side of the church. The academy is three stories high and furnished in conformity with modern school requirements. It contains a large assembly hall on the third floor, and is in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph. It has all the grades of the grammar and high school courses under the direction of the Regents of the State of New York. The school opened with a daily attendance of 150 pupils which now numbers 850. The property east of the church was acquired for a convent so that now St. Lucy's church property is one of the finest of the diocese. The original plan of the church gave a basement for purposes of general assembly, Sunday school sessions and Sodality meeting, necessitating a long flight of steps to reach the church ing, necessitating a long flight of steps to reach the church proper. The school with its large assembly hall took the place of the basement ; so in 1901 the floor of the church was lowered. The windows were replaced by new and larger windows, the church was enlarged by a vestibule and vestries, modem heating, lighting and ventilation plants were installed and the whole church redecorated. During 1904 the church property was freed of debt and on December 18 of that year the church and the three altars just placed were consecrated. The edifice and the main altar, the gift of Mrs. Mary D. Grace, the altars of the Blessed Virgin and of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, gifts respectively of Mrs. Patrick R. Quinlan and Mrs. Edward K. Butler, were consecrated by the Rt. Rev. Henry Gabriels, Bishop of Ogdensburg. The Bishop of Albany, who was to have assisted in the solemn service, was detained at his home by illness. A solemn Pontifical Mass was celebrated at 10 :30 o 'clock by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden. The Rt. Rev. Mgr. John J. Kennedy, V. G., was arch-priest. The 88 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. deacons of honor were the Rev. ^Michael Clune and the Rev. James O'Reilly of Clinton. The deacons of the Mass were the Rev. Francis J. Quinn and the Rev. Daniel Doody of Utica. The masters of ceremonies were the Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins of Oswego and the Rev. James P. ]\IeGraw, acting chancellor. The Rt. Rev. Bernard J. ;^^cQuaid, Bishop of Rochester, preached the sermon of the day. He paid a high tribute to Father Kennedy. He congratulated the members of the congregation because of their great success and spoke at length on the necessity of parochial schools. Father Kennedy died April 13, 1906. For some years his health had been failing, but, except for a short interval spent in travel abroad, he worked unceasingly at his parish duties. For five weeks he was confined to his bed and on Good Friday he died. His funeral was the occasion of a great outpouring of people of all creeds and sections who came to do honor to the memory of the strong priest and patient toiler who labored unselfishly and with signal success for the spiritual and material wellbeing of his parishioners. In the vestibule of the church a bronze tablet has been erected to his memory by a grateful people. May 1, 1906, the Rev. Patrick F. McEvoy, S. T. D., was appointed second pastor of St. Lucy's. The same month he was pointed second pastor of St. Lucy's. The same month he was named Vicar-General of the diocese, with the rank of domestic prelate. Mgr. McEvoy was born in Herkimer county. He made his classical studies at St. Charles' College, EUicott City, Md., his philosophy at Niagara University and was ordained priest at St. Joseph's Seminar3% Troy, where his theological course was taken. After ordination Father IMcEvoy served eighteen months as assistant priest at St. Patrick's, Syracuse, when he was appointed Chancellor of the diocese and secretary to the Bishop, positions which he occupied continuously for nineteen years. In the year 1905, after special study at the Ap- teen years. In the year 1905, after special study at the Appollinare College, Rome, Italy, he received the degree of doctor pollinare College, Rome, Italy, he received the degree of doctor of sacred theology. Under his gentle rule St. Lucy's parish may be expected to advance to yet loftier heights. The assistant priests of the parish have been : Rev. Michael Clune, Rev. James V. Donnelly, Rev. Philip Herrick, Rev. William W. Pouneh, Rev. Patrick Donohoe, Rev. ^Michael Joyce, liam W. Pouneh, Rev. Patrick Donohoe, Rev. ^Michael Joyce, Rev. Albert J. Hayes, Rev. John Farrar, Rev. John V. Byrne, CITY OF SYRACUSE. 89 Rev. Andrew J. Comerford, and the present assistants, Rev. Charles E. Tracy, Rev. Daniel M. Hennessy and Rev. James F. Farrell. Father Farrell is the first child of the parish to attain the dignity of the priesthood. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Farrell. His studies were made at Niagara University and La Grande Seminaire, Montreal. He was ordained priest December 22, 1905, at St. James' Cathedral, Mon- dained priest December 22, 1905, at St. James' Cathedral, Montreal, and sang his first solemn high Mass in St. Lucy's on treal, and sang his first solemn high Mass in St. Lucy's on Christmas day, that year. St. Joseph's Chapel, House of Providence, and the Onondaga County Poor House are attended by the priests of this parish. ST. JOSEPH'S (GERMAN) CHURCH ST. JOSEPH'S, the German church of the South Side, was built in 1882, the parish having been formed in the fall of the previous year. The congregation consisted of German-speaking people who had until that time attended the Church of the Assumption. These people lived in various parts and sections of the south side of the rapidly growing and prosperous city; some to the west, others to the east, and a few in perous city; some to the west, others to the east, and a few in the direction of the Valley, towards the outskirts of the city. The distance from their homes to the customary place of worship at the time was extraordinary, ranging anyway from two to three miles and over, a condition which made observance of religious duties very onerous and trying to them, especially during inclement weather. ing inclement weather. For this reason these good people desired a church and school in their own neighborhood. Hence they set about in the usual way of petition to the Bishop. Resolutions were drafted stating their case and praying relief. Next a committee was appointed consisting of the Messrs. Peter Brang. Joseph Fiesinger and others, whose mission it was to wait on the Rt. Rev. Francis McNierney of the Diocese of Albany. The delegates immediately Nierney of the Diocese of Albany. The delegates immediately proceeded on their errand to apprise the Ordinary of the plan inaugurated, with a view to obtaining his sanction. Upon being augurated, with a view to obtaining his sanction. Upon being satisfied as to the feasibility^ of the undertaking and, after courteous advisement with the Franciscan Fathers, from whose domain the intended separation was to be made, the authorities eventually granted the petitioners permission to organize. At once the formation of a new congregation as an independent parish was begun, the limits of the same to comprise practically all that territory in the city south of the Erie Canal. The number of church-goers in that entire district consisted of not more ber of church-goers in that entire district consisted of not more than 75 to 100 families. Rev. Joseph Pickl was placed in charge, being the first priest to officiate as pastor. He was appointed at the urgent request of an expectant, ambitious and confiding people. Of his antecedents CITY OF SYRACUSE. 91 nothing definite is known save that he was an ex-religious, recommended by one Father Wayrich, C. SS. R., of New York, to mended by one Father Wayrich, C. SS. R., of New York, to Bishop McNierney, who received and appointed him to Manliiis (now Minoa), about 1879, where he remained until transferred to Syracuse. His relations with the congregation just established continued till January, 1891, when he abruptly, and of his own accord, severed connections with the parish and diocese and sought a field of labor in the far West. The first Mass of the infant parish was celebrated in the upper stoiy of what is now a blacksmith shop, at No. 505 Oswego street, in the latter part of October, 1881. The altar boys on the occasion were Frank Brang, Joseph Fauth, Bernard Wente, Anthony Winter, Frank Winter, Frederick Gersbacher, Henry Gersbacher, J. Joseph Nash, Bernard Gottstein, Albert Pfeiffer, Gustavus Schaefer and Matthew Graff. The following gentlemen and their families were in attendance: William Honoldt, men and their families were in attendance: William Honoldt, Peter Brang, B. Wente, Timothy Blum, Bernard Kohlbrenner, Peter Gersbacher, Andrew Gersbacher, Charles Fauth, Peter Christofel, Peter Mentges, Joseph Nash, Thomas Schoenbaechler, Theodore Bernhardt, William Winter, Urs. Winter, Anthony Miller, M. Graff, Anthony Weaver, Joseph Fiesinger, Nicholas Bicks, M. Ramion, Judson Scheel, Charles Reith, Mrs. Schaefer, F. Gottstein, Jacques Thelen, Con. Justen, George Wolz, John Gary, J. Mutter, N. Himpler, and others, whose names are not remembered now. In due course a meeting of the prominent men and principal promoters of the cause was held at the residence of N. Bicks, where Messrs. Peter Brang, A. Weaver and M. Graff were chosen as trustees. At the same time another board was selected to look after a suitable location for the erection of a church. Messrs. T. Blum, P. Brang, W. Honoldt, T. Barnhardt and Joseph Fiesinger consented to act in the matter. They agreed and decided singer consented to act in the matter. They agreed and decided on the present site, about 90 by 133 feet, on the north side of Seymour street, midway between Geddes and Oswego streets. The purchase price was $2,700. Later on Messrs. J. Fiesinger, T. Bernhardt, A. Weaver, T. Blum and G. Gensler were named a building committee. They arranged for an edifice of nondescript architecture, whose outer walls are constructed of Phila- script architecture, whose outer walls are constructed of Philadelphia pressed brick and are surmounted by a gable-formed delphia pressed brick and are surmounted by a gable-formed 92 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. slate roof; a diminutive tower and steeple at the northwest extremity surraoimts the whole. The contract for this was let at an tremity surraoimts the whole. The contract for this was let at an estimate of $30,000, which increased to $35,000 before the work was finished. The cornerstone was laid May 6th, 1882, by the Rev. Dr. O'Hara of St. Mary's church, Syracuse; the festivities were attended by the several societies of Assumption church. The edifice was completed in the summer of 1883, blessed by Bishop McNierney November 19, 1882, and dedicated to St. Joseph, a title suggested by the given-name of its pastor. On July 17, 1883, several members of the church bonded their own homes as security for the loan negotiated and as a pledge for the payment of the funds received at the Onondaga County Savings Bank, to meet the amount of contract and other liabilities. The signers to the document were : W. Honold, T. Bern- ties. The signers to the document were : W. Honold, T. Bernhard, A. Weber, B. Wente, A. Mantel, M. Homelson, J. Metzger, hard, A. Weber, B. Wente, A. Mantel, M. Homelson, J. Metzger, C. Fauth, J. Georgi, N. Enders, P. Gersbacher, F. Brand, L. Loehr, G. Wolz, J. Mutter, S. Bruin, N. Himpler, J. Getheuter. Before the organization of the Polish congregation, a large contingent of that nationality rented pews and attended services at St. Joseph's, Father Pickl having acquired a smattering of their tongue, sufficient to accommodate them in the confessional and at the sickbed. After the departure of these people to their own church St. Joseph's congregation decreased in numbers almost a third. This affected the revenues very sensibly for a most a third. This affected the revenues very sensibly for a number of years. In January, 1891, Rev. Aloys Heller was appointed second pastor of the congregation. He was a Bohemian by birth, hailed from Bayonne, diocese of Newark, N. J., came introduced by its Bishop, the Rt. Rev. Winand ]\Iichael Wigger, was accepted by Bishop Ludden and served about two years, until January, 1893, when he retired to assume a charge in Minnesota. After this the parish was without a permanent priest for some time, various clergymen from city churches alternating in the administration of spiritualities to the people, a brief experiment with an alien priest having proved a failure. On Easter Sunday, 1893, Rev. Anthony Gehring of the Church of the Assumption assumed charge of the congregation as locum tenens. He was of a genial disposition and kindly nature, a CITY OF SYRACUSE. 93 faithful worker and greatly appreciated and loved by the community. munity. He was succeeded on August 6, 1893, by the present rector, Rev. Stephen Anthony Priesser, who is of German descent. Father Priesser was born at Albany on June 10, 1847, made his classical curriculum at St. Vincent's College, Pennsylvania, pursued his theological studies at the University of Munster, Ger- sued his theological studies at the University of Munster, Germany, and was ordained there on June 7, 1873. He labored as many, and was ordained there on June 7, 1873. He labored as assistant to Rev. Theo. Noethen at Holy Cross church, Albany, till July 1, 1874, when, at the instance of his Bishop, he founded the congregation Our Lady Help of Christians, in his native city. After building a church and school and leaving things in a flourishing condition, he proceeded to St. Peter 's church, Oswego, in December, 1883, remaining there as irremovable rector until August, 1893, when he commenced his labors at St. Joseph's. On his arrival he found a funded debt of $21,000, besides other obligations to the extent of several thousand dollars more. Many important and expensive improvements running up into the thousands have been made and paid for. On the whole, the parish is now in a good condition spiritually and materially. The number of families belonging to the church is about 250 now, as against 75 to 100 at the start. The property includes church, school and rectory. The school was opened in the basement of the church immediately after its completion in 1883. ment of the church immediately after its completion in 1883. Later on a special building was erected at a cost of $4,300. To this was annexed a dwelling for the teachers. Sisters of Charity, from Mallinckrodt Convent, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Their community is noted for its excellent teachers, a reputation sustained nity is noted for its excellent teachers, a reputation sustained here by the undisputed progress of their pupils. The children are divided into four classrooms, and average about 184, while in the beginning there were scarcely 100. The religious instruction takes up a full hour of every school day in the year and half that time on Sunday. The Tuesday, Friday and Sunday lessons as well as the preparations for first Holy Communion and the Sacrament of Confirmation are attended to personally and exclusively by the priests : the rest is done at regular schedule time clusively by the priests : the rest is done at regular schedule time by the Sisters in their separate class rooms. In July, 1903, the Rev. Michael Steines, S. T. D., was assigned as assistant. He is a native of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, 94 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Europe, where he was born on February 17, 1877 ; he entered on his preparatory course at his home institution and completed his education at the American College in Rome, Italy, where he was ordained May 24, 1902, and received his degree of doctor of sacred theology May 7, 1903. He is conversant with the German, English, French and Italian languages, is a capable and industrious as well as a conscientious and zealous priest, and a favorite trious as well as a conscientious and zealous priest, and a favorite with all the people. The silver jubilee of the parish was celebrated with great pomp and solemnity on Sunday, Jime 23, 1907. His Holiness, Pope Pius X., graciously sent his blessing to the reverend pastor and his congregation and the priest-sons of the parish returned to participate in the ceremonies. Among these are the Revs. Alfred Roth, Robert Mockel, Charles Fecht. Brother Nicholas of St. Vincent's Abbey is also a son of a child of the parish, Frederick Kopp. In preparation for the event improvements were made in the church property at a cost of $2,500. The jubilee collection yielded $3,500, and this sum was applied on the debt, which now amounts to $7,000. HOLY TRINITY CHURCH IN June, 1890, a number of German Catholic families living in the neighborhood of Round Top and members of the Church of the Assumption parish, organized themselves into a society, purchased a part of Kaiser's Grove, and began thereon the ciety, purchased a part of Kaiser's Grove, and began thereon the erection of a small church. Thus was inaugurated Holy Trinity, third German parish of Syracuse. These families, some of whom lived three and four miles from the parent church, first petitioned their pastor, the Rev. Bonaventure Zoller, O. M. C, for a neighborhood school that their little ones might have proper religious training without the disadvantage of having to travel considerable distances each day to procure it. The first effort in this direction was made by Mrs. Frederick Schneider, who went to Father Zoller with her request and was by him referred to the Bishop. Bishop Ludden, interested by her story, advised that if necessity existed for a school, a church also was needed. She left under instruction to prepare a list of the Catholic families living in the district comprising the bounds of the present parish. Pleased with the gracious consideration of the Bishop and enthused at the prospect of a church of their own, these pious thused at the prospect of a church of their own, these pious people gathered to perfect an organization. The first men to identify themselves with the movement were Frederick Schneider, husband of its initiator, Gabriel Buschle and Martin Foederer. An informal meeting was called for June 22, 1890. This was held in Saile's Hall, Butternut street, Mr. Schneider presiding. According to the wish of the Bishop, a census had been taken and this showed two hundred and eightysix families living within the proposed limits and of these forty- six families living within the proposed limits and of these fortyfour were of Irish or French descent. A committee consisting of four were of Irish or French descent. A committee consisting of John Baier, Gabriel Buschle, William Kopf, Albert Beige and Anton Schmitt carried this list to Bishop Ludden and begged his consent for the erection of a church and school. A favorable reply was returned to a meeting held July 6 and thereupon a resolution was passed authorizing the purchase from Dennis McCarthy of three lots on Park street, a plat measuring 120 x 130 96 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. feet. A building committee was appointed with the following: officers: Frederick Schneider, president: Jacob Amend, vicepresident ; Albert Beige, recording secretary : John Baier, finan- president ; Albert Beige, recording secretary : John Baier, financial secretary ; John Vaeth, treasurer. On the Board of Trustees cial secretary ; John Vaeth, treasurer. On the Board of Trustees were Frank Burgmeier, Gabriel Buschle and Martin Foederer. All these officers were elected for six months but on October 26th other officers were elected as follows: John Baier, president: Dominic Kraus, vice-president; Albert Beige, recording secretary ; Jacob Mathes, financial secretary, and Frederick Schneider, tary ; Jacob Mathes, financial secretary, and Frederick Schneider, treasurer. The latter resigning April 14, 1891, William Kopf was appointed in his place. The new trustees were Martin Foederer, Greorge Straub and Karl Beige. Meanwhile the people busied themselves in gathering money by collections and entertainments. It was decided January 11, 1891, to erect a two- tainments. It was decided January 11, 1891, to erect a twostory frame building, 42 x 20 feet, to serve as church and school. story frame building, 42 x 20 feet, to serve as church and school. J. Hemmer & Sons were given the contract which called for an expenditure of $5,738. On April 22, 1891, thirteen members were elected as trustees, the church having been incorporated under the name of tees, the church having been incorporated under the name of Holy Trinity Church Society, viz: Peter Noetcher, John Biermann, Gabriel Buschle, Joseph Glath, Peter Becker, Frederick mann, Gabriel Buschle, Joseph Glath, Peter Becker, Frederick Schneider, William Kopf, John Spiegel, Dominic Kraus, Joseph Renk, Frank Schmuckmeier, Joseph Brilbeck and Michael Ranch. Joseph Glath was elected president. The church was finished in October but before its dedication a fair, the first one given for the benefit of the new congregation, was held in it. This netted the sum of $1,412.97. About this time a priest. Father Bayer, who had come from the West, was sent by the Bishop to take charge of the new parish but he remained only a month. The church was not ready for ser\'ices and his only official act was the baptism of Lauretta Zimmer, the first child of the parish. Meanwhile the church was receiving its furnishings. Pews were bought for $416.00. St. John the Evangelist church donated its large and beautifully carved wooden main altar of nated its large and beautifully carved wooden main altar of Gothic style. Another donation were the two large iron statues of the Sorrowful Mother and of St. John the Evangelist. They once stood as ornaments in a private park on James street and were rescued from the scrap heap at Dunning 's foundry. AnCITY OF SYRACUSE. 97 CITY OF SYRACUSE. 97 other relic is the little church-bell. For years it had called the children in the neighborhood of Magnolia street to the public school. When finer quarters had been prepared for the children, the old school building was sold and with it the bell. It remained in its little tower until the people of Holy Trinity parish secured it from the owner as a donation to their church. In November, 1891, the Bishop put the new parish in charge of the Rev. John Reuland. The first Mass was said privately on November 12th. On the following Sunday, November 15, 1891, the building was blessed by the Very Rev. John J. Kennedy, Vicar General, the Bishop being away at the time. Father Aloysius Heller of St. Joseph's (German) church came with his altar boys to assist. He brought with him the ostensorium of St. Joseph's church and this was used in giving the first sacramental blessing. mental blessing. Father Reuland is still pastor of the church. He was born in 1852 in Consdorf , Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. After finishing his classical and theological studies in his native country he was ordained to the priesthood in 1877. His first appointment was as assistant at a mission where he served for four years and during four other years he held a teaching position in a State Agricultural College. After these eight years of service he accepted appointment as missionary to the German immigrants at Castle Garden, New York, P. P. Cahensly, as secretary of St. Raphael's Society for the Protection of German Emigrants, having applied to the Bishop of Luxemburg for a priest to take ing applied to the Bishop of Luxemburg for a priest to take charge. This was in 1885. For six years he worked in this mission and not without success as is proved by the Leo House for Catholic German immigrants, 6 State street, New York, which was established through his efforts. These six years had been years of hardship and struggle and the post was gladly relinquished when he learned through Rev. Peter Schmitt of Rome of the new parish in Syracuse and of the Bishop 's willingness to appoint him its pastor. With Father Reuland 's advent ness to appoint him its pastor. With Father Reuland 's advent a parochial residence was purchased for $1,900.00. It is the Jasper street house still owned by the congregation, and located to the rear of the church lot. On November 8th a meeting was held at the Bishop's house and the transfer of the church property, which was held by a private church corporation, was made erty, which was held by a private church corporation, was made 98 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. to the Board of Trustees of the diocesan regulation, consisting of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, the Vicar-General, Father Kennedy, Rev. John Reuland, pastor, and Joseph Glath and Peter Becker of the old board. From June, 1890, to November 15, 1891, the sum of $2,172.86 was collected. An entertainment brought $282.87. a picnic $218.84, and the fair $1,412.97. In all $4,087.44 had been raised before the appointment of a pastor. According to a financial report, the first one in print, dated January 1. 1892, the sum of $10,578.48 had been taken in, this sum including a mortgage of $5,585. The expenses had run up to $9,484.15, leaving a balance in the treasury of $1,094.33, with $9,580.79 of debt. During the summer months of 1892 a two-story parish house was erected at the rear end of the church building, and attached to it, at a cost of $2,024.95, the Jasper street house being turned over to the school Sisters. In September, 1892, the school opened with 180 children, divided into three classes. The first teachers were Franciscan Sisters from Milwaukee. Two years later these were replaced by the Franciscan Sisters of Syracuse. In 1895 the house on the west side of the church Avas bought for $2,400 and this serves as a more convenient convent for the Sisters. In 1899 a parish hall was built at a cost of $3,383. and in 1902 a third story Avas added to the pastor's residence, thus bringing the house under the same roof AAnth the church. Despite the cost of all these new acquisitions and improvements the congregation kept on paying off the mortgage. A fair ments the congregation kept on paying off the mortgage. A fair held in February, 1903, brought the necessary means to acquit the remaining debt on the church property, a mortgage of $1,500. The church holdings are valued at $30,000. What next ? A new church, of course, say pastor and people. A building fund Avas started in 1904 and noAv amounts to $11,000. Seven lots at the corner of Park and Second North streets were purchased in 1905 from the Father O'Hara estate for $4,100, and it is planned to erect an edifice Avhich when completed and furnished will cost $75,000, and for all time be a monument to the zeal and piety of the people of Round Top, who, poor in the world's goods, are rich in faith and good works. May God bless the undertaking. Of the 286 families on the Bishop's list only 160 became real CITY OF SYRACUSE. 99 members of the new congregation and of these not all were supporting members. Several Irish families became active members porting members. Several Irish families became active members but they were lost to Holy Trinity when St. Vincent de Paul's parish was established. Of the other families on the list about forty or fifty remained with the Assumption church, although they live within the limits. The remaining fifty or sixty families are not accredited to any parish. To-day after sixteen years of existence the number of families has increased to about two hundred and seventy. The school, which in 1892 opened with 180 children, has now an average attendance of 210 children. The new parish limits are north and east, the open fields; west. Butternut and Third North streets ; south, Lodi street and the Erie canal. ST. VINCENT DE PAULAS CHURCH IN the spring of 1891 the attention of the Very Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, rector of St. John's Cathedral, was called to the need of a mission Sunday school in the eastern part of that parish. With characteristic promptness and energy he at once caused this to be organized. The children were gathered together at the home of one of the parishioners and instructed in gether at the home of one of the parishioners and instructed in the truths of their holy religion. That this little Sunday school, thus organized, might be better fostered and improved, it was placed in the charge of the Cathedral Conference of St. Vincent de Paul 's society. Soon the number of children attending these catechetical instructions became so great that it became necessary to provide for them a larger and more suitable place for Sunday school. For this purpose a committee was appointed and the little cottage at the corner of Greenway avenue and Vann street was tage at the corner of Greenway avenue and Vann street was selected and purchased at a cost of one thousand dollars. At this place, for a year or more, about thirty or forty children met together and received instructions from the assistant priests of St. John's Cathedral. Among these latter were the Rev. William F. Dougherty, first assistant of St. John's and the first pastor of St. Vincent de Paul's parish; Rev. Charles V. McGuire, the present pastor of St. Stephen 's church, Marathon ; Rev. William H. Slavin, now pastor of St. Paul's church, Whitesboro; Rev. T. 'Sullivan, afterwards in Cleveland, Ohio ; Rev. Bernard Quinn, now the pastor of St. Peter's church, Deerfield, and Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins, pastor of St. ]\Iar\^'s church, Oswego. In the following year, 1892, this little Sunday-School Hall was converted into a mission-chapel and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was there offered up four times a year, on the Ember days, by the priests of the Cathedral. The chapel was enlarged, refurnished and decorated and was thus converted into a little furnished and decorated and was thus converted into a little church with a seating capacity of two hundred and twenty-five. In the same year, as soon as these improvements were completed, this mission was incorporated as St. Vincent de Paul's pleted, this mission was incorporated as St. Vincent de Paul's CITY OF SYRACUSE. 101 church and the first trustees of the new parish were the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse ; the Very Rev. John J. Kennedy, V. G. ; the Rev. Michael Clune, rector of St. John 's Cathedral; Timothy Gaherty, treasurer, and Michael McEniry, secretary. One Mass was said each Sunday. It was not long before the people of this new parish became convinced that they could support a resident priest, and going to the Rt. Rev. Bishop, they petitioned him for a permanent pastor. The Bishop listened to their request. The idea impressed him favorably and he appointed the Rev. William F. Dougherty as the first pastor of St. Vincent de Paul 's Church. Father Dougherty took charge on June 1, 1894, erty took charge on June 1, 1894, The congregation now grew so rapidly in size that before the following summer the little mission-chapel proved entirely too small to accommodate the people attending. They filled the church to its utmost capacity. Many were unable to secure admittance, and these, determined to hear Mass in spite of incon- mittance, and these, determined to hear Mass in spite of inconvenience, gathered about, knelt upon the ground and heard the venience, gathered about, knelt upon the ground and heard the services through the open door and windows. One thing was evident to all. A new and larger church building was of immediate necessity. Previous to Father Dougherty's ing was of immediate necessity. Previous to Father Dougherty's appointment, a site for this new church had been purchased. It was situated on Henderson street, extending from Vine street to Sherwood avenue, and cost three thousand dollars. Here, in 1895, excavation for a new church began. Father Dougherty first broke ground by picking a cross in the earth on the spot where the sanctuary is now located. On Sunday morning, November 10, 1895, the corner-stone of this new church was laid by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse. The pomp and grandeur of the ceremony was imposing. Besides the Rt. Rev. Bishop, many clergy were present. ing. Besides the Rt. Rev. Bishop, many clergy were present. More than a thousand members of Catholic societies attended in a body, and several thousand people of every age and class, race and religious profession, thronged about to witness the ceremony. So rapidly did the work of erection proceed that in two years the new church was entirely finished, and on Sunday, November 7, 1897, it was solemnly dedicated by Bishop Ludden. A Pontifical High Mass was then celebrated by the Bishop, assisted by tifical High Mass was then celebrated by the Bishop, assisted by many of the clergy. The church choir consisted of thirty voices, 102 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. under the direction of Prof. Renaud and the Sanctuary Choir of sixty-two boys. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. John McLoghlin of Cortland, and the evening address by Rt. Rev. Mgr. Lynch of Utica, who spoke in the highest terms of praise not only of the magnificent new church so beautifully built and adorned, but also of those through whose zeal, energy and self-sacrifice it had been erected. The five years following the dedication were years of continued toil. Entertainments, picnics and fairs were held to procure funds for defraying church expenses and for paying off church mortgages. The temporal and eternal welfare of the people was promoted, the children were instructed, sodalities were formed, societies, religious and fraternal, were organized, and the social, financial, and spiritual growth of the parish was fostered and increased. In the spring of 1902, the erection of a rectory was begun. So energetically was the work carried on that it was built, furnished and paid for almost in a single year. Since then the advancement of St. Vincent de Paul's Parish has been continuous and rapid. To-day it is well organized, ambitious, energetic, and growing with increasing rapidity.. bitious, energetic, and growing with increasing rapidity.. At various times during his pastorate, Father Dougherty was assisted for brief periods by the Rev. W. J. Hourigan, Rev. Richard Purcell and Rev. W. J. McCormack. The present and first ard Purcell and Rev. W. J. McCormack. The present and first permanent assistant is the Rev. P. J. Sloan, who was appointed in 1903. The church property has a value of $100,000 and against this is a debt of $25,000. Henry J. Bailey and William Coogan are the present lay trustees. CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART (POLISH) THE history of this parish practically begins with the first Mass celebrated for a purely Polish congregation, which was offered in Kelly's Hall, West Fayette street, in May, 1892, by the Eiev. Anthony F. Kolaszewski. The altar boys who served it were Joseph Mokwa and Felix and Joseph Roda. Father Kolaszewski came from Cleveland, Ohio, and ministered to the congregation from May, 1892, to April, 1898. The Rev. Theophilus Szadzinski served the people during Easter-tide before the building of the church. fore the building of the church. The first general meeting of the Polish Catholics of the city of Syracuse was held in the Assumption School Hall on June 12, 1892. It was resolved that the Polish Catholics should build their own church and school and have their own pastors. The following were elected incorporators: The Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, ing were elected incorporators: The Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse; Very Rev. J. J. Kennedy, Vicar-General; Rev. A. F. Kolaszewski, Adolph Kirchner, Peter Gdarniec. John Lewandowski and Peter Gdarniec were named lay trustees. It was unanimously agreed that the church should be dedicated to the Sacred Heart. cated to the Sacred Heart. On July 24, 1892, ground was broken for the new church, and the cornerstone laid by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, in the presence of a gathering of several thousand people. The contract was ence of a gathering of several thousand people. The contract was let to John Hemmer's Sons on June 30, 1892, for $7,000, and on August 20 of the same year the first Mass was said in the new building. The congregation then consisted of 200 families. It now comprises 475 families. The priests who have served the parish are as follows: The Rev. A. F. Kolaszewski, from May, 1892, to April, 1894; the Rev. Anthony Plucinski, from April, 1894, to June, 1894; the Rev. Hieronymus Klimecki, from July 15, 1894, to June 18, 1896, and the Rev. Francis Rusin from June 18, 1896, to the present time. Father Rusin is a native of Poland and was ordained May 30, 1896, by Archbishop Corrigan, after study in St. Vitalis' Seminary, Warsaw, Poland, and St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, N. Y. nary, Warsaw, Poland, and St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, N. Y. 104 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Upon assuming the pastorate he found a debt of $11,000, which has since been paid in full. He has also built a ncAv parochial residence, besides providing new altars, vestments, statuary and an organ. Three thousand dollars has been paid for the lot upon which the rectory stands and $4,000 for that upon which the new church is being built. The new Church of the Sacred Heart will, when completed, be one of the finest in the diocese. The cornerstone was laid October 17, 1908, by Bishop Ludden and the completed structure will cost upward of $200,000. It may be noted that as in former days in the case of Irish emigrants, so now in the case of the Polish people, those who could not contribute money for the building, have ple, those who could not contribute money for the building, have by actual labor given most substantial aid. Foundations have been dug and walls built largely by the toil of willing hands of members of the congregation. The new church is being built of Onondaga gray limestone, the durable qualities of which are so well known. The dimensions and plans are on a grand scale, and the architectural design beautiful. The church and school are at present in the same building, the church being on the upper floor and the school on the lower. The school started with seventy pupils, but now there are two hundred and ten on the register. They are being taught by the dred and ten on the register. They are being taught by the Felician Sisters of St. Frances, who come from Buffalo. In connection with the church are a Rosary Society, Young Ladies' Society, Society of St. Adelbert, Society of St. Joseph, and the Knights of St. Casimir. All the members of these organizations are Polish. ganizations are Polish. ST. PETER'S (ITALIAN) CHURCH THE Italians of Syracuse had no regular place of worship until the year 1893, when the Rev. Michael Clune placed at their disposal the basement of the Church of St. John the Evangelist. The Rev. Father Mannella was placed in charge of the congregation, which at that time numbered about 3,000 souls. Two years later the Rev. Francis J. Beccherini, of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo, who had succeeded to the pastorate, took steps toward the purchase of a permanent place of worship. His parishioners actively co-operated in his efforts, and in the summer of 1895 the German Lutheran Church at the corner of North State street and Burnet avenue was purchased for the sum of $12,000. It was dedicated to St. Peter on October 6th of the same year. The Rev. Eugene Ostino, also a member of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo, was appointed pastor in July, 1900, and labored with great zeal among the Italian population of Syracuse and the neighboring villages. During his term of service the congregation increased in numbers and material prosperity. Church gregation increased in numbers and material prosperity. Church societies of all kinds were formed, and under Father Ostino 's direction a number of successful fairs and entertainments were held, the proceeds of which helped greatly towards reducing the debt on the church and rectory. The latter, a two-story brick building, was erected in 1904. Father Ostino was transferred to the Diocese of Trenton in December, 1904, and the Rev. Francis Morrassi, C. S. C. B., succeeded him. In January, 1908, Father J. B. Cuneo, C. S. C. B., became pastor. He has interested himself especially in work among the young and has established kin- self especially in work among the young and has established kindergarten and sewing classes which meet in the tower of the dergarten and sewing classes which meet in the tower of the church. Catechism classes are taught by the Sisters of Charity from St. Vincent's Asylum. Among the benefactors of the parish may be mentioned the following: Thomas Marinelli gave the organ, the statue of the Immaculate Conception, and a missal ; the Holy Rosary Sodality, the altar of Our Lady of the Rosary of Pompeii. The altar and 106 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. statue of St. Anthony were given by St. Anthony's Sodality. The other statues were presented to the church by various groups of devout persons who wished in this way to honor the patron saints of their native towns or villages. The donors of the stained glass windows were G. B. De Barbieri, Giovanni Rivara, Sabato Andreoli, A. Angeloro and C. Romano, Francesco Pellegrini, Thomas Marinelli, Sodality of the Most Holy Rosary, grini, Thomas Marinelli, Sodality of the Most Holy Rosary, Paolo Frateschi, Charles Smith, Rev. Father Ostino in memory of Mgr. Scalabrini, Sodality of St. Anthony. The societies connected with the church are St. Peter's Club, for young men; Holy Rosary Sodality, for women; St. Anthony's, St. Louis', St. Agnes' sodalities. thony's, St. Louis', St. Agnes' sodalities. The pastors of the congregation since its formation have been : Rev. Fathers Mannella, Beccherina, C. S. C. B., Orlando, Sovilla, Ostino, C. S. C. B., Morrassi, C. S. C. B., and the Rev. J. B. Cuneo, C. S. C. B., who is now in charge. Various assistant priests have served since 1906. The Trustees have been as follows: 1897, Thomas Marinelli, Charles Smith; 1898, Thomas Marinelli, Francesco Pellegrini; 1899, Thomas Marinelli, Francesco Pellegrini ; 1900, James Lanzetta, De Mattia; 1901, James Lanzetta, Francesco Pellegrini; zetta, De Mattia; 1901, James Lanzetta, Francesco Pellegrini; 1902-6, Francesco Pellegrini, Angelo Valentino ; 1907, John Baranello, Antonio Ferrari ; 1908, G. B. De Barbieri, Vito Stabile. anello, Antonio Ferrari ; 1908, G. B. De Barbieri, Vito Stabile. The Italian population is estimated at from 7,000 to 8,000, but of these only 800 appear to be regular church-goers. There is, therefore, much to be done in awakening the indifferent and regaining the lapsed, and it is chiefly to the work among the young gaining the lapsed, and it is chiefly to the work among the young that attention must be directed, for by this means only can a strong and healthy permanent congregation be secured. ST. ANTHONY OF PADUA THE rapid growth of the city, with the trend of population pronouncedly to the south, led to a further division of St. Mary's, a narrowing of the lines of St. Lucy's and the formation of the new parish of St. Anthony of Padua with boundary lines running from the D., L. & W. R. R. tracks along the south side of Kennedy street westward to Cortland avenue, thence by an imaginary line to the new city reservoir and eastward by an imaginary line through Oakwood Cemetery, and ward by an imaginary line through Oakwood Cemetery, and thence southward to the Reservation of the Onondaga Indians. Within its territory is that section of the city formerly known as the Village of Elmwood. A Sunday-school was established in 1890 and maintained for a year by the faculty of St. Mary's, but it was not until the appointment of the Rev. Francis J. Quinn, a native of Syracuse, pointment of the Rev. Francis J. Quinn, a native of Syracuse, formerly assistant priest at St. Mary's and then pastor of St. Mathew's, East Syracuse, that the parish was regularly organized. ized. The first Mass in the parish was said on Sunday, June 2, 1901, in Derango's Hall in the 1600 block on South Salina street, by Father Quinn, served by Conrad Abend, sexton of the church. Among those present were: Henry O'Neil and wife, John E. Dockery and wife, Mrs. Sarah Staunton, Miss Anna Muldoon, Miss Franc Cahill, Miss Mary O'Neil, Miss Grace Abel, Miss Laura Nicholson, Michael Maloney, Patrick J, Tiemey and wife, Thomas Anderson, Mrs. B. Connelly, Mrs. William Fulton, Mrs. Charles Ashby, Mrs. John Kelly, Jr., Mrs. Patrick Knox, James Lewis and wife, Mary Maloney, Miss Anna Maloney. The first baptism was that of Mary V. Welch, daughter of Walter Welch and Anna Lighton Welch, on June 2, 1901. The first marriage was that of Robert Nicholson and Mary O'Neil, September 19, 1901. The lot for the church had been bought in April, from Mrs, Anna Shaw, for $7,200, with money that had been loaned for the purpose by the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden ; it extended 265 feet on Midland avenue and 132 feet on West Colvin street. On 108 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. the southwest corner of this, ground was broken on the 9th of July, for a temporary chapel, auditorium 70 feet x 40 feet, sanctuary 25 feet x 20 feet, and sacristy 18 feet x 18 feet, which was built by George F. Doxtader and Son and completed on the 15th day of September, 1901, at a cost of $5,080. The building was dedicated on the 15th day of September by the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, assisted by Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. J. Kennedy, V. G., Rev. Fathers P. F. McEvoy, William F. Dougherty, Timothy F. Howard, James F. O'Shea, James P. Magee, Berard Schweitzer, 0. M. C, and Patrick Donohoe, who preached the sermon, and twenty-five altar boys, among whom were: Thomas Connors, Edward Lewis, "William Collins, Bert Dada, Frank Hueber, Bernard Kelly, William Ashby, James Tracey. Rev. Berard Schweitzer, O. M. C, sang the Mass, coram episcopo, assisted by Rev. William F. Dougherty as deacon. Rev. Timothy F. Howard as sub-deacon and Rev. Francis J. Quinn as master of ceremonies. The choir, which sung the Mass, were: Louis Kammer, Harry Kiddell, Patrick McDermott, William S. Broderick, Timothy F. McCrohan, Frank McNulty, Arthur Hartigan, Mrs. Louis Hueber, Misses Laura Kiddell, Julia and Mar- tigan, Mrs. Louis Hueber, Misses Laura Kiddell, Julia and Margaret McDermott, Nellie Perry, Mary 'Neil and I\Irs. Catherine garet McDermott, Nellie Perry, Mary 'Neil and I\Irs. Catherine Hoag, directed by Miss Anna L. Maloney, organist. In July, 1903, the Columbus Hall Company, composed of members of the congregation, was incorporated according to the laws bers of the congregation, was incorporated according to the laws of the State of New York, and a parish building was erected at a cost of $40,000. The hall proper has a seating capacity of 350 and is furnished with a complete stage and scenic equipment. The second story is divided into meeting rooms, which are used by the church societies and the parish branches of the L. C. B. A. and C. M. B. A. A handsome rectory was later acquired by the parish, a substantial three-story double house at the corner of Fage street and stantial three-story double house at the corner of Fage street and Midland avenue, and $2,500 has been paid on the purchase price. The church debt was liquidated July 9, 1906, and more than $5,000 has been paid into the building fund for the new church, which the continued growth of the congregation will soon make a necessity. Four hundred families are now affiliated with the parish, an increase of two hundred and fifty-two over the number ish, an increase of two hundred and fifty-two over the number enrolled in June, 1901. ST. CECILIA'S CHURCH SOLVAY, a thriving village of some 4,000 population, lies on the high hills west of Syracuse, adjacent to those wards of the city which include the one-time village of Geddes. The great chemical industry which called the village into existence, and large clay and steel working plants afford employment ence, and large clay and steel working plants afford employment to several thousand men and women, many of whom find residence within the city lines. For this reason and because of the dence within the city lines. For this reason and because of the rapid growth of both the city and village towards these lines a plan has been proposed, and an enabling act is now before the State Legislature which will permit the annexation of the village by the city of Syracuse. The project is to be voted upon by the villagers, but there is little doubt but that eventually it will be favored and put into force. St. Cecilia's parish, which was organized in September, 1903, comprises the village of Solvay, with Split Rock and Onondaga Hill as out-missions, and Bishop Ludden named the Rev. James F. O 'Shea, then assistant pastor of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, to be pastor of the new parish. late Conception, to be pastor of the new parish. Father 'Shea is a native of Binghamton and received his preliminary education in the schools of that city. By a striking co- liminary education in the schools of that city. By a striking coincidence his appointment as pastor was made on the twentieth incidence his appointment as pastor was made on the twentieth anniversary of his entrance to Niagara College, where his courses in philosophy and the arts were made. He finished his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and was ordained logical studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and was ordained to the priesthood by the late Archbishop Corrigan. His first assignment was as an assistant at St. John the Baptist's, Syracuse, but he was almost immediately transferred to St. Mary's, cuse, but he was almost immediately transferred to St. Mary's, where for fourteen years he served as assistant. Father O'Shea, immediately after his appointment, began to plan the erection of a church and rectory at Solvay. The Town Hall was utilized for church purposes temporarily. The congregation assembled for the first time on Sunday, September 20, gation assembled for the first time on Sunday, September 20, 1903, when a High Mass was sung. In the afternoon Sundayschool was organized with 175 children in attendance. school was organized with 175 children in attendance. The young priest and his parishioners labored with great earn110 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 110 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. estness and to such good purpose that on Christmas Day of the same year the foundation of the church had been built and roofed and Mass was that day celebrated for a congregation assembled in its own building. The church was completed at a cost of $75,000. It is a handsome structure of brick and stone and occupies a commanding some structure of brick and stone and occupies a commanding position on the crown of Wood avenue hill. The church debt is now less than $25,000. Before the erection of the parish of Solvay the spirit of Catholicity was dormant in the village and comparatively few Catho- licity was dormant in the village and comparatively few Catholics attended the various churches throughout the city. At every lics attended the various churches throughout the city. At every service now, however, the church is thronged. Societies and sodalities have been organized and St. Cecilia 's is in every way one dalities have been organized and St. Cecilia 's is in every way one of the most flourishing parishes in the diocese. Split Rock and Onondaga Hill, the out-missions of the parish, have each a convenient little church. St. Michael's, at the latter village, was until the erection of St. Cecilia's, attended from Marcellus. The lot upon which St. Peter's Church stands at Split Rock was purchased by the first pastor of St. Mary's, Syracuse, probably in 1844. The church was built many years after, cuse, probably in 1844. The church was built many years after, but the colony of Irish families which had settled at the Rock was attended from St. Mary 's by Father Hess and his successors. The stone quarries of the Solvay Process Company give employment to a large number of men, but these are mostly Poles ployment to a large number of men, but these are mostly Poles and Lithuanians and such of them as are Catholics attend the Sacred Heart Church in Syracuse. The same is true of the latter-day immigrants, who are found in great numbers in Solvay. St. Cecilia's and its mission parishes are composed princi- vay. St. Cecilia's and its mission parishes are composed principally of families of Irish birth and extraction and find their sup- pally of families of Irish birth and extraction and find their support almost entirely in them. port almost entirely in them. ONONDAGA COUNTY POMPEY THE first Christian chapel in Central New York was erected in the town of Pompey and from famous Indian Hill the Gospel was first announced to the natives of the Onondaga country. There in 1655 the Mission of St. John the Baptist was established by French Jesuits and maintained until 1696, when Onontague, the chief village of the Onondagas and the seat of government for the tribes of the Five Nations, was moved to a site on Butternut Creek. The first certain and historic visit of a white man to these parts was that of Samuel de Champlain in 1615.* He had been to the Huron country, where Father le Caron, a Recollect missionary, had just established himself. Champlain and the adven- sionary, had just established himself. Champlain and the adventurous Frenchmen gathered there accompanied the Huron war turous Frenchmen gathered there accompanied the Huron war party against the Iroquois. From the circumstances and because Champlain 's own journal makes no mention of the fact, it is believed that no priest was in the party. In this early march the lieved that no priest was in the party. In this early march the great Frenchman merely passed and repassed through the northeast part of Onondaga County. No religious act is mentioned. east part of Onondaga County. No religious act is mentioned. The brief visit of Jean Esprit Radisson, probably in 1652, was that of an adopted captive in a Mohawk war party, and needs no further mention. The coming of Father Simon le Moyne was wholly different. He came on the business of the Church, consoling captives, healing the sick, hearing confessions, pronouncing ing captives, healing the sick, hearing confessions, pronouncing absolution, proclaiming peace and good will, and baptizing those of every age. Every act is plainly before us, each one fully recorded. corded. Antiquarians agree that it was to Indian Hill, the site of a large town, two and one-half miles south of Manlius village (now described as lot 9 of the Town of Pompey) that Father le Moyne and his followers came. It may be of interest to know why they believe this and a brief statement follows : * The monumental stone discovered on Pompey HIU by Phllo Cleveland In the year 1820, bearing the date 1520 and the Inscription, "Pope Pius X., by the grace of God reigning,-- sixth year of his pontiflcate," is pronounced a fraud by Dr. William M. Beauchamp, an authority on the early history of the Onondaga country, and is so generally regarded. If the stone was genuine, it would mark the visit of Spanish missionaries, who were established at the time in Florida, and would make 1514 the year of the first visit of a white man. POMPEY. 113 Father le Moyne arrived at the site of Brewerton August 3, 1654, and spent the night a league farther south. Next day he traveled leisurely, and at night was four leagues from Onondaga. The next year Chaumonot was more precise. November 4, 1655, after leaving the river, he wrote, "We made about six leagues. . . . We passed the night in a field at four leagues from Onontague. ' ' That is, it was ten leagues by estimate from Oneida ontague. ' ' That is, it was ten leagues by estimate from Oneida River to the Onondaga town, and forest distances always seem long. In this case Gen. J. S. Clark, an eminent authority, made the ten leagues equal twenty-five miles. In March, 1656, Father Dablon left Onondaga and went eleven leagues to Oneida Lake, if we add two distances. Gen. Clark, however, thought the six small leagues of the second day included the first, and this seems correct. The town evidently was south of that lake, which was crossed on the ice. Father le Moyne left Onondaga August 15, camped on the way, and reached the salt springs and Onondaga Lake August 16. He did not mention the distance to the springs, but the next year Father Dablon called it four leagues. The Relation of 1657 said that from the fort on the lake the Father Superior went "to the Town of Onontague, distant five small leagues from our dwelling." That is, Onondaga was about thirteen miles from the mis- ing." That is, Onondaga was about thirteen miles from the mission site of Ste. Marie of Gannentaa. Greenhalgh, in describing sion site of Ste. Marie of Gannentaa. Greenhalgh, in describing the Onondaga town in 1677, * ' situate on a hill that is very large, ' ' made it fifteen miles from Oneida Lake, and thirty-six from the Oneida town. These distances center at Indian Hill. Another evidence is that of relics on this large town site. At the next earlier site, a few miles south, European relics abound, but none are of a religious character. On Indian Hill many crosses and crucifixes, medals and rings, bearing sacred emblems, have been found and are yet found. The most remarkable thing, however, was the recovery of fragments of a large bell, supposed to have been brought from the mission at the lake, and often rung by the great Garakonthie to call the French captives, the Christian Hurons and others to worship. It seems needless to give tian Hurons and others to worship. It seems needless to give other proofs of location. The coming of Father le Mojoie to the Town of Pompey was an occasion of great religious and historic interest, the 250th anniversary of which was duly celebrated at Pompey Hill, August 15, versary of which was duly celebrated at Pompey Hill, August 15, 114 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 1904. A brief mention will be made of some of his religious acts after he reached the Onondaga town, where he was enthusiastically received. ally received. August 6 he gave medicine to sick children, some of whom he baptized, and also confessed some of the old Huron Christians. The next day he baptized a captive girl of the Neutral nation, at the request of a Huron woman, who gave her the name of Therese. "This was the first baptism of adults at Onontague, for which we are indebted to the piety of a Huron. ' ' August 8 he baptized three sick children and confessed several persons. August 10, said the Father, at the council, **I opened the proceedings by a public prayer, which I made on my knees, and in a loud voice, all in the Huron tongue." This greatly impressed the assembled chiefs. August 12 he confessed Christian Hurons before going away, and baptized a dying girl. His most important act was just before his departure, August 15, when he baptized the young Onondaga chief who was to lead in the Erie war. The next day's record gave him more celebrity. "The 16th. We arrive at the entrance of a small lake, in a great basin half dried ; we taste the water of a spring which they dare not drink, saying that there is a demon within it which renders it fetid; having tasted it, I found that it was a fountain of salt water ; and in fact we made salt from it as natural as that from the sea. ' ' This great discovery, practically the foundation of a great city, is now commemo- ery, practically the foundation of a great city, is now commemorated in Syracuse by the Kirkpatrick fountain and its fine his- rated in Syracuse by the Kirkpatrick fountain and its fine historic group, of which Father le Moyne is the central figure. toric group, of which Father le Moyne is the central figure. Fathers Chaumonot and Dablon arrived at Onondaga November 5, 1655. Sunday, November 14, they said they "could not ber 5, 1655. Sunday, November 14, they said they "could not commence better than by the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, which we celebrated on a little altar in an oratory used in the cabin of Teotonharason, ' ' a woman of high standing. November 11, Father Dablon visited "the salt fountain, which is only four leagues from here, near the lake called Gannentaa, the place chosen for the French settlement. " " The seventeenth, after we had celebrated Holy Mass, they brought us to take the measures of a chapel. It was built the next day, and as a good omen it was the day of the dedication of the Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. It is true that in place of marble and all precious metals we used only bark. So soon as it was constructed POMPEY. 115 it was sanctified by the baptism of three children." Thus, on Indian Hill, was erected the first chapel among the Iroquois. One further note may be made on this : ' ' The twenty-eighth, the first Sunday in Advent, there was made the first solemn Catechism in one of the most considerable cabins of Onontague, our chism in one of the most considerable cabins of Onontague, our chapel being too small ; ' ' and Christmas was duly celebrated. July 11, 1656, the French colony entered Onondaga Lake, settling on lot 106, Salina, near the railroad bridge. Father Chau- tling on lot 106, Salina, near the railroad bridge. Father Chaumonot had remained at Onondaga, and with the colonists were monot had remained at Onondaga, and with the colonists were Fathers Francis le Mercier, Rene Menard, Jacques Fremin, Claude Dablon, and Brothers Ambrose Broat and Joseph Boursier. The next Sunday, July 16, they all accomplished a vow sier. The next Sunday, July 16, they all accomplished a vow made that all would commune together if they arrived safely. Visits were made to Onondaga, five short leagues away, and then they returned to the lake, where the ''French were working to prepare us a house that we shall call Sainte Marie of Gannentaa. ' ' This was the seat of the colony, but not strictly the field of taa. ' ' This was the seat of the colony, but not strictly the field of direct mission work. The chapel there was for the French rather than the Indians, though the latter came there for instruction, relief, or out of curiosity, sometimes camping for weeks outside the fort. About a hundred men were thus cabined when the fort was evacuated. The mission work proper was done elsewhere. '*We had built a chapel at Onontague; a part of our Fathers having remained there, the others went through the cabins," preaching, teaching and baptizing. The colonists were differently occupied. ''The French who are at Ste. Marie of the Lake of Gannentaa, performed all the trades of a town to lodge us all, to preserve us in formed all the trades of a town to lodge us all, to preserve us in the midst of these barbarous nations." Their industry there gave strength to the real missionary work elsewhere. After the retreat of 1658, Father le Moyne visited Onondaga in 1661, and dated his letter "From the chapel of Onontague," which was still used by French and Huron captives. Garakonthie, ' ' the Father of the French, ' ' took care that worship should thie, ' ' the Father of the French, ' ' took care that worship should be maintained on Indian Hill. The details are of much interest. Father Julien Garnier resumed the work at Onondaga in 1668, and at once had a new chapel built. He was quickly followed by Father Pierre Milet, the mission being thenceforth known as St. John Baptist. As such it continued at Indian Hill and a little 116 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. south of Jamesville until 1687, surviving the general withdrawal of the Jesuits in 1684. Father Milet left the mission in 1672, and was succeeded by Father Jean de Lamberville. In 1679 he was replaced by Father Bruyas, but returned in 1681, and described the removal of the town to Butternut Creek, where it was burned in 1696. This site is on lot 3, old town of Pompey, and has yielded many religious emblems. Father Jacques de Lamberville joined his brother there, and they remained till 1687. Two Christian Onondaga women became martyrs there somewhat later. tian Onondaga women became martyrs there somewhat later. Garakonthie had been the firm friend of the French from the first, and was baptized at Quebec in 1670, receiving the highest honors possible, the Bishop of Quebec both baptizing and confirming him. There were great rejoicings there. At Christmas, 1675, ing him. There were great rejoicings there. At Christmas, 1675, he took a fatal cold while attending the midnight Mass at the Onondaga Chapel, and died soon after, asking Father de Lamberville to bury him in a coffin, and to place a lofty cross to mark berville to bury him in a coffin, and to place a lofty cross to mark his grave. In 1702 Father de Lamberville again had a house and chapel at the new village on Butternut Creek, and Father de I'Heu wrote from there May 24, 1708. The next year Abraham Schuyler induced Father de Lamberville to go to Montreal to report, and then persuaded Father de Mareuil to seek refuge in Al- port, and then persuaded Father de Mareuil to seek refuge in Albany. The Onondagas then burned the house and chapel. There bany. The Onondagas then burned the house and chapel. There was another attempt to build a chapel there in 1711, but Colonel Schuyler interfered. A few years later the Onondagas removed to Onondaga Valley, and no more missions were undertaken. All the Indian chapels proper had been in the old town of Pompey. Those known to have officiated there were Fathers le Moyne, Chaumonot, Dablon, le Mercier, Gamier, Milet, Bruyas, the two de Lambervilles, de I'Heu and de Mareuil. Others were there at conferences, the central position of Onondaga making it convenient for them. ient for them. Two hundred years have passed since the noble sons of Loyola were forced to leave their beloved "Children of the Forest" a prey to the merciless advance of the "Pale Face." That which the "Medicine Man" could not effect has been successfully accomplished by our "methods of modern civilization," and the complished by our "methods of modern civilization," and the remnants of the once proud Iroquois are, as these lines are penned, sacrificing the "White Dog" and enjoying their pagan ceremonies. POMPEY. 117 After this epoch in the local history of the Church there appears to have been no marked presence of Catholicity until the pears to have been no marked presence of Catholicity until the year 1836, when the remarkable conversion of Captain David L. Dodge and his distinguished family occurred. It was in the month of March, 1835, the spring after what was known as "the winter of the deep snows," an Irish peddler named Francis Murphy, lost his way while journeying through a severe storm from Syracuse to Cazenovia. Near the home of Captain Dodge his vehicle was broken and himself and his horse nearly exhausted. He asked for shelter and was cheerfully made welcome for the night. In the genial warmth of the little living room where they were all seated after the evening meal, Mr. Dodge and his wife began to interrogate their guest concerning his personal history after closely observing his face, which showed a genial nature, honesty and sincerity. ''May I ask," said Mr. Dodge, "what is your religion?" "I am a Roman Catholic," said he, pleased to avow his ligion?" "I am a Roman Catholic," said he, pleased to avow his faith. Then followed numerous questions as what is the belief of the Catholic Church upon various points. What the peddler lacked in education was supplied with natural ability. To many questions asked, Mrs. Dodge being the leading spirit in the interview, he frankly and prudently answered that he could not ex- view, he frankly and prudently answered that he could not explain what they desired to know and added that owing to the plain what they desired to know and added that owing to the cruel and oppressive laws of England, it was almost impossible for a poor Catholic in Ireland to receive an education ; that he had been instructed in the Catholic faith by his parents and taught his catechism by his parish priest, and although he could not explain all they wished to know, yet he believed whatever the Church wished him to believe, and if they would accept them from him he would give them books which would explain the Catholic faith. With his usual keen discernment of character, Captain Dodge was strongly impressed with the sincerity and honesty of his guest, and during the evening's interview had formed a strong attachment to him. He did not partake of the alarm of his wife, who probably had seldom seen an Irishman or a Catholic. He was ready and willing to administer kind advice. He expressed his sorrow that such a sensible young man could believe in the Catholic Church. He also expressed pity that he should be so 118 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. deceived and, curious to hear what answer he would give, expostulated with him and expressed surprise that he should believe in tulated with him and expressed surprise that he should believe in the doctrines of the Catholic Church. Murphy at that moment planted the seed of divine faith in the home of Captain Dodge. ' ' Do not pity me at all, sir, but pity yourself and your family. I have the faith, and I shall live and die in it, and if you only knew what the Catholic faith is you would have a better opinion of it. ' ' This ended the evening's interview. Soon after they all retired for the night. After a refreshing slumber the family and guest were early stirring, ready to encounter the labor and duties of another day. As soon as the morning meal was finished the peddler graciously thanked his host for his kindness and offered to pay for his entertainment and the care of his horse. In keeping with his prover- tainment and the care of his horse. In keeping with his proverbial generosity and well known hospitality. Captain Dodge re- bial generosity and well known hospitality. Captain Dodge refused to accept pay. Then the peddler, with a smile, asked if he fused to accept pay. Then the peddler, with a smile, asked if he might make him a present of some books on the Catholic religion, saying, "One good turn deserves another." The manifest good nature of the peddler and his evident desire not to be overmatched in generosity, pleased Mr. Dodge and he not only ac- matched in generosity, pleased Mr. Dodge and he not only accepted the gift, but cordially invited Mr. Murphy to call at his cepted the gift, but cordially invited Mr. Murphy to call at his home when and as often as he should pass that way. The peddler often after spent nights at the house of Captain Dodge and they became close friends and when the latter went to Syracuse in later years he called at Mr. Murphy's home and enjoyed the pleasure of many interesting visits. Among the books presented to Captain Dodge were two volumes of Sermons and Moral Discourses by Rev. W. Gahan, 0. S. A., published in Dublin in the courses by Rev. W. Gahan, 0. S. A., published in Dublin in the year 1799. These books Mr. Dodge began to read. They were the first Catholic works on the subject of religion he had seen, and as he continued to read he was surprised at the strength of the arguments drawn from Scripture, from reason and the early Fathers. ments drawn from Scripture, from reason and the early Fathers. Other books were ordered from Baltimore and New York and they continued to study a subject in which both had now become thoroughly interested ; Mrs. Dodge being the more receptive, became converted first and asked her husband to take her to Utiea came converted first and asked her husband to take her to Utiea that she might be received into the Church. In accordance with her desire she was taken to Utica and there baptized in old St. POMPEY. 119 John's Church, July 29, 1836. Her sponsors were Captain J. H. Dwight, also a convert, and Mary A. Manahan. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon the consternation and widespread sensation the conversion of Mr. and Mrs. Dodge caused in spread sensation the conversion of Mr. and Mrs. Dodge caused in Pompey, and especially in the Congregational Church, of which both had been active members. A few facts may be given to elucidate the sincerity and independent character of the Dodge family. The minister and elders of the church thought it proper and advisable to charge them with heresy and procure their trial before an ecclesiastical court. The trial of Mrs. Dodge was first moved. She voluntarily consented to answer any questions to her best ability that might properly be asked. She was asked her belief upon various points of doctrine and she promptly replied. When the proceedings had continued for some time, to the astonishment of all there assembled and even herself, as she afterward ishment of all there assembled and even herself, as she afterward admitted, she stood up in the midst of the people and said : "My belief, my whole belief, is in what the Roman Catholic Church teaches. All whatever that church teaches I firmly believe ; all whatever that church condemns, I disbelieve and reject. Now this is my faith, and I bid you farewell. ' ' The court refused to hear Captain Dodge's reasons for his belief in the divinity of Christ and both were expelled. Soon after Mrs. Dodge had become a member of the Catholic Church, Mr. Dodge set aside a large room in his house for religious service and arranged to have Mass celebrated at his home the first Tuesday of each month. The first Mass there celebrated was conducted by Father Rolfe, an Augustinian, at which brated was conducted by Father Rolfe, an Augustinian, at which were eight persons, six of whom were of the Dodge family. Mr. Dodge was very deliberate in his investigations of theology. His habits of thought were exact and logical. He brought prayers to his aid in determining his duty. He devoted all the time ers to his aid in determining his duty. He devoted all the time he could spare from other duties to the study of the Bible and the most learned and exhaustive commentaries thereon. He corresponded with the most eminent priests in the Catholic Church. sponded with the most eminent priests in the Catholic Church. At last, after he became thoroughly convinced as to what was his duty in the premises, he went with the confidence of a child to an earthly parent to St. John the Baptist Church in Salina and was baptized and formally received into the Catholic Church on the 25th day of December, 1837. This event is recorded in the old 120 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Bible now in the custody of Mrs. Delia M. Wheeler at Pompey Hill. Thomas McCarthy and Eliza Lynch, prominent pioneer Catholics of Salina, now included in the city of Syracuse, were his sponsors upon his admission into the Church. The news of the conversion of Captain Dodge and his wife and their admission into the Catholic Church spread with almost incredible speed throughout the United States and was heralded credible speed throughout the United States and was heralded across the ocean. Articles upon the subject soon appeared in the papers of Ireland, England and France. In Paris an exhaustive article was published in the Annals of the Propaganda of the Faith giving in detail the manner of their conversion and the widespread influence it exerted in their native land. These articles were eagerly sought by the leading people of England, cles were eagerly sought by the leading people of England, France, and especially Ireland, where a large proportion of the people were casting earnest and longing glances toward the land of civil and religious liberty. The effect was that among the influx of emigrants who sought refuge from oppression upon the welcome shores of America, many directed their steps to the classic hills and valleys of Pompey, where they had learned Captain Dodge resided. To all such a hearty welcome was extended. tain Dodge resided. To all such a hearty welcome was extended. In a very few years a majority of the new settlers had accumulated savings sufficient to purchase farms. In the meantime they lated savings sufficient to purchase farms. In the meantime they had not been forgetful of their duties to their church. The residence of Captain Dodge became too small to accommodate the dence of Captain Dodge became too small to accommodate the growing numbers and a more commodious place of worship was procured on Pompey Hill on the south side of the street opposite the Academy. This in a few years in turn became too small and Daniel G. Wheaton, a Protestant and son-in-law of Captain Dodge, negotiated with the few official members of the Baptist Church remaining, whose members had mostly become disciples, for the sale of the old Baptist Church to the Catholics. This was in a brief period accomplished and the title properly transferred. This was perfected during the pastorate of Rev. Father 'Reilly. He also purchased of Homer Pratt the pastoral residence, a large and commodious house, together with three acres of land, located in the center of the village. These were put in good repair during the life of Captain Dodge and answered the wants of the ing the life of Captain Dodge and answered the wants of the growing parish for several years. Captain Dodge was an important factor in the planting and POMPEY. 121 upbuilding of the Irish colony in Pompey. He was the founder of the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Pompey. About the year 1850, as the membership had increased, the place of worship was transferred to Pompey Hill. ship was transferred to Pompey Hill. The Rev. James O'Donnel, an Augustinian, also served at Pompey. His ministrations were succeeded by those of the Rev. Father Heas of Salina, who attended this section for some time. Rev. Dr. 'Hara was the next priest to officiate at the residence of Captain Dodge. . The first Mass said on Pompey Hill was in 1857, by the Rev. Father Cahill, in the house now occupied by Thomas Dwyer. Other priests who attended this mission on different occasions were Fathers Hackett, Rooney, and Comey. Among the pioneer Catholics who resided here at this time were: Patrick Quigley, Thomas Cox, David Costello, Patrick Conway, John McCormick, Richard McCormick, Richard Byrne, Patrick Byrnes, Martin Ryan, James Cowan, Murtie Quirk, Daniel Quirk, Edward Hayden, John Garrett, Lawrence Garrett, Andrew Coleman, Michael Breen, Lawrence, Martin and Michael Clear, Simon Murphy, James Oley, John Oley, Charles Oley, Thomas and William Clancy, Captain Ryan, Anthony Carroll, John, Thomas and Patrick Walsh, Matthew Walsh, James Walsh, William Tallon, Michael Tallon, John Weldon, William Kelley, James Tallon. The first resident pastor was Father John FitzPatrick, who took charge of the Pompey Mission in 1871. The rigorous weather conditions, a characteristic of Pompey during the winter, soon told on Father FitzPatrick, who was not of a very robust nature, for after laboring about a year he died August 15, 1872, in the Academy house which he was using at that time as a rectory. His funeral was held at Pompey and interment was made at Cohoes, his old home. The first trustees were Lawrence Clear and Michael Breen and later Patrick Gorman and James Ryan filled that position. The trustees at the present time are Patrick Brennau and John H. Oley, who have served for twenty-five years. Father FitzPatrick was succeeded by Rev. Michael O'Reilly. Father 'R^illy was a most energetic man, whose noble work in the cause of Catholicity has left a lasting impression in the par122 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 122 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. ish. He was of a stern temperament and under his firm yet kindly guidance, his labors for the Church have been rewarded by the sterling quality of the faith of this community. Besides Pompey, Father O'Reilly attended two out-missions, LaFayette and Fabius. In January, 1887, Father John V. Simmons was appointed assistant pastor and the out-mission of Otisco was added to the pastorate. Father O'Reilly continued in charge until 1891, when he was appointed pastor of St. Agnes' Church, Utica. Father Simmons was appointed pastor as his successor. He immediately began the erection of a new church to take the place of the one purchased in 1866, and it was through his earnest efforts that to-day Pompey is able to boast of as beautiful and est efforts that to-day Pompey is able to boast of as beautiful and well appointed a church as there is in any parish of its size in the diocese. Father Simmons continued in his great work, attending the out-missions of LaFayette and Fabius without an assistant until 1896, when he was appointed pastor of St. Paul's Church, Binghamton. Rev. Albert J. Hayes was appointed pastor of the Pompey parish to succeed Father Simmons. Father Hayes was born in Syra- ish to succeed Father Simmons. Father Hayes was born in Syracuse and his parents are still residents of that place. Father cuse and his parents are still residents of that place. Father Hayes made his preparation for the priesthood at Manhattan College and St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. He was of a most amiable disposition and soon won the good-will not only of his congregation, but also of the community at large. During Father Hayes' pastorate the church was repainted and the debt was greatly reduced. At this time the out-missions were Fabius and LaFayette. During his absence on a trip abroad. Rev. Thomas J. Flynn, now pastor at Chittenango, took his place. On being called upon to fill the vacancy at Cazenovia, Father Hayes carried with him the good will and best wishes of the people of Pom- ried with him the good will and best wishes of the people of Pompey. pey. The present pastor, Rev. George S. Mahon, was appointed to succeed Father Hayes and took charge January 25, 1903. Father Mahon was born in Syracuse, February 1, 1860, and received his education at the Fayetteville Academy, Niagara College and St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. He was ordained by Bishop McNierny December 18, 1886. Previous to this appointment. Father Nierny December 18, 1886. Previous to this appointment. Father Mahon was pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Oxford, for fourteen years. POMPEY. 123 At the present time the congregation of the Church of the Immaculate Conception numbers about 550 people. maculate Conception numbers about 550 people. While the interests of the church have always been considered of the first importance the temporal welfare of the members ered of the first importance the temporal welfare of the members has not been neglected. At first laborers for wages they have gradually saved their earnings through prudent counsel until the accumulated sums laid up have enabled a large percentage to purchase farms. And as fifty years ago not one tilled his own farm, chase farms. And as fifty years ago not one tilled his own farm, to-day nearly all are owners of real estate, while many are among the most opulent farmers of Pompey, and others still, as the sunset of life approaches, are retired from active physical service set of life approaches, are retired from active physical service with an ample competence to gladden their hearts through their declining years, while their descendants are swelling the ranks of the learned professions or seeking positions of honor and usefulness in the various spheres of enterprise and noble endeavor. ness in the various spheres of enterprise and noble endeavor. Before leaving this story of Captain Dodge's conversion, mention should be made of other converts, now deceased, from this tion should be made of other converts, now deceased, from this notable family, namely the Rev, Homer Wheaton, an Episcopalian minister, and who gave to the Catholic Church at Pompey palian minister, and who gave to the Catholic Church at Pompey a beautiful statue of the Immaculate Conception, in grateful acknowledgement of the many special blessings received through knowledgement of the many special blessings received through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Mary D. Dawson, sister of Edward Dawson, president of the Onondaga County Savings Bank, and Mrs. Lucinda C. Pratt, a life long resident of Pompey. The peddler, Francis Murphy, came to America in 1826 and settled in Utica, where he remained about ten years. May 4, 1835, he was married by the Rev. Father Bradley to a Protestant lady whom he also converted. His home was a happy one, and one of his daughters became a nun, entering the religious state June 12, 1870, and is at present stationed in a convent at Portsmouth, W. Va. Soon after his marriage he moved to Syracuse, mouth, W. Va. Soon after his marriage he moved to Syracuse, where he resided more than forty years. He was one of the founders of St. Lucy's Church and an ardent church worker. He died March 8, 1883, aged 83 years. A headstone marks his burial place in old St. Mary's Cemetery. 124 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. FABIUS The first Mass in Fabius was celebrated in 1872, by the Rev. John FitzPatriek, pastor of the congregation at Pompey, of which Fabius was and since that time has been an out-mission. Among those present at the first Mass were: Edmund Shea, Thomas Sheenan, Charles Oley, John L. Hartnett, Patrick Tobin, John Tobin, James Powers, Daniel Hartnett, John Young, Stephen Ryan, Patrick Sheehan, Daniel Heffernan, James Heffernan, Thomas Snigg, and their families. Mr. Hartnett an- fernan, Thomas Snigg, and their families. Mr. Hartnett answered Mass. swered Mass. Fabius was attended by Father FitzPatriek till his death, which occurred in August, 1873. The Rev. Michael O'Reilly then assumed the pastorate of the Pompey mission and attended this place till 1891, when he was appointed pastor of St. Agnes' Church, Utica. The Rev. John V. Simmons, as Father 'Reilly 's assistant, attended this mission during the latter part of Father O'Reilly's tended this mission during the latter part of Father O'Reilly's pastorate, and when he received the appointment as pastor at Pompey, he continued in charge of this mission. During Father Simmons' pastorate a church was purchased from the Universalist Society of Fabius and was fitted up to be used as a Catholic church. Prior to this time Mass was celebrated in a room in Stewart's Hall. The Rev. Albert J. Hayes succeeded Father Simmons upon his removal to St. Paul 's, Binghamton. Fabius is now attended by Rev. G. S. Mahon, who was appointed pastor at Pompey to succeed Father Hayes. Mass is cele- pointed pastor at Pompey to succeed Father Hayes. Mass is celebrated every third Sunday. brated every third Sunday. There are about 150 persons in the congregation. LAFAYETTE The first Mass celebrated in LaFayette was said by the Rev. Dr. 'Hara of Syracuse in 1856, at the home of Lawrence Byrne. Among those present at this Mass were : Lawrence, Charles and John Byrne, James Coleman, Michael McManus, Thomas Cox, Lawrence Clear, Thomas McManus, Barney McManus, Timothy Downey, Dennis Donovan, John Carey, James Keough, Timothy and Patrick Gorman, and their families. LAFAYETTE. 125 Mass was celebrated at the homes of the various Catholic families till 1866, when Stephen Ryan purchased the old hotel for a lies till 1866, when Stephen Ryan purchased the old hotel for a church. This served as a place of worship till 1888, when the present structure, St. Joseph's, was erected. Mr, Ryan, Charles and Lawrence Byrne were the building committee. Since the organization of the congregation, LaFayette has been attended by the pastors of the church at Pompey, of which it is an out-mission. Thomas McManus has served as trustee since the organization of the church in LaFayette. John Carey served with him for a number of years. Pierce Grace and Mr. McManus are the present trustees. ent trustees. Mass is celebrated two Sundays out of every three by the Rev. G. S. Mahon, pastor at Pompey. The congregation numbers about 225 people. MINOA MINOA -- until November, 1895, knoMTi as Manlius Station -- is a quiet little village in the town of Manlius, situated about nine miles east of Syracuse, along the New ated about nine miles east of Syracuse, along the New York Central Railroad, and forming the east end of the DeWitt railroad yards. At the north end of the village, at the comer of the Main road to Bridgeport and the road known as Silver street, stands St. Mary's Church. The parish is one of the oldest of Onondaga County, and consists mostly of farmers living within an area extending about sists mostly of farmers living within an area extending about seven miles from the north to the south, and about seven miles from the east to the west. The first settler was a Felix Fieselmayer, who came in 1825 from the Archduchy of Baden, in Germany, followed in 1827 by other countrymen: Mathias Suther and Jacob Unmuessig. In 1828 these were followed by Ignatius Heifer; and in 1829, by Theobald Troh and Sebastian and John Kueppele, immigrants from Alsace. Year after year this settlement was augmented by the arrival of immigrants from the province of Alsace and Loraine (mostly from the former) , so that in the year 1832 there were over thirty Catholic families. These pioneer settlers had many and great sacrifices to make in this land of their adoption, the greatest of which was to be deprived of the holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments. In the early 30 's missionary priests began to visit these people and administer to their spiritual wants. These visits were made once or twice a year by some transient priest who spoke their mother tongue. The first of these priests of whom mention is made on the parish records, is Rev. Father Werich. Later on came Rev. Francis Guth, who in 1837 was in charge of Rosiere, N. Y., thence attending Clayton and all Jefferson County, excepting a few places in charge of Carthage ; afterwards, from 1844 to ing a few places in charge of Carthage ; afterwards, from 1844 to 1850 pastor of St. Louis' Church, Buffalo ; returning to his native MINOA. 127 Strassburg Diocese, where, it is said, he died in the 80 's at an advanced age. Mass was at such visits celebrated in the homes of the settlers and at whatever place convenient to the people. From reliable sources, it can be stated that the first Mass celebrated in this section was said in the log-house of Ignatius Heifer, situated about tion was said in the log-house of Ignatius Heifer, situated about where now stands the old Heifer homestead, opposite St. Mary 's Cemetery. At other times Mass was read in the homes of Caspar Fabing and Adam Bucher, and occasionally in the old log-school, which stood on the old road going north, which would now be at a point to the south side of Silver street at the ditch crossing this highway -- about thirty-eight rods west of the present church. About 1837, the people began to look about them for a suitable location whereon to erect a proper place of worship ; and this is said to have been during the time of Father Guth's visits. Land sufficient for such a building and for a proper place of burial was given by Caspar Hullar, at a point now situated on the highway leading from Minoa to North Manlius, opposite to where now stands the Methodist Church. Trees had been felled by the settlers, timber hewn, drawn to this location and put in readiness to tlers, timber hewn, drawn to this location and put in readiness to proceed with the building; but some misunderstanding having arisen, this site was abandoned, and the timbers drawn away to the northeast corner of what is known as Lot No. 34, the present church property. This ground -- about three-fourths of an acre -- ^was donated by Adam Uth and Michael Remlinger. The deed of this transfer is jointly signed on the 5th of April, 1838, by Adam Uth and Magdalen his wife and Michael Remlinger and conveys the land to Joseph Schneider, Joseph Fabing, Sr., Anthony Laubach, John Kueppele, Caspar Konrad, Theobald Troh, thony Laubach, John Kueppele, Caspar Konrad, Theobald Troh, Ignatius Heifer and Felix Fieselmayer, ' ' as trustees, for the use of the Roman Catholics for them to build a house of public worship on the premises described, ' ' This deed, after describing the ship on the premises described, ' ' This deed, after describing the lay of the land, reads: "Being the same premises where the Roman Catholic meeting house now stands. ' ' The exact time of building the church cannot be given ; but it would seem that it was in the early part of this year. This deed mentions the fact of its existence, whilst the deed of a transfer of the self -same piece of land made January 6, 1838, between Adam Uth and Michael Remlinger, mentions nothing about the church. The 128 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. church built under the supervision of Felix Fieselmayer, was a simple hemlock frame building with a width and length of 30x40 feet, having a height of about 20 feet ; with a roof of about onethird pitch and without a tower. third pitch and without a tower. This little mission was until the early 40 's occasionally visited by priests from Salina. Amongst these priests were Rev. Fathers Guerdet and Michael Heas. Later on it became a mission attached to Utica, as is shown by the entry which opens the Parish tached to Utica, as is shown by the entry which opens the Parish Records proper: **I, Adalbert Inama, pastor of St. Joseph's, Utica, baptized at Manlius on the 7th of November, 1843," etc. ; after which words appear the names of seven children baptized on that day, the second of whom is Joseph Heifer, still an active member of this parish. Father Inama was a Premonstratentian missionary, who cared for the Germans of this region, as appears in the Assumption Church (Syracuse) Records. Father Inama became first pastor of the Church of the Assumption, Syracuse, whence he continued to attend Manlius Sta- sumption, Syracuse, whence he continued to attend Manlius Station until November, 1845, when he was succeeded both in Syra- tion until November, 1845, when he was succeeded both in Syracuse and Manlius Station by Rev. Francis X. Roth, who in June, cuse and Manlius Station by Rev. Francis X. Roth, who in June, 1846, was followed by Rev. Theodore Noethen, a man of profound learning and great zeal. Father Noethen remained until about November, 1849, when for the next four months he was succeeded by Rev. Father Marschal, who was not in charge of Syracuse. After this. Father Noethen 's successor in Syracuse attended; and this was Father Schweninger, who leaves this entry in the Syracuse record : * * I, Florian inger, who leaves this entry in the Syracuse record : * * I, Florian Schweninger, of the Order of St. Benedict, a Tyrolese, previously pastor of Utica, have taken charge of the souls of this place on the 1st of November, 1849. Pious Reader ! remember me, whether dead or alive, in thy sacred functions!" He, according to his own statement, gave up his charge September 15, 1850, when Rev. Simon Sanderl came. Father Sanderl (or, according to Rochester Chronicle, Father Saenderl) was some few years previous in Rochester, N. Y., a member of the Redemptorists, and in vious in Rochester, N. Y., a member of the Redemptorists, and in the Syracuse records he is said, by his successor, to be "of the Order of St Liguori. ' ' But at this time he seems to have already left the Redemptorists, which is surely so in 1843, in which year the Redemptorist Chronicle of Rochester reads : ' * In the month of July Rev. Simon Saenderl, no longer one of ours, passed MINOA. 129 through this city and made a brief stay in this house. He was on his way to Jerusalem, which pilgrimage he made to fulfill a vow. ' ' He is said to have died a Trappist. Father Sanderl's successor makes this entry in the Manlius records: "On the 23rd day of May, 1851, Joseph Raffeiner, a Tyrolese, made his entrance into this place." During this administration a tower was placed on the small church, and a bell ministration a tower was placed on the small church, and a bell weighing about 350 pounds, installed. Some would have it that the rectory was built about 1849 ; but it is more probable that it was built under Father Raffeiner. This was a two-story frame building with two large and two small rooms downstairs; and one large and two smaller rooms upstairs. It was built by John B. VanSehoiek for $600 ; and was situated at the northwest end of the nine-acre plot, being about forty rods distant from the church. Also about this time the one-story frame school was erected, containing one school-room and two small rooms for the teacher's residence. Father Raffeiner was not the first resident pastor, for he remained pastor of both Syracuse and Manlius until February, 1852, when he was relieved of his Manlius charge to give more time to Syracuse. At this time, February 14, 1852, Father Sanderl again visited Manlius; and then, February 21, Rev. Columbanus Messner took charge until the summer of the same year. He is then, perhaps, the first resident pastor. After his departure the parish was again, until May, 1853, attended by Father Raffeiner of Syracuse. In May, Rev. Henry Feddermann came as resident pastor and remained until the next November, when he was succeeded by Rev. Father Tappert, who in 1851 left the Redemptorists and became a secular priest, but in 1878 had for some time lived with the Carthusians in Valsainte, Suevia, known simply as Father Dionysius. September 1, 1854, Rev. John Constans "Weber came and nysius. September 1, 1854, Rev. John Constans "Weber came and remained until the following December, when he was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Maly. Again Manlius is without a resident pastor, for when Father Maly was made pastor of Assumption tor, for when Father Maly was made pastor of Assumption Church, Syracuse, he attended from the city, as did his successor. Rev. Frederic Mueller, who in December, 1856, was in charge of Manlius, when it became a mission attended from Rome, until July, 1857. This can be seen from the signature of Rev. Law130 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 130 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. rence Schneyder, who signs himself "Pastor of Rome and Manlius." lius." A resident pastor was again found July 18, 1857, in the Benedictine monk, Rev. Maurus Ramsauer, who remained until No- dictine monk, Rev. Maurus Ramsauer, who remained until November, 1868. About 1858 an addition of about eighteen feet vember, 1868. About 1858 an addition of about eighteen feet was built to the church. This was constructed by Archibald Walrath, and the entire church building was now encased with new rath, and the entire church building was now encased with new siding of pine clapboards and reshingled. September 5, 1860, Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Albany (afterwards Cardinal Archbishop of New York), administered the sacrament of nal Archbishop of New York), administered the sacrament of confirmation to forty-one boys and forty-one girls. In 1867 the cemetery was enlarged and the purchase sum of $500 was raised by the people, each parishioner to subscribe $5, for which such subscriber was to receive the use of a plot upon this cemetery sufficiently large to bury eight persons, those having given $10, received two burial plots. ing given $10, received two burial plots. During the eleven years ' administration of Father Maurus, the Franciscan Fathers of Syracuse often rendered him assistance. About 1867 or 1868, another addition of eighteen feet was built to the church by Peter Snyder, Sr. This gave the church a dimension of 30x76 feet ; and giving it to the west end two small rooms of 10x18 feet to each side of a sanctuary 10 feet wide. The rear of the altar was used as a confessional. Sometime in November, 1868, Father Maurus departed from Manlius, leaving it ber, 1868, Father Maurus departed from Manlius, leaving it again without a pastor, though it was regularly visited by Rev. A. Carius of Rome, and by other priests, such as I'abbe Ritter and Rev. Father Kueng. About November, 1869, Rev. Father Meyer became resident pastor, and in the spring of 1870 he invited Rev. Francis M. Neubauer, 0. M. C, of Albany, to conduct vited Rev. Francis M. Neubauer, 0. M. C, of Albany, to conduct a mission. Father Francis was assisted in this mission by Rev. Constantine De Troste Huellshof, a priest then in the Novitiate of the Franciscan Fathers at Syracuse. In spite of every effort to settle those various small dissensions which so often arose between the old-style trustees and their clergy, a new trouble was tween the old-style trustees and their clergy, a new trouble was brewing; on which account Father Noethen (formerly pastor, then Very Rev. Vicar General of the Diocese of Albany) was obliged to come to Manlius on the 24th of June, 1870. After this Rev. J. Herman Wibbe, a newly ordained priest, was given this place as his first pastoral charge. He was removed in October, MINOA. 131 1871, to St. Peter's, Oswego. Rev. Henry Fehlings was appointed his successor. Father Fehlings remained until in April, 1873, as is seen from the writings of his successor: "On the 19th of April, 1873, I took charge of souls in Manlius Station ; and the articles described in the inventory of Rev. Fehlings are all found in the rectory. Charles Hengen, pastor. ' ' The new cemetery purchased in 1867, lay to the rear of the District No. 2 school ; and it was deemed by many unbecoming that the children should make the cemetery their playgrounds. The town authorities resolved to remove the school from this site. This lot was given to Conrad Shoemaker in exchange for another place on the other side of the highway. The only entrance to the cemetery was through the old school lot; hence it was found necessary to purchase this property. It was obtained May 10, 1875, for $400 from Conrad Shoemaker and Frederica his wife, and conveyed to John Joseph Conroy, Right Rev. Bishop of Albany. By this purchase the cemetery was extended along the line bany. By this purchase the cemetery was extended along the line of the lot of the "German Lutheran Evangelical Church Society ' ' to the highway. The few words of the parish records of ciety ' ' to the highway. The few words of the parish records of 1875 speak of Father Hengen: "On the 11th day of July, Rev. Charles Hengen died suddenly, and was buried on the 13th day of July in the new cemetery. ' ' Father Hengen was found dead in bed on the Sunday morning (July 11th) by his altar boy, Frank Sutter. This sudden death caused great excitement, for foul play with intent of robbery was suspected ; but the cause of death was found to be heart disease, to which he was subject. From this time the parish was attended until December, 1875, by Father Wibbe, then of St. Peter's, Oswego, N. Y. Then until the following spring by Rev. A. Weber, when Father Maurus, 0. S. B., came again as resident pastor. Father Maurus remained mitil the summer of 1880, when he was given charge of Schenectady, whence after a short time, on account of illness, he retired tady, whence after a short time, on account of illness, he retired to Greenpoint, Long Island, where he died. August 15, 1880, brought Rev. Joseph Pickl to Manlius as pastor. In the following year. May 27, the church edifice was de- tor. In the following year. May 27, the church edifice was destroyed by fire. As from the very beginning of this parish the stroyed by fire. As from the very beginning of this parish the old-style trustee system proved again at this time the cause of great dissension. The right to transact the business between the insurance companies and the parish, in settling the amount to be 132 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. paid, was claimed by two sets of trustees. The insurance companies refused to transact business on such a basis ; hence the one panies refused to transact business on such a basis ; hence the one faction of trustees immediately instituted a lawsuit against the companies, but gained nothing, only making an unnecessary expense of $81.50 as lawyer's fees. Affairs were constantly grow- pense of $81.50 as lawyer's fees. Affairs were constantly growing worse, the parish dividing into factions, so that Father Pickl ing worse, the parish dividing into factions, so that Father Pickl was removed to St. Joseph's, Syracuse, thereby leaving the parish without a pastor. Father Wibbe again made several visits to Manlius, saying Mass in the parish school. Then came Rev. Francis M. Neubauer, 0. M. C, who was then Secretary and Assistant Provincial 0. M. C, as well as Master of Novices in the Convent, Syracuse. After a while he found it advisable to institute a mission, which he himself conducted about May, 1882. tute a mission, which he himself conducted about May, 1882. Meanwhile he strove to settle the matters concerning the insurance. His advice in this was heeded. The trustees of both fac- ance. His advice in this was heeded. The trustees of both factions resigned their actual or pretended rights and at a special tions resigned their actual or pretended rights and at a special meeting of the parish, new trustees were elected and Father Francis was empowered to make a settlement with the insurance companies. As settlement $2,480.63 was received, which sum was handed over to the trustees on June 5, 1882. About June 11, 1882, Rev. Joseph Resch was sent to Manlius as pastor. He immediately set about to have the congregation build a new church. Father Resch, with Joseph E. Greiner, George Haar and Frank Sutter called upon the people for subscriptions, which were signed in the form of a three months' scriptions, which were signed in the form of a three months' promissory note. The full amount so subscribed and later collected amounted to $3,736. On Sunday, September 10, 1882, the lected amounted to $3,736. On Sunday, September 10, 1882, the cornerstone of the new church was laid by Father Francis, 0. M. C. February 2, 1883, the church had so far neared completion that two new bells were blessed by the Very Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, who was then Vicar General of Albany. The church having den, who was then Vicar General of Albany. The church having been completely finished and frescoed, was on May 3, 1883, blessed by Rt. Rev. Francis McNierney, Bishop of Albany, several priests being in attendance. After the dedication the Bishop confirmed a class of twenty-five boys and sixteen girls. The church was built for $5,459 by Laubach & Frey, of the parish. May 13, 1883, Rev. Francis Koch, 0. S. F., of Paterson, N. J., opened a mission, closing it May 21, by it bringing back a number to their duty. ber to their duty. MINOA. 133 It would seem that all these efforts should have brought peace to Manlius, but this appears not to have been effected. Dissatisfaction again was expressed. The church had been built and faction again was expressed. The church had been built and completed, dedicated and put in use: but many who had subscribed toward this now refused to pay their subscriptions unless, scribed toward this now refused to pay their subscriptions unless, as it was expressed, the property be in their hands. It was planned to incorporate. Petitions were drawn up ; one, to follow the Diocesan Statutes and have a corporation according to the Statutes of the State of New York ( Sect. 50 of the Religious Corporation Law), whereby, as the petition reads, "the Trustees poration Law), whereby, as the petition reads, "the Trustees .... shall be the R. C. Bishop and Vicar General of the Diocese, the Pastor of said Congregation and two Laymen, members of said congregation and appointed by the said Bishop, Vicar General and Pastor or a majority of them. ' ' The other petition was eral and Pastor or a majority of them. ' ' The other petition was to incorporate in such a way that the power "shall vest in a religious corporation the Trustees of which shall be elected by the ligious corporation the Trustees of which shall be elected by the members of said Congregation. ' ' The first petition received only two signatures: that of Franz Kerri and Henry Heifer, whilst the second received ninety-four signatures. The reason of this latter was that so many of the better element saw that peace would not be established unless they in some way agreed with the recalcitrants. It was thought by the better element a basis could be obtained upon which to work. They expected gradually to gain the good will of the disturbers and finally reorganize according to the diocesan statutes. In this they were mistaken, for a ing to the diocesan statutes. In this they were mistaken, for a wrong method was adopted. At the meeting of the parish, after the petitions had been signed, full power was laid in the hands of two laymen to incorporate and have by-laws drawn up. This new church government assisted in collecting the remaining amounts of subscriptions, but it gave rise to new and serious dissensions, for it placed too much power in the hands of a few. Affairs continued to grow worse, so that conflicts arose with the pastor. In November, 1883, Father Resch was removed, thereby leaving the parish without a resident pastor. Rt. Rev. Bishop McNiemey appealed to the Franciscan Fathers, 0. M. C, whose Mother-house is in Syracuse, to take charge of Manlius Station. This being nearer to their Convent in Syracuse, the Franciscans relinquished the mission of Durhamville, N. Y., to accept this new charge, which henceforth has become a mission attended 134 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. from St. Francis ' Convent, Syracuse. It is attended as a regular parish by a priest appointed as rector. November 24, 1883, Very Rev. Joseph Lesen, D. D., then Provincial of the American Province of the Minor Conventuals, him- vincial of the American Province of the Minor Conventuals, himself assumed charge of this mission station, and retained the pas- self assumed charge of this mission station, and retained the pastorate until June, 1892. Father Joseph made great efforts to torate until June, 1892. Father Joseph made great efforts to gain the good will of the people by first bringing them to attend to their religious duties. June of 1886, two new side altars were built and donated by Joseph E. Greiner. From June 3rd to 10th, 1888, a mission was given in English and German by Rev. Father Schnitzler, S. J., and proved a success. December 2, 1889, another acre of land was added to the east end of the cemetery. It other acre of land was added to the east end of the cemetery. It was purchased for $500 from Robert Shoemaker, and directly deeded by him to ''Rt. Rev. Patrick A, Ludden, Bishop of the Diocese of Syracuse." October 18, 1891, confirmation was administered by the Rt. Rev. Bishop to forty-eight boys and sixty ministered by the Rt. Rev. Bishop to forty-eight boys and sixty girls. As Provincial of the Franciscans, Father Joseph was often obliged to be absent from the parish. During such absence other Fathers from the Syracuse Convent attended : Rev. Fathers Nazarene Graziani, Anthony Gehring, Conrad Elison, Leonard Reich rene Graziani, Anthony Gehring, Conrad Elison, Leonard Reich and John Kroeger. Father Joseph worked zealously for the welfare of the people, and was by them held in esteem. The finan- fare of the people, and was by them held in esteem. The financial status remained as it was, for the time was inopportune to cial status remained as it was, for the time was inopportune to make any change therein. In June, 1892, Father Joseph was called by his Superior General to Rome, Italy, where he now is Guardian of the Convent of the Holy Apostles. About June 7, 1892, Rev. Albert Regensburger, 0. M. C, was appointed rector. In January, 1893, Father Albert was appointed Master of the Clerical Students in the Convent at Al- pointed Master of the Clerical Students in the Convent at Albany. At this time Very Rev, Francis M. Neubauer, D, D., 0. M. bany. At this time Very Rev, Francis M. Neubauer, D, D., 0. M. C, was Provincial of the Franciscans and as such he took upon himself the pastorate of this mission about January 16, 1893. He was well known on account of his many visits to this parish on former occasions, and was beloved by them. About July, 1893, he appointed Rev. Bernardino Ludwig, 0. M. C, rector, March 16, 1895, a new organ, a voealion, was placed in the church. About the middle of November, 1895, Father Bernardino was sent to Trenton, N. J. November 23, 1895, Rev, Guido dino was sent to Trenton, N. J. November 23, 1895, Rev, Guido Epp, 0. M, C, became rector. MINOA. 135 During all the years of the existence of this parish, the financial administration was in the hands of the laymen, who would cial administration was in the hands of the laymen, who would have it that the clergy had nothing to say about such affairs. The clergy were to plan the ways and means, and execute the same, to obtain the funds. The rector was considered only "hired" by the trustees, as they expressed it : " Wir hiren Sie f uer noch ein Jahr. ' ' Nevertheless, at times the books were in the hands of the priest. Very few people attended the meetings of the trustees on account of the great dissatisfaction with this system of adminstration. This dissatisfaction often expressed itself in open quar- tration. This dissatisfaction often expressed itself in open quarrels, and caused many to remain away from the church. At times rels, and caused many to remain away from the church. At times these trustees interfered with the priests in their spiritual duties, by making rules as to who was to be attended by the priest. Many of the parish were wishing a change of affairs. Father Guido made an attempt in March, 1897, to bring about a final settlement of this state of affairs; but the time was yet inopportune. ment of this state of affairs; but the time was yet inopportune. May 17, 1897, he was transferred to Camden, N. J. June 1, 1897, Rev. Jerome Preisser, 0. M. C, took charge of Manlius Station or Minoa (as it is known since November 25, 1895). In course of time he visited the homes of the people, taking up the census and a house collection. He then continued the move made by Father Guido, and succeeded in reorganizing the parish into a new corporation according to the diocesan statutes and the statutes of the State of New York (Sect. 50 of the utes and the statutes of the State of New York (Sect. 50 of the Religious Corporation Laws). Hereby the board of trustees shall consist of the Rt. Rev. Bishop of the Diocese, the Vicar General, the pastor and two lay members of the parish appointed by the Bishop. December 15, 1897, the instrument of such incorporation was filed in the County Clerk's office, and it bears date of tion was filed in the County Clerk's office, and it bears date of October 25, 1897, having been duly signed by Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse, Rt. Rev. Monsignor John J. Kennedy, Vicar General, Rev. Jerome Preisser, pastor, and Joseph E. nedy, Vicar General, Rev. Jerome Preisser, pastor, and Joseph E. Greiner and Henry Heifer, the laymen appointed by the Bishop. The corporate title of this parish is henceforth known as "St. Mary 's Church of Minoa, N. Y. " This practically opens a new era for Minoa; and it has been conducive to a new and better sentiment amongst the parishioners, causing the dissensions gradually though slowly to disappear. For a few months Father ually though slowly to disappear. For a few months Father Jerome was absent from Minoa and during his absence Very Rev. 136 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Leonard Reich, 0. M. C, came as acting pastor. During the months of September and October, Rev. Camillus Eichenlaub, 0. M. C, attended, after which he was sent to Albany, as professor in the Franciscan College. During this time. Father Jerome remained in Syracuse until his appointment to St. Peter's Church, mained in Syracuse until his appointment to St. Peter's Church, Louisville, Ky., in April of 1899. October 23, 1898, Rev. William Peberl, O. M. C, received charge and retained it until his liam Peberl, O. M. C, received charge and retained it until his removal to Camden, N. J., about July 17, 1899, when he was succeeded by Rev. Peter W. Scharoun, O. M. C, who, November 15, ceeded by Rev. Peter W. Scharoun, O. M. C, who, November 15, was appointed to St. Joseph's, Utica. On this date charge was given to Rev. Ferdinand Mayer, D. C. L., O. M. C, which charge he held until his removal to Utica, May 22, 1900, to assist Father Peter. On Ascension Day, 1900, Rev. Otho Recktenwald, 0. M. C, the present incumbent, was appointed rector of Minoa. The following spring a census of the parish was taken, showing the parish ing spring a census of the parish was taken, showing the parish to be composed of 112 families, numbering 498 souls. In 1902 extensive repairs and alterations were made in the church property and on "Wednesday, December 17, 1902, Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse, dedicated the church. On account of the inconvenience of the railroad accommodations, the Bishop and the visiting clergy assembled at St. Matthew's rectory East Syracuse, on the morning of that day and proceeded thence in carriages to Minoa. On Silver street, at the line dividing the towns of Manlius and Dewitt they were met by about ing the towns of Manlius and Dewitt they were met by about eighteen mounted young men of the parish. These formed an escort to conduct the Bishop thence to the church. At 9.45 a. m. the Bishop dedicated the church in honor of St. Mary under the title of the Assumption, which title it has always borne. Before concluding this history of St. Mary's a few words must be written about the parish school. Some time in the early 50 's, most probably in Father Raffeiner's time, a school was built and a teacher procured. At times the school was closed; at other times, the priest in charge of the parish taught the school. There were some very good and successful teachers, but also some not competent as instructors of the children. The school was often the bone of contention between the old-style lay trustees and their pastors ; the former claiming the right to appoint the teachers, whilst the latter demanding as pastors this right to decide ers, whilst the latter demanding as pastors this right to decide MINOA. 137 who was to assist them in the education of the children of the parish. On account of these many contentions, the school was finally closed July 1, 1883. Later, during the administration of Father Joseph, 0. M. C, a move was made to reopen the parochial school with school sisters as teachers, but the opposition was chial school with school sisters as teachers, but the opposition was too great to put in effect this plan. Again, in the spring of 1901, another such move was made, but met with the same results as the previous one. It is hoped that at some future date this object of having a parochial school will be attained, for it is an ject of having a parochial school will be attained, for it is an established fact that secular and religious training must go hand in hand in the education of the child. FAYETTEVILLE ACCORDING to the testimony of the oldest surviving Catholics of this section there were but two Catholic families olics of this section there were but two Catholic families in 1840 residing within the limits of this parish, as it now stands, comprising the villages of Fayetteville and Manlius. The one was John Farrell and family, the other John Murphy and family. The former resided in the village of Fayetteville, the latter in the village of Manlius. The first Mass is recorded to have been celebrated in the house of John Farrell by the Rev. Father Cahill of Cazenovia in 1845. This house still stands in the lower part of the village and is now occupied by Charles A. Hopkins. A short time afterwards Mass was celebrated by the Rev. William McCallion in the house of John I\Iurphy of Manlius, corner of Pleasant and Wesley streets, now occupied by a lius, corner of Pleasant and Wesley streets, now occupied by a Dr. Doyle. The next Catholic to take up his residence within the limits of this mission was John Costello, who came here from Canada and settled down in ]\Ianlius and worked at the mill there at the age of fifteen, in 1841, as his son, John Costello, now of Manlius, states. He afterwards became proprietor of the mill property and subsequently Mass was celebrated often at his home. But it was not until the year 1847, the year of the Irish Exodus, that it could be said that Catholicity began in these parts. Thousands of the exiles of Erin, driven by tyranny from their mother- sands of the exiles of Erin, driven by tyranny from their motherland, crossed the Atlantic on lumber vessels. Some of them land, crossed the Atlantic on lumber vessels. Some of them wended their way to Fayetteville and Manlius and a few of them still survive to tell the story. After 1847 priests from Syracuse, Cazenovia and North Manlius attended the locality, saying Masses at private houses from time to time. In 1854 Father Cahill of Cazenovia purchased a lot in the southwest part of the village of Fayetteville, corner of Warren and Canal streets, in the name of Bishop McCloskey, then the ordinary of the diocese. It seems that the stones for the foundation of a church were drawn on the grounds and a few years tion of a church were drawn on the grounds and a few years elapsed without any progress being made towards building. In August, 1862, a contract was about to be entered into with Patrick Cummings of Syracuse for a frame building on the lot pur- rick Cummings of Syracuse for a frame building on the lot purFAYETTEVILLE. 139 FAYETTEVILLE. 139 chased, signed by the following twelve residents of the place, viz. : Louis Hueber, John McCarrick, John Sheedy, John O'Brien, Patrick Holland, Edward Gaynor, John Shea, John Kennelly, Michael Griffin, John Costello, Patrick Bailey and Michael Foley. The contract called for the sum of $1,910, the twelve men mentioned above becoming personally liable for that amount within a tioned above becoming personally liable for that amount within a specified time.- That contract was never completed. In 1862 the late Dr. O'Hara of Syracuse, who had on a previous occasion visited the locality when pastor of St. Patrick's vious occasion visited the locality when pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Oneida, came here again in the interests of religion and informed the people that they must abandon the idea of building on the lot purchased by Father Cahill, as it was not a suitable site; that he would select a better site and would build, not a frame church, but a brick church. In 1864 Dr. O'Hara purchased the lot on which the little brick church and pastoral resi- chased the lot on which the little brick church and pastoral residence now stand, with money received from the sale of the old dence now stand, with money received from the sale of the old lot and with what money had been subscribed by the people. On this lot stood the famous Eagle Hotel, as the older inhabitants well remember. On the lot so purchased brick were hauled for the structure, but for some reason or other no steps were taken to build. The brick were afterwards sold by Dr. O 'Hara and the lot alone remained. In 1869 the Rev. James O'Reilly, then a young assistant of Father Beecham in Rome, was selected by the Bishop of Albany to become the first resident pastor of Fayetteville. He at once, with zeal and energy, took a firm grasp of the situation and, uniting the scattered flock, infused into their hearts some of that en- ing the scattered flock, infused into their hearts some of that enthusiasm which actuated himself. Mass was said in the Hall and thusiasm which actuated himself. Mass was said in the Hall and the reverend pastor took up his residence at the Beard Hotel. In the fall of that year, November 25, the corner-stone of the new church was laid by the Very Rev. Edgar P. Wadhams, then Vicar-General of the Diocese of Albany, afterward Bishop of Ogdensburg. The sermon on the occasion was preached by the late densburg. The sermon on the occasion was preached by the late Dr. Keating of Hudson and twenty other clergymen assisted at the ceremony. Mass was celebrated for the first time in the new church on Christmas Day, 1870, but its interior decoration was not completed till the autunm of 1872. It was dedicated under the title of the Immaculate Conception by Rt. Rev. Francis MeNeirny on November 26, 1872. The late Father Brady of Caze- Neirny on November 26, 1872. The late Father Brady of Caze140 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 140 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. novia preached the dedicatory sermon and sixteen other clergymen were present on the occasion. After the dedication, Bishop men were present on the occasion. After the dedication, Bishop McNeirny administered confirmation to one hundred and eightyfive candidates. This was the first time that the Sacrament of five candidates. This was the first time that the Sacrament of Confirmation was administered in this mission. The congregation then consisted of about 120 families and has not grown to tion then consisted of about 120 families and has not grown to any perceptible degree since. With such a small number of families the work accomplished by the Rev. Father 'Reilly was phenomenal. He not only built that neat brick church, but a commodious pastoral residence and, what the people of the mission are most proud of, he purchased through the late Edward Gaynor a tract of land east of the village for a cemetery, which he so laid out and beautified that in lage for a cemetery, which he so laid out and beautified that in the Diocese of Syracuse no country cemetery can compare with it. In June, 1892, after twenty-three years of laborious work in this part of the Lord's vineyard, he was called upon by his Bishop, the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, to assume the charge of a larger and more responsible position, the pastorship of St. Mary's Church, Clinton, made vacant by the death of his dear friend. Father Peter O'Reilly, Rev. Patrick Donohoe, who had been acting pastor at Clinton for his uncle, the Rev. Peter O'Reilly, was appointed pastor of Fayetteville by Bishop Ludden on June 21, 1892, and July 2 assumed the responsibilities of pastor. Father Donohoe 's name is sumed the responsibilities of pastor. Father Donohoe 's name is still cherished in Fayetteville and young and old regretted his short sojourn in their midst. He left after spending less than a year here as pastor to become an assistant to Rev. J. P. Magee of St. Patrick's, Syracuse. He is now pastor of St. Mary's, Cortland. land. On the departure of Rev. P. Donohoe, the Rev. Father Early, then an assistant of Father Kearney at Fulton, was appointed by the Rt. Rev. Bishop on July 4, 1893, to fill the vacancy at Fayetteville. He was a priest full of zeal and piety and many of his etteville. He was a priest full of zeal and piety and many of his parishioners were wont to say that had he had his health and vigor he would be the means of bringing in to the one fold many of the neighboring non-Catholics. He died on May 7, 1894, regretted by his own flock and by many of those outside. He was gretted by his own flock and by many of those outside. He was buried in that lot in the cemetery which Father 'Reilly had reJAMESVILLE. 141 JAMESVILLE. 141 served for his own remains. It was during his pastorate here that the large pipe organ which adorns the church was purchased by Thomas W. Sheedy at Syracuse. The Rev. Michael Joyce was appointed by the Rt. Rev. Bishop to take charge of this mission immediately after his predecessor's death and took charge thereof on June 1, 1894, and is the present incumbent. He has paid off the small amounts of mortgage on church and cemetery and some floating debts and has made some little improvements on church and pastoral residence. Father Joyce was born in County Galway, Ireland, and made his studies for the priesthood at famous Maynooth. He was ordained June 10, 1876, and became affiliated with the Diocese of dained June 10, 1876, and became affiliated with the Diocese of Syracuse September 28, 1887. He served as assistant priest at St. Patrick's, Utica, from that time until October 1 of the following year, when he was assigned to St. Lucy's, Syracuse. After ing year, when he was assigned to St. Lucy's, Syracuse. After two months, December 13, 1888, he was made pastor of St. Patrick's, Truxton, and served in that capacity until his appoint- rick's, Truxton, and served in that capacity until his appointment to Fayetteville. ment to Fayetteville. There are four priests still living who are natives of this mission. They are : Rev. Stephen P. Hueber, C. M., now at Perry- sion. They are : Rev. Stephen P. Hueber, C. M., now at Perryville. Mo., son of Louis Hueber of this village, one of the pioneers ville. Mo., son of Louis Hueber of this village, one of the pioneers in this community. Father Hueber cherishes a dear affection for the little church here and on the occasion of his parents* golden jubilee of marriage, some years ago, presented a beautiful bell and also some beautiful statues to the church. Father Cribbins, who also joined the priests of the congregation of the mis- bins, who also joined the priests of the congregation of the mission, is now stationed as one of the faculty of Niagara Univer- sion, is now stationed as one of the faculty of Niagara University. The others are Rev. George S. Mahon, now administering sity. The others are Rev. George S. Mahon, now administering to the spiritual wants of the parish at Pompey, and Rev. John W. McDermott, the able assistant of Father O'Reilly at Clinton, whose father and mother were married by Father O'Reilly here in Fayetteville, and where he himself was baptized by Father O'Reilly. JAMESVILLE St. Mary 's, Jamesville, has always been attended from Fayetteville as an out-mission. The first Catholics to settle in the village ville as an out-mission. The first Catholics to settle in the village were James McGough and wife, in 1835. These were soon joined by other Irish families and from 1840 to 1860 the following 142 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. named Catholics lived in the vicinity : Patrick Burke, Edmond Burke, John Martin, Michael Bowes, Daniel Quinlan, Dennis Bowes, Eugene McCarthy, Thomas Bums, Michael McGowan, John Carey, Bryan Trainor, Bernard McManomie, Michael Howard, John Brady, J. K. Doyle, Michael Quirk, Andrew Crone, ard, John Brady, J. K. Doyle, Michael Quirk, Andrew Crone, Dennis Corcoran, Joseph Mara, James Burke, James McGough, Jr., Daniel Miller, Michael Maher, Edward Welch, Jacob Gross, James Ryan, James Kennedy and Peter Logan. The first Mass was celebrated by Rev. James O'Reilly at the residence of Daniel Quinlan in the early part of 1869, The following named persons assisting: Daniel Quinlan, Callaghan lowing named persons assisting: Daniel Quinlan, Callaghan McCarthy, Dennis Bowes, Th. Gleason, Peter Cole, Joseph Mara, Michael Mara, James McGough, John Crowley, John Bums, Edward Welch, Michael McGowan, Dennis Costello, John McGough, Edward Cummings, John Carey, Dennis Carey, Michael McDonald, Arthur Murphy, Michael Cummings, William Bamerick, Jeremiah McCarthy, Mrs. John Bellen, Anna Dempsey, Ellen Bigley, William Lyons and Patrick McGough. sey, Ellen Bigley, William Lyons and Patrick McGough. From 1869 until 1899 Mass was celebrated at the residence of Daniel Quinlan and in the public halls of the village, with Father O'Reilly as pastor, until 1892, he being succeeded by Rev. Patrick Donohoe, who was in turn succeeded by Rev. W. J. Early rick Donohoe, who was in turn succeeded by Rev. W. J. Early and on the latter 's death, the present pastor. Rev. Michael Joyce, assumed charge, coming in June, 1894. The present church edifice was completed and the first Mass celebrated in it on April 16, 1899. The cost of the church property was $3,490, and all indebtedness was discharged January 1, erty was $3,490, and all indebtedness was discharged January 1, 1906. The following were members of the congregation during the erection of the church: Daniel Quinlan, James Ryan, T. B. Grace, Dennis Quinlan, Thomas Bryan, John McGough, M. J. Bogan, John D. Quinlan, D. J. O'Donnell, William Bamerick, S. Birchmeyer, John Coonley, Thomas McCarthy, Mrs. G. McDermott, William Burke, Margaret Costello, James Moran, M. Dermott, William Burke, Margaret Costello, James Moran, M. Maher, George Ball, J. J. Griffin, Edward Welch, Daniel Miller, Dennis Ryan, H. J. Brichmeyer, Patrick Burke, Callaghan McCarthy, Timothy Gorman, James Gorman, Dennis F. Bowes, Carthy, Timothy Gorman, James Gorman, Dennis F. Bowes, Dennis Bowes and Cornelius Halpin. CAMILLUS CAMILLTJS parish, as originally constituted, comprised a large territory which embraced the villages of Skaneateles, Glenside, Otisco, Marcellus, Jordan and Split eateles, Glenside, Otisco, Marcellus, Jordan and Split Eock, with headquarters at Camillus. The pioneer missionaries came from Syracuse, among whom may be mentioned Fathers Heas of old St. Mary's and Hackett of Salina. In their turn and season they came regularly, if infrequently. They suffered many trials and vicissitudes, not the least of which was active and unreasoning prejudice. Much of the personal history of priests and pastors officiating is not easily accessible. Nearly all were natives of Ireland and were educated wholly or chiefly in the Emerald Isle. At intervals they were aided and supplied by Franciscan Fathers of vals they were aided and supplied by Franciscan Fathers of Syracuse, whose names are found on the parochial registers of baptisms and marriages. In December, 1852, such had been the increase of numbers and the progress of faith that (the then) Bishop McCloskey of Albany assigned Rev. William McCallion to the care of the new parish. Father McCallion, bom and educated in Ireland, after a brief service as an assistant in the Al- cated in Ireland, after a brief service as an assistant in the Albany Diocese, began here his pastoral labors. December 24, 1852, bany Diocese, began here his pastoral labors. December 24, 1852, he baptized John, son of Martin Haley and Bridget Gallagher. January 9, 1853, he united in marriage Bernard Powell and Ann McLaughlin. In March, 1853, he baptized fifteen infants. In January, 1854, he united nine couples in marriage. After a laborious pastorate of twelve years Father McCallion resigned, leaving behind signal evidence of work well done. To him succeeded, temporarily, Eev. Joseph Butler, 0. M. C, who faithfully served the parish for a little less than a year. In July, 1865, Rev. F. J. Purcell was made pastor, being assisted by Rev. Eugene Carroll. Father Purcell entered upon his charge with characteristic zeal and prudence. He built churches at Otisco, Marcellus and Skaneateles, and provided for a place of worship at Camillus. First he purchased the property now on the Casler place and, later, selling that, bought the land on which St. Jo144 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 144 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. seph's Church is now standing. He occupied a house then on the premises, and still there. Transferred in March, 1867, to Skaneateles, following a division of the parish, he afterwards built the church now occupied at Glenside. Rev. William Carroll, born and educated in Ireland, succeeded Father Purcell here. With him for some time was associated his brother. Rev. Eugene Carroll. Notable in his pastorate was the building of the churches in Camillus and at Jordan. At Jordan, in 1856, the Daggett property on Hamilton street, was purchased and, still later, the Sperry property adjoining -- the united parcels measuring four and three-fourths acres. On this property cels measuring four and three-fourths acres. On this property the present substantial frame church was erected. At Camillus he erected a brick church at much cost, which is well-appointed and substantial. Resigning in August, 1870, he served for a time at St. Joseph's Church, Albany, where he finished his earthly labors. Thence came Rev. P. F. Smith, born and educated in Ireland, who, after a brief and satisfactory pastorate, was transferred, first, to Geddes, and after to Hudson, where he died after ferred, first, to Geddes, and after to Hudson, where he died after a long and successful career in the priesthood. Rev. B. J. McDonough followed. Born in Albany and ordained at Troy, serv- Donough followed. Born in Albany and ordained at Troy, serving some time as assistant, he began his first pastorate in this ing some time as assistant, he began his first pastorate in this parish. Laboring here with good results for upwards of three years he was made first pastor at Marcellus, going thence to Ballston Spa, where he is now pastor and enjoying the fruits of his ston Spa, where he is now pastor and enjoying the fruits of his years and labors. Rev. J. E. 'Sullivan succeeded Father ]\IcDonough in the Camillus parish. Born in Kerry County, Ire- Donough in the Camillus parish. Born in Kerry County, Ireland, with his parents he came to this country in his childhood. land, with his parents he came to this country in his childhood. He studied at colleges in the States and in Canada. He studied theology at Rome, Italy, and at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, N. Y., being ordained at Troy in 1874. Serving for a few months at Albany, he was appointed pastor at Camillus in the fall of that year and continued in that charge until January, 1885, when he was removed by his Bishop. June 1, 1885, Rev. W. A. Ryan was put in charge of the parish and continued in his work here until December 12, 1895. ish and continued in his work here until December 12, 1895. Father Ryan, a native of County Tipperary, Ireland, came, in his infancy, with his parents to America. Settling at Geddes, he studied in the local schools, going thence to Niagara University and thence to St. Joseph's Seminary. Ordained priest at Troy, CAMILLUS. 145 lie was made an assistant at St. John's Church, Albany. From Albany he was assigned to St. John's Church, Utica, as assistant priest. Trouble developing at Camillus, Bishop McNeirny judged that Father K-yan was a suitable priest to meet and bridge the difficulty. The peculiar and unsettled conditions of the parish rendered Father Ryan's task exceedingly onerous and unde- ish rendered Father Ryan's task exceedingly onerous and undesirable; at that time Rev. J. E. O 'Sullivan, still maintaining that sirable; at that time Rev. J. E. O 'Sullivan, still maintaining that he was the rightful pastor, retained the keys of the Camillus church. Father Ryan paid off a large floating debt at Camillus and built and paid for St. Peter 's Church at Split Rock. He was an excellent administrator, and solicitous for the spiritual welfare of his flock. In December, 1895, he was transferred to St. fare of his flock. In December, 1895, he was transferred to St. Agnes' Church, Utica, where his efficient labors are signally manifest. To him succeeded Rev. B. A. Stack. Born 1856 in Chenango County, N. Y., he studied and taught in the public schools and, meanwhile studied law. Going thence to Kansas he studied and taught in a Jesuit College. After two years spent at study in Canada, he entered St. Joseph's Seminary at Troy. Ordained in December, 1889, he was assigned to St. Francis de Sales' Church, Utica. Here he labored for six years as assistant to the late Rev. L. G. O'Reilly. In December, 1895, he was assigned to the Camillus parish, where he is now pastor. In October, 1903, St. Peter's Church, Split Rock, was added to the new Solvay parish. The once extensive parish of Camillus now includes only two churches, St. Jo- sive parish of Camillus now includes only two churches, St. Joseph's at Camillus and St. Patrick's at Jordan. In recent years seph's at Camillus and St. Patrick's at Jordan. In recent years a gradual emigration to the cities is noted, together with the graduated lessening of marriages and births. In consequence the parish ha;s fewer families -- perhaps 110 at present. Among the pioneer families at Camillus may be mentioned the Horans, Connors, Bryans, Leddys, Flanigans, Nolans, Meaghers, Donohues, Conleys, Moores, Kivalleys, Dwyers, Lawlesses, Welches, Hayes, Nolans, Crosses, Delaneys, Dolans, Harrigans, Browns, Doyles, Dorans, Ooleys, Reillys, Murphys and Sheas. The first Mass was celebrated at Camillus on the T. Kinally farm, southwest of the village, and during the construction of the Auburn division of the N. Y. C. R. R. Then at the Abrams House on LeRoy street. Later in a dwelling now occupied as a 146 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. cafe by Frederick Bishop. Still later the people attended Mass in a bam on the Casler place, improvised for the occasion. Thereafter the present church was built and occupied. JORDAN Mass was first celebrated in the village of Jordan at the McLane house on Hamilton street, southwest of the present church. Lane house on Hamilton street, southwest of the present church. Later services were held at the O'Brien house, which was used for worship for a period of seven years, and until the building of St. Patrick's Church. During the pastorate of Father Carroll the principal families at Jordan, at the time, were the McLanes, Guilfoyles, Fitzgeralds, Hunts, Deneens, Quinns, Nandys, Kellys, Mahoneys, O'Briens, Ewers, Welchs, Ryans, McCormicks, Batemans, Powers, Combes, etc. mans, Powers, Combes, etc. Pastors and visiting priests stopped in succession at O'Brien's Guilfoyle's and McLane's. Cardinal McCloskey (then Bishop of Albany), Bishops Conroy and McNeimy of Albany officiated in the parish at intervals, blessing the old cemetery at Jordan, the churches at Jordan and Camillus, and confirming large classes of children. Bishop Ludden of Syracuse blessed the cemetery at Jordan, and confirmed large classes of children at Jordan and at Camillus, where children of Split Rock were at the same time con- lus, where children of Split Rock were at the same time confirmed. firmed. SKANEATELES THE first Mass was said in Skaneateles by the Rev. Michael Heas of St. Mary's, Syracuse, in the house of Patrick McCormick, in 1849. There were about ten people in attend- Cormick, in 1849. There were about ten people in attendance. Father Heas attended this parish until 1852, when he was ance. Father Heas attended this parish until 1852, when he was succeeded by the Rev. William McCallion, who celebrated Mass at the home of John McGinnis every fourth Sunday. In 1852, $70 was collected to build a church and later the lot was purchased of Deacon Hall. The church was built in 1854, a frame chased of Deacon Hall. The church was built in 1854, a frame building costing $2,500, and was dedicated by Cardinal McCloskey, then Bishop of Albany, September 7, 1856. key, then Bishop of Albany, September 7, 1856. Father McCallion died in 1864, at the home of his brother in Rhode Island. The Rev. Joseph Butler, 0. M. C, of Syracuse, succeeded Father McCallion. He remained only eleven months. Father Butler was succeeded in 1866 by the Rev. Francis J. Purcell. cell. Father Purcell was bom in County Tipperary, Ireland, July 18, 1830, and educated in Irish schools. He was ordained at Albany forty-seven years ago and for a few months was an assist- bany forty-seven years ago and for a few months was an assistant priest in Carthage and Troy. Later he became assistant ant priest in Carthage and Troy. Later he became assistant priest at St. John's Church, Utica, under the Rev. Thomas A. Daly. His first work in Skaneateles was to erect a new St. Mary's on the site of the building burned on May 23 of the year he took charge. His efforts were so successful that the new church was dedicated by Bishop Wadhams of Ogdensburg, then Vicar-General of the Albany Diocese, June 30, 1867, its erection having cost $11,000. In 1866 Confirmation was administered by Bishop Conroy in this part of the diocese for the first time at Jordan, the present church then being under erection. Father Flaherty, pastor of the Holy Family Church, Auburn, preached the sermon. Eight hundred were confirmed. St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery was dedicated Sunday, October 31, 1867, by the late Rev. Dr. O'Hara of St. Mary's Church, Syracuse. 148 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. St. Mary 's Temperance Society was founded by Father Purcell January 7, 1869, and has continued since to exert a most practical influence on the people and to-day it is in a most flourishing tical influence on the people and to-day it is in a most flourishing condition. The Rev. John V. Simmons, now pastor of St. Paul's, Binghamton, assisted Father Purcell for a period of six months. The hamton, assisted Father Purcell for a period of six months. The Rev. John J. Higgins was appointed assistant pastor June 1, 1902. On July 18, 1905, Father Purcell observed the seventy-fifth anniversary of his birth and the forty-fifth of his ordination into the priesthood. There was no elaborate displaj^ owing to the modesty of the faithful priest, but his parishioners did not allow the occasion to pass unregarded. During forty years he had been a father to them and their love for him was deep and enduring. They regarded him a saint and certainly the work he wrought proved his zeal. Death came to the venerable priest in the forty-first year of his service at St. Mary's, January 18, 1907. The Rev. Thomas J. Conway was appointed his successor. Father Higgins becoming pastor of St. Patrick's, Truxton, in succession to the new pastor of St. Mary's of the Lake. Father Conway was ordained in Ireland nine years ago and came at once to this diocese. For a while he was assistant priest in Norwich and later in Binghamton. He became pastor of St. Patrick's, Truxton, in October, 1900, and continued in that capacity until his appointment to Skaneateles. pacity until his appointment to Skaneateles. The parish is made up exclusively of families of Irish and Irish descent. SKANEATELES FALLS St. Bridget's is an Irish congregation and is attended from Rev. F. J. Purcell and dedicated Sunday, September 20, 1874, by Bishop McNierney of Albany. It cost $5,000. St. Bridget's is an Irish congregation and is attended from Skaneateles. It, too, has a flourishing total abstinence society, founded by Father Purcell, who was a veritable apostle of temperance, and like the sister society of St. Mary's of the Lake, has perance, and like the sister society of St. Mary's of the Lake, has a handsome hall of its own for meetings and recreation of various sorts. MARCELLUS THE parish of St. Francis Xavier of this village was organized with about twenty members in 1854. The first re- ized with about twenty members in 1854. The first religious services leading to the organization of the parish ligious services leading to the organization of the parish were held in 1853, at the home of the late John McNally, who then resided in the house above Slate Hill, more recently occupied by Thomas Flood. This Mass was celebrated by the Rev. Michael Heas, about ten persons being present, of whom one only survives, John Kirwin, now 86 years old. vives, John Kirwin, now 86 years old. Marcellus was then a mission field, connected with the Albany Diocese, and Father Heas came here from Syracuse, holding services under the direction of the Bishop of Albany. From this time the congregation began to grow in numbers and strength. On the site of the present church was an old tavern, one of the earlier buildings of the place, and the young congregation soon began to hold services in the second story of this building, finally purchasing the lot in 1854, the Rev. William McCallion being the pastor at that time. The congregation continued to meet in this building for some thirteen or fourteen years, steps being taken during this pastorate which later resulted in the erection of the present church. The burial ground was purchased of the late George Gallup in 1862, by Father McCallion. Father Butler, 0. M. C, succeeded Father McCallion, being followed shortly by Rev. F. J. Pureell, at that time and for many years after pastor of the Skaneateles church, which was then still in the same charge with Marcellus. Neither he nor his predecessors were residents of Marcellus. It was in Father Purcell's time that the present commodious church was built, the first subscription being taken in 1867, and the church built in 1868, Patrick Cummings of Syracuse being the contractor. The building of the church required much effort on the part of the small congregation and quired much effort on the part of the small congregation and there was for some years an incumbrance, at first $5,000, which heavily burdened the congregation. Rev. J. J. Hayden, the first resident pastor, was appointed February 4, 1873, following the Rev. Father Pureell. He came 150 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. from St. Mary's Church, Syracuse, where he had been for trwo years acting pastor in the absence of the regular pastor. The present parsonage property was purchased of Alexander Mather, in April, 1873. The Rev. B. J. McDonough was the next pastor, coming here from Camillus, October 21, 1874. Under these two pastorates the church debt was reduced to $4,000. The Rev. Michael P. Renehan succeeded Father McDonough, September 21, 1878, coming from Marathon. He was born in Cullyhanna, Ireland, July 12, 1837, and took high rank at All Hallows College. His pastorate in Marcellus extended over only a little more than a year, his death occurring November 17, 1879, in Baltimore, Md., in a hospital. The remains were brought here, the funeral service being held in the church on Friday, November 21, 1879, the burial being in St. Francis Xavier's Cemetery. The high esteem in which he was held is evidenced by the notable gathering in attendance upon the High Mass, which was sung by his brother, the Rev. James J. Renehan, and Fathers Caraher and Purcell, deacon and sub-deacon, the Rt. Rev. Bishop McNeirny of Albany, with his Vicar-General, the Very Rev. Father Neirny of Albany, with his Vicar-General, the Very Rev. Father Ludden, now the Right Reverend Bishop of Syracuse, with a large concourse of clergy being present. An able sermon was preached by Father Hogan, of Trenton, N. J., a life-long friend of the deceased. On the day of Rev. Michael P. Renehan 's funeral, the appointment was made by the Bishop of Albany of his brother, the Rev. ment was made by the Bishop of Albany of his brother, the Rev. James J. Renehan, who has now served this church since November 24, 1879. During his pastorate the remainder of the debt on ber 24, 1879. During his pastorate the remainder of the debt on the church, $2,000, has been paid and the church three times repaired at a cost of $2,500, also the debt of $2,100 on the house has paired at a cost of $2,500, also the debt of $2,100 on the house has been reduced to $1,000. A young and flourishing congregation, numbering about 750, mostly of Irish parentage, has grown up during Father Renehan 's pastorate, and the church is, at present, in a most flourish- han 's pastorate, and the church is, at present, in a most flourishing condition, financially, socially and spiritually. ing condition, financially, socially and spiritually. BALDWINSVILLE LITTLE is known of the history of Catholicity in Baldwinsville previous to the year 1847. That there were Catholics ville previous to the year 1847. That there were Catholics here, in the early part of the century, is certain; but we have no record of their names or their number. The few who were here were obliged to go to Syracuse to attend Mass, as there was not even a mission station, until the Eev. Joseph Guerdet came in 1848. He said his first Mass in the house of the late Mrs. Catherine McCabe, corner of Water and Syracuse streets. Twenty souls were present. He continued his visits every three or four weeks for about two years, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Father Hackett of Salina. At the close of his first service, Father Guerdet addressed his little flock, expressing his joy that it had been his privilege to offer the holy sacrifice of the Mass for the first time in their village. He told them how happy he would be if he could establish a parish in their midst. The second time he came he found their number much increased and rented a building at the corner of Water and Canton streets (then known as the ing at the corner of Water and Canton streets (then known as the band room), which was fitted up by willing hands for the accommodation of the little congregation who assembled from near and modation of the little congregation who assembled from near and far. As his flock increased Father Hackett often came on week days to officiate at great inconvenience to himself and to his congregation at home, who needed his constant services. Father Mullady, tion at home, who needed his constant services. Father Mullady, who was then residing with Father Hackett, also came here for a short time. He was succeeded by the Eev. William McCallion, afterwards pastor of Camillus and the neighboring missions. Father McCallion secured the ground where the present church stands. After a short time, on account of increasing duties at home, he was obliged to discontinue his visits to Baldwinsville. The saintly Father Smith of Fulton was appointed his successor by the late Cardinal McCloskey, then Bishop of Albany. cessor by the late Cardinal McCloskey, then Bishop of Albany. He came here every month to say Mass. Seeing the necessity of a church, he began on the site already secured the erection of St. Mary's Church -- the congregation digging the foundation, drawing the stone, and doing everything to help on the good work. ing the stone, and doing everything to help on the good work. 152 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. After the dedication of the church by Bishop McCloskey, the Rev. P. F. Smith was appointed the first resident pastor March 1, 1867. Finding no parochial house, Father Smith commenced the erection of the present parsonage and in a short time had it com- tion of the present parsonage and in a short time had it completed. The Pendergast family furnished the lumber, which was pleted. The Pendergast family furnished the lumber, which was cut down and drawn by the congregation. Father Smith remained pastor until June 20, 1869, when he was succeeded by mained pastor until June 20, 1869, when he was succeeded by Rev. P. B. McNulty, who remained until December, 1871. Rev. D. J. O'Keefe, the next pastor, came here December 17, 1871, and remained until May, 1873, when he was obliged to retire on account of failing health. He went to St. Joseph's Hos- tire on account of failing health. He went to St. Joseph's Hospital, Syracuse, where he died a holy death a few weeks after. pital, Syracuse, where he died a holy death a few weeks after. His remains were taken to Troy, where they rest with those of his family. After the death of Father O'Keefe came Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, now Monsignor Lynch, pastor of St. John's Church, Utica. Father Lynch by his zeal and eloquence infused new life into the people who were grieved much when they heard that he had been appointed director and professor in St. Joseph's Provincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y., April, 1875. Next came Father vincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y., April, 1875. Next came Father Francis, -- a name familiar to nearly all the congregation. He remained until called to his reward in 1880. He is buried amongst his people in St. Mary's Cemetery. His grave is ornamented by a beautiful monument, erected by the A. 0. H., to his mented by a beautiful monument, erected by the A. 0. H., to his memory and to that of the late Father Bayard. During the last few months of his life, he was assisted by the Rev. Francis I. Hainault, now the esteemed pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Taberg. berg. After the death of Father Francis, Rev. Edward Bayard became pastor, and remained until the spring of 1882, when, owing came pastor, and remained until the spring of 1882, when, owing to ill health, he was obliged to give up work. He went South in the hope that a milder climate might prove beneficial. A few days after his arrival he was taken suddenly ill and was tenderly eared for by the family with whom he was stopping. One day two Sisters of Charity, hearing that a priest was sick amongst strangers, called to see him. One of the Sisters recognized in the sick man her own dear brother. Father Bayard died in Tampa, where beneath the shade of an orange tree he sleeps the long last sleep, gratefully remembered by his congregation as an earnest, courteous and kind-hearted priest. BALDWINSVILLE. 153 The next pastor was the Rev. James A. Kelley, who remained #until March 1, 1886, when he was transferred to St. Patrick's Church, Oneida. Father Kelly, during his pastorate, enlarged and beautified St. Mary's Church. The Rev. Patrick H. Beecham came to the parish March 1, 1886. In a few years he had succeeded in removing the entire church debt. He later purchased an adjoining plot of ground, added to the church, rebuilt and beautified the church, erecting an altar and stations in keeping with the improved interior, and installing a suitable organ. He also enlarged the parochial residence. dence. Father Beecham was a nephew of the Rev. William Beecham, who was for forty years the pastor of St. Peter's Church, Rome, this diocese. Born in Ireland, he went to Rome in 1868 at the solicitation of his venerable uncle and entered St. Joseph 's Seminary, Troy, in the fall of the same year. He labored in St. nary, Troy, in the fall of the same year. He labored in St. Mary's parish earnestly and successfully for a period of nearly twenty years and when death came on February 7, 1905, he was mourned by his flock as a father is mourned by the members of a devoted family. The Rev. John A. McGraw, now pastor of St. Mary's, received his appointment on his return to the diocese after a residence of two years in the Eternal City, where after special courses in the College Appolonari he received the degrees, doctor of canon law and doctor of sacred theology. Doctor McGraw is a Geddes boy, the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Philip McGraw. The Rev. James P. McGraw, S. T. L., Chancellor of the diocese, is a brother. Father McGraw made his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and was ordained priest in 1896. He served at St. John the Evangelist Church, Syracuse, as assistant priest from the date of his ordination until his departure for Rome. The parish now numbers more than a thousand souls and continues to grow in numbers and influence. The nucleus of a paro- tinues to grow in numbers and influence. The nucleus of a parochial school fund was left by Father Beecham, who, by will, pro- chial school fund was left by Father Beecham, who, by will, provided that the sum of $5,000 be set aside for that purpose. vided that the sum of $5,000 be set aside for that purpose. St. Stephen's parish. Phoenix, was attended by the pastor of Baldwinsville from 1851 until 1907, when it was given in charge of the pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Fulton. ton. TULLY THE present parish of St. Leo 's embraces the former stations of Preble, Apulia and Tully, and includes the town of Preble and a part of the towns of Fabius and Tully. The first Catholics to live in Preble were Edward Dobbins, who came here about 1844, and the Kellys, Fitzpatricks, Daleys, Longs, ]\IcCormicks, Fannings and Ryans, who came about 1850. Cormicks, Fannings and Ryans, who came about 1850. It is probable that Mass was celebrated for the first time in Preble village by Rev. Bernard McCabe on January 1, 1853, in the house then occupied by Edward Kelly, and located on the present site of the Grange Hall. Thomas Long, the grandfather of James and Richard Long, now of St. Leo 's parish, who resided at this time in Tully village, took a sleighload including his wife, his son Thomas and Miss Ellen Buckley, the present Mrs. Matthew Hennessy, from Tully that they might assist at this Mass. Father ]\TcCabe celebrated Mass again at Edward Kelly's home in the spring of 1854, which Mass was attended among others by Mrs. Donivan and Ellen Buckley, who had walked together on the uncompleted Lackawanna railroad from Tully. The server of this completed Lackawanna railroad from Tully. The server of this Mass was Michael Bogan. On January 1, 1855, Rev. William McCallion, the nephew of Father McCabe, who was then pastor of Camillus, celebrated Mass at Edward Kelly's, where the first Mass was said, having spent the previous night at the home of John Long, the father of the present Lawrence and John Long of this parish, who lived one and one-half miles northwest of Preble village. Mass was also said in the early fifties at the home of Daniel Long in the western part of Preble village ; at the home of Peter McCormick, one and one-half miles north of Preble village ; and in the house then occupied by Timothy Fitzpatrick and which was situated but a few rods from where the Lackawanna station now stands. This last named house, which is now owned and occupied by John Dwyer, continued to be used for holding stations until about 1892. For about two or three years following Mass was cele- brated at the home of Michael McCallen in the eastern part of TULLY. 155 Preble village. From this time until about 1901 it was again said at John Dwyer's. In December, 1868, Rev. Bartholomew McLoghlin celebrated Mass at Patrick Daly's home on Preble Hill, and afterward went to the present home of Matthew Hennessy, where he baptized Nellie, daughter of Matthew Hennessy nessy, where he baptized Nellie, daughter of Matthew Hennessy on the following day. Mass was celebrated at William Carver's on Preble Hill about 1875, and perhaps at other places, as convenience was the regulator as to when and where Mass was to be venience was the regulator as to when and where Mass was to be said. In these early days the people of Preble and vicinity also attended Mass in Wheeler Hall in Homer and in Groton. For about two years, during the earlier part of Father Doody's pastorate in TuUy, he celebrated Mass in Preble every sixth Sunday. As a rule Mass was said on a week day, as the priests had day. As a rule Mass was said on a week day, as the priests had regular charges which demanded their attention on Sundays. Prior to 1864 Preble was not claimed or attended by any particular priest. lar priest. As we learn from the baptismal records, Rev. Patrick Brady came to Cortland in January, 1862, and Rev. James McDermott came there in May, 1864, and perhaps they came to Preble. From this time until July, 1891, Preble was attended successively or simultaneously from Cortland by the Revs. Edward Coleman, Bartholomew McLoghlin, Thomas McLoghlin and John J. McLoghlin, Loghlin, The first children of whom we know, to be baptized in Preble, were John Kelly, Mary Ryan and Mary Kelly. The first Catholics to be married in Preble, or at least while making this place lics to be married in Preble, or at least while making this place their home, were Edward Kelly to Hanora Long; Edward Ryan to Johanna Long; and Daniel Long to Elizabeth Baty; which nuptials took place in 1851 or 1852. John Long and Mary Connors, the father and mother of Lawrence and John Long, now of nors, the father and mother of Lawrence and John Long, now of St. Leo 's parish, were married October 29, 1854. The first Catholic to die in the town of Preble was Edward Dobbins, the grand- olic to die in the town of Preble was Edward Dobbins, the grandfather of Mrs. Patrick McCormick, now of Tully. His death oc- father of Mrs. Patrick McCormick, now of Tully. His death occurred about 1845, and he was buried in Syracuse. curred about 1845, and he was buried in Syracuse. The first Catholics to live in Apulia of which we have any record, were the families of John Ryan, Perry Grace, John Lahon, the Hickeys and the Boyles. These people came here about 1852. The first of these early settlers to be claimed hy death was John Ryan, the father of Mrs. Mary Hennessy, now of 156 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Tully, who departed this life on November 27, 1855. His funeral was held in Syracuse and interment was made there in St. Mary 's Cemetery. In order that they might assist at the holy sacrifice of the Mass and also comply with their other religious obligations, these good people were accustomed to go to Syracuse, often walking the entire distance while fasting. When seriously ill they were visited tire distance while fasting. When seriously ill they were visited and the sacraments administered to them by Rev. Father Heas of Syracuse or Revs. Roach, McCabe, McCallion, Cahill, Roney, Brady or Corney. The Catholic families that came to Apulia in the early sixties were those of Michael Tobin, Patrick Kelly, Bernard O'Donnell and Edward Kearney. Matthew Hennessy moved from Tully to his present home in 1866. From the time that Cortland became the home of a resident pastor in 1864 until 1887, the spiritual wants of the people were attended from that place. While Mass may have been celebrated in the vicinity of Apulia at an earlier date, the first of which we have any knowledge, was said at the present home of Matthew Hennessy, an uncle of Father Hennessy, now of Syracuse, by Rev. Bartholomew McLoghlin, in March, 1871, on which occasion he also baptized Loghlin, in March, 1871, on which occasion he also baptized Maurice Hennessy. There were only a few people present at this Mass, as the priest came unexpectedly. Ambrose Winters, the uncle of John and William Winters, now of Tully, served this Mass. The first Mass at Apulia Station was celebrated by Rev. Michael O'Reilly of Pompey Hill in the spring of 1887 at the home of Michael Dwyer, there being about forty-five persons present. Father Michael, or Myles O 'Reilly, as he was generally known, continued to hold stations at this house about four times a year until the summer of 1891, being assisted from January 19, 1888, by the Rev. John V. Simmons. The Catholic families living in the village and vicinity at this time were those of Michael Dwyre, T. H. Finnell, William Holleran, Matthew Hennessy, William Kelly, John H. Gorman, Mar- leran, Matthew Hennessy, William Kelly, John H. Gorman, Martin Finn and Thomas Gorman. The first couple to be married tin Finn and Thomas Gorman. The first couple to be married from Apulia were Michael Dwyer and Catherine Cull, the parents of Mrs. L. Nugent, the present organist of St. Leo 's Church. ents of Mrs. L. Nugent, the present organist of St. Leo 's Church. The ceremony took place in Syracuse in 1862. The first Catholic resident of Tully was Mrs. Patrick Donivan, TULLY. 157 who came here about 1848. Some time afterward she was joined by her husband from Canada and they began housekeeping in a home purchased from H. T. King. Other Catholic families, coming shortly after the Donivans, were those of Thomas Long, ing shortly after the Donivans, were those of Thomas Long, Daniel Ryan, John Lahon, Timothy and Peter Fitzpatrick, Philip Mitten, William Conway, Timothy Gantley, Timothy Meara, and Patrick Caton, and during the next ten years came the Ryans, Sheas, Norris, 'Herins and Welchs. Though it may seem somewhat strange, we can find no account of Mass having been celebrated in the vicinity of Tully prior to the summer of 1865, when Rev. Edward Coleman officiated at the home of John Lahon, near Green Lake. Father Coleman also celebrated Mass shortly afterwards at the home of John Norris, who then lived but a few rods northeast of the present St. Leo's Cemetery. Father Coleman was the first resident pastor of Cortland and held this charge from 1864 until the fall of 1867, when land and held this charge from 1864 until the fall of 1867, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Bartholomew McLoghlin. Shortly after accepting the pastorate of Cortland, Father McLoghlin began holding stations in Tully about twice a year, which Loghlin began holding stations in Tully about twice a year, which he continued until the time of his death, which occurred on November 21, 1888. The stations were generally held at the home vember 21, 1888. The stations were generally held at the home of Mrs. Patrick Donivan. This house, though moved, is still standing in the southern part of the village and was recently sold by Hugh Graham to George Dennis, who now occupies it. Father Bartholomew said Mass in August, 1878, at the home of Joseph Winters, father of John and William Winters, who then resided at the east end of Onondaga street. He also said Mass under a tree at Mrs. Donivan 's. From 1877 to 1884, Father Bartholomew was assisted by his nephew, the Rev. Thomas McLoghlin, now of Whitehall, N. Y., who also said Mass at Mrs. Donivan 's. From 1884 he was assisted by another nephew, the Rev. John J. McLoghlin, who, becoming pastor of Cortland after the death of his Loghlin, who, becoming pastor of Cortland after the death of his uncle, continued to hold stations at Mrs. Donivan 's and a few times at Mrs. Mary Hennessy's on East Main street, until the advent of the first resident pastor. In the winter of 1868, Rev. Father Carroll, being detained for a few days by a severe storm, said Mass in the house of Thomas Long, which was located where the present Empire Hotel stands in Tully village. When Father Bartholomew McLoghlin began coming to Tully there were about 158 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. twenty-five families and about twenty-five unmarried people who lived within a radius of five or six miles and attended the various stations held here. On June 28, 1891, Rev. Daniel Doody was appointed by Bishop Ludden as first resident pastor of Tully, with Otisco as an outmission and with Preble and Apulia as stations. Father Doody mission and with Preble and Apulia as stations. Father Doody arrived in Tully on July 9, 1891, and said his first Mass there in the hall of the Disciple Church on the following Sunday, July 12. Among: those present were the families of Michael Mara, John Lahon, Hugh Graham, Mrs. Mary Hennessy, Matthew Hennessy, Michael Dwyre, John W. Gorman, Thomas Gorman, William Kelly, Patrick McCormick, James Lillis, David Sheehan, Joseph Winters, Maurice Hennessy, Michael Welch, John Shea, Timothy Shea, Charles Curtin, Sr., Patrick Cahill, T. H. Fennell, Martin Finn, Timothy Finlan, A. Devereaux, William Carver, Mr. Sheedy, Mrs. Mary Long, John Long, Patrick Donovan, ]\Iartin Long, Mathew Tracey, Patrick Doody and a number of people from Tully Lake Park, among them being the O'Briens and the Tituses. Miss Julia Allen, who is now following the musical profession in Dresden, Germany, presided at the organ. Daniel and fession in Dresden, Germany, presided at the organ. Daniel and William O'Brien served the Mass. Services were held regularly in the Disciple Hall for about two months, after which time they were held in Earle Hall until the completion of the new church. St. Leo 's Church was incorporated and recorded in the County Clerk's office in Syracuse on May 17, 1892, the first lay trustees being Michael Meara and John Lahon. During the same month the present site of the church and house was purchased from Martin Vail, for the sum of $600. The judicious efforts of Father Doody, assisted by a willing and generous people, soon made possible the present church. The basement was built by Patrick Lane of Syracuse during the latter part of 1892 and the superstructure was erected during the early part of 1893, the carpenter work being done by Joseph McCormick of Pompey. The cost of the church, including the furnishings, was about $4,000, one-half of which had been paid by the time the building was completed. The first Mass in St. Leo's Church was celebrated by Father Doody on Palm Sunday, March 26, 1893. The church was dedicated on Tuesday, July 25, 1893, by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D. cated on Tuesday, July 25, 1893, by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D. TULLY. 159 The celebrant of the Mass on this occasion was the Eev. F. J. Quinn of East Syracuse, with Rev. P. Donohoe of Syracuse as deacon and Rev. John V. Simmons of Pompey as sub-deacon, and Rev. James A. Kelley of Oneida as master of ceremonies. The altar boys were Adrian Meara and William Sheehan of TuUy, and Daniel and William O'Brien of Syracuse. Rev. J. J. McLoghlin of Cortland preached the dedication sermon. Loghlin of Cortland preached the dedication sermon. The first child born of Catholic parents in Tully, concerning whom we know, was Thomas, Jr., son of Thomas Long, Sr., in March, 1853, he being taken to Pompey for baptism. In 1856, Ellen, daughter of the present John Shea of Tully, was born near the present Solvay gate-house and was baptized in St. Mary's Church, Syracuse, by Father Heas. The first child baptized by Father Doody in Tully and the only one in the Disciple Hall, was Mary, daughter of Martin Long, on August 30, 1891. The first person baptized in St. Leo's Church was Francis, son of John Cashell. The first person married from this vicinity was John Shea in the year 1855, at Camillus, by Rev. William McCallion. The first marriage to be celebrated in St. Leo's Church was that of William Collins to Mary Gorman on October 2, 1894. Confirmation was administered for the first time in St. Leo's Church on October 24, 1893, by Bishop Ludden, to a joint class from this parish and the out-mission, numbering 145. On June 29, 1898, Rt. Key. Bishop Ludden administered confirmation in St. Patrick's Church, Otisco, to a class of 114, which was made up in part of the children from this parish ; and again in St. Leo's Church on October 4, 1904, to a like joint class of 87. After a very successful pastorate of over four years, Father Doody was succeeded on October 20, 1895, by Rev. John F. McLoghlin. Assuming his first pastorate. Father McLoghlin worked Loghlin. Assuming his first pastorate. Father McLoghlin worked zealously among his people and added to the beauty and extent of the property by frescoing the church, by erecting and paying for a new rectory at a cost of $2,000, by laying cement walks and by reducing the church debt $600. In 1898 two and one half acres of land lying one and one-half miles south of Tully village were purchased from Martin Vail for a cemetery at a cost of $300, which amount was paid in a short time. The first bodies to be interred in St. Leo 's Cemetery were those of Mrs. Mary McCormick, mother of the late Patrick 160 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. McCormick, and of Timothy Finlan, son of Timothy Finlan, Sr. These bodies had been temporarily buried in the Tully Cemetery. The first Catholic who died in Tully was Miss Mary Fitzpatrick, daughter of Timothy Fitzpatrick, then of Preble, about the year 1855. Her funeral was held in Syracuse from old St. Mary's Church and she was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. The first funeral in St. Leo's Church was that of Miss Mary Hennessy, daughter of Mrs. Mary Hennessy, which was held on April 10, 1893. Before the purchase of St. Leo's Cemetery was made the Catholics interred their dead in Syracuse and later in Cortland, Truxton and Otisco. The present pastor, Rev. John V. Byrne, took charge June 1, 1901. Father Byrne was born in the town of Pompey on Sep- tember 15, 1867, of Lawrence and Jane Byrne. In the following spring the family moved to the towTi of Onondaga, where Mr. Byrne had purchased a farm lying two miles east of Onondaga Valley. Here Father Byrne spent his boyhood days, his early education being received at the district school. During the school year of 1881 and 1882 he studied at the Onondaga Academy in Onondaga Valley. The following year he entered Niagara University, where he made his entire collegiate and seminary courses, versity, where he made his entire collegiate and seminary courses, receiving the degree of Master of Arts and later being ordained to the holy priesthood on May 19, 1894. This same month he received a temporary appointment as assistant at St. Patrick's ceived a temporary appointment as assistant at St. Patrick's Church, Binghamton. In September of the same year he was sent as an assistant to St. Lucy's Church, Syracuse. During the summer of 1895 he filled a temporary vacancy as assistant at St. John the Evangelist's Church, Syracuse, after which he again returned to St. Lucy's, where he remained until his appointment to St. Leo's Church, Tully, and St. Patrick's Church, Otisco. During Father Byrne's pastorate he has added to the property by the erection of a barn and an icehouse at a cost of about $800, and by house decorations and improvements costing about $250, and by cemetery improvements to the extent of $150. The present trustees are M. Meara and Hugh Graham, the latter having ent trustees are M. Meara and Hugh Graham, the latter having been chosen to fill the vacancy which was created by the resignation of ]\Tr. Lahon in 1898. tion of ]\Tr. Lahon in 1898. Since Tully became the home of a resident pastor Mass has lieen celebrated here every Sunday when the roads would permit OTISCO. 161 of a service here and in Otiseo or Preble on the same day, and every second Sunday for the few remaining months. When the first resident pastor came to Tully, there were about twenty-five Catholic families, with no church property. To-day there are about eighty families with a property valued at about $8,000, with an encumbrance of about $1,000. The people are nearly all of Irish origin. The present parish is made up largely of the first generation of Irish- Americans, and their young families. Some of them were born here, while others, being attracted lies. Some of them were born here, while others, being attracted by the excellent opportunities given in farming, have come from the near-by towns. OTISCO The Catholic mission of Otiseo, which place derives its name from a beautiful squaw of the Onondagas, embraces the town of Otiseo and a portion of the towns of Tully, Onondaga and Spafford. The placid Otiseo Lake, set like a gem between the hills, ford. The placid Otiseo Lake, set like a gem between the hills, together with a rolling, fertile soil, makes this section one of the most beautiful and prosperous in the State. Agriculture and grazing are the exclusive industries of the inhabitants. Though there is a tradition that the Jesuit Fathers encamped on the shores of Otiseo Lake many years previous, we have no definite knowledge of the existence of Catholicity in this section prior to 1850. These first Catholics not only found themselves in a strange land, but also far removed from the source of their most cherished comfort, their Church. In order to attend Mass and to fulfill their other religious duties, for the first three years they were obliged to go to Syracuse. John Shea, now of St. Leo 's parish, about twice a year, drove the Longs, Flanigans, Tobins and William Donovan with him to Syracuse. It was their custom to go on the eves of Christmas and Easter and remain until after Mass on the following Feasts. The first Mass of which we have any definite knowledge was said in the summer of 1853 by Eev. Michael Hackett, who lived at this time in Salina and who was the uncle of John Hackett, who recently moved from this parish to the parish of Marcellus. This mass was said in a house which is still standing just north of Lester Judson's store at Otiseo Center, which was occupied by 162 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Michael Flanigan and his family. The Catholics who were living in the present limits of St. Patrick's parish at this time were the families of John Leamy, Daniel Leamy, Michael Flannigan, Dennis, James and Robert McAvoy, John Long, Richard Tobin, Peter nis, James and Robert McAvoy, John Long, Richard Tobin, Peter Cassidy, Nicholas Cotter and Thomas Dwyer. The unmarried men were George Fitzpatrick, John Flannigan, William Flannigan, John Kinney, Timothy and John McCarthy, John, Corne- nigan, John Kinney, Timothy and John McCarthy, John, Cornelius and William Tobin, James Kennedy, James Ryan, James lius and William Tobin, James Kennedy, James Ryan, James Fox, John Shea, William Gantley, John Cummings, Christopher and William Sheridan, James and John Wall, William Donovan and Michael McCarthy. The priest coming unexpectedly, however, there were only sixteen men present at the first Mass. ever, there were only sixteen men present at the first Mass. These, as far as we can learn, were: William Donovan, John Long, William, John and Michael Flannigan, Jr., Michael Flannigan, Sr., John Leamy, George Fitzgerald, Robert McAvoy, nigan, Sr., John Leamy, George Fitzgerald, Robert McAvoy, Richard, Cornelius and William Tobin, Nicholas Cotter, William Gantley, James Kennedy and James Wall. Michael Leamy, now of Tully, was there as a boy of eight years. The next time that Mass was celebrated here there was a better attendance. Among the Catholics who came here during the following ten years we find the Larkins, Cains, McAuliffes, Kellys, Nolans, Ryans, KeefY=es, Sheas, Mearas, Sullivans, Dwyers, Morrisseys, Lanes, Pendergasts, O'Connells, Fitzpatricks, Sheridans, Robert and Henry Bradley, John Norris, Edward Murphy, John and Garrett Murphy, and still later the Doolans and Mahans. Father Hackett celebrated Mass only two or three times in Otiseo, when he was followed by Father Hennessy, who also said Mass here but two or three times, when he was succeeded by Rev. William McCallion, who had been appointed first pastor of Camillus in December, 1852, and given charge of the outlying mis- millus in December, 1852, and given charge of the outlying missions of Marcellus and Skaneateles, and later of Otiseo. Father sions of Marcellus and Skaneateles, and later of Otiseo. Father McCallion continued to hold services in Otiseo three or four times a year until July, 1864, when Rev. Joseph Butler, O. M. C, becoming temporary pastor of Camillus, took charge of this mis- coming temporary pastor of Camillus, took charge of this mission. During the earlier years of Father McCallion 's adminis- sion. During the earlier years of Father McCallion 's administration he said Mass at the homes of Michael Flannigan, John tration he said Mass at the homes of Michael Flannigan, John Kinney, Nicholas Cotter, James Kennedy or John Flannigan, according to convenience or circumstances. From about 1856 to cording to convenience or circumstances. From about 1856 to 1860 Mass was said only at the home of John Flannigan, In OTISCO. 163 1860 Father McCallion purchased this house, with the barn and accompanying land, for about $500. The house remained unchanged, however, until 1866, when some of the partitions were changed, however, until 1866, when some of the partitions were removed. In this condition it continued to be used for church purposes until after the erection of the first church, when it was taken down. John Flannigan continued to live in this house until 1865, from which time until 1872 it was occupied by Michael Keeffe. The newly acquired property was also intended for a cemetery, and in the spring of 1863 the body of Mrs. Nich- olas Cotter was interred here and shortly after the body of Mrs. Christopher Sheridan. Later, however, these bodies were removed to St. Mary's Cemetery in Syracuse. moved to St. Mary's Cemetery in Syracuse. The first Mass and those said during the earlier years were served by Nicholas Cotter, he being perhaps the best educated among the earlier settlers. Michael Ryan came to Otisco with his family in 1857, and from that time until the fall of 1865 served the various Masses said here. From 1865 until 1872 Mass was generally served by Michael Keeffe. From this time until recently, when there were no altar boys present, Michael Ryan was cently, when there were no altar boys present, Michael Ryan was always ready to wait on the priest with the same alacrity and willingness as in the earlier days. Father Butler remained in charge of Otisco for only ten months, during which time he said Mass here but once. He was succeeded in 1865 by Rev. F. J. Purcell of Skaneateles. In the spring of 1871 Father Purcell decided that the time had arrived when his little charge, which was steadily increasing, should have a more fitting place for worship. Though the building of a church in those days seemed a mammoth undertaking, priests and people were prepared to enter upon the task with hope and vigor. After having considered the matter, and having decided upon immediate action, Rev. Eugene Carroll, who during this year was mediate action, Rev. Eugene Carroll, who during this year was assisting Father Purcell, said that he would give a Bible to the man who would bring the first stick of timber for the new church. So anxious were all to promote the good work, and so eager were many to secure the distinction and the reward, that, on the same day some timbers were delivered, while those who arrived on the following morning were disappointed to find that the honor and the prize had already been carried off. The Bible, which bears the autograph of Father Carroll, was won by Edward Kelly of 164 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Otisco, in whose possession it is at present and by whom it is highly prized. The erection of the church began about June 1, 1871, on the lot purchased by Father McCallion and a little to the southwest of the house so long in use for church purposes. This site is about one-fourth of a mile north of the present church, and about ten or twelve rods west of where Mr. E. Bordell's house now stands. The contract for the building of this church was taken by Patrick Cummings of Syracuse for a consideration of about $5,000. To meet at least a part of this obligation a subscription was taken up, to which the following persons gave $100 each: Edward Foley, Patrick Reilly, Thomas Larkin, Michael Lucid, Edward Larkin, Martin Meara, Edward Murphy and James Kennedy. Being completed, the church was dedicated under the title and patronage of St. Patrick, on February 22, 1872, by Rev. James E. Duffy, Bishop McNeirny being unable to be present. Father Duffy also said the Mass and preached on this occasion. George Hart of Syracuse, coming with Father Duffy, served this Mass. Father Duffy is now pastor of Greenbush, in the Diocese of Albany. bany. The first children to be born in Otisco were Daniel Flannigan, James Leamy, John Long, John Tobin and John Kennedy. They were baptized in Syracuse. It is very probable that baptism was administered for the first time in Otisco in 1857, when Father McCallion baptized Thomas Morrissey, Michael, son of John Flannigan, Maggie Nolan and Michael, son of Michael Flannigan, Sr. "William Davern was the first person to be baptized in the first church, and William E. Cain and Alatthew Tracey, Jr., were the first to be baptized in the present church. A goodly number of the first Catholics who came to Otisco were already married in Ireland. Those who were married from here, during the first five years, were obliged to go to Syracuse or Camillus. The first marriage ceremony to be performed in Otisco millus. The first marriage ceremony to be performed in Otisco was in March, 1856, by Father McCallion, the contracting parties being John Kinney and Mary Delaney. On the same day Father McCallion married John Flannigan to Alice Power. The first marriage which took place in the first church was that of Michael Leamy to Mary Long on April 20, 1873. The first couple to be married in the present church were William Harrigan and Anna OTISCO. 165 Ryan, on September 11, 1889. From July 9, 1891, to January 1, 1906, there have been seventy-five marriages in this mission and St. Leo 's parish. The first trustees were George Fitzgerald and Michael Meara and the present ones are John Murphy and William C. Long. Others who held this position were Patrick Kiley, John Burke and Michael Leamy. The first opportunity that was given to the Catholics in Otisco to be confirmed was on November 7, 1866, when Bishop Conroy of Albany administered this sacrament to a class of over five hundred in the village of Jordan. Confirmation was administered for the first time in Otisco on October 20, 1875, by Right tered for the first time in Otisco on October 20, 1875, by Right Rev. Francis McNeirny, D. D., of Albany, to a class of over one hundred, many of them being adults. In the year 1880 Bishop McNeirny confirmed a class of about eighty-five at Marcellus, a part of them being from Otisco. And again on October 24, 1883, he confirmed eighty-five candidates of St. Patrick's mission in their own church at Otisco. Since Otisco became attached to Tully as an out-mission, confirmation has been administered by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., on three different occasions to classes made up of candidates from both churches. In 1873 Rev. F. J. Purcell was succeeeded by Rev. Father Hayden, who, being made pastor of Marcellus, was given Otisco as an out-mission. During Father Hayden 's administration three acres of land lying one-half mile north of Otisco Center were purchased for the sum of $300 from Thomas Park for a cemetery, and blessed July 22, 1873, by Rev. F. J. Purcell, who was assisted by Right Rev. Mgr. Lynch, now of Utiea, N. Y., and the pastor, Father Hayden, This land was first bought by Patrick Reilly and Michael Ryan and deeded by them to the church. Prior to this time the Catholics buried their dead in Syracuse, Marcellus and Skaneateles. The first Catholic to be claimed by death in Otisco was Michael Flannigan, father of the present William Flannigan of Otisco, in the year 1856. The funeral was held from Old St. Mary's Church, Syracuse, and he was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. The first body to be interred in St. Patrick's Cemetery was that of John Reilly, son of Patrick Reilly. The first funeral held from Old St. Patrick's was that of Annie, daughter of Timothy and Annie Gantley, burial being made at 166 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Marcellus. The first to be buried from the New St. Patrick's was Mrs. Michael Cain of Spafford. The number of funerals held from St. Leo's and St. Patrick's since July, 1891, is one hundred and sixty-seven. In 1874 Rev. Bernard McDonough was given charge of Otisco, which he looked after until September, 1878, when he was succeeded by Rev. Michael P. Renehan, who attended this mission ceeded by Rev. Michael P. Renehan, who attended this mission until the time of his death, which occurred on November 17 of the following year. During the last two or three months of Father Michael Renehan 's life he was assisted by Rev. Edward Bayard. On November 17, 1879, Rev. James J. Renehan was appointed to succeed his late brother, Michael, and remained in pointed to succeed his late brother, Michael, and remained in charge about eight years. On Christmas Day, 1886, after Mass had been cerebrated and the congregation had dispersed, the church took fire from an overheated furnace, which was being used for the first time, and the entire structure with all its contents was destroyed. After the fire IMass was said for about a half dozen times in the near-by schoolhouse. Objections then being made against using this place for such a purpose. Mass was hereafter said in Pomeroy Hall until the completion of the new church. Father James Renehan was relieved of the charge of Otisco in August, 1887, from which time until the early part of 1888 there was no priest in regular attendance. During this time the Rev. P. F. McEvoy, D. D., the present Vicar-General of the Diocese of Syracuse, celebrated Mass here on two different occasions, one of them being New Year's Day, 1888. During the latter part of December, 1887, Thomas McAvoy and Ellen Donovan and Mathew Larkin and Mary Hayes were married in Syracuse. In the early part of 1888 Rev. Michael 'Reilly, pastor of the Immaculate Conception Church at Pompey Hill, was given -with his other charges -- the care of Otisco, the Rev. J. V. Sim- with his other charges -- the care of Otisco, the Rev. J. V. Simmons being appointed January 19, 1888, to assist him. One of mons being appointed January 19, 1888, to assist him. One of the first considerations was the building and furnishing of a new church, there being nothing left of the old parish, from a financial standpoint. Even the old site was not considered a desirable cial standpoint. Even the old site was not considered a desirable one, so a new one was sought. After considerable dickering and delay, during which three or four sites were considered and some adverse spirit manifested, the present site was finally secured OTISCO. 167 from John Holmes for the equivalent of $600. Though it was getting late in the season, Father 'Reilly gathered the Catholic men about him and they excavated and hauled stone and laid wall, until before winter had closed in upon them the basement of the New St. Patrick's was completed. The contract for the superstructure was taken by Joseph McCormick of Pompey for about $6,000 and he began his work in the early spring. St. Patrick's Church Society was incorporated in Syracuse on March 20, 1888, a record of which was made at the County Clerk's office on April 12, 1888. The cornerstone was laid on April 25, 1889, being blessed by the pastor. Rev. Michael 'Reilly. The sermon was preached on this occasion by Rev. James 'Reilly, then of Fayetteville, N. Y. Other clergymen present were the Revs. F. J. Purcell of Skaneateles, J. J. McLoghlin of Cortland and J. V. Simmons of Pom- ateles, J. J. McLoghlin of Cortland and J. V. Simmons of Pompey. The church was dedicated on September 19, 1889, by the pey. The church was dedicated on September 19, 1889, by the Right Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., being assisted by the Revs. F. J. Purcell of Skaneateles, James McGee and Joseph Tiernan of Syracuse, Martin Hughes of Oswego, J. J. McLoghlin of Cortland, Aloysius Murphy of Rome, M. Joyce of Truxton and land, Aloysius Murphy of Rome, M. Joyce of Truxton and Michael 'Reilly and J. V. Simmons of Pompey. Mass was celebrated by Father McLoghlin and the sermon was preached by brated by Father McLoghlin and the sermon was preached by Father Hughes. The first Mass in this church was celebrated by Father Simmons on June 30, 1889. Rev. Daniel Doody, being appointed resident pastor of Tully on June 28, 1891, was given Otisco as an out-mission. After a very successful pastorate Father Doody M^as succeeded in October, 1895, by Rev. John F. McLoghlin. The only Mass of which ber, 1895, by Rev. John F. McLoghlin. The only Mass of which we have knowledge that was said in a private house after the erection of the first church, was celebrated by Father McLoghlin on October 1, 1898, in the house of Mrs. Ellen Pendergast on the Otisco side of the town of Spafford and situated about due west of St. Patrick's Church. Father McLoghlin had lectured the two previous evenings at Spafford Corners, and, having secured a priest to say Mass in Tully, he went to Mrs. Pendergast 's, where he celebrated Mass and gave first Communion to a class of about eleven. Father John, as he was generally known, after laboring effectually in this territory, was succeeded by Rev. J. V. Byrne, June 1, 1901, who is now in charge. 168 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. The present congregation numbers about five hundred souls and is made up in great part of the families of the sons and daughters of those who first planted the seeds of Catholicity in this community. But few of the earliest settlers remain, while many who came later from Ireland have already passed away. The first generation of Irish- Americans are, as a rule, following in the footsteps of their fathers and mothers and perpetuating their names while they adhere to their faith. From a financial standpoint the present men in a great measure are beginning where their fathers left off. With few exceptions, where the father is dead, one of the sons has succeeded to the possession of the old homestead, while other sons, who have married, have purchased other farms and homes. chased other farms and homes. EAST SYRACUSE ST. MATTHEW'S congregation was formed June 15, 1880, when Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, Bishop of Albany, appointed as pastor Rev. Michael Clune, the present pastor pointed as pastor Rev. Michael Clune, the present pastor of St. John the Evangelist 's, Syracuse. Previously, the Catholics of the village were attended from St. John's, Syracuse, the pastor, the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, celebrating Mass occasionally in tor, the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, celebrating Mass occasionally in Upton's Hall, Manlius street. Father Clune continued to say Mass in the same hall until the last Sunday in October, 1880, when the present church was dedicated and solemn pontifical Mass celebrated therein for the first cated and solemn pontifical Mass celebrated therein for the first time by the late Bishop McNeirny, assisted by the neighboring clergy. The Rev. John L. Reilly, the present beloved pastor of St. John 's, Schenectady, preached the sermon. The congregation increased rapidly. Thirty families at its establishment. Father Clune could number one hundred and twenty- tablishment. Father Clune could number one hundred and twentyfive families at the dedication of the church. For eleven years five families at the dedication of the church. For eleven years Father Clune faithfully served this growing congregation, when, in June, 1891, he was assigned by Bishop Ludden to the rectorate of St. John's Cathedral, Syracuse. The late Rev. J. J. McGuinness succeeded as pastor of St. Matthew's, remaining in charge until the Rev. F. J. Quinn was ap- thew's, remaining in charge until the Rev. F. J. Quinn was appointed by Bishop Ludden, the third pastor of St. Matthew's, pointed by Bishop Ludden, the third pastor of St. Matthew's, January 9, 1893. Father Quinn, with all the zeal for which he was known as the faithful assistant to the late Rev. Dr. 'Hara of St. Mary's, Syracuse, went to work directly to advance the spiritual and temporal interests of St. Matthew's congregation. The youth received especial consideration from his pastoral care ; societies were formed for the young and the old, thus to encourage the frequent reception of the sacraments so indispensable. age the frequent reception of the sacraments so indispensable. Father Quinn was appointed first pastor of the new St. Anthony of Padua Church, Syracuse, and preached his farewell sermon on the last Sunday in May, 1901. The Rev. John F. McLoghlin succeeded to the pastorate and served until June 1, 1907, when he was transferred to Bingham170 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 170 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. ton to organize the new parish of St. John the Evangelist, that city. The parish had grown and prospered while under Father McLoghlin's care and his people listened with regret to his parting words. ing words. The Rev. Dennis J. Moore, present pastor of St. Matthew's, came to the parish in June, 1907. Father Moore was born in La Fayette, this diocese, and received his preliminary education in the district schools and in St. John's Catholic Academy, Syracuse, then conducted by the Christian Brothers. His theological cuse, then conducted by the Christian Brothers. His theological studies were made in St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. He was ordained May 19, 1894, and was immediately assigned as assistant dained May 19, 1894, and was immediately assigned as assistant priest to St. Agnes' parish, Utica, where he labored for thirteen years, or until the time of appointment to St. Matthew 's, his first pastorate. The condition of St. Matthew's congregation at the present time is prosperous. The Catholic population of the village is gradually increasing and numbers now more than a thousand souls. They are mostly of Irish parentage, but nearly two hundred and fifty souls are of German descent. dred and fifty souls are of German descent. A comfortable rectory and literary hall adorn the church grounds. The parish is without debt of any sort and has a building fund of several thousand dollars in bank. ing fund of several thousand dollars in bank. LIVERPOOL THE village of Liverpool is attended from St, John the Baptist parish, Syracuse. In the summer of 1888 efforts were tist parish, Syracuse. In the summer of 1888 efforts were made by Father Mullany to ascertain the exact number of Catholics scattered over this part of Onondaga County lying so near the historic Jesuit Well. A station was appointed, and once a month a priest would come and offer up the Holy Sacrifice. Mass was celebrated in the old Globe Hotel Hall, and thither came Catholics from the village and the outlying districts and as time rolled on their numbers increased and their earnest wish to have a church of their own grew more evident every day. In the summer of 1889 operations were begun. The present site was purchased and articles of incorporation were submitted to the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse. Meeting his approbation, the pastor and people set about building ing his approbation, the pastor and people set about building their temple in honor of St. Joseph. Within a short time the cornerstone was laid, and on October 30 of the following year the nerstone was laid, and on October 30 of the following year the edifice was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop. The sermons on these occasions were preached respectively by the late Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. J. Kennedy, V. G., of St. Lucy's, Syracuse, and the Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. S. M. Lynch, D. D., M. R., of St. John's, Utica. The following were among the first contributors towards the erection of the church: Thomas P. Murray, John Carliss, William Doyle, Mrs. Charles Ryan, Mrs. Martin Ryan, Joseph Ken- liam Doyle, Mrs. Charles Ryan, Mrs. Martin Ryan, Joseph Kennedy, Fred Walters, Mrs. Mary Chambers, John F. Davin, Pat- nedy, Fred Walters, Mrs. Mary Chambers, John F. Davin, Patrick Ryan, Edward Clark, P. L. Ford, Hugh Gaffney, Felix rick Ryan, Edward Clark, P. L. Ford, Hugh Gaffney, Felix Bergdorf, Frank Showers, Mary and Maggie Davin, Patrick Meade, Philip Sibert, Thomas Hand, George Smith, Edward Lynch, Mrs. Thomas Timmons, James Furlong, John O'Brien, John O'Brien, Sr., John Mahoney, Michael Maddigan, Thomas Shaughnessy, Sr., Thomas Shaughnessy, Jr., Thomas A. Dmm, Edward Whalen, James Murray, Michael Gaffney, Nellie Ryan, John McDonald, Nellie Doyle. Generous non-Catholics have given much assistance. The church property is valued at $1,200 and is entirely free of debt. CICERO DURING the year 1888 the idea was conceived of building a Catholic church in Cicero. The present pastor, the Rev. John F. Mullany, took steps to ascertain the exact number of Catholics scattered over this extensive part of Onondaga ber of Catholics scattered over this extensive part of Onondaga County and lying near the historic Lake Oneida. It was agreed that a priest from St. John the Baptist Church, Syracuse, would offer up the Holy Sacrifice once a month. The first Mass thus celebrated took place in the house of Mrs. A. Lawton, then at Joseph Hepp 's, later at the house of Frank Piquet, a well-known Catholic resident of the little village. On the latter 's removal to Syracuse, Mass was continued in the house of Joseph Hepp. Thither came the Catholics, and as time rolled on their numbers increased and their earnest wish to have a little church for themselves grew more evident every day. selves grew more evident every day. The present site was purchased in the summer of 1889 and articles of incorporation were submitted to the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse. With his approbation, the pastor and people set about the erection of a suitable edifice. "Within a short time the cornerstone was laid and in the month of July the little church was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop. The sermon on the former occasion was preached by the Rev. Michael Clune of St. John the Evangelist's, Syracuse, and the dedicatory sermon by the late Rev. Thomas Cullen of St. John's, Utica. In their earnest efforts thus far, the Catholics of Cicero owe much gratitude to friends within and without the Fold who aided them very materially in the construction of their beautiful little Church of the Sacred Heart. The following were among the charter members : John Dorshug, Timothy Murphy, Joseph Hepp, Peter Lawton, William Herbrandt and son, Louis Horner, Frederick Schewkart, Joseph Goss, Mrs. Anna Lavender, Dennis O'Shea, James Webster, Albert Horner, Thomas Homer, Augusta Horner, Michael O'Brien, Martin Baker, James McCabe, gusta Horner, Michael O'Brien, Martin Baker, James McCabe, Joseph Gross, Richard Ryan, Martin Stier, J. P. Dugan, Troy, N. Y., Mrs. Blynn. The church property is valued at $1,000 and is out of debt. OSWEGO COUNTY OSWEGO ANCIENT CITY ON LAKE ONTARIO VISITED IN TURN BY THE INTREPID CHAMPLAIN, PERE LE MOYNE AND COMPANIONS, BY FRONTENAC AND HIS FORCES, AND BY MONTCALM, WITH THE IRISH BRIGADE OF FONTENOY FAME ST. PAULAS CHURCH THE history of St. Paul's church of Oswego, the oldest and parent Catholic church of the city, would be incomplete were no reference made to events occurring in this plete were no reference made to events occurring in this place and vicinity, during its earlier years, after it was first discovered by the white man, since these events tended more or less to promote the knowledge and the spread of the Christian religion. Samuel Champlain, a French gentleman of exalted character, of great intrepidity and filled with a burning desire for the conversion of the savages of North America, set out on a tour of discovery in 1615 from Quebec, where he was Governor, and, proceeding up the St. Lawrence and thence up the Ottawa, he reached the northeastern shores of Georgian Bay. Having overcome the many and great difficulties of this long journey, having learned much of the territory and having made the acquaintance and gained the friendship of every Indian tribe he met, he started on his return, having learned what he thought should be the best method for the guidance of the missionaries in their evangelizing efforts. Coursing along the Eastern shore of the Georgian Bay, crossing through Lake Simcoe and passing down the Trent, he found ing through Lake Simcoe and passing down the Trent, he found himself at length on the broad, blue and beautiful Ontario, the first white man to look upon its glorious expanse. With his 500 companions he crossed to the southeastern shore, hid his canoes in the bushes and walked some twelve miles along the shore until he arrived, no doubt, at the mouth of the Oswego River. He could now form a good idea of the territory and of what should be necessary to ensure the conversion of the Indians. His soul was aglow for the salvation of the savages and the glory of CITY OF OSWEGO. 175 France. Parkman says of him: "While New England was a solitude, and the settlers of Virginia scarcely dared venture inland beyond the sound of a cannon-shot, Champlain was planting on shores and islands the emblem of his faith. Of the ing on shores and islands the emblem of his faith. Of the pioneers of the North American forests, his name stands foremost on the list. It was he who struck the deepest and boldest most on the list. It was he who struck the deepest and boldest strokes into the heart of their pristine barbarism. At Chantilly, at Fontainebleau and at Paris, in the cabinets of princes and of royalty itself, mingling with the proud vanities of the court; then lost from sight in the depths of Canada, the companion of savages, sharer of their toils, privations and battles, more hardy, patient and bold than they ; -- such for successive years, were the alternations of this man 's life. ' ' Thus it happened that Champlain prepared the way for the first religious services to be held at Oswego, and for the eventual efforts to convert the Iroquois. But as plans had already been made and partially put into execution to evangelize the Hurons, for they seemed the more mild, reasonable and the less bloodthirsty, and as, should their conversion be effected, their example thirsty, and as, should their conversion be effected, their example and influence would aid much towards the conversion of the many other tribes throughout the continent, the effort among the Iroquois was put off until a later day. To priests of the Recollect Order the suggestion of these missions was first made. They gladly undertook the task, and during their few years made excellent progress, but the territory was so vast, the missions so far apart and the difficulties so overwhelming that they could not with their comparatively few men make much headway in the work of instruction and conversion as they felt they should. The harvest was great, but the laborers were few. The aid, therefore, of the fathers of the Jesuit order was invoked, and these responded nobly. Never did missionaries of voked, and these responded nobly. Never did missionaries of any age or any clime, submit to greater privations, put forth more Herculean efforts or suffer more cruel and horrible martyrdom than did these Jesuits, in order to bring the savages of dom than did these Jesuits, in order to bring the savages of North America to the knowledge of Christ. Parkman, again, says: "The Jesuits had borne all that the human frame seems capable of bearing. They had escaped as by miracle from torture and death. Did their zeal flag or their courage fail? A fervor intense and unquenchable urged 176 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. them on to more distant and deadly ventures. The bein^, so near to mortal sympathy, so human, yet so divine, in whom their faith impersonated and dramatized the great principles of Christian truth -- virgins, saints and angels, -- hovered over them, and held before their raptured sight crowns of glory and garlands of immortal bliss. They burned to do, to suffer, and to lands of immortal bliss. They burned to do, to suffer, and to die; and now, from out a living martyrdom, they turned their heroic gaze towards an horizon dark with perils yet more appalling, and saw in hope the day when they should bear the cross into the blood-stained dens of the Iroquois. But in this exaltation and tension of the powers, was there no moment when the recoil of nature claimed a temporary sway ? When, an exile from his kind, alone, beneath the desolate rock and the gloomy pine-trees, the priest gazed forth on the pitiless wilderness and the hovels of its dark and ruthless tenants, his thoughts, it may be, flew longingly beyond those wastes of forests and sea that lay between him and the home of his boyhood, or rather, led by a deeper attraction, they revisited the ancient centre of his faith, and he seemed to stand once more in that gorgeous temple, where, shrined in lazuli and gold, rest the hallowed bones of Loyola. Column and arch and dome rise upon his vision, radiant in painted light and trembling with celestial music. Again he kneels before the altar, from whose tablature beams upon him that loveliest of shapes in which the imagination of man has embodied the spirit of Christianity. "The image overpowers him. A thrill shakes his frame, and he bows in reverential rapture. No longer a memory, no longer a dream, but a visioned presence, distinct and luminous in the forest shades. The Virgin stands before him. Prostrate on the rocky earth, he venerates the benign angel of his ecstatic faith, then turns with rekindled fervors to his stern apostleship. ' ' Among the Hurons, the missionaries were successful. In nearly every Indian village, bark chapels were erected, the Mass was celebrated daily, instructions were given and the conversions became numerous. But a black and direful cloud hung over the Hurons. The Five Nations, the Iroquois, occupying the Central portion of New York between Buffalo and Albany and extending north and taking in Oswego and Ogdensburg, were the most powerful, able CITY OF OSWEGO. 177 and numerous body of Indians, perhaps, to be found. They were treacherous, cruel and blood-thirsty in the extreme. Actuated with a diabolical hatred for every tribe but their own, they ated with a diabolical hatred for every tribe but their own, they never let pass an opportunity to pounce with the ferocity of tigers upon all they could take unaware, and so successful were they in their pursuits of the Hurons that these -- Pagans, Christians and the missionaries -- were with frightful cruelty and tians and the missionaries -- were with frightful cruelty and indescribable barbarity, tortured and put to death. Now that the Hurons, as well as their missionaries, were completely wiped out of existence, the project 'of attempting the pletely wiped out of existence, the project 'of attempting the conversion of the Iroquois could be considered. But those who would undertake the work, should be men able to leave all worldly interests behind them, put up with every privation and misery and look forward to the moral certainty of a martyrdom of the most excrutiating kind. That martyrdom of the most excruciating kind was certainly before him who would attempt the conversion of the Iroquois was clear from the experience of the Jesuit missionary, Father Jogues. In 1642, whilst the Huron Missions were still in existence and prospering. Father Jogues started to go to the aid of his brother priests among these Hurons, taking with him from Quebec some three or four Frenchmen and several Christian Indians, in order to carry not only supplies for the journey, but also necessary articles for the several missions. He had not ascended the St. Lawrence farther than the present town of Sorel, when he and his were pounced upon by a prowling band of Iroquois, borne across the St. Lawrence, up the Richelieu and debarked in the dense forest lining the banks of the river. At once the captors, to give the captured a taste of what they should expect, proceeded to tear with their teeth the nails from the priest's hands, ceeded to tear with their teeth the nails from the priest's hands, as he was the leader of the captives. Reaching at last their Mohawk village, the savages prepared new and fearful tortures for their victims, they were beaten and torn, stripped, stretched naked on the ground, their hands and feet tied to stakes and the children taught to pour red hot ashes and coals over their bodies. Then a Huron woman, a convert, but a prisoner, was ordered to cut off the thumb of Father Jogues' left hand. Bleeding, agonizing, feverish, more dead than alive, the priest uttered no word of complaint, but rather, when he recovered a 178 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. little, tried kindly to give aid wherever he could. His gentleness won upon the savages and he was trusted. During the ness won upon the savages and he was trusted. During the months of his captivity he made several converts and in all baptized seventy. The Dutch at Albany, learning of his captivity and treatment, met him, urged him to escape through tivity and treatment, met him, urged him to escape through their aid, and placed at his disposal the means. He hesitated in view of the conversions he was operating. Finally, being urged, he made for Manhattan and set sail for France. After some months he returned to Canada. As the result Fathers were now about to attempt a mission among the Iroquois, and as Father Jogues already knew the people and their language, he was selected for the work. In view of his experience, he shuddered at the prospect, but resignedly and humbly he accepted, saying : Iho et non redibo, I shall go and shall not return. His words proved prophetic. Arriving amongst the savages, he was received apparently in a friendly manner, but after a time the unrelenting and savage ferocity of the Iroquois asserted itself. Invited ing and savage ferocity of the Iroquois asserted itself. Invited into a wigwam, he stooped to enter, when an Indian, hid behind the doorway, split his head with a tomahawk. Thus the pure, gentle and learned Jogues suffered martyrdom for the faith in the year 1646. The sufferings and death of Father Jogues, then, were lessons for those that would attempt the conversion of the Iroquois. Onondaga was the principal seat of the Iroquois, called the Five Nations, and there were three routes by which to reach Onondaga; one up the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, Lake daga; one up the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, Lake George and up the Mohawk ; another up the St. Lawrence, west on Lake Ontario to Hungry Bay and from this place, two routes led, the one close to the southern extremity of Lake Oneida and the other crossing Oneida River close to the northern extremity of this same lake. A third route was up the Oswego from Lake Ontario. Our interest on this occasion has to do with this last way, for we wish to determine as nearly as possible the time of the earliest religious services at Oswego. During the latter part of 1652 and the early part of 1653, the Iroquois in their attacks on Montreal and vicinity were worsted again and again, and, as a consequence, were discouraged ; they asked for peace, and missionaries. Peace being agreed upon, Father le Moyne, thoroughly versed in the habits and language CITY OF OSWEGO. 179 of the Iroquois, was sent. Ascending the St. Lawrence and crossing to Hungry Bay, he made his way through the forest by Lake Oneida to Onondaga. He was received with open arms and every demonstration of respect. Returning to Montreal he gave a glowing account of this reception and the prospects of a mission. Arrangements were at once made for this, and, with another Jesuit Father and three or four French and Indians, bearing supplies in their canoes, he came back to the Onondagas by way of Oswego, stopping at Oswego for several days both to recuperate and to commence a mission among the savages of Onondaga happening to be gathered at the mouth of the river. Oswego to the Indians of the Five Nations was a place of great importance. It was one of their hunting grounds, not only for small game, but large game as well. The elk and the bear could be seen roaming fearlessly along the shore. Besides, it was the trading place for the bartering of their furs with the French, when they did not carry these to Montreal or Quebec. It was the barrier of the Five Nations, and subsequently the market for the enormous fur trade of the entire West and Northwest with the English, Dutch and French buyers. Having their supplies, erecting their tent and engaging the attention of the Indians, the Fathers celebrated the mysteries of their faith. This, then, was the first time, so far as we have any data, for Christian services to be held at Oswego. After a few days the missionaries started up the river for the Onondagas. They were received with much rejoicing. A large number -- men, women and children -- of Christian prisoners, spared from those captured from the Hurons and now assimilating with the Iroquois, their captors, were continually speaking of and extolling the "black gowns," so that tinually speaking of and extolling the "black gowns," so that the Iroquois became greatly interested in the advent of the Fathers among them, and were anxious to hear what the Fathers had to present. The conversions were in a brief time many, and so thoroughly and intelligently did the converts become imbued with the real spirit of Christianity that Parkman felt obliged to say : ' ' In a former chapter, we followed Father Paul Le Jeune on his winter roamings, with a band of Montagnais, among the forests on the Northern boundary of Maine. Now Father Gabriel Druilletes sets forth on a similar excursion, but with one essential difference. Le Jeune 's companions were heathen, who persecuted 180 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. him day and night with their gibes and sarcasms. Those of Dniilletes were all converts, who looked on him as a friend axid father. There were prayers, confessions, masses, and invocations of St. Joseph. They built their bark chapel at every camp, and no festival of the Church passed unobserved. On Good Friday they laid their best robe of beaver-skin on the snow, placed on it a crucifix, and knelt around it in prayer. What was their prayer ? It was a petition for the forgiveness and the conversion of their enemies. Those who know the intensity and tenacity of an Indian 's hatred will see in this something more than a change from dian 's hatred will see in this something more than a change from one superstition to another. An idea, in this, had been presented to the mind of the savage, to which he had previously been an utter stranger. This is the most remarkable success in the whole body of the Jesuit Relations ; but it is very far from being the only evidence, that, in teaching the dogmas and obser\'ances of the Roman Church, the missionaries taught also the morals of Christianity. When we look for the results of these missions, we soon become aware that the influence of the French and the Jesuits extended far beyond the circle of converts. It eventually modified and softened the manners of many unconverted tribes. In the wars of the next century we do not often find those examples of diabolical atrocity with which the earlier annals are amples of diabolical atrocity with which the earlier annals are crowded. The savage burned his enemies alive, it is true, but he rarely ate them : neither did he torment them with the same deliberation and persistency. He was a savage still, but not so liberation and persistency. He was a savage still, but not so often a devil. The improvement was not great, but it was distinct; and it seems to have taken pla"e wherever Indian tribes tinct; and it seems to have taken pla"e wherever Indian tribes were in close relations with any respectable community of white men. Thus Philip's war in New England, cruel as it was, was less ferocious, judging from Canadian experience, than it would have been, if a generation of civilized intercourse had not worn down the sharpest asperities of barbarism. Yet it was to the French priests and colonists, mingled as they were soon to be among the tribes of the vast interior, that the change is chiefly to be ascribed. In this softening of manners, such as it was, and in the obedient Catholicity of a few hundred tamed savages, gathered at stationary missions in various parts of Canada, we find, ered at stationary missions in various parts of Canada, we find, after a centurv^ had elapsed, all the results of the heroic toil of the Jesuits. ' ' CITY OF OSWEGO. 181 A second opportunity for religious service at Oswego occurred in 1696, when Count Louis Frontenac, Governor of Canada, made war upon the Five Nations. Debarking his troops at Oswego and resting there both before commencing the ascent of the river and after his return from laying waste the crops and towns of the Onondagas, he made his preparations for his return to Quebec. As chaplains almost invariably accompanied the French armies, and as invariably were faithful in discharging their religious duties, so we may be sure divine services were held during the army's stay. A third opportunity for religious services at Oswego was presented in 1756, when Montcalm captured the place from the sented in 1756, when Montcalm captured the place from the English and destroyed its fortifications. Here may be repeated a brief sketch of the history leading up to the capture of Oswego. Manhattan, or New York, belonged by right of discovery as well as of occupation to the Dutch ; but the English laid claim to the place and took it by force. Gradually extending their claims westward and wishing to monopolize the fur trade, they took possession of Oswego also and erected forts at the place ; for its situation on Lake Ontario was the best adapted to command the trade of the entire West, The French claimed the place, and Lake Ontario and the country bordering on this by right of discovery, as the Dutch did Manhattan. They remonstrated with covery, as the Dutch did Manhattan. They remonstrated with the English, but to no purpose. Determined, then, to enforce their claim by force, Montcalm, one of the ablest generals, as Parkman says, that ever put foot on American soil, given chief command of the French forces in America, made preparations to attack Oswego. He had of regulars, the battalions of La Sarre, Guyenne and the Irish brigade under Colonel Beam. He had also a few hundred Canadians and Indians -- in all a little less than 3,000, not counting the scouting party -- Canadians and Indians -about 1,100 -- under Villiers and Rigaud de Vaudreuil, brother about 1,100 -- under Villiers and Rigaud de Vaudreuil, brother of the Governor General of Canada. These were employed in destroying the stores collected by the English between Oswego and stroying the stores collected by the English between Oswego and Albany, and also in preventing supplies reaching Oswego. The Irish Brigade, above mentioned, gained a world-wide reputation by its services under the French. Originating at the fall of Limerick and preferring perpetual exile in the service of France 182 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. to the most flattering opportunities offered by William, Prince of Orange, it performed prodigies of valor -- often inadequately appreciated -- upon the battlefields of Europe, crowning these by its preciated -- upon the battlefields of Europe, crowning these by its heroic charge at Fontenoy. Eleven years after Fontenoy, a mere remnant of this brigade, 500, guarded Fort Niagara in the woods of America, and took part in the capture and destruction of the forts at Oswego. Montcalm having determined his course, sent orders to his different and scattered forces to rendezvous at Hungry Bay at the ferent and scattered forces to rendezvous at Hungry Bay at the earliest possible moment. He himself set out from Fort Frontenac (Kingston) August 4, 1756, with the first division of his tenac (Kingston) August 4, 1756, with the first division of his army, consisting of De La Sarre's and De Guyenne's battalions and four pieces of cannon. He arrived at Hungry Bay on the 6th. The second division. Beam's Irish Brigade (500 men), the Canadian militia, 80 bateaux of artillery and provisions arrived on the 8th. Montcalm sent forward, immediately on this same day, a vanguard under Rigaud de Vaudreuil for Sandy Creek, three leagues guard under Rigaud de Vaudreuil for Sandy Creek, three leagues from Oswego. The first division of his army followed, arriving at this place on the 10th, after a hard time cutting their way through the woods. In four hours after the arrival of these, the vanguard was sent ahead again and on arriving at Baldwin's Bay, just below St. Paul's cemetery, commenced to prepare the place for the encampment of the whole army. On the arrival, again, of the first division, the first thing was to erect a battery to cover the debarkation of the second division coming up in bateaux, with the boats carrying the artillery, ammunition and provisions; for it was thought the English at Oswego might, on discovering the arrival of the French, commence an attack from the lake. On the 12th at break of day the second division, the artillery and supplies, arrived by boats. As was expected, the English sent two armed vessels down to reconnoiter and to make an attack, if found feasible. They fired on the debarking boats without doing any damage, and on receiving in reply from the battery on shore a couple of 12 pounders in their side, they felt it prudent to push out of reach of the cannon and to watch the steps taken by the French. At 11 A. M. a road that could accommodate the heavy guns was started from the camp through the woods and through a swampy CITY OF OSWEGO. 183 section, to a point just South of Fort Ontario occupying the position of the present Fort. tion of the present Fort. Six companies of men, each fifty strong, during the day and entire night, completed the road early on the morning of the 12th. That night a trench at the East of the fort and 540 feet from it was started at the lake and ran parallel with the fort for 600 feet. The obstructions of stumps and stones prevented faster progress during the night, but it was completed to the river before the evening of the 13th. The Fort at early dawn perceived fore the evening of the 13th. The Fort at early dawn perceived the efforts of the French, opened fire upon the trenches at once, and kept up a cannonade during the whole day. The French replied, but with small arms. At 11 p. m., Montcalm noticed an unusual commotion in the fort, which he found was being deserted. At a signal from Fort Oswego, the principal fort, the serted. At a signal from Fort Oswego, the principal fort, the garrison of Fort Ontario proceeded to cross in bateaux to the West side, when Montcalm rushed into the deserted fort and turned its guns upon their former owners. Before dawn, next morning, the 14th, a heavy batteiy was hastily erected at the river end of the trench so that it had complete range of the west side fort. The Canadians and the Indians under Rigaud were ordered to ford the river above the place occupied by the present upper bridge, so that the escape of any from the Fort towards Albany might be prevented. The Irish brigade crossed in boats, to erect batteries that should command both Fort Oswego and Fort George -- on the site of the present Carrington Castle. The brigade was counted upon also to make the final assault. The crossing was made in three separate columns; Rigaud with his Canadians and Indians plunged into the river and found the waters reaching to their middle and sometimes to the chin. The brigade crossed on rafts and in boats, for the artillery and ammunition required this. As the crossing was about to take place munition required this. As the crossing was about to take place at 6 o'clock in the morning, the battery at the river end of the trench, consisting of nine cannon, opened fire on the fort. The fort commenced earlier and was more brisk in its fire; but its brave commander, Colonel Mercer, at every point encouraging his men, was early in the engagement cut in two by a cannon ball. John Littlehales assumed command, but he was not the man for the occasion, nor did his men have confidence in him. The white 184 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. flag was hoisted at 10 a. m. and the English at Oswego surrendered. rendered. The capture of Oswego was a great blow to England and to her interests in America, not only because of loss of property, but because of the loss of prestige among the Indians. Two thousand men -- not soldiers -- with 600 bateaux and whale boats had been employed throughout the season in transporting from Albany cannon, ammunition, provisions and other supplies to Oswego. An enormous quantity for the times and place had been collected. Besides, eight war vessels, some of these carrying as many as 18 large cannon, were built and equipped in this place and anchored in the mouth of the river; for the English intended to make a descent on Frontenac (Kingston), Toronto and Fort Niagara and thus cut off the entire fur trade of the West from Montreal and Quebec. Not only this scheme was frustrated by the capture of Oswego, but the entire property -- forts, ships, bateaux, cannon, ammunition and provisions -- fell into the hands of the French. Seventeen hundred English regulars were taken prisoners, and the Irish Brigade had the pleasure once more of fraternizing with the brave English that they had met eleven years before -- May 11th, 1745 -- on the bloody field of Fontenoy. The surrender took place on the 14th of August, 1756, and the property taken was estimated at $20,000,000. The prisoners, cannon, ammunition and all other transportable supplies were pre- non, ammunition and all other transportable supplies were prepared to be put on board the vessels and bateaux in order to be pared to be put on board the vessels and bateaux in order to be taken to Fort Frontenac. Meantime the forts and such supplies as could not be transported, were destroyed and a grand service of thanksgiving was held by Father Claude Godefroy, the chaplain, and Father Piquet, the energetic Sulpician having charge lain, and Father Piquet, the energetic Sulpician having charge of the large Iroquois Mission of the Presentation at Ogdensburg. Father Piquet, rejoicing at the triumph of his countrymen, planted a cross in the midst of the ruins of Fort Oswego, on which he affixed the legend In hoc signo vincunt, and erecting a pole alongside of the cross, he placed upon it the King 's arms and inscription : Manihus date lilia plenis. After the capture of Oswego by Montcalm in 1756, no record is in sight of Catholic services being held in the place until 1830. At this date, some fifteen or sixteen Catholic families had settled CITY OF OSWEGO. 185 in Oswego, though anterior to this the names 'Connor, McCarthy, etc., were found on record, yet it is quite probable that owing thy, etc., were found on record, yet it is quite probable that owing to the inconvenience of securing in those early days a clergyman, they lived and died without religious services or the benefits of the Sacraments. The fifteen or sixteen families, anxious to perform their religious duties, and to have the services of a clergyman in their ligious duties, and to have the services of a clergyman in their needs, invited the Rev. Father Donahoe, who had charge at the time of Auburn, Rome and other villages of Central New York, to visit Oswego and to attend it. This he could do, for his pastoral jurisdiction covered the territory in which not only was toral jurisdiction covered the territory in which not only was Oswego, but also other rising villages in the Northeastern part of New York State. Arrangements were made to have divine services held in this place every three months, the first service being ices held in this place every three months, the first service being held in a private house on the west side of the river. Subsequently services were held, first in one house and then in another, until, finally, a lot now occupied by St. Paul's Church, was purchased from the late Hon. Gerrit Smith, and a cheap onestory, 20 X 24 frame building, to serve for church purposes, was story, 20 X 24 frame building, to serve for church purposes, was erected upon it. For a number of years, this poor, cheap little building was imposing enough and large enough to meet the wants of the Catho- posing enough and large enough to meet the wants of the Catholics of Oswego, for their increase in numbers was slow. In time, lics of Oswego, for their increase in numbers was slow. In time, however, larger accommodations became necessary, so an addition was made to the old building. Even thus enlarged, it was soon found too small for the now fast increasing congregation. Finally, about 1840, the congregation felt, though still poor, that it should make the effort to erect a larger, more convenient and more befitting temple for religion and one that should meet the requirements of Catholic services at Oswego for all time. "With this view, then, the immediate preparation for the work was so pushed forward that in 1842 the corner stone of a stone building 55 x 100 was laid during the pastorate of the late Rev. Father Rogers, and before the winter set in the walls and the roof were completed. During the pastoral charge of the late Rev. Father Kenny and the late Rev. Michael Kelly the church was finished, decorated and a very fine organ installed. Between 1850 and 1868, under the supervision of Father Kelly the large and commodious three186 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 186 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. story brick school house, adjoining the church, was erected. Though the Catholics of Oswego in 1842, thought they were building a large and substantial church that should meet the needs of the congregation for all time, yet it was found in 1871 that more room and better accommodations must be found. Consequently in 1871, the old church was, for the most part, pulled sequently in 1871, the old church was, for the most part, pulled down, and the present church occupies the site of the old. The present church, stone and brick, is 200 feet long by 76 feet broad and its seats in the body of the church and in the galleries will nicely accommodate 2,300 people. From the congregation of St. Paul's have branched off the other four flourishing Catholic congregations of the city, yet St. Paul 's is still a large, flourishing and prosperous community, and without a solitary dime of debt upon any of its property. It supports a first class parochial school, in which, under thirteen lay teachers, a comprehensive knowledge of our English tongue and cognate sciences are carefully and correctly taught, without fads or frills. Six hundred pupils are in regular attendance. ance. In addition to the magnificent church and school property which is owned by the congregation of St. Paul's is St. Paul's Cemetery, one of the two largest in the city and St. Paul's fine organ which, with its improvements to date, cost $21,900. The first pastor of St. Paul 's was the Rev. Father 'Donohue. He was succeeded by the late Rev. Father Rogers, he by the late Rev. Father Kenny and this last, in 1850, by the late Rev. Michael Kelly. Father Kelly was the pastor except during an intermission of a few months until October, 1869, when the present incumbent, the Very Rev. Michael Barry, M. R., V. F.. was appointed to the place. Dean Barry was born August 15, 1831, at Castle Lyons, County Cork, Ireland, and was educated in Irish schools. He made his studies for the priesthood at the Grande Seminary, Montreal, Canada, and was ordained in 1861. His first appointment was to Saratoga, where he served from July, 1861, to July, 1863, going thence to Cartage, where he remained until November, 1869, when the long and fruitful pastorate at St. Paul 's began. During the forty years that have since elapsed the venerable Dean has won the effection and esteem of his townsmen, irreCITY OF OSWEGO. 187 CITY OF OSWEGO. 187 spective of creed or class. Strong and vigorous in his 78th year, "Oswego's Grandest Old Man" is at once its ideal priest and foremost citizen. Ardent and unyielding as a churchman, an implacable foe of evil, in public or private, he has taken intense in- placable foe of evil, in public or private, he has taken intense interest in the problems which have from time to time confronted terest in the problems which have from time to time confronted the city of his adoption ; and to his helpful suggestion and practical initiative many moral and civic reforms have been brought tical initiative many moral and civic reforms have been brought about. Indeed, it may not be too much to say, that during the greater part of his service the pastor of St. Paul's has been in himself a personal purity league and a political reform association with ever widening influence and never flagging zeal. tion with ever widening influence and never flagging zeal. For several years prior to his appointment as pastor of Fulton, the Kev. John L. Lindsman, S. T. B., was assistant priest at St. Paul 's. He was succeeded in the fall of 1906 by the Rev. John P. Shanahan, who was replaced the following year by the Rev. James F. Collins, S. T. L. Father Collins was born in St. Paul's parish, August 12, 1879, served its altar and attended its parochial school. He was ordained in Syracuse by Bishop Ludden, October 7, 1905, and after a year at the Catholic University of America and a temporary appointment to the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, was assigned to his home parish. late Conception, was assigned to his home parish. In the early days many of the outlying missions were organized and served by the priests of St. Paul 's. The most important ized and served by the priests of St. Paul 's. The most important of these was that in the present city of Fulton, where the first Mass was said about the year 1850 by Father Kelly, fourth pastor. ST. MARY^S IT IS almost historically certain that the first Mass in Oswego in modern times was said on the West Side of the Oswego River and within the present territory of St. Mary's parish, as in " The History of Oswego County and City " it is stated that steps were taken to form St. Paul's parish about the year 1830, and that Mass was said in a private house on the West Side, and after the building of a small frame church on the present site of St. Paul's, on the East Side, all Catholics from both sides of the river attended there. Later the French population, wishing to form a separate congregation, St. IMary 's Church was commenced in 1848, the cornerstone being laid March 24, 1849, at which ceremony Father Foultier preached in French, Father Newton of mony Father Foultier preached in French, Father Newton of Syracuse in German and Father Kenney in English. It was completed in the same year and dedicated in 1850, by His Eminence Cardinal ISIcCloskey, then Bishop of Albany. nence Cardinal ISIcCloskey, then Bishop of Albany. The structure was 110 by 52 feet with a tower and steeple 135 feet in height. During its erection, services were held for two years in what was called "The Tabernacle Chapel" or "Tabernacle Hall," the only large assembly place on the West Side. nacle Hall," the only large assembly place on the West Side. Father Foultier said the first Mass and was served by Jules Boardway, a French-Canadian, still a member of St. Mary's congregation, who states that there were about three hundred pres- gregation, who states that there were about three hundred present. ent. The founder and first pastor of St. Mary's was the Rev. F. C. Foultier, a native of France. He was sent here at the request of a number of French and French-Canadian families, particularly one Joseph Renaud, a well-educated Frenchman. These, however, proved too poor and few to erect a building and Father ever, proved too poor and few to erect a building and Father Foultier solicited and obtained the aid of American and Irish Catholics, who just then were anxious to have a church on the West Side, of which they might also have the benefit. Accordingly, when the new church was opened for divine worship, more ingly, when the new church was opened for divine worship, more than half the pews were at once rented by English-speaking people ; and when a school was started in the basement, two English- ple ; and when a school was started in the basement, two Englishspeaking teachers, the Misses Halligan and Gilmore, were em- speaking teachers, the Misses Halligan and Gilmore, were employed. ployed. CITY OF OSWEGO. 189 St. Mary's, therefore, had from its commencement a mixed congregation. In July, 1851, Rev. Father Foultier, being somewhat discouraged, left his charge and soon became pastor of St. what discouraged, left his charge and soon became pastor of St. Vincent de Paul's in New Orleans. The Rev. James Keveny, an Irish priest, succeeded him, but he left for St. Peter's, Troy, in 1852, and was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Guerdet, a native of France. During the administration of the latter, the Sisters of St. Joseph were installed to teach in the parochial school. This was in seph were installed to teach in the parochial school. This was in 1858 and is their oldest foundation in the East from their Mother House at Carondalet, South St. Louis; older, therefore, than the Mother House of this province at Troy, N. Y. A house was purchased for them in Sixth street, to which several additions were chased for them in Sixth street, to which several additions were afterwards made. To make room for one of these additions. Father Guerdet removed the rectory previously built by Father Foultier from Sixth street to a lot in the rear of the church on Cayuga street. This is the present parochial residence, now the property of the congregation, who paid Father Guerdet $3,000 for it. On March 10, 1859, during a mission at which the church was thronged for an evening service, a section of the church floor gave way and the people in that part of the church were precipitated into the basement. No one was killed by the fall, but in the tated into the basement. No one was killed by the fall, but in the panic and rush for the front door and the press of the crowd on the outside endeavoring to enter to see the cause of the commotion, one man and four women were killed, the strong walking tion, one man and four women were killed, the strong walking over the heads of the weak. Father Guerdet made many improvements in the church property. His assistants were Rev. Louis Griffa, from July, 1865, to erty. His assistants were Rev. Louis Griffa, from July, 1865, to July, 1866 ; the Rev. J. B. Harrigan, from July, 1866, to June, 1868, holding over into the next pastorate. In 1867 Father Guerdet was promoted to St. John the Evangelist's Church, Syracuse, and the Rev. Louis Griffa, a native of gelist's Church, Syracuse, and the Rev. Louis Griffa, a native of Italy and a former assistant, succeeded him at St. Mary's. His first care was to complete another addition to the school, which was commenced by his predecessor and which is still the school and Sisters' residence. The congregation of St. Mary's had now become exceedingly large, owing to the immigration of French-Canadians and to the 190 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. rapid growth of the Irish and English-speaking population. The new church of St. John's was, therefore, erected in the Fifth Ward, through the exertions of the Rev. John F. Lowery, who thus took away from St. Mary's about half of its English-speaking people. But the French who, in 1867, had dwindled to fifty- ing people. But the French who, in 1867, had dwindled to fiftyfour names on the pew book, had now increased to about four four names on the pew book, had now increased to about four hundred. The idea, therefore, arose of forming them into a separate congregation. In 1870, Father Griffa obtained the appointment of Rev. J. F. X. Pelletier of Quebec to undertake this pointment of Rev. J. F. X. Pelletier of Quebec to undertake this task. The understanding was that he should temporarily hold special services for the French in St. Mary 's and afterwards procure for them, w^ith the help, of course, of the English-speaking cure for them, w^ith the help, of course, of the English-speaking members, a separate church in another locality. Difficulties, however, arose which caused a delay of eighteen months in the execu- ever, arose which caused a delay of eighteen months in the execution of the projected separation. In the meantime Father Griffa tion of the projected separation. In the meantime Father Griffa took charge of the English-speaking members. Father Pelletier of the French, each division having its own time for Mass on Sundays and thus necessitating a double renting of the pews. days and thus necessitating a double renting of the pews. At last the trustees of St. Mary's accepted the terms of the trustees of the newly formed French corporation, and purchased for them Medas Hall, on the East Side, at a cost of $7,000, adding $500 cash to help them fit it up as a church. The French ing $500 cash to help them fit it up as a church. The French finally left St. Mary's Church in December, 1871, for what is now called St. Louis' Church. The congregation of St. IMary's has since been composed of English-speaking Catholics, mostly Irish or of Irish descent, and in 1877 comprised about one hundred and fifty families. dred and fifty families. The following w^ere assistants under Father Griffa : The Rev. J. B. Harrigan, who held over, as above stated from the time of Father Guerdet until June, 1868; Rev. Thomas Walsh, July, 1868, to January, 1869, and who afterwards became Vicar-General of the Diocese of Ogdensburg; Rev. Tobias Glenn, January, eral of the Diocese of Ogdensburg; Rev. Tobias Glenn, January, 1869, to October, 1869; Rev. Richard W. Meehan, January, 1876, to March, 1876 ; Rev. James L. Meagher, from April, 1879, to the spring of 1882; Rev. John J. McLoghlin, from June, 1882, to November, 1884. Under Father Griffa the school and church societies flourished, especially the Father Mathew Temperance Society. He left here in 1885 to take charge of Chatham, N. Y. CITY OF OSWEGO. 191 Rev. M. J. Fournier took charge in December, 1885, and during his pastorate the church steeple, now unsafe by decay and ing his pastorate the church steeple, now unsafe by decay and condemned, was taken down ; the church was renovated within and without, new stained glass windows, Stations of the Cross, statues and electric lights were installed and the Malcolm property adjoining the parochial residence purchased. This gave the erty adjoining the parochial residence purchased. This gave the church a full block on Cayuga street and a ninety-nine foot frontage on Seventh street, where it is expected a new church will in age on Seventh street, where it is expected a new church will in time be erected. In poor health, Father Fournier went South for a change of climate in November, 1901, and died December 17 at Charleston, South Carolina. Under Father Fournier the assistants were the Eev. George S. Mahon, from December 20, 1866, to January 10, 1888; Rev. Daniel Doody, from Jamiary 22, 1888, to June 28, 1891 ; Rev. William Griffin, from July 4, 1891, to August 15, 1896. The Rev. John W. Farrar came May 26, 1897, and is still at St. Mary's; Rev. William H. McCormack was assistant about two months at the time of the sickness and death of Father Fournier and was transferred to St. John 's, Oswego, as assistant, when the assistant there, the Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins, was appointed to succeed Father Fournier at St. Mary's, January 2, 1902. Father Hopkins was born September 1, 1864, in Binghamton. He was ordained priest June 25, 1892, from St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and was immediately assigned to St. John 's Cathedral, Syracuse, as assistant, where he remained until February 3, 1895, when he came to St. John 's, Oswego, and acted in a similar capacity until his appointment to St. Mary's. Since his pastorate began, the school has been increased in numbers both as to children and teachers. There are nine grades exclusive of the "baby room," which, owing to the lack of room in the school proper, is now in the Malcolm house. About 600 children are in charge of twelve Sisters. A free public library has been opened in the Malcolm house, which also has a large assembly room for society meetings. The church debt has been materially reduced and the school building renovated and improved. Messrs. J. J. White and Edward Monen are at present the lay trustees. There are about 675 families, nearly all of Irish or Irish descent. ST. LOUIS (French) THE French Church was founded in the year 1848, under the name of St. Mary's, by the Rev. F. C. Foultier. The building was completed and consecrated in 1850 by Cardinal McCloskey. Rev. James Keveny succeeded Father Foultier nal McCloskey. Rev. James Keveny succeeded Father Foultier in 1857, but during the same year he resigned and the vacancy was filled by a French priest, the Rev. Joseph Guerdet. The Rev. Louis Griffa came to Oswego in 1856 in succession to Father Guerdet and in 1883 Rev. M. F. Foumier succeeded him. Little by little the English-speaking families became members of St. Mary's and the French and French-Canadians, seeing themselves outnumbered in their own church, had an understanding with the Irish by which the latter were to take full possession ing with the Irish by which the latter were to take full possession of the church and allow them $7,500. The French then purchased a large building located at the corner of East Fourth and Bridge streets, known as Medas Hall. This they converted into a church. This new congregation was incorporated April 5, 1871, as St. Louis' Church, and the building was consecrated by Bishop John J. Conroy. The first pastor ing was consecrated by Bishop John J. Conroy. The first pastor was the Rev. J. F. X. Pelletier, who came from Quebec. The first trustees were Messrs. Edward St. INIichael and Edward Lefebere. bere. The successors of Rev. J. F. X. Pelletier were the Revs. A. Carufel, T. Forget, J. Charette, J. Chaput, J. J. (Chaput) Auger. Rev. J. J. Auger took possession of the parish February 17, 1884, and died January 11, 1904. His successor was the Rev. J. W. Chauvin. Father Chauvin was born December 25, 1866, at Chateauguay, Province of Quebec, Canada. He made his theological studies at Montreal Seminary and was ordained priest logical studies at Montreal Seminary and was ordained priest December 20, 1890. He became pastor of St. Louis' Church, January 25, 1904, but it was not until later, February 4, 1907, that he was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse. A magnificent convent and school was built in 1873 and was under the direction of the Sisters of St. Ann, Lachine, until June 22, 1899. The school was closed from that date until September, CITY OF OSWEGO. 193 1905, when it was put in charge of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. Two hundred and twenty pupils are in regular attendance. In 1887 a handsome pastoral residence was purchased. The church possesses an unusually remarkable organ, which cost $5,000. Of the four hundred families of French descent, dispersed throughout the city, three hundred attend St. Louis ' Church. . ST. PETER^S (German) THE history of St. Peter's, the German Catholic Church of Oswego, commences with the year 1863. Previous to the organization of this parish the German Catholics of this city attended St. Mary 's Church. In the year named several wellknown and influential Germans, having the required permission, known and influential Germans, having the required permission, decided to build a church of their own. A meeting was called and plans laid out for the erection of a suitable edifice. Towards the latter part of the year ground was broken on "Oak Hill" and the building begun. On December 6 the church Avas formally dedicated by the Rev. Leopold Mozygemba, Commissary mally dedicated by the Rev. Leopold Mozygemba, Commissary General of the Minor Conventuals of Syracuse, delegated by the Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Albany. The dedication services were attended by a large concourse of people. The church was placed in charge of the Franciscan Fathers, and everything went well during their administration. In the year 1866, the people, realizing the importance and necessity of religious education and training for their children, resolved to erect a school. During the same year the school and convent were built. The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis had charge of the school, which numbered about one hundred cis had charge of the school, which numbered about one hundred and fifty pupils on its register. In 1864 Rev. Oderik Vogt assumed charge of the parish and remained about a year. His successor was Rev. Leopold Mozygemba, 0. M. C, who in turn was followed by other priests of gemba, 0. M. C, who in turn was followed by other priests of the same order, among whom was Rev. Fidelis Dehm, 0. M. C, afterwards a Bishop in Roumania, Europe; Rev. Clement Luitz, 0. M. C, and Rev. Joseph Lesen, 0. M. C. They continued their labors among the German Catholics till the year 1870, when the church passed into the hands of the secular clergy. The first secular priest in charge was the Rev. Joseph Ottenhues, now of the Holy Cross Church, Albany. He remained hues, now of the Holy Cross Church, Albany. He remained about a year and was succeeded by the Rev. Charles Zucker, who, after four years of successful administration of affairs, was obliged to relinquish his charge because of poor health. Then CITY OF OSWEGO. 195 came Rev. Joseph Herman Wibbe, who remained nearly ten years. He was a pious and zealous priest and labored assiduously for the good of the church and people. In 1883 he was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Schenectady, N. Y. Rev. Stephen A. Preisser of Albany took charge of the parish on December 7, 1883. During his incumbency many improvements were made, and the entire debt on the property was paid. ments were made, and the entire debt on the property was paid. During his administration the church enjoyed its period of greatest prosperity. It was on this account that the parish was raised est prosperity. It was on this account that the parish was raised to an irremovable rectorate by the Bishop. Father Preisser, after ten years of ardent labor, went to St. Joseph's (German) Church, Syracuse. The next in order among the priests of the church was the Rev. Adolph Geyer, who came in 1893 from New York. He was shortly afterwards succeeded by Rev. Edward Stark. In 1895 the Rev. Joseph Lechner was appointed pastor. For six years he successfully managed the affairs of the parish, when, because of his meritorious activity, he was transferred to a larger field of labor. He is now pastor of St. Mary's Church, Utica. His successor was Rev. George S. Heisler, the present pastor, a native of the parish. Born in 1871 within the limits of his present charge. Father Heisler received his early education in its ent charge. Father Heisler received his early education in its school. His studies for the priesthood were made in the Troy and Rochester seminaries. Ordained June 11, 1898, his first appointment was as assistant in the Church of the Holy Apostles, pointment was as assistant in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rochester, where he served from July 2 of that year until April 2, 1899, when he was assigned to St. Joseph's (German) Church, Oneida. He remained in the latter parish until his appointment in 1901 to be pastor of St. Peter's. ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST ST. JOHN'S parish was formed from the original parish of St. Mary's in 1869. Rev. John F. Lowery, at that time assistant priest at St. Paul's, was appointed by Bishop Con- sistant priest at St. Paul's, was appointed by Bishop Conroy of Albany to organize the new parish. Father Lowery com- roy of Albany to organize the new parish. Father Lowery commenced his work with great earnestness and called a meeting of menced his work with great earnestness and called a meeting of his parishioners in Dunn's Hall, corner of West Fifth and Erie streets. In this building the first Mass was said. It was well attended, particularly by men who showed themselves willing to co-operate with their young pastor. The location selected for the new church was the vacant lot situated between Third and Fourth streets on the south side of Erie. This lot was purchased for $7,500, but a generous donation of $1,600 from Mr. and Mrs. Carrington, of whom it was tion of $1,600 from Mr. and Mrs. Carrington, of whom it was purchased, made the actual cost $5,900. A temporary church, destined soon to be a parochial school, was begun August 17, and soon completed at a cost of $4,875. The new brick church was commenced in the spring of 1870 and the cornerstone was laid with appropriate ceremonies July 10 of that year. The interior of the church was finished and ready for use November 12, 1871. The dedication occurred July 14, 1872. The temporary church was remodeled for a school-house and the Sisters of St. Joseph engaged as teachers. The building was destroyed by fire in 1875 and the school was then discontinued. Father Lowery was with St. John's parish until 1875, when he was transferred to the missions of Fonda and Johnstown. He labored diligently and well and when he left Oswego the parish was well organized and he took with him the love of all his people. ple. He was succeeded by Rev. Daniel 'Connell. He, too, worked untiringly and his capability and brilliancy fitted him to lead in public affairs. He held the office of president of the Board of Education and took great interest in the Catholic children and CITY OF OSWEGO. 197 teachers of the city. In 1886 lie was sent to Cooperstown and Rev. Martin J. Hughes took his place in Oswego. To the zeal of Father Hughes must be attributed the erection of St. John's Assembly Hall, a fine structure used by the parish for entertainments, society rooms, library, and gymnasium. This building cost $25,000. Father Hughes was transferred to St. Mary's, Binghamton, and the present pastor of St. John's, Rev. "W. F. Dwyer, succeeded him. Father Dwyer, who is a native of Truxton, N. Y., was born March 17, 1861. He was ordained priest from Troy Seminary, December 17, 1887. His first appointment was as assistant at St. John's Cathedral, Syracuse, where he remained until January 18, 1888, when he went to St. Mary's, Binghamton, in a similar capacity, staying there until his appointment to St. John's, August 4, 1892. gust 4, 1892. The parish had now grown so greatly that it became necessary to have an assistant. With such an appointment the celebration of a children's Mass became possible and the need was shown from the attendance, which from the first numbered about 700. Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins was the first assistant and served six and one-half years, becoming pastor of St. Mary's January 2, 1902. Rev. William H. MeCormick, the present assistant, was then assigned to St. John's. St. John 's people are worthy of Irish descent and their pastors have been of the same nationality. The number of families is 737 and of souls 3,127. The members of the congregation show true Catholic faith, an active interest in their church and a willingness to help their pastors in their arduous duties. tors in their arduous duties. ST. STEPHEN'S (Polish) DURING the summer of 1909 a congregation for Polish Catholics was organized in Oswego and incorporated as St. Stephen 's Polish Catholic Church. The Rev. Francis Rusin, pastor of the Sacred Heart (Polish) Church, Syracuse, is named in the incorporation papers as the pastor of St. Stephen 's, and it is under his direction that the congregation is planning to erect a church on the site purchased some time ago. Services are held at present in a hall on the West Side and are conducted by the Rev. Stephen Plaza, who has been an assistant at the Sacred Heart Church, Syracuse, the past year and a half. CLEVELAND PRIOR to the year 1838, the few Catholics in the vicinity of Cleveland (Black Creek) were probably visited by a priest from Utica ; thereafter for upwards of thirty-five years they were attended from Rome by Rev. William Beecham or his assistants, who came monthly to offer the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. In March, 1853, Father Fitzpatrick, assistant at Rome, purchased a site and within a year erected the present church at Cleveland. It was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin under the title of the Assumption by the Very Rev. E. P. Wadhams, VicarGeneral of the Diocese of Albany, afterwards Bishop of Ogdens- General of the Diocese of Albany, afterwards Bishop of Ogdensburg. burg. About November 1, 1873, St. Mary's parish was organized with the Rev. Patrick J. Birmingham, a native of Ireland, as the first pastor. Later a parochial residence was secured, through the generous co-operation of the faithful. In October, 1878, Father Birmingham was transferred to Florence, where, on August 24, 1883, he ended his labors. The late Rev. Francis D. McGuire, a gentle and energetic Syracusan, who was afterwards rector of the Albany Cathedral, then cusan, who was afterwards rector of the Albany Cathedral, then took charge, and before he left succeeded in notably reducing the church debt, while considerably improving the church property. In July, 1882, he was relieved by the Rev. James B. Green, a warm-hearted son of Erin. In 1886 Rev. John J. McGlynn, likewise a native of Ireland, ordained in 1883 at an advanced age, wise a native of Ireland, ordained in 1883 at an advanced age, became the fourth pastor of Cleveland. He labored assiduously in beautifying the house of God ; his charity and devotion are not yet forgotten. Transferred to Sherburne in October, 1894, he passed to his reward in November, 1902. The departure of Father McGlynn from Cleveland afforded a field for the zeal of the Rev. John B. Mertens, a priest of Flemish extraction, who had arrived in America but a few months previous. Father Mertens was born November 30, 1862, in Teral- vious. Father Mertens was born November 30, 1862, in Teralphene, Belgium, and received his education in the schools of his phene, Belgium, and received his education in the schools of his native country and in England. He was ordained at the Cathe200 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 200 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. dral at Leeds, England, April 5, 1891. His service at St. Mary's commenced September 24, 1894. Before his youthful ardor the remnant of the church debt soon disappeared. Needed improvements have since been gradually made and a neat cemetery has been added to the church property. The erection of a more suitable church edifice is now contemplated. This parish covers nearly 200 square miles, extending plated. This parish covers nearly 200 square miles, extending from Sylvan Beach to Caughdenoy. It includes the missions of North Bay, Little France and Sylvan Beach, and stations at Central Square and Constantia, which are periodically visited by tral Square and Constantia, which are periodically visited by Father Mertens, who still clings to his first charge. North Bay and Sylvan Beach missions are located in Oneida County and are described under that county caption. LITTLE FRANCE Among the oldest Catholic settlements in this part of the Empire State is to be numbered the congregation of Little France. pire State is to be numbered the congregation of Little France. In the year of our Lord 1837 the first Mass was said in a barn owned by Xavier Piquet. The celebrant was Rev. Michael Heas of Syracuse. Among those present were the Brassard, Piquet, Becancon, Mohats, Fevea and Tackley and other families. Mass was said only twice or three times a year. In 1839 Rev. F. C. Foultier of Oswego came and said Mass in the school-house. There were then about twenty families in the congregation. As the priest could but seldom come, the good people would gather together on Sundays and hold Catholic devotional services. Rev. Joseph Guerdet of Oswego attended the people for a short time until Rev. Father Lafayette, a Canadian priest, came and built a neat church on the plot of land donated by Mr. Brassard. The first Mass was said in the new church by the indefatigable Father Lafayette in May, 1855. Rev. Father Wieting, a German priest, was the next pastor; then came in succession Rev. Fathers Fidelis, Joseph, Anthony, Graziani, Albert, Otto and Ambrose, all Franciscan Fathers, sent from Syracuse. Rev. L. G. Plamondon was the pastor for a time, then Rev. John McGlynn for six months. Following him came the Rev. J. B. Mertens, the present pastor. The congregation numbers at present about thirty families. FULTON THE first Catholic service in Fulton was held about the year 1850, when the Rev. Michael Kelly, then pastor of St. Paul 's Church, Oswego, gathered together fifteen or twenty of the faithful in an old mud-colored house, and there said the first Mass, and formed the nucleus of the present congregation. From that time until 1854 Father Kelly occasionally celebrated Mass at Mr. Donnelly's or over a store in First street, and subsequently in Pond 's Hall. quently in Pond 's Hall. In January, 1854, as the Catholics had become materially strengthened by the advent of a few families, it was deemed expedient to have a priest of their own, and accordingly the Rev. pedient to have a priest of their own, and accordingly the Rev. James Smith was appointed by Bishop MeCloskey of Albany to take charge of the flock. The congregation continued its services in Pond's Hall for about two years, when it moved into Empire Hall, which occupied the site of the Midland depot. There it remained for cupied the site of the Midland depot. There it remained for about two years, when a purchase was made of the premises located on the corner of Third and Rochester streets, formerly oc- cated on the corner of Third and Rochester streets, formerly occupied by the Fulton Female Seminary. The old building was cupied by the Fulton Female Seminary. The old building was fitted up as a place of worship and in 1858 was dedicated to the service of God by the Bishop of Albany. The congregation continued to worship in the old church until the new Church of the Immaculate Conception was built and dedicated to the service of God by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse, March 10, 1895. It was through his counsel and encouraging words that the work was commenced on October 9, 1888. The foundation stone was laid by A. N. Culkins. It was a rather difficult undertaking at the time, as the members of the congregation were all poor, depending solely for their bers of the congregation were all poor, depending solely for their support on the woolen mill. There were a few other Catholic families scattered throughout the outlying country and they helped in the good work. All gave what aid they could, coming like one man to excavate the basement, draw building material and grade the grounds. 202 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. The work they and their teams did was invaluable at the time, as there were no funds to draw upon. When the church walls were up and the roof put on, the factory shut down and remained so for over two years. Many peo- tory shut down and remained so for over two years. Many people left and sought employment elsewhere and work was stopped ple left and sought employment elsewhere and work was stopped for want of funds. The congregation did not appeal to their neighbors for aid, but kept on caring for what was done and doing what little grading and finishing it could while awaiting the ing what little grading and finishing it could while awaiting the music of the looms again. The factory changed hands and the greater part of it was rebuilt and furnished with new machinery. The wanderers re- built and furnished with new machinery. The wanderers returned and work on the church was resumed again, under the turned and work on the church was resumed again, under the careful supervision of the late Father Kearney. March 10, 1895, was a memorable day for the congregation of the Immaculate Conception, Fulton, when the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden dedicated the new church and administered the Sacrament of Confirmation to over 200 boys and girls. Crowds of peo- ment of Confirmation to over 200 boys and girls. Crowds of people of all creeds gathered to witness the ceremonies. ple of all creeds gathered to witness the ceremonies. The church was built on the south side of Rochester and Third streets, on a lot owned and deeded to the congregation by the late Father Smith, together with $1,000 to help toward an altar. The parochial residence and barn, on the north side of Rochester and Third streets, were built on the most desirable location in ter and Third streets, were built on the most desirable location in Fulton. The property was secured by the late Father Smith. The present buildings are constructed of pressed brick with heavy limestone trimmings. They command the admiration of all visitors to Fulton, many of whom express great surprise when they tors to Fulton, many of whom express great surprise when they learn that the poor Catholics own them. When Father Kearney was appointed the church property was worth about $6,000. The property as it now stands is worth $60,000. There is also a cemetery of about eleven acres, which cost time, labor and money to reclaim. The church has a seating capacity of 700. There are over 200 families in the parish, but the number varies accordingly as the large industries, such as the paper and pulp mills, the woolen mills and factories, are in operation or not. tion or not. The late Father Smith was a man of medium size, a truly pious priest. He lived in a little frame house on the lot where the CITY OF FULTON. 203 church now stands. He attended to the spiritual wants of the Catholics of Baldwinsville, Phoenix, Mexico and Pulaski ; always ready, never flinching from duty whenever called. He continued doing good work until he had a slight shock of paralysis, about the year 1874, that necessitated the appointment of an assistant priest. His nephew, Rev. Bernard Smith, was sent to assist him and remained with him until death called him away, February 16, 1876. He was succeeded by Rev. Richard Meehan in March, 1876, who remained until November, 1877. Rev. Francis Cunningham came in December, 1877, and remained until September, 1878. He was succeeded by the Rev. mained until September, 1878. He was succeeded by the Rev. James B. Greene, who was appointed pastor of Florence when the Rev. Patrick J. Kearney was sent by the late Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, D. D., to take charge of the Fulton parish, September 14, 1879. He had as assistant the Rev. William J. Early from September 22, 1885, to March 26, 1894. The Rev. James Smith died on September 15, 1881. Father Kearney was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, and came to this country when thirty-nine years of age and for twenty-seven years was in charge of the Fulton parish. He was an earnest priest and a zealous toiler and not the least of his accomplishments is the beautiful church which will ever stand as a monu- ments is the beautiful church which will ever stand as a monument to his patient industry. He died March 11, 1906, and after ment to his patient industry. He died March 11, 1906, and after a short interval was succeeded by the Rev. John L. Lindsman, S. T. B. Father Lindsman was born in Deerfield, this diocese, March 31, 1871. His studies for the priesthood were made at Montreal Seminary, from which he was ordained September 29, 1894. After two years post-graduate work at the Catholic University of America, "Washington, he was appointed assistant priest at St. Paul's, Oswego, where he served for ten years, or until his appointment to Fulton. While enrolled as a student of the Catholic pointment to Fulton. While enrolled as a student of the Catholic University, he was acting pastor of Baldwinsville, June 17-August 24, 1895. gust 24, 1895. The Rev. David J. Dooling, a native of Syracuse, who was ordained June 9, 1906, for the Diocese of Buffalo, was appointed dained June 9, 1906, for the Diocese of Buffalo, was appointed June 23, 1906, to assist Father Lindsman. He was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse, August 6, 1906, and continued as assistant. Father Lindsman was then given charge of the mission 204 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. at Phoenix, which had until that time been attended from Baldwins ville. wins ville. PHOENIX As far back as 1851 the Baldwinsville pastor used to drive to Phoenix and celebrate Mass in the home of Stephen Pendergast, where the few Catholics would assemble when the priest visited them. Mr. Pendergast died in February, 1879, leaving a large plat of ground and $2,500 for a church. The surviving members of the family, eight in number, contributed $2,500 more and built the handsome brick church, St. Stephen's, in which the family and a devoted congregation now worship. The first service held in the church was the funeral of Mrs. Anne Pendergast, who died the year after her husband. The requiem Mass was sung by the Rev. James O'Brien, now pastor of St. Mary's Church, Sandy Hill, N. Y. The late Monsignor John J. Kennedy of Syracuse preached the funeral sermon. The church was dedicated in 1880 by the Very Rev. P. A. Ludden, V. G., of the Diocese of Albany, now Bishop of Syracuse, den, V. G., of the Diocese of Albany, now Bishop of Syracuse, who preached on the occasion. The Rev. P. H. Beecham of Baldwinsville had charge of this little mission nineteen years and dur- winsville had charge of this little mission nineteen years and during that time he infused into his parishioners zeal for their ing that time he infused into his parishioners zeal for their church, and a strong and abiding love for the Catholic faith. St. Stephen's passed to the charge of the pastor of Fulton in August, 1906. PULASKI ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST parish, as constituted at the present time, has as out-missions St. Mary's of Altmar (Sand Bank), St. Joseph's of Boyleston, and St. Anne's of Colosse, and as stations Mexico and Selkirk, the latter a pleasure resort on Lake Ontario, being attended only during the summer months. The site on which St. John 's Church is built was purchased in 1884 by the late Rev. Patrick H. Beecham, who was, in 1876, appointed first pastor of Camden (Oneida County), with Pulaski and Sand Bank, Sandy Creek and Williamstown as missions. Father Beecham was succeeded in March, 1886, by the late Father J. J. Brennan, who served until August 30, 1887, when the Rev. John H. McGraw, now pastor of Clayville, was appointed. pointed. The parish of Pulaski was incorporated April 12, 1888, with the villages named as out-missions, and in the course of the year the church was built. The Rev. John M. Varrilly was appointed first pastor and served until June 12, 1891, when he was succeeded by Rev. Charles Zotique Durocher. Father Durocher was born October 15, 1848, at St. Martin, Laval County, Canada. He was ordained at Ottawa, Canada, June 3, 1871, and for the next ten years was prefect of studies at Ottawa College. He served until 1889 in various capacities in Montreal and Quebec and on June 12, 1891, was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse and assigned to Pulaski, where he remained in charge until his death, May 3, 1899. Father Varrilly is now in the Diocese of Springfield. The present pastor, the Rev. Theodore Provost, was appointed some three months later. Father Provost was bom February 6, 1871, at Varennes, Province of Quebec, Canada, and was educated for the priesthood at the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels (Niagara), where he was ordained priest, June 8, 1895. Before com- agara), where he was ordained priest, June 8, 1895. Before coming to this parish he served as assistant at St. Patrick's, Utica, ing to this parish he served as assistant at St. Patrick's, Utica, from June 15, 1895, to October 15 of the same year, when he was 206 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. transferred to St. Paul's, Whitesboro, where he served in the same capacity until July, 1899. During the eighteen months following the death of Father Charles Durocher, Bishop Ludden committed to the temporary charge of Father Tieman of Camden, the missions at Altmar (thus changed from Sand Bank by the K, W. & 0. R. R. authorities), Richland, Sandy Creek, Lacona and Boyleston. ties), Richland, Sandy Creek, Lacona and Boyleston. ALTMAR In Altmar the first Mass was said by Rev. John Ludden in 1867 at the home of James Buckley. Hither "Father John" came once or twice a year up to 1876, when the village had passed under the jurisdiction of Rev. Patrick H. Beecham of Camden, It was regularly attended by the Camden priests until 1890, when it passed to the jurisdiction of Father Durocher. During that time and down to 1889, Mass was said in the drug store and Cottage Hotel halls. In 1889, after the death of Father Durocher, tage Hotel halls. In 1889, after the death of Father Durocher, Father Tiernan of Camden took charge, opening his work here by a mission given by Father Gannon, a Redemptorist. Mass was said in John Brown's Hall, over the drug store, on the altar formerly used by the priests at Williamstown. The Catholics of Altmar, numbering seven families, desired a little church olics of Altmar, numbering seven families, desired a little church of their own, and, being encouraged and directed by their temporary pastor, sprang so nobly into the undertaking that, after eighteen months, when Father Tiernan retired, he turned over into the hands of the treasurer of the building committee, James Buckley, $538.60, and a subscription of nearly $600 -- a working capital of upwards of $1,000. The church was built and ready for Mass in November, 1901, all out of debt and costing up to that time $1,200. It was dedicated by Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden during the pastorate of Father Provost, May 30, 1902, under den during the pastorate of Father Provost, May 30, 1902, under the title of St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception. BOYLESTON AND COLOSSE. 207 BOYLESTON St. Joseph's Church, built in 1880, situated on the State road in the town of Boyleston, on the site of the winter encampment of the army of General Billette, in his overland march on Fort Stanwix in 1757, was built through the influence of the prominent wix in 1757, was built through the influence of the prominent Lenore family. Many French families, as well as Irish, settled there at one time, and up to the time of the appointment of Father Varrilly as the first pastor of Pulaski, about the year 1887, was attended by priests from Oswego, notably by Father Auger, pastor of St. Louis' Church of that city. When Father Tiernan came to Boyleston, opening his work there with a mission in June, 1899, and investigating the financial condition of sion in June, 1899, and investigating the financial condition of their church, he found the little structure seriously encumbered by claims to the amount of more than $700, with about thirty-five poor families to shoulder the burden. In 1900 $258 was raised by subscription and applied on the debt. December 20, 1900, the mission reverted to the charge of Pulaski and under Father Provost 's care has come again into sound financial condition. vost 's care has come again into sound financial condition. COLOSSE St. Anne's Church, Colosse, was built during the year 1854. The little congregation was visited occasionally by priests from Oswego and the neighboring missions until April 12, 1888, when the parish of Pulaski was formed with Colosse as one of its outmissions. The Catholic families of the village are of French and missions. The Catholic families of the village are of French and Irish descent. Mass is said at stated times by Father Provost. WILLIAMSTOWN THE first priest to say Mass in Williamstown mission was Father Kinney of Oswego, in 1843. It was celebrated at the home of John Murphy in a log house on the Wolder farm, near the town of Albion. At long intervals after that came priests from Florence -- Fathers Kelliher and FitzPatrick. Later, in 1855, came Father John Ludden of Florence, who said Mass at stated intervals in the school-houses, homes and halls in and about Williamstown. In 1870, when the tannery and the lumber business opened up the large tracts of forest lands to the north ness opened up the large tracts of forest lands to the north of Williamstown, many Catholic families, chiefly of Irish and French descent, came from Canada and settled there. The largest tannery in the State, operating 375 vats, was located at Williamstown. town. The remains of the Maple Hill postoffice, located by the tram railway, which extended from Williamstown to within three miles of the village of Redfield, are still visible. Nearby stood the great lumber camp and saw-mill of the Comstock Brothers of Utica, who shipped their lumber to the builders of New York City. Nearly 2,000 men were at work here. In a school-house nearby Father Ludden often said Mass. On a knoll just outside (tradition points the spot) , Father Ludden, for the want of room for tion points the spot) , Father Ludden, for the want of room for the sponsors in the log school-house, baptized on one occasion twenty-three children. The first Mass celebrated by Rev. Patrick H. Beecham in Williamstown was in a hall over a store, since burned down. From liamstown was in a hall over a store, since burned down. From 1876 to 1884 Mass was said in this store hall and in Sage's Hall by Father Beecham, who completed the building of St. Patrick's Church in the latter year. Williamstown has been attended from Camden (Oneida County) since the formation of that parish in 1876. Redfield Square, Oswego County, is a station of Florence, Oneida County. ONEIDA COUNTY UTICA THE FOURTH CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND THE FIRST IN THE DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE, SUBSEQUENT TO THE EARLY MISSIONARY PERIOD, WAS ERECTED IN UTICA, IN 1819, FOR THE CATHOLICS OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK. TRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK. ST. JOHN^S CHURCH ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, Utica, claims the distinction of being the oldest church in the Diocese of Syracuse, and the fourth Catholic church erected in the State of New York. Of course this does not include the churches built by the French missionaries among the Indians, more than a century previous. There is no record of where the first Mass was said in Utica, but it was very probably in the home of John C. Devereux who lived in those days at the comer of Broad and Second streets. Rev. Paul ]\I. McQuade was the pastor of St. i\Iary's Church, Albany, from 1813 to 1815. Utica at that time was a mission attended from time to time from Albany. John C. Devereux was a member of the Board of Trustees of St. Mary's Church, Albany. In the traditions of the parish it has been handed down that Father McQuade said Mass frequently in Mr. Devereux 's house and there is little doubt that the very first Mass was said by the same priest and in the same place. Rev. Michael 'Gorman became pastor of St. Mary's Church, Albany, in 1817 and attended Utica regularly until 1819. He founded St. John's church January 25, 1819, where at a meeting, held under his direction, of all the Catholics of Utica and vicnity, it was decided to erect a church for Central and Western New York. As there were but few Catholics at that time between Albany and Buffalo, it was determined to build one church to supply the needs of all, and Utica was selected as the place of its erection. A corporation was duly formed, under the name CITY OF UTICA. 211 of the "Trustees of the first Catholic Church in the Western district of New York. ' ' The first trustees of the church were John C. Devereux and Nicholas Devereux of Utica, John O'Connor of Auburn, Morris Hogan of New Hartford, Oliver Weston of Johnstown, Thomas McCarthy of Syracuse, John McGuire of Rochester, and Charles Carroll of Genesee River. Judge Morris S. Miller, one of the pioneers of Utica, donated the site. The original deed dated May 13, 1819, is still in the archives of the church. The population of the village at that time was 2,500. The resident congregation did not exceed thirty-five. After sowing this little seed in Utica, which was destined to multiply so many hundredfold. Father 'Gorman returned to New York to assist Bishop Connolly. He died November 25, 1824, at the early age of 32 years. Rev. John Farnan was appointed the first resident pastor of St. John's Church. He said Mass in Utica for the first time Sunday, March 21, 1819, in the Academy. Father Farnan went to work with great earnestness to erect the new house of worship. After two years the little church was enclosed and fit for use, although it was two more years before it was entirely finished. It was a pretty Gothic structure, 45 by 60 feet, surmounted by a low spire, and painted white. It was dedicated by Bishop Connolly August 19, 1821. This event was something remarkable in those days, as it was the first time that a Catholic Bishop had been seen in this part of the world. Father Farnan was succeeded by Rev. Richard Bulger, who was pastor from February 1, 1823, until July 6, 1824. Rev. Charles Brennan was pastor from December 1, 1824, till August 31, 1825. Rev. John Shanahan was by far the most distinguished pastor of the earlier days. His pastorate dating from August 31, 1825, marks a new epoch in the history of the parish. Father Shanahan opened the first baptismal and marriage register, August han opened the first baptismal and marriage register, August 31, 1825, and the old book is still in a splendid state of preservation. Father Shanahan enjoyed the unique distinction of being tion. Father Shanahan enjoyed the unique distinction of being the only priest ever attached to the parish who lived long enough to be able to see the first, second and third churches erected on the same site. 212 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. When he took charge of the parish the population was about 5,000. The village was bounded on the north by the Mohawk River, on the south by Elizabeth street, on the east by Third street, on the west by Broadway. Beyond these limits was a wilderness. There were at that time but sixteen Catholic families in Utica. When Father Shanahan first presided over the little parish the old stage coaches were running between Albany and Buffalo. It was during his pastorate that the great waterway which binds the ocean to the lakes was opened. When he died at the advanced age of 78 years, he saw the railroad, destined to become vanced age of 78 years, he saw the railroad, destined to become perhaps the greatest in the world, paralleling this great artery of commerce -- carrying its passengers almost on the wings of lightning, breakfasting them in the metropolis by the sea, and dining them on the shores of Lake Erie. At his death Utica was a growing city of 40,000 people, one-fourth of whom were Catholics, and two large and flourishing parishes had been formed out of the St. John's of long ago. Rev. Luke Berry was pastor from November 1, 1827, to December 19, 1828. A strange accident happened during his pas- cember 19, 1828. A strange accident happened during his pastorate which made it necessary to postpone the beautiful cere- torate which made it necessary to postpone the beautiful ceremony of confirmation, which was about to take place for the mony of confirmation, which was about to take place for the first time in Utica. Good Bishop Dubois had forgotten to bring the Sacred Chrism, and the sacrament could not be administered. Rev. Hatton Walsh was pastor from December 19, 1828, till November 24, 1829. During his pastorate the sacrament of confirmation was administered for the first time in Central and firmation was administered for the first time in Central and Western New York. The class consisted of about a dozen boys and a dozen girls. The ceremony took place in the summer of 1829. Rev. Philip J. M. 'Reilly of the Dominican Order was pastor from August 14, 1829, till November 30, 1830. It was during the pastorate of Father O'Reilly that the first Catholic cemetery was laid out in Utica. Previous to the year 1830, Catholics had been obliged to bury their dead in unconsecrated ground. The only record of a Catholic burying ground before that time was a small piece of ground near St. Joseph's Church, Oriskany Falls, which was donated to St. John's Church sometime in the twenties by Thomas Mooney, who was then secretary of the CITY OF UTICA. 213 board of trustees of St. John's Church, Utica. Some of the Mooney family and a few of the early settlers are interred in this old cemetery. The first Catholic cemetery in Utica was located in Elm Grove between Elm and Steuben streets. It consisted of a little less than an acre. Eev. Michael Cummins was pastor from December 1, 1830, till March 25, 1832. It was during his pastorate that Utica ceased to be a village and became a full-fledged city, receiving a charter from the Legislature, February 13, 1832. Rev. James McCahill was pastor from May 8, 1831, till May 11, 1833. It was during the pastorate of Father McCahill that Utica was visited by the Asiatic cholera, which swept over the country in 1832. Father McCahill 's labors during that fearful scourge, attending the unfortunate victims day and night, in the improvised hospitals in the Court House opposite the church, have been handed down in the traditions of the parish. There is preserved in the archives of the church in his own handwriting a list containing the names of fourteen of his little flock who died within three weeks during that dreadful epidemic, which carried off about seventy of the inhabitants of Utica. Rev. Francis O'Donogue assisted Father McCahill from July 1 to August 15, 1832. Father McCahill never recovered from the fatigues incident to the cholera visitation. He returned to Ireland in May, 1833, where he died before the end of the year. Rev. Walter J. Quarter closes the roll of pastors of the first church. He was ordained in New York by Bishop Dubois, April 28, 1833, and he began his long pastorate in Utica June 18th of the same year. His first attention was directed to the spiritual needs of the parish, and his first concern was for the children. Father Quarter had the honor of bringing to Utica the worldrenowned Sisters of Charity, through the munificent generosity renowned Sisters of Charity, through the munificent generosity of John C. Devereux and his brother Nicholas, each of whom contributed $5,000 for their maintenance. They arrived in Utica from Emmitsburg, May 1, 1834. They opened simultaneously an Orphan Asylum and a Girls' School, and they have ously an Orphan Asylum and a Girls' School, and they have ever since continued this twofold work in the parish. Now that Utica had put off its village smallness and was fast becoming a flourishing city, Father Quarter saw that it would 214 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. be necessary to keep pace with the new order of things, and he began at once to take steps for the erection of a larger and handsomer church. The little old church which had served its purpose for upwards of fifteen years was removed across the street in the summer of 1835. It is still standing, though somewhat altered in appearance, on the northwest corner of Bleeeker what altered in appearance, on the northwest corner of Bleeeker and John streets. It has ever since been devoted to commercial purposes. But even in its dilapidated condition it is a glorious landmark of Catholicity in Central New York -- a living proof of that grain of mustard seed that was planted in this soil, less than a century ago, which has grown up and shot forth branches extending on the north to Canada's border and on the south and west to the very limits of the State. Rev. Patrick Bradley was assistant priest to Father Quarter for a time in the first church, his term extending from February 1, 1835, till May 4, 1836. The cornerstone of the second church was laid by Bishop Dubois of New York, January 14, 1836. So rapidly was the work carried on that it was opened for worship, although in an unfinished condition, on Christmas of the same year. It was a plain brick edifice with a gable in front and a simple wooden cross. There was no tower or steeple, and the windows were of the plainest kind, and no attempt was made at decoration. The building cost about $20,000. It was considerably smaller than the present church, beginning a little back from the sidewalk , and extending only as far as the rear columns of the present edifice. The church was probably dedicated by Bishop Dubois on his visitation in the summer of 1837, although there is no record of the fact. Father Quarter labored assiduously in the parish during six years, half the time in the first, and the rest in the second church. He was very successful in raising funds for the completion of the new church, and by his zeal and piety he won pletion of the new church, and by his zeal and piety he won the esteem and love of all his people. Upon leaving Utiea he did good missionary work in New York for a few years. When his brother was appointed the first Bishop of Chicago, November 28, 1843, he accompanied him to that city and was appointed Vicar-General of the new diocese, and upon the death of his CITY OF UTICA. 215 brother he became the administrator of the diocese until the appointment of the next Bishop. Rev. William Beecham was assistant priest to Father Quarter in the second church from December 23, 1836, to July 22, 1837. He was then appointed pastor of St. Peter's Church, Rome, and he labored on this arduous mission for over forty years. Rev. John Lewis Wariath was assistant priest for the Germans from June 6, 1837, to August 31, 1837. The Germans were not organized into a parish until four years later. Rev. Patrick McCloskey was assistant priest from June 27, 1836, till January 13, 1839. Rev. David W. Bacon, who afterwards became the first Bishop of Portland, was assistant priest wards became the first Bishop of Portland, was assistant priest from January 13, 1899, till October 24, 1839. Rev. Francis Ferrall became pastor October 25, 1839. He was noted for his zeal and piety but his ministry was of short duration. He died December 8, 1840. It is a curious fact that tion. He died December 8, 1840. It is a curious fact that although this parish had been in existence for twenty-one years and eighteen priests had preceded him in ministering to the Catholics of Utica, Father Ferrall was the first priest to die in Utica, and the first whose remains were destined to remain in the citj^. He was buried in a private cemetery in the yard of St. John's Asylum, adjoining the church. His remains were removed and re-interred in St. Agnes' Cemetery, Utica, October 6, 1886. Father John Loughlin, who afterwards became the first Bishop of Brooklyn, assisted Father Ferrall from November 1, 1840, to January 3, 1841. Upon the death of Father Ferrall Rev. Thomas Martin, 0. P., was transferred from Newport and Schuyler and became pastor of St. John's Church, January 10, 1841. He is described as "one of the most distinguished priests of the older generation." He organized the first temperance society in Utica and was noted for his zealous efforts in suppressing the frightful evils of drunkenness. He had the Con- pressing the frightful evils of drunkenness. He had the Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary canonically erected in the fraternity of the Most Holy Rosary canonically erected in the parish by a diploma from Rome, dated July 19, 1842. As the little cemetery off Steuben street was now wholly inadequate for the size of the parish, Father Martin purchased adequate for the size of the parish, Father Martin purchased on June 3, 1844, in the name of the church, five acres of land for burial purposes. The ground forms a portion of the present St. Agnes' cemetery. 216 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Rev. George MeCloskey was assistant priest to Father Martin from October 12, 1844, till June 1, 1845. His brother later on became Bishop of Louisville, and Father MeCloskey was made Vicar-General and President of the Seminary, which positions he retained until his death. Rev. Joseph Stokes became pastor May 11, 1845. His failing health made it impossible for him to carry out all his projects for the spiritual improvement of the parish. But in spite of his infirmities he accomplished one thing for which he deserves to be especially remembered. The parish had now been in existence for upwards of thirty years, and yet there was no parochial residence for the clergy. From the beginning the priests were obliged to board here and there at different houses in the parish, often in public hotels. The difficulty from the first had been that there was no convenient site that could be obtained. The lots donated for the first church covered only half the block on Bleecker street. All the lots in the rear of the church had come into the possession of Rev. Eleazor S. Barrows, a retired Presbyterian minister, noted for his extreme antipathy to the Catholic Church. He had erected upon the ground a residence for himself. Upon the death of Mr. Barrows in June, 1850, Father Stokes managed to purchase from his heirs the house and all the adjoining lots, thus securing a much needed rectory, and making the church property run through from street to street. But Father Stokes never had the happiness of residing in the new rectory as growing infirmities compelled him to give up his charge in the following winter. During his pastorate Father Stokes had ten different assistant priests, viz: Rev. John McMenomy, July 13, 1845-September 1, 1845; Rev. William Howard, September 20, 1845-October 6, 1845; Rev. Daniel Cull, October 24, 1847-April 2, 1848 ; Rev. Hippolyte C. De Luynes, S. J., August 1, 1848-September 15, 1848; Rev. Thomas Ouellet, S. J., August 13, 1848-September 3, 1848 ; Rev. Patrick Caraher, October 15, 1848-January 20, 1850; Rev. Michael J. Kelly, July 1, 1850-September 1, 1850 ; Rev. Michael E. Clarke, October 28, 1850-June 15, 1851; Rev. William C. Coghlan, November 12, 1851-May 1, 1854. Rev. Francis P. McFarland opens the longest and one of the most important pastorates in the history of the parish. Francis CITY OP UTICA. 217 Patrick McFarland was born in Franklin, Pa., April 16, 1819, -almost on the very day when this parish, destined to be sanctified almost on the very day when this parish, destined to be sanctified by his zealous labors, had its birth. In the Providence of God new countries are evangelized by missionaries from other countries, but in the course of time, native vocations spring up to tries, but in the course of time, native vocations spring up to meet the wants of the new kingdom brought to Christ. And so, whilst we shall never forget the debt of gratitude which we owe to that little band of Irish missionaries that planted the good seed in Utica, still we glory in the fact that Father McFarland was the first product of our own soil -- the first American Farland was the first product of our own soil -- the first American pastor of St. John's Church. He came to the parish March 1, 1851. The Utica of Father 'Gorman thirty-two years before, with its 400 houses and 2,000 people, had now become a thriving city with ten times that population, and the church had kept pace with the growth of the city. Father McFarland 's zealous labors among the people of St. John's crowned the glory of the second church. His work was lasting. He made an impression in the parish which remained long after the hallowed walls of the church, which he loved so well, had been razed to the ground. His memory is still green in Utica, the blessing which he left upon the church- still clings to it and long will his name be revered in the parish, which had the happiness of being the witness of his saintly labors. It was during Father McFarland 's pastorate that the Christian Brothers came to Utica. It was their first foundation outside of New York City. The beautiful school building on the corner of John and Elizabeth streets, which belongs to the church, was built during his pastorate. Assumption Academy for boys was opened September 1, 1854, and to-day its long line of graduates are found among the citizens of Utica and elsewhere in every walk and profession in life. The Solemn Jubilee of this institution, which was celebrated May 15, 1904, with so much en- tion, which was celebrated May 15, 1904, with so much enthusiasm, was a striking proof of what it has accomplished in thusiasm, was a striking proof of what it has accomplished in the last half century. Rt. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke, the distinguished Bishop of Albany and one of the first pupils of the Academy, was the panegyrist on the occasion. Truly has the Blessed Founder of the Christian Brothers -- St, John Baptist De La Salle -- watched 218 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. in Heaven over the work done by his faithful sons in Utica for Catholic youth. In order to meet the necessary requirements of the growing congregation Father McFarland purchased additional lots for burial purposes -- thus extending the limits of St. Agnes' Cemetery. It was also during the pastorate of Father McFarland tery. It was also during the pastorate of Father McFarland that the first mission was given in St. John's Church. It took place in the month of October, 1857. It was a memorable mission, conducted by those celebrated Redemptorist Fathers -- sion, conducted by those celebrated Redemptorist Fathers -Fathers Walworth, Hewitt, Deshon and Baker. Fathers Walworth, Hewitt, Deshon and Baker. Father McFarland was the first pastor to reside in the old Barrows house, which was the new rectory, purchased by Father Stokes, and which stood nearly on the site of the present rectory. In the very midst of his labors the Bulls arrived from Rome, naming him the third Bishop of Hartford, Conn. ''He carried from Utica," to use the words of the local newspaper of the day, "the love of every man, woman and child, paper of the day, "the love of every man, woman and child, Catholic or Protestant, who had known him during his residence here. ' ' He left for his new field of labor March 6, 1858. Besides Father Coghlan, who had assisted Father Stokes and remained afterwards with Father McFarland until he became pastor of Clinton, May 1, 1854, five other priests assisted Father McFarland during his pastorate, viz: Rev. James Smith, May 1, 1854-April 1, 1855; Rev. Daniel P. Falvey, April 20, 1855August 4, 1855 ; Rev. John McDermott, September 6, 1855-March August 4, 1855 ; Rev. John McDermott, September 6, 1855-March 9, 1856 ; Rev. Joseph H. Herbst, March 31, 1856-March 22, 1858 ; Rev. Joseph H. W. Maeyer, September 1, 1857-October 1, 1858. Rev. Thomas Daly served from April 25, 1858, to October 11, 1881. Just as St. John's Church Avas beginning its long career, in the autumn of 1822, an Irishwoman with a babe in her arms, bade farewell to her native land and sailed away for free America. The infant was Thomas Daly, who was destined to occupy ica. The infant was Thomas Daly, who was destined to occupy so long a space in the development of this parish. Father Daly became pastor April 25, 1858. Under his administration a wonderful development took place. His first care, upon taking derful development took place. His first care, upon taking charge, was to complete and perfect the spiritual edifice, whose foundations had been so broadly and solidly laid by his saintly predecessor. The society of the Children of Mary was organized CITY OF UTICA. 219 by him and placed under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. The society was organized December 8, 1858 -- the very year of the apparition at Lourdes -- and is still in existence and in a most flourishing condition. His next care was to provide a home for orphan boys, and under his direction the Christian Brothers opened an orphan asylum for boys in a portion of the school building, on the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25, 1862. Engrossed in spiritual works he soon found temporal concerns thrust upon his attention, and calling for the exercise of his zeal and energy. tion, and calling for the exercise of his zeal and energy. The second church, which seemed altogether too large at the time of its erection, was now fast becoming inadequate for the increasing numbers of the congregation, aud he saw that it would be necessary to take immediate measures for the erection of a more spacious edifice. Mass was said in the second church for the last time on Sunday, June 8, 1868. On the following day the work of tearing down was commenced. And so the church from whose pulpit had been heard the learned and profound teachings of a Dubois -- whose walls had resounded with found teachings of a Dubois -- whose walls had resounded with the pov/erful, majestic and soul-thrilling eloquence of the lionhearted Hughes -- and through whose aisles had floated the soft hearted Hughes -- and through whose aisles had floated the soft sweet music of that gentle Prince of the Church -- the beloved Bishop ]\rcCloskey -- our first American Cardinal -- this church of hallowed memories was soon levelled to the ground and passed into history. Following were the assistant priests to Father Daly in the second church: Rev. Patrick J. M. McGlynn, a nephew of Father Quarter, July 15, 1858-October 1, 1858; Eev. Eugene Carroll, October 10, 1858-December 1, I860; Rev. William F. Sheehan, now pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Watervliet, January 20, 1861-November 23, 1861; Rev. Francis J. Purcell, the ary 20, 1861-November 23, 1861; Rev. Francis J. Purcell, the late pastor of St. Mary's Church, Skaneateles, November 23, 1861-July 4, 1865; Rev. John McDonald, a nephew of the late Archbishop "Walsh of Toronto, and the first student of St. Joseph's Provincial Seminary, Troy, September 15, 1864- August 26, 1866; Rev. Patrick F. Smith, August 26, 1866-March 4, 1867; Rev. Bartholomew B. Grattan, March 17, 1867-July 5, 1868. 220 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. The cornerstone of the present St. John's Church was laid byFather Daly, June 27, 1868. The sermon on the occasion was Father Daly, June 27, 1868. The sermon on the occasion was preached by Rev. Dr. Keating, pastor of Newport, N. Y. The papers and coins which had been placed in the cornerstone of the second church were found to be in a good state of preservation, and were deposited, with the other articles, in the corner- tion, and were deposited, with the other articles, in the cornerstone of the present church. For a few years the congregation stone of the present church. For a few years the congregation was compelled to make use of the Court House and the Sisters' School building as places of worship. The work was pushed as rapidly as possible, and, although not entirely finished, the new church was opened on Christmas, 1869, by Father Daly. It is a coincidence that the second church had been opened also on Christmas just thirty-three years previous. The old Barrows house which had served for a rectory for nearly twenty years was also torn down during the year 1869, and the present elegant and spacious residence for the clergy was constructed. "While this work was going on, Father Daly accepted the kind hospitality of Leslie A. Warnick, where he lived from April to July, 1869. Much to the joy and consolation of that good Catholic family their residence became, for the time being, a little olic family their residence became, for the time being, a little church, and whilst baptisms and marriages and other sacraments were being administered in their house, they felt that God was close to them and that His special blessing was falling upon their quiet home that would remain with them during life. A house was subsequently provided for Father Daly at 58 Mary street, where he resided until the completion of the new rectory. But, besides the building of the church and rectory, both of which works demanded so much of his attention, another task was imposed upon Father Daly. The accommodations for the orphan boys at the school building were found to be totally inadequate, and besides the Catholics of the city generally were beginning to appreciate more and more the opportunity presented by Assumption Academy for a sound Catholic education, sented by Assumption Academy for a sound Catholic education, as well as the highest form of commercial and scientific instruction. It became necessary, therefore, in the summer of 1869, tion. It became necessary, therefore, in the summer of 1869, to make provision for the orphan boys in another place, and a large and commodious building was erected on the corner of Rutger street and Taylor avenue. The Assumption Academy building was henceforward devoted CITY OF UTICA. 221 exclusively to educational purposes, and the orphan boys were transferred to the new asylum, now known as St. Vincent's Industrial School. There was still another matter that occupied the attention of Father Daly while he was rushing the completion of the new church. It was his privilege to complete the work of his predecessors. Fathers Martin and McFarland, and secure a permanent resting place for the departed members of the parish. In 1871 he purchased that narrow strip of land running along the Gulf, from South to Pleasant street, and known as "the Farm." About this time St. Agnes' Cemetery Association was formed and Father Daly was one of the original trustees. The five acres of land belonging to the church which had been purchased for burial purposes in 1844, and the additional lots purchased by Father McFarland, were conveyed to this new corporation, and that portion of the farm bounded by South, Third, Arthur streets and the Gulf, was sold by the church to the trustees of St. Agnes' Cemetery Association. The remainder came into the possession of the Christian Brothers in 1866 when they purchased the Asylum property from Bishop McNeirny. chased the Asylum property from Bishop McNeirny. Finally, the great day of Father Daly's life arrived. St. John's was dedicated October 2, 1872, by Rt. Rev, John J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany, assisted by the Coadjutor Bishop, Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny. Rt. Rev. Francis P. McFarland, Bishop of Hartford, the light of the second church, came back to preach the dedication sermon of the third. Among the Bishops present at the dedication was Rt. Rev. John Loughlin, Bishop of Brooklyn, one of the former assistant priests of the second church. Rev. William J. Smith was assistant priest to Father Daly during the first years of the construction of the new church, i. e., from June 28, 1868, till March 1, 1870. Rev. James M. Ludden, now pastor of St. John's Church, Albany, assisted Father Daly during the latter portion of that period, and remained with him for a few weeks after the dedication ; i. e., from mained with him for a few weeks after the dedication ; i. e., from March 13, 1870, till November 26, 1872. Following were the assistant priests to Father Daly afterwards, in the new church: Rev. Patrick J. Birmingham, November 1, 1872-January 1, 1873; Rev. Luke G. O'Reilly, May 1, 1874- April 8, 1877; Rev. 222 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. James L. Meagher, April 1, 1876-May 15, 1876; Rev. Edward A. Terry, June 24, 1876. After a couple of years Father Daly's health began to fail, and Father Terry was obliged to take almost entire charge of the affairs of the parish. After the departure of Father Meagher he was assisted in his laborious duties by Rev. John F. Mullany, LL. D., now pastor of St. John the Baptist Church, Syracuse, from May 24, 1880, till July 7, 1880, and by Rev. Patrick J. Brady from July 2, 1880, till July 9, 1880. In the summer of 1880 it became painfully evident that Father Daly's mental powers were breaking under the strain which had been placed upon them, and it was deemed advisable by the Bishop to appoint an acting pastor with full powers to administer the affairs of the parish. The choice of Bishop McNeirny fell upon Rev. James M. Ludden, then pastor of St. Mary's Church, Little Falls. Father Ludden had endeared himself to the people of St. John's during his incumbency, about a decade previous, as assistant priest, and the selection seemed a very happy one. Father Terry was transferred to St. Ann's Church, Albany, as pastor, September 21, 1880. A large portion of the congregation, however, were very much dissatisfied with the change, and clamored for the return of Father Terry. There is no doubt that ored for the return of Father Terry. There is no doubt that Father Terry had become very popular, especially on account of his brilliant and very dramatic sermons, and his touching and pathetic funeral orations. But his admirers, who comprised most of the influential people of the church, seemed to have completely lost their heads and become crazed with a kind of hero-worship for the idol of their affections, and contrary to all Catholic principles they attempted to dictate to the Bishop in the exercise of his lawful authority in the appointment of pastors. Naturally things were made very disagreeable for Father Ludden. Many of the pewholders went so far as to withdraw entirely their support from the church, and frequented other Catholic churches in the city. As a consequence, the revenue gradually decreased, and it became very difficult, if not impossible, for Father Ludden to raise sufficient funds for the proper sible, for Father Ludden to raise sufficient funds for the proper maintenance of the church and school. Meanwhile Father Daly had retired to Mt. Hope Retreat, CITY OF UTICA. 223 Mt. Hope, Md., October 11, 1880, where, under the tender care of the Sisters of Charity, he spent the remainder of his days. He retained the title of pastor of St. John's until his death. For nearly a year and a half Father Ludden struggled against the peculiar difficulties of the situation, which continued even after all hope had been given up of the return of Father Terry. Finally the Bishop was invoked to bring this unpleasant state of things to an end. As a necessary condition for settlement the Bishop required the clear and explicit recognition of ment the Bishop required the clear and explicit recognition of his Episcopal authority. A committee on behalf of St. John's congregation, in a letter dated January 27, 1882, to Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, Bishop of Albany, stated among other things, "That, if in the course of the discussion that has unfortunately arisen on this subject, any of us have given expression to any sentiment questioning your authority as Bishop, to appoint or remove the priests of the parish in accordance with the statutes governing the diocese, or to your authority or right to be obeyed as our Bishop, we hereby, in the most unqualified manner, retract the same. That there may be no doubt of the position we tract the same. That there may be no doubt of the position we occupy in the matter, allow us further to say that we do now accept and recognize the Rev. Father Ludden in the position to which you have appointed him. ' ' Bishop McNeirny in his reply to this communication dated February 4, 1882, said : "The rights of the Ordinary being clearly and distinctly recognized, the Bishop will promptly take into consideration your petition, and grant every relief which the good of souls and the welfare of St. John 's parish can call for. ' ' Father Ludden acquiesced in the decision of the Bishop and was transferred to Albany as pastor of St. John 's Church, February 18, 1882. Rev. James B. Greene, assisted Father Ludden ary 18, 1882. Rev. James B. Greene, assisted Father Ludden from December 16, 1880, till May 12, 1881, and Rev. Joseph A. Lanahan from July 10, 1881, till February 18, 1882. Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, pastor of Warrensburgh, N. Y., was transferred to Utica and took up his duties as acting pastor February 18, 1882. As Father Lynch was an entire stranger in the parish, and as the people were tired of the distracted condition of the church, peace and order were soon re-established dition of the church, peace and order were soon re-established and confidence was revived. The new pastor's first efforts were directed towards the chil224 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 224 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. dren. The Sisters of Charity had conducted a pay school in connection with their Orphan Asylum for nearly a half century, but the attendance was very limited. There had been a great falling off in the attendance at the Assumption Academy, and thus it had come to pass that with good Catholic schools in the parish, a majority of the children were attending the public schools. Additional Brothers were added to the teaching force for the boys and arrangements were made with the Superiors of the Sisters of Charity at Emmitsburg whereby each teacher would receive a certain fixed salary from the funds of the church. When these preliminaries had been settled it was announced that parochial free schools were now firmly established, and it was expected that all the children of the parish, unless there was some legitimate hindrance, would attend them. As a matter of fact, beginning with the fall session of 1882, there was a largely increased attendance in both the boys' and girls' departments. Father Lynch next bent his efforts towards a reduction ments. Father Lynch next bent his efforts towards a reduction of the church indebtedness, which amounted to over $50,000. In a few years this pressing burden was materially decreased. Rev. Thomas Daly, who had been pastor of the church since December 25, 1869, died at Mt. Hope Retreat, February 5, 1885. His funeral took place from St. John's and was one of the largest and most impressive in the history of Utica. The eulogy was pronounced by Rev. John F. Lowery, LL. D., pastor of St. IMary's Church, Troy, and whose deep personal sorrow in the loss lent a touching pathos to his eloquent panegyric. The remains of Father Daly were tenderly laid to rest in St. Agnes' mains of Father Daly were tenderly laid to rest in St. Agnes' Cemetery, Utica, beside those of his father and mother. The following were Father Lynch 's assistant priests during his pastorate: Rev. Joseph A. Lanahan, February 18, 1882January 16, 1883; Rev. William A. Ryan, January 16, 1883- January 16, 1883; Rev. William A. Ryan, January 16, 1883June 24, 1885 ; Rev. John J. Toomy, January 16, 1883-May 15, June 24, 1885 ; Rev. John J. Toomy, January 16, 1883-May 15, 1887; Rev. John F. Lovett, January 24, 1885-May 15, 1887; Rev. Antony Castelli, for the Italians, September 10, 1885-May 15, 1887. The new Diocese of Syracuse was created November 26, 1886, and the Vicar-General of the Diocese of Albany, Very Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, was appointed the first Bishop, December 8, 1886. Bishop Ludden was consecrated in the Church of the CITY OF UTICA. 225 Assumption, Syracuse, May 1, 1887. He selected for his VicarGeneral and rector of his Cathedral Father Lynch, who there- General and rector of his Cathedral Father Lynch, who thereupon closed his connection with St. John's, Utica, and entered upon closed his connection with St. John's, Utica, and entered upon his new duties in Syracuse May 18, 1887. Rev. James J. Moriarty, LL. D., served as pastor from May 18, 1887, till December 4, 1887. The labors of Father Moriarty in this church were of short duration. He came from St. John the Evangelist Church, Syracuse, which the new Bishop had selected for his Cathedral. With a deep appreciation of the responsibility of the task imposed upon him in presiding over the destinies of this important parish he was already maturing projects for its advancement and well-being when his light suddenly went out. Following were assistant priests during his pastorate: Rev. John J. Toomy, May 15, 1887, till June 10, 1887 ; Rev. John F. Lovett, May 15, 1887, till June 24, 1887 ; Rev. John J. McGuinness, June 24, 1887, till December 4, 1887. Father Moriarty died December 4, 1887, at his residence corner Broad and Second streets, where he had taken up temporary quarters since coming to Utica. It was forty-seven years since a pastor of the church had died in Utica. His funeral took place from this church December 6, 1887. Bishop Ludden officiated, assisted by a large concourse of the clergy from various parts of the State. The eulogy was pronounced by his life-long friend, Rev. James H. McGean, of St. Peter 's Church, New York. And so passed away the nineteenth pastor. His pastorate was the shortest of all in the history of the parish. Yet he was long enough with the people of St. John's to enable them to recognize those sterling qualities of mind and heart that ennobled his passing presence, and will serve to keep alive his memory. During the vacancy Father McGuinness continued as acting pastor. ing the vacancy Father McGuinness continued as acting pastor. Rev. John V. Simmons assisted him from December 7, 1887, till January 9, 1888. Rev. Thomas F. Cullen was pastor from January 9, 1888, till May 9, 1891. Father Cullen was the first pastor who was born within the limits of the present Diocese of Syracuse. Even as Father McFarland was the first pastor who was the product of American soil, so Father Cullen was the first to spring from our State of New York. And more than this, he was a native both of the diocese and of its episcopal city. He took charge of the 226 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. parish January 9, 1888. Coming in robust health and in the full vigor of manhood, thoroughly equipped for his task, burning with zeal for the salvation of souls, he threw himself into his work with an earnestness which gave promise of great results. Constantly conceiving and maturing plans for the spiritual welfare of his flock, his thoughts by day and night were for the fare of his flock, his thoughts by day and night were for the betterment of his people. It was during the pastorate of Father Cullen that St. John's Church was designated by the Bishop as one of the very few in the diocese whose pastor would be henceforth what is called, in the language of the Church, an irremovable rector. As the parish was now in a condition to merit this marked distinction, and as in the eyes of the Bishop, Father Cullen possessed all the qualifications befitting the dignity, he was selected the first in the long line of pastors of the church to enjoy this high honor. But alas! the bright hopes that were built at the coming of Father Cullen were soon to be dashed to pieces. He was to sow the seed, but another was to reap the harvest. After presiding over the parish a little more than three years he was stricken down, and after a brief illness, expired in the rectory -- the first priest to die in the parochial residence since the formation of the parish, nearly seventy-five years before. His funeral was the most imposing that ever took place from the church. Bishop Ludden officiated at the Pontifical Requiem Mass and the VicarGeneral, Father Lynch, delivered the funeral discourse. He General, Father Lynch, delivered the funeral discourse. He was buried in St. Agnes ' Cemetery in Syracuse. Father Simmons remained as assistant priest till January 22, 1888, and Rev. "William P. Quinn was assistant priest during the rest of the term of Father Cullen. Rt. Rev. Monsignor James S. M. Lynch, D. D., LL. D., was appointed pastor July 2, 1891. One of his first acts was to unite Assumption Academy with the Sisters ' Academy for Girls, and to have the joint institution incorporated by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, under the name of the Utica Catholic Academy. The charter is dated December 9, 1891. The union of the two schools was effected without disturbing the autonomy of either, and provision was made for turbing the autonomy of either, and provision was made for the holding of Regents' examinations in both academies. The church had now been built over twenty years but had CITY OF UTICA. 227 never been entirely completed. Father Lynch now set to work to construct the twin towers, and to completely remodel and renovate the whole interior, taking away the unsightly galleries and erecting the present side chapels. A chime of ten bells, donated by various members of the congregation, was solemnly blessed by Bishop Ludden, March 18, 1893. Kev. William Livingston of the Archdiocese of New York preached the sermon on ingston of the Archdiocese of New York preached the sermon on the occasion. A marble memorial tablet containing the names of all the deceased Bishops and priests of the church was unveiled November 25, 1893. Father Lynch preached a historical veiled November 25, 1893. Father Lynch preached a historical sermon on the occasion. The solemn re-opening of the church, after the improvements had all been completed, took place November 11, 1894. In the regrettable absence of the Bishop of the diocese, Rt. Rev. Henry Gabriels, D. D., Bishop of Ogdensburg, was the celebrant of the Pontifical Mass, and Rt. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke, D. D., Bishop of Albany, was the preacher. Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D. D., now Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, preached at the Vesper service in the evening. The late Rt. Rev. Bernard J. McQuaid, D. D., Bishop of Rochester, preached at the blessing of the Quaid, D. D., Bishop of Rochester, preached at the blessing of the memorial pulpit, June 30, 1895. According to a law passed by the Legislature of 1895 the State Superintendent of Public Instruction was authorized to prescribe a special four years' course of study which would hereafter have to be taken by all candidates for admission to any training school for teachers in the State. In order to gain a still further recognition of the parish schools from the State, a uniform course of study that would fully meet the requirements of this new legislation, was prepared, and it received the ments of this new legislation, was prepared, and it received the formal approval of Superintendent Charles R. Skinner, in a letter addressed to the principal of the Utica Catholic Academy, Father Lynch, June 17^ 1896. An elaborate celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of the organization of the parish and of the Silver Jubilee of the dedication ization of the parish and of the Silver Jubilee of the dedication of the church took place October 3, 1897. Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, D. D., was the celebrant of the Pontifical Mass. The sermon was delivered by Rev. John F. Lowery, LL. D., of Troy. Rt. Rev. Henry Gabriels, D. D., and Rt. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke, D. D., were present in the sanctuary. On the Feast of 228 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. the Holy Name, January 14, 1900, the church was honored by the visit of His Eminence James Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore. He celebrated the eight o'clock Mass and administered Holy Communion to the members of the Holy Name istered Holy Communion to the members of the Holy Name Society, and afterwards preached an eloquent sermon on the Holy Name at the High Mass. The solemn consecration of the church took place December 16, 1900. The ceremony was performed by Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, D. D. He also consecrated the new marble altar, which is the gift of James A. Murphy of Chicago, 111. The two side altars were consecrated by Rt. Rev. Henry Gabriels. The Most Rev. Sebastian Martinelli, D. D., Apostolic Delegate for the United States, was the celebrant of the Solemn Pontifical Mass. The preacher of the consecration sermon was the Rt. Rev. James A. McFaul, D. D., Bishop of Trenton. The Most Rev. IMichael A. Corrigan, D. D., Archbishop of New York, and Rt. Rev. Monsignor Joseph F. Mooney, Vicar-General, also of the Archdiocese of New York, were present in the sanctuary. The Most diocese of New York, were present in the sanctuary. The Most Rev. Apostolic Delegate celebrated Pontifical Vespers in the evening, and the sermon was preached by Monsignor Mooney. An event took place in the church October 27, 1901, which on account of its rarity, if not uniqueness, is worthy of being put on record. At the request of Bishop Ludden the sacrament of confirmation was administered in St. John's Church by an Irish Bishop, on a visit to this country -- Rt. Rev. John Clancy, D. D., Bishop of Elphin (Sligo). He also preached an eloquent sermon at the High Mass on the same day. A very interesting event took place September 7, 1903, which is worthy of mention in connection wdth the history of the parish. Previous to 1830 there was no Catholic cemetery in Utica, and Catholics were for the most part buried in secular burying grounds. At that time Nicholas E. Devereux donated to St. John's Church for the purposes of a cemetery about an acre of woods in Elm Grove, lying between Elm and Steuben streets, with a driveway leading to Steuben street. Burials took place in this cemetery until the purchase of St. Agnes' Cemetery in 1843, after which it was gradually abandoned. The growth of the city demanding, the Common Council in March, 1896, ordered a street laid out running directly through this abandoned dered a street laid out running directly through this abandoned CITY OF UTICA. 229 cemetery and leading from Elm to Steuben streets. The bodies buried in the way of this new street were removed by order of the Common Council and re-interred in St. Agnes' Cemetery. The time now seemed to have come for the decent disinterment of the remaining bodies on the north and south sides of this new street, called Addington Place. Accordingly the work was accomplished in the summer of 1903 at the expense of St. John's Church. It was estimated that there were in all about six hundred bodies removed from the old cemetery and re-interred in dred bodies removed from the old cemetery and re-interred in St. Agnes' Cemetery. The trustees of St. Agnes' Cemetery had provided a suitable plot of ground for the burial, and the pastors of the city decided to erect a monument upon the spot, which has since been cided to erect a monument upon the spot, which has since been placed in position. The most recent celebration in the church was the Golden Jubilee of the Assumption Academy and of the coming of the Christian Brothers to Utica. The event took place on the Feast of St. John Baptist De La Salle, May 15, 1904. In the unavoidable absence of the Bishop of the diocese, who was in Rome avoidable absence of the Bishop of the diocese, who was in Rome on his ad limita visit, Rt. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke, D. D., Bishop of Albany, presided on the occasion. Bishop Burke was one of the first pupils of Assumption Academy, having entered the school on the opening day, September 3, 1854. He was the celebrant of the Solemn Pontifical Mass at the celebration, and he also preached the panegyric of the Saint and the Golden Jubilee sermon. Monsignor Lynch was born September 20, 1846, in Albany. His studies for the priesthood were made at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, where he was ordained June 11, 1870. His first ap- nary, Troy, where he was ordained June 11, 1870. His first appointment was to St. John the Evangelist Church, Syracuse, pointment was to St. John the Evangelist Church, Syracuse, where he served as assistant from June 15, 1870, till December 25 of the same year, when he was given charge of the new parish of St. Patrick's, which, as assistant at St. John's, he had helped to organize. He left St. Patrick's, September 1, 1871, to become director of St. Joseph's Seminary at Troy. He was with the Jesuits in Canada from December 8, 1872, till June 1, 1873. He was pastor of Baldwinsville from May 1, 1874, till March 1, 1875, when he became acting pastor of Amsterdam and North Albany. After seven months he again became director of St. Jo- bany. After seven months he again became director of St. Jo230 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 230 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. seph's Seminary and remained in that capacity for five years, or until July 1, 1880, when he became acting pastor of St. Agnes' Church, Cohoes. February 1, 1881, till October of the same year, were spent with the Jesuits at Rochampton, England, and Frederick, Maryland. Then came the pastorate at Warrensburg, Oc- erick, Maryland. Then came the pastorate at Warrensburg, October 1, 1881-February 18, 1882; St. John's, Utica, February 18, tober 1, 1881-February 18, 1882; St. John's, Utica, February 18, 1882-May 15, 1887 ; Vicar-General and rector of St. John's Cathedral, Syracuse, May 15, 1887-July 2, 1891. On the latter date dral, Syracuse, May 15, 1887-July 2, 1891. On the latter date Father Lynch began his second pastorate at St. John's and shortly afterward he was made a member of the Papal Household, the first priest of the diocese to be so honored. hold, the first priest of the diocese to be so honored. Following is a list of the assistant priests during the second term of Monsignor Lynch as pastor: Rev. William P. Quinn, July 2, 1891-December 31, 1892; Rev. Charles McManus, i\Iay 17, 1891-May 1, 1892 ; Rev. John E. Chapuis, May 6, 1892-February 21, 1893; Rev. Peter F. McCabe, February 16, 1903- ruary 21, 1893; Rev. Peter F. McCabe, February 16, 1903December 20, 1893 ; Rev. William S. Lalor, March 6, 1893-Decem- December 20, 1893 ; Rev. William S. Lalor, March 6, 1893-December 19, 1893; Rev. James M. Murphy, December 29, 1893--; ber 19, 1893; Rev. James M. Murphy, December 29, 1893--; Rev. Thomas N. Staunton, January 12, 1894-June 8, 1894; Rev. John Lunney, July 27, 1894-September 20, 1894; Rev. Patrick H. Poland, October 19, 1894-June 8, 1896; Rev. Antony Castelli (for the Italians), November 1, 1894- August 1, tony Castelli (for the Italians), November 1, 1894- August 1, 1896; Rev. Michael J. Mara, June 12, 1896-August 7, 1899; Rev. Richard Purcell, October 25, 1899-January 19, 1903 ; Rev. Richard P. O'Connor, January 17, 1903 -- . In concluding this brief sketch it need only be added that St. John's Church is now in a very prosperous state. The church now with the extensive improvements made on it and the rectory and the Assumption Academy building can certainly be valued at $200,000. With the exception of a trifling debt on the school building the entire property is free from all encumbrances. There are about 4,500 souls in the parish. Monsignor Lynch is ably assisted in the administration of the parish by his two very zealous assistants. Rev. James M. Murphy and Rev. Richard P. O'Connor. The roll of membership in the various associations shows a good healthy spiritual condition. With few exceptions all the children of the parish are attending the parochial free schools. There are seven hundred and fifty pupils registered in the Utica CITY OF UTICA. 231 Catholic Academy in the different grades and among these about one hundred and sixty hold Regents' preliminary certificates and are registered at the State Capitol as academic students. The retrospect of this first church in the Diocese of Syracuse is consoling -- the outlook for the future most promising. ST. JOSEPH'S (German) THE parish of St. Joseph's dates back to 1842 and the history of the trials, the struggles and the triumphs of this, tory of the trials, the struggles and the triumphs of this, the second Catholic congregation of Utica, is of more than passing interest. St. Joseph's was organized at the beginning of the year 1842 and at the time was the only German Catholic Church between Albany and Buffalo. On June 4, 1843, St. Joseph was chosen patron of the church. The Rev. Joseph Prost seph was chosen patron of the church. The Rev. Joseph Prost was the first pastor. Father Prost had many difficulties to overcome, for during the first years there were many dissensions in the parish, of which not a few were caused by the actions of the trustees. The parish was administered by secular clergy until IMarch, 1859, when the Franciscan Fathers (Minor Conventuals) assumed charge. sumed charge. The present church edifice (the third since the founding of the parish) was built in the years 1871-73 and is one hundred and eighty feet in length and ninety feet in width. It is of brick, with stone trimmings, carrying two large towers, which are easily visible from the surrounding country. In the sanctuary there is a magnificent altar of white Italian marble and Mexican onyx. The interior of the church has recently been remodeled and decorated ; new stained glass windows, portraying the life of our Lord, from the famous Tyrolese shops were placed in position, together with group stations of the Way of the Cross with figures three feet, ten inches high. A beautiful communion rail of white marble with brass gates and a pulpit of marble, onyx and brass, were also added. The aisles are laid with interlocking rubber tiling. These improvements were completed in 1907, at a cost of $30,000. For upwards of half a century St. Joseph's (German) Church has had its own school. Following the old German Catholic principle of "school first, church second," we find that while the ciple of "school first, church second," we find that while the church was a plain frame building, the school was a handsome brick building. This school, built in 1855, was entirely inadeCITY OF UTICA. 233 CITY OF UTICA. 233 quate, as the parish grew, to meet the demands made upon it, and the result is the present beautiful school building, which covers a space of fifty by one hundred feet, is three stories high, with eight large class rooms on the first two floors and a large hall in the upper story. The school is attended by 450 children, who are taught by the Sisters of St. Francis. The Sisters occupy a large brick convent in the rear of the church. The old school has been converted into a meeting hall for the various societies connected with the church. An important and much needed improvement was the building of a new priests' convent (begun in June, 1905, and completed in April, 1906), which adjoins the church, and is a handsome three-story, pressed-brick structure. It was built during the administration of the present pastor. ministration of the present pastor. St. Joseph's has a large and finely equipped church property, occupying the block between Columbia and Lafayette streets, and having a frontage of several hundred feet on each street. It is in the heart of the city, on streets traversed by the car lines connecting Little Falls, Utica and Rome. The buildings are the necting Little Falls, Utica and Rome. The buildings are the church and parochial house connected with it, the large school building on Varick street, the convent of the Sisters, the assembly hall and the old parochial residence at the corner of Varick and Columbia streets, occupied since 1876 as the residence of the organist and choir-master. The whole represents an outlay of more ganist and choir-master. The whole represents an outlay of more than $300,000, a fine testimony to the self-sacrificing spirit of a poor community. The clergy attending to the wants of the parish now are the Rev. Francis Lehner, 0. M. C, pastor, and his three faithful assistants. Revs. Marc Maser, 0. M. C, Cornelius Richartz, 0. M. C, sistants. Revs. Marc Maser, 0. M. C, Cornelius Richartz, 0. M. C, and Roger Judge, 0. M. C. Father Lehner was appointed January 22, 1905. ary 22, 1905. The first pastor, Rev. Joseph Prost, served from April 30, 1842, to June 4, 1843. The pastors and assistants who followed him were : June 4, 1843, to July, 1844, Rev. Adelbertus Inama ; July 18, 1844, to October 13, 1849, Rev. Florian Schwenninger of the Order of St. Benedict; October 20, 1849, to December 10, 1854, Rev. J. Arnold ; December 10, 1854, to April 22, 1859, Rev. Friedrich John Constant Weber, rector pro tem. ; April 28, 1857, to rich John Constant Weber, rector pro tem. ; April 28, 1857, to May 15, 1857, Rev. Theodore Noethen ; May 15 to June 14, 1857, 234 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Rev. Maurus Maria; June 21, 1857, to January 31, 1859, Rev. Gustavus Mietlinger; March 7, 1859, to March 27, 1859, Rev. Franciscus Maria ; to April 21, 1859, Rev. Leopoldus B. M. Moczygemba, 0. M. C. ; 1859, Rev. Ladislaus Maria Korten ; June 10, gemba, 0. M. C. ; 1859, Rev. Ladislaus Maria Korten ; June 10, 1859, to May 7, 1860, Rev. Dominic Messen, 0. M. C. : May 27, 1860, to July 1, 1860, Rev. Clement Mutsaer, 0. M. C. ; July 1, 1860, to December 2, 1860, Rev. Bonaventura Heller, O. M. C. ; December 2, 1860, to July 9, 1861, Rev. Ladislaus Maria Korten, 0. M. C. ; July 10, 1861, to January, 1862, Rev. Pius Kotteiro, 0. M. C. ; January, 1862, to December, 1862, Rev. Leopoldus Moczygemba. Father Moezygemba was at this time commissary general gemba. Father Moezygemba was at this time commissary general for the Order of Minor Conventuals of North America. Rev. Oderic Vogt, Rev. Antonio Ronadowski and Rev. Clement Luitz, to September 14, 1862; Rev. Alphonsus M. Zoller, O. M. C, 1862 Rev. Francis Neubauer, 0. M. C, June, 1864 ; Rev. Bonaventura Corney, 0. M. C. ; Rev. Caesar Cucchiarini, 0. M. C. ; Rev. Clem ent Luitz, 0. M. C, January 15, 1866 ; Rev. P. M. Joseph Lesen 0. M. C. ; Rev. P. Alexis Bodenberg, 0. M. C. ; 1867, Rev. Clem ens P. Mutsaers, 0. M. C, Rev. P. Fidelis Dehm, O. M. C, Rev Peter Jachetti, 0. M. C, Rev. C. Cucchiarini, 0. M. C. ; 1868, Rev P. Oderic Vogt, O. M. C, Rev. Bonaventura Corney, 0. M. C. Rev. P. Norbert Stoller, 0. M. C. ; 1869, Rev. P. Bernard Etten sperger, 0. M. C. ; 1870, Rev. P. Bonaventura Heller, 0. M. C.^ pastor; 1872, Rev. P. Alphonsus M. Zoller, 0. M. C. ; 1873, Rev Patrick Delaney, 0. M. C, Rev. Bonaventura Heller, 0. M. C. Rev. Norbert Stoller, 0. M. C, Rev. Vincente Dumiovich, 0. M C. ; 1874, Rev. Anthony Gehring, 0. M. C, Rev. Oderic Vogt, M. C. ; 1875, Rev. Leonard Reich, 0. M. C. ; 1876, Rev. Oderic Vogt, pastor; Rev. Clement Luitz, O. M. C, Rev. Conrad Ellison, 0. M. C. ; 1880, Rev. Fidelis M. Vogt, 0. M. C, Rev. Francis Neu- bauer, 0. M. C. ; 1882, Rev. Leonard Reich, 0. M. C, pastor: Rev. Louis M. Miller, 0. M. C, Rev. Bonaventura Zoller, 0. M. C, Rev. Bonaventura Doyle, 0. M. C, Rev. Alexis Rossbauer, 0. M. C, Rev. Angelus Goessmann, 0. M. C, Rev. Bernard Ettensperger, 0. M. C, Rev. Clement Luitz, 0. M. C. ; 1887, Rev. Lucius ger, 0. M. C, Rev. Clement Luitz, 0. M. C. ; 1887, Rev. Lucius Matt, 0. M. C, Rev. Bonaventura Doyle, O. M. C, Rev. Albert Regensburger, 0. M. C, Rev. Ambrose Rheiner, O. M. C. ; 1892, Rev. Alexis Rossbauer, O. M. C, pastor; Rev. Conrad Ellison, O. M. C, Rev. Guido Epp, 0. M. C. ; 1895, Rev. Oderic Auer, CITY OF UTICA. 235 0. M. C; 1899, Rev. Fidelis M. Vogt, 0. M. C, pastor; Rev. Oderie Auer, Rev. Bernard Ettensperger, 0. M. C. ; 1900, Rev. Peter W. Scharoun, 0. M. C, pastor; Rev. Ferdinand Mayer, 0. M. C, Rev. Aegidius Block, 0. M. C, Rev. Henry Thameling, D. D., 0. M. C, Rev. Othmar Hellmann, 0. M. C, Rev. Albert Regensburger, M. C. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH is situated at the corner of Columbia and Huntington streets and its parish extends over lumbia and Huntington streets and its parish extends over the western portion of the city. It was the third Catholic Church in the city, having been divided from the earlier parish of St. John's and also antedated by St. Joseph's. The parish is divided from St. John's on the east by a line extending through Washington street and continuing in Genesee, and the same line extending south through Genesee street divides it from St. Francis de Sales'. Nearby is St. Joseph's (German) Church, with Parochial School and Convent of the Order of St. Francis. Not far distant is Holy Trinity Church for the Polish inhabitants of the city. St. Joseph 's Infant Home, in charge of the Sisters of Charity, is situated in the parish and is attended from St. Patrick's, as is St. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane, where Mass is rick's, as is St. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane, where Mass is celebrated by a priest from St. Patrick 's once a month. Previous to 1846 the neighborhood lying west of the Chenango Canal was called West Utica. It was called Commons as far south as Court street and was occupied by a few straggling houses. In 1846 Nicholas Devereaux and others organized a stock company and built the steam woolen mills. The following year the Globe mills were erected and in 1848 the steam cotton mills and the neighborhood assumed a healthy growth. hood assumed a healthy growth. Late in 1849 a movement was on foot to have a church in West Utica. For this purpose thirteen Catholics met in a small office in the Globe woolen mill. The thirteen men present at the meeting were : Peter Clogher, James Merriman, Lawrnce Doyle, Law- ing were : Peter Clogher, James Merriman, Lawrnce Doyle, Lawrence Bailey, Edward Dolan, Thomas Dolan, Myles Mulligan, rence Bailey, Edward Dolan, Thomas Dolan, Myles Mulligan, Lawrence Morgan, John Holmes, Edward Ryan, William Stanford, Edward Mern and Jacob Gottery. After a discussion the ford, Edward Mern and Jacob Gottery. After a discussion the gentlemen present were convinced that there was need for a church. The meeting accordingly appointed Peter Clogher to wait upon Rev. Patrick Carahar, then assistant priest at St. John's, to obtain his consent to become pastor of the new church and lay the matter before the Bishop. Father Carahar 's consent CITY OF UTICA. 237 was given, and the Rt. Rev. John MeCloskey, Bishop of Albany, also consented, saying that if a clergjrman would be found who was willing to settle down in a congregation so poor, with no hope of improvement, he was willing, and then and there he appointed Father Carahar. The new pastor immediately entered upon the task of forming a parish. One day in December of the same year, accompanied by Peter Clogher, he made a visit around the new parish and in a few weeks a small temporary chapel had been erected of rough boards. The structure was about thirty by sixty feet. It had an altar and seats and a small melodeon in a choir loft that would accommodate about twelve persons. Here it was that Father Carahar celebrated the first Mass in the new parish on St. Patrick's Day, 1850, and this saint was chosen as the patron of the church. Here the congregation worshipped for nearly two years, until their permanent church was ready. The old building was then kept for social purposes and for years festivals and fairs were held during the holiday season and thus tivals and fairs were held during the holiday season and thus Father Carahar held the first fair in the city. The building was temporarily used as a dwelling house, but in 1868 it came into possession of the Sisters of St. Francis and still forms a part of their hospital, portions of it serving for their chapel and community rooms. munity rooms. In the summer of 1850 Water's tavern, occupying the corner where St. Patrick 's Church now stands, together with a Lutheran Church adjacent to the east, was destroyed by fire. The site was secured and preparations for building a permanent church begun without delay. The site of the burned Lutheran Church was purchased several years later by Nicholas Devereaux and presented to Father Carahar for a rectory site. The cornerstone of sented to Father Carahar for a rectory site. The cornerstone of St. Patrick's Church M^as laid by Rt. Rev. John MeCloskey on the evening of July 13, 1851, and the first Mass was celebrated on Christmas Day, 1851, at midnight, by Father Carahar. The basement of the church was stone with brown stone watertable, the ment of the church was stone with brown stone watertable, the superstructure was of brick and the spire of wood. The dimensions of the church were 64 feet front by 128 feet depth, the spire sions of the church were 64 feet front by 128 feet depth, the spire rising 180 feet. It was built in Gothic style and had a seating capacity for 820 persons. The church was valued at about $30,000, and notable among its interior furnishings were the excellent organ, valuable paintings of St. Patrick and St. Bridget, cellent organ, valuable paintings of St. Patrick and St. Bridget, 238 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. placed over the side altars, and a chime of nine bells. Besides a substantial rectory, built in 1868 on the lot adjacent to the church, at a cost of $11,000, Father Carahar purchased a school building on Columbia street and for a time maintained a Parochial School with Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis as chial School with Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis as teachers. Later, he leased the building to the city to be used as a school, the pastor to have the right to appoint the teachers. About 1870, Father Carahar fitted the building for the use of a Sunday School and societies under the name of Social Hall. For over thirty years St. Patrick's parish flourished. Many societies were organized and supported, its choir held first rank among the choirs of the city and pastor and church shared widespread popularity. The parish debt had been reduced prior to spread popularity. The parish debt had been reduced prior to building the rectory to $15,000, but the cost of the rectory having been added, it was never reduced very much afterwards. Later on, owing to the pastor's failing health and the falling off of the revenues of the church, the debt and embarrassments of the parish increased. In April, 1887, the property was sold at auction ish increased. In April, 1887, the property was sold at auction and bid in by Father Carahar at $27,600. The parish could not recover the property without assuming new obligations insisted upon by Father Carahar to insure his support in retirement and it was decided to abandon the property. Sunday, September 30, 1888, was the day set by Father Carahar for closing the church. He had already tendered his resignation and at 10 :30 o 'clock Mass was celebrated for the last time in that edifice by Rev. Michael Joyce, the assistant priest, and Father Carahar delivered his farewell address to his congregation. On October 4 the acceptance of the resignation by the Bishop and the appointment of ceptance of the resignation by the Bishop and the appointment of his successor, the Rev. John J. McDonald, was announced. On Sunday, October 7, Father McDonald celebrated Mass in St. George's Hall on the southeast corner of Columbia and State streets, the meeting place of the Knights of St. George, a German Catholic society. In due time Social Hall, which had been sold, was recovered and enlarged. The first Mass was said therein by Father McDonald on November 18, 1888. On the night of November 8, 1889, the unoccupied church with all its furnishings, vember 8, 1889, the unoccupied church with all its furnishings, untouched since the day it was closed, was consumed by a fire of unknown origin. Nothing could be saved. The rectory, however, which was still the residence of the former pastor, was unharmed. CITY OF UTICA. 239 The event gave a new impetus to the fund already established for acquiring a new church. Father Carahar died October 23, 1890, after an illness of three weeks, in the seventieth year of his age. He was born in County Armagh, Ireland, August 3, 1821. He was one of ten brothers. He came to America when nine years of age with his brother, Rev. Bernard Carahar, and grew up under his care. He made his collegiate studies at Fordham College and went to Mt. St. Mary's Seminary, Emmittsburg, for his theological studies. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1844. His first appointment was in the Boston Diocese, where he erected a church at Augusta, Maine. In 1848 he came to Utica as assistant priest at St. John's and in December, 1849, received his appointment to establish St. Patrick's parish. Personally, Father Carahar was a great favorite. He loved to be called "Father Pat." His speech was epi- ite. He loved to be called "Father Pat." His speech was epigrammatical and witty. Fearless and plain spoken, he was a grammatical and witty. Fearless and plain spoken, he was a man of pronounced views and expressed himself with directness and energy. After the death of Father Carahar the parish recovered possession of the rectory and the site of the ruined covered possession of the rectory and the site of the ruined church. Another change of pastors was effected April 14, 1893, when Eev. John J. McDonald was transferred to Binghamton and Rev. Nicholas James Quinn took charge of St. Patrick's Church as its third pastor. His task was to proceed with building a new church. May 1, 1894, the congregation had $17,000 on hand and it was decided to build. The contracts were let and work was begun without delay, and on July 15 the cornerstone was laid by Bishop Ludden. The sermon on the occasion was delivered by Rev. William P. Quinn, then of Whitesboro. The building was inclosed and the exterior completed before winter and was ready for dedication by the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, 1895. The new church is larger and more beautiful than the old one and the debt remaining on it at the time of its dedication was less than it ever had been upon the old one. It was Sunday and Bishop Ludden officiated and celebrated Pontifical Mass, assisted by Very Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, assistant priest ; Rev. John J. McDonald and Rev. Aloysius Murphy, deacons of honor ; Rev. Clem- Donald and Rev. Aloysius Murphy, deacons of honor ; Rev. Clement Lutz and Rev. Martin J. Hughes, deacon and sub-deacon; ent Lutz and Rev. Martin J. Hughes, deacon and sub-deacon; Rev. Joseph A. Hopkins, master of ceremonies. The sermon was 240 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. preached by the late Rev. J. J. Kennedy, Vicar-General of Syracuse. The preacher at Vespers was Rev. James 'Reilly of Clin- cuse. The preacher at Vespers was Rev. James 'Reilly of Clinton. ton. The new church is somewhat larger than the old one and is built of pressed brick with base and trimmings of brown sandstone, the roof of slate and the spire, which rises 167 feet to the stone, the roof of slate and the spire, which rises 167 feet to the base of the cross, is of the same material. The exterior is beautiful and graceful, but the chief beauty of the building is in the ful and graceful, but the chief beauty of the building is in the interior. The harmony of color, symmetry of proportions, the grandeur of design, make it a model of perfection and an edifice of which the congregation may justly be proud. The parish retains St. Patrick 's Hall, the building formerly used for a church. tains St. Patrick 's Hall, the building formerly used for a church. In this building there are two large halls for use of Sunday School, societies and business purposes. It is also used as a gymnasium by the Patrician Athletic Club and is equipped with nasium by the Patrician Athletic Club and is equipped with toilet, bath, locker and dressing rooms. The first trustees of the parish were Peter Clogher and James Merriman. After the death of Mr. Clogher and the resignation of Mr. Merriman, in 1880, John Carney and Myles Mulligan succeeded them. Mr. Mulligan died in 1894 and Mr. Carney in 1902 ceeded them. Mr. Mulligan died in 1894 and Mr. Carney in 1902 and they were succeeded, respectively, by the present incumbents, John W. Manley and John Cox. In the early days Whitesboro, New Hartford, Clayville, Waterville and Clinton were dependent upon St. Patrick's for the min- ville and Clinton were dependent upon St. Patrick's for the ministrations of a priest, but one by one parishes were established in istrations of a priest, but one by one parishes were established in each of these places, until, last of all, churches were built in Whitesboro and New Hartford in 1882. The first assistant priest at St. Patrick's Church was Rev. Richard Gahan. Father Gahan was born in Albany, was a graduate of Holy Cross College, and was ordained at Troy on Trinity ate of Holy Cross College, and was ordained at Troy on Trinity Sunday, 1882. He began his labors in St. Patrick's, June 18, 1882, remaining until November of the following year. At the time of his death, which occurred in January, 1888, he was assistant at St. John the Baptist 's Church, Syracuse. The next assist- ant at St. John the Baptist 's Church, Syracuse. The next assistant priest was Rev. Mathew K. Merns, who remained from No- ant priest was Rev. Mathew K. Merns, who remained from November, 1883, to October, 1884. Father Merns was born at Clay- vember, 1883, to October, 1884. Father Merns was born at Clayville in 1857, finished the classical course at Niagara University, ville in 1857, finished the classical course at Niagara University, studied theology and was ordained to the priesthood at St. Joseph 's Seminary. He is now pastor of St. Mary 's Church, Gran- seph 's Seminary. He is now pastor of St. Mary 's Church, GranCITY OF UTICA. 241 CITY OF UTICA. 241 ville, Diocese of Albany. Rev. John C. Higgins of Albany was assistant at St. Patrick's from October, 1884, to March, 1886. At the time of his death, June, 1894, Father Higgins was pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Clayville. Rev. John H. McGraw was transferred from Schenectady to St. Patrick's, March 18, 1886. In July, 1887, he was sent temporarily to Florence, and in August of the same year was made pastor of St. John's Church, gust of the same year was made pastor of St. John's Church, Camden. He is now pastor at Clayville. Rev. Michael Joyce was assistant from October 1, 1887, to September 30, 1888, and on the latter date celebrated the last Mass that was ever said in the old church. Father Joyce is at present pastor of the Immaculate Conception Church, Fayetteville. Father McDonald, on taking charge of St. Patrick's, was accommodated for a time by Rev. A. Castelli, Rev. M. P. Mullhall commodated for a time by Rev. A. Castelli, Rev. M. P. Mullhall and priests of the city until the appointment of Rev. George Lee, C. S. Sp. Father Lee came from Ireland and remained from October 1, 1891, to November 1, 1893, and is now pastor of St. Ann's Church, Millvale, Diocese of Pittsburg. Rev. Theodore Provost was assistant temporarily from June to September, 1895. He is now pastor of St. John's Church, Pulaski. Rev. William P. Quinn, assistant priest from September, 1896, until his death, a nephew of Rev. N. J. Quinn, was born in Binghamton and having pursued his classical studies at Niagara University and hav- ing pursued his classical studies at Niagara University and having received batchelor's and master's degrees in arts, entered St. ing received batchelor's and master's degrees in arts, entered St. Joseph's Seminary and was ordained December 17, 1887. Father Quinn 's earlier appointments had been to assistantship at St. John's Utica, and St. Paul's, Whitesboro. The year preceding his death had been spent mostly at southern health resorts without lasting benefit. His death occurred December 19, 1901, in out lasting benefit. His death occurred December 19, 1901, in the fortieth year of his age. Rev. Henry P. Hyland was sent to St. Patrick's in May, 1900. Rev. Robert J. Bogan was appointed to St. Patrick's in February, 1902, temporarily at first, but after it was decided that St. Patrick's should have two assistants, his appointment was made permanent. He was sent to Cortland July 3, 1908, and the Rev. James A. Pryor then came to the parish. Fathers Hyland and Pryor are the assistants at the present ish. Fathers Hyland and Pryor are the assistants at the present time. Rev. Nicholas James Quinn, the present pastor, was born at Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland, December 6, 1840. When 242 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. about seven years of age he removed with his parents to America and settled at Binghamton. He began his education for the priesthood as one of the tirst pupils in the school of Our Lady of Angels, now known as Niagara University. He afterward studied at the College of St. Charles Borromeo and at St. Joseph 's Seminary, where he pursued his theological course. He was ordained nary, where he pursued his theological course. He was ordained to the priesthood by the Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, in the Cathedral of Albany, November 22, 1868. His first appointment was dral of Albany, November 22, 1868. His first appointment was as assistant to Bishop Conroy at St. Joseph's Church, Albany. He was transferred thence to Binghamton, where, in association with his uncle, the Very Rev. James F. Hourigan, a pioneer priest of the Southern New York tier, he erected St. Patrick's Church, one of the finest religious edifices in the diocese. He continued his sacred duties there for upwards of a quarter of a century. In April, 1893, he was transferred by Bishop Ludden to the charge of St. Patrick's, Utica, where he found the parish without a church. However, in the short period of two years, he thoroughly reorganized the scattered interests into a flourishing congregation and erected a beautiful church building, which was dedicated December 8, 1895. Father Quinn comes of a family noted for its loyalty to the church. He has had two uncles and two nephews in the priesthood, four sisters, two nieces and two first cousins members of religious orders. In October, 1908, the parish purchased two pieces of property on Cooper and Huntington streets, adjoining the church property. One of the houses is to be remodeled for a Sisters ' Convent erty. One of the houses is to be remodeled for a Sisters ' Convent and the other has been torn down to make way for a Parochial School building, now in course of erection. ST. MARY'S (German) IN the course of a few decades, after the formation of St. Joseph's (German) parish, some families of the congregation seph's (German) parish, some families of the congregation and many newcomers settled in the eastern part of Utica, a section known as Corn Hill. There were found the settlers -- Albrechts, Geist, Amrhein, Moraths, Mohrs, and other numerous brechts, Geist, Amrhein, Moraths, Mohrs, and other numerous families. In the spring of 1870, these families, all of whom attended St. Joseph's Church, appealed to Bishop Conroy of Al- tended St. Joseph's Church, appealed to Bishop Conroy of Albany and obtained permission to form a new congregation. The bany and obtained permission to form a new congregation. The parish limit was the eastern part of Utica, Genesee street being the dividing line between St. Joseph 's and the new congregation. In the same year the new congregation was incorporated under the title of ' ' St. Mary 's of the Immaculate Conception. ' ' Michael Albrecht and Jacob Geist were the first lay trustees. Two lots on the corner of South and Tayior streets were bought from the Butterfield estate in 1870. To these lots the old St. Paul's Lutheran Church, a frame building, costing $200, was moved. The first resident priest of St. Mary's Church was the Rev. George Veit, a Bavarian. The first High Mass was sung on Christmas morning, 1870, Joseph Helten assisting as organist. The congregation consisted of about fifty families. Under the pastorate of Father Veit the land forming the cemetery belonging to St. Mary's congregation was bought of John Adrian for $3,000 and laid out. It is situated on "Webster avenue and was incorporated with the church ated on "Webster avenue and was incorporated with the church property of St. Mary's in 1871. Father Veit commenced the day Parochial School connected with the church. Its first teacher was John Veit, a brother of Father Veit. The auditorium of the church was used as a classroom during school time. The school had about forty scholars in room during school time. The school had about forty scholars in regular attendance. In the year 1872, towards Easter, Father Veit was replaced by the Rev. George Eis. During his pastorate the trustees bought from the John Slricher estate a lot adjoining the original church lots on the north, for $1,400. After twelve months, in 1873, 244 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Father Eis resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Henry Fehling, a former Redemptorist. He was a man of prayer, a man of work and of ready wit. He enlarged the old frame church by adding side wings. He built the present rectory and increased the church property by buying a lot on South street. The year 1883 saw commenced and finished the present St. Mary's Church, a brick building erected at a cost of $30,000. Towards the fall of 1887 the health of Father Fehling became feeble. Father Henry Friesenburg was appointed assistant. Father Fehling died January 3, 1888, and was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. His name is still held in blessed memory by the parishioners. The school, under Father Fehling, was directed and taught by Bappas and later by Nicholas Heinriche, they acting as organists at the same time. Charles Amrhein and Joseph ing as organists at the same time. Charles Amrhein and Joseph Helten were the lay trustees and acted in that capacity for a number of years, up to the death of Father Fehling. The Rev. Andreas Lindenfeld, a former Redemptorist, succeded Father Fehling. He selected Charles Amrhein and Chris- ceded Father Fehling. He selected Charles Amrhein and Christian Vaith as lay trustees. Under Father Lindenfeld a new tian Vaith as lay trustees. Under Father Lindenfeld a new school building of brick was erected in 1892. The lay teachers were replaced in 1900 by the Sisters of St. Francis from Syracuse, who are teaching the children of St. Mary's at the present cuse, who are teaching the children of St. Mary's at the present time. Two hundred pupils attend the school. The Rev. Bernard W. Goossens was acting pastor during eight months of 1895. Finally, ill health forced Father Lindenfeld to apply for a permanent assistant. The Rev. Joseph Wilmes was appointed in that capacity in 1897 and worked for the welfare of the people of St. Mary's for four years. Father Lindenfeld resigned his charge in 1901, being succeeded at once by the present signed his charge in 1901, being succeeded at once by the present pastor, the Rev. Joseph Lechner. Father Lechner was born July 15, 1866, in Wegesheim, Bavaria, Germany. He was ordained from the Grand Seminary, Montreal, Canada, December 19, 1891. His first appointment in the Diocese of Syracuse was as assistant priest at St. Mary's, Binghamton, where he served from February 19, 1892, till February 29, 1895, going thence to Oswego, ary 19, 1892, till February 29, 1895, going thence to Oswego, where he assumed the pastorate of St. Peter's (German) Church, April 15, and there remained until his appointment to St. INTary's. Charles Amrhein resisrned the treasurership of the parish and was replaced by Joseph Boehlert in the same office. ST. FRANCIS DE SALES TO provide for the spiritual wants of the increasing Catholic population of Utica, Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, Bishop of Albany, formed, in the spring of 1877, a new parish, comprising the territory south of South street to the city line and east of Genesee street to Mohawk street, and appointed Rev. Luke G. O'Reilly pastor. He obtained permission from the Common Council to use the abandoned Steuben street school house and celebrated the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass there, May 7, 1877. A large congregation was present. Shortly afterwards the schoolhouse was purchased from the city, remodeled and dedicated to house was purchased from the city, remodeled and dedicated to the worship of God, under the patronage of St. Francis de Sales, November 4, 1877. Jane T. Rowe, a member of the parish, who died during the summer of 1879, gave and devised to Rev. Luke G. 'Reilly two lots at the corner of High and Eagle streets with a request that they be used as a site for a church or a parochial house. The church was incorporated May 20, 1882, Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, Bishop of Albany, Very Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, Vicar-General ; Rev. Luke G. 'Reilly, pastor ; Joseph A. Marrow and Patrick McNeirny being the members of the board of trustees. Two days later Father O'Reilly conveyed the Eagle street tees. Two days later Father O'Reilly conveyed the Eagle street property to the church and a movement was at once inaugurated to erect a new and spacious edifice. The cornerstone was laid in 1887 and the building was completed and dedicated the following year. The church is Romanesque in style and is constructed of brick with brownstone trimmings. The church with its furnishings cost about $50,000. The parochial house adjoining the ings cost about $50,000. The parochial house adjoining the church was built in 1889 at a cost of $10,000. The parish school is in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph and has a regular attendance of 250 children. ance of 250 children. For many years after the founding of the parish. Father 'Reilly attended to the wants of the people, but in the course of time the congregation, having grown and flourished under his fatherly care, he was obliged to call for assistance. Rt. Rev. P. 246 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse, appointed Christmas, 1889, Rev. B. A. Stack, assistant. In the fall of 1895, Father Stack was appointed pastor of the church at Camillus. Rev. James Collins pointed pastor of the church at Camillus. Rev. James Collins administered the parish in 1896 during Father O'Reilly's absence in Europe. Rev. William J. Hourigan, assistant at the sence in Europe. Rev. William J. Hourigan, assistant at the present time, was appointed November 20, 1897. Father O'Reilly died December 22, 1902. The present pastor, Rev. Daniel Doody, was sent to take charge of the parish. Father Doody is a native of the diocese, having been born at Granby, Oswego County, February 2, 1862. His preliminary education was received in the district schools and at the high school in Baldwinsville. He taught in New England schools for some time and then made the courses at St. Michael 's College, Toronto, and St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. Ordained December 17, 1887, his first appointment was as assistant at St. Mary's, Oswego, January 26, 1888-June 28, 1891. On the latter date he became first ary 26, 1888-June 28, 1891. On the latter date he became first resident pastor of St. Leo's, Tully, remaining until October 20, 1895, when he was appointed pastor of St. James', Cazenovia. There he continued in charge until January 20, 1903, when he became second pastor of St. Francis de Sales' parish. ST. AGNES' FOR some time prior to the creation of a parish in East Utica, a mission chapel was established which was specially intended for the old and infirm who resided in the extreme tended for the old and infirm who resided in the extreme eastern portion of St. John's parish. The spiritual wants of those who attended the services there were taken care of by priests from St. John's Church. With the rapid growth of population in the vicinity of the chapel, there were many who felt that a new parish in the section east of the "Gulf" was an absolute necessity, and in the latter part of May, 1887, a committee consisting of Charles J. McGuire, John P. Kelly, M. J. Dulan, W. H. McCann and John P. Day, called on Bishop Ludden and explained to him the necessity for a new parish in East Utica. After listening attentively to the statements of the members of the committee from Utica, Bishop Ludden advised them that he would give the matter due consideration, and would meet the committee in Utica on Sunday, June 19. Owing to pressing duties, the Rt. Rev. Bishop was unable to meet the committee until the morning of June 20, when, accompanied by Vicar-General Lynch and Rev. Dr. Moriarty, pastor of panied by Vicar-General Lynch and Rev. Dr. Moriarty, pastor of St. John's, the mission chapel on Mary street, just east of Mary street schoolhouse, was visited, and it needed but a casual inspection by the Rt. Rev. Bishop to convince him that a new parish tion by the Rt. Rev. Bishop to convince him that a new parish was a necessity. After a brief drive through a portion of the proposed new parish, the party returned to St. John's rectory, and soon after his return, the Rt. Rev. Bishop announced that he had set aside that portion of St. John's parish east of the center line of Mohawk street for a new parish, and had appointed Rev. John J. Toomey (one of the assistants at St. John's) pastor. The glad tidings, for such they were to many people in East Utica, spread rapidly, and in the evening a largely attended meeting was held for the purpose of organizing the work of the infant parish on a practical basis. Charles J. McGuire was elected chairman, N. J. McGovern, secretary, and Father Toomey, 248 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. treasurer. After laying out some preliminary work and listening to a stirring address by the new pastor, the meeting adjourned until the following Thursday evening, June 23. On that evening those present discussed the matter of a site for the proposed ing those present discussed the matter of a site for the proposed new church, and pending the appointment of lay trustees, a committee, appointed for the purpose, was directed to secure an op- mittee, appointed for the purpose, was directed to secure an option on the property on the westerly side of Kossuth avenue, and tion on the property on the westerly side of Kossuth avenue, and extending from Blandina to Mary street. The first Sunday Masses in the new parish were celebrated by Father Toomey, in No. 5 's engine house, June 26. Meantime, the women of the parish had not been idle, and had organized for the purpose of se- ish had not been idle, and had organized for the purpose of securing and furnishing a residence for the pastor. curing and furnishing a residence for the pastor. Rev. A. Castelli, although not a regular assistant in the parish, resided with Father Toomey, for a time, and assisted materially in the work of the parish in its early days. When the articles of incorporation were ready to file in the County Clerk's office, the name selected for the new parish, was St. Agnes, and Charles J. McGuire and John P. Day were named as lay trustees. The site on which the option had previously been secured by the special committee, was purchased, and an architect was secured to prepare plans for the new parish church. The original cured to prepare plans for the new parish church. The original plans of the church edifice, provided for a substantial wooden structure, 65 x 142 feet, in ground area, but after the adoption of the plans, and when the stonework for the basement was well under way, the matter was reconsidered, and it was decided to build a brick edifice. So rapidly did the work proceed that on September 18 the laying of the cornerstone was solemnized by Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, Vicar-General Lynch delivering the sermon of the day. From the time of the first Masses in No. 5 's engine house, services were held in Mary street school, and in the chapel just east of the school building, but as the buildings in question were entirely inadequate for the needs of the parish, it was decided to cover the church basement with a temporary roof, and use it until such time as it was feasible to go on with the superstructure. The first Mass in the new basement was celebrated by Rev. Father Toomey, on Christmas morning, and the scene presented on that occasion was one that will live in the memory of those CITY OF UTICA. 249 present, while life and reason last. The decorations of evergreens were so profuse that no portion of the walls or ceiling was visible, and with lights from the gas jets and the brilliantly lighted and handsomely decorated sanctuary, presented a church interior which is not likely to be seen again. In the work of the parish the zealous young pastor considered no duty too arduous for him, and with a highly sensitive nature such as his, the work and the worry made serious inroads on his health, and ere he realized it, his condition occasioned grave alarm to his legion of friends. They were, however, hopeful, but on June 13, 1891, the summons came, and Rev. John J. Toomey, the warm-hearted, brilliant young pastor of St. Agnes' parish was called to render an account of his stewardship. His funeral took place June 16, from the church he loved, and in the interests of whose people he had labored, and on June 17 his mortal remains were laid to rest in the family plot in his native city, Co- mains were laid to rest in the family plot in his native city, Cohoes. hoes. Father Toomey was succeeded by Rev. Myles O'Reilly, who, for a number of years previous to his appointment to St. Agnes' parish, was in charge of parishes at Pompey, LaFayette and Fabius. Father O'Reilly brought with him, to his new parish, the benefit of a ripe experience, and in a comparatively short time succeeded in paying off the floating debt of the parish, and setting aside a fund as a nucleus for the building of the superstructure of the church. structure of the church. On October 28, 1894, the church was solemnly dedicated to the service of God by Bishop Ludden. Soon after that important event. Father 'Reilly called a meeting of the men of the parish to consider the building of a parish rectory, and soon thereafter plans were made and contracts let for what was designed to be one of the best parish houses in the diocese, but like Moses and the promised land, Father O'Reilly was not permitted to live in it. The new building was well under way and Father O'Reilly confidently expected that in a short time he would have the pleasure of living in a residence in keeping with the parish, but alas, ure of living in a residence in keeping with the parish, but alas, in the early days of November, 1895, he was suddenly stricken down, and, realizing that his earthly career was fast drawing to a close, he fortified himself with the sacraments of Holy Mother Church, and on November 6, 1895, his soul was summoned before 250 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. the throne of God. His funeral was held November 9, 1895, and his mortal remains were interred in St. Agnes' Cemetery in the city of Syracuse. The Eev. William A, Ryan was appointed to St. Agnes ' on December 12, 1895. Father Ryan was personally known to the ma- cember 12, 1895. Father Ryan was personally known to the majority of the members of St. Agnes' parish, as he had served as jority of the members of St. Agnes' parish, as he had served as an assistant in the parent parish, St. John's. He completed the rectory, put in new altars and stations of the cross, a new pipe organ, installed a steam heating plant to replace the antiquated furnaces used in heating the church, enclosed the church premises with a handsome iron fence, had new walks laid, trees ises with a handsome iron fence, had new walks laid, trees planted, and in various other ways beautified the church premises. Through the Board of Aldermen he succeeded in having ises. Through the Board of Aldermen he succeeded in having substantial asphalt pavements laid on the three streets on which the church property abuts, all of which are paid for, and in addition to the improvements already named, he purchased and dition to the improvements already named, he purchased and paid for a plot of ground on the easterly side of Kossuth avenue, directly opposite the parish residence, which is amply large in ground area for a parish hall or school. Father Ryan was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, April 18, 1856. With his parents, he lived, as a child, in St. Patrick's parish, Syracuse, and attended the local schools. His studies in the classics were made at Niagara University and his philosophy and theology at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. Ordained priest December 23, 1882, his first appointment was as ast.istant at St. John's, Albany, December 31, 1882-January 14, 1883. He served in St. John's parish, Utica, in a similar capacity, January 15, 1883, till June 1, 1885, when he was made pastor of St. Joseph's, Camillus, where he remained until his appointment to St. Agnes' parish. In the work of the parish, Father Ryan was ably assisted by Rev. Dennis J. Moore, who, in the spring of 1894, was sent by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden to assist the lamented Father O'Reilly. Father Moore was appointed pastor of St. Matthew's, East Syracuse, in 1907, and the Rev. William F. Sheehan, Ph. D., a native cuse, in 1907, and the Rev. William F. Sheehan, Ph. D., a native of Tully, who was ordained at the American College, Rome, Italy, succeeded him in St. Agnes' parish. The Rev. John P. Sheehan, is the assistant at the present time. The parish has had a phenomenal growth. Beginning with CITY OF UTICA. 251 about 250 families, it numbers at the present time nearly 600 families. In ground area it comprises one-third of the city of Utiea, and is located in the most rapidly growing section of the city. It should, in the not distant future, be numbered among the first parishes of the Diocese of Syracuse. The members of St. Agnes' are composed principally of people of Irish birth or their descendants. HOLY TRINITY (Polish) THE Polish people of Utica were gathered together for the first time, as a Catholic congregation, on Christmas Day, 1896, when a high Mass was sung in St. John's School. The Eev. Simon Pniak was the celebrant and he was assisted by the Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. S. M. Lynch and the Revs. James M. Murphy and Michael Mara of St. John's. Eight hundred Poles were phy and Michael Mara of St. John's. Eight hundred Poles were present. Prior to this time, the spiritual wants of these people had been attended to by the Franciscans of St. Joseph's, Utica, and by the Polish priests of Syracuse and Schenectady, who visited them on stated occasions. Holy Trinity parish was formally organized this Christmas Day and thereafter Mass was said in the parish house on Lincoln avenue until the church -- work on which was almost immediately begun -- was finished. Eighty families affiliated with the new parish in the beginning, and this number has gradually increased until to-day when over 200 families are members of the parish and the regular Sunday attendance has increased to almost 2,000. The years which have passed have seen many changes in the parish. A parochial residence and a cemetery have been purchased, and some years ago a parish school was started in the chased, and some years ago a parish school was started in the basement of the church. Three hundred children now attend this school. In 1906 work was commenced on a new church, which, when completed, will be one of the finest in the diocese. It is being built entirely of gray granite and will cost upwards of $200,000. The old church will be used as a school house when the new edifice is completed. Father Pniak, first pastor, was bom October 24, 1861, in Rymanow, Galieia, Austria, and was ordained priest December 21, manow, Galieia, Austria, and was ordained priest December 21, 1896, in Rochester, after making his theological studies in St. Bernard's Seminary, that city. He remained in charge until June, 1909, when the Rev. T. Suck was appointed in his place. The Rev. Anthony A. Chyszek is assistant priest. ST. MARY'S OF MT. CARMEL (Italian) ITALIAN Catholics came in large numbers to Utiea in 1883, when the construction work on the West Shore Railroad had reached the Mohawk Valley. Many of those who came with the work to the city have remained to become permanent citizens and these have been joined by so many others recent years that the Italian population of the city is now estimated at 20,000. Few of the early comers attended the churches of other nationalities and it was seen at once that unless they were to be lost to alities and it was seen at once that unless they were to be lost to the Church arrangements must be made for their separate care. With this object in view, the Rt. Rev. Mgr. Lynch of St. John's, with the assistance of Mrs. Kernan, who understood the language of the people, had pamphlets printed and distributed among the Italians, inviting them to organize a parish to await the coming of an Italian priest. Later he arranged with Father Griffin, a priest of that nationality, then residing in Oswego, to take charge of the parish so organized. Father Griffin was succeeded by Father Doyle, a Franciscan, then stationed at St. Joseph's, Utica. He, in turn, was succeeded by the Rev. A. Castelli, who had come to Utiea to be chaplain at St. Vincent's Industrial School. St. Mary's of Mt. Carmel parish was founded in St. John's Church and Father Castelli, becoming attached to St. John's, attended to the spiritual wants of his own people. For a while he tended to the spiritual wants of his own people. For a while he held services in an old school building on Catherine street, the property of St. John 's, and in 1901 he purchased a plat of ground some distance away and erected thereon the little church which has been used up to the present. Father Castelli died October 24, 1903, and the Rev. Joseph Formia was appointed his successor. Father Formia is a member of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo. He was born ber of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo. He was born in Tonenzo, Canaverse, Italy, March 19, 1874, and was ordained at Piacenza, Italy, December 18, 1897. Before coming to Utiea he was an assistant in the Italian churches at Boston, Mass. In 1904 Father Formia built a parochial school and placed it in charge of the Sisters of St. Francis of Syracuse. Three hun254 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 254 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. dred children now attend the school and plans are under way for the erection of a larger building. A convent for the Sisters was built in 1907. The parish is in a flourishing condition and had grown to such an extent in 1907 that the aid of an assistant priest became necessary and the Rev. Mattthew Pelligrini was appointed as such in sary and the Rev. Mattthew Pelligrini was appointed as such in November of that year. ST. VINCENT'S CHAPEL ST. VINCENT'S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL is the only institution in the diocese which has a resident chaplain. The tution in the diocese which has a resident chaplain. The Christian Brothers came to Utica in 1862 at the request of the faculty of St. John's, to establish a home for wayward boys. The instittuion was housed at first in one of the buildings now used as a part of Assumption Academy. The Brothers are still in charge and their institution enjoys a country-wide reputation for the excellent results achieved through its training of the boys committed to their care. These number at present about 250, and among them are included the wayward, the truant and juvenile criminals under court sentence. They occupy handsome modern buildings, located on a large farm, well outside the city limits. The Rev. A. Castelli was chaplain for some years, resigning to become first resident pastor of St. Mary 's of Mt. Carmel Church, Utica. He was succeeded by the present incumbent, the Rev. Bernard A. Smith. Father Smith was born in County Cavan, Ireland, May 22, 1856. He was ordained December 23, 1882, at the Grand Seminary, Montreal. His service in the priesthood has been in the dioceses of Albany, Brooklyn and Syracuse, as follows: St. Mary's, Little Falls, January 13, 1883-December 15, lows: St. Mary's, Little Falls, January 13, 1883-December 15, 1883; Holy Cross Church, Salem, N. Y., December 18, 1883February 18, 1884; St. Paul's, Oswego, February, 1884-July, February 18, 1884; St. Paul's, Oswego, February, 1884-July, 1885; pastor of St. Stephen's, Marathon, 1885-1887; St. John the Evangelist, Brooklyn, 1892-1900; St. Vincent's Industrial School, 1900 -- . ROME PIONEER PARISH OF LYNCHVILLE (ROME), ORGANIZED IN 1837, EMBRACED A TERRITORY NOW SERVED BY FOUR SCORE PRIESTS PRESIDING OVER PROSPEROUS PARISHES AND GROWING MISSIONS. ST. PETER'S CHURCH THE Rev. William Beecham was appointed first pastor of St. Peter's Church, Rome, in the spring of 1837 by Bishop Dubois, of New York. He said the first Mass in a cooper shop located on South James street, this city, then a very small village, called Lynchville. At this first Mass all the Catholics of the vicinity, numbering it is said, about fifteen persons, were present. Of this first little flock none remains to-day to tell the joy and happiness that those early settlers experienced in having in their midst a priest to encourage them and to minister to their spiritual wants. Father Beecham was born in Queens County, Ireland, in 1805. At the time of his birth his parents belonged to the English Protestant Church, but when young Beecham was about sixteen years of age the whole family embraced the Catholic faith. Having finished, with marked distinction, a course of philosophy and theology in Carlow College, among whose professors, at ophy and theology in Carlow College, among whose professors, at that time, were the eminent scholars, Drs. Doyle and Cahill, the young aspirant to the holy priesthood, filled with an apostolic zeal which indeed clearly manifested itself during his forty years of indefatigable labors on the mission, started out, like many of his young countrymen, for the broad fields of the western world. He was ordained priest by Bishop Dubois in 1836, in the old St. Patrick 's Cathedral of New York. Soon after his ordination the young priest was sent out to Central New York to pursue his missionary labors. He selected Rome for his permanent residence. sionary labors. He selected Rome for his permanent residence. From this center, for many years, he attended to the spiritual wants of the Catholic people, at that time, sparsely scattered over Lewis, Jefferson, Lawrence, Madison and parts of Onondaga and 256 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Chenango counties. It would be quite impossible to form any idea now of the many sacrifices which the zealous young missionary was obliged to undergo as he traveled, at all times and ary was obliged to undergo as he traveled, at all times and seasons of the year, over this vast territory ; at a period, too, when railroads were not even thought of in this wild region, and when the country roads of later years were then few and often impassable. To the ordinary man the obstacles to be encountered would able. To the ordinary man the obstacles to be encountered would seem altogether insuperable, but Father Beecham was a man of indomitable courage and perseverance, who would allow no difficulties to stand in the way of the performance of his spiritual culties to stand in the way of the performance of his spiritual duties. Nature had given him a splendid physique. He was a man fully six feet in height, of a noble, portly bearing, and was much beloved and respected by the early settlers of all denominations, who esteemed it a great honor to have him in their midst. tions, who esteemed it a great honor to have him in their midst. About the year 1840 Father Beecham procured a most eligible site on the corner of Floyd street and Peters avenue, on which he erected a handsome brick church, which he had dedicated under the patronage of St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles. Considering the number and, at that time, the poverty of his little flock, this work must have demanded an almost superhuman effort on the part, both of the pastor and his small congregation, but faith and generosity triumphed. When Bishop Hughes came from New York City in 1845 to dedicate this first St. Peter's Church of Rome, he was amazed at the size and dimensions of the new edifice. He frankly told the young pastor that he must have lost his fice. He frankly told the young pastor that he must have lost his head when he thought of erecting such a building, out in the wilderness -- that he might never expect to be able to pay off the debt which he had incurred, nor could he ever hope to have a congregation large enough to fill it. The church would seat about gregation large enough to fill it. The church would seat about five hundred people. But the good pastor not only paid off all the indebtedness, but also lived to see it filled to overflowing, with sturdy, devout, spiritual children -- the sons and daughters of St. Patrick, from the green old Isle. What were hamlets and small villages, at the time of Father Beecham 's advent to Central New York, have since grown into flourishing towns and cities. The territory which he traversed during the first years of his missionary labors has now many magnificent churches, attended by not less than seventy-five priests, ministering to large congregations. CITY OF ROME. 257 After forty years of most zealous labor in the vineyard of the Lord, the venerable patriach and pioneer of Catholicity in Central New York, was called to his reward, by the Master he had so tral New York, was called to his reward, by the Master he had so long and so faithfully served, on the 10th of March, 1876, being then in his seventy-first year. His obsequies will long be remembered in Rome. The whole city turned out that day to do honor bered in Rome. The whole city turned out that day to do honor to the memory of him whom all had learned to love and esteem. Several distinguished prelates, the priests of the diocese of Albany, of which Rome, at that time, was a part, and a large, bany, of which Rome, at that time, was a part, and a large, number of the Rev. Clergy of the neighboring dioceses, attended the funeral. Among the flock, to which the devoted shepherd had so long endeared himself, grief was filial, deep and tender. Father Beecham 's remains rest in St. Peter 's cemetery among the dear ones to whom he ministered in life. St. Peter's first pastor was succeeded by the Rev. Aloysius Murphy, M. R. Like his predecessor he was a native of Ireland. He was appointed pastor of this important parish by Bishop McNeirny, April 9th, 1876. It may be stated here, as worthy of Neirny, April 9th, 1876. It may be stated here, as worthy of note, that in seventy years St. Peter's Church of Rome had but two pastors. This, we think, marks an exception, which has few, if, indeed, any precedent in the Church in this country. The newly appointed pastor soon came to the conclusion that the old St. Peter's was too small to accommodate his people, and at once set about enlarging and renovating it. This was begun in 1878 and was completed the following year. In 1881 the present parochial residence, which is considered one of the finest in the diocese, was built. In 1893 it was decided that more and better school accommodations were needed. To meet this requirement, the pastor and his tions were needed. To meet this requirement, the pastor and his people determined on building a new church, that, in all future time, would fully meet the wants of the constantly increasing congregation, and fit up the old church for school purposes. A lot was secured on the corner of East Park and North James streets, one of the most desirable locations in the city. Plans for the new church were drawn by Architect Archimedes Russell of Syracuse. Work was begun in the summer of 1893 and the building completed in the fall of 1897. On the 24th of October, the ing completed in the fall of 1897. On the 24th of October, the same year, the church, being entirely free of debt, was consecrated by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse. The crated by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, Bishop of Syracuse. The 258 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Most Rev. Archbishop Martinelli, Papal Delegate, now Cardinal, pontificated, the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Conaty, Rector of the Catholic University at Washington, now Bishop of Monterey and Los lic University at Washington, now Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, preached in the morning, and the late Rt. Rev. Bernard J. McQuaid, Bishop of Rochester, preached at the Vesper service. St. Peter's, so far as we can learn, was the first parochial church in America consecrated immediately on being completed. The church is built of Medina brown stone, will seat 1,200 people, and cost $175,000. At the present time the congregation numbers about 2,000 souls. bers about 2,000 souls. The handsome edifice will ever stand as a monument to the selfsacrificing zeal of the distinguished priest under whose direction sacrificing zeal of the distinguished priest under whose direction it was built. Father Murphy died April 6, 1906, and the Rev. James J. Carson, who had been assistant at St. Peter's since 1896, was appointed permanent rector after examination at a concursus held in Syracuse. Father Carson was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland, October 23, 1868, and was ordained priest in the Cathedral at Baltimore, December 21, 1895. His first appointment was to St. Peter's parish, where he assumed his duties on ment was to St. Peter's parish, where he assumed his duties on January 1, 1896. During Father Carson's administration the parish has acquired a valuable property in the business section of the city, which has been so remodeled that the upper floors are used for meeting rooms and a club for the church societies. Catholic schools were established in connection with St. Peter 's parish in 1850. At first lay teachers were employed, but about 1855 Franciscan Sisters took charge, and they were replaced in 1865 by the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, who have since taught most successfully. Some 350 children are in attendance. The grades run from the first to the twelfth, inclusive. sive. The assistant priests connected with St. Peter 's Church were : Rev. William Coughlan, from June, 1850, until October the same year; Rev. Patrick Kenna, October, 1850-February, 1851; Rev. Patrick Conlon, May, 1855-April, 1856; Rev. William Howard, June, 1858-December, 1861 ; Rev. Robert Byrne, December. 1865October, 1866; Rev. Daniel O'Connell, February, 1867-October, October, 1866; Rev. Daniel O'Connell, February, 1867-October, 1867; Rev. James O'Reilly, October, 1867- August, 1869; Rev. D. J. 'Keef e, September, 1869-November, 1869 ; Rev. John Craven, LEE. 259 December, 1869-August, 1870; Rev. Charles Zucker, November, 1870-March, 1871; Rev. H. J. Shields, May, 1871-September, 1872; Rev. Francis Maguire, November, 1872- January, 1873; Rev. Patrick Birmingham, February, 1873-November, 1874 ; Rev. James Bloomer, November, 1874-September, 1878; Rev. Francis Cunningham, October, 1878-November, 1883 ; Rev. James Ward, November, 1883-January, 1890 ; Rev. John F, McLoghlin, February, 1890-October, 1895 ; Rev. James J. Carson, January, 1896- ary, 1890-October, 1895 ; Rev. James J. Carson, January, 1896April, 1906; Rev. Robert J. Henry, of the Rochester Diocese, April, 1906; Rev. Robert J. Henry, of the Rochester Diocese, April, 1906-July, 1909. The Rev. Joseph Ellis, a native of St. Agnes' parish, Utica, who was ordained in June, 1909, by Bishop Grimes, is the present assistant. Only five of all these assistant priests survive at this date. St. Joseph's Church, Lee, Oneida County, is attended from St. Peter's. ST. MARY'S OF THE ASSUMPTION (GERMAN) THE records of the church show that missionary priests visited the German Catholics from the year 1845 to adminis- ited the German Catholics from the year 1845 to administer to their spiritual wants. ter to their spiritual wants. During the year 1847 the first steps were taken to have a house of worship of their own, and in 1848 a humble wooden structure on the corner of James and Depeyster streets was ready for divine service. The seating capacity was about 400. A resident priest was appointed by Bishop McCloskey of Albany in the person of Rev. Florian Schwenninger, a Tyrolese, and member of the son of Rev. Florian Schwenninger, a Tyrolese, and member of the Benedictine Order. Twenty-two priests succeeded him, until, on September 15, 1870, the Rev. P. J. Schmitt was assigned by Bishop Conroy of Albany to the charge of this congregation. He found his church in a very dilapidated condition, and inadequate to the wants of the increasing congregation. In the spring of 1870 two lots of about 66 feet frontage were secured on the east side of James street, and the old parsonage north of the church was exchanged for a little house and lot on the corner of James and Depeyster streets. Another frame building in the rear of the church was in part fitted up for a school, where a single teacher undertook the task of instructing some six score children. Although plans had already been drafted for the new church, the site thus secured was finally rejected, as being unsuited for such purpose. Toward the latter part of September, at a meeting of the trustees and some of the older and leading men of the congregation, tees and some of the older and leading men of the congregation, the purchase of property on West Liberty street was resolved. The consent of the Bishop was obtained, and in spite of appeals and remonstrations against this new site, the ecclesiastical authorities fully upheld this selection as being the sentiment of an thorities fully upheld this selection as being the sentiment of an unbiased and intelligent majority, and the solution of a long agitated question. On this site the present Gothic church was erected at a cost of $34,370. On May 18, 1871, the Feast of the Ascension, in the presence of a large concourse of people, the cornerstone was laid CITY OF ROME. 261 by Rt. Rev. J. J. Conroy, attended by about sixty of the clergy. The Bishop, in a brief discourse, declared that this edifice was designed for the exclusive use of St. Mary's congregation, whose hearty co-operation he earnestly requested. On Christmas of the same year the congregation assembled for the first time in their new church, although the interior was not completed. On September 22, 1872, the new church was solemnly dedicated by the late Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny of Albany, assisted cated by the late Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny of Albany, assisted by the pastor and clergy. In 1893 a new brick school house was auspiciously opened. The Parochial School has been in charge of the Sisters of Christian Charity since 1876, and God only knows how much good has tian Charity since 1876, and God only knows how much good has been accomplished by those able and self-sacrificing teachers. At present about 275 children, divided into seven grades, attend this school. In 1895 the Rev. P. J. Schmitt, having completed the twentyfifth year of his pastorate of St. Mary's Church, resigned his fifth year of his pastorate of St. Mary's Church, resigned his charge, and in 1896 was succeeded by the Rev. Michael Rieger, who successfully continues the work of his able predecessor. Father Rieger was born January 19, 1868, in Schwabsborg, Germany. He was ordained July 20, 1890, in Portoviejo, Manabi, many. He was ordained July 20, 1890, in Portoviejo, Manabi, Ecuador, South America. His first service was in Rocafuerte, July, 1890-June, 1895. He was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse and was assigned to this parish as assistant priest in August, 1895, continuing in that capacity until April, 1896, when he was appointed pastor. He is assisted in his arduous duties by the Rev. Alfred Roth, a native of Syracuse. The congregation embraces nearly 300 families. The church property includes a beautiful brick church, a convenient school house, a parsonage and Sisters' Convent. ST. JOHN THE BAPIST (ItaUan) THE Italian Catholic parish of Rome was organized at a meeting of sixty representative men of that nationality, held at Duly Hall, on Saturday, July 26, 1909, and was incorporated August 5, under the title of St. John the Baptist (Italian) Church. The Rt. Rev, Bishop Ludden has approved the formation of the parish and the plans thus far formulated. At a subsequent meeting of those in interest it was decided to lease or purchase a building which could be used as a church and parish school, and the following building committee was named : Chairman, G. Antonio Rienzo ; vice-chairman, Patrick Uvanni ; cashier, Frank tonio Rienzo ; vice-chairman, Patrick Uvanni ; cashier, Frank Musante ; corresponding secretary, Guiseppe Torchio ; financial secretary, Severno Agone ; Michael Duly and Thomas Bove. DEERFIELD DEERFIELD MISSION belonged to the New York Diocese from 1808 till 1847. From the close of the war for American independence the population increased along the Mo- can independence the population increased along the Mohawk Valley and on Deerfield Hill until Deerfield township num- hawk Valley and on Deerfield Hill until Deerfield township numbered 2,347 inhabitants in 1845. Many of that number were bered 2,347 inhabitants in 1845. Many of that number were Catholics, the greater portion of them being Irish. The first Catholic priest who attended the mission of Deerfield Hill was Father McQuade of Albany. Mass was said then and for many years afterwards in some of the farmhouses, the farmers taking turns in accommodating the priest and neighbors who ers taking turns in accommodating the priest and neighbors who attended. One of the histories of Oneida County has the following statement : ' ' The first priest attending Catholic missions in ing statement : ' ' The first priest attending Catholic missions in this (northwestern) district was Rev. M. McQuade. He was pastor of St. Mary's Church in Albany. He took charge of the scat- tor of St. Mary's Church in Albany. He took charge of the scattered Catholics in this district and said Mass for them occasion- tered Catholics in this district and said Mass for them occasionally from 1813 to 1816. " ally from 1813 to 1816. " From 1816 till 1825 the mission of Deerfield Hill was attended by Rev. M. Farnon. On May 24, 1819, the following public announcement was made concerning him : "Rev. M. Farnon, who is nouncement was made concerning him : "Rev. M. Farnon, who is now established rector of the western district, has returned from a circuit through said district and will have divine service at the Academy (in Utica) on the 30th inst." For a long time, the mission of Deerfield Hill was considered, in some respects, the leading and best mission in what was then called the western or northern or northwestern district. That mission was attended by the following priests from 1825 : Rev. R. Bulger, 1825-1827; Rev. J. Shanahan, 1827 (He was resident pastor of Deerfield Hill) ; Rev. L. Berry, 1827-1828 ; Rev. H. Walsh, 1828-1829; Rev. P. O'Reilly, 1829-1830; Rev. M. Cummings, 1830-1832; Rev. J. Cahill, 1832-1833; Rev. W. J. Quar- mings, 1830-1832; Rev. J. Cahill, 1832-1833; Rev. W. J. Quarter, Rev. A. Bradley, Rev. P. M'Closkey, Rev. D. Bacon, 1833- ter, Rev. A. Bradley, Rev. P. M'Closkey, Rev. D. Bacon, 18331839 ; Rev. J. Burke, 1840-1842 (He was resident pastor of Little 1839 ; Rev. J. Burke, 1840-1842 (He was resident pastor of Little Falls) ; Rev. Thomas Martin. Rev. J. Cull, 1842-1844 ; Rev. John Kenney resided at Holy Cross Church and, at intervals, attended 264 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Little Falls from Deerfield Hill from beginning of 1844 till about 1845 or 1846; Rev. George M'Closkey was resident pastor of Deerfield Hill for some time; Rev. John M'Menomy attended Deerfield Hill from Little Falls for some time after 1845; Rev. William Coghlan, Rev. M. Clarke, Rev. P. F. Arnold, 1850-1854; Rev. J. Herbst, December, 1854-1863, or later; Rev. W. Fitzgerald, from 1863 or later to 1867 or 1868 ; Rev. W. Howard, 1868- ald, from 1863 or later to 1867 or 1868 ; Rev. W. Howard, 18681872 (resident pastor of Ilion) ; Rev. Thomas Keating of New- 1872 (resident pastor of Ilion) ; Rev. Thomas Keating of Newport, 1872-1873; Rev. E. A. Thornton of Newport, 1873-1874; port, 1872-1873; Rev. E. A. Thornton of Newport, 1873-1874; Rev. William Burke of Newport, 1874-1875. From 1854 to the end of 1874 the mission of Deerfield Hill was limited and comprised all Deerfield, from the Mohawk River northward to West Canada Creek, with all Marcy and Trenton. For many years after the church had been built on Deerfield Hill, when the weather and roads were good, the attendance at Mass on Sundays often consisted of 300 up to 500 persons. Many of these came from Schuyler, Ne'WT)ort, Fairfield and Norway, in Herkimer County. But the number decreased after a church had been built near Newport, as the Catholics thenceforward attended that church from the four places named above, leaving the Catholics of Deerfield Hill within Oneida County to form the congre- lics of Deerfield Hill within Oneida County to form the congregation of Holy Cross Church. gation of Holy Cross Church. Rev. William J. Quarter of New York City gave $100 in cash and an acre of land for the new Church of the Holy Cross on Deerfield Hill. He said the first Mass in that church in the summer of 1838, before the church was complete and before the deed mer of 1838, before the church was complete and before the deed for the acre of land from his farm was signed by his father, who had held the property in his name. The last Mass was said in that church in 1867 or 1868, by Rev. W. FitzGerald, who was then resident pastor of Newport. The frame of the Church of the Holy Cross still remains. Dutch Flats was the name given to the lowlands bordering on the Mohawk River in the southern part of Deerfield, as so many Germans had located in that section. Many of those Germans were Roman Catholics. At the beginning of 1872 some of the German and Irish Catholics decided to have a church near Deerfield-Four-Corners. They lics decided to have a church near Deerfield-Four-Corners. They subscribed for that purpose. Governor Seymour, who resided DEERFIELD. 265 about two miles west of the present Catholic Church at the Corners, gave $200 to help build the church. ners, gave $200 to help build the church. Rev. George Veith, who was then pastor of St. Mary's Church in Utica, was the first priest who attended the Catholic mission on Dutch Flats. He said the first Mass in Leland Hall, over the Leland store, near Deerfield-Four-Corners, early in 1872. The precise day and month of that Mass are not known at present. About thirty-five persons were at that Mass. Rev. J. B. Eis was the second priest who attended this mission. He said the first Mass in the new church on November 1, 1872, although the building was not then finished. About sixty-five persons were present. He attended the mission till December, 1872. Rev. William Kemper then became pastor and so continued till July, 1874. While he was pastor the church was blessed by Father Noethen of Albany. It was named St. Peter 's Church. From July, 1874, the following priests had charge of the church : Rev. Anthony Gehring, 0. M. C. ; Rev. Volten, 0. M. C. ; Rev. J. W. Cluver, who continued from March, 1875, till February or March, 1876 ; Rev. Oderic Vogt, 0. M. C. ; Rev. Leonard Reich, 0. M. C, the last two attending from July, 1876, till January, 1877 ; Rev. P. Emmanuel, 0. Cap., who was pastor from April, 1877, till August of the same year ; Rev. A. H. Lindenfeld, 1878-1887 ; Rev. Clemens Luitz, 0. M. C, and Rev. N. denfeld, 1878-1887 ; Rev. Clemens Luitz, 0. M. C, and Rev. N. Graziani, 0. M. C, both attending a few months; Rev. A. H. Lindenfeld till November, 1888 ; Rev. B. Fresenberg, from February, 1889, till May, 1890 ; Rev. Bernard Quinn, from June 23, ruary, 1889, till May, 1890 ; Rev. Bernard Quinn, from June 23, 1890, till the present time. A small parish school was kept near the church for a few years. In 1878 400 people attended the church. To-day the congregation numbers about 200. tion numbers about 200. The buildings belonging to the church are a brick dwelling for priest and a frame church, with small sacristy and woodshed. The buildings and furniture are valued at $12,000. The one acre of land acquired in 1838 for the Church of the Holy Cross on Deerfield Hill may be included with the church lots and graveyard at Deerfield Corners. Those three lots are all the land now belonging to the church. The church property has 266 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. been greatly improved during the present pastorate and is free of debt. Father Quinn was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse in the year 1890, and was at St. John's Cathedral for a few months before his appointment to Deerfield. FLORENCE THOUGH a few families settled in Florence as early as 1798, their numbers gradually increasing each year, the marked increase was made in 1811-1825. From 1826 to 1837 tanneries were being erected and many Irish Catholic families made neries were being erected and many Irish Catholic families made their way here. The prospect of getting and holding land, of becoming free holders, induced them to settle on farms. After a coming free holders, induced them to settle on farms. After a little while they organized and petitioned Rev. "William Beecham of Rome to visit them and say Mass here, which he did frequently from 1838 to 1845, when Archbishop Hughes of New York appointed Rev. Robert Kelliher in September as first resident pointed Rev. Robert Kelliher in September as first resident pastor. Like most missionaries in new countries, both these priests said Mass in private houses at the various missions till the opportunity came either to purchase or build a house for divine worship. This opportunity was presented to Father Kelliher in Florence, when the school-house, erected by the Baptist society in 1834, was offered for sale. The school-house was a three-story stone building, constructed under the direction of Rev. Henry Hascell, of Hamilton College, and intended for a Mental and Manual Institution, where students were supposed to board themselves and labor enough on the grounds attached to pay for their selves and labor enough on the grounds attached to pay for their tuition. It was fostered by Genet Smith of Madison County, and was used as a seminary until about 1845, when the society so declined that it was offered for sale by Genet Smith, into whose clined that it was offered for sale by Genet Smith, into whose hands it had fallen. Father Kelliher, with his people, purchased the seminary on contract for $750, remodeled it, and called it St. Mary's Church of Mount Carmel, wherein Mass has been celebrated ever since. Besides Florence, Father Kelliher assumed charge of Annsville, Camden, Taberg, Osceola, Redfield, Williamstown, North Bay, Black Creek (Cleveland), and Constantia, and with much zeal, perseverance and industry he organized his people into mission circles, where he could say Mass, preach and administer the sacraments. He officiated here from September, 1845, till July, raments. He officiated here from September, 1845, till July, 268 DIOCESE OF SYKACUSE. 1852, when, on the advent of Father Fitzpatriek, he went to Canada, and yet lives in honored retirement at Toronto. ada, and yet lives in honored retirement at Toronto. August 1, 1852, Rev. John Peter Fitzpatriek was appointed to these missions by Rt. Rev. Bishop MeCloskey of Albany. He erected churches in Cleveland and Camden during his first year 's administration. With his gentlemanly address he easily attracted co-operation in his labors. He went from Florence in 1855 to the eastern portion of the diocese. On a visit to his relatives and old parishioners of Florence he took sick and died in Taberg in 1868. His remains were brought to Florence, where High Mass was celebrated for his soul in the presence of his family, many priests and a large congregation. He is interred beside his parents in the family plot at the rear of the church, which is situated on a high eminence in the center of the cemetery. Rev. John Ludden, a brother to Rev. Anthony P. Ludden, now of Little Falls, and Rev. James M. Ludden of Albany, also a cousin to Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden of Syracuse, was appointed here in December, 1855. He was bom in Furlough, County Mayo, Ireland, April 2, 1827, and died at Florence, September 28, 1878, after nearly twenty-three years' ministration in the surrounding districts. His pastorate was remarkable for enduring rounding districts. His pastorate was remarkable for enduring zeal, persevering labor and apt executive ability in dealing with the spiritual and temporal interests of his people. Scholarly, eloquent at times, with native love for his people and the traditional characteristics of the sincere and gentlemanly "Soggarth tional characteristics of the sincere and gentlemanly "Soggarth Aroon, ' ' the people well called him ' ' Our Own Father John. ' ' On his advent to the parish, the title to church and cemetery was by contract, and passed by deed to the congregation, May 13, 1856, when it was deeded to nine trustees, elected at a meeting held October 8, 1855, for the purpose of incorporation. The trustees elected were Dennis Keefe, James Hayes, Jermiah Fitzger- tees elected were Dennis Keefe, James Hayes, Jermiah Fitzgerald, Thomas Caine, Michael McLoughlin, Charles Regan, Patrick ald, Thomas Caine, Michael McLoughlin, Charles Regan, Patrick McLoughlin, John Boyle and Bernard Gartland, James Got and Silvester Gartland being the presiding officers of the meeting. This system of tenure did not work well and by degrees the trustees signed over their title to the Rt. Rev. Bishop. From 1856 to tees signed over their title to the Rt. Rev. Bishop. From 1856 to 1861 many Catholic families moved into Florence, Annsville, Taberg, Camden, Williamstown, Osceola, North Bay, Cleveland, and berg, Camden, Williamstown, Osceola, North Bay, Cleveland, and Constantia, all of which Father Jolm Ludden at first attended. FLORENCE. 269 Subsequently the three last named missions reverted to the charge of Father Beecham of St. Peter's, Rome, and afterwards were created into a separate parish with Rev. P. J. Birmingham as first pastor. In 1860 there were about 670 Catholic families in these missions, of which 347 frequented St. Mary's Church, Florence. In 1876 the parish was again divided, making Annsville and Taberg a parish, and Father McNulty pastor. Camden, ville and Taberg a parish, and Father McNulty pastor. Camden, Williamstown and Sand Bank were also detached and formed into a parish and Rev. P. H. Beecham appointed its first pastor, from 1869 to 1875. Revs. P. 'Sullivan and Thomas Walsh assisted Father Ludden. From here Father Walsh went to Pots- sisted Father Ludden. From here Father Walsh went to Potsdam, N. Y., and died in New York in 1896. In March and De- dam, N. Y., and died in New York in 1896. In March and December, 1859, two plats of ground were purchased, whereon the cember, 1859, two plats of ground were purchased, whereon the present parochial house and barn were constructed. On May 12, 1881, this property was deeded by Rev. Anthony P. Ludden, brother to and executor of the last will and testament of Father John, to Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny. February 19, 1896, Bishop McQuaid of Rochester, as sole surviving executor of Bishop McNeirny, conveyed the property to St. Mary's Church, Florence, Neirny, conveyed the property to St. Mary's Church, Florence, N. Y. In 1868-69 the church was remodeled by adding sanctuary, sacristies and tower, the expense of which was met by a large ary, sacristies and tower, the expense of which was met by a large subscription and a mortgage for $1,500. This mortgage was canceled by John 'Brien of New York, who presented Bishop Lud- celed by John 'Brien of New York, who presented Bishop Ludden with a satisfaction paper in remembrance of their early den with a satisfaction paper in remembrance of their early friendship formed at Florence. Father Ludden, after many labors of religion and love, rests in the church cemetery with his parents and one brother, to whose memories an imposing monument was erected. ment was erected. In October, 1878, Rev. P. J. Birmingham was appointed pastor of Florence. He was born at Killegan, County Westmeath, Ireland, ordained June, 1872, and died August 24, 1883, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Utica, following injuries sustained in a runaway accident. Besides the temporal well-being of his congrega- away accident. Besides the temporal well-being of his congregation he was very successful in organizing religious devotions in a tion he was very successful in organizing religious devotions in a scattered country mission, holding the attention and attendance of the sodalities. His Rosary Society was about as large as any in the diocese, and at Angelus time it was edifying to see the villagers and farmers at their work, doff their hats without trepidation or concealment, publicly but sincerely recite the Angelus, dation or concealment, publicly but sincerely recite the Angelus, 270 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. then cheerfully resume their labors or recreations. He is buried in front of the church near by Father John Ludden. With the approbation of Bishop Ludden, a subscription was received by Rev. James B. Greene from the priests and parishioners to erect a monument to his memory. It was set up in the summer of 1888. In September, 1883, Rev. John J. Brennan was appointed by Bishop McNeirny to take charge of Florence and its out-missions. He was born in Roscommon County, Ireland. During his missionary career in Alton, Albany and Syracuse, he did much hard sionary career in Alton, Albany and Syracuse, he did much hard labor, and took great pride in erecting churches wherever he could. In 1886 he went to Camden, and in 1887 was appointed to a new mission in Binghamton. He resigned that and became chaplain of St. Vincent's School, Utica, where he died December 15, 1900. The funeral obsequies were at St. John's Church, Utica, December 18, with interment in St. Agnes' Cemetery. On March 7, 1886, Rev. James B. Greene, by appointment of Bishop McNeirny, assumed charge at Florence. He was born in the parish of Killtullagh, County Roscommon, Ireland, April 28, 1853 ; studied in the parish national classical school till 1871, when he entered St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, County Galway. In September, 1874, he came to America, entered St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and for one year studied theology there. Because of ill health he was permitted to return to Ireland and after cause of ill health he was permitted to return to Ireland and after a short vacation entered All-Hallows' College, Dublin, where he was ordained June, 1878. Returning to the diocese, he was appointed September 11 of the same year as assistant to Rev. James pointed September 11 of the same year as assistant to Rev. James Smith of Fulton. In September, 1879, he was transferred to St. Patrick's Church, Albany, as an assistant to Rev. Philip Smith. In November, 1880, he was appointed as an assistant to Rev. James M. Ludden at St. John's Church, Utica. In the summer of 1881 he assumed temporary charge of Warrensburgh and adjoining missions, succeeding Rev. James A. Kelly, now the hon- joining missions, succeeding Rev. James A. Kelly, now the honored dean at Oneida. In the early winter of 1881, Rev. J. S. M. ored dean at Oneida. In the early winter of 1881, Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, now the honored pastor of St. John 's, Utica, took charge, and Father Greene was sent to Pompey to assist Father Michael O'Reilly, who was then dangerously ill. In July, 1882, he was made pastor of Cleveland, Oswego County ; North Bay, Constantia and Central Square, and administered to these missions till tia and Central Square, and administered to these missions till his advent to Florence. FLORENCE. 271 Since 1886 till the present, many improvements have been made. In 1889 all debts were paid and the mortgage canceled. In 1896 the McNamara Hotel property was acquired in Florence and the McOwen site in Redfield for a church. In 1902 two marble side altars were erected, the sanctuary enlarged and later new ble side altars were erected, the sanctuary enlarged and later new Stations of the Cross and several handsome statues were placed. Like most country towns not accommodated by railroad or factories, the population has greatly decreased and property les- tories, the population has greatly decreased and property lessened in value. In 1860 the population of Florence was 2,802, sened in value. In 1860 the population of Florence was 2,802, now it is only about 1,350. ANNSVILLE ST. PATRICK'S parish of Taberg, with its outlying Mission of St. Ann's, six miles north of this village, covers the town of Annsville, situated in the northern part of Oneida County. It is contiguous to the parishes of Rome on the southeast, Florence and Camden on the west, Cleveland on the south- east, Florence and Camden on the west, Cleveland on the southwest, and Ogdensburg Diocese on the north. west, and Ogdensburg Diocese on the north. The to-wn was named Annsville in honor of the wife of the first settler, and the towTi seat, Taberg, received its name from a to^\Ti in Sweden, through the Oneida Iron and Glass Manufacturing Company, which originated in 1809, and began operations here. The population of the town is about 1,800, and that of Taberg about 350. It is well nigh impossible to fix the date of the coming of Catholics into this town, though it must have been in the forepart of the last century. These were all of the Irish race, though later on, about 1850, a number of German and French families also settled hereabouts. It was between the years 1840 and 1843 that the Irish families came into the northern part of Annsville and settled on lands lies came into the northern part of Annsville and settled on lands purchased from one Philip Kearney, whose grant of land included a large part of the towns of Annsville and Florence. cluded a large part of the towns of Annsville and Florence. Many of these people had been previously employed in the construction of the Boston & Albany Railroad, and also of some of struction of the Boston & Albany Railroad, and also of some of the lines of Central New York. The first Catholic priest to visit this vicinity was the venerable Father "William Beecham of Rome. His earliest appearance in the vicinity of Annsville was about 1840, when he came to Empeyville (East Florence P. 0.) and celebrated Mass, baptizing peyville (East Florence P. 0.) and celebrated Mass, baptizing seven children on that occasion. In the fall of 1842 he celebrated the first Mass in the town of Annsville, in a log building, the home of Edward Hennessy in North Annsville, and the second time in May, 1843, at the same place, and continued his occasional visits until the fall of 1845. In that year. Rev. Robert sional visits until the fall of 1845. In that year. Rev. Robert Kelliher came to Florence as first resident pastor. He then took charge of the Catholics of the town of Annsville, celebrating Mass, from time to time, in North Annsville, in private houses, ANNSVILLE. 273 and also in a school-liouse about two miles from the present St. Ann's Church. In the summer of 1847 he purchased of James Nolan a half acre of land, to which was added, in 1853, another half acre, donated by the same parishioner. This plat of ground was used as a cemetery, the present St. Ann's Cemetery, the first interment being that of a child, John Golden, in July, 1848. The people, moreover, had come to the conclusion that the time had arrived to have a church of their own and in due time the first Catholic Church in the town of Annsville was erected, a frame building about 26 feet wide by 40 feet long, simply one room, that was not plastered for four or five years, and containing but two pews, which belonged to David Murphy and James ing but two pews, which belonged to David Murphy and James Nolan. In 1852, Father Kelliher transferred his ministry to Canada and is at present residing in Toronto. The next pastor of Florence was the Eev. John Fitzpatrick. He spoke occasionally in the Town Hall at Taberg, and nonCatholics vied with the parishioners in their eagerness to hear his Catholics vied with the parishioners in their eagerness to hear his eloquent words in behalf of Holy Church. He celebrated Mass once a month in the church of North Annsville. His ministry in Florence and the neighboring missions ceased in 1855, and Schenectady became the next scene of his labors. But the village of nectady became the next scene of his labors. But the village of Taberg was destined to see the closing of his earthly career, as it was here, in 1868, that on his way to Florence, enfeebled by illhealth, he expired while visiting the family of James 'Connor. health, he expired while visiting the family of James 'Connor. His funeral took place in Florence, his former parish, and his earthly place of rest is marked by an appropriate monument in St. Mary's Cemetery. In 1855, as the next pastor of Floirence, came the Rev. John Ludden. Although he had a number of missions to attend. Father Ludden managed to come to North Annsville about once a month to celebrate Mass, baptize the children, and when called upon to attend the sick calls. About 1870, however, his constant and laborious ministry was lightened by the advent of Rev. Thomas Walsh, whose sojourn at Florence made it possible to have Mass every other Sunday, by either one of the priests. Father Walsh was of a literary turn of mind, and occupied himself rather assiduously with writing, the fruit of which was sev- self rather assiduously with writing, the fruit of which was several books of Catholic instruction. eral books of Catholic instruction. 274 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. He went away from Florence in 1875, and after exercising the holy ministry elsewhere, he died at Wick, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., on November 2, 1888, aged about 72 years. The solemn requiem services were held in St. Mary's Church, Potsdam, N. Y., and he was buried in its cemetery, where later on a monument was erected to his memory by his former parishioners of Norwood, N. Y. wood, N. Y. During the winter of 1874-75, the matter of erecting a new church in North Annsville was discussed, as the old one began to show marks of age, after twenty-eight years of service, and, moreover, its location was not central nor convenient, although there over, its location was not central nor convenient, although there was a difference of opinion in regard to this point. Some were in favor of building on the old site, others wanted it where the present church stands, while others still deemed it advisable to place the new edifice in the village of Glenmore, as there it would be accessible not only to the Catholic population of North Annsville, but likewise to the Catholics of Taberg. These people, how- ville, but likewise to the Catholics of Taberg. These people, however, did not take the same view of this question of accessibility, ever, did not take the same view of this question of accessibility, and consequently in 1875, the opportunity presenting itself of purchasing the Methodist Episcopal Church in Taberg, a lot was bought and the frame building was removed there. This action on the part of the Taberg Catholics upset the plans of the North Annsville people. For it had been finally decided by them to build in Glenmore, a lot had been obtained and excavations made for foundations. The last time Mass was celebrated in the old church was by Father Walsh, in July, 1875, on the occasion of the obsequies of James Nolan, a benefactor of the church, as already mentioned. While awaiting the new church, Mass was said in Glenmore in the ballroom of Morris B. O'Connor's Hotel, which was destroyed by fire in the following year, 1876. Rev. James Ludden, brother of the pastor, said Mass here once or twice during that interim. When these people, however, realized that their proposed church would serve only for their own section of the town, they decided to accept the offer of John S. Kelly, a parishioner, of a piece of land about two miles farther north than Glenmore, at Itelly 's Corners, as this location would be more central for them, and the property in Glenmore was afterwards sold. The people generously set to work in the fall of 1875, to prepare the site for TABERG. 275 the new church. The contract for building being let to David Barry, John Enright and John Leary, parishioners, who also formed the building committee. The first Mass in the new St, Ann's Church, a frame structure, 40 feet by 60 feet, was celebrated by Father Walsh on Palm Sunday of 1876, and in the brated by Father Walsh on Palm Sunday of 1876, and in the same month of April the pastor, Father Ludden, commenced renting the pews, only a few, however, being taken. TABERG In this narrative so far, especial attention has been directed to the progress of Catholicity in the northern part of this town, where by reason of their numbers and their proximity to the mother parish of Florence, the Catholic people were moved by their zeal and love for their faith to an early organization. During all those years, however, the several priests resident in Flor- ing all those years, however, the several priests resident in Florence, attended also to the spiritual wants of the Catholics in and ence, attended also to the spiritual wants of the Catholics in and about Taberg, offering up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, from time to time, in the village in private houses, as well as in the school-house and the Town Hall. The first Catholic resident of Taberg, still remembered, as a very worthy man, was Patrick Murphy, employed, about 1835, in Jotham Warden's large tannery. Between the years 1848 and 1855, when so many industries were flourishing about Taberg, a large number of Irishmen were employed. Many of these families, who afterwards settled on farms hereabouts, had come ilies, who afterwards settled on farms hereabouts, had come directly from New York City, abandoning land there that has since become of great value. The time had now arrived, when, in the judgment of the ecclesiastical authority, the missions of Taberg and North Annsville siastical authority, the missions of Taberg and North Annsville should have a resident priest of their own, and thus form a new parish, and the Rev. Patrick B. McNulty, in October, 1876, assumed the position. He was a man of large physique, of consid- sumed the position. He was a man of large physique, of considerable ability, and of advancing age and previously had held sev- erable ability, and of advancing age and previously had held several charges. With his coming nearly every parishioner of St. eral charges. With his coming nearly every parishioner of St. Ann's hired a pew, and there was great enthusiasm. Under Father McNulty 's skillful direction a well-appointed rectory was built, adjoining the newly transformed St. Patrick's Church in Taberg. Unfortunately disagreements arose between 276 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. pastor and people, and after a tenure of not quite two years, Father McNulty was appointed to Johnstown, N. Y., but after a few more years of active ministry he retired to Saratoga Springs, where his friend, Rev. John McMenomy, was pastor, and there he died in 1892, at about the age of 72 years. In October, 1878, the Rev. James J. Bloomer, then assistant pastor of St. Peter's Church, Rome, N. Y., assumed the pastorship of Taberg and North Annsville. By his genial manners, ship of Taberg and North Annsville. By his genial manners, kind-hearted disposition and patient temperament, Father Bloomer was well qualified to fill the position, and the fond remembrance the people of this parish still have of him fully testi- membrance the people of this parish still have of him fully testifies to the successful ministry he exercised among them for over fies to the successful ministry he exercised among them for over six years. The legal entanglements in regard to the new rectory culminated in its alienation at a sheriff 's sale, soon after the arrival of nated in its alienation at a sheriff 's sale, soon after the arrival of the new pastor, who always resided in the hotel conducted by those staunch Catholic people, Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Kelly. During his pastorate Father Bloomer paid off some old debts, and ing his pastorate Father Bloomer paid off some old debts, and did a great deal of work towards the completion of St. Ann's Church, and also in remodeling St. Patrick's, adding thereto a sanctuary, making the dimensions of the church 30 feet by 55 feet, besides purchasing altar vessels, vestments, organs and sanctuary furniture. In the fall of 1884 he was appointed pastor of SS. Peter and Paul's Church at Canajoharie, N. Y., and tor of SS. Peter and Paul's Church at Canajoharie, N. Y., and was succeeded by the Rev. Francis J. Hainault, S. T. B., who officiated for the first time on Sunday, November 30, 1884. ciated for the first time on Sunday, November 30, 1884. Father Hainault was born in St. Mary's parish, Oswego, on August 15, 1855, attended St. Mary's Parochial School, the Oswego High School, FaDey Seminary at Fulton, graduated in wego High School, FaDey Seminary at Fulton, graduated in philosophy from L 'Assumption College, near IMontreal, pursued his theological studies at the Grand Seminary of INIontreal. his class inaugurating the new university, succursal of Laval University of Quebec, and was ordained priest by the Rt. Rev. Charles sity of Quebec, and was ordained priest by the Rt. Rev. Charles Fabre on December 21, 1878. At the request of that prelate, Father Hainault was allowed by his Bishop, Rt. Rev. Francis ]\IcNeirny, of Albany, to remain for about a year in the Diocese of Neirny, of Albany, to remain for about a year in the Diocese of Montreal, where he was assistant successively in that city, St. Hubert and Riviere des Prairies, whence he was recalled to Albany Diocese, holding appointments in Cohoes, Baldwinsville, bany Diocese, holding appointments in Cohoes, Baldwinsville, TABERG. 277 Troy, and before coming to Taberg he had been for nearly four years chaplain of St. Joseph's House of Providence at Syracuse, and at the same time pastor of the Mission of Onondaga Hill, and Catholic chaplain of the Onondaga County Poor House and Insane Asylum. sane Asylum. Although the Catholics of this small parish of Taberg are in rather moderate circumstances, in general they have always responded to the efforts of their pastor, and thus a retrospective sponded to the efforts of their pastor, and thus a retrospective view shows the accomplishment of many things. A parochial residence at an attractive point in the village, having an acre of land attached, was purchased immediately, and by the voluntary work of many parishioners and the expenditure of money, a great many improvements were gradually made to the house and grounds, transforming both into one of the handsomest pieces of property in the village. The desirability of a Catholic Cemetery at Taberg haAdng been long recognized, a number of the parishioners, principally of St. Patrick's, organized, purchased in 1891 three acres of land on the outskirts of the village, had it surveyed and laid out in avenues and lots, and did other necessary work. In the following year, the property came under ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the administration of a regular board of trustees, and on October 6, ministration of a regular board of trustees, and on October 6, 1892, the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, on the occasion of administering Confirmation, consecrated it under the title of St. Pat- tering Confirmation, consecrated it under the title of St. Patrick 's Cemetery. St. Ann 's Cemetery was consecrated by Bishop rick 's Cemetery. St. Ann 's Cemetery was consecrated by Bishop Ludden in 1888, after the property had been improved under Father Hainault's direction. On Sunday afternoon, February 24, 1901, Father Hainault was suddenly stricken down, and after nearing death's door, was obliged to relinquish his charge and seek elsewhere the recuperation of his health. tion of his health. The Rev. Anthony J. Logan, but recently ordained, then assistant at St. Patrick's Church, Binghamton, N. Y., was appointed ant at St. Patrick's Church, Binghamton, N. Y., was appointed to take charge of the parish, and during his administration of seventeen months, he manifested commendable zeal and activity, especially in undertaking the interior embellishment of St. Ann 's Church, after its foundation had been partly rebuilt. This work was sorely needed, but it had not been fully completed when on September 14, 1902, Father Hainault, now restored to health, re278 DIOCESE OF SYKACUSE. 278 DIOCESE OF SYKACUSE. assumed the pastorship, Father Logan, some weeks later, becoming pastor of St. ]\Ialaehi 's Church at Sherburne. ing pastor of St. ]\Ialaehi 's Church at Sherburne. Although after the damage caused by fire in St. Patrick's on November 30, 1900, that church had been put in very neat condition, towards the fall of 1903, Father Hainault began a general tion, towards the fall of 1903, Father Hainault began a general work of improvement throughout the parish. The finishing touch has been given St. Patrick 's Church by the placing therein of elegant stained glass windows, gifts of Rev. Fathers Bloomer and gant stained glass windows, gifts of Rev. Fathers Bloomer and Hainault, of the League of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, of St. Patrick's Choir, and of present as well as of former parishioners, rick's Choir, and of present as well as of former parishioners, and, finally, new Stations of the Cross are about to be canonically erected. At St. Ann's a similar completion of interior adornment is contemplated, a handsome stained glass window has been ment is contemplated, a handsome stained glass window has been placed above the altar, and several of the others already promised, the Stations of the Cross having been already canonically ised, the Stations of the Cross having been already canonically erected in 1897. The various properties are now in very good order. It may be noted here that the Catholic people of this parish have always been devoted to the education of their children, as evidenced by the large number of young men and women who have followed the profession of teaching, several, indeed, having attained the highest grades. In this connection, mention should be made of the now venerable John B. Fitzgerald, who for years was a leader among the Irish people of Annsville and filled the highest offices in the town, and to whose ability as a teacher many owe their primary education. A number of Annsville 's Catholic sons and daughters have distinguished themselves in the various professions. She has given tinguished themselves in the various professions. She has given to the Holy Church Rev. Thomas A. Powers of Logan, Ohio. The Catholic population of this town, like that of many others, has in the course of years considerably diminished, both by the death of many old parishioners, and by the various attractions elsewhere of many young men and women, even of a number of families. At the present time, including several families from the towns of Rome and Lee that have pews in St. Patrick's Church, the families attending that church number about 48, the population about 200, while at St. Ann's Church there are about 49 families, the population being about 215 -- making in the parish a total of not quite 100 families and about 415 souls. CLINTON REV. WILLIAM C. COGHLAN, the founder and organizer of St. Mary's Church, was born at Charleville, County Cork, Ireland. He came to St. John's Church, Utica, in 1850, the same year in which the first company for the manufacture of iron was formed in the town of Kirkland. On November ture of iron was formed in the town of Kirkland. On November 12, 1850, he was appointed the first pastor of Clinton, Waterville, Clayville, Hamilton, Deerfield, etc., and opened a parish register on November 21 of that year. "We learn this from an entry which Father Coghlan himself wrote on the first page of the register. The entry is as follows: "Waterville, Clayville, Hamil- ister. The entry is as follows: "Waterville, Clayville, Hamilton, Clinton and Deerfield, etc., parish register. Commenced ton, Clinton and Deerfield, etc., parish register. Commenced this 21st day of November, 1850, Utica, N. Y. Kev. William C. Coghlan was appointed first pastor, November 12, 1850, by Et. Eev. Dr. McCloskey, Bishop of Albany." Bishop McCloskey evidently appointed Father Coghlan to assist the saintly Father Stokes, who was then pastor of St. John's, Utica, and, at the same time assigned to him the pastoral care of the missions mentioned above. In the "History of the Town of Kirkland," it is said: "Eev. William C. Coghlan made his first professional visit to Clinton, January 6, 1851. He celebrated Mass at the house of John Eeilly, January 14, 1851. The number of the congregation at that time was sixteen. ' ' On April 30, 1851, a lot for a new church was purchased of 0. S. Williams and wife for $125. Another lot was bought in 1859 for $150 and added to the first. As already stated, the first Mass was celebrated at John Eeilly 's house, which is now the home of William Burgess of Kellogg street. Father Coghlan afterward celebrated Mass on several occasions at John Morrow's house, which is now occupied by Ealph Gale of Kellogg street. Mr. and Mrs. John Morrow, who had been here for some time, welcomed Father Coghlan to their home, and treated him in the most hospitable manner. Later, Terence 'Brien asked Judge Williams, who had control over the old school-house, which stood on the east side of the park, or vil280 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 280 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. lage green, on the site on which is now seen the residence of F. A. Root, to give the Catholics permission to use the school-house on Sundays. He granted them permission, provided they would not annoy other church-goers, and bring down upon himself the censure of the latter, by crowding on the sidewalk in front of the sure of the latter, by crowding on the sidewalk in front of the school. From that time till St. Mary's Church was dedicated, ]\Iass was celebrated at the old school-house. The first Mass at the school-house was celebrated on Easter Sunday, April 11, 1852. Others say that the first Mass said in the school-house was celebrated as early as August 9, 1851. brated as early as August 9, 1851. The building of St. Mary's Church was commenced in May, 1852, the year in which the company which was formed during the year 1850 for the manufacture of iron, was reorganized with larger capital and brighter prospects. The church was finished in 1854, and was dedicated by Rt. Rev. John IMcCloskey, then Bishop of Albany, on October 25 in the same year. Father Coghlan came to reside in Clinton May 1, 1854, and took possession of the house on Marvin street, in which he lived up to the time of his death. He died July 7, 1862. During his pastorate the congregation prospered and grew more numerous every year. In the building of the church he received much assistance from the citizens of Clinton, especially from Judge Wil- sistance from the citizens of Clinton, especially from Judge Williams. liams. Father Coghlan was a very affable, genial gentleman. His manner was kind and sympathetic, his conversation sparkling and racy, his friendships strong and unaffected. Even the records of the parish register are punctuated with his crisp and ords of the parish register are punctuated with his crisp and witty sayings. Altogether, he was a charming character, and became very popular. This very popularity provoked criticisms, came very popular. This very popularity provoked criticisms, but those criticisms served only to bring the virtues of his inner life into bold relief and greater prominence. He was, also, a hard-working and fervent priest. He made a deep impression for good on our Catholic people, and all who recall him, honor his name and revere his memory. The Rev. Edward Bayard was the second pastor of St. Mary's Church. He was born at a place called Isle Perrot, near Montreal. He made his studies and was ordained in Canada. After real. He made his studies and was ordained in Canada. After his ordination he was a priest of the Diocese of London, Ontario. His brother, the Rev. Joseph Bayard, was a prominent pastor in CLINTON. 281 that diocese. From the Diocese of London Father Bayard was incardinated into the Diocese of Albany, and was appointed pastor cardinated into the Diocese of Albany, and was appointed pastor of this church in July, 1862. On April 1, 1863, he purchased the house in which Father Coghlan had lived, and which he had owned, from the latter 's heirs, for $1,500. The old rectory then became the property of St. Mary's Church. Father Bayard fulfilled the duties of his pastorate with marked ability up to Au- filled the duties of his pastorate with marked ability up to August 9, 1863, when he was transferred to St. John's Church, Al- gust 9, 1863, when he was transferred to St. John's Church, Albany. He was a warm-hearted, generous host, a gentleman of bany. He was a warm-hearted, generous host, a gentleman of courtly manners, and a priest of splendid talents and varied acquirements. The Bishop subsequently appointed him to the pas- quirements. The Bishop subsequently appointed him to the pastorate of St. Mary's, Ballston, Saratoga County, and later as- torate of St. Mary's, Ballston, Saratoga County, and later assigned to him the pastoral charge of St. Mary 's Church, at Bald- signed to him the pastoral charge of St. Mary 's Church, at Baldwinsville, in this diocese. Failing health compelled him to resign winsville, in this diocese. Failing health compelled him to resign the pastorate of the last-mentioned church. After spending some time at St. Mary's, Syracuse, he went South for his health and died at Tampa, Florida, where his remains are buried. Rev. Peter O'Eeilly was the third rector of this church. He was born in the parish of Castlerahan, County Cavan, Ireland, was educated at All Hallow's College, Dublin, and was ordained in 1862. In November of the same year, soon after his arrival in Albany, he was sent to minister to the spiritual needs of the Catholics of Carthage, N. Y., and of the adjoining missions. On August 10, 1863, Bishop McCloskey appointed him Father Bayard's successor. He said his first public Mass in St. Mary's ard's successor. He said his first public Mass in St. Mary's Church on August 15, the Feast of the Assumption. At the beginning of his pastorate he found the church encumbered by a ginning of his pastorate he found the church encumbered by a debt of $1,589.41. He paid off this debt in a short time. At a meeting held in the vestry of St. Mary's in January, 1865, it was decided to enlarge the church. Its enlargement and refitting cost $6,415.78. This amount was paid in full by January, ting cost $6,415.78. This amount was paid in full by January, 1870. On August 18, 1871, the contract for the building of the present rectory was let. It was built at a cost of $13,380.48. Every obligation was met on time, and the mortgage was extinguished on February 20, 1884. guished on February 20, 1884. He had intended to erect a church in keeping with the new rectory, but the arduous duties of the priesthood had undermined tory, but the arduous duties of the priesthood had undermined and enfeebled his once robust health, and this enf eeblement deterred him from undertaking the very work he had contemplated terred him from undertaking the very work he had contemplated 282 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. for several years. He contented himself with deeding to St. Mary's Church two lots; one to the west of the original church lot, the other lying between the rectory and the residence of Mrs. Ives. From this brief review of his administration of the temporalities of the parish it is at once apparent that his pastorate was, ties of the parish it is at once apparent that his pastorate was, at least in this direction, successful in a marked degree. But it was in another direction he achieved his greatest success. For twenty-nine years he was pastor of St. Mary 's Church, and at his death he left after him a well instructed and truly Catholic people. This is the highest compliment that can be paid to the mem- ple. This is the highest compliment that can be paid to the memory of any deceased pastor. During all those years his life was ory of any deceased pastor. During all those years his life was blameless, his character above reproach, and his fidelity to every priestly duty conscientious and unceasing. He was an honest, upright man, a pious priest, a prudent pastor, an able administrator, a wise counsellor, and a loyal, steadfast friend. His trator, a wise counsellor, and a loyal, steadfast friend. His friendship did not blind him to the shortcomings of those who enjoyed his confidence; on the contrary, he, betimes, satirized their joyed his confidence; on the contrary, he, betimes, satirized their .faults and foibles in a caustic sentence, or convicted them of folly by his droll, bantering comments. He was happy in the society of priests, and his house was the Mecca of his sacerdotal brothers. He delighted to involve them in a theological, or other wrangle and then sit in silence and enjoy the din. When drawn into the fray he was a dangerous antagonist, and rarely suffered defeat. He loved quiet and peace, but was not a whiner or weakling in battle. He bore the heaviest blows without a murmur, and delivered the severest thrusts with a tormenting smile. Suddenly, one ered the severest thrusts with a tormenting smile. Suddenly, one of his quaint sayings ended the strife, and created general merriment. He hated cant and hypocrisy, but admired the good and ment. He hated cant and hypocrisy, but admired the good and true. His penetrating eye and sharp tongue could easily detect and puncture a humbug. Playful, rather than aggressive, he sometimes indulged in strictures, and conveyed the impression of harshness and severity; but a more intimate acquaintance dispelled this delusion, and revealed his kindly nature. Circum- pelled this delusion, and revealed his kindly nature. Circumspect, conservative and prudent, he shunned danger, and had a spect, conservative and prudent, he shunned danger, and had a jealous care of his good name and character. He was a man of strong will, resolute purpose, uncommon sense and great shrewdness. He would succeed in any business. He was a gracious ness. He would succeed in any business. He was a gracious host, and dispensed a generous hospitality. Above all, he was a CLINTON. 283 conscientious priest, edifying in his private life, faithful to his official duties, loyal to the Catholic Church. Father O'Reilly died on May 2, 1892. In January, 1892, when Father O'Reilly's health was completely broken, he sought and obtained help from our Rt. Rev. pletely broken, he sought and obtained help from our Rt. Rev. Bishop. The latter, very considerately, sent Father Donohoe, who was then assistant at St. Lucy 's Church, Syracuse, to relieve his uncle from his onerous duties for a time. All then hoped that a temporary rest would restore Father O'Reilly to his former vigor, but, much to their regret, their hopes were never realized. Soon after Father Donohoe 's arrival, his uncle started on a vacation that terminated in his death on May 2, 1892, in the 63d year tion that terminated in his death on May 2, 1892, in the 63d year of his age. His devoted nephew brought his remains from Brooklyn, where he died, to Clinton, and a faithful people sorrowfully lyn, where he died, to Clinton, and a faithful people sorrowfully awaited their arrival, and bitterly deplored the death of their beloved pastor. His funeral was held on May 5, 1892, and all that loved pastor. His funeral was held on May 5, 1892, and all that was mortal of Rev. Peter O'Reilly was then laid to rest in St. Mary's Cemetery. From the first days of February to July 2, 1892, Father Donohoe administered the affairs of St. Mary's Church with marked hoe administered the affairs of St. Mary's Church with marked ability and decided success. His energy, zeal and eloquence made a favorable and lasting impression on the congregation, and his whole-souled manner and friendly intercourse so ingratiated him in their affections that a committee waited on the Rt. Rev. Bishop and requested his appointment to the pastorate of St. Mary's Church. This was a striking proof of their friendship and esteem, a flattering tribute to his efficiency and character, and a teem, a flattering tribute to his efficiency and character, and a notable manifestation of the reverence and love with which they cherished the memory of his departed uncle. On June 2, 1892, the occasion of Father O'Reilly's Month's Mind, the Rt. Rev. Bishop appointed the Rev. James O'Reilly pastor of St. Mary's Church, and on Saturday, July 2, the present incumbent arrived in Clinton, and forthwith entered upon his ent incumbent arrived in Clinton, and forthwith entered upon his pastorate. Rev. James O'Reilly was born in Lisgray, Virginia, County Cavan, Ireland, on July 26, 1843. After finishing his full course at All Hallow's College, Dublin, he was ordained for the Diocese of Albany, N. Y., by Rt. Rev. David Moriarty, Bishop of Kerry, on June 11, 1867. On July 26, his 24tli birthday, he sailed from 284 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Queenstown on the City of Baltimore, arriving in New York after a voyage of ten days. He reached Albany in due time, and assisted in St. John's Church in that city during the retreat of the clergy in 1867. He was then sent to Port Henry, N. Y., to take the place of the Rev. Father Harney at St. Patrick's Church during the latter 's vacation. On his return to Albany he was appointed assistant to the tion. On his return to Albany he was appointed assistant to the venerable Father Beecham, then pastor of St. Peter's Church, Rome, N. Y. He arrived in Rome on October 4, 1867, and remained there until August 16, 1869, when Rt. Rev. John J. Con- mained there until August 16, 1869, when Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy assigned to him the charge of the missions of Fayetteville and roy assigned to him the charge of the missions of Fayetteville and Lafayette in Onondaga County. During his pastorate at Fayetteville the church and rectory were built and ground for a cemetery was purchased and laid out. He attended the mission of Lafayette up to 1873, when it was attached to Pompey. He started a new mission the same year in Jamesville, N. Y., and ministered to the people of Fayetteville and Jamesville up to July 2, 1892, when he entered upon etteville and Jamesville up to July 2, 1892, when he entered upon the pastorate of St. Mary's Church, Clinton. The Rev. John W. McDermott, S. T. L., has assisted Father O 'Reilly for a number of years. The erection of a larger and more beautiful St. Mary's was started in the summer of 1909 under Father O'Reilly's direction, and, pending its completion, services are held in Society Hall. The Church of the Annunciation, Clark 's Mills, the out-mission of St. Mary's parish, was built in 1909. It is a frame structure of Gothic architecture and has a seating capacity of 400. WATERVILLE PRIOR to the time that Catholics began to settle in Waterville this community consisted of men who, either themselves or their fathers, had fled from civil and religious persecution in Europe, and were now standing firmly on and loudly boasting of "private judgment" as the ultimate Judge in religious matters. How they, denying infallibility, could consistently afford to ters. How they, denying infallibility, could consistently afford to sneer and scoff at any man's religious opinions and still expect to escape the guilt of self conceit, we cannot understand. Rational beings must have a motive for their actions, but sometimes tional beings must have a motive for their actions, but sometimes that motive is a sentiment or a feeling born of ignorance or prejudice. dice. The British press, which exerted a great influence on American Protestantism, as an apology for the tyranny and inhuman cruelty of the government towards the Irish people, continually traduced and maligned the character of the Irish Catholics. Everywhere the press had influence they were represented as unintelligent, uneducated brutes thirsting for the blood of their intelligent, uneducated brutes thirsting for the blood of their Protestant neighbor. Let us see: The government robbed him of his land and then pointed the finger of scorn at his poverty; they burned his churches and his schools, murdered and exiled his priests and his teachers, made education a felony and then pointed the finger of scorn at his ignorance. An outlaw, for love of his country and religion, he fled in hunger and thirst to the mountains or to foreign shores from the vengeance of a penal code that would disgrace the grand Turk himself. This was really pleading in justification of their persecution, the very vices their persecution engendered. Who could conceive of any better means to brutalize a people or to generate hatred than the law which granted to the son or daughter as a reward of their embracing the Protestant faith, the right to take possession of their bracing the Protestant faith, the right to take possession of their father's property and perhaps to turn their gray headed father and mother out of doors. It was this legislation which drew these scathing words from the poet Moore : "Unprized are the sons till they've learned to betray, Undistinguished they live if they shame not their sires; And the torch that would light them thro' dignity's way Must be caught from the pile where their country expires." We deny that Irish Catholics hated their Protestant neighbors as Protestants, and we appeal to the historic fact that no nation 286 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. so distinctly Catholic has ever so completely intrusted her destiny to and so fondly cherished the memory of her Protestant leaders -- Emmet, Wolf Tone, Grattan, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Martin, Mitchell, John and Henry Shiers, Isaac Butt and Charles Stewart Parnell. But who will deny that the Irish Catholic had good art Parnell. But who will deny that the Irish Catholic had good reason to hate his Protestant neighbor as a political oppressor and a robber, who continually fomented new disturbances to beget new confiscations until the land had passed from the hands get new confiscations until the land had passed from the hands of the natives to the hands of the intruders. "We cannot state definitely at what time Catholics first settled in this community, but it is certain that there were very few Catholics around Waterville eighty years ago. The few Irish Catholics who settled here received a welcome akin to that which we now extend to a much needed draught horse or machine. But it is not certain the man was treated with quite as much consideration. He knew there was a prejudice against him. He was pre- tion. He knew there was a prejudice against him. He was prepared to meet it. He did an honest day's work and his further pared to meet it. He did an honest day's work and his further service was required. His tormentors perhaps little knew how deep the wound they were inflicting on a sensitive, religious and patriotic soul. It was a sneer at his religion, a scoff at his priests and his country, all of which were as dear to him as his own life. Although inured to persecution at home, he could not understand it in America. When he came for consolation to the Church he revered and the priest he loved and spoke of his trials he was given a word picture of the Savior on the cross, and told that as he valued his soul he must bear his tribulations as his fathers did before him. He must return good for evil, he must give an honest day's work, although his master's table was not lavishly supplied during the week, except on Friday, when his religion forbade him to partake. Thomas Collins arrived in Waterville in the year 1837. We are informed that he was the first person to apply to Utica for a priest to attend a sick call. In 1839 Rev. David W. Bacon celebrated the first Llass in Waterville in the home of Andrew Brad- brated the first Llass in Waterville in the home of Andrew Bradley on Stafford avenue, now occupied by Lawrence Finnegan. ley on Stafford avenue, now occupied by Lawrence Finnegan. The congregation consisted of eighteen persons, amongst whom were Andrew Bradley, Hugh Shields, Thomas Collins, Andrew Glenn and Michael Ready. Bryan Shields, who was always spoken of as the pillar and stay of the Church, arrived in WaterWATERVILLE. 287 WATERVILLE. 287 ville later. Father Bacon, after his visit to Waterville, continued his trip to Hamilton, Norwich and Binghamton. Father Bacon was later made pastor at Ogdensburg, and later still in Brooklyn. At the close of the year 1854 he received the bulls appointing him first Bishop of Portland, Me. Father Bacon had planted and others had watered, and just^ as the Holy Ghost was calling Father Bacon to rule the Church' of Maine, his little congregation to which he first broke the bread of life, after fifteen years of struggle, were able to dedicate to God their first church October 26, 1854. Father Bacon died in his native city. New York, in the year 1874. From 1839 to 1845 we have no evidence of how often or what priests attended the little congregation. In 1845 the Eev. John McMenomy visited "Waterville and purchased the lot upon which the church now stands. No effort, it seems, was made to erect a church for some years later. Rev. John McMenomy was removed from Utica to Albany, later to Little Falls and Syracuse, where he built St. John's Church. In 1892 he died at St. Peter's Church, Saratoga. In the same year Rev. William Howard visited Waterville. Father Howard, after laboring successfully in many parishes in the diocese, was finally pastor in Ilion, which charge failing health compelled him to resign. He retired to Herkimer, where he died in 1888. He was known as the church builder, having built ten churches in various parts of the country. He was evidently more successful at building than buying churches. We dently more successful at building than buying churches. We refer to an incident which occurred during one of his visits in Waterville. The Presbyterian Church, which stood on or near the site of the Brunswick Hotel, was being sold at auction. Father Howard bid and his bid was accepted. Not having the cash they throttled him, like the poor debtor in the gospel, saying : ' ' Pay what thou owest. ' ' He was arrested for buying prop- ing : ' ' Pay what thou owest. ' ' He was arrested for buying property on false pretences and held until Andrew Glenn and Bryan erty on false pretences and held until Andrew Glenn and Bryan Shields came to his rescue. During these years the congregation was steadily increasing. In 1848 Rev. Patrick Carahar was appointed assistant pastor at St. John 's, Utica, and attended Waterville at least once a month. Father Carahar undertook the task of building a church. He traveled around the whole neighborhood soliciting their modest 288 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. contributions. They must, indeed, have been modest, as we are informed that men received no more than $7 or $8 per month. The contract was let for $2,500. This included nothing but just the frame of the church -- plastering, pews, windows, altar, etc., was a later consideration. The church was built in the year 1850 and finished in the year 1853. Rev. William C. Coghlan was appointed pastor of Waterville, Clayville, Hamilton, Clinton and pointed pastor of Waterville, Clayville, Hamilton, Clinton and Deerfield, etc., on November 21, 1850. There are those who seem to think that the first Mass was said in the church on Christmas Day, 1850, by the Rev. Bernard Carahar, a brother of Rev. Patrick Carahar. That the Rev. Bernard har, a brother of Rev. Patrick Carahar. That the Rev. Bernard Carahar said the Mass on this occasion seems to be admitted by all; but it is claimed that Rev. Michael E. Clarke said Mass in the church during its construction, just as it was closed in. This could not have taken place earlier than October 28, 1850, the date on which Father Clarke came to St. John 's Church, Utica. Before the erection of the church Mass was celebrated in the home of Bryan Shields on Mill street, in the Berrill foundry on Mill street, and in the ballroom of the American Hotel. The priest visiting Waterville during the missionary period usually made headquarters at the home of Bryan Shields, later with Michael Ready and later still with Peter Nolan. In 1851 and 1852, the first years of the church's existence, a reasonable estimate of the congregation would average sixty persons, representing the Catholics from Paris Hill, Bridgewater, sons, representing the Catholics from Paris Hill, Bridgewater, Brookfield and Oriskany Falls. Making reasonable allowance for the distance and other difficulties of attendance the figures do not represent as healthy a growth as we anticipated. It illustrates the fact that Catholic people do not wish to settle where they cannot have regular religious attention. But the church once estab- not have regular religious attention. But the church once established the congregation takes new life. lished the congregation takes new life. On October 26, 1854, St. Bernard's Church was dedicated by Rt. Rev. John McCloskey, the Bishop of Albany, afterwards Archbishop of New York, and the first Cardinal of the United States. In the year 1853 Henry M. Walsh purchased from Mr. Cady the two acres of land now known as the old cemetery. In October, 1854, a subscription was taken up to pay for the cemetery, ber, 1854, a subscription was taken up to pay for the cemetery, and all giving $5 were entitled to a lot. WATERVILLE. 289 In July, 1862, Eev. Edward Bayard succeeded Father Cogh]an. In August, 1863, Rev. Peter O'Reilly was appointed to suc- ]an. In August, 1863, Rev. Peter O'Reilly was appointed to succeed Father Bayard and served till the close of 1867, when a resi- ceed Father Bayard and served till the close of 1867, when a resident pastor was appointed in the person of Rev. Philip J. Smith. dent pastor was appointed in the person of Rev. Philip J. Smith. During the administration of Father 'Reilly the little church was built in Clayville, and also in Oriskany Falls. We now begin to realize how the Catholic population of these missions was increasing. The little band of eighteen who heard the first Mass creasing. The little band of eighteen who heard the first Mass said in this community has grown to four flourishing congregations, demanding a resident pastor. These facts also emphasize tions, demanding a resident pastor. These facts also emphasize how thoroughly religious are the Catholic people. It is only under restraint and necessity that they can be induced to settle where they cannot have ample religious attention. Father O'Reilly was the last priest who attended Waterville as a mission. He continued as pastor at Clinton until May 2, 1892. Father 'Reilly is remembered in Waterville not only as a former pastor, but as a neighbor and frequent visitor at every ceremony and function in the church during the administration of all succeeding pastors. For a fuller account of the lives and labors of Father O'Reilly and his predecessors, the histories of St. Mary's, Clinton, and St. John's, Utiea, should be consulted. Father Smith was born in the parish of Kilenkare, County Cavan, Ireland, and ordained at All Hallow's College, Dublin. Shortly after his arrival at Albany, he was appointed pastor of Waterville, with Clayville and West Winfield as out-missions. Father Smith was a splendid type of his race, priestly in his character, genial and affable in his manner, and like all the old pioneers of his school his name is still mentioned with reverence amongst his old parishioners. In 1874 he was removed to St. Patrick's Church, Albany, and succeeded by the Rev. Thomas W. rick's Church, Albany, and succeeded by the Rev. Thomas W. 'Reilly. Rev. T. W. 'Reilly was ordained at St. Joseph 's Provincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y. He was a zealous, charitable and vincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y. He was a zealous, charitable and hard-working priest, and during his four years' administration did much to improve the church, to beautify and adorn the cemetery. In 1878 he was removed to Syracuse and later to Whites- tery. In 1878 he was removed to Syracuse and later to Whitesboro, where he died. boro, where he died. Father O'Reilly was succeeded by Rev. John J. McDonald. During his administration he built the parochial residence and enlarged the church to more than double its original seating ca290 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 290 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. pacity. He was transferred to St. Patrick's, Utica, and, later, to St. Patrick's, Binghamton, where he died, July 3, 1907. Father McDonald was succeeded October 4, 1888, by the late lamented Rev. James V. Donnelly, bom in the city of Albany and ordained at the Grand Seminary, Montreal. Father Donnelly was a modest, unassuming priest, yet convinced that he was right, no man more obstinately pursued his vinced that he was right, no man more obstinately pursued his way. All who came in contact with him were convinced of the thorough honesty of his character and purpose in life. Kind and charitable to all in need, he was especially beloved by the old and enfeebled and the children of his parish to whom he devoted much of his time and attention. Liberal and hospitable in his home, yet close and exacting in church finances, he thus succeeded in paying the mortgage of $3,000 and left in the treasury in the neighborhood of that sum as a fund for a new church. His sudden and unexpected death was a grief to his many friends as well den and unexpected death was a grief to his many friends as well as to his congregation. He died October 13, 1902, lamented by every member of his congregation. On October 21, 1902, the Rev. Patrick Donohoe, born in the parish of Kilenkare, County Cavan, Ireland, was appointed to succeed the late Father Donnelly. A nephew of the Rev. Peter O'Reilly, his assistant at Clinton, and, after his venerable uncle's death, administrator of the parish, he was welcomed to St. Bernard's as an old-time friend. During his pastorate, which con- nard's as an old-time friend. During his pastorate, which continued until July, 1907, when he became pastor of St. Mary's, tinued until July, 1907, when he became pastor of St. Mary's, Cortland, the building fund was materially increased by means of monthly subscriptions, pledged for a period of years by the individual members of each parish family. dividual members of each parish family. The present pastor, the Rev. Dennis Joseph Bustin, succeeded Father Donohoe. Born in Sheshequin, Pa., June 18, 1869, he was ordained priest March 10, 1900, at the Rochester Cathedral. His first appointment was as assistant at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, that city, where he remained until May 1, 1901, late Conception, that city, where he remained until May 1, 1901, when he returned to the Diocese of Syracuse as assistant to Father McDonald, at St. Patrick's, Binghamton. He was appointed pastor of St. Bernard's in July, 1907. pointed pastor of St. Bernard's in July, 1907. Father Bustin continues the collection of the fund which will be used in constructing a permanent church in place of the present temporary building. ent temporary building. Paris Hill, Oneida County, is attended from "Waterville. CAMDEN THE village of Camden, situated eighteen miles northwest of Rome, was settled direct from Connecticut in 1879. At present this ' ' Queen Village ' ' of the county has a population of 2,700. The history of Catholicity does not appear con- tion of 2,700. The history of Catholicity does not appear conspicuous in tradition in this town much before 1847. There is a spicuous in tradition in this town much before 1847. There is a record of one Irish Catholic having been seen in the village in 1808. In the early forties a familiar figure on the country roads, mounted on horseback with vestments strapped behind him, was R"v. William Beecham of Rome, on his way to attend the Catholics of Florence. "Whether he ever celebrated Mass for the few lics of Florence. "Whether he ever celebrated Mass for the few Catholic families in Camden is not known with certainty. Whether Father Kelliher, the first resident pastor of Florence, ever said Mass in the village, is likewise uncertain. In all probability neither did, since the oldest people have left the tradition bility neither did, since the oldest people have left the tradition of going to Mass to Florence. The early Catholic settlers in Camden came from Florence, whither, tradition has it. Father Beecham of Rome (after the completion of the Erie Canal and the Utica & Schenectady Railroad) advised them to go and settle on farms. The completion of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad in 1849 left several new Catholic families as resi- burg Railroad in 1849 left several new Catholic families as residents of the village. Several German Catholic families have dents of the village. Several German Catholic families have since settled from time to time. Early in 1852 Rev. John FitzPatrick succeeded Father Kelliher at Florence. Filled with a Patrick succeeded Father Kelliher at Florence. Filled with a missionary spirit and a passion for organizing parishes and building churches, this tall, dignified Irish priest soon set out from ing churches, this tall, dignified Irish priest soon set out from Florence to pursue his favored work. Churches in Cleveland, North Bay and Camden mark his zeal during the few years of his pastorate of St. Mary's, Florence. The latter part of August, 1852, he organized the Catholic families of Camden and purchased a lot from one Carpenter, and the old Wesleyan Methodist chased a lot from one Carpenter, and the old Wesleyan Methodist Church, which was then moved to the corner of Church and Third streets and dedicated under the title of St. John the Evangelist, September 7. Father FitzPatrick dwelt for three years in gelist, September 7. Father FitzPatrick dwelt for three years in Camden, opposite the present rectory, in the house now occupied 292 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. by I. D. West. He was succeeded in 1855 by Rev. John Ludden, cousin of the present Bishop of Syracuse. For upwards of twenty years Rev. John Ludden, a clergyman of imposing figure, indefatigable industry and of attractive personal qualities, attended Camden's Catholics almost monthly. sonal qualities, attended Camden's Catholics almost monthly. His whole charge was a small and uninfluential society when he accepted it from Bishop Conroy of Albany, but he made it a flourishing body, one which filled in the public eye the position it deserved. Not satisfied with his work in Camden, he laid the seeds in the territory tributary to it so well that it requires six priests now to look after the Catholics where he strove singlehanded thirty years ago. handed thirty years ago. In 1876 Rt. Rev. Bishop McNeirny erected Camden into a parish with the outlying missions of Williamstown, Sand Bank, ish with the outlying missions of Williamstown, Sand Bank, Pulaski and Sandy Creek. Rev. Patrick H. Beecham was appointed the first resident pastor. Father Beecham, just ordained, pointed the first resident pastor. Father Beecham, just ordained, came to his new charge with an activity and energetic zeal which soon endeared him to his people. In 1884 he built St. Patrick's Church at Williamstown, and also purchased the present site of St. John the Evangelist's Church in Pulaski. Two cemeteries were purchased, beautifully fitted up by him and all properties left completely out of debt. He remained in charge of the Camden parish during the ten years between 1876 and 1886. den parish during the ten years between 1876 and 1886. Father Beecham was succeeded in March, 1886, by the late Rev. J. J. Brennan. Father Brennan, a fine appearing gentleman, scholarly and eloquent, who had built during his long man, scholarly and eloquent, who had built during his long priestly career in the Diocese of Alton, 111., and Albany, N. Y., thirteen Catholic churches in all, remained only about a year, when he was transferred to Binghamton. He died in December, 1901, at Utica, while chaplain of St. Vincent's Industrial School of that city. On August 30, 1887, Rev. John H. McGraw, now pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Clayville, was appointed his successor. Father McGraw brought to these extensive missions a zeal soon to be tried "as by fire." On Ash Wednesday afternoon, 1889, the old church, which had been in use since the days of Father FitzPatrick, was gutted by fire, so that it would no longer pay to repair rick, was gutted by fire, so that it would no longer pay to repair it. It was then decided to build a new frame church on the site occupied by the old one, the latter being moved aside to the rear CAMDEN. 293 of a carriage shop, where it still stands. The work on the present building was under way in a few months and in September of the same year the cornerstone was laid by Father McGraw. The Eev. Dr. James O'Hara of St. Mary's Church, Syracuse, preached the sermon. The Rev. Fathers Toomy of Utica and Tiernan of Syracuse were the chanters on the occasion. The completion of the church was hastened and on Christmas of the same pletion of the church was hastened and on Christmas of the same year Mass was said for the first time, though the church was not entirely finished. The final work of its construction was reached in February, 1890. About this time the mission of Sand Bank was connected as an out-mission to Pulaski (a parish since April 12, 1888), leaving from that time "Williamstown as the only out-mission of Camden. Father McGraw, having administered the affairs of Camden in a most commendable manner during the seven years of his tenure and winning the esteem of all in the spiritual upbuilding of the parish, irrespective of religious affiliations, was appointed to Clayville and assumed charge of that parish, June 1, 1894. As the successor of Father McGraw in Camden, Rev. Joseph S. Tiernan, appointed by Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, from the assistant- nan, appointed by Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, from the assistantship of St. Patrick's Church, Binghamton, N. Y., assumed charge ship of St. Patrick's Church, Binghamton, N. Y., assumed charge June 1, 1894. He is still the pastor of this small but beautiful parish church. Born January 9, 1861, at Holland Patent, about thirty-one miles east of Camden, educated at the village academy, St. Charles College, Md., St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, up to the time of his ordination by Rt. Rev. Bishop McNeirny, December 22, 1888, Father Tiernan 's first appointment was to St. John's Cathedral. Four months later he was transferred to St. John the Baptist's Church, Syracuse. His appointment to Binghamton followed a nine months ' absence on sick leave and dated from ton followed a nine months ' absence on sick leave and dated from July 22, 1903. In Camden he continued with indefatigable spirit the work of his predecessors. From 1894 to the present time improvements have gone on both at St. John's Church, Camden, provements have gone on both at St. John's Church, Camden, and at St. Patrick's Church, Williamstown. In March, 1895, the church mortgage of $1,060 was paid; the churches were roofed with steel, frescoed, sanctuaries enlarged and new altars, statues and electric lighting installed. In 1897 a parish rectory was purchased and enlarged at a cost of $1,000. Other improvements for chased and enlarged at a cost of $1,000. Other improvements for the convenience of teams, carriages for the long drives, resulted 294 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. in the building of a barn. The house was built by Banker Curtiss in 1852, and is pictured on the Oneida County map of 1858 tiss in 1852, and is pictured on the Oneida County map of 1858 as the finest residence in the village. During the fifteen years of Father Tiernan's administration, Mass has always been celebrated every Sunday and holy day at Camden and Williamstown, brated every Sunday and holy day at Camden and Williamstown, excepting at Williamstown, from the Feast of All Saints to Easter Sunday, during which period on alternate Sundays at 11 ter Sunday, during which period on alternate Sundays at 11 o 'clock. One exception to this rule, however, occurred from May, 1899, to January, 1901, when, during the eighteen months following the death of Rev. Charles Durocher of Pulaski, Bishop Lud- ing the death of Rev. Charles Durocher of Pulaski, Bishop Ludden committed to the temporary charge of Father Tiernan, Alt- den committed to the temporary charge of Father Tiernan, Altmar (thus changed from Sand Bank by the Rome, Watertown & mar (thus changed from Sand Bank by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad authorities), Richland, Sandy Creek, Lacona and Boyleston. During that time there was no Mass in cona and Boyleston. During that time there was no Mass in Camden and Williamstown on the last Sunday of every month. Six Sundays of the year were given alternately to Altmar and Boyleston, with an early Mass at Lacona. On February 1, 1901, Father Tiernan, relieved from the care of the missions which belonged to the Pulaski parish at the time of Father Durocher 's death, returned with renewed zeal to the completion of the improvements of St. John's and St. Patrick's churches, in preparation for the celebration of the golden jubilee of St. John's Church, Camden, September 7, 1902. The painting and decoration of the entire properties, both in Camden and in Williamstown, in 1899, was terminated in 1901 by the rich decoration in white and gold of the main altars in both churches. ration in white and gold of the main altars in both churches. In July, 1902, a beautiful set of chimes, costing nearly $1,000, was donated to the church by City Judge L. J. Conlan of New York City for the golden jubilee, in memory of his boyhood days in Camden. Alfred Costello, the son of Hon. P. H. Costello, the former distinguished townsman of the village and influential benefactor who conducted, in partnership with his cousin, the celebrated tanneries of Central New York, donated in memory of his deceased father a beautiful pipe organ, costing $1,200. The organ was in place, and the chimes before the altar rail for their solemn baptism on this golden jubilee day of the dedication of the first Catholic Church in Camden by Father FitzPatrick, September 7, 1852. tember 7, 1852. The solemn celebration of this jubilee took place on Sunday, CAMDEN. 295 September 7, 1902, and ^vas attended by a multitude of people from far and near. A select musical program was rendered by the choir under the direction of the organist, Mrs. D. L. Mann, assisted by her daughter, Mrs. H. J. Kittrick. It was the twentythird year of Mrs. Mann 's service as organist, and the new organ third year of Mrs. Mann 's service as organist, and the new organ seemed a fitting climax for these years of unfailing fidelity. A solemn high Mass was celebrated in the presence of the Rt. Eev. Mgr. J. J. Kennedy, Vicar-General of the Diocese of Syracuse, who, in the unavoidable absence of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, had cuse, who, in the unavoidable absence of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, had blessed the bells before the Mass, and one of the sponsors of which was Judge Conlan, himself present from New York. Rev. J. H. McGraw, the former pastor of the parish, was celebrant; Father Hainault of Taberg, deacon ; Father Greene of Florence, subdeacon, and Father Tiernan, master of ceremonies. Father Tier- deacon, and Father Tiernan, master of ceremonies. Father Tiernan preached the sermon. nan preached the sermon. Solemn Vespers were celebrated in the evening and Father McGraw of Clayville preached the sermon. In the meantime the Graw of Clayville preached the sermon. In the meantime the people of Williamstown, urged by the spirit of these donations to St. John's Church, raised the sum of $350, and a set of chimes was purchased for St. Patrick's Church, which were baptized by Bishop Ludden on Sunday, November 5, of the same year. An historical account of the Williamstown mission may be found in the chapter devoted to the churches of Oswego County, {vide p. 208.) DURHAMVILLE THE records of this church and congregation date from 1861, although the church was built in 1859-1860. For a period of six years previously Mass was said in different private houses, the Franciscan Fathers of Utica attending. There was no ceremonial cornerstone laying, but the people, mostly farmers, aiding by contributions of materials, money and labor, built the little church, which was blessed some time in 1860 by Rev. Leopold Mozygemba, 0. M. C. The building cost about $1,800, but pold Mozygemba, 0. M. C. The building cost about $1,800, but later on an addition, now forming the sanctuary, was added to it. In 1867 a two-story frame school-house was built under the direction of the Franciscan Fathers, the contract for about $2,800 having been given to Joseph Roth. This school was conducted by lay teachers and at considerable expense to the congregation until the year 1890, when, by order of the Bishop, it was discontinued. The number of pupils averaged about twenty-five. In 1887 the care of the congregation was given in charge of secular clergy. These priests resided in the school-house until about 1894. Rev. Raymond Zanders, 0. F. M., was the first pastor. He came from Westphalia, Germany, and remained about a tor. He came from Westphalia, Germany, and remained about a year, when he rejoined his monastery in Germany and about ten years ago died there a very edifying death. Rev. Leandro Schaffer was the next priest in charge, but he remained only a few fer was the next priest in charge, but he remained only a few months. Rev. George Pax was pastor of the congregation in 1888 and 1889. Then the people were attended from St. Mary's (German) Church, Rome, until the Rev. J. Lerche came. His stay man) Church, Rome, until the Rev. J. Lerche came. His stay was brief, as the Rev. A. Bergmann became pastor in 1890. In 1893 he left his charge for several months and during his absence the Rev. E. Stark administered the parish. Father Bergmann died in February, 1895. Rev. J. J. Heidegger was pastor pro tern until the present pastor, Rev. Bernard "W. Goossens, came in August of the same year. tor, Rev. Bernard "W. Goossens, came in August of the same year. Father Bergmann had removed to St. Joseph's Church, Oneida, in 1894, and from that time until 1909 Oneida was the headquarters, Durhamville being attended as a mission. ters, Durhamville being attended as a mission. DURHAMVILLE. 297 In 1899 St. Francis' Church was raised and in 1901 the interior of the church was remodeled and stained glass windows terior of the church was remodeled and stained glass windows were placed. In 1903 the outside was repaired and painted and the old school building was transformed into a dwelling house. In the fall of 1908 Father Goossens left Oneida to spend several months abroad and during his absence the Rev. Michael eral months abroad and during his absence the Rev. Michael Stein es, D. D., assistant priest at St. Joseph's (German) Church, Syracuse, was in charge of the parish, with residence in Oneida. When Father Goossens returned he took up his residence in Durhamville and St. Francis' became a parish church. Dr. Steines was then appointed pastor of St. Joseph 's. Father Goossens was born in Westfalen, Germany, March 2, 1858. He was ordained in Montreal, Canada, December 22, 1888, and his first appointment was to St. Andrew's Cathedral, Grand Rapids, Mich., where he remained until September, 1889, when he was assigned to Maple Valley, Mich., remaining there until October, 1892. Retired, because of ill health, until July, 1894, he was then incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse and appointed acting pastor of St. Mary's, Utica. November 1 of the pointed acting pastor of St. Mary's, Utica. November 1 of the same year he became chaplain of St. Vincent's Industrial School, Utica, and served in that capacity until August 15, 1895, when he was given charge of Oneida and Durhamville. St. Francis' congregation is composed almost entirely of Germans, When the glass industry was at its height in the village, mans, When the glass industry was at its height in the village, nearly 100 families attended the church. To-day the congregation numbers sixty families, German and Irish, and nearly all tion numbers sixty families, German and Irish, and nearly all are devoted to agricultural pursuits. CLAYVILLE ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, Clayville, is located in the beautiful and far-famed Sauquoit Valley. The parish em- tiful and far-famed Sauquoit Valley. The parish embraces an extensive area, thickly settled, thriving, progres- braces an extensive area, thickly settled, thriving, progressive, blessed and beautified by many homes that are models of sive, blessed and beautified by many homes that are models of rural peace and hapiness. It comprises the villages of Bridgewater, Cassville, Clayville, Sauquoit, Chadwicks, Willowvale and water, Cassville, Clayville, Sauquoit, Chadwicks, Willowvale and their adjacent farms, a veritable string of little towns nestling among the tall hills that rise above them, rugged and beautiful, like stepping stones to God. Catholicity here, as elsewhere in America, began its life in primitive simplicity, in humbleness of surroundings, in poverty of possessions and in ways that demanded great sacrifices and unfaltering perseverance on the part of the few scattered children faltering perseverance on the part of the few scattered children of the Church who gathered in the name of God to keep and spread the light of the true faith. Mass was first celebrated in the village of Clayville in the fall of 1849 in a private house owned by one Valentine Carney. Father Carahar of St. Patrick's Church, Utica, was the celebrant. About forty of the rick's Church, Utica, was the celebrant. About forty of the faithful were present, some of them walking many miles from distant hills and settlements. Some time after this a regular mission was organized and Rev. William C. Coghlan attended it sion was organized and Rev. William C. Coghlan attended it from St. John's Church, Utica, from November 21, 1850, until May 1, 1854, when he was removed to Clinton as resident pastor of that village. However, he continued in charge of the Clayville mission, ministering with priestly zeal and devotion to its few scattered adherents until his death on July 7, 1862. His successor, Rev. Edward Bayard, attended Clayville from July, 1862, cessor, Rev. Edward Bayard, attended Clayville from July, 1862, to August, 1863. Rev. Peter 'Reilly succeeded Father Bayard August 10, 1863. The mission by this time had so grown that the congregation felt strong enough to undertake the erection of a permanent place of worship. Accordingly a large plat of ground was purchased in the heart of the village of Clayville, on the main street, and preparations were made for the building of the first Catholic Church arations were made for the building of the first Catholic Church CliAYVILLE. 299 in the Sauquoit Valley. Michael McCabe and Michael Kelly were chosen trustees, donations and subscriptions were received, and the scattered congregation labored with a loyal earnestness for the realization of a long prayed for blessing. The edifice was begun in March, 1864, and completed some time in the following year. In November, 1867, Eev. Philip J. Smith, of Waterville, assumed charge of the Clayville mission and ministered regularly sumed charge of the Clayville mission and ministered regularly and faithfully to the wants of its people during the succeeding seven years. So well did the mission thrive temporally and spiritually under his guidance that in 1874 the mission of Clayville itually under his guidance that in 1874 the mission of Clayville was made an independent parish and Rev. Edward F. 'Connor was appointed the first resident pastor. Father O'Connor promptly became identified with the life and the growth of the village as well as of the parish. He was a genial, whole-souled, neighborly character. He knew everyone, had a kindly greeting and a pleasant word for everyone, and by his lovable qualities of mind and heart, by his devotion to his duties and by the charm of his priestly life he won his way into the lives and the loves of all classes of people in Clayville and its vicinity. From the very beginning he proved himself a faithful priest, a progressive manager. He remodeled the parish church, adding a tower, a steeple, a large vestry and a beautiful sanctuary. He improved the parish house, enlarging the exterior. He ary. He improved the parish house, enlarging the exterior. He also built St. Joseph's Church in the then out-mission of West Winfield. Finally, after nearly seventeen years of unremitting service and apostolic zeal in the midst of the people who loved him and whom he loved so well, he died on September 30, 1890. The entire community, as well as numberless friends among the clergy and laity outside, mourned his departure as a personal loss, and made the deep grief of his parishioners their own. He was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Clayville, among his own people, in gratification of the wish that he might rest where he had labored within the shadow of the hills that frame the beauties of the Sauquoit Valley. Rev. John C. Higgins succeeded Father O'Connor in November, 1890. He was a man of sterling piety, unfaltering principle, ber, 1890. He was a man of sterling piety, unfaltering principle, fearless and determined in his advocacy of truth and righteous living, He had a voice of rare beauty and was styled the ' ' Sweet 300 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. tenor singer of the diocese. ' ' He labored with great zeal for the upbuilding and the betterment of the parish and had many plans under consideration for the improvement of the church property. But the shadow of death was upon him almost from the beginning. He died in May, 1894, mourned by his parishioners and a ning. He died in May, 1894, mourned by his parishioners and a large circle of outside friends. The present pastor, Rev. John H. McGraw, succeeded Father Higgins on June 3, 1894, coming from the parish and out-missions of Camden, where for seven years he had labored earnestly sions of Camden, where for seven years he had labored earnestly and successfully in the midst of a devoted people. Father McGraw was born in Albany, March 4, 1858, made his classical Graw was born in Albany, March 4, 1858, made his classical course at Assumption College, Canada, Niagara University and St. Ignatius' College, Chicago. His theological studies were made in France, where he was ordained at Aix-en-Provence, June 3, 1882. His first appointments were as assistant at St. John's, Albany, January 1, 1883-October, 1884; St. John's, Schenectady, October, 1884-March, 1886; St. Patrick's, Utica, March 18, tady, October, 1884-March, 1886; St. Patrick's, Utica, March 18, 1886-July, 1887. In the latter month he was sent temporarily to Florence and in August of the same year was made pastor of St. John's Church, Camden. Since his advent to the parish he has paid up a large old debt and expended several thousand dollars in beautifying and improving the church and in remodeling, refurnishing and improving the parish house and surroundings, furnishing and improving the parish house and surroundings, making the entire property one of the most beautiful and valuable in the village and vicinity. All of the improvements have able in the village and vicinity. All of the improvements have been paid for through the indefatigable labors of the pastor, aided by the support and the hearty co-operation of his people. About 105 families attend the Clayville church. Most of these are Irish, a few are German, and some are Italians. In spite of the financial reverses occasioned by the closing of some industries in the different villages and the consequent constant exodus of numbers of the Catholic people in search of employment elsewhere, the parish remains in a flourishing condition. The church where, the parish remains in a flourishing condition. The church has a seating capacity of over 500, is furnished liberally throughout, is artistically decorated and is perfect in all ecclesiastical out, is artistically decorated and is perfect in all ecclesiastical appointments. The parish rectory near by is an ideal one, tastefully furnished and fitted with all modem improvements. St. fully furnished and fitted with all modem improvements. St. Mary's Cemetery, beautifully located on the outskirts of the vilWILLOWVALE. 301 WILLOWVALE. 301 lage and recently remodeled, is arranged and maintained in a manner in keeping with the rest of the parish belongings. The Rev. Thomas H. Quinn, of St. Mary's parish, Binghamton, who was ordained at Rochester in June, 1909, by Bishop Grimes, was appointed assistant at Clayville, July 26, 1909. WILLOWVALE Under Father McGraw's direction St. Anthony of Padua Church was built at Willowvale during the summer of 1908. The cornerstone was laid July 19 of that year by Bishop Ludden. It is a handsome structure of veneered pressed brick, has a seating capacity of 500 and cost $10,000 to build. Willowvale adjoins the village of Chadwicks and is situated between Clayville and New Hartford. The Catholic population of the place has been increased recent years through the building and operating of a number of knitting mills. ORISKANY FALLS THE first Mass was said in Oriskany Falls at Jeremiah O'Connell's residence in September, 1862, by Rev. Edward Bayard, pastor of St. Mary's Church, Clinton. ward Bayard, pastor of St. Mary's Church, Clinton. About twenty families were in attendance. The next Mass was said at James Dolan 's, the next at Bartholomew Roache 's and the next at the residence of Mr. Gillmore. Rev. Peter O'Reilly, successor to Father Bayard, took charge of the mission of Oriskany Falls in September, 1863, and said Mass nearly every three weeks in the Town Hall for a period of nine years. On August 30, 1870, under his skillful direction and management, a meeting of the Catholics of the village and vicinity was ment, a meeting of the Catholics of the village and vicinity was held in the Town Hall of Oriskany Falls, at which they by a majority vote formed themselves into a religious corporation, and jority vote formed themselves into a religious corporation, and resolved that they should build a church. Through the united and earnest efforts of Father O'Reilly and the congregation, St. Joseph's Church was erected in 1873 and was incorporated the same year. Father O'Reilly said the first Mass in it and continued to attend it for one year thereafter. tinued to attend it for one year thereafter. Rev. T. W. Riley, pastor of St. Bernard's Church, Waterville, took charge of St. Joseph's Church, November 1, 1874, and attended it for four years, or until 1878. Rev. J. J. McDonald, tended it for four years, or until 1878. Rev. J. J. McDonald, next pastor of Waterville, attended St. Joseph's Church until August 15, 1883, when Bishop McNeirny, of Albany, appointed Rev. Simon J. Cannane as first resident pastor. As the mission had been attended by priests of other places there was no parochial residence. Father Cannane soon after taking charge purchased a house and built a bam. He has also made an addition to the church and many other improvements to the property. He has faithfully administered to the wants of his congregation, and besides has attended two out-missions -- one at Vernon Center, the other at North Brookfield. Knoxboro, Munnsville and Verona are attended as stations. There are now seventy ville and Verona are attended as stations. There are now seventy families of the Irish race in St. Joseph's congregation. VERNON CENTER AND NORTH BROOKFIELD. 303 Father Cannane has served as pastor continuously from August 15, 1883, to the present time. He was born in Vestal, gust 15, 1883, to the present time. He was born in Vestal, Broome County, this diocese, on June 3, 1847. He was ordained priest June 22, 1873, his theological studies having been made at Alleghany Seminary, and his first appointment was as assistant at St. Patrick's, Albany, July 4, 1873-April 13, 1876. He was pastor of St. Mary's, Hunter, N. Y., from the latter date until his appointment to Oriskany Falls, twenty-six years ago. VERNON CENTER St. Agnes' Church, Vernon Center, was purchased and repaired by Father Cannane and the first Mass was said in it by paired by Father Cannane and the first Mass was said in it by him, April 13, 1884. At that time about thirty-five families resided in the mission. For the past twenty years Mass has been sided in the mission. For the past twenty years Mass has been said there nearly every three weeks. The church was free from debt before the first Mass was said in it. There are now twentythree families in Vernon Center mission. three families in Vernon Center mission. NORTH BROOKFIELD In the mission of North Brookfield the first Mass was said by Rev. T. W. Riley. It was next attended by Rev. J. J. McDonald. Both were pastors of St. Bernard's Church, Waterville. In 1883 charge of the mission was given to Father Cannane. Mass was said by him for eleven years in the Town Hall. He built the new church, known as the Church of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin, and it was dedicated by Bishop Ludden, October 21, 1894, and is free from debt. At that time there were tober 21, 1894, and is free from debt. At that time there were twenty-five families of Irish nationality in the mission. BOONVILLE UNTIL 1875 this parish had been a mission attended at different times from Constableville and Port Leyden. In that ent times from Constableville and Port Leyden. In that year a resident priest was appointed who immediately made plans for a church. The first Mass in the village of Boonville was said in the house of Mrs. Smith, in December, 1838. The weather was intensely cold and the snow very deep and those present came from miles around. It was the first time the Catholics assembled for worship in the history of the village and the event caused a great ship in the history of the village and the event caused a great deal of excitement and unrest among the Protestants. The celebrant was Rev. William Beecham of Rome. There were few brant was Rev. William Beecham of Rome. There were few Catholic families living in this part of the state at that time, but the smallness in numbers was made up in strength of faith, love of their religion and perfect obedience to their pastor. The following men and their families were present: John Hyland, lowing men and their families were present: John Hyland, Bernard Donnelly, Terence Conlon, Daniel Mulhern, Michael Mackin, Bernard McLaughlin, Owen Gillson, Thomas Gleason ; in all about forty or fifty adults and children. The Mass was served by Terence Conlon and James, a son of John Hyland. James Hyland is now and has been since the inception of the parish, an honored trustee. Father Beecham visited the people of Boonville monthly until the year 1841, when he was replaced by Rev. William Howard, who resided at Constableville, and who came monthly up to the year 1850. Succeeding him came Rev. James 'Sullivan and he remained with them till 1853. Following him came Father Sheahan, who remained but one year. Father Brady, succeeding, at- han, who remained but one year. Father Brady, succeeding, attended monthly for three years. Rev. Cornelius Fitzpatrick was tended monthly for three years. Rev. Cornelius Fitzpatrick was next in charge and his term was the same as that of his predecessor. Father Howard, who left the parish in 1850, then re- cessor. Father Howard, who left the parish in 1850, then returned and remained until some time in 1862, when he was suc- turned and remained until some time in 1862, when he was succeeded by Rev. Eugene Caroll, who attended the wants of the ceeded by Rev. Eugene Caroll, who attended the wants of the people until, finally, a resident pastor was appointed by Bishop McNeimy, in 1875, in the person of Rev, Thomas Harty. BOONVILLE. 305 Father Harty came under the most discouraging circumstances. The people at that time, though thoroughly Catholic, were poor, and hesitated about assuming the responsibility of building and supporting a church. He soon won the trust and esteem of Catholic and Protestant alike, however, and in 1878 the cornerstone of olic and Protestant alike, however, and in 1878 the cornerstone of the church was laid and the following year saw a beautiful structure raised as an evidence of his remarkable zeal and persever- ture raised as an evidence of his remarkable zeal and perseverance. No priest in these parts so thoroughly pleased, astonished ance. No priest in these parts so thoroughly pleased, astonished and delighted the people of all classes as did Father Harty. His powers of eloquence won him great fame. He was much in demand at the different celebrations of the village and the people mand at the different celebrations of the village and the people returned home after hearing him, astonished at his great gift; and, as his eloquence won their minds, so his beautiful charity won their hearts. Kind-hearted, brilliant and true, he is still piously remembered in the parish. Following him came Rev. John A. Hart, in the year 1883, and upon him fell the onus of finishing the work begun by Father Harty. The parochial house was already built, but was unfinished, the grounds and church were still in a crude condition, but with the active co-operation of the laity, this earnest priest soon had the affairs of the parish in excellent condition. He was of a genial disposition and liked very much by all classes of the community. Father Hart was succeeded in 1888 by Rev. Edward R. Prendergast. In the beginning of his administration the parish was dergast. In the beginning of his administration the parish was small and was composed mainly of Irish members with a few Germans. The parish now has Irish and Germans in almost equal numbers -- about ninety-five families in all -- and the church is a model of beauty and art. Many improvements were made by Father Prendergast. These began with the building of a vestry, 43x15 feet, at the rear of the church, and this permitted the removal of the small vestries which had heretofore been in the moval of the small vestries which had heretofore been in the church proper. The sanctuary has been made larger by thirty feet and the altar rail extended in beautiful curves. Above the altars are three large paintings, the centerpiece being Ittenbach 's "Holy Family." Over the Blessed Virgin's altar is Hoffman's "Annunciation," and over St. Joseph's altar is Hoffman's "Flight to Egypt. " These three paintings were donated by Miss Mary F. Prendergast of Syracuse, in memory of her deceased relatives. The Stations of the Cross are from Fuerich and were 306 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. donated by the following members of the congregation: James Hyland, Jeremiah Buckley, Philip McGuire, Jeremiah Leary, Mayor Foley of Olean, Mrs. Matthew Whelan, George Geisdapf, Sr., Louis Seiter, Patrick Buckley, Benedict Gantner, Mrs. Edward Buckley and brothers, Miss Kate Stanton. The Papal coat ward Buckley and brothers, Miss Kate Stanton. The Papal coat of arms was given by Mrs. John "Walsh and the Episcopal arms by William Gleason. Father Hart, on his removal from St. Joseph's, became pastor of St. Paul's, Norwich, serving there until his death in 1907, when Father Prendergast again succeeded to his charge and the Rev. Henry Farley Curtin, who had been Father Hart's assistant, was made pastor of Boonville and assumed charge on Janu- ant, was made pastor of Boonville and assumed charge on January 1, 1908. ary 1, 1908. Father Curtin was born in Marcellus, this diocese, July 23, 1866. He was ordained priest in the Cathedral of Rochester, March 10, 1900, and was immediately assigned to Norwich, where he remained until appointed to be pastor of St. Joseph 's. Betterments and repairs made to the church property during Father Curtin 's administration bring its valuation at $12,000. The parish numbers 765 souls. FORESTPORT This mission was first supplied by a priest from Constableville in the early days of the village, a short time before 1850. The burning of the Constableville church and records in 1883 renders it impossible to give any accurate details regarding the administration of ecclesiastical affairs previous to that time. Before a tration of ecclesiastical affairs previous to that time. Before a church was built Mass was said in the house of one Zurhammer and also in the house of a man named Salzman. According to the oldest inhabitant who can be found now, INIrs. ]\Iichael Donavan, Rev. James 'Sullivan was in charge here in 1850, and she van, Rev. James 'Sullivan was in charge here in 1850, and she was married by him about that year. A church was built a short time before that about two miles from this village on the road leading to Hawkinsville at Irish Settlement, so-called from the fact that a number of Irish families settled in that vicinity and made homes for themselves in the wilderness. They constituted almost the entire congregation for several years. The families were: Hennessey, Carrigan, Buckley, Connors, Coughlin, ]McFORESTPORT. 307 FORESTPORT. 307 Guire, O'Leary and Scanlon. The descendants of some are still there. Father 'Sullivan was remarkable for his kindly charity and great zeal for souls, visiting the sick in the wildest kind of weather and doing all he could to relieve them in sickness and distress. He was succeeded by Rev. Eugene Carroll, who lived at Port Leyden, and also attended Boonville and Hawkinsville in addition to the parochial charge. About 1875, Rev. Thomas Harty took charge, with Boonville as his home. The work of a priest here was much more difficult and trying than in the home parish. The people were scattered about for miles distant from the church. It was, as the name of the village indicates, a forest. Even in summer it was most dangerous to frequent the roads unless perfectly acquainted with gerous to frequent the roads unless perfectly acquainted with them, and in winter the pioneer priests had to contend with fierce storms and almost impassable drifts. But the Catholicity of the people, as loyal as it is at present, could not compare with the strong faith and ardent charity of the first Catholics of this parish. They loved their priests and in turn v/ere attended most ish. They loved their priests and in turn v/ere attended most zealously in all their wants and cares. In the inception of the mission their numbers were quite large, there being immense tanneries all over this section of the State, which were worked prin- neries all over this section of the State, which were worked principally by Catholics. After the dismantling of these the people cipally by Catholics. After the dismantling of these the people scattered and in 1890 what was once a flourishing industry became a part of history. The mission in consequence dwindled to came a part of history. The mission in consequence dwindled to very small proportions, though now in 1909 it has so increased as to number about three hundred souls. The people are mainly Irish, though there is quite a sprinkling of French and a few Poles. There is perfect agreement among them and all are attentive to their church. tive to their church. Father Hai-ty was succeeded in his labors by Rev. John A. Hart, under whose pastorate the first steps were taken to build a church in the village, the need of which had become apparent for some years, as the families who had setttled near the old church had nearly all removed to other localities. The center of population was going towards the village, as the roads were always open in that direction, while it was almost impossible to reach the church in winter. Confessions were always heard in the house of Philip McGuire, v/here a hospitable welcome accorded priest and layman. man. 308 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. In 1882 the movement assumed definite proportions and money was raised by subscriptions, and St. Patrick 's Church, which now stands in the village an ornament of it and a pride to the Catholics, was soon after built. The edifice has been entirely renovated lics, was soon after built. The edifice has been entirely renovated under Father Curtin's direction. It is valued at $3,000. HAWKINSVILLE Before the erection of St. John Chrysostom's Church in Hawkinsville, the Catholics of the vicinity attended the church built kinsville, the Catholics of the vicinity attended the church built in 1848 at Irish Settlement, a point on the road from this village to Forestport, and about two miles from the latter village. This mission was attended originally from Constableville and since 1875 from Boonville. WHITESBORO THE village of Whitesboro has the proud distinction of being older than Utica, Rome, Syracuse or Rochester. The first attempt at settlement in or near it, was probably effected in the year 1785, but it is beyond question that in the following year two rude log huts reposed in tranquility beneath the shade of old Fort Schuyler, now the site of the city of Utica. The Catholics, who were scattered about this territory, in after years began to grow in number. Some attended divine service at St. John's, Utica, when that parish was established, and afterwards walked some six or seven miles to receive the benefits of religion at St. Patrick's of the same city. Many were falling away. Grave necessity, therefore, required that a mission should be opened for these neglected souls, and consequently the Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, Bishop of Albany, sent his Vicar-General, the Very Rev. P. A. Ludden, who afterwards became first Bishop of Syracuse, to establish it. On April 22, 1882, the first Mass was said in the old historic Town Hall by the Vicar-General. On January 1, 1883, Bishop McNeirny appointed the Rev. John F. MuUany pastor of the scattered flock. Father MuUany was assigned to no easy task, for confirmed habits of neglect are not signed to no easy task, for confirmed habits of neglect are not easily eradicated. People were found whose acts of religious worship might be counted by quarters of centuries, or, who, after much questioning, discovered that they were Catholics by baptism. tism. In the year 1885, however, on October 21, the corner-stone of the present beautiful edifice was laid by Bishop McNeirny. The church was dedicated on October 12, 1886. Father MuUany was pastor until transferred to St. John the Baptist's Church, Syracuse, in June, 1887. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Grimes, cuse, in June, 1887. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Grimes, now Rt. Rev. Coadjutor-Bishop of the diocese. In January, 1890, the Rev. Thomas W. Reilly became pastor, and remained as such until his untimely death through accident. He was succeeded by the present pastor, Rev. William H. Slaven, in September, 1896. In 1893, the rectory, which was one of the old landmarks, burned to the ground. The present beautiful rectory was erected 310 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. by Father Reilly. It is of brick, two and one-half stories high, and is considered the handsomest residence in the now progressive Whitesboro. The church is of GTothic architecture. The lot sive Whitesboro. The church is of GTothic architecture. The lot on which it is erected is 160 x 140 feet, and was purchased from Eli Morst at a cost of $5,000, and, being situated on the village park, for health or convenience could not be better adapted as a site. In 1893, Father Reilly purchased ten acres for a cemetery. This now stands as a lasting monument to his taste and zeal, for it is considered the prettiest cemetery of its size in Oneida County. In 1904 a grateful people erected a beautiful granite monument to Father Reilly 's memory. It was dedicated on Decoration Day of the same year. The dedicatory sermon was preached by the Rev. W. H. Slaven. During these years the following assisted in the work of St. Paul's: The first assistant was the Rev. E. R. Prendergast, from June, 1884, to January 14, 1888, when he was appointed pastor of Boonville. He was succeeded by the Rev. George S. Mahon. The Rev. William H. Griffin, now pastor of New Hartford (which until 1896 v/as an out-mission of "Whitesboro), became assistant upon the promotion of Father Mahon to the classical village of Oxford. Father Griffin was assistant from May 9, 1889 to December 24, 1890, when he was succeeded by the present pastor. cember 24, 1890, when he was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. W. H. Slaven. In succession the Revs. W. P. Quinn, Theodore Provost and Walter Doyle served as assistants in Whites- dore Provost and Walter Doyle served as assistants in Whitesboro. Father Doyle is assistant at the present time. boro. Father Doyle is assistant at the present time. Father Slaven was born in Rochester on June 20, 1856. He was ordained priest at the Cathedral of Vincennes on July 12, 1885, and his first appointment was to St. Martin's, Indiana, where he remained, 1885-1890. He was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse and assigned to St. John's Cathedral on October 16, 1890. On December 24 of the same year he came to tober 16, 1890. On December 24 of the same year he came to Whitesboro as assistant to relieve Father Griffin, who was ill. The appointment was made permanent on February 1, 1891. On April 16, 1893, he was named pastor of St. Patrick's, Chittenango, and served as such until September 1, 1896, when he re- ango, and served as such until September 1, 1896, when he returned to Whitesboro as pastor of St. Paul 's. turned to Whitesboro as pastor of St. Paul 's. Whitesboro has two missions, St. Leo's, Holland Patent, and St. Ann's, Hinckley, and besides these, the villages of Floyd, HOLLAND PATENT AND HINCKLEY. 311 Stillville, Trenton Falls, New York Mills, Yorkville and Oriskany are included in the parish proper. HOLLAND PATENT One of the iirst cares of Rev. J. F. Mullany was to select a site for a church in Holland Patent. Considerable difficulty was experienced, owing to the bigotry of the people, but finally, through perienced, owing to the bigotry of the people, but finally, through the kindness of several broad-minded men, the present beautiful stone edifice on the village park was secured from the descendants of the old Unitarian congregation. Repairs and additions ants of the old Unitarian congregation. Repairs and additions were made at a cost of $1,000. It was dedicated by Father Mullany on July 23, 1885, and the sermon was preached by the Rev. lany on July 23, 1885, and the sermon was preached by the Rev. Thomas J. McCluskey, S. J., of New York. The first trustees were Martin Tiernan, father of Rev. J. S. Tiernan of Camden, and James McLoughlin. Stations had previously been held at Catholic homes in the different villages of the district -- at Huber's, Stillville; O'Connor's, Steuben; McLoughlin 's and Tiernan 's, South Trenton. HINCKLEY In 1895 families began to grow in number in the small village then called Gang's Mills. From two or three families the number became eighty, attracted there by the erection of a large pulp ber became eighty, attracted there by the erection of a large pulp mill. This number is now greatly diminished. In 1896 the Rev. T. W. Reilly, then pastor of St. Paul's, recognized the necessity of a church at this place, which is now called Hinckley. The nearest church was at Holland Patent, ten miles distant. The people were of many nationalities, Irish, German, French, Italians, Poles. These people now worship their God in a neat frame ians, Poles. These people now worship their God in a neat frame church, erected through the efforts of Father Reilly. NEW HARTFORD THE history of St. John the Evangelist's Church, New Hartford, until the year 1896, is naturally interwoven with the ford, until the year 1896, is naturally interwoven with the data and story of the formation of St. Paul's parish at Whitesboro, of which it was until then a part. When, in 1883, the Rev. John F. Mullany was appointed to organize a new parish in Whitesboro, with the town of New Hart- ganize a new parish in Whitesboro, with the town of New Hartford and the Holland Patent district as out-missions, the Catholic ford and the Holland Patent district as out-missions, the Catholic population at New Hartford was small in numbers, about twenty families, and these had until then, at great inconvenience, attended the several Catholic churches at Utica, Clinton and Clay- tended the several Catholic churches at Utica, Clinton and Clayville. I\Iany had lapsed from the practices of religion and, on the ville. I\Iany had lapsed from the practices of religion and, on the occasion of the priest's arrival there, there were only a few families ready to begin with him the organization of a parish. Noth- lies ready to begin with him the organization of a parish. Nothing daunted, however. Father Mullany announced in the daily ing daunted, however. Father Mullany announced in the daily papers that Mass would be celebrated on January 13, 1883. On the Sunday designated. Father Mullany celebrated Mass in St. Stephen's Hall for the first time in the village of New Hartford. The use of this hall was extended by the courtesy of the ford. The use of this hall was extended by the courtesy of the rector of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church and the altar linens used on the temporary altar were furnished by the wife of St. Stephen's rector. About thirty people were present. The good work once started was continued, Mass being celebrated on Sundays and holy days in a hall in the village. days and holy days in a hall in the village. On Sunday, October 21, 1883, the corner-stone of St. John's Church was laid by Bishop McNeirny at 3 o'clock P. M., in the presence of a great concourse of people. The sermon was preached by Rev. John F. Lowery of Cohoes, N. Y. The property on which the church was erected was purchased of Silas Root of New Hartford, at a cost of $1,200. The entire church property cost $20,000. The church was dedicated on Sunday, May 31, 1885, by Bishop McNeirny, and the sermon was preached by Rev. James 'Reilly, now of Clinton. Owing to the arduous duties of his vast mission, Rev. Father NEW HARTFORD. 313 Mullany requested an assistant priest, and, in June, 1884, Rev. Edward R. Prendergast, recently ordained, was assigned to assist at St. Paul's, Whitesboro, and New Hartford. In June, 1887, Father Mullany was appointed rector of St. John the Baptist's, Syracuse, and was succeeded by Rev. John Grimes, now Coadjutor-Bishop of Syracuse, who labored with great success until called by his Rt. Rev. Bishop to a larger field of labor on February 6, 1890. During Father Grimes' administration of affairs, he had as assistants Rev. E. R. Prendergast, who was appointed rector of sistants Rev. E. R. Prendergast, who was appointed rector of Boonville on January 14, 1888 ; Rev. G. S. Mahon, appointed January 10, 1888, transferred to rectorate of Oxford, May 1, 1889, and Rev. William H. Griffin, appointed May 9, 1889. Father Grimes was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas W. Reilly, who came from Syracuse on February 13, 1890. Father Reilly caused many improvements to be made in and about the church. One improvement to be noticed was the placing of handsome pews, replacing the ordinary benches with which the church had been furnished, and the erection of church sheds for the advantage of the country people. He was assisted by Father Griffin tage of the country people. He was assisted by Father Griffin until December 24, 1890, who was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Slaven on December 24, 1890, who served until April 16, 1893. ven on December 24, 1890, who served until April 16, 1893. On Father Slaven 's appointment as rector at Chittenango, the Rt. Rev. Bishop appointed Rev. W. P. Quinn, who remained with Father Reilly until October, 1895, and, on his removal to St. Patrick's, Utica, the Rev. Theodore Provost came to Whitesboro par- rick's, Utica, the Rev. Theodore Provost came to Whitesboro parish on the 14th day of the month. ish on the 14th day of the month. In July, 1896, Father Reilly 's priestly career was terminated by his accidental death, and through his death came the formation of St. John's Church as a parish church. On August 24, tion of St. John's Church as a parish church. On August 24, 1896, the Rev. William H. Griffin, who had attended the mission as assistant priest, was appointed first resident pastor of New Hartford. From a small beginning, through the united efforts of priests and people, St. John's holds a position comparing favorably with other parishes of the diocese. Although the congregation is not large, at the present time numbering about 115 families, partly of German and partly of Irish extraction, yet it possesses a beautiful little church, lighted by electricity, and a commodious and tiful little church, lighted by electricity, and a commodious and 314 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. substantial rectory, formerly the home of Vice-President James S. Sherman of Utica. The priests who have attended St. John 's, from its foundation, with one exception, have been of the Irish race. Father Griffin, who has been pastor of St. John's since it became a parish church, was bom in Boston, Mass., on May 17, came a parish church, was bom in Boston, Mass., on May 17, 1862. His studies for the priesthood were made at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and he was ordained on May 26, 1888. By consent of Bishop Ludden he served as assistant priest at Watervliet, sent of Bishop Ludden he served as assistant priest at Watervliet, Albany Diocese, from June 17, 1888, till October 31 of the same year, when he was assigned to St. John the Baptist's Church, Syracuse, in a similar capacity. On May 9, 1889, he was appointed assistant at Whitesboro and New Hartford, serving as pointed assistant at Whitesboro and New Hartford, serving as such until December 24, 1890, when, because of ill health, he was given respite from the exacting duties of his position. On July 1, 1891, with health quite restored, he was sent as assistant to St. Mary's, Oswego, whence, after five years, he was recalled to administer the affairs of the new parish. minister the affairs of the new parish. NORTH BAY RETUENING from a visit to the household of faith at Black Creek (Cleveland), Rev. Walter Quarter of Utica offered, in the year 1835, at the residence of Major Daniel Mulholland, the first Mass celebrated at North Bay. Supported by his land, the first Mass celebrated at North Bay. Supported by his little flock. Father Quarter struggled courageously until the advent of the Rev. William Beecham, who became pastor of the vent of the Rev. William Beecham, who became pastor of the neighboring church at Rome, in 1838. Five years later, on a plat of ground donated by Major Mulholland, the present church was erected under the title of SS. Peter and Paul, in what was then the Diocese of New York, under the jurisdiction of Bishop Dubois. bois. The first Mass in this church was celebrated in 1843 by Father Beecham, who through three succeeding decades continued to exercise care over this and neighboring missions. This sturdy ercise care over this and neighboring missions. This sturdy pioneer priest was successively assisted by Fathers Callaghan, Fitzpatrick, Craven, Howard, Ludden, Sullivan, Walsh, Zurker, O 'Reilly and Birmingham. In 1873 Father Birmingham took up his residence at Black Creek (Cleveland), with North Bay as one of his charges. The subsequent history of the latter is consequently to be sought in the accounts of the Cleveland pastorates. quently to be sought in the accounts of the Cleveland pastorates. {vide p. 199.) SYLVAN BEACH SURELY history repeats itself ! On the hallowed spot, where for the three decades, 1654-1684 -- as early as 1642, if it be accepted true that the saintly Jogues visited these parts on his way to the Mohawks -- the intrepid Jesuit Fathers administered to the spiritual needs of the Oneida Indians, grouped tered to the spiritual needs of the Oneida Indians, grouped around the mouth of Fish Creek, there, on the identical spot, stands a monument of that same imperishable Faith ! About twenty years ago Rev. J. B. Greene, now pastor of Florence, purchased a plat of land at Sylvan Beach for the purpose ence, purchased a plat of land at Sylvan Beach for the purpose of building a church, but was forced to abandon the project. At the earnest request of Bishop Ludden another purchase was made in 1899 by the present pastor, the Rev. J. B. Mertens, of Cleveland {vide p. 199), and in the same year, on September 11, the land {vide p. 199), and in the same year, on September 11, the comer-stone was solemnly laid by the Rt. Rev. Bishop. Rev. J. J. McGuinness preached the sermon of the day. On Sunday, July 1, 1900, the new church, under the title of St. Mary's of the Lake, was duly dedicated by the Bishop, assisted by the clergy. The dedication sermon was delivered by the Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. S. M. Lynch, who compared the shore of Oneida Lake to that of the Lake of Tiberias. The congregation at Sylvan Beach is composed almost entirely of the sojourners at the nearby summer resort, for whose accommodation the church was erected. modation the church was erected. Vienna, this county, is attended as a station of St. Patrick's Church, Oneida, Madison County. MADISON COUNTY CITY OF ONEIDA THE INDIAN VILLAGE OF ONNEIONT VISITED IN 1656 BY JESUIT MISSIONARIES FROM ONNONTAGE, BLESSED IN 1667 BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MISSION OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER --FIRST CHURCHES OF MODERN TIMES BUILT AT "IRISH RIDGE" IN 1832, AND AT ONEIDA IN 1843. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH OF early Catholic activity in Oneida County, the first record is to be found in those wonderful archives of missionary enterprise, the Jesuit Relations. From these accounts we gather that the Oneida tribe was one of the most turbulent and unruly among the Five Nations, and the pride of the people made the labors of the missionary particularly trying. In the year 1654 some approaches were made by the Oneidas to le Moyne, while he was on his first visit to the Iroquois country, but apparently more in his capacity as a representative of the French Gov- ently more in his capacity as a representative of the French Governor than as a Catholic missionary. In 1655, during the visit of ernor than as a Catholic missionary. In 1655, during the visit of Fathers Chaumonot and Dablon to Onnontage, two deputies came from Onneiont, asking leave to be present at the great council, at which was decided the establishment of the mission of St. cil, at which was decided the establishment of the mission of St. Jean Baptiste. In 1656 a further step in planting the Catholic religion in the country of the Oneidas was taken when the Jesuit missionaries formally adopted the tribe as their children, and welcomed the opportunity, which the obligation of visiting the tribe and making presents thus imposed, gave them of preaching the gospel. Fathers Chaumonot and Menart were the first to make such a visit, but though well received, remained only long enough to baptize two old men and several children. The elders of Onnontage, who accompanied them, fearing a surprise, hastened the Fathers' departure. tened the Fathers' departure. It was not until 1667 that a permanent mission was attempted. In July of that year, at the request of the Oneidas, at the time of the making of peace with Tracy, Father Bruyas was sent to Onneiont, and arrived there in September. He said his first Mass in neiont, and arrived there in September. He said his first Mass in the village on Michaelmas Day, and took that for a good omen. CITY OF ONEIDA. 319 It was, indeed, a task worthy of the great prince of the Angelic army which lay before the intrepid Jesuit. Here was this proud, turbulent, wilful mass of paganism to be molded into the image of Christ, and stout must be the heart and strong the arm of him who would attempt the toil. The mission was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, and in January, 1668, we find Father Bruyas writing an interesting report of his labors to his superior at Quebec. bec. The three great obstacles to the progress of the gospel were drunkenness, dreams, and impurity. It may be remarked in passing that it was from the Dutch that the Indians obtained their ing that it was from the Dutch that the Indians obtained their supply of liquor, the French had absolutely forbidden its sale. In 1668, Father Garnier, the first Jesuit ordained in Canada, was sent to Oneida to assist Father Bruyas. Father Bruyas was succeeded in 1671 by Father Pierre Millet. The work done by these Fathers was wonderfully successful, and in 1672 other members of the society could report that the Oneida converts "from wolves had become lambs." The edifying lives of the confessors among them, and the heroic fortitude of their martyrs showed that the same power which supported the heroes of the first ages of the church was present in all its sweetness and vigor among these fierce savages who had been won to the obedience of the Cross. ence of the Cross. In 1676 Father Millet writes of the great progress of the mission, to which two causes had principally contributed. One was sion, to which two causes had principally contributed. One was the conversion and solemn baptism of Soenrese, one of the chiefs, and the other the establishment of the Confraternity of the Holy Family. A few years later jealousies and political difficulties arose among the Iroquois and with the French, and as a result Father Millet, though adopted as a member of the tribe, was yet held a prisoner in their village. In 1684 he returned to Canada, and the mission of St. Francis Xavier disappeared. In 1696 Frontenac crushed the Onondagas and the Oneidas and for more than a century the history of Catholicism in the Oneida country loses itself in the record of the struggles for supremacy between French, Dutch and English, the War of Independence, and the consequent political and social reorganization of the territory which had been the scene of the heroic labors of the wearers of the Black Kobe among the various tribes of the aboriginal race. 320 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. In recent times the history of Catholicism in Oneida begins with the establishment of the little Irish colony at ' ' The Ridge ' ' or "Irish Ridge," near Oneida. This colony was formed by an Irish patriot named Thomas Ennis, about the beginning of the nineteenth century. The little church was framed and nearly completed about 1831, and the land now occupied by it and the cemetery was deeded in 1833, without price, to Bishop Hughes of Albany by John Hyland and Patrick Sullivan. The first missionary priest at the Ridge was Father "Walter J. Quarter, who was ary priest at the Ridge was Father "Walter J. Quarter, who was succeeded by Father William Beecham, and the mission has been since served without interruption by the priests of St. Patrick's, Oneida. The small Catholic community in Oneida used to worship prior to 1843 in a little log structure owned and occupied by Patrick Moran on Union street, now known as West Railroad street. It was here that Rev. William Beecham first offered the Holy Sacrifice in Oneida. In the spring of 1843 it was decided to build a rifice in Oneida. In the spring of 1843 it was decided to build a church, and a small wooden one was erected, capable of holding about thirty persons. The congregation prospered and in 1851 another and larger church was beg-un, at the corner of Main and Walnut streets, which served the congregation until 1886. The mission at Oneida was served by Rev. William Beecham until 1851, when it was separated from the parish of Rome, where he had his headquarters. The new parish had as its first pastor Rev. Patrick Kenna. He may be regarded as the founder of St. Patrick's Church, but he was only spared for five years in his new sphere of labor. He died in 1856 at the early age of twentynine. His body was laid near the sanctuary of the church he had nine. His body was laid near the sanctuary of the church he had built, but was removed to the new Catholic cemetery in 1888. Father Kenna was succeeded by Rev. John McDermott, whose pastorate only lasted eighteen months, he, too, dying at the early age of thirty-five. For some time previous to his death he was under the care of Bishop McCloskey. The next pastor of St. Patrick's was the Rev. Dr. James O'Hara, who remained for two years, from 1857 till 1859. In the latter year he was transferred to St. Mary 's, Syracuse, and it is in connection with this church that the great efforts of his pastoral career are connected. As orator and theologian he had few toral career are connected. As orator and theologian he had few CITY OF ONEIDA. 321 equals' and his labors at St. Patrick 's, Oneida, and the missions adjacent to it, were apostolic in their character. Rev. James Maurice Sheehan took charge of the parish in 1859 and remained until 1862. His character was one of great strength and force hidden under a garb of extraordinary modesty and humility. In 1862 Rev. William F. Sheehan became pastor and after five years of devoted activity was succeeded by the Rev. William Fennelly, who for seventeen years ministered to the spiritual needs nelly, who for seventeen years ministered to the spiritual needs of the rapidly growing congregation of St. Patrick's. He was killed at the James street railway crossing in Oneida while returning from the bedside of a dying parishioner to whom he had turning from the bedside of a dying parishioner to whom he had administered the last rites of the Church. The widespread grief displayed when the news of this sad occurrence became known proved how great was the affection in which the aged priest was held, not only by his own flock, but by the inhabitants of the town and district. During an absence of Father Fennelly for three or four months in Ireland on a well-deserved vacation, the pastorate was filled by the Rev. James Luke Meagher, in 1885-6. In February, 1886, the present pastor, the Very Rev. James A. Kelley, V. F., came to the parish, and under his guidance the congregation has displayed more than ever the enthusiasm and earn- gregation has displayed more than ever the enthusiasm and earnestness in the cause of religion, which was always its character- estness in the cause of religion, which was always its characteristic. The needs of his congregation imperatively demanded a istic. The needs of his congregation imperatively demanded a new church, and on June 17, 1888, the corner-stone of the present beautiful building was laid by Bishop Ludden, the preacher on the occasion being the Rev. Martin J. Hughes, then of St. John 's, Oswego. The church was dedicated on Sunday, November 24, 1889, by the Rt. Rev. J. S. M. Lynch, D. D., the Vicar-General of the diocese. cese. Dean Kelley was born in Waterloo, N. Y., on September 15, 1850. His preliminary education was received in the schools of Syracuse, where, in St. John the Baptist parish he spent his youth. He was ordained priest on May 30, 1874, after completing his courses in philosophy and theology at St. Joseph's Semi- ing his courses in philosophy and theology at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. His first appointment was as pastor of Warrens- nary, Troy. His first appointment was as pastor of Warrensburg, N. Y. Entering upon his duties there on June 7, 1874, his burg, N. Y. Entering upon his duties there on June 7, 1874, his 322 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. first task was to establish missions and build churches for a parish whose length extended for more than a hundred miles through ish whose length extended for more than a hundred miles through the Adirondack Wilderness. And before his service ended there, in October, 1881, he had built and paid for six churches located in different woods settlements in a territory which had known neither priest or religion until his advent. Transferred to Baldwinsville, in 1881, he enlarged and beautified St. Mary's Church winsville, in 1881, he enlarged and beautified St. Mary's Church and otherwise improved the property. In February, 1886, he was transferred to Oneida, where the task of building a new St. Patrick's awaited. The Rev. Thomas S. Flynn was appointed locum tenens from January 1, 1903, to March 15, 1903, during the pastor's absence on a vacation in Europe, and remained as assistant priest until September 30 of the same year, when he was appointed pastor at Chittenango. The Rev. James P. McPeak came to the parish as assistant priest on July 1, 1905, and remained until January, 1907, when he was transferred to the Cathedral parish in Syracuse. Father McPeak was succeeded by the Rev. John P. Shanahan, who went to St. Agnes' parish, Utica, in 1908, to succeed Rev. William F. Sheehan, Ph. D., who was transferred to St. Patrick's and is the assistant priest here at the present time. All indebtedness against the entire property of St. Patrick's congregation was wiped out on Christmas Day, 1906, when the church mortgage was burned. The actual cost of the church as it now stands was $75,446.33, of the rectory $10,745.24, and interest paid $13,401.86, making a total of $99,593.43. The original terest paid $13,401.86, making a total of $99,593.43. The original cost of the cemetery was $4,000, the cost of improvements $5,- 103.63, and cost of borrowed money $2,115.93. This makes the total cost of church, rectory and cemetery amount to $110,812.99. These figures in themselves speak volumes for the faith, energy and enthusiasm of the priest and people of St. Patrick's. They form a fitting conclusion to this imperfect outline of the noble record of Catholic life and work in Oneida. Whether we look back to the old days of the Jesuit mission, or come to more modern times, the same love and devotion manifest themselves spring- ern times, the same love and devotion manifest themselves springing from the same unfailing source -- the undying inspiration of ing from the same unfailing source -- the undying inspiration of the Catholic faith and life. ST. JOSEPH'S (German) THE German Catholics of Oneida, numbering about eighty families, some twenty years ago, worshipped partly at St. Patrick's Church and partly at St. Francis' (German) Church, Durhamville. St. Joseph's parish was organized by the Eev. A. Bergmann, pastor at Durhamville, and was attended as an out-mission of that place until 1894, when Father Bergmann took up his residence at Oneida. St. Joseph's then became the parish church, with St. Francis' attached as a mission. Father Bergmann celebrated his first Mass in Oneida on Easter Sunday, March 29, 1891, in the Elm street school-house. The construction of a church was started at once. The corner-stone of St. Joseph 's Church was blessed by Vicar-General Kennedy on Sunday, October 1, 1893, and on Sunday, October 14, 1894, the church was dedicated by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D. After the death of Rev. A. Bergmann, in February, 1895, the Rev. Bernard W. Goossens became temporary rector of St. Joseph's, Oneida, and St. Francis', Durhamville. Father Goossens' appointment was made permanent on August 15 of the same year. In 1896 a Parochial School was organized with about eighty pupils in attendance. The building was a temporary structure built on land owned by the pastor, and at his expense. In 1898 this school building was moved and an addition built on, after which Father Goossens deeded the property to the corporation for a consideration of $300. On account of lack of funds the Parochial School was suspended in 1901. It was resumed shortly afterward and now has seventy pupils, taught by two lay teachers. During 1908, the Rev. Michael Steines, D. D., was appointed locum tenens while the pastor was in Europe and on the latter 's return the parish was divided. Father Goossens going to Durhamville to take charge of St. Francis' parish and Dr. Steines re- ville to take charge of St. Francis' parish and Dr. Steines remaining as pastor of St Joseph's. maining as pastor of St Joseph's. Dr. Steines was bom in Consdorf , Duchy of Luxemburg, Germany, on February 17, 1877. He was ordained on May 24, 1902, many, on February 17, 1877. He was ordained on May 24, 1902, at Rome, Italy, after completing his theological studies at the 324 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. American College, that city. He came at once to the Diocese of Syracuse and, on July 1, 1902, was appointed assistant priest at St. Joseph's (German) Church, Syracuse, where he remained until assigned to Oneida. He is a nephew of the Rev. John Reuland, pastor of Holy Trinity (German) Church, Syracuse. land, pastor of Holy Trinity (German) Church, Syracuse. Besides its church, the congregation owns a substantial school building, which is 40 x 60 feet in size, with an entertainment hall and meeting room on the second floor. On the first floor, besides two school rooms, a temporary pastor's residence has been provided for. vided for. HAMILTON HAMILTON became a parish with a resident priest in July, 1869, and from that date the records begin. Very Rev. A. P. Ludden, now of Little Falls, N. Y., was the first pastor and established the parish. There is no written account of who was the first priest to attend Hamilton, or where Mass was said, but from inquiry it appears that Father Hourigan of Binghamton was the! first priest who said Mass in this section ; there may ton was the! first priest who said Mass in this section ; there may have been others, but there is no record or account of it. Father Hourigan said Mass at Hamilton in 1848, in a small house occupied by a Cody family, who have since passed away. He came once or twice a year, but there is no account of the dates or persons present. The house was within a few hundred yards of the old Chenango Canal and it is still there. There is no record of how long Father Hourigan attended here. For miles ord of how long Father Hourigan attended here. For miles around it was one vast forest, the geographical heart of New York State, known as ''the wilds of Madison County." There were several small villages in the neighborhood of Hamilton, and Catholics were few and far between ; the chief cause of their coming was the building of the Chenango Canal. They were for the ing was the building of the Chenango Canal. They were for the most part illiterate, but had the Faith which the persecutions they experienced in Ireland rooted in them all the more deeply. They were objects of curiosity and dislike to the bigoted and ignorant Puritan descendants among whom their lot was cast. The priests who attended occasionally after Father Hourigan are remembered as Father Callan, Father MeCabe, Rev. Charles Brady of bered as Father Callan, Father MeCabe, Rev. Charles Brady of Norwich, and Rev. P. MeNulty of Norwich. The latter was the first to make it a regular out-mission, coming about once a month. Mass was then said in the old Town Hall on Madison street, where the residence of D. H. Foster is now located. It was a great source of gossip to the non-Catholics as well as curiosity to have the "Papist Mass" in their midst, and oftentimes the local Dominies poured forth the vials of their indigna- times the local Dominies poured forth the vials of their indignation on the enormity of tolerating within their gates "the super- tion on the enormity of tolerating within their gates "the superstitions and mummery of Rome. ' ' stitions and mummery of Rome. ' ' 326 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. After Father McNulty, Rev. Anthony Ludden was sent by the Bishop of Albany, in June, 1869, to organize a regular parish in Hamilton. He was then assistant to Father Francis of Little Falls and had been such for a year or more. Father Ludden had a commanding presence, great oratorical ability and an overflowing abundance of Celtic enthusiasm and confidence. The Catho- ing abundance of Celtic enthusiasm and confidence. The Catholics rallied around him and enabled him to build the first church. lics rallied around him and enabled him to build the first church. Like many other Catholic churches in small villages, it was built on the outskirts, not from choice, but from necessity, for the bigotry was such that a Catholic church would not be tolerated in a prominent place. This site, an old swamp, corner of Wiley and Utica streets, had to be purchased through laymen. It appears from the records entered by Father Ludden in the parish book that on July 28, 1869, Lyman Rogers deeded to William McDonnell and John Kelly one-half acre of land on the corner of Utica nell and John Kelly one-half acre of land on the corner of Utica and Wiley streets, consideration, $600 ; and on December 24, 1872, said Rogers deeded to John Kelly and William McDonnell a piece of land for $55, and on April 13, 1878, said Rogers deeded to Bishop McNeirny of Albany one-half acre of land for $450. The church was then established and it was not necessary to seek the intervention of laymen in securing land. It further appears on the records that on May 2, 1878, Sandford Gardiner deeded to Bishop McNeirny five acres of land for a ford Gardiner deeded to Bishop McNeirny five acres of land for a cemetery in consideration of $1,000. Mr. Gardiner was violently censured by many pious and God-fearing heretics for his concession to ' ' Catholic idolatry. ' ' sion to ' ' Catholic idolatry. ' ' For a short time after coming Father Ludden celebrated Mass in the Town Hall. A frame church was first erected, the builder being the late John J. Clark of Utica; but a few years later, one fine Sunday, June 7, 1874, a tornado about five hundred yards wide bore down the valley from the west and laid the poor little church of the "Immaculate Conception" flattened out in ruins. The congregation had only left ten or fifteen minutes before its destruction. Mass was celebrated that day by Rev. Mar- fore its destruction. Mass was celebrated that day by Rev. Martin J. Hughes, now of Binghamton. It was his first Mass. tin J. Hughes, now of Binghamton. It was his first Mass. Father Ludden began at once the building of a new church, which in his own unique phraseology "neither the world, the flesh nor the devil could destroy," and the corner-stone was laid in 1875. The sermon on the occasion was given by Rev. James HAMILTON. 327 'Reilly of Clinton. The church is built in the Gothic style ; the material is of bluestone, found in the locality of the church, and with gray limestone trimmings. Father Ludden collected funds through Central New York to build the church and it is estimated to have cost at least $20,000. The remnants of the first church were constructed into the present parochial house, which has been wonderfully improved since it was built, being now handsomely painted, comfortably furnished, heated by furnace, has city water and electric lights, all donated by well-wishers from outside the parish. side the parish. In September, 1880, Father Ludden was transferred to Little Falls by Bishop McNeirny and was succeeded by Rev. W. B. Hannett, of Amsterdam. Father Hannett was a man of tall, dignified appearance, of splendid intellect and wide knowledge, and he was much appreciated by the people. He built a twostory addition to the parochial house and erected the pretty little story addition to the parochial house and erected the pretty little church at West Eaton, which ig now out of debt. In those days there were five or six mills in the locality of West Eaton, which gave employment to hundreds of people. Gradually they closed or were burned down, the distance from a railroad and the large towns forcing their abandonment. The people gradually moved away and only three Catholic families still keep their holdings in the little hamlet, hoping for better times. The large district which Father Hannett had to attend gradually impaired his health and he died on October 16, 1889. The present pastor, Eev. Joseph V. MacDonnell, was sent from St. John's, Oswego, on June 30, 1888, to assist Father Hannett during his long illness. Father MacDonnell was appointed pastor of Hamilton in January, 1890, and the out-mission of Sher- tor of Hamilton in January, 1890, and the out-mission of Sherburne was then erected into a separate parish with a resident burne was then erected into a separate parish with a resident priest. Father Ward of Rome. Thus deprived of its strongest arm, the attenuated parish of Hamilton began its new life in very discouraging circumstances. There was a floating debt of $2,000, a mortgage debt of $6,000, a threatened lawsuit by the heirs of Father Hannett for $9,000, and the Rogers' estate suing for $1,000 or more. The original search of title had not been thorough and all the heirs had not signed "quit claim" deeds; but ough and all the heirs had not signed "quit claim" deeds; but the generous hearts of the parish renewed their efforts and undertook the work and slowly but surely won the battle. took the work and slowly but surely won the battle. 328 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. About this time many of the best Catholic families began to move away; the young- men, and women, too, sought the large towns and cities ; there was no industry in the village, and farm life and domestic service was repugnant to them. The village is an educational center, the seat of Colgate University. There is a High School, a Teachers' Training School, an versity. There is a High School, a Teachers' Training School, an academy, a college and a Baptist Seminary. The Catholic youth of both sexes took full advantage of these opportunities and continue to do so, and when they have received an education, they tinue to do so, and when they have received an education, they wing their flight to other spheres, and so the parish is deprived of their aid. Father MacDonnell was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland, on July 18, 1856. His studies for the priesthood were made land, on July 18, 1856. His studies for the priesthood were made at famous Maynooth, where he was ordained on June 21, 1880. His first appointment was to Williamstown, Ireland, where he served as assistant priest from September, 1880, until the same month in 1884, when he was transferred to Parbry, Ireland, to remain until December, 1886. Incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse, he was sent in February, 1887, as assistant priest to St. John 's Church, Oswego, remaining until June 30, 1888, when his service at Hamilton began. When the parish was first formed the total membership was about 780 ; the number now is 385. The total debt at present is down to $2,000. The whole property is valued by the assessors at $20,000, and consists of the church, house, barn, sheds, garden and cemetery. The church has been greatly improved recent years. Electric lights were installed and many donations were made for the furnishing of altar requisites and interior decorations. tions. CAZENOVIA THE first Mass said near Cazenovia was celebrated by the Rev. Michael Heas, of Syracuse, at the home of James Sweeney, in Shelter Valley, about the year 1844. Occasionally Mass was said at the homes of Laurence Quinn, Michael sionally Mass was said at the homes of Laurence Quinn, Michael Crawley and Matthew Baker. The present brick church edifice was erected in 1849-1850 by Father Heas. Mass was first said in that building in the month of May, 1850. The parish was attended by Revs. Michael Heas and John Hackett until the first resident pastor. Rev. James Cahill, was appointed in 1853. The out-missions then were Pompey Hill, Truxton and Chittenango. pey Hill, Truxton and Chittenango. The other pastors have been the Rev. Michael Rooney, 18561858 ; the Rev. Bonaventure Carney, 1858-1862 ; the Rev. Charles 1858 ; the Rev. Bonaventure Carney, 1858-1862 ; the Rev. Charles Brady, 1862-1875; the Rev. Charles A. Reilly, 1875-1882; the Rev. John L. Reilly, 1882-1885 ; the Rev. Edward M. Brady, 1885 (leaving in the fall of that year) ; the Rev. James L. Meagher, 1885-1895 ; the Rev. Daniel Doody, 1895-1903. Father Doody was transferred to St. Francis de Sales ' Church, Utica, January 20, 1903, and the Rev. Albert J. Hayes, pastor at the present time, was appointed to St. James'. Father Hayes was born in Syracuse on February 12, 1868, and received his preliminary education in St. John the Evangelist's Parish School. liminary education in St. John the Evangelist's Parish School. His theological studies were made at the Grand Seminary, Montreal, and he was ordained priest on December 19, 1891. His first real, and he was ordained priest on December 19, 1891. His first appointment was to St. Lucy 's Church, Syracuse, where he served as assistant from January, 1892, till June 15, 1896, when he was appointed pastor at Pompey. He came to Cazenovia from the Pompey pastorate. The congregation is a prosperous one. It owns the church edifice, house, sheds and a cemetery. The house, assessed for $5,000, fice, house, sheds and a cemetery. The house, assessed for $5,000, was built and paid for by the Rev. Daniel Doody. A "New Church Fund" amounts to over $10,000. There are no out-missions. sions. CHITTENANGO ST. PATRICK'S parish was formed in 1883 with the Rev. James Collins as its first pastor. Prior to that time it was attended by the priests from Cazenovia. Following Father Collins came the Rev. Richard H. Gahan, who acted as pastor until 1887, when he was succeeded by Rev. Martin Stanton. Father Stanton erected the present church, which replaces the original church, burned in the late 80 's. Father Stanton was succeeded in September, 1891, by Rev. James B. Walsh. Father Walsh remained as pastor until 1893, when he was succeeded by Rev. William H. Slaven, who was transferred to Whitesboro in 1896. Father Slaven was succeeded by Rev. James Collins, who retired in February, 1902. The present incumbent, the Rev. tired in February, 1902. The present incumbent, the Rev. Thomas S. Flynn, was appointed pastor on October 1, 1903. St. Agatha's Church, Canastota, was made an out-mission of St. Patrick's, Chittenango, in 1883. The two missions have a combined attendance of about one hundred families, divided equally between St. Patrick's and St. Agatha's. Both churches are in splendid condition, well equipped and free from all encumbrances. Attached to each parish is a fine cemetery, St. Agnes' in Chittenango, and St. Agatha's in Canastota, both free and clear. tenango, and St. Agatha's in Canastota, both free and clear. On July 1, 1906, the Rt. Rev. Bishop sanctioned the removal of the pastor's residence from Chittenango to Canastota. A fine new parochial residence has been purchased there. The church properties are conservatively valued at $25,000, upon all of which there is only $3,500 of indebtedness, incurred within the year for the purchase of the new rectory. CANASTOTA St. Agatha's congregation, Canastota, was attended from St. Patrick's Church, Oneida, until 1883, when it was attached to CANASTOTA. 331 Chittenango parish as an out-mission. The church was built in the same year. It is complete in every detail and is free of debt. The Rev. Thomas S. Flynn, pastor of Chittenango and Canastota, took up his residence in this place in July, 1906, in a new tota, took up his residence in this place in July, 1906, in a new parish house, purchased by the congregation. The village has a population of 3,500, or nearly a thousand more than Chittenango, and of these the members of fifty families are affiliated with St. Agatha's parish. Father Flynn was bom in Cohoes, N. Y., on December 14, 1872. His studies for the priesthood were made in the Grand Seminary, Montreal, and at the Catholic University, Washington, where he studied for two years after being ordained. He was ordained in St. James' Cathedral, Montreal, on May 27, 1899. During the summer of that year he was acting pastor of St. Mary's Church, Cortland, going thence to Pompey, where he served from October, 1899, till January 1, 1900. From Pompey he went to the ber, 1899, till January 1, 1900. From Pompey he went to the Catholic University, remaining until December 1, 1902, when he was recalled and appointed locum tenens at St. Patrick's, Oneida, January 1, 1902-March 5, 1903, during the absence of Dean Kelley, who was traveling in the Holy Land. Upon the latter 's return. Father Flynn was appointed his assistant, and continued as such until assigned to Chittenango and Canastota, on September 30, 1903. ber 30, 1903. CORTLAND COUNTY CITY OF CORTLAND FATHERS CALLAN, BRADY, McCABE, McDERMOTT AND McLOGHLiN THE PIONEER PRIESTS WHO CARRIED THE GOSPEL TO LiN THE PIONEER PRIESTS WHO CARRIED THE GOSPEL TO THE SCATTERED SETTLEMENTS OF CORTLAND COUNTYFIRST CHURCH BUILT IN THE YEAR 1855. FIRST CHURCH BUILT IN THE YEAR 1855. ST. MARY'S CHURCH THE first priest to read Mass in this parish was Father Callan, in the year 1852, in the old Homer Academy. This lan, in the year 1852, in the old Homer Academy. This Mass was attended by about twenty-five Irish Catholics from the surrounding country. From the year 1852 to 1864 Cortland was attended from Norwich every three weeks by the Eev. Fathers Callan, Brady, McCabe and McDermott. These old pioneers carried the gospel to this valley, enduring the hardships of a forty-mile ride over a trackless waste in winter and a ships of a forty-mile ride over a trackless waste in winter and a wild and primitive country in summer. In the year 1855 the first church was erected here by Father Callan, on River street. It was a wooden structure, with a seating capacity of about two hundred people. No definite and detailed record of the church of this period is at hand, but it is known that it was not until 1864, when Rev. Edward Coleman located in Cortland, that the church here had a resident pastor. Father Coleman was succeeded in the fall of 1867 by the Very Rev, Bartholomew F. McLoghlin. The mission then included Truxton, Solon, Marathon, Tully and the surrounding districts. "Father Mack," as he was familiarly called, was a man of large physique, kindly disposition, and was respected by the community at large. He rendered invaluable service during his pastorate of twenty-one years. The rapidly increasing Catholic population soon necessitated the building of a more spacious edifice, and the present church on North Main street was erected in 1868, and in 1888 it was greatly increased in size by the addition of a transept and the raising of a tower and spire. The present seating capacity is nine hundred. For seven years of Father McLoghlin 's pastorate his dred. For seven years of Father McLoghlin 's pastorate his nephew, Rev. Thomas McLoghlin, was his assistant, and his memCITY OF CORTLAND. 335 CITY OF CORTLAND. 335 ory is still revered by the parishioners of St. Mary's. He is at present pastor of the Church of Our Lady of Angels, Whitehall, N. Y. Rev. John J. McLoghlin succeeded his cousin as assistant in October, 1884, and upon the death of Dean McLoghlin, November 21, 1888, was appointed pastor by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Lud- vember 21, 1888, was appointed pastor by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden. Bishop of Syracuse, May 8, 1889. Under his administration den. Bishop of Syracuse, May 8, 1889. Under his administration altars were purchased and new Stations of the Cross canonically erected, a new organ placed in the church at a cost of $3,000, and a spacious and imposing parochial residence constructed, in 1891, of brick, trimmed with limestone. Besides these improvements forty-five acres were purchased for a new cemetery, in 1890. Thirty acres were artistically laid out and were consecrated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop, October 25, 1891. During his administration, also, some valuable property was purchased for the erection tion, also, some valuable property was purchased for the erection of a new and commodious church and convent in the near future. The church is free from debt, and has a handsome sum in the treasury. The present Catholic population of the parish is about 2,800 souls, divided into 500 families and mainly of Irish birth or descent. The value of the church property is estimated at $75,000. Father McLoghlin was transferred in July, 1907, to Binghamton, as pastor of St. Patrick's Church, and the Rev. Patrick hamton, as pastor of St. Patrick's Church, and the Rev. Patrick Donohoe succeeded him. Father Donohoe was born in the parish of Kilenkare, County Cavan, Ireland, in March, 1864. His education was received in the schools of his native country and at cation was received in the schools of his native country and at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, where he was ordained December 22, 1888. He was assistant priest at St. Lucy's Church, Syracuse, from December 24, 1888, till January 18, 1892, when he be- cuse, from December 24, 1888, till January 18, 1892, when he became acting pastor of St. Mary's, Clinton, administering the came acting pastor of St. Mary's, Clinton, administering the parish during the illness of his uncle, the Rev. Peter O'Reilly, and for several months after his death. He was pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Fayetteville, July 3, 1892, till July 10, 1893, when he returned to Syracuse to serve as assistant priest at St. Patrick's Church till October, 1902. He was sistant priest at St. Patrick's Church till October, 1902. He was pastor of St. Bernard's, Waterville, from that time till July 25, 1907, when he came to Cortland. In 1908 the parish had gro^^m to such an extent that the appointment of an assistant was deemed advisable, and the Rev. pointment of an assistant was deemed advisable, and the Rev. Robert J. Bogan was sent from St. Patrick's, Utica. 336 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Father Donohoe has perfected plans for the new St. Mary's Church and work on its construction will be commenced during the fall of 1909. The edifice is to be of G-othie architecture and will cost upwards of $100,000 to build and equip. HOMER While the first Mass in the present parish of Cortland was said in Homer Academy in 1852, it was not until the year 1909 that this progressive village had a church suitable to the needs of its seventy-five Catholic families. The contract for the building of St. Margaret's Church was let September 4, 1908, and while in process of construction the first Mass was said in it on January 30, 1909, by the Rev. Patrick Donohoe, under whose direction it was erected. St. Margaret's has a seating capacity of 300 and cost $13,000 to build. It will be dedicated on October 10, 1909. MARATHON THE Syracuse & Binghamton Railroad was begun in 1852, and completed in 1854. This enterprise opened up a new country and, naturally, villages sprang up in the valley through which it passed. Among these were Messengerville, Marathon, Killawog, Lisle, Whitney Point, Chenango Forks, which mostly make up the present parish of Marathon. The principal industry then was the manufacture of leather. The ruins of the tanneries of that time bring back memories of better days, for when these closed many of the Irish Catholic families which had taken active part in the upbuilding of the parish removed to settlements in Onondaga and Oneida counties, where the industry still was carried on. Few members of the congregation recall the first Mass which was said about the year 1853 in a little house still standing near the bridge which spanned the Tiogniogha at Marathon. By a strange coincidence the occupant of the house was of the same name as that of the celebrant. Father McCabe attended this place from Norwich for several years. He held station at Rigney's home on the west hill; at Jeremiah Griffin's, Patrick Dav- ney's home on the west hill; at Jeremiah Griffin's, Patrick Davern's and Jeremiah Davern's in the village. The faithful came ern's and Jeremiah Davern's in the village. The faithful came from Freetown, Barryhollow and other adjoining hamlets. When Cortland was given a resident pastor. Father Coleman, and after him the venerable Dean McLoghlin attended to their spiritual welfare. The venerable Father Hourigan of Binghamton visited the confines of the present parish. He held stations at Whitney Point, Marathon and many other places, in the humble homes of his people. In a few years the congregation so increased that in 1869 the Rt. Rev. Bishop Conroy of Albany appointed the Rev. Michael P. Renehan pastor of Whitney Point, to which Marathon was added in 1870. When Father Renehan came to Marathon he held serivces in Peck's Hall, but after a time secured for $3,000 the Presbyterian 338 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Academy property, consisting of the building and the grounds which extend back from Academy street to Grove street. A Mr. Chevalier owned the property. In the north end of this building the large study hall was converted into a chapel capable of seating 300, where, until 1897, the Catholics of Marathon held their ing 300, where, until 1897, the Catholics of Marathon held their devotions. Up to the present the south end of this edifice has served as a pastoral residence. On September 18, 1878, Father Renehan was succeeded by his brother, Rev. James J. Renehan, the present pastor of Marcellus. Within a year Rev. William Dougherty became pastor. He opened a new cemetery at Whitney Point. Burial hitherto were in St. Patrick's Cemetery, Binghamton. During his long and fatal illness in 1882 he was assisted by the Rev. Patrick J. Brady. In ] 883 the Rev. James L. Meagher was sent to this charge. In the summer of 1885 Rev. Bernard A. Smith was appointed pastor. In 1889 Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden named the late lamented tor. In 1889 Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden named the late lamented Rev. P. F. Herrick his successor. He died April 23, 1892, and was laid to rest beside the saintly Dougherty in the cemetery at Whitney Point. His successor, the Rev. Charles Vincent McGuire, has served the parish since May 25, 1892. Father McGuire was bom in Lietrim, County Lietrim, Ireland, on April 10, 1885. He was ordained priest on December 21, 1884, at New Orleans, La., and held a professorship at Jefferson College, St. James, La., from October 14 of that year until July 15, 1887. On relinquishing his college work he was appointed pastor of Algiers, La., and served as such until October 26, 1889. In Februarj^ 1890, he was incardinated into the Diocese of Syracuse and assigned to St. John's Cathedral, where he remained until March 18, when he was appointed assistant priest at St. Patrick's, Binghamton. Returning to the Cathedral, October 1, 1890, he went to New York turning to the Cathedral, October 1, 1890, he went to New York City on the 15th and was attached to the Church of the Immaculate Conception parish until March 19, 1892, when he retired on late Conception parish until March 19, 1892, when he retired on sick leave. The appointment to St. Stephen 's parish followed on his return to this diocese. Father McGuire 's first task was to provide a suitable church for his people. The old academy on the hill-top served poorly as a place of worship and was fast falling into decay. The opinion of the congregation was that a new church would be a risky venMARATHON. 339 MARATHON. 339 ture. Some were in favor of one and the majority was against it, but in the Providence of God and the good will of many the work was begun and the cornerstone laid October 11, 1896, by the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden. Then, as the building assumed proportion, the people without regard to religious prejudices poured in their contributions until it not only became possible to complete the building, but also to dedicate it without a dollar's indebtedness to the contractor. Incidental and subsequent expenses were incurred for furnace, cidental and subsequent expenses were incurred for furnace, vestment case, carpets, steps, etc., and the grading of the extensive grounds to the amount of $1,600. sive grounds to the amount of $1,600. The new building is near the street and is easily reached by a broad flight of cement steps. It is eighty feet in length and thirty-six feet in width, has a seating capacity of 400 and cost about $5,000. TRUXTON ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH was erected in the year 1854 by Rev. James Cahill, who was then pastor of the neighboring parish of Cazenovia. It was a wooden structure of ing parish of Cazenovia. It was a wooden structure of small dimensions. Before the erection of the church, however, Mass was usually celebrated in the houses of the parishioners by priests from Syracuse, who came once every three or four weeks. The first ]\Iass was said in Truxton by the Rev. Michael Heas of St. Mary's Church, Syracuse, in the year 1848, at the house of Patrick MacDonald, one of the pioneer Catholics of this locality. The same year. Father Heas said the first Mass in Solon at the house of Michael Kelly. He attended both places until 1858, when Truxton began to be attended from Cazenovia by Father Cahill, who built the first church. Solon was then attached to the Oxford parish. From 1864 to 1868 Truxton and Solon, becoming out-missions of Cortland, were attended by the Rev. coming out-missions of Cortland, were attended by the Rev. Edward Coleman. In the year 1867 Rev. B. F. McLoghlin was appointed to the parish of Cortland and these out-missions. During his pastorate St. Patrick's Church of Truxton was burned in the year 1878 and Mass was said for a time in the Methodist Church. Through the zealous and untiring efforts of Father McLoghlin a new and larger church was erected in 1880 and was attended by him until his death in 1888. In December, 1888, the Rev. Michael Joyce, now of Fayetteville, was appointed the first resident pastor with Solon as an ville, was appointed the first resident pastor with Solon as an out-mission. During Father Joyce's administration a rectory was purchased, with five acres of land attached and great improvements were made in the church and property. On the provements were made in the church and property. On the transfer of Father Joyce to Fayetteville in the year 1894, Rev. John J. McGuinness was appointed pastor and remained such until his death in October, 1900. He was succeeded by the Rev. T. J. Conway, who remained until March, 1907, when he was appointed pastor of St. Mary's of the Lake, Skaneateles. pointed pastor of St. Mary's of the Lake, Skaneateles. The Rev. John J. Higgins, pastor at the present time, was born SOLON. 341 in Syracuse. His studies for the priesthood were made at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and he was ordained on May 19, 1894. His first appointment was to St. John's Cathedral, May 21- July 5, 1894 ; thence he went as assistant priest to St. Paul 's, Norwich, where he remained until February 24, 1895, when he was transferred to St. Mary's, Binghamton. On June 1, 1902, he was sent ferred to St. Mary's, Binghamton. On June 1, 1902, he was sent as assistant to the venerable Father Purcell of Skaneateles. Father Purcell died on January 17, 1907, and Father Higgins administered the parish until March of the same year, when he came to Truxton to succeed Father Conway, who had been appointed pastor at Skaneateles. pointed pastor at Skaneateles. SOLON The first Mass in this village was read by the Rev. Michael Heas of Syracuse, in the year 1848, at the home of Michael Kelly, by whose aid and effort he built St. Bridget's Church during the following year. Father Heas attended Solon until 1858, when the Rev. Charles P. Brady of Oxford, Chenango County, took charge. In 1868 the mission was attached to Cortland parish and attended by the Very Rev. B. F. McLoghlin, V. F., until his death in 1888. In December of that year, St. Patrick's, Truxton, became a parish church with St. Bridget's as an out-mission and this arrangement has continued up to the present time. Preble is attended from Tully, Onondaga County. (Vide pp. 154-5.) BROOME ICOUNTY BINGHAMTON FATHERS HURLEY, WAINWRIGHT, O'REILLY, DOYLE, SHERIDAN, BISHOP BACON AND THE VENERABLE JAMES F. DAN, BISHOP BACON AND THE VENERABLE JAMES F. HOURIGAN THE PIONEER PRIESTS OF BROOME COUNTY-ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, BUILT IN 1838, REPLACED BY ST. PAT- ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, BUILT IN 1838, REPLACED BY ST. PATRICK'S IN 1873. RICK'S IN 1873. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH IN 1834 Father Hurley visited Binghamton to perform the marriage ceremony of the daughter of General Yf aterman with a riage ceremony of the daughter of General Yf aterman with a Catholic gentleman. In 1835 the first Catholic family settled in Binghamton, and by permission of the Bishop of Philadel- tled in Binghamton, and by permission of the Bishop of Philadelphia they were occasionally visited by Father Wainwright, of phia they were occasionally visited by Father Wainwright, of Pottsville, who said Mass under a canopy erected on an open lawn. In the course of a few years several other Catholic families moved into the village and neighboring towns. It was then lies moved into the village and neighboring towns. It was then proposed, during the missionary labors of Father Wainwright, to secure a site and erect thereon a church. For this purpose General Waterman offered land on Oak street, and also tendered his services in raising money. The lot offered was not deemed satisfactory, and hence land on Leroy street was selected. A respectable fund having been raised, St. John's Church was com- spectable fund having been raised, St. John's Church was completed and dedicated in 1838, the ceremony being performed by pleted and dedicated in 1838, the ceremony being performed by Rt. Rev. Bishop Hughes, of New York. After this the mission was regularly supplied. Among the priests sent here were Rev. Father Bacon (afterward Bishop of Vermont), Rev. William Beecham and Rev. John O'Reilly. In 1843 Father Doyle was sent here, and was followed in one year by Rev. John Sheridan. The latter was sent to Owego in 1847, and was succeeded by Rev. James F. Hourigan, whose labors in this field covered a period of nearly half a century. When Father Hourigan came to Binghamton he found the church property heavily in debt, but with commendable energy CITY OF BINGHAMTON. 345 he succeeded in paying both interest and principal, and also purchased for the parish a considerable tract of land adjoining the chased for the parish a considerable tract of land adjoining the church. On this tract he built a parochial residence, St. James' School, St. Patrick's Church and St. Joseph's Convent. He also purchased land west of the village and laid out the present Catholic Cemetery. At length St. John's became too small for the lic Cemetery. At length St. John's became too small for the rapidly growing congregation, therefore Father Hourigan took the first step that resulted in the erection of St. Patrick 's Church at a cost of $170,000. The edifice was dedicated September 23, 1873. Father Plourigan died October 30, 1892. He was a man of fine physique, witty, eloquent and kind. His name is still held in the highest esteem by all classes of citizens. For nearly a score of years previous to that sad event, Eev. Nicholas J. Quinn had served as assistant pastor to his venerable uncle, but soon after the death of the latter, Father Quinn was appointed by Bishop Ludden to St. Patrick's Church, Utica, and Rev. J. J. McDonald was made pastor of St. Patrick 's of this city. Among the assistant priests during that period, besides the Rev. N. J. Quinn, may be mentioned Rev. William J. Burke of Syracuse, long since gone to his reward; Father Herrick of Marathon, deceased ; Father Pouneh of Deposit, deceased ; Father McGuire of ceased ; Father Pouneh of Deposit, deceased ; Father McGuire of Marathon ; Father Tiernan of Camden ; Father Byrne of Tully ; Father Foy of Lestershire, deceased ; Father Logan of Sherburne ; Father Bustin, now of Waterville, and the present assistant, the Rev. D. C. Flynn. Father McDonald was bom in Morristown, N. J., in the year 1844, of Irish parents. His preliminary education was received in the schools of that city and of Exeter, N. H., whither his parents had moved to during his youth. He made his classical ents had moved to during his youth. He made his classical course at St. Mary's College, near Montreal, and his theology at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, and was ordained priest on Trinity Sunday, 1873, by the late Bishop Conroy of Albany. As assistant priest he served in St. Peter's parish, Troy, under the Rev. ant priest he served in St. Peter's parish, Troy, under the Rev. Patrick Kearney, and in St. Mary's, Albany, under the distinguished Father Clarence Walworth. He was pastor of St. Ber- guished Father Clarence Walworth. He was pastor of St. Bernard's Church, Waterville, from 1878 until October 4, 1888, nard's Church, Waterville, from 1878 until October 4, 1888, when he was appointed pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Utica. 346 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. He came to this parish on April 14, 1893. With a winning personality and rich gifts of heart and mind which were revealed in sonality and rich gifts of heart and mind which were revealed in a tender love for those committed to his care and a rare executive ability in the management of the temporal affairs of the parish, he was able to continue without interruption the splendid work of his venerable predecessor. Evidences of his priestly zeal are found in the many additions and improvements to the church property made during his pastorate -- a handsome rectory of brick, modern heating and electric lighting systems, a nevv^ pipe organ and Stations of the Cross and the artistic interior decoration of the church; substantial additions to the cemetery, im- tion of the church; substantial additions to the cemetery, improvements made in St. Mary's Home, of which he was president provements made in St. Mary's Home, of which he was president of the board of directors, and the purchase of a valuable plat of ground adjoining the Convent School and intended for school purposes. Besides making and paying for many of these additions and improvements, the great church debt was substantially tions and improvements, the great church debt was substantially decreased during Father McDonald's pastorate. Under the head of Catholic schools a few words would not be amiss here. An Academic High School for young ladies was conducted by the Misses White at the northwest corner of Chenango ducted by the Misses White at the northwest corner of Chenango and Lewis streets. It was afterward moved to the residence of Edward White, on Front street. The period of operation of this school was between 1830 and 1845. In 1847 Father Hourigan started a Parochial School in a story and a half frame building which stood adjoining St. John's Church on the west. The school was placed in charge of Miss Ellen White and Miss Dodge. The original school building was a frame structure and stood on the church lot between the present convent building and St. Patrick's Church, and was removed to make room for the latter. rick's Church, and was removed to make room for the latter. When St. John's Church was removed from its original site to Oak street the school was transferred to that building and has since been maintained there. The teachers at that time are believed to have been Miss Ellen White, her sister, and Miss Dodge. lieved to have been Miss Ellen White, her sister, and Miss Dodge. Then came the much-esteemed Denis J. Dowden, followed by John Guilfoyle, another competent teacher, who in turn was followed by Mr. Lannon and Cornelius F. McCormick. Three hun- lowed by Mr. Lannon and Cornelius F. McCormick. Three hundred pupils are now enrolled in this school. St. Joseph's Con- dred pupils are now enrolled in this school. St. Joseph's ConCITY OF BINGHAMTON. 347 CITY OF BINGHAMTON. 347 vent building was erected in 1860. It was and still is under the charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, with the good Mother M. Joseph as Superioress. seph as Superioress. St. Mary's Orphan Asylum was founded by Father Hourigan, March 6, 1878, and associated with him at the time were the following gentlemen: William S. Smith, James Prendergast, John lowing gentlemen: William S. Smith, James Prendergast, John and D. C. McNara, George F. 'Neil, Timothy Good and Michael McMahon. Immediately on its purchase it was transferred to the care of the Sisters of St. Joseph, who are still its and the asylum 's caretakers. The home is situated off Chestnut street, in St. lum 's caretakers. The home is situated off Chestnut street, in St. Patrick 's parish ; a park of eight acres surround it, always kept trim. Under the management of Mother Bernard no effort has been spared to render it in reality, as it is in name, a home for these homeless children. Father McDonald laid down the burden of life and passed to his reward July 3, 1907. The Eev. John J. McLoghlin, M. R., was appointed by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, July 15, 1907, to assume the pastorate of St. Patrick's and to continue the good work so auspiciously begun and so ably carried out by the deceased pastors and their faithful assistants. ceased pastors and their faithful assistants. Father McLoghlin was born in Ireland, August 27, 1856. He was ordained in the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Albany, N. Y., December 27, 1881. He was appointed assistant priest at St. Mary's, Oswego, in May, 1882, and remained there until October, 1884, when he was sent to assist his venerable uncle, Very Rev. Bartholomew F. McLoghlin, pastor of St. Mary's, Cortland. Dean McLoghlin died November 21, 1888, and Rev. John J. McLoghlin was appointed pastor of St. Mary's, May 8, 1889, and continued as such until his appointment to be pastor of St. Patrick's. Within fifteen months after taking charge Father McLoghlin had discharged the last dollar of the church indebtedness, and on October 13, 1908, St. Patrick's was designated by the Bishop as one of the few parishes in the diocese whose pastor would thenceforth be appointed an irremovable rector. This high honor was forth be appointed an irremovable rector. This high honor was then bestowed upon the present incumbent. During the first part of Father Hourigan 's pastorate, and during the terms of his predecessors, the Catholics of nearly all the ing the terms of his predecessors, the Catholics of nearly all the 348 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. adjacent villages, and those of the present city of Cortland, were attended by the priests of St. Patrick's. The parish has no outmissions now, but Hawleytown and Irish Settlement are attended missions now, but Hawleytown and Irish Settlement are attended as stations. Though five flourishing parishes have been cut away from St. Patrick's, yet with her splendid property freed of debt, she holds the proud distinction of being the grand old Mother Church, the pride of Binghamton, rearing her majestic form near the spot where the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers meet and glide on to the sea. ST. MARY'S CHURCH ST. MARY'S parish was founded on September 15, 1887, by the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, five months after his consecration as Bishop of Syracuse. It comprised the eastern secration as Bishop of Syracuse. It comprised the eastern portion of St. Patrick's parish, for more than forty years administered by the revered and late lamented Father Hourigan. Rev. istered by the revered and late lamented Father Hourigan. Rev. John J. Brennan of St. Mary's Church, Florence, was appointed the first pastor of the new parish, and said his first Mass for the people on Sunday, October 2, 1887, in a large hall belonging to the Messrs. Sullivan & Clark, contractors, at No. 77-79 State street. Occasionally this hall was used by various organizations and for different purposes. Almost immediately it proved to be too small for the congregation. Crowds were unable to enter, the floor was unsafe, and in the event of an accident, and possibly a panic, because of a narrow staircase, the loss of life would be certain and appalling. On November 9, following, the Orient skating rink, situated on the north side of the city, was purchased from Messrs. Lyons & Shanley for the sum of $5,500. This was large enough to accommodate 600 to 800 people and seemed well adapted for divine worship. It was occupied until the present church was completed in 1904. Still many persons objected to the "rink," because of the bare simplicity of the structure, the odious memory attached to it, the distance, the danger in crossing the railroad tracks, and the delay often caused, especially in cold weather, by the freight trains standing over the crossings. For these reasons and others, many of the families continued their attendance and membership in St. Patrick's, and refused, in spite tendance and membership in St. Patrick's, and refused, in spite of any influence brought to bear on them, to attend divine worship north of the railroads, in the ' ' old rink church. ' ' ship north of the railroads, in the ' ' old rink church. ' ' The boundaries at this time extended west to Chenango, to Carroll, to Mill streets ; and north, east and south to and beyond the city limits. For nearly seven years Father Brennan remained the faithful and efficient pastor of this parish, until de- mained the faithful and efficient pastor of this parish, until declining health forced him to other fields, where his duties were of clining health forced him to other fields, where his duties were of a less arduous nature. A man of fine presence, a profound scholar, a brilliant orator, his memory, to this day, is preserved 350 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. fresh and sweet by his former parishioners. During his administration he improved tastefully and paid for the "rink," and istration he improved tastefully and paid for the "rink," and purchased for a new church two lots at the corner of Court and Fayette streets, at an expense of $16,500. Rev. William F. Dwyer, now pastor of St. John's, Oswego, was his assistant, and loyally helped in the administration of the parish during these years. The present incumbent, Rev. Martin J. Hughes, transferred from St. John's Church, Oswego, succeeded Father Brennan and took charge of St. Mary's parish August 4, 1892. Through the kind and gracious consideration of the Bishop, the boundary line was extended west to Washington street, which still marks the division of the two old parishes. A building committee was appointed and a subscription list opened to pay $14,000, balance pointed and a subscription list opened to pay $14,000, balance due on the lots at the corner of Court and Fayette streets, and otherwise to create a building fund towards the erection of the new church. The plans were drawn by T. I. Lacy & Sons, after the model of a church in New York City. The foundation walls were built in the fall of that year. On Sunday, June 4, 1893, the corner-stone was laid by the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Ludden, while the Very Rev. James A. Kelley, V. F., a classmate of the pastor, preached a scholarly and eloquent sermon in the hearing of 10,000 people. All the Catholic societies of the city turned out to do honor to the occasion. Without cessation or intermission the work went on to completion, although this period shall forever be remembered by the idleness, poverty and destitution of ever be remembered by the idleness, poverty and destitution of the people of the whole country. On Sunday, July 8, 1894, Bishop Ludden came from Syracuse and assisted by many priests, solemnly dedicated to God the completed structure. The late Rt. Rev. J. J. Kennedy, V. G., sang pleted structure. The late Rt. Rev. J. J. Kennedy, V. G., sang the Mass on the occasion, Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. S. M. Lynch preached in the morning and Vicar-General Kennedy in the evening, and thus ended the first day 's services in St. Mary 's Church. This building cost about $100,000, and but a few who were present at the dedication that morning had any conception that, while it was dedicated to the glory and service of God, creditors held claims against it to the extent of $87,000. The architecture of the church is pure Romanesque. It is 150 feet long by 100 feet wide and capable of accommodating 1,200 CITY OF BINGHAMTON. 351 people. Two transept windows give a superabundance of light to the sanctuary, in which a large copy of Titian's Assumption forms a beautiful background to the altar. The altar itself is of white Carrara marble of rich design and carving, and well relieved with green columns of Mexican onyx. A three manual lieved with green columns of Mexican onyx. A three manual organ, with an echo of fifteen stops, hidden behind the altar, is the work of Frank Beman of Binghamton. The walls are enriched with a fine set of Stations of the Cross, the gift of pious riched with a fine set of Stations of the Cross, the gift of pious people of the parish, in memory of deceased friends. John W. Kennedy presented a large ivory crucifix of rare value, taken by a soldier from one of the churches of the Philippines, and this now stands as a treasure and an ornament over the tabernacle. The generosity and spirit of self-sacrifice on the part of the people are shown in many other ways throughout the whole church. Underneath is a large basement hall, well lighted and ventilated, and capable of accommodating about 1,500 people, and which serves well for a Sunday School and for any other purposes the congregation may desire. About ten years after the dedication, the entire debt, funded and floating, was lifted from the church and the mortgage of $40,000 publicly burned on Sunday, February 5, 1905. This state of affairs was produced by the people, all working in harmony, and making themselves many and great sacrifices. And to mony, and making themselves many and great sacrifices. And to their eternal benediction it should be said that James Steel and wife gave for the honor and glory of God their entire estate of $2,300 ; that Miss Mary Maloney gave for the new altar $400, the savings of many hard days' toil, and that the $300 from the estate of Mr. Cruse and wife would have been as freely and cheerfully given had in run up and increased to millions. The growth of the Catholic population of the city was slow and steady, until, only a few years after the dedication, St. Mary's could number about 600 families belonging to the parish. Then the northern part of the city was cut off for the better accommodation of the Catholics there, and this to-day forms the parish of dation of the Catholics there, and this to-day forms the parish of St. Paul's. The boundary lines north and south are marked by the railroad tracks. Besides building the church and paying for it, a pastoral residence on Court street was bought and paid for. But this house dence on Court street was bought and paid for. But this house proving too small and not in keeping with the church and sur352 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. 352 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. roundings, the people insisted on building a residence, large and commodious, and one that would be an ornament and credit to the street and parish. The plans were drawn and the old house moved back from its foundations. Then the parishioners thought the ground too small for the new building, and rather than detract from the appearance of the church, urged the purchase of a tract from the appearance of the church, urged the purchase of a small frame building on the west side of the church. Twelve thousand dollars was offered and refused for this building. An opportunity was then presented of purchasing for less than $5,000 the large frame structure inunediately behind the church on Fayette street. This, remodeled and improved, now serves well for a pastoral residence, being spacious, well aired and well lighted. The whole parish property, at the present time, is estim,ated in value at $130,000. m,ated in value at $130,000. During all these years. Father Hughes has been well served in the care of the parish by his assistants, Rev. Joseph Lechner for the first three years, Rev. John J. Higgins for the next seven and Rev. William J. Glynn, D. D., up to the present time. Father Hughes, to whose energy and zeal the parish owes much of its success, was ordained on May 30, 1874, upon the completion of his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. His first appointment was as assistant priest at St. Peter's, Troy, where he served for four years. He was pastor at Cooperstown, N. Y., the next seven years, going thence to OsAvego, where he held the pastorate of St. John's Church from March 18, 1885, until August 4, 1892. In June, 1907, the south side of the city was cut off to form the new parish of St. John the Evangelist, so that the present boundaries are the Susquehanna River, the railroad tracks and Wash- daries are the Susquehanna River, the railroad tracks and Washington street, making a perfect triangle of St. Mary's parish. ington street, making a perfect triangle of St. Mary's parish. The last census of the Catholics of this parish taken up by Dr. Glynn and ordered by ecclesiastical authority, gives 1,159 adults and 290 children, a total of 1,449 souls, or about 300 families. Few parishes can be said to have been more successful than this. From the beginning, God blessed the people in especial ways with work, with health, with grace and with peace, and they have responded nobly to the will of the pastor, under whose direction they have builded their temple to the honor and glory of the Triune God. ST. PAUL'S ST. PATRICK'S was the only parish in Binghamton until 1887. In the year 1887, the Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden, D. D., Bishop of Syracuse, created a new parish called St. Mary's, and appointed the Rev. John J. Brennan its first pastor. In the year 1891 the Rev. John J. Brennan resigned and the Rev. Martin J. Hughes became his successor. Immediately after the resignation of the late Father Brennan the Rt. Rev. Bishop divided St. Mary's into two parishes, all south of the railroads to be one parish and all north of the railroads to constitute another, with the instruction that all the property held in the title of St. Mary's be equally divided. St. Paul's Church had a real existence, therefore, in the year 1891, but did not receive title or pas- ence, therefore, in the year 1891, but did not receive title or pastor until the year 1896. June 16, 1896, the Rt. Rev. Bishop sent tor until the year 1896. June 16, 1896, the Rt. Rev. Bishop sent the Rev. John V. Simmons to Binghamton to be the first pastor of the parish created on the north side. This parish received the title of St. Paul 's Church, after St. Paul, the great Apostle of the Gentiles. It was incorporated in Syracuse on November 30, 1896. Incorporation papers were filed in the County Clerk's office of Broome County on December 2, 1896, and Mass was said in the rink building, No. 279 Chenango street, from June 16, 1896, until the completion of the church. In April, 1900, the church purchased the house and lot at No. 284 Chenango street for the purpose of a building lot for a new church building. Ten thousand dollars was paid for this property. The lot has 100 feet frontage and is about 175 feet deep. In the year 1903 the church bought the lot at No. 19 Doubleday street. It is 50 feet front by about 190 in depth. This lot day street. It is 50 feet front by about 190 in depth. This lot runs to the line and along the same of the Chenango street lot, giving to the latter a depth of 50 extra feet. The church paid $3,000 for the Doubleday street property. In the year 1896, a few days after the pastor had arrived in Binghamton, he rented a cottage at No. 25 Way street until May, 1900, when he moved into the house at No. 284 Chenango street. 354 DIOCESE OF SYKACUSE. During the summer of 1903 this house was moved to No. 19 Doubleday street, where it is used as the parochial residence. On June 16, 1904, a contract for the new church building was let to A. E. Badgeley, a contractor, for $40,012. This did not include the heating, ventilating, seating, lighting, frescoing, altars, organ, Stations of the Cross, piping, etc. The whole was tars, organ, Stations of the Cross, piping, etc. The whole was completed at a cost of about $75,000. When the contract was let for the new church building the parish was out of debt and had about $15,000 in the banks. The ish was out of debt and had about $15,000 in the banks. The total population of the parish, including all baptized persons, is about 1,500 souls. The corner-stone of the new church was laid August 7, 1904, by Bishop Ludden, and on July 2, 1905, the handsome edifice was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop, the Rev. D. J. Bustin preaching on the latter occasion. ing on the latter occasion. The Binghamton State Hospital is in this parish, and has been attended by the pastor during the past eight years. The village and township of Port Dickinson are included in this parish. There are at present only two Catholic families in the village of Port Dickinson. St. Mary's Church, Kirkwood, is attended from St. Paul's as an out -mission. The Rt. Rev. Bishop on April 1, 1903, sent the Rev. William H. Purcell as assistant, and he is still with the parish. Father Simmons was born in Exeter, N. Y., March 21, 1858, and was ordained priest at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, December 18, 1886. As assistant priest he served at St. Mary's of the ber 18, 1886. As assistant priest he served at St. Mary's of the Lake, Skaneateles, December 21, 1886-December 7, 1887; St. John's. Utica, December 7, 1887-January 19, 1888. He was appointed pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, pointed pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Pompey, January 19, 1888, and continued in charge there until his appointment as first pastor of St. Paul 's. KIRKWOOD After the erection of the Diocese of Syracuse, Kirlrvvood was attached to the Deposit parish and was attended from there until after the formation of St. Paul's parish. St. Mary's Church was built in 1888 under the direction of the late Rev. William M. Pounch and at a cost of $8,000. CHURCH OF SS. CYRIL AND METHOD (SLOVAK) THE Slovaks are a branch of the Slavonian family, which is of Indo-arian origin. In the ninth century the illustrious brothers Cyril and Method converted this people from paganism. Under the patronage of these saints the first Slovak church in the Diocese of Syracuse has made rapid progress. In 1885 three Slovak families had taken up their residence in Binghamton. In fifteen years this little colony had swelled to seventy families, with whom, moreover, many of their countrymen and countrywomen had found a new home. Meanwhile they men and countrywomen had found a new home. Meanwhile they had received hearty welcome at St. Patrick's Church. In the year 1900 the members of this growing colony, carefully computing their numerical strength, determined, with the fully computing their numerical strength, determined, with the Bishop 's permission, to undertake the task of providing a church of their own. Rev. Matthew Jankola, pastor of a Slovak congregation at Pittston, Pa., began the work of organization. The first gation at Pittston, Pa., began the work of organization. The first resident pastor, Rev. Rupert Rehak, arrived on September 22, 1903, and receiving faculties in the diocese on October 19, ministered regularly to the spiritual needs of the growing congregation tered regularly to the spiritual needs of the growing congregation until the following July, when he was recalled by his superiors to his native land. Before his departure the foundation of the new church had been laid. On July 19, 1904, the Rev. Joseph Pospech, pastor of St. Stephen's Church, Newark, N. J., succeeded Father Rehak. On August 21 of the same year in the presence of eleven priests and a large concourse of the laity the corner-stone of the new church was laid by the Rt. Rev. Bishop, Patrick A. Ludden. By the end of the following January the church edifice had been completed, so that the first Mass in the Church of SS. Cyril and Method was celebrated on February 5, 1905, by the Rev. Joseph Pospech. The church was erected at a cost of $16,000, while $2,000 was expended upon the furnishings. On May 30, 1905, the edifice was pended upon the furnishings. On May 30, 1905, the edifice was blessed by Bishop Ludden, who, on the first day of the following October, confirmed a class of 103. In the following year, 1906, 356 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. there were 108 baptisms, 54 marriages and 40 funerals. At the end of the year 1907 the congregation numbered 1,100, of whom the male portion formed less than one-third. In May, 1906, a parochial residence was completed at a cost of more than $5,500. Two months later, under private enterprise, ground was broken for a hall to be devoted to parish purposes. The hall was completed and equipped at a cost approximating $6,000. On August 2, 1907, the congregation secured three building lots adjoining the church property. ing lots adjoining the church property. On July 3, 1906, Rev. Bartholomew Ponikvar, a newly ordained priest, who had previously been adopted and educated by dained priest, who had previously been adopted and educated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop, was assigned to the Church of SS. Cyril and Method, where he remained until October 9 following, when, owing to the fact that he did not know the Slovak dialect, he was excardinated at the request of the Bishop of Cleveland, in whose diocese he is now engaged. On February 19, 1907, Father Pospech resigned his pastorate and was succeeded on March 27 by Rev. John Porubsky, formerly pastor at Kingston, Pa. Father Porubsky is still in charge merly pastor at Kingston, Pa. Father Porubsky is still in charge of this growing congregation. ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST^S THE parish of St. John the Evangelist was formed by the Rt. Rev. Bishop, June 1, 1907, who sent Rev. John F. McLoghlin as the first pastor. It numbers over 1,700 souls Loghlin as the first pastor. It numbers over 1,700 souls and embraces within its limits the Catholics of the south side of the city. The first Mass was celebrated in the Kinney building on Vestal avenue, Sunday, June 9. The space was too small to afford sittings to all the people, and the trustees went before the School Board and made arrangements for the use of the New Street School. Here the congregation assembled for Mass until Sunday, September 8, when for the first time Mass was celebrated in the present church. brated in the present church. The ground for the new church was broken Monday, July 15, and the structure was finished October 4, 1907. The solemn dedication of the church took place the following Sunday, October 6. cation of the church took place the following Sunday, October 6. The ceremony was performed by Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden, assisted by the clergymen of the city, and several of the diocese in sisted by the clergymen of the city, and several of the diocese in the vicinity. Solemn high Mass, coram episcopo, on that day was celebrated by the Rev. J. J. McLoghlin of St. Patrick's Church, assisted by Rev. Nicholas J. Quinn as. deacon and Rev. John V. Simmons as sub-deacon. Rev. James P. IMcGraw, S. T. L., Chancellor of the diocese, was master of ceremonies. The preacher on this occasion was Rev. A. M. Dwyer of St. James' Church, Lestershire. Towards the close of the Mass, the Rt. Rev. Bishop Ludden addressed the large congregation present, and congratulated the dressed the large congregation present, and congratulated the good people of St. John the Evangelist's Church on their beautiful church, and their faithful co-operation with their pastor. ful church, and their faithful co-operation with their pastor. Father McLoghlin was born in the County Mayo, Ireland, from which place he came to this country with his parents the following year. His early life was spent in the city of Cohoes, N. Y., ing year. His early life was spent in the city of Cohoes, N. Y., where he received his early education. Recognizing a call from God to the holy priesthood and following the example of his revered uncle, Bartholomew, and honored cousins, John and Thomas, he entered Niagara University about 1881. His college 358 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. course being completed he entered St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, where he received the order of priesthood December 21, 1889. He was first sent to St. Peter's, Rome, where he served from January, 1890, until October 21, 1895, when he was appointed pastor of St. Leo's, Tully. In June, 1901, he was appointed pastor of St. Matthew's, East Syracuse, and remained in charge there until appointed to organize St. John's parish. The Rev. Charles N. Oley of Pompey, who was ordained in June, 1909, by Bishop Grimes, was assigned to St. John's on July 26. DEPOSIT PREVIOUS to the separation of the Diocese of Syracuse from Albany, St. Joseph's parish comprised the villages of Deposit, Hancock, Delhi, Walton, French Woods and others. posit, Hancock, Delhi, Walton, French Woods and others. Now the Albany Diocese line comes to the east side of the church, and the parish comprises, besides Deposit, the villages of Afton, Bainbridge, Harpersville, Nineveh, Stockport, Summit, and, until recently, Kirkwood. After 1840 Deposit was regularly visited by a priest whose name is now unknown. After him came the Eev. J. F. Hourigan, Rev. M. J. Keogh, Rev. M. J. Griffith, Rev. M. J. Fournier and Rev. M. J. Stanton. St. Joseph's Church was built in 1851. When Bishop Ludden was consecrated his first appointment was that of the Rev. William W. Pounch, assistant at St. Patrick's, Binghamton, to be pastor of Deposit. Father Pounch re- rick's, Binghamton, to be pastor of Deposit. Father Pounch remained in charge for eighteen years, resigning because of ill mained in charge for eighteen years, resigning because of ill health in 1904. He was a versatile and prolific writer. His work, "The Catholic Church," had a large circulation, and, under a non-de-plume, a number of popular novels were written. He died September 23, 1905. The Rev. Andrew J. Comerford was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's, January 21, 1905. He was born in Syracuse on October 17, 1870, and was ordained priest on December 19, 1896, ber 17, 1870, and was ordained priest on December 19, 1896, after completing his theological course at the Grand Seminary, Montreal. He was assistant priest at St. Lucy's, Syracuse, for eight years, when he was transferred to St. John the Evangelist parish, of the same city, where he served a few months only, his appointment to Deposit following. Under Father Comerford 's care the parish is in a flourishing condition and is entirely out of debt. The church property is valued at $8,000. St. Mary's Church, Kirkwood, was built in 1888 by Father Pounch, at a cost of $8,000, a greater part of which was his gift to the mission. Kirkwood is thirty-four miles from Deposit, and is now attended from St. Paul 's, Binghamton. LESTERSHIRE ST. JAMES' parish was organized on Christmas Day of the year 1900. The first pastor was the Rev. James P. Foy, who had been for many years assistant priest at St. Patrick's, Binghamton, of which St. James' parish is on offspring. rick's, Binghamton, of which St. James' parish is on offspring. The first Mass was read that Christmas Day by Father Foy in the barn on the church lot, corner of Lester avenue and Main street, in the village of Lestershire. On this lot a temporary church was built and this has been added to and still serves the needs of the congregation. Father Foy labored zealously for three years in building up the parish, until January 9, 1904, when death removed him from his earthly labors. The present incumbent, Rev. Ambrose M. Dwyer, was appointed in his place. Father Dwyer was bom August 14, 1868, in Utica, and was ordained June 8, 1895, after completing his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. His first appointment was to St. John's Cathedral, September 8, 1895, until January 17, 1904, when he was appointed pastor of St. James'. The church property consists of the temporary church and a parochial house. St. Ambrose 's Church, Endicott, was built during Father Dwyer 's pastorate and is attended as an out-mission ing Father Dwyer 's pastorate and is attended as an out-mission of Lestershire. ENDICOTT The Catholics of Endicott have been attended from Lestershire since the organization of St. James' parish. In 1907 Father Dwyer said Mass each Sunday, first in the village fire house and later in a store on North street. At the time Father Dwyer began going to Endicott, there were only fifty Catholics in that place and Union, and Bishop Ludden gave his hearty approval of the move and sanctioned the use of the vacant store as a temporary chapel. The new parish was formally incorporated in Syracuse in May, 1908, at a meeting beENDICOTT. 361 ENDICOTT. 361 tween the Bishop, Father Dwyer and two lay trustees, Anthony Cawley and E. E. Mills, and the ground was immediately broken for the new church. Father Dwyer had plans made for a permanent church with a seating capacity of 400, and such was built. It is a handsome structure of Gothic design and is built of red pressed brick, trimmed with Indiana limestone. The foundation is of roughfaced cut bluestone and the whole is surmounted by a tower. T. faced cut bluestone and the whole is surmounted by a tower. T. E. Lacey & Son were the architects and James O'Neill the builder. The church was dedicated on Sunday, July 12, 1908, by Bishop Ludden, assisted by the Rt. Rev. T. A. Hendrick, Bishop of Cebu, P. I. The dedicatory sermon was preached by the Rt. Rev. Mgr. J. S. M. Lynch, D. D., of St. John's, Utica, Father Dwyer 's home parish. WHITNEY POINT THE Catholics of this village were attended in the early days by the priests named in the Marathon narrative. In 1869, the Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany, appointed the Rev. Michael P. Renehan pastor of Whitney Point, to which Marathon was added in 1870. A wagon shop, which stood on the site now occupied by the "Wagoner house, was purchased for $1,300. This building was used as a church for five years. In 1872 Alonzo Collins donated the land where the church now stands. For three years Father Renehan labored amidst the greatest difficulties for the erection of St. Patrick 's Church, which was completed in 1875 at a cost of $7,000. Soon after the completion of the church Father Renehan acquired the academy building for the Marathon congregation and quired the academy building for the Marathon congregation and after remodeling it for a church and parsonage, made that village his home. St. Patrick's has since been an out-mission at- lage his home. St. Patrick's has since been an out-mission attended by the priests of St. Stephen's. tended by the priests of St. Stephen's. St. Patrick's Cemetery was opened during the pastorate of Father Dougherty. During the administration of Father McGuire, the present pastor, much has been done for the church at Guire, the present pastor, much has been done for the church at Whitney Point. A new roof was put on, the interior repaired and frescoed, an organ gallery was built and the approaches to the church purchased and improved. About seventy-five families, mostly Irish, from the town, from Lisle, Yorkshire, Nanti- ilies, mostly Irish, from the town, from Lisle, Yorkshire, Nanticoke, Maine Village, Chenango Forks and other small villages coke, Maine Village, Chenango Forks and other small villages attend it. CHENANGO COUNTY NORWICH CHENANGO COUNTY CATHOLICS, SETTLED AT SMITHVILLE FLATS, ATTENDED FROM UTICA AS EARLY AS 1826-- FIRST MASS IN ST. PATRICK'S PARISH READ BY CHOCONUT (PA.) PRIEST; FIRST PERMANENT CHURCH BUILT IN 1859. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH THE first Catholics to locate in Chenango County settled at Smithville Flats, in the southern part of the county, in 1826. During the next ten years. Fathers MeCloskey, Quarter and Beecham attended the sick at Smithville, driving from Utica, a distance of sixty-five miles ; but although they passed through the present site of Norwich village, there is no record of any services held by them within the present parish limits. Archbishop Hughes also passed up the valley, driving from Binghamton to Utica, but did not stop at Norwich. In the early forties. Rev. J. V. O'Reilly came from Choconut, Pa., and said Mass at a house in the town of Preston, then owned by Matthew Murphy. This was undoubtedly the first Mass celebrated in the parish. On subsequent visits. Father 'Reilly said brated in the parish. On subsequent visits. Father 'Reilly said Mass in the little village of Norwich, and it is said on several occasions he was allowed to use the County Clerk's building that casions he was allowed to use the County Clerk's building that formerly stood on West Main street. After Father Hourigan 's appointment to Binghamton in 1847 he attended the entire valley, going north as far as Hamilton. Mass was said every two or three months in Norwich, especially at the homes of James Dunne on Pleasant street, Richard Roache on Mechanic street, Michael Conway on South Broad street and James Green on West Side Park. During the years 1849, 1850 and 1851, Father Hourigan 's assistant. Father Roache, came to Norwich frequently. He some- sistant. Father Roache, came to Norwich frequently. He sometimes remained for several weeks, attending the entire valley times remained for several weeks, attending the entire valley from here, and boarding with Clark B. Smith on Cortland street. As the number of Catholics increased, Mr. Smith offered them NORWICH. 365 the use of the candle factory on Lock street, of which he was a part owner. Religious services were held at first in the factory itself, but in 1851, the second story of the building was fitted into a temporary chapel, and here the faithful worshipped until 1859, when the first church was built. During these first years the people assisting at the Holy Sacrifice numbered about twenty souls. From 1852 to 1856, inclusive, Norwich was attended from Oxford, first by Father Callan, and later by his uncle, Father Mc- ford, first by Father Callan, and later by his uncle, Father McCabe. During Father Callan 's administration, in 1852, the first Cabe. During Father Callan 's administration, in 1852, the first church property ever owned in Norwich was purchased by Michael Conway, Cornelius Conway and Clark B. Smith. It consisted of one-fourth acre of land situated on Pleasant street, where the present church now stands, and was purchased of Deacon Chamberlain for $250. In March, 1857, Rev. Charles Brady was appointed to succeed Father McCabe, and after a few weeks stay in Oxford, the former changed his residence to Norwich. He remained here until his death in March, 1863, having as out-missions Sherburne, Hamilton, Oxford, Cortland and Solon. The church records have been well preserved from the time of Father Brady's appointment. pointment. Father Brady raised money and built the first church on the Pleasant street lot, incorporating the property under the name of ' ' St. Patrick 's Church Society. ' ' The corner-stone was laid in 1859 by Cardinal McCloskey, then Bishop of Albany, who also preached the sermon. Father Daly of Utica and Father Rooney of Cazenovia were also present on this occasion. Father Brady died at Norwich in March, 1863, and was succeeded by Rev. James McDermott, who came from Glens Falls. He completed the interior of the church and labored among the people until January, 1865, when he was appointed pastor of Glens Falls, where he died in 1902. Rev. P. McNulty officiated as pastor from February, 1865, to January, 1869. He bought the first parochial residence, a beautiful house on Rexford street, now known as the Southworth property. This venture, however, proved too great an undertaking, and the house passed into other hands. ing, and the house passed into other hands. 366 DIOCESE OF SYRACUSE. Rev. Florinee McCarthy then came to Norwich for a short time and was succeeded in March, 1869, by Rev. Daniel O'Connell, late of Cooperstown. Father O'Connell purchased a lot opposite the church and built a large parochial residence, but this also has passed into other hands. Rev. James P. Harrigan succeeded Father O'Connell. His services extended from April, 1875, to July, 1882. Rev. William J. Finneran was sent to Norwich by Rt. Rev. McNeirny in August, 1882. He was assisted in his labors by Rev. Cornelius Shea of Albany, but, owing to ill health, he resigned in February, 1883, and Rev. Thomas F. Cullen was appointed his successor. A lawsuit had been pending for some years over the cemetery property, and Father Cullen found the Norwich church almost bankrupt. These troubles were soon settled, however, and during Father Cullen 's administration of five years the parish became more united and prospered exceedingly. In 1887 he purchased three acres of land surrounding the church, and enlarged the house adjoining the church, which has since been used as a parochial residence. chial residence. In January, 1888, Father Cullen was appointed pastor of St. John's, Utica, and was succeeded in Norwich by Rev. John A. Hart of Boonville. On March 14, 1888, two months after Father Hart's appointment, the old wooden church was entirely destroyed by fire. When the debts were paid out of the insurance stroyed by fire. When the debts were paid out of the insurance money there was left a balance of $1,000, and this, together with the liberal donations of the Norwich people, both Catholic and Protestant, enabled Father Hart to begin the erection of a new and more substantial building of brick. The corner-stone of the new church was laid on July 4, 1888, by Rt. Rev. P. A. Ludden. The property was incorporated under the new name of St. Paul's Church. The new church was completed towards the close of the same year at a cost of about pleted towards the close of the same year at a cost of about $20,000, and was dedicated by Bishop Ludden on December 16, 1888. Since May, 1889, when Oxford became a separate parish, Norwich has had no out-missions. From a small mission of fifty wich has had no out-missions. From a small mission of fifty years ago it has become a large and prosperous parish, numbering about 1,200 souls. Norwich Council, Knights of Columbus, ing about 1,200 souls. Norwich Council, Knights of Columbus, has a membership of 150, and it has recently donated to St. NORWICH. 367 Paul's Church a beautiful bell, costing $600. The Rosary Society of 200 members aid greatly in keeping the church and altar ciety of 200 members aid greatly in keeping the church and altar in the best condition. The Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies' Auxiliary, A. 0. H., also have a large membership. Father Hart has had the following assistants : Rev. Charles McManus, Rev. J. J. Higgins, Rev. M. Curran, Rev. Gerald Bergen, Manus, Rev. J. J. Higgins, Rev. M. Curran, Rev. Gerald Bergen, Rev. Thomas J. Conway and Rev. H. F. Curtin, the latter serving from April, 1900, until January 1, 1908. ing from April, 1900, until January 1, 1908. Father Hart died late in 1907 and was succeeded by Rev. Edward R. Prendergast. Father Prendergast was born in Syracuse, ward R. Prendergast. Father Prendergast was born in Syracuse, August 1, 1859. He was ordained June 7, 1884, on the completion of his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. tion of his theological studies at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy. He was assistant priest at St. Paul's, Whitesboro, June, 1884January, 1888, and pastor of St. Joseph's, Boonville, from that January, 1888, and pastor of St. Joseph's, Boonville, from that time until his appointment to Norwich on January 1, 1908. Father Curtin succeeded to the Boonville pastorate on the advent of Father Prendergast to Norwich. vent of Father Prendergast to Norwich. OXFORD THE first Mass said near Oxford was at the home of James Moore, a log cabin situated about six miles west of the village, in the spring of 1848. The celebrant was Father Hourigan of Binghamton, who rode horseback from that city, and eight families were in attendance. The second Mass was said in the village of Oxford in the home of James Flanagan, at which between forty and fifty persons attended. This Mass was also said by Father Hourigan, who at- tended. This Mass was also said by Father Hourigan, who attended the people of Oxford almost monthly for about two years. tended the people of Oxford almost monthly for about two years. Father Hourigan formed a parish in 1849 and began to build St. Joseph's Church, which was finished in 1851. Father Roach, his assistant, took charge of the people in 1850 and attended them nearly a year. Father Callan was in charge for two years. Then came Father McCabe, who maintained a residence in Malone, and then Father Brady for two years. In 1865 Father McNulty took charge, but after three months moved to Norwich and attended Oxford as an out-mission. This arrangement continued until 1889, when the Rev. George S. Mahon was appointed resident pastor. During his pastorate the congregation acquired a residence for the priest, but in 1899 the property passed out of the hands of the church. In the same year another house opposite the church was purchased, and this is now occupied as a parochial residence. chased, and this is now occupied as a parochial residence. Father Mahon was transferred to Pompey and the Rev. Richard Purcell, the present incumbent, appointed his successor, ard Purcell, the present incumbent, appointed his successor, January 25, 1903. Father Purcell was born in Ireland on February 27, 1871. His studies for the priesthood were made at ruary 27, 1871. His studies for the priesthood were made at Louvain, Belgium, and he was ordained on June 29, 1898. His first appointment was as assistant priest at St. Vincent de Paul 's, Syracuse, where he served from December 25, 1898, until his appointment to be pastor of St. Joseph's. pointment to be pastor of St. Joseph's. The Church of the Immaculate Conception at Greene is attended from Oxford as an out-mission, the villages of Brisbin, tended from Oxford as an out-mission, the villages of Brisbin, Guilford and Smithville Flats as stations. SHERBURNE AT the erection of the Diocese of Syracuse, St. Malachi's Church was attended from Hamilton by Rev. William B. Hannett, and later by Rev. Joseph V. MacDonnell, the present pastor of that village. In 1889 Rev. James J. Ward became resident pastor of Sherburne, remaining until his death, came resident pastor of Sherburne, remaining until his death, August 17, 1894. Upon his arrival Father Ward found a congregation of 94 families with the parish affairs in excellent con- gregation of 94 families with the parish affairs in excellent condition and the entire indebtedness on the church property $290. dition and the entire indebtedness on the church property $290. On the death of Father Ward, Rev. John J. Glynn was appointed pastor. He died November 11, 1902, and was succeeded pointed pastor. He died November 11, 1902, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Rev. Anthony J. Logan. Father Logan was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland, August 26, 1866. His studies for the priesthood were made at the Grand Seminary, Montreal, where he was ordained December 22, 1900. His first appointment was to St. Patrick's, Binghamton, January 1-May 1, 1901. He was acting pastor of St. Pat- ton, January 1-May 1, 1901. He was acting pastor of St. Patrick 's, Taberg, the next seventeen months and came to Sherburne rick 's, Taberg, the next seventeen months and came to Sherburne in November, 1902, after a temporary service at St. Patrick's, Syracuse. The parish property consists of the church, a parochial house, purchased March 3, 1893, and the cemetery, purchased April 19, 1858. The congregation numbers 80 families at the present time. Afton and Bainbridge, both in Chenango County, are stations of Deposit, Broome County. Catholic Population by Cities and Villages. CITIES of the diocese are entered separately. Village parishes are given alphabetically. Figures following titles of parishes indicate seating capacity. Date of establishment is next given with population -- male, pacity. Date of establishment is next given with population -- male, female, total -- following. Figures in parenthesis in second last column afford total population, including missions. Missions are given separately, following alphabetic order of parish churches. Figures in brackets in second last column signifies number of churches included in total population as ond last column signifies number of churches included in total population as given; in other words, indicates that no separate returns are made for the missions. Thus: Boonville, 500 [3] indicates that in Boonville and all missions there are 500 souls. Letter M indicates that place is a mission. Letters sions there are 500 souls. Letter M indicates that place is a mission. Letters St indicate that place is only a station (i. e., has no church). The last column gives number of children in parochial school, where one exists. umn gives number of children in parochial school, where one exists. Bj3 is Population. c o Eh Pk Syracuse Cathedral of Im. Con. St. Anthony of Padua Holy Trinity St. John the Baptist's St. John Evangelist's |St. Joseph's (French) I St. Joseph's (German) I St. Lucy's I Church of Assumption I St. Patrick's I St. Peter's I Sacred Heart I St. Vincent de Paul's ,000 ,000 4.50 ,000 ,600 7.56 .500 Catholic Population of Syracuse Utica I St. Agnes' . .. St. Francis de I Holy Trinity . I St. John's . . . . I St. Joseph's . . I St. Mary's . . . Mt. Carmel . . 1st. Patrick's . Catholic Population of Utica... 1,500 1,280 Oneida I St. Patrick's (St. Joseph's Catholic Population of Oneida. Oswego . 1st. John's I St. Louis' (St. Mary's 1st. Paul's I St. Peter's Catholic Population of Oswego. 1,000 2,200 Binghamton ISS. Cyril and Method (St. John's 1st. Marv's 1st. Patrick's ISt. Paul's Catholic Population of Binghamton. Rome I St. ISt. Mary's Peter's Catholic Population of Rome. Cortland ISt. Mary's Fulton St. Mary's 1,000 1,200 1,719 1,315 1,990 3,156 3,050 2,768 3,800 1,995 1,096 23,252 1,720 1,568 2,000 2,910 1,676 8.400 1,881 20,620 1,033 1,464 1,582 1,877 6,095 1,624 4,547 1,895 1,286 1,461 1,964 1,448 2,596 3,397 3,300 2,733 2.100 1,422 1,340 22,923 1,742 1.700 3,000 2,830 1,877 3,600 1,971 17,220 1,060 1,587 1.814 2.031 6,678 1,021 2,024 5,335 1,920 2,558 1,417 1,2791 3,683 1,415 1,162 2.763 4,586 1.175 1,234 6,553 6,350 5.501 5,900 3,417 2,436 46,175 3,462 3,268 5,000 5,740 3,553 12,000 3,852 37,840 1,775 3,050 1,300 3,396 3,908 1,118 12,773 1.708 1,921 3,648 1,800 9,882 1,187 3,815 2,703 2,740 (2,829) Catholic Population, Etc., Continued. Place. Title. 9 ^ "1 Population. a o Si 2w _2 O o 6 53 Baldwinsville St Mary's 1,019 1,064 1,5211 1,425 500 [3] 273 (491) 411 (768) 1,000 (1,300) 526 (848) 306 (684) 1,835 750 [2] 1,180 1,070 (1,288) 391 (456) 468 (497) 490 (795) 180 (480) 1,291 313 (516) 343 (412) 469 (647) l?i "' 438 (963) 1,951 154 (353) 340 [2] 368 (811) 1,141 2,946 (3,583) St. Joseph's Camillus St. Joseph's St. Agatha's Clayville St. Patrick's St Mary's Cleveland Clinton St Mary's Deposit St. Joseph's St. Francis St. Matthew's Immaculate Concep. . East Syracuse. Fayetteville . . . St. Mary's St James' Lestershire Marathon St. Stephen's St. Francis Xavier... St. Mary's St John's Marcellus . . ... Minoa New Hartford ... St. Paul's Oriskany Falls Oxford . . St. Joseph's St. Joseph's Immaculate Concept'n Pulaski Sherburne St. Malachi's St. Cecilia's St. Patrick's St. Patrick's St Leo's Truxton Tully . ... St. Bernard's St. Paul's 500 ISSO Williamstown . Jordan Chittenango ... Willowvale . . . North Bay .... .M .M .M .M .M .M .M .M .M .M .St M St. Patrick's St. Patrick's St. Patrick's St. Anthony of Padua SS. Peter and Paul . . St. Francis Assissi... St. Mary's Annunciation St. Margaret's St Mary's . . iso iso Little France .. Sylvan Beach . Clark's Mills . . Homer Jamesville # # 122 1? ""qq 65 1 Redfleld Hall St. Stephen's St. Patrick's St. Ambrose's St. Patrick's St. Paul's West Eaton . . . Endieott . . . .M AT Whitney Point.. Chenango Forks Brookfleld (N.). .M St .M .St . M .M .M M .M .M .M .M .M M .M .M .M ! Vern on Center . . St Agnes' Greene Lafayette Fabius Immaculate Concept'n St. Joseph's St Paul's Skaneateles Falls Split Rock St. Bridget's St. Peter's Onondaga Hill . North Annsville St. Michael's St. Ann's St. Patrick's Hinckley St. Leo's Kirkwood St. Mary's Cicero . Liverpool Sacred Heart St. Joseph's I CLERICAL LIST Arranged According to Parish Affiliation SYRACUSE. Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception -- Rev. Fathers : Heas, Hackett. McMenomy, O'Hara, Walsh. Fournier, Menomy, O'Hara, Walsh. Fournier, Hayden, O'Brien, Quinn. O'Shea, McGraw, Dwyer, McPeak, Collins ; Bishops Graw, Dwyer, McPeak, Collins ; Bishops Ludden and Grimes. St. Anthony of Padua -- Rev. Father Quinn. Holy Trinity -- Rev. Fathers : Bayer, Reuland. land. St. John the Baptist -- Rev. Fathers : Donohue, Balfe, Drummond. O'Donnell, Radigan, Chartier, Heas, Guillick, Guerdet. Mullady, Hackett. Sheehan, Duffy, Browne, Bourke, Mullany, Maguire, Meehan, Mclncrow. Hyland, Har- guire, Meehan, Mclncrow. Hyland, Harrick. Gahan. Collins. Griffin, Tiernan, rick. Gahan. Collins. Griffin, Tiernan, McGuire, Wllmes, Glynn, Howard. St. John the Evangelist -- Rev. Fathers : John McMenomy, O'Neil, McLoghlin, Guerdet. INIuldoon, O'Connell. Lvnch, Rellly. Hanlon, Brady, Ward, O'Connor, Mearns, Moriarty, Clune, Dough- nor, Mearns, Moriarty, Clune, Dougherty, Hopkins, Tiernan, McGuire. Sla- erty, Hopkins, Tiernan, McGuire. Slaven. Quinn. O'Sullivan, Byrne, Dwyer, ven. Quinn. O'Sullivan, Byrne, Dwyer, McGraw. Donigan. Shanahan, Christian : Bishop Ludden. tian : Bishop Ludden. St. Joseph's (French) -- Rev. Fathers : Guerdet. Quevillon, Robillard, Brauillet. Guay. Thibault. let. Guay. Thibault. St. Joseph's (German) -- Rev. Fathers : Pickl, Heller, Gehring, Preisser, Steines. St. Lucy's -- Rev. Fathers : Kennedy, Clune, Donnelly. Herrick. Pounch, Donohoe, Joyce. Hayes, Farrar, Byrne. Comerford, McEvoy, Tracey, Hennessy, Farrell. Church of thS Assumption -- Rev. Fathers : Guth. Imama, Roth. Noethen, Schweninger, Sanderl, Raffeiner, Mueller. inger, Sanderl, Raffeiner, Mueller. Lutz : Fathers Minor Conventuals of St. Francis : Korten. Zoeller. DePaun, Stoller. Dehm. Reich. Rossbauer, Miller, Zoller, Lehrscholl, Schweitzer. ler, Zoller, Lehrscholl, Schweitzer. St. Patrick's -- Rev. Fathers : Guerdet. O'Neill, Shields. Lynch, Smith, Magee, Kearney, McEvoy, Herrick, Higgins, O'Sullivan, Walsh, Duffy, Donohoe, Finley. St. Peter's -- Fathers of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo : Manella, Beccherini, Ostino, Morassi, Cuneo. cherini, Ostino, Morassi, Cuneo. Church of the Sacred Heart -- Rev. Fathers : Kolaszewskl, Plucinski, Klimecki, Rusin. ecki, Rusin. St. Vinceyit de Paul's -- Rev. Fathers : Dougherty, Lynch, McGuire. Slaven. O'Sullivan, Quinn. Hopkins, Hourigan, Purcell, McCormick. Sloan. Cahill. O'Donogue, Quarter, Bradley, Beecham, Wariath, Patrick McCloskey, Bacon, Ferrall, Loughl In, Martin, Stokes, George McCloskey, Stokes, McMenomy, Howard, Cull, DeLuynes, Ouellet, Carahar, Kelly, Clarke, Coghlin. McFarland, James Smith, Falvey, McDer- Farland, James Smith, Falvey, McDermott, Herbst, Maeyer, Daly, McGlynn, mott, Herbst, Maeyer, Daly, McGlynn, Carroll, Sheehan, Purcell, McDonald, Patrick Smith, Grattan, W. J. Smith, J. M. Ludden, Birmingham, L. G. O'Reilly. Meagher, Terry, Mullany, Brady, Greene, Lanahan, Lynch, Ryan, Toomey, Lovett, Castelll, Moriarty, McGuinness, Simmons. Cullen, Quinn, McManus, Chapuis, McCabe, Lalor, Murphy, Staunton, Lunney, Boland, Mara, Purcell. O'Connor. St. Joseph's -- Rev. Fathers : Prost, Inama. Schwenninger, Arnold, Weber, ama. Schwenninger, Arnold, Weber, Noethen, Maria, Mietllnger ; Fathers Minor Conventuals of St. Francis : Moczygemba. Korten. Messen, Mutsaer, Heller, Kotteiro. Vogt, Ronadowskl, Luitz, Zoeller, Neubauer, Corney. Cucchiarini, Lesen. Bodenberg. 'Dehm, chiarini, Lesen. Bodenberg. 'Dehm, Jachetti, Stoller, Ettensperger, Delaney, Dumiovich. Gehring, Reich. Elli- laney, Dumiovich. Gehring, Reich. Ellison, Miller, Doyle, Rossbauer. Goess- son, Miller, Doyle, Rossbauer. Goessmann, Matt, Regensburger, Rheiner, mann, Matt, Regensburger, Rheiner, Epp, Auer, Scharoun, Mayer, Block, Thameling, Hellman, Lehner, Maser, Richartz, Judge. St. Mary's -- Rev. Fathers : Veit, Eis, Fehling. Friesenburg, Lindenfelt, Goossens, Wilmes, Lechner. sens, Wilmes, Lechner. St. Mary's. Mt. Carmel -- Rev. Fathers : Griffin, Doyle, Castelll, Formia, Pelllgrinl. grinl. St. Patrick's -- Rev. Fathers : Carahar, McDonald, Gahan, Merns. Higgins. McGraw, Joyce, Castelli, Mullhall, N. J. Graw, Joyce, Castelli, Mullhall, N. J. Quinn, Lee, Provost. W. P. Quinn, Hyland, Bogan, Pryor. ONEIDA. St. Patrick's -- Rev. Fathers : Quarter, Beecham. Kenna. McDerraott. O'Hara, J. M. Sheehan. W. F. Sheehan. Fennelly. Meagher. Kelley, Flynn, McPeak, nelly. Meagher. Kelley, Flynn, McPeak, Shanahan. Sheehan. St. Joseph's -- Rev. Fathers : Bergmann, Goossens, Steines. UTICA. St. Apnes -- Rpv. Fathers : Toomey. O'Reilly, Ryan. Moore, Sheehan, Shanahan. St. Francis de Sales -- Rev. Fathers : O'Reilly, Stack, Collins, Hourigan, Doody. Holy Trinity -- Rev. Fathers : Pniak, Suck. Chyszek. St. John's -- Rev. Fathers : McQuade. O'Gorman, Farnan. Bulger, Shanahan, Berry, Walsh, O'Reilly, Cummins, McOSWEGO. OSWEGO. St. John's -- Rev. Fathers : Lowery. O'Connell, Hughes, Dwyer, Hopkins, McCor- nell, Hughes, Dwyer, Hopkins, McCormick. mick. St. Louis -- Rev. Fathers : Pelletler, Carufel. Forget, Charette, Chaput, Auger, fel. Forget, Charette, Chaput, Auger, Chauvln. St. Mary's -- Rev. Fathers : Foultier, Keveny, Guerdet. Griffa. Harrigan, Pelle- eny, Guerdet. Griffa. Harrigan, Pelletier, Fournier, Mahon. Doody, Griffin, tier, Fournier, Mahon. Doody, Griffin, Farrar. McCormick. Hopkins. St. Paul's -- Rev. Fathers : Donahoe, O'Donohue, Rogers, Kenny. Kelly, Barry, Lindsman, Shanahan. Collins. St. Peter's -- Rev. Fathers : Vogt. O. M. C, Mozygemba, O. M. C, Dehm, O. M. C, Luitz, O. M. C, Lesen, O. M. C, Ottenhues, Zucker, Wibbe, Preisser, Geyer, tenhues, Zucker, Wibbe, Preisser, Geyer, Stark, Lechner, Helsler. CLERICAL LIST-- Continued BINGHAMTON. ;SS. Cyril and Method -- Rev. Fathers : Jankola, Rehak, Pospech, Ponikvar, Porubsky. St. John the Evangelist -- Rev. Fathers : McLoghlin, Oley. 8t. Mary's -- Rev. Fathers : Brennan, Dwyer, Hughes, Lechner, Higgins, Glynn. 8t. Patrick's -- Rev. Fathers : Hurley, "Wainwright. Bacon, Beecham, O'Reilly, Doyle, Sheridan, Hourigan, Quinn, McDonald, Bourke, Herrick, Pounch, Mc- Donald, Bourke, Herrick, Pounch, McGuire, Tiernan, Byrne, Foy, Logan, Guire, Tiernan, Byrne, Foy, Logan, Bustin, Flynn, McLoghlin. St. Paul's -- Rev. Fathers : Simmons, Purcell. cell. CLINTON. Rev. Fathers : Coghlan, Bayard, Peter O'Reilly, Donohoe, James O'Reilly, McDermott. Dermott. ROME. St. Marri's -- Rev. Fathers : Schwenninger, Schmitt, Rieger, Roth. St. Peter's -- Rev. Fathers : Beecham, Coghlan, Kenna, Conlon, Howard. Byrne, O'Connell, O'Reilly, O'Keefe, Craven, Zucker, Shields, Maguire, Birmingham, Bloomer, Murphy, Cunning- mingham, Bloomer, Murphy, Cunningham, Ward, McLoghlin, Carson, Henry, ham, Ward, McLoghlin, Carson, Henry, Ellis. CORTLAND. Rev. Fathers : Callan, Brady, McCabe, McDermott, Coleman, B. F. McLoghlin, Thomas McLoghlin, J. J. McLogh- lin, Thomas McLoghlin, J. J. McLoghlin, Donohoe, Bogan. lin, Donohoe, Bogan. DEERFIELD. Rev. Fathers : McQuade, Farnon, Bulger, Shanahan, Berry, Walsh, O'Reilly! Cummings, Cahill, Quarter, Bradley! P. McCloskey, Bacon, Burke, Martin, Cull, Kenney, G. McCloskey, McMenomy, Coglan, Clark, Arnold, Herbst omy, Coglan, Clark, Arnold, Herbst Fitzgerald, Howard, Keating, Thornton, Burke, Veith, Eis, Kemper, Geh- ton, Burke, Veith, Eis, Kemper, Gehring, O. M. C, Valten, O. M. C, Clu ring, O. M. C, Valten, O. M. C, Clu ver, Vogt, O. M. C, Reich, O. M. C, Emmanuel, O. Cap., Lindenfeld, Luitz. O. M. C, Graziani, O. M. C, Fresen berg, Quinn. DEPOSIT. Rev. Fathers : Hourigan, Keogh, Griffith, Fournier, Stanton, Pounch, Comerford, DURHAMVILLB. Rev. Fathers : Mozygemba, 0. M C, Zanders, O. F. M., Schaffer, 'Pax, Lerche Bergmann, Stark, Heidegger, Goossens, Steines. BAST SYRACUSE. Rev. Fathers : Guerdet, Clune, McGuinness, Quinn, McLoghlin, Moore. ness, Quinn, McLoghlin, Moore. FULTON. Rev. Fathers : Kelly, James Smith, Bernard Smith, Meehan, Cunningham, nard Smith, Meehan, Cunningham, Greene, Kearney, Lindsman, Dooling. FAYETTEVILLE. Rev. Fathers : Cahill, McCallion, O'Hara, O'Reilly, Donohoe, Early, Joyce. BALDWINSVILLE. Rev. Fathers : Guerdet, Hackett, McCallion, Smith, O'Keefe, Lynch, Francis, lion, Smith, O'Keefe, Lynch, Francis, Bayard, Hainault, Kelley, Beecham, McGraw. BOONVILLE. Rev. Fathers : Beecham, Howard, O'Sullivan, Sheahan, Brady, Fitzpatrick, livan, Sheahan, Brady, Fitzpatrick, Carroll, Harty, Hart, Prendergast, Curtin. tin. CAMDEN, Rev. Fathers : Fitzpatrick, Ludden, Beecham, Brennan, McGraw, Tiernan. cham, Brennan, McGraw, Tiernan. FLORENCE. Rev. Fathers : Beecham, Kelliher, Fitzpatrick, Ludden, O'SuIlivan, Walsh, patrick, Ludden, O'SuIlivan, Walsh, Birmingham, Brennan, Greene. HAMILTON. Rev. Fathers : Hourigan, Callan, McCabe, Brady, McNulty, Ludden, Hannett, MacDonnell. LESTERSHIRB. Rev. Fathers : Foy, Dwyer. CAMILLUS. Rev. Fathers : Heas. Hackett, McCalllon, Butler. O. M. C, Purcell, William Carroll, Eugene Carroll, Smith, McDon- roll, Eugene Carroll, Smith, McDonough, O'SuIlivan, Ryan, Stack. ough, O'SuIlivan, Ryan, Stack. CANASTOTA. Rev. Fathers : Collins, Gahan, Stanton, Walsh, Slaven, Collins, Flynn. CAZENOVIA. Rev. Fathers: Hers. Hackett, Cahill, Rooney, Carney, Charles Brady, C, A. Reilly, J. L. Reilly. B. M. Brady, Meagher, Doody, Hayes. MARATHON. Rev. Fathers : McCabe, Coleman, McLoghlin. Hourigan. M. P. Renehan, J. Loghlin. Hourigan. M. P. Renehan, J. J. Renehan, Dougherty, Brady, Meagher, Smith, Herrick, McGuire. gher, Smith, Herrick, McGuire. MARCELLUS. Rev. Fathers : Heas, McCallion, Butler, O. M. C, Purcell, Hayden, McDonough, M. P. Renehan, J. J. Renehan. CLAYVILLE. Rev. Fathers : Carahar, Coghlan, Rayard, O'Reilly, Smith, O'Connor. Higgins, McGraw, Quinn. CLEVELAND. Rev. Fathers : Beecham. Fitzpatrick. Birmingham, McGuire, Greene, McGlynn, mingham, McGuire, Greene, McGlynn, Mertens. MINOA. Rev. Fathers : Werich, Guth, Guerdet, Heas, Inama, Roth, Noethen. Marschal, Schweninger, O. S. B., Sanderl, C. SS. R., Raffeiner, Fedderman, Tappert, J, C. Weber, Maly, Mueller. Schneyder, Ramsauer, O. S. B., Carius, Ritter, Kuen.g, sauer, O. S. B., Carius, Ritter, Kuen.g, Meyer, Wibbe, Fehling, Hengen. A. Weber, Pickl. Neubauer, O. M. C, Resch. and these Fathers Minor Conventuals of St. Francis : Lesen. Grazi- ventuals of St. Francis : Lesen. Graziani. Gehring, Elison. Reich, Kroeger, ani. Gehring, Elison. Reich, Kroeger, Regensburger. Ludwig, Epp. Prelsser, Eichenlaub, Peberl, Scharoun, Mayer, Recktenwald. CLERICAL LIST-- Continued NEW HARTFORD. SKANEATELES. Rev. Fathers : Mullany, Prendergast, Rev. Fathers : Heas, McCallion, Butler, Grimes, Mahon, Griffin, Reilly, Slaven, O. M. C, Purcell, Simmons, Higgins, Quinn, Provost. Conway. NORWICH. Rev. Fathers : McCloskey, Quarter, Beecham, O'Reilly, Hourigan, Roache, Cal- cham, O'Reilly, Hourigan, Roache, Callan. McCabe. Brady, McDermott. Mc- lan. McCabe. Brady, McDermott. McNulty, McCarthy, O'Connell, Harrigan, Nulty, McCarthy, O'Connell, Harrigan, Finneran, Shea, Cullen, Hart, McManus, Higgins. Curran, Bergen, Con- Manus, Higgins. Curran, Bergen, Conway, Curtin, Prendergast. way, Curtin, Prendergast. ORISKANY FALLS. Rev. Fathers : Bayard. O'Reilly, Reilley, McDonald, Cannane. OXFORD. Rev. Fathers : Hourigan, Roache, Callen, McCabe, Brady, McNulty, Mahon, Purcell. cell. POMPEY. Rev. Fathers : O'Reilly. O'Donnel. O. S. A., Heas, O'Hara, Cahill, Hackett, Rooney, Corney, FitzPatrick, M. O'Reilly, Simmons. Hayes, Flynn, Mahon. hon. PULASKI, ev. Fathers : Beecham. Brennan, McGraw. Varilly, Durocher, Provost, Lud- Graw. Varilly, Durocher, Provost, Ludden, Tiernan, Auger. den, Tiernan, Auger. SHERBURNE. Rev. Fathers : Hannett, MacDonnell, Ward, Glynn, Logan. SOLVAY. Rev. Father: O'Shea. TABERG. Rev. Fathers : Beecham, Kelliher, FitzPatrick, John Ludden, Walsh, James Patrick, John Ludden, Walsh, James Ludden, McNulty, Bloomer, Hainault, Logan. TRUXTON. Rev. Fathers : Heas, Cahill, Coleman, McLoghlin, Joyce, McGuinness, Conway, Loghlin, Joyce, McGuinness, Conway, Higgins. TULLY. Rev. Fathers : McCabe, McCallion, Bartholomew McLoghlin. Brady, McDer- tholomew McLoghlin. Brady, McDermott. Coleman, Thomas McLoghlin. J. mott. Coleman, Thomas McLoghlin. J. J. McLoghlin. Heas, Roach. Cahill, Rooney, Brady, Carney, O'Reilly, Simmons, Doody, J. F. McLoghlin, Byrne. mons, Doody, J. F. McLoghlin, Byrne. WATER VILLE. Rev. Fathers : Bacon, McMenomy. Howard. Patrick Carahar, Coghlan, Ber- ard. Patrick Carahar, Coghlan, Bernard Carahar. Clarke, Bayard, Peter nard Carahar. Clarke, Bayard, Peter O'Reilly. Smith, Reilly, McDonald, Donnelly, Donohoe, Bustin. WHITESBORO. Bishops Ludden and Grimes ; Rev. Fathers : Mullany, Reilly, Slaven, Prendergast, Mahon, Griffin, Quinn, Pro- dergast, Mahon, Griffin, Quinn, Provost, Doyle. vost, Doyle. ERRATA. Footnote, Page 12, second line, read : "Pope Leo X., by the grace," etc. Page 148, first line, Skaneateles Falls, read : "St. Bridget's Church was built under the direction of" Page 289, fourth and fifth paragraphs, read : "Rev. Thomas W^. Reilly," instead of "Rev. Thomas W. O'Reilly." stead of "Rev. Thomas W. O'Reilly." Page 122. second paragraph, read : "Rev. Thomas S. Flynn," instead of "Thomas J. Flynn." Page 191, second line, second paragraph, read : "Mahon, from December 20, 1886, to January 10, 1888," etc. Page 102, fifth paragraph, read : "Rev. W. H. McCormick," instead of "W. J. McCormack." Page 250, fourth paragraph, read : "Rev. John P. Shanahan," instead of "John P. Sheehan." Page 311, first line, read: "Stittville," instead of "Stillville." ADDENDA. Morrisville and Pratt's Hollow are stations attended from Hamilton. Perryville and Peterborough are stations attended from Canastota. Bleecker Station is a station attended from St. Joseph's, Utica. Gulf Summit is a station attended from Deposit. TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX. Page. Introduction " "5 The Church Among the Indians 7-21 The Chuech Among the Whites 21-34 Statistical Table SSI9"i Clerical List "^ V-r'^ Berata 374 Addenda ** ' * PARISHES AND MISSIONS. Syracuse-- Page St. John the Baptist 3 ( Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception 51 ception 51 Church of the Assumption <>o St. John the Evangelist 69 St. Joseph's (French) 76 St. Patrick's 78 St. Lucy's 85 St. Joseph's (German) 90 Holy Trinity (German) 9.o St. Vincent de Paul's 100 Sacred Heart (Polish) 103 St. Peter's (Italian) lO.o St. Anthony of Padua 10 ( St. Cecilia's 109 Utica -St. John's 210 St. John's 210 St. Joseph's (German) 232 St. Patrick's 236 St. Marv's (German) 243 St. Francis de Sales' 245 St. Agnes' 24 < Holy Trinity (Polish) 252 St. Mary's, Mt. Carmel (Italian). 253 St. Vincent's Chapel 254 Rome -- * "^^ St. Peter's 255 St. Mary's (German) 261 St. John the Baptist (Italian) . . . 262 Binghamton -- St. Patrick's 344 St. Patrick's 344 St. Mary's 349 St. Paul's 353 SS. Cyril and Method 355 St. John the Evangelist 3.37 Oswego -St. Paul's 174 St. Paul's 174 St. Mary's 188 St. Louis (French) 192 St. Peter's (German) 194 St. John the Evangelist 196 St. Stephen's (Polish) 198 Oneida -St. Patrick's 318 St. Patrick's 318 St. Joseph's (German) 323 Afton 359 Altmar -- St. Mary's 206 Annsville -- St. Ann's 272 Apulia 155 Bainbridge 359 Baldwinsville -- St. Mary's 151 Black Creek (Cleveland) 199 Bleecker Station 372 Boonville -- St. Joseph's 304 Boyleston -- St. Joseph's 207 Bridgewater 298 Brisbin 368 Brookfield (North) -- Maternity B. M. 303 Camden -- St. John Evangelist 291 Camillus-- St. Joseph's 143 Canastota -- ^St. Agatha's 330 Cassville 298 Cazenovia -- St. James' 329 Page. Central Square 200 Chadwicks 298 Chenango Forks 337, 362 Chittenango -- St. Patrick's 830 Cicero -- Sacred Heart 172 Clark's Mills -- Annunciation 284 Clayville -- St. Patrick's 298 Cleveland -- St. Mary's 199 Clinton -- St. Mary's 279 Colosse -- St. Anne's 207 Constableville 304-6 Constantia 200 Cortland -- St. Mary's 334 Deerfield 263 Deerfleld Hill-- Holy Cross 264 Deerfield- Four-Corners -- St. Peter's. 264 Deposit -- St. Joseph's 359 Durhamville -- St. Francis 296 Dutch Flats 264 Bast Syracuse -- St. Matthew's 169 Eaton (West) 327 Empeyvlle 272 Endicott -- St. Ambrose's . . . .^ 360 Fabius -- St. Paul's 124 Fayetteville -- Immaculate Concept'n 138 Florence -- St. Mary's Mt. Carmel. . 267 Floyd 310 Forestport -- St. Patrick's 306 Fulton -- Immaculate Conception . . . 201 Gang's Mills (Hinckley) 311 Greene -- Immaculate Conception... . 368 Groton 155 Guilford 368 Gulf Summit 372 Hamilton -- St. Mary's 325 Harpersville 359 Hawkinsville -- St. John's 308 Hinckley -- St. Ann's 311 Holland Patent -- St. Leo's 311 Homer -- St. Margaret's 336 Irish Ridge 320 Irish Settlement 306-8 Jamesville -- St. Mary's 141 Jordan -- St. Patrick'^s 146 Kirkwood -- St. Mary's 354 Killawog 337 Knoxboro 302 Lacona 294 Lafayette -- St. Joseph's 124 Lee-- St. Joseph's 259 Lestershire -- St. James' 360 Lisle 337, 362 Little France -- St. Francis Aslssi... 200 Liverpool -- St. Joseph's 171 Maine Village 362 Marathon -- St. Stephen's 337 Marcellus -- St. Francis Xavier 149 Messengerville 337 Mexico 205 Minoa -- St. Mary's 126 Morrlsville 372 Munnsville 302 DEC 31 ISOS^" TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX-- Continued. Page. Munroe (West) -- St. Francis' 2<J0 Nanticoke 362 New Hartford -- St. John Evangelist 312 New York Mills 311 Nineveh 359 North Annsvllle 272 North Bay -- SS. Peter and Paul 315 North Brookfield -- Maternity B. M. . 303 Norwich -- St. Paul's 364 Onondaga Hill-- St. Michael's 110 Oriskany 311 Oriskany Falls -- St. Joseph's 302 Osceola 267 Otisco -- St. Patrick's 161 Oxford -- St. Joseph's 368 Paris Hill 290 Perryville 372 Peterborough 372 Phoenix-- St. Stephen's 204 Pompev -- Immaculate Conception... 112 Port Dickinson 354 Port Leyden 307 Pratt's Hollow 372 Preble 154 Preble Hill 155 Preston 364 Pulaski -- St. John Evangelist 205 Redfield 267, 271 Richland 294 Ridgeville (Irish Ridge) 320 Sand Bank (Altmar) 206 Sandy Creek 204, 294 Sauquoit 298 Selkirk :: 205 Sherburne -- St. Malachi's 369 Skaneateles -- St. Mary's 147 Skaneateles Falls -- St. Bridget's 148 Smithville Plats 368 Solon -- St. Bridget's 341 Solvay -- St. Cecilia's 109 Split Rock -- St. Peter's 110 Stittville 311 Stockport 359 Summit 359 Sylvan Beach -- St. Mary's 316 Taberg -- St. Patrick's 275 Trenton Palls 311 Truxton -- St. Patrick's 340 Tully -- St. Leo's 154 Vernon Center -- St. Agnes' Verona . . 303 Vienna 316 Waterville -- St. Bernard's 285 West Eaton-- St. Patrick's 327 West Monroe (Little France) 200 West Winfleld 299 Whitesboro -- St. Paul's 309 Whitney Point-- St. Patrick's 362 Williamstown-- St. Patrick's 208 Willowvale -- St. Anthony of Padua 301 Yorkshire 362 Yorkville 311 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Dec. 2005 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111

mild gibberish

e12000610

Galesburg public schools, their history and work, 1861-1911,

Steele, William Lucas

galesburgpublics00ste_djvu.txt

A. M. (Monmouth), Ph. D. (Knox) Their History and Work GALESBURG 1861-1911 1861-1911 W. L. STEELE WILLIAM LUCAS STEELE Published by Board of Education Founder of the GalesburK Public Schools. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS GALESBURG, ILLINOIS: THE CADMUS PRESS ^^^3^ PREFACE. In the autumn of 1909, Mr. Fred R. Jelliff, Chairman of the Program Committee of the Knox County Historical Society, asked the writer to prepare and read a paper on the ciety, asked the writer to prepare and read a paper on the History of the Pubhc Schools of Galesburg before the Society sometime during the following winter. In gathering the material for this purpose it was found that there was enough to terial for this purpose it was found that there was enough to make a paper sufficiently long to be read at one meeting without taking up the history of the schools under their present out taking up the history of the schools under their present organization ; so the paper read at that time was on the "History of the Public Schools from 1840 to 1861." The Society, tory of the Public Schools from 1840 to 1861." The Society, in passing its customary vote of thanks, included in it a request that the writer continue the history down to the present quest that the writer continue the history down to the present time. This request was seconded by the Board of Education at its meeting the following month, on motion of Director Mrs. G. W. Thompson. Accordingly for two years the writer spent most of his vacations and evenings in preparing this work, and he has made no statement of facts without having the best evidence -- which was the original when obtainable -- before him ; there may of course be some clerical errors. fore him ; there may of course be some clerical errors. The regular meeting of the Board of Education in June, 1911, was the fiftieth anniversary of its organization. At the next meeting, held three days later, Mr. L. T. Stone, who was beginning his thirty-fourth year as a member of the Board, realizing the help that a knowledge of those years gave him in meeting the issues of to-day and believing that a complete history of the schools would be of great service to the mem(iii) (iii) iv GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS bers of the Board in the future, moved the adoption of the following: "Resolved, That the Board iof Education request Mr. W. L. Steele, Superintendent of Schools, to pre- quest Mr. W. L. Steele, Superintendent of Schools, to prepare for publication a History of the Public Schools for the pare for publication a History of the Public Schools for the past fifty years, with a statement of the work being done to-day, for present and future reference." The motion prevailed by a unanimous vote. It was his opinion that, as the Board had not published a report for four years, it would be justified in expending the amount necessary to print such a work as its Semi-Centennial Report of the Schools. Thus this work has been prepared in response to a local demand, and the constant endeavor has been not only to preserve the worth-while facts of the past half-century but to serve the worth-while facts of the past half-century but to present them in such a way that they may be readily serviceable to the coming generations. That part which contains "The ble to the coming generations. That part which contains "The Work of the Schools" has been prepared in the same manner regardless of the merits or demerits of the work, though the writer is conscious that it has many of the latter. However, if the schools are to be intelligently and progressively conducted in the future, a knowledge of their condition present ducted in the future, a knowledge of their condition present and past is necessary. It is hoped, therefore, that this record of the Galesburg Public Schools may find among the citizens many readers, as the best interests of the schools are safe only in the keeping of those who have an intelligent knowledge of their mission and their work. W. L. STEELE, November, 1911. Superintendent of Schools. Increase in pdpulatidn, emrdllment INTHE GRADE5,AND IN THE HIGH 5CHDDL, BV DECADES. ^m PDPULATIDN GRADES WM HIGH 5GHDDL Chart showing Increase in Population and School Enrollment. by Decades. *~ "^ *^ a a ^ . be be c w -- 5 ti 'a CQ c _ S o 2 u " -S i! 5 5 -r CM CM 4c c CO O * S 5 .2 iPS on-;: m **- -S **- u O "=* O rt U ^^ t" *" r- V- ^ :> a; o " n cs c > a> C 5 ^ C ^. ^. U. H X C^ 1--1 CM CM CD 5H oc -:r jz ^ < H H CONTENTS CHAPTER I. FIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER, 1861-62. 1. Organization of the Board 1 Committees ; Oflficers ; Re-election of Board members ; Course of study and attendance, 3. 2. Terms of Agreement with the Teachers 4 Second Board meeting ; Private schools and teachers, 4 -- Tuition schools and tuition, 5. tion schools and tuition, 5. 3. Equipment 6 Buildings ; Janitor service, 6. 4. The School Year, Arrangement of Terms and Sessions 6 Length of school year, 6 -- The noon recess, 7. 5. The Teaching Force 7 CHAPTER H. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874. 1. College Influence 8 2. School Buildings and Development of School Property 9 The first schoolhouse; Churchill School; Purchase of site, 10 -Voted to build; Plans adopted, 11-- Bonds for $40,000 voted; Build- Voted to build; Plans adopted, 11-- Bonds for $40,000 voted; Building begun, 12 -- More bonds voted ; Building completed ; Description ing begun, 12 -- More bonds voted ; Building completed ; Description of the building, 13 -- Cost of building, 14 -- Half-day sessions; Present High School site purchased, 15 -- Crisis of 1867, 16 -- Improve- ent High School site purchased, 15 -- Crisis of 1867, 16 -- Improvements made in 1867 ; Fourth Ward school building, 17 -- Board's ments made in 1867 ; Fourth Ward school building, 17 -- Board's relation to City Council, 18 -- Suit against City Council, 19 -- Tax levy of 1872; Fifth Ward school building, 20 -- A strange mistake, 21 -Third Ward site purchased; Janitors; Tree planting, 22 -- Sum- Third Ward site purchased; Janitors; Tree planting, 22 -- Summary of improvements, 23. mary of improvements, 23. 3. The Board and Its Responsibilities 23 All matters referred to the Board; Dissatisfied parents, 23 -Resolution on discipline, 2'4 -- Pupils sometimes expelled ; Teachers Resolution on discipline, 2'4 -- Pupils sometimes expelled ; Teachers come to the Board, 25 -- Noon recess; Examinations, 26 -- Absence of method, 27. (v) vi GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 4. Position of the Superintendent; Regulations for Teachers AND Pupils 28 Powers of the Superintendent, 28 -- Salary of Superintendent; Teachers, their duties, etc., 29-- Salaries of Teachers, 30-- School shortened, 32 -- Payment of salaries; Knox County Institute, 33 -Educational journals; Rules for pupils, 34. Educational journals; Rules for pupils, 34. 5. Course of Study 35 Reading; Arithmetic, 35-- Geography ; Grammar; Spelling, 36 -Miscellaneous branches; Oral instruction; Ten grades below the Miscellaneous branches; Oral instruction; Ten grades below the High School, 37. 6. The High School and the Colleges 38 High School ; Effect of High School on college attendance, 38-Location of the High School; Principals of High School; High Location of the High School; Principals of High School; High School not popular, 39 -- Graduating exercises; Course of study; Literary society, 40-- The third year, 41. 7. The Question of Color 41 First colored school, 41 -- Colored teachers for colored schools ; Simmons street and East Main street colored schools, 42 -- Civil suit threatened ; Huntington's resolution, 43 -- The Willoughby resolution, 44 -- The colored schoolhouses burned, 46. olution, 44 -- The colored schoolhouses burned, 46. 8. Special Schools 46 German school, 46 -- Ungraded school, 47 -- Night school, 48. 9. Special Branches 50 Penmanship, 50 -- Music, 51 -- Mrs. Cooke employed by the Board, 52 -- Supplementary reading ; Churchill resolution on supplementary reading, 53 -- Gymnastics ; Drawing, bookkeeping, etc., 54. 10. Principals 54 Men for principals, 54. 11. Library 55 12. Limitations 56 School age changed to six years ; Tax limit ; Salary paid clerk and treasurer, 56 -- One session a day; Superintendent's report; Number of teachers, 57 -- Changes in the members of the Board of Education, 58. 13. Resignation of Superintendent Roberts 58 Letter of resignation, 59. 14. Summary 60 Tax levies, 61 -- Bonds issued, 62. CHAPTER III. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885. 1. School Buildings in Third, Sixth and Seventh Wards 65 Character of the period, 63 -- A new superintendent employed, 64 -- School buildings ; Third Ward building, 65 -- Origin of second contention, 66 -- Seventh Ward building, 67 -- Sixth Ward building, 68 -- Every section had its new schoolhouse, 69. CONTENTS vii 2. Losses by Fire 69 Buildings burned, 69 -- Fourth Ward schoolhouse burned, 70 -Heating S3'steni changed ; Addition to Fourth Ward, 71. Heating S3'steni changed ; Addition to Fourth Ward, 71. 3. The Board and Its Activities 72 The function of committees, 72 -- Teachers examined, 73 -- Teachers again examined, 75 -- Superintendent's salary; Salaries increased, ers again examined, 75 -- Superintendent's salary; Salaries increased, 76 -- Salaries decreased ; Salaries restored, 77 -- School elections ; Vaccination. 78 -- Examinations ; Complaints, 79 -- Lots sold, 80. 4. Teachers' Meetings and Voluntary Training 80 Teachers' meetings, 80 -- Professor Hamill, 82. 5. Courses of Study 82 Course of study of 1878, 82 -- Reading, 83 -- Arithmetic; Grammar ; Geography ; Spelling, 84 -- -Penmanship ; Drawing ; Course of mar ; Geography ; Spelling, 84 -- -Penmanship ; Drawing ; Course of study of 1884, 85 -- Penmanship ; Drawing, 86 -- Music ; Kindergarten work, 87 -- Text-books adopted, 88 -- Publications, 90. ten work, 87 -- Text-books adopted, 88 -- Publications, 90. 6. Special Schools 90 Night school ; Ungraded school, 90. 7. Special Features of Organization 91 Classification, 91 -- Two dismissals ; Substitutes ; Attendance, 92 -Special features, 93. Special features, 93. 8. Improvements and Alterations 94 Telephones ; City water ; Fire escape ; Other improvements, 94 -Beautifying school grounds; The chapel divided; Religious exer- Beautifying school grounds; The chapel divided; Religious exercises, 95 -- Centennial Exposition ; Fiscal year, 96. cises, 95 -- Centennial Exposition ; Fiscal year, 96. 9. The High School 96 Growth ; Course of study, 96 -- High School preparatory for college, 97 -- Third course of study; Graduation exercises, 98 -- Prizes lege, 97 -- Third course of study; Graduation exercises, 98 -- Prizes to graduates, 99 -- Alumni Association organized, 100. 10. Resignation of Superintendent M. Andrews 101 11. Summary 102 Board of Education ; Growth, 102 -- Tax levies, 103. CHAPTER IV. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911. 1. School Buildings 104 Favorable conditions ; Questions involved, 104 -- Board decides to build a new High School, 105 -- Proposition to divide the $25,000, 106 -- ^The Board makes its first visit to other cities ; Plan of 000, 106 -- ^The Board makes its first visit to other cities ; Plan of the building, 107 -- Changes in the High School ; Selecting a site for a new schoolhouse, 108 -- The Lincoln School ; Naming the schools, 110 -- No more bonds to be issued; New policy as to size of viii GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS buildings adopted, 112 -- An addition made to the Hitchcock School; The disadvantage of pupils changing schools in the fourth and fifth grades, 114 -- Addition to Weston School, 115 -- An addition made to the High School, 116 -- Plans for the addition; Hunt property purchased; Addition made to Bateman School, 118 -- Addition erty purchased; Addition made to Bateman School, 118 -- Addition to Lincoln School, 119 -- Heating plant in High School changed to steam ; Addition made to Douglas School, 120 -- Building the Central Primary, 121 -- The material used ; Other contracts ; The tral Primary, 121 -- The material used ; Other contracts ; The building completed, 122 -- The district found prepared to build a High School, 123 -- Galesburg High School building a pioneer; One hundred thousand dollars voted for a High School building, 124 -Selling of the bonds ; The method of obtaining the plans, 125 -- Selling of the bonds ; The method of obtaining the plans, 125 -Cost of the building, 126 -- Furnishing the building, 127 -- Total cost; Cost of the building, 126 -- Furnishing the building, 127 -- Total cost; A heating plant considered, 128 -- How^ the money was raised, 129 -Building of the heating plant, 130 -- Opening of the High School Building of the heating plant, 130 -- Opening of the High School building; The Farnham School, 131. 2. Other Permanent Improvements 132 Churchill building dry closets, 132 -- Steps brought inside the building; Tower of Churchill School damaged by fire, 133 -- Improvements on Cooke School ; A modern system of ventilating in- provements on Cooke School ; A modern system of ventilating installed in Hitchcock School; Manual training addition made to the stalled in Hitchcock School; Manual training addition made to the High School, 134 -- A smoke consumer for the heating plant ; Improvements made at Douglas School, 135 -- Humidity device in- provements made at Douglas School, 135 -- Humidity device installed in Bateman School ; Addition made to Weston School stalled in Bateman School ; Addition made to Weston School grounds ; Addition made to the Churchill grounds, 136 -- Summary of investments in permanent improvements, 137 -- Schools in buildings other than the property of the Board, 138. ings other than the property of the Board, 138. 3. Protection from Fire 138 Fire escapes, 138 -- Fire drills ; Fires, 139. 4. Music, Drawing and Physical Training 140 Introduction of music, 140 -- Introduction of drawing; Introduction of physical culture, 141. tion of physical culture, 141. 5. The Training School 142 Teachers' Training School organized, 142 -- Plan of the Training School, 143 -- Advantages of the Training School, 144. 6. Methods 145 Reading, 145 -- Supplementary reading; Arithmetic, 146 -- Language, 148 -- Geography and history; Spelling. 149 -- Penmanship, guage, 148 -- Geography and history; Spelling. 149 -- Penmanship, 150 -- Physiology and hygiene; Nature study, 151. 7. The Teachers and Means for their Improvement 152 Teachers' meetings; Educational books studied at these meetings, 152-- -Discussions of the problems of the day reported ; Program furnished by different schools, 153 -- Interesting accounts of journeys given; Addresses by prominent educators of the state, 154 -- neys given; Addresses by prominent educators of the state, 154 -Addresses by the pastors of the city, 155 -- Addresses by physicians ; Addresses by the pastors of the city, 155 -- Addresses by physicians ; Other speakers who addressed these meetings ; University ExtenCONTENTS ix CONTENTS ix sion Lectures ; Grade meetings, 156 -- Teachers' Library ; Central Illinois Teachers' Association, 157 -- Military Tract Educational Association, 158. 8. Pupils and their Special Activities 158 Method of promoting pupils ; Exhibition of school work, 158 -School entertainments, 159-- Teaching patriotism, 160 -- Remember- School entertainments, 159-- Teaching patriotism, 160 -- Remembering the poor on Thanksgiving day; Furnished children's room in ing the poor on Thanksgiving day; Furnished children's room in hospital, 162 -- An act of kindness by the pupils ; Another boy helped ; Benevolences of the High School ; Other collections, 163 -Elxhibition of school w^ork; Work at St. Louis Exposition, 164. Elxhibition of school w^ork; Work at St. Louis Exposition, 164. 9. Text-books 165 Readers used, 165 -- Spelling books ; Histories ; Music books ; Drawing books ; Physiologies, 166 -- Language books ; Arithmetics ; Geographies ; Cop}'^ books ; A rule to govern the change of textbooks ; School apparatus, 167. books ; School apparatus, 167. 10. Administrative Measures 169 Vaccination ; Half-day sessions, 169 -- Flags for the schools ; Parents complain ; Truant officer, 170 -- School nurse ; Resolutions of respect and sympathy, 171 -- Bond issues, 172 -- Land purchased and sold, 173 -- Reports printed ; Reading the Bible in the schools ; Beautifying the school grounds, 174 -- Drinking fountains; Tuition, 175 -- Board of Education rooms, 176 -- Moving Public Library, 177 -The Children's Library and Reading Room ; How the Children's The Children's Library and Reading Room ; How the Children's Library came to be organized, 178 -- Use made of the library, 179. 11. Salaries 179 Salary of the Superintendent of schools, 179 -- Salaries of High School teachers ; Salaries of grade teachers ; Petitions for increase of salaries, 180^ -- Schedule of salaries for grade teachers, 181 -Reason it is difficult to increase salaries of grade teachers ; Jan- Reason it is difficult to increase salaries of grade teachers ; Janitors' salaries; Salar>' of the engineer; Janitors make the repairs, itors' salaries; Salar>' of the engineer; Janitors make the repairs, 182-- A faithful janitor, 183. 12. The High School and Dev'elopment of Its Activities 184 High school changes its function ; English course introduced, 184 -- Second revision of the curriculum ; A fourth year added ; Manual training introduced, 185 -- Work of the department, 186 -The finished product ; Equipment before the fire, 187 -- Equipment The finished product ; Equipment before the fire, 187 -- Equipment after the fire ; Number taking manual training, 188 -- Domestic science introduced. 189 -- How the department of speaking came to be organized, 191 -- Declamatory contests ; Literary societies organized, 192 -- Lincoln Debating Club ; Elizabethan Literary Society, ganized, 192 -- Lincoln Debating Club ; Elizabethan Literary Society, 193 -- The Budget, 194 -- Dramatic Club ; A printing plant purchased, 195 -- The printing plant presented to the Board ; Work done in the print shop ; Expenses of the shop, 196 -- Value of the printing plant; Gregg Shorthand Club; The first history of the High School, 197 -- German Club ; Musical organizations, 198 -- Athletic organizations ; Men teachers, 199 -- Individual instruction ; The study hall plan, 200 -- Causes for the growth of the school, 201 -The significant place of the high school, 202. The significant place of the high school, 202. X GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 13. The Elective System 203 All studies made elective ; Reasons for making the studies elective, 203 -- Form of diploma used; Opposition to elective studies; tive, 203 -- Form of diploma used; Opposition to elective studies; Elective system explained, 204 -- Effects on attendance; Criticism of the three-year course, 205. 14. The Board and Its Experiences 208 Board members faithful, 208 -- Harmony in the Board; Permanency of the Board members, 209 -- Women on the Board of Ed- nency of the Board members, 209 -- Women on the Board of Education; How changes in efficient Boards should be made, 210 -- ucation; How changes in efficient Boards should be made, 210 -Members defeated by the A. P. A. organization, 211. Members defeated by the A. P. A. organization, 211. 15. The Semi-Centennial Celebration 211 Events of the field day; Assistance given by the patrons of the schools, 212 -- Organization of Playground Association; The Reflector; Alumni banquet, 213. flector; Alumni banquet, 213. 16. Summary 215 Tax levies, 216. CHAPTER V. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS: 1840-1861. The first schoolhouse, 217 -- The first teacher ; Location of schoolhouses, 218 -- County records, 219 -- Poverty of the districts, 22(>-- houses, 218 -- County records, 219 -- Poverty of the districts, 22(>-School laws of 1825, 221 -- The school section, 222 -- Amount real- School laws of 1825, 221 -- The school section, 222 -- Amount realized from school section, 223 -- Income from township funds ; Pub- ized from school section, 223 -- Income from township funds ; Public indifference to schools, 224 -- John F. Eberhart, 225 -- Simeon lic indifference to schools, 224 -- John F. Eberhart, 225 -- Simeon Wright, 226-- Attitude of the college; Private schools, 227-- The moneyed interests, 228 -- Jealousy of the district; Conditions opposed to free schools; Professor Churchill, 229 -- Henry Barnard, posed to free schools; Professor Churchill, 229 -- Henry Barnard, 230-- W. S. Baker; Horace Mann, 231-- Silas Willard. 232-- Union graded schools adopted, 233 -- The school charter; Opposition in the legislature, 235 -- Three amendments made; Cause of delay at Springfield, 236 -- Two jokers in the charter; Election denied by council ; School directors elected, 237 -- Union graded schools organized ; Union graded schools opened, 23&-- Mrs. Tryon Precep- ganized ; Union graded schools opened, 23&-- Mrs. Tryon Preceptress ; Subjects taught, 239 -- Closing exercises of the term, 240-- tress ; Subjects taught, 239 -- Closing exercises of the term, 240-The charter adopted, 241 -- Last year of union graded schools; The charter adopted, 241 -- Last year of union graded schools; Advantages of the charter, 242 -- The last battle for free schools, 243. CHAPTER VI. THE CHARTER AND ORGANIZATION. 1. School Charter 245 2. Rules and Regulations 253 Organization, 253 -- Rules of order, 254 -- General regulations, 255 -- Duties of the Superintendent, 256 -- Teachers, 257 -- Pupils. 260 -- Directions for keeping records, 262 -- Janitors, 263-- Rules of the Board of Health, 264. 3. Mr. Lester T. Stone 265 4. Statistics for 1910-1911 267 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER VII. DIRECTORY. 1. Members of the Board of Education 272 2. The Teachers 274 3. High School Alumni 287 CHAPTER VIII. THE WORK OF THE SCHOOLS. 1. Representative Tests in Spelling 331 2. Representative Tests in Arithmetic 338 3. Representative Tests in Language 345 4. Representative Tests in Geography 352 5. Representative Tests in History 356 CHAPTER IX. COURSE OF STUDY. 1. Reading 358 2. Arithmetic 359 3. Language 371 4. Geography # 384 5. History 388 6. Spelling, Penmanship, Physiology 390 7. Music : 391 8. Dravi'ing 393 9. Physical Training 397 10. Manual Training 404 11. Sewing : 406 12. Supplementary Readers 406 13. Teachers' Library 409 14. Text-books used in the Grades 413 15. High School Course of Study 414 16. Text-books used in the High School 420 17. Value of the Subjects Taught in the High School 422 18. Training School -- Course of Study 441 Index 445 ILLUSTRATIONS. George Churchill Frontispiece FACING PAGB Chart Showing Increase in Population and School Enrollment, BY Decades v ment, BY Decades v R. B. Guild 1 First Board of Education 4 Junius B. Roberts 8 The Representatives of the First Ward 32 The Representatives of the Second Ward 48 Matthev^ Andrews 63 The Representatives of the Third Ward 80 W. L. Steele, in 1885 104 Buildings used by the High School 124 High School 124 The Representatives of the Fourth Ward 140 The Representatives of the Fifth Ward 160 Public Library 176 The Representatives of the Sixth Ward 184 Principals of High School 200 Board of Education, in 191 1 , 208 W. L. Steele, in 1911 216 The Representatives of the Seventh Ward 236 Farnham School 244 Lester T. Stone , 265 Central School, Churchill School ^^^ Hitchcock School 286 Lincoln School , 328 Weston School 260 Douglas School ^deg^ Cooke School ^^ Bateman School ^^' (xii) R. B. GUILD Superintendent of Schools CHAPTER I. FIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER: 1861-62 1. Organization of tlie Board. 2. Terms of Agrreement with tiie Teacliers. 3. Equipment. 4. Tlie Scliool Year. Arrangement of Terms and Sessions. 5. The Teaching Force. 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD. The Board of Education of Galesburg School District was organized under the present School Charter, June 11, 1861. Thus the present school system has been in operation fifty years. As special interest always attaches to the beginnings of an institution that has become important and ginnings of an institution that has become important and permanent, an entire chapter will be given to recording the events of the first year. There were twenty-four meetings of the Board this year. Here is the verbatim record of the first meeting: Office of City Council Galesburg, June 11, 1861. The following named persons having been duly elected to the office of School Directors of "Galesburg School District," in the City of Galesburg, in the County of Knox, and State of Illinois, on the 3rd day of June, 1861, met at the office of the City Council on the 11th day of June, 1861. Mayor Knowles being President of said "Board of Education" being present. There were also present : Chauncy S. Colton, director for 1st ward. Edwin Post, director for 2nd ward. David Sanborn, director for 3rd ward. Geo. H. Ward, director for 4th ward. Clement Leach, Jr., director for 5th ward. R. P. Sage, director for 6th ward, who severally took the oath of office as prescribed by the Charter and took their seats in the "Board of Education." (1) 2 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS On motion it was voted that the members of the Board of Education proceed now to draw for the term of time each shall serve, when cation proceed now to draw for the term of time each shall serve, when Chauncy S. Colton drew for 3 years. Edwin Post drew for 3 years. David Sanborn drew for 2 years. R. P. Sage drew for 2 years. Clement Leach, Jr. drew for 1 year. Geo. H. Ward drew for 1 year. When on motion it was voted that each director shall have the charge and care of the school rooms and school property in his ward during "vacation." On motion Messrs. Leach and Sanborn were appointed a committee to prepare a code of by-laws for the Regulation of the Board mittee to prepare a code of by-laws for the Regulation of the Board to be submitted. And then on motion the Board adjourned to meet at the call of the President. W. A. Wood, Clerk The committee appointed to draft rules and regulations for the government of the Board made its report at the fifth meeting of the Board, July 15th. It was adopted without change or dissent. The principal provisions of this report are as follows : 1st. The members of the Board of Education shall meet and organize each year on the second Monday in June. 2nd. At the first, or some ensuing meeting, soon after the organization of the Board, the following standing committees shall be ganization of the Board, the following standing committees shall be appointed, to-wit : First, a committee on school buildings, grounds, furniture and supplies, consisting of four members. Second, a committee on textbooks, rules and regulations, consisting of two mem- mittee on textbooks, rules and regulations, consisting of two members. Third, an auditing committee, consisting of two members. bers. Third, an auditing committee, consisting of two members. Fourth, an examining committee, consisting of two members of the Board, two citizens chosen by the Board and the Principal, three of whom must be present at each examination of teachers and three of whose names must be appended to each certificate of examination. 3rd. The Board shall hold its meetings on the second Monday in each month unless otherwise ordered by a majority of the Board. A special meeting may be called at any time on the request of any two members, left with the Secretary. 4th. The meetings being called to order by the President, or one appointed President pro tern, the order of business shall be: 1. Reading the minutes of the last meeting by the Clerk. 2. Reports of Committees. FIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER: 1861-62 3 3. Petitions and communications. 4. Reports and suggestions by the Principal. 5. Miscellaneous and unfinished business. With the exception of the provision for the examination of teachers, these rules have remained unchanged to the present day. The first committee appointed under these rules, July 30th, was the Examining Committee. It consisted commitof Prof. A. Hurd, Prof. Isaac A. Parker, C. Leach, **^- of Prof. A. Hurd, Prof. Isaac A. Parker, C. Leach, **^Jr., R. P. Sage, and the Principal of the Schools. At the Jr., R. P. Sage, and the Principal of the Schools. At the same meeting Chauncy S. Colton and David Sanborn were, on motion, made a standing Auditing Committee. The other committees were not appointed until October 8th. The first clerk was W. A. Wood and he was required to take the oath of office. The first treasurer, B. F. Officers. Holcomb, was required to give a bond, the amount of which was twelve thousand dollars. At the close of the year the clerk was allowed fifty dollars for his services and the treasurer was allowed ten dollars. There was but one change in the membership of the Board this year (which has been the average for j^,^i^_ the last 25 years) and that was due to the resigna- b^"^^' tion of Mr. Clement Leach, Jr. The City Council Members. filled the vacancy by electing Dr. I. N. Candee. At the election in June, George H. Ward of the Fourth Ward and Dr. I. tion in June, George H. Ward of the Fourth Ward and Dr. I. N. Candee of the Fifth Ward were unanimously re-elected. It often happens that in looking up a matter the most important item cannot be found ; so it is in this bourse of case; there is no record of what subjects were it'tend-'*^ taught. It is true that Principal Guild reported *'**'^to the Board, October 8, 1861, a course of study, which was to the Board, October 8, 1861, a course of study, which was adopted and placed on file and marked "A," but the entire files of the Board for the first two years are missing. What is stranger still, there are no files preserved of any newspapers published in Galesburg from 1860 to 1870; at least, if pers published in Galesburg from 1860 to 1870; at least, if there are, they are private property, probably lying in some 4 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS garret waiting to be destroyed. Neither is there any record of the number of pupils that attended the schools. In September, 1862, there were 777 pupils enrolled in all the tember, 1862, there were 777 pupils enrolled in all the schools. Judging from this, one would be justified in saying that there were between 700 and 800 pupils enrolled the first year. 2. TERMS OF AGREEMENT WITH THE TEACHERS. At the second meeting of the Board the salary of the "Principal of the Graded Schools" was fixed at Second Board seven hundred dollars for the year : salaries of the Meeting. *' lady teachers ' m the High School at six dollars per week, and of all other teachers at five dollars per week. Mr. R. B. Guild was then elected to the "post of Principal of the Graded Schools for the coming year." The other teachers were chosen in the latter part of July. The teachers appointed were subject to an examination by the Examining Committee and to the direction of the Board as to the positions they should hold in the schools; and the Board re- sitions they should hold in the schools; and the Board reserved the right to terminate the contract at its discretion. served the right to terminate the contract at its discretion. This last clause was not merely a form, for the records show that a committee of two directors was appointed to visit the schools and was given the power to dismiss any of the teachers who, in their judgment, might not be needed. Private schools were still at this time a factor to be conPrivate sidcrcd. Mr. A. E. Blunt, who had such a school Private sidcrcd. Mr. A. E. Blunt, who had such a school and**" * in the city, was paid $35 for his school furniture and "given charge of the Grammar Department and the Superintendence of the schools in the Colton Buildings" at a salary of $55 per month. ings" at a salary of $55 per month. Mrs. Carney, who had formerly taught in the Boston schools and was the author of that exquisite gem of poetry, "Little Drops of Water," was also conducting a private school at this time. A petition signed by thirty-five citizens was presented to the Board, asking that she be taken into the graded schools; but no action was taken on the petition. C. S. COTTON ED'.Viri POST " "DAVID SANBORN DAVID SANBORN f|# GEO. H. WARD i. CLEMENT LEACH. J^ R. P. SAGE FIRST HOARD OF EDUCATION Organized, June 11, 1861. FIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER: 1861-62 PS At its fourth and fifth meetings the Board had attempted, without success, to fix a rate of tuition Tuition tempted, without success, to fix a rate of tuition Tuition to be charged all resident pupils ;* but, from the and"* * resolution adopted ten days before the close of the spring term, it would seem that the Board still had a liking for the old subscription school in which they themselves had received their elementary education. The resolution reads as follows : "That Mr. Guild open a tuition school in the Academy on the 21st day of April for one term of ten weeks, and to charge and collect $1.50 in advance from each scholar attending, without distinction of age or study ; and that the Clerk cause an advertisement accordingly to be inserted in the Galesburg Democrat." Principal Guild was serted in the Galesburg Democrat." Principal Guild was the only teacher not employed by the week. He was employed for the year, and consequently had sufficient time to ployed for the year, and consequently had sufficient time to teach another term of ten weeks, which he did. For this he received $67.50 in tuition, which amount was charged to him and applied on his salary. According to the state law the Board had already conducted free schools a sufficient number of days to enable it to draw the state fund ; so there could be no objection to tuition schools on this account. At this meeting the Board appears to have inaugurated a system of tuition schools for the vacation period. A committee tem of tuition schools for the vacation period. A committee was appointed to "rent such rooms in the Colton Building to Mr. Blount during vacation as they deem right, also to rent the upper rooms in the Academy to such female teachers as they can agree with on terms." The subscription ers as they can agree with on terms." The subscription schools for the long vacation, thus begun by the Board, continued for years, but finally becoming an annoyance to the tinued for years, but finally becoming an annoyance to the Board it refused to rent rooms for such a purpose or to employ any one as teacher who taught such a school. The tuition for pupils outside of the district was made the same as that charged by the academic department of Knox college, except for the primary department, and here it was fixed at $2.50 per quarter. ♦️See page 243. 6 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 3. EQUIPMENT. At the first meeting it was necessary for the Board to rent some buildings for school purposes. Knox Academy, on the north side of the Public Square, was leased from the Trustees of Knox College, for a term of three years, at the rate of $316.66 per year. The Colton building, on the west side of the Square and north of Main street, was rented for $550 per year from C. S. Colton. These two buildings provided eight schoolrooms -- four rooms each. From S. Mitchelson was rented a schoolroom on Seminary street, south of the depot, at $6 per month. The other five rooms -- for there were fourteen schoolrooms this year -- were the property of the Board, having been built previous to the union of the school districts in 1858. These schoolhouses were all situated south of the center of Main street ; one on East Main street, one on West Simmons, another on Monmouth Boulevard, one on Tompkins street, other on Monmouth Boulevard, one on Tompkins street, where the Baptist Church now stands, and the Depot School, on the northwest corner of Chambers and First streets. There was no schoolhouse in the north part of the city. The school desks with which it was necessary to furnish some of these buildings cost $4 each -- double the price nish some of these buildings cost $4 each -- double the price of to-day. One man did the janitor work for both the Academy and Janitor ^^^ Colton buildiug, for which services he received Service. ^^5 ^ month. The janitors for the other six schoolhouses were boys who were paid from twenty-five cents to thirty-seven and one-half cents per week. The tax levy for the year, made at the September meetTaxes, ing, was forty cents on each one hundred dollars. Taxes, ing, was forty cents on each one hundred dollars. 4. THE SCHOOL YEAR, ARR/\NGEMENT OF TERMS AND SESSIONS. The number of weeks the school should be kept open was a matter of uncertainty during the entire year, and licngrth of . , * , , , ^ r 1 i-, j School It was decided term by term. At nrst the Board Tear voted to open the schools the first Monday of SepFIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER: 1861-62 7 FIRST YEAR UNDER THE CHARTER: 1861-62 7 tember but later decided, for reasons not recorded, to open them the second Monday of October. At the December meeting it was voted to close the schools the Friday before Christmas for a vacation of two weeks, and to begin a new term of ten weeks on the first Monday of January, 1862. At the February meeting it was voted to extend the present term for an additional four weeks. The length of the noon recess seems to have given some trouble. At one meeting of the Board it was ^j^^ ^^^^ voted that the noon recess at the Central School """"""* should be one hour and at the outside schools at the discretion of the teacher. This was in December. At the Jan- tion of the teacher. This was in December. At the January meeting it was voted, "The 'noon recess' shall be thirty uary meeting it was voted, "The 'noon recess' shall be thirty minutes." 5. THE TEACHING FORCE. The roll of the teachers for this year was as follows : Mr. R. B. Guild, Principal and Superintendent. Miss A. E. Smith, Assistant to Mr. Guild -- Academy. Miss Mary Cole, Academy (up-stairs). Miss Mary Everest, Academy (up-stairs). Miss A. E. Tilden, Academy (rear room). Mr. a. E. Blunt, Principal, Colton Building. Miss Kingsberry, Assistant to Mr. Blunt, Colton Building. Miss Emma Field, Colton Building, (up-stairs). Miss Sarah Barnes, Colton Building, (up-stairs). Miss Mary Allen West, Colton Building, (lower south room). Mrs. R. K. Colby, Blanchard School. Miss I. L. Henshaw, Tompkins Street. Miss Jennie McMillen, Depot School. Miss Sabrina Lanphere, Churchill School. Miss Ermina Finch, Brick School. Miss M. I. Strong, Monmouth Street School. Mrs. Gross, Teacher of Writing, All the Schools. CHAPTER II. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 1. College Influence. 2. School Buildings and Development of School Property. 3. The Board and Its Responsibilities. 4. Position of the Superintendent; Regulations for Teachers and Pupils. 5. Course of Study. 6. The High School and the Colleges. 7. The Question of Color. 8. Special Schools. 9. Special Branches. 10. Principals. H. Li- brary. 12. Limitations. 13. Resignation of Superintendent Roberts. 14. Summary. 1. COLLEGE INFLUENCE. This period of twelve years extends from June 30, 1862, to July 1, 1874. It covers the time when the schools were largely under the control of the two colleges. The Board of Education during these years was, to a great extent, composed of men who were ardent friends of one or tent, composed of men who were ardent friends of one or other of the colleges. In its membership were always to be found trustees or members of the faculties of these institutions; the man who served as Superintendent of Schools tions; the man who served as Superintendent of Schools during these years was, when he was appointed to the position, a tutor in Knox College ; in short, college domination sition, a tutor in Knox College ; in short, college domination was complete. This was natural and it was right. It was natural, because when the organization of a free school system was first agitated there was a strong feeling among tem was first agitated there was a strong feeling among many of the friend's of the colleges that the public schools would in some way be antagonistic to their favorite institution. Under such circumstances it was natural that the tion. Under such circumstances it was natural that the schools should be placed under a control that was at least friendly to the colleges. It was right, because the town in the first place was a distinctly educational enterprise; in those days it was the college first and other matters afterward. When the common schools were organized who ward. When the common schools were organized who should be more interested in them and know better how (8) JUNIUS B. ROBERTS Superintendent of Schools 1862-1871 PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 9 they should be conducted than the men who were devoting their lives to the cause of education? 2. SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL PROPERTY. The first great problem that confronted the Board of Education was the building of schoolhouses. Galesburg was then a city of six thousand inhabitants, with an actual school enrollment for that year of 1,264 pupils. It had practically no school buildings. It is true the district owned six tically no school buildings. It is true the district owned six one-room schoolhouses, but they were built in the days of the independent school districts and were now unfit for school purposes and were of no money value; indeed The Free Democrat, a local paper, advised the districts in 1858 to sell these buildings for coal houses. To appreciate the magnitude of this undertaking the conditions of that time must be understood. The people who were called upon to replace these schoolhouses were the same persons who had for years fought the introduction of any system of free schools. Now they were asked not merely to make provision for the actual growth of the city, as the people of to- vision for the actual growth of the city, as the people of today are required to do, but to provide at once school build- day are required to do, but to provide at once school buildings for a city of six thousand population. It should also be ings for a city of six thousand population. It should also be remembered that these people had never experienced any of the benefits of free schools; they themselves had been educated in private or select schools ; they had paid for their cated in private or select schools ; they had paid for their own education and were inclined to regard the free school as a sort of charitable institution. It is not strange that this idea thus ingrained in the life of the people continued to some extent for years. It is not surprising that a wave of opposition swept over the community when one schoolhouse costing sixty thousand dollars was no sooner com- house costing sixty thousand dollars was no sooner completed than two more were projected. How different has pleted than two more were projected. How different has been the development of the free school system in the newer sections of our country ! There, when a town was founded, the public school was started ; it was thus made from the 10 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS first an organic part of the civic institutions; and it was supported by people who themselves had been educated in the ported by people who themselves had been educated in the public school and believed in it. In comparing the school buildings and grounds of Galesburg, even to-day, with those of a western city of like size, it would be manifestly unfair to the memory of the people of that day as well as to ourselves not to take into consideration the difference in the selves not to take into consideration the difference in the fundamental conditions. The first schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1862. It was located in the Fourth Ward, southeast of The First ' School- the depot, on the corner of Chambers and First house. Streets. It was built by Silas Horton and cost four hundred and thirty-five dollars. This was certainly a modest beginning for the Board of Education, not one calculated to alarm the conservative element ; yet the money culated to alarm the conservative element ; yet the money that paid for it had to be borrowed at twelve per cent interest. This building was called the Depot School, and it evi- est. This building was called the Depot School, and it evidently took the place of one that had been there for years. dently took the place of one that had been there for years. The next summer the Tompkins Street schoolhouse that stood where the Baptist Church now stands, was moved and placed on the same lot with the Depot School. The building of the Churchill School, originally called Churchill ^^^ High School, was the great event of this School. period. It was the fulfillment of the dream of the independent districts when they voted in 1858 to unite. It was an imposing building for that day, comparing favorably with Knox College on the south and Lombard University on the east, and costing about the same as each of these buildings dedicated to higher education. Its construction may rightly be considered as one of the great events in the history of Galesburg, since it caused the common schools to be recognized as one of the public and important institutions of the city. tions of the city. At the January meeting of the Board in 1863, on motion Purchase deg^ ^^- #'#* ^- Candcc, a committee was appointed to of Site. inquire into the expediency of erecting a new PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 11 building. As a result of this action Mrs. Silas Willard offered to donate to the Board all the land she owned oppo- fered to donate to the Board all the land she owned opposite the Willard house and fronting on Main and Cham- site the Willard house and fronting on Main and Chambers streets, provided the Board would build thereon re- bers streets, provided the Board would build thereon respectable school buildings. This proposition was accepted, spectable school buildings. This proposition was accepted, but at the May meeting the Moshier lot, twelve rods square, on the southwest corner of Broad and Simmons streets, was purchased for two thousand dollars. On this lot were a house and stable which were sold for one hundred and seventy-five dollars. In the following year the Board showed its wisdom in buying of John B. Colton, for five hundred dollars, two lots adjoining this property on the west and fronting on Cedar street. It is unfortunate that this policy was not pursued by the Board, as opportunity presented, until it owned the entire block. Professor George Churchill became a member of the Board in June, 1863, an important event to the y^^^^^ ^^ schools of the city. At the September meeting it B""*' was voted, on motion of Professor Churchill, to proceed immediately to erect a new building on the Moshier lot, to be mediately to erect a new building on the Moshier lot, to be completed by September, 1864. The following resolution was passed at the October meeting, on motion of David Sanborn, "That the President and Clerk of the Board advertise for a loan of $15,000 to $20,000 for the purpose of erect- tise for a loan of $15,000 to $20,000 for the purpose of erecting a suitable central school building for the use of the ing a suitable central school building for the use of the graded schools." Professor Churchill and Superintendent Roberts presented at a meeting of the Board in January, 1864, pj^j^^ sented at a meeting of the Board in January, 1864, pj^j^^ complete plans for a school building. These plans Adopted. had been drawn by G. P. Randall, a prominent school architect of Chicago, and they were adopted, provided the build- itect of Chicago, and they were adopted, provided the building would not cost over $20,000. It turned out, as such ing would not cost over $20,000. It turned out, as such projects usually do, that the building could not be completed for that amount ; and, as a result, the new school pleted for that amount ; and, as a result, the new school building was delayed one year. 12 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS It was found that not twenty thousand, but forty thousand dollars, would be required for the proposed sand dollars, would be required for the proposed Bonds for . . ^ f f f4o,ooo. new buildinof. After this shock some time elapsed Voted. * ^ before anyone had the courage to move in the matter, but all realized that a crisis was rapidly approaching. The people, who for nearly a decade had been asking ing. The people, who for nearly a decade had been asking for that central school building, so glowingly pictured and so strongly recommended by Horace Mann, in his address delivered in the old First Church, were becoming impatient ; the leases on the old Academy and the Colton build- tient ; the leases on the old Academy and the Colton building on the Public Square, which had thus far furnished more ing on the Public Square, which had thus far furnished more than half the rooms for the schools of the district, would expire the following year; and the Board knew that these pire the following year; and the Board knew that these leases could not be renewed. Something must be done. Accordingly the Board, on motion of David Sanborn, decided, cordingly the Board, on motion of David Sanborn, decided, September 26, 1864, to submit to the voters of the city a proposition to issue bonds to the amount of $40,000 for the purpose of building a new schoolhouse. Now comes the surprise. The election was held November 21st, and there were 947 votes cast in favor of the bond issue to 16 against it. These bonds were issued by the City Council, in such amounts and at such times as requested by the Board of Education. This was the beginning of a practice that later involved the Board in a suit with the City Council to determine to what extent, if any, the City Council could pass termine to what extent, if any, the City Council could pass upon the actions of the Board of Education. The first issue of these bonds was for $10,000, the time being three to five years and the rate of interest ten per cent. Everything now moved along smoothly. The plans of Building Architect Randall, somewhat modified, were Begun. adopted by the Board on February 15, 1865, and he was paid $600 for them. Directors Ward, Sanborn, Reed and Churchill were made a special Building Committee to have charge of the construction of the building. The tee to have charge of the construction of the building. The work was all done by the day except the plastering, which was let by contract to R. C. Haines for $1,400. H. D. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 13 Bancroft was employed to superintend the stone and brick work at four dollars a day, and Joshua P. Chapman to superintend the carpenter work at three dollars and a half a day. intend the carpenter work at three dollars and a half a day. The wages of each of these men was later increased fifty cents a day. The amount paid for superintending- the construction of this building was about $2,000. The brick struction of this building was about $2,000. The brick used in the building were made in the Johnson Brick Yard in the west part of the city and cost ten dollars a thousand. After the work on the building had been going on for about a year, it was discovered that the $40,000 received from the sale of the bonds voted in 1864 Bonds would not be sufficient to complete the building itself, to say nothing of the heating apparatus and furniture required. There was nothing for the Board to do but to ask the people to vote more bonds. Accordingly an election was called for October 13, 1866, to vote on the proposition to issue bonds to the amount of $10,000, for the purpose of finishing the new school building. At this election there were only twenty-two votes cast, and they were all in favor of issuing the bonds. The building was heated by furnaces, and a system of ventilation was installed which was said at the Building time to be perfect. Dr. J. V. N. Standish, who pieted. was elected a member of the Board in June, 1864, was made chairman of the special committee that selected and purchased the furniture for the building. The last days of 1866 chased the furniture for the building. The last days of 1866 saw the new building completed, and on the first Monday of 1867 the schools quietly took possession of it. The people took great pride in the new building, and they were justified in doing so. It had been wise- upgj.ri". ly, honestly and well built. It was both a credit *^^ "' and an ornament to the city. The State Teachers' BuddingAssociation showed its appreciation of what had been done Association showed its appreciation of what had been done in Galesburg for public education, by holding its annual meeting for 1867 in the new building. The building was named the High School, when perhaps a more appropriate 14 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS name would have been Central School. It had ten rooms furnished with sixty-three desks each, two recitation rooms, and a "chapel;" the last occupying the east half of the third floor. It thus provided more schoolrooms than the Board had ever rented at one time in the central part of the city, and they were so superior to the rented ones that a comparison cannot be made. There was only one serious mis- parison cannot be made. There was only one serious mistake made in the building, and that was in the heating and take made in the building, and that was in the heating and ventilating apparatus. The furnaces never warmed the building sufficiently in cold weather, and they were a constant source of annoyance and expense until they were re- stant source of annoyance and expense until they were replaced by a system of steam heat. As to the system of ven- placed by a system of steam heat. As to the system of ventilation that was then pronounced "perfect," it is generally tilation that was then pronounced "perfect," it is generally believed to-day that little was known about ventilation at that time. On the records of the Board is spread the following incost of formation in regard to the cost of construction, cost of formation in regard to the cost of construction, Buuding. which is of interest to the people of to-day : Cash paid for lumber, nails, slate roofing, and all other materials used by J. P. Chapman, and for labor under the department of carpenter and joiners' work $27,872.38 Cash paid for stone and brick and labor used by H. D. Bancroft, and for all labor and material used in his department of stone and brick work 19,458.20 partment of stone and brick work 19,458.20 Cash paid Randall, Architect 600.00 Cash paid Fuller, Warren & Co. for furnaces 2,100.00 Cash paid R. C. Haines for plastering 1,400.00 Cash paid Perry & Knights for gas fixtures 325.67 Cash paid McNeely for bell 462.32 Cash paid A. H. Andrews for school furniture 2,986.00 Cash paid J. H. Knapp for slating for blackboards 135.00 Cash paid Henry Jerauld for filling up lot 80.00 Cash paid for freight on furniture and bell 296.87 Total cost $55,716.44 To this was added in July of the same year for fence and improvements by Boyd and others 1,053.47 To this also should be added the cost of the land 2,500.00 This makes the total cost $59,269.91 PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 IS There is quite a difference between this sum and $20,000, the amount originally intended to be placed in the building. The present High School, which cost nearly twice as much as this building, was completed for about fifteen per cent more than the original estimate. As already stated, the leases on the old Academy and Colton building expired in June, 1865. For four ^^^^ ^ years these two buildings had provided accommo- sessions, dations for about half the pupils in the city. What provisions were made for these pupils during the next year and a ions were made for these pupils during the next year and a half, or until the new building was completed, is a matter of interest. For a part of the time two rooms were rented in the old Post Office building on Broad street, opposite the present Central Church ; after these were given up, a room on the Public Square was rented; the old Baptist Church building, situated where the present High School stands, was purchased and fitted up for school purposes. In these buildings and in the Simmons Street School, formerly called the Blanchard School, were held, from September, 1865, to January, 1867, two distinct schools each day, one division of the pupils attending in the morning and the other in the afternoon. Some of the teachers taught half the day, while others taught all the day and received additional pay. ditional pay. It was during this time that the present High School site was acquired. When the Board purchased the old Baptist Church building in 1864 for $1,100, High the Baptist Society refused to sell the ground ; site Purhowever, in August, 1865, the Board succeeded in however, in August, 1865, the Board succeeded in securing the land by a trade, giving lots seven and eight, where the present Baptist Church stands, and a U. S. bond for $500 in exchange for lots nine and ten, the present High School site. In this trade the Baptist Society considered it received $2,500 for its property. ered it received $2,500 for its property. 16 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The annual school election of 1867 was the crisis of this Crisis of period ; it was more ; it was a crisis in the history 1867. Qf ^hg Galesburg Public Schools. The whole trend of school affairs was changed by it. It is only in recent years that its blighting effect has not been felt. The cent years that its blighting effect has not been felt. The two outgoing members were candidates for re-election. The following proposition was also submitted to the voters at the same election: "To allow the Board of Education to raise the sum of ten thousand dollars, by loan or taxation, for the purpose of building two new school buildings, repairing and fitting up old ones, furnishing the new hall, and pairing and fitting up old ones, furnishing the new hall, and improving the grounds." The candidates of the Board were defeated by a vote of 386 to 122, and the proposition to borrow $10,000 by a vote of 412 to 94. This crushing defeat of row $10,000 by a vote of 412 to 94. This crushing defeat of the Board was caused probably not so much by what it had done in the past as from fear of what it might do in the future. It was certainly not wisdom on the part of the Board ture. It was certainly not wisdom on the part of the Board to ask for more money for building purposes at that time, and the wording of the proposition could not possibly have been worse. It invited defeat. The position of the Board was this : it had provided excellent accommodations for half the pupils of the city, and this made the other half all the more urgent in their demands for suitable school buildings; they were in sore need of them; there could be no ings; they were in sore need of them; there could be no question about that ; and in their sincere desire to do justice to all, the Board submitted the question to a vote, ignoring all expediency in the case. The people had just completed the first school building, and it had placed upon them a debt of $50,000. This fact should have been recognized as being a sufficient reason for giving the people some time to rest. The defeat of this just but ill-timed demand for more school buildings immediately would have been a matter of small importance, had it not produced a condition that made good schoolhouses impossible when the time did come for building them. The character of the ward schools that were ing them. The character of the ward schools that were afterwards built makes this point sufficiently clear. The PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 17 men who built the High School, would never have put up the ward schools that were built in the next ten years. The effect of this election was felt not only in the kind of schoolhouses that were built, but also among the citizens in a houses that were built, but also among the citizens in a growing dissatisfaction with the character of the work done in the schools. Before this calendar year had closed it seemed necessary to the Board to vote a resolution of confidence in the Superintendent of Schools, which was done dence in the Superintendent of Schools, which was done unanimously, on the motion of Director Henry R. Sanderson. However, a committee of five persons, not members of son. However, a committee of five persons, not members of the Board, was appointed at the request of the Superintendent to make a personal visitation and examination of the ent to make a personal visitation and examination of the schools and to report to the Board their condition and progress. ress. In the summer of 1867 an addition was made to the brick schoolhouse on East Main street, together i^ppo^e. with some repairs upon it. The job cost $206. ^|Se*in A lot on the southwest corner of Kellogg and ^*®️'Losey streets was purchased of S. M. Cox for $850. The Losey streets was purchased of S. M. Cox for $850. The Tryon schoolhouse with its fixtures was bought for $500 and placed on this lot. A special committee was appointed to find a suitable lot in the Fourth Ward for a new school building. These were the improvements and additional accommodations provided this year. commodations provided this year. At the November meeting of the Board in 1868 a special committee which had been appointed in July pre- jr"n,th vious, on motion of Henry R. Sanderson, to select l^^ooi locations for new schoolhouses in the Fourth Building, Ward and the Fifth Ward, recommended a lot, ten by twelve rods, on the southeast corner of Mulberry street and Allen's avenue as a desirable site for a new schoolhouse in the Fourth Ward. The lot thus recommended was purchased at this meeting for $1,550. ommended was purchased at this meeting for $1,550. In May, 1869, J. P. Chapman was employed to make plans for a four-room brick building. The contract for the construction of this building was let to M. D. Billings for struction of this building was let to M. D. Billings for 18 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS $8,800. It was supplied with stoves at a cost of $241.50 and the furniture cost $1,553.12. Lightning rods were placed on this building by J. W. Smith at twenty-five cents a foot and three dollars a point. This custom of placing lightning rods on the schoolhouses was continued until 1904. The total cost of the Fourth Ward School, including lot, building, furniture and heating, was $12,144.62. School was opened in it, January 10, 1870, just three years after the opening of the High School. After the Fourth Ward building was completed the Board seriously entertained the proposition to sell a part of the school lot. The matter was referred to the Finance Committee with power to act. This action is in striking contrast to that of the Board that purchased the Moshier lot in 1863 for the High School. It required three years of agitation to get the Fourth Board's Ward building which provided four schoolrooms, j^^city" ^"^ '^ tdegdeg^ three years more to get another fourcoancu. room building in the Fifth Ward. During these coancu. room building in the Fifth Ward. During these six years all the school buildings were overcrowded; the few tuition pupils were refused admission, and half-day sessions for the primary grades were resorted to. One cause of this delay in erecting new buildings was due, no doubt, to the fact that the Board of Education had become involved in a suit with the City Council to determine the Board's right to raise money for school purposes. The Board of Education early formed the habit of appointing, annually, a committee to wait on the City Council and request it to levy a tax for the running expenses of the schools quest it to levy a tax for the running expenses of the schools and to issue bonds for building schoolhouses. Naturally, under these circumstaiices the City Council was not long in coming to think that it was the guardian of the Board of Education. As might be expected, a body of men, elected for an entirely different purpose and having nothing to do with the conducting of the schools except to share the public funds with them when requested, would sooner or later lic funds with them when requested, would sooner or later come to the conclusion that the schools were calling for too PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 19 much money, and that it was necessary to exercise their right of guardianship. The following is a good illustration of the attitude of the Board of Education towards the City Council in those days : "Galesburg, 111., Feby 13, 1871. "The Board of Education would respectfully represent to the Honorable Mayor and City Council of the City of Galesburg that the present school accommodations of the Third and Fifth Wards are entirely inadequate to meet the necessities of the case. The Third Ward has one schoolhouse with seats for seventy-two pupils, while the number who ought at the present time to be received there without anticipating future increase, is two hundred and fourteen. In the Fifth Ward the case is still worse. Two hundred pu- teen. In the Fifth Ward the case is still worse. Two hundred pupils of the primary and intermediate grades require accommoda- pils of the primary and intermediate grades require accommodations here, while there is at present room for but forty -- and that in tions here, while there is at present room for but forty -- and that in a building which for years has with difficulty been kept from falling to pieces of its own weight. A part of these scholars are now received in the High School building, thus crowding it to excess and ceived in the High School building, thus crowding it to excess and overtaxing the teachers. In view of these facts, the Board of Education respectfully request the Common Council to submit to the cation respectfully request the Common Council to submit to the voters of Galesburg at the approaching Charter election, a proposition to vote the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) for the sition to vote the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) for the purpose of building two schoolhouses, one in the Third Ward and one in the Fifth Ward, similar to the one recently completed in the Fourth Ward of this city." The City Council granted the above petition and submitted to the voters at the city election the prop- ^^^ mitted to the voters at the city election the prop- ^^^ osition of raising twenty thousand dollars for new cuy*"** school buildings by a special school tax. There EUR;<>"*"""* were 583 votes cast in favor of the special tax to 398 against it, but the Council refused to canvass the vote. The Board petitioned the Council to canvass the vote, but it still refused to do so. The Board then asked the Council to submit fused to do so. The Board then asked the Council to submit the question to arbitration. Judge C. B. Lawrence, a member of the Supreme Court and a resident of the city, to be ber of the Supreme Court and a resident of the city, to be the arbitrator. This, also, the Council declined to do. The Board again came to the City Council and petitioned it to 20 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court, but it was of no avail. The City Council would do nothing in the matter. The Board of Education, as a result, was compelled to resort to other measures. It presented to the City Council in sort to other measures. It presented to the City Council in June, 1871, a tax levy of $28,000 for all school purposes for the coming year. This levy the Council refused to make, whereupon the Board brought suit in the Circuit Court, the result of which, after a jury trial to determine the facts, was a peremptory mandamus issued by Judge A. A. Smith, commanding the City Council to make the tax levy. The case was promptly appealed by the city to the Supreme Court. A different course was pursued with the tax levy of Tax Levy 1872. The Board of Education, on its own acof 1872. count, submitted to the voters of the city, July of 1872. count, submitted to the voters of the city, July 29th, a proposition to authorize it to raise $13,000 as a special school tax. There were 192 votes cast in favor of this cial school tax. There were 192 votes cast in favor of this proposition to 151 against it. A tax of $26,000 for all school purposes was levied this year. The change in the revenue law of 1872 made the point at issue in the case pending in the Supreme Court a matter of no further interest to the Board of Education, and it was accordingly dismissed by the city on the understanding that the Board would not exercise the rights granted by the mandamus. Thus ended the ercise the rights granted by the mandamus. Thus ended the litigation that had extended through fifteen months. At the first regular meeting of the Board after the spep,jf," cial tax of $13,000 had been authorized by the elec- p,jf," cial tax of $13,000 had been authorized by the elecslhooi t^O" l^^ld ^" July, it was voted, on motion of Di- slhooi t^O" l^^ld ^" July, it was voted, on motion of DiBuiidinK. rector Huntington of the Seventh Ward, to build BuiidinK. rector Huntington of the Seventh Ward, to build a schoolhouse in the Fifth Ward. It was more than a year before the building was completed. The plans were made by the Building Committee. The contract was awarded to A. Walbaum for $13,000 and Timothy Nash was appointed superintendent of construction. Furnaces were placed in the building at a cost of $450, and the furniture contract PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 21 was given to the National School Furniture Co. for $1,296.50. The grounds cost $1,650, thus making the total cost of the Fifth Ward School $16,396.50. School was opened in this building in September, 1873. There is an interesting fact connected with the purchase of the lot for this building, illustrating what ^ strange strange mistakes and gross negligence good and ^ustake. capable people sometimes fall into and how serious may be the consequences. On July 13, 1868, a lot twelve rods square, on the southeast corner of Academy and Knox streets, was purchased of M. L. Comstock for $1,350; but the schoolhouse stands on the northeast corner of Academy and Second streets, while there is nothing in the County Record's to show that the Board of Education ever owned either lot. On the records of the Board for May 8, 1871, however, is an account of an exchange of lots in the "Third Ward" with Mrs. Mary E. Rugar for $300, the difference to be paid her by the Board. There is evidently a mistake in the name of the ward in this record. It should read "Fifth Ward," not "Third Ward," for the County Records show that Knox College deeded to Mrs. Mary E. Rugar the land where the schoolhouse now stands, but there is no record that she ever deeded it to anyone; while there is a record that she received a deed from Joab Comstock for the lot twelve rods square on the southeast corner of Academy and Knox streets, the land originally purchased by the Board of Education. The mistake in the name of the ward in the Records of the Board may be explained by the fact that the committee which selected the present school site in the Fifth Ward, on the same trip of inspection examined several locations in the Third Ward for the purpose of determining, if possible, a school site in that ward. Thus the termining, if possible, a school site in that ward. Thus the two wards separated by the diagonal of the city, one being in the southwest part and the other in the northeast part, were brought together in thought, and their names were exchanged by the person making the record. changed by the person making the record. 22 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The last action taken in this period to provide school Third accommodations was on February 14, 1874, sit*'Fur- when four lots on the southeast corner of Cherry chased. ^nd Selden streets were purchased for $1,200 as a location for the Third Ward School. The first janitor employed by the Board of Education was Nels Swanson, and he continued to do all the Janitors. , . i r i i i * i t janitor work for the schools m the central part of the city to January, 1874, when he resigned, and John Moburg was appointed in his place. He never had fewer than burg was appointed in his place. He never had fewer than two, and sometimes had three buildings to care for. The first year he took care of the old Academy and the Colton building for $15 per month. His salary was gradually increased, until, in 1867, it was fixed at $600 for the entire creased, until, in 1867, it was fixed at $600 for the entire year, but after that year he received $50 per month while the schools were in session, and $20 a month during vacation. The janitor work in the branch schools was done cation. The janitor work in the branch schools was done by boys who were paid, at first, twenty-five cents a week. In 1865, when the Board was paying sixteen cents a bushel for coal, these boys received twenty-five to fifty cents a week for their services. In those days boys of well-to-do parents were glad to do such work ; Wm. D. Sanborn, for example, was voted the sum of three dollars and twentyfive cents for ten weeks' service as janitor. It reminds one five cents for ten weeks' service as janitor. It reminds one of what General Grant says in his Memoirs about his boyhood days, "I did not like to work; but I did as much of it, hood days, "I did not like to work; but I did as much of it, while young, as grown men can be hired to do in these days, and attended school at the same time. It was only the very poor who were exempt from labor." The value of trees for shade and ornament was not unTree known in those early days. Messrs Allen, Arnold, Tree known in those early days. Messrs Allen, Arnold, Planting. ^^^ Claycomb gave some trees to the teachers and pupils of the Fourth Ward School, who planted them with proper exercises; and all the parties received a vote of thanks from the Board of Education. When the High School building was completed in 1867, Director J. V. N. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 23 Standish was added to the Committee on Buildings and Grounds for the express purpose of ornamenting the High School grounds. This was all before Arbor Day was heard of. During the twelve years of this period the Board of Education built the Depot School at a cost of $435 ; ^^^^"^ ucation built the Depot School at a cost of $435 ; ^^^^"^ purchased the grounds and erected the High ^"nfs" School, a ten-room building, with a chapel, costing $59,269.62 ; the Fourth Ward School, a four-room building costing $12,144.62; the Fifth Ward School, another fourroom building costing $16,396.50; also purchased the old room building costing $16,396.50; also purchased the old Baptist Church building for $1,100, and later the grounds for $2,500, and the site for the Third Ward School for $1,200. This makes a total investment of $93,046.03 in permanent improvements during the entire period. manent improvements during the entire period. 3. THE BOARD AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES. The organization of the schools was, of course, a distinctive and prominent feature of this period. The ^y ^j^^., tive and prominent feature of this period. The ^y ^j^^., patrons, the Board of Education, the Superintend- Jlj;^^^®️'^ ent, the teachers and the pupils, were the parties thoB**"^involved. During the time in which they were learning the involved. During the time in which they were learning the scope of their rights and duties by actual experience, some confusion and friction unavoidably occurred. This significant entry is made in the records of these early years : nificant entry is made in the records of these early years : "It was voted that the Clerk is hereby directed to publish in the Free Democrat the monthly proceedings of this Board, omitting such personal matters as he may deem not expedient to publish." pedient to publish." The Board of Education being the source of all power and authority, at first everyone in doubt or trouble went to it for guidance or relief. The parent whose child had not been advanced or had been, in his judgment, mistreated by the teacher, Dissatisappeared before the Board and made complaint, ents. appeared before the Board and made complaint, ents. In all such cases a committee would be appointed to investi24 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 24 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS gate and make its report at the next meeting. There is a record of at least sixteen such cases in the first few years. In most of the cases the teacher was sustained, but in three of them she was censured by a vote of the Board, and the Clerk was directed to notify her of its action. Three petitions signed by citizens, asking for the transfer or dismissal tions signed by citizens, asking for the transfer or dismissal of teachers, were presented to the Board. This course of action, in time, bore its fruit. In 1864 two of the teachers were taken into court and fined. The climax had been reached. Professor George Churchill, a member of the Board, arose to the occasion. At the December meeting in 1864 he presented the following ringing resolution. It no doubt expressed the best opinion of the community at that time, and it has represented the attitude of the Board on school discipline from that day to this. The resolution on school discipline oflfered by Professor Resolution Churchill and adopted by the Board in December, cipune. 1864, was as follows : "Inasmuch as two of our teachers have been involved in legal prosecutions by reason of inflicting corporal punish- volved in legal prosecutions by reason of inflicting corporal punishment upon their pupils, we deem it proper to give our teachers ment upon their pupils, we deem it proper to give our teachers some rule of action in regard to it. And first, we wish it distinctlyunderstood that good order must always be maintained in all the understood that good order must always be maintained in all the schools. To accomplish this we urge upon the teachers the use of their tact, kindness and firmness; appeals to the nobler nature of the scholar, and a generous trust in his honor. But when all these fail, as fail they sometimes will, one of two courses must be resorted to -- expulsion, or corporal punishment. The former we cannot sorted to -- expulsion, or corporal punishment. The former we cannot recommend, as school is the proper place for the cultivation of good manners and morals, which such scholars especially need. Hence, the latter becomes a necessity. And we distinctly say to both teachers and scholars, that we stand by and defend the teachers in the use of corporal punishment when it seems absolutely necessary to the maintainance of good order in the school, cautioning the teachers in its use to temper it with the most prudent measures the circumstances will allow; while at the same time, they promptly, completely and unconditionally subdue the pupil under discipline. Furthermore we request parents feeling aggrieved at the course of any of our teachers, to enter complaints to the Board of Education PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 25 rather than attempt to seek redress before a legal tribunal, thus breaking down the authority of the teacher over all the pupils, and directly tending to destroy good order and discipline in all the schools." It would not be correct to infer from the foregoing resolution that pupils in those days were never ex- lution that pupils in those days were never ex"^ Pupils "^ Pupils pelled from school, for there are records of several sometimes . . Expelled. cases of suspensions and expulsions. The following rule was adopted in May, 1865, on motion of Professor ing rule was adopted in May, 1865, on motion of Professor Churchill himself: "Any scholar convicted of presenting forged excuses to a teacher shall be expelled from school without power of re-instatement except by a unanimous vote of the entire Board of Education." As late as 1870, Professor Churchill and Superintendent Roberts were appointed a committee to prepare and have printed a "Circular pointed a committee to prepare and have printed a "Circular to Parents on the Duties of Parents and the Manner of Conducting Schools." ducting Schools." The teacher as well as the parent came to the Board, and on some very trivial matters, as, for example, to '^ Teachers ask for a day's leave of absence or to have the come to 1 1 * 1 1 rr^ ^^^ Board. desks in her room rearranged. Two teachers occupying the same room could not agree as to the way the pying the same room could not agree as to the way the desks should be arranged, and they brought the problem to the Board for its decision. To decide this momentous question the following resolution was adopted : "Resolved, That tion the following resolution was adopted : "Resolved, That Professor Standish of Lombard University, Professor Comstock of Knox College, and J. H. Knapp, County Superin- stock of Knox College, and J. H. Knapp, County Superintendent of Schools, be, and are hereby appointed a Commit- tendent of Schools, be, and are hereby appointed a Committee to decide how the seats shall be arranged in the room tee to decide how the seats shall be arranged in the room occupied by the two lady teachers and that their decision shall be final." This was in 1864, and it is interesting to note that the resolution provided for both of the colleges being represented in the case. It would be interesting to know how much of this restlessness under restraint was due to the new conditions, how lessness under restraint was due to the new conditions, how 26 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS much to the severity of the rules, and how much to the spirit of the times. The length of the noon recess seems to have given the Noon Board some trouble. It was made at first a half Becees. hour ; in a short time it was changed to an hour; and the next month it was made an hour and a half. An attempt was made apparently to adjust it to the varying tempt was made apparently to adjust it to the varying length of the days, for this formula was repeated several times. The question was permanently settled in November, 1864, on motion of Professor Churchill. The noon recess waa made an hour and a half at that time, and it has remained so to the present time. No other single act of the Board has contributed so much to the health of the pupils. The time is sufficiently long to allow a pupil living in any part of the city to walk to his home, get his usual meal and return in time for the afternoon session. In order to conserve his health what does the pupil need more, after being confined in the schoolroom during the morning session, than to follow this program ; and what would better prepare him for low this program ; and what would better prepare him for doing effective work in the afternoon session? This is particularly true in regard to the High School students. ticularly true in regard to the High School students. Examinations played a prominent part in those days. Examina- Apparently nothing in the whole system was quite tions. gQ important, and the greatest care was exercised in seeing that they were conducted without prejudice, for it was a process of sifting the chaff from the grain. One of the standing committees of the Board was the Examining Committee. It was composed of five members ; two citizens, two mittee. It was composed of five members ; two citizens, two members of the Board, and the Superintendent of the Schools. Its duty was to examine all applicants for positions as teachers in the schools, and it held meetings for this purpose at stated times, due notice of which appeared in the city paper. With all tice of which appeared in the city paper. With all this efifort to be fair and just, the Board did not escape criticism. It was said, "Is not a majority of the committee connected with the Board?" The advisability of appointing PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 27 an examining committee composed entirely of members outside of the Board, was at one time seriously considered. side of the Board, was at one time seriously considered. However, in 1865 and thereafter, three members of the Board and the Superintendent of Schools were made the Examining Committee. All pupils admitted to the High School were examined by a committee of the Board and the Superintendent. There were two regular examinations each year in the grades; one at the close of the first term in December, which, so far as practicable, was written; and one, cember, which, so far as practicable, was written; and one, at the close of the second term, which was oral and to which parents and friends were especially invited. For a pupil to be absent from one of these examinations meant suspension from school. The Board of Education was slow in learning to use its standing committees to do the detail work. It attempted to attend to everything itself as a body, of tempted to attend to everything itself as a body, of Not until June, 1873, did it have a committee to recommend the appointment of teachers; and then it was made only a special committee for that year. It was appointed on the motion of Director Fred A. Willoughby. pointed on the motion of Director Fred A. Willoughby. Previous to this time there was no particular method of selecting the teachers. They were elected singly, or in groups, lecting the teachers. They were elected singly, or in groups, at different meetings during the vacation, on motion of some member of the Board. The informal ballot was called for in some of the elections. The assignment of the teachers to their positions was made at a diflferent time, in the same way -- by a vote of the Board ; frequently the salaries were determined at still another meeting. There were years when scarcely a meeting was held at which some member did not move to have the salary of some certain teacher increased. At the end of a term it was not unusual, by vote creased. At the end of a term it was not unusual, by vote of the Board, to change the positions of several teachers. Nothing ever seemed settled for the year. This method of doing business was either the source or the result of a great deal of unrest and dissatisfaction among the teachers. As the Board gradually learned to delegate some of its powers 28 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS to its committees, superintendent and teachers, an orderly system of school management was developed. 4. POSITION OF THE SUPERINTENDENT; REGULATIONS FOR TEACHERS AND PUPILS. The head of the school system, Mr. J. B. Roberts, was at first called Principal, then Principal-Superintendent and finally Superintendent. These names indicate the evolution of the office ; they appear, however, interchangeably from the first. In re-electing Mr. Roberts in 1866, the term "Superintendent of City Schools" was first formally used. The record reads, "It was voted, on motion of Professor Standish, that Mr. Roberts be hereby continued as Superintendent of City Schools until otherwise ordered by the tendent of City Schools until otherwise ordered by the Board." This settled the tenure of the superintendency for Mr. Roberts, for he continued to fill that office without reelection for eight years, or until he handed in his resigna- election for eight years, or until he handed in his resignation in 1874. Mr. Roberts was at first Principal of the High tion in 1874. Mr. Roberts was at first Principal of the High School and devoted his time mainly to teaching, having only a very general and limited supervision of the primary schools, or branch schools, as the ward schools were originally called. The Grammar School in the Colton building inally called. The Grammar School in the Colton building was independent of his jurisdiction during the time Mr. Blunt was in charge of it. At the November meeting in 1862, Mr. Roberts was given the authority to make such changes among Powers of ^, , . / , , , , , * the Super- the tcachcrs m the graded schools and require intendent. , , . , , , . , . , such duties of the teachers in the primary schools such duties of the teachers in the primary schools as, in his judgment, the interests of the schools demanded. At the next regular meeting he was given power to grade the schools according to his judgment; no pupil could be transferred from one room to another without his permission. Before this school year closed, the rules of the Board sion. Before this school year closed, the rules of the Board were so amended that the Superintendent could make such reports to the Board as he might desire, exactly as if he were a member of the Board. The earliest printed rules and PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 29 regulations that can now be found were adopted in June, 1863. Of the eight rules defining the duties of the Superin- tendent, the first six remain unchanged to this day. Mr. Roberts was given power in 1864 to employ substitutes when teachers were sick. He was authorized in 1868 to have the necessary repairs made upon the several schoolhouses. Superintendent Roberts continued to give the most houses. Superintendent Roberts continued to give the most of his time as teacher in the High School until August, 1868, when, on motion of Henry R. Sanderson, it was voted that, in the opinion of the Board, the time of the Superintendent for the ensuing year should be wholly devoted to the general supervision of the schools. The salary of the Principal, or Superintendent, of Schools, was made, in 1862, $55 per month for the time the 11 * * 1 * 1 rM-r-/-v r Salary of schools were m session ; this amounted to $550 for superinthe year. In 1863 it was made $700 ; in 1864, the year. In 1863 it was made $700 ; in 1864, $1,000; in 1865, $1,200; in 1867, $1,400; and in 1871 it was fixed at $1,800. When a person was appointed as a teacher, neither the salary nor the position was determined ; these were settled later. Teachers were required to teach six xheir dufull hours each day, three in the forenoon and full hours each day, three in the forenoon and three in the afternoon. The teachers in the primary divisions were allowed to close their schools thirty minutes earl- ions were allowed to close their schools thirty minutes earlier each session, but they were required to hold themselves ier each session, but they were required to hold themselves in readiness to render such assistance in the other rooms as might be required of them during the remainder of the session. In 1865 this provision was so changed as to allow sion. In 1865 this provision was so changed as to allow them to take the entire hour from the afternoon session, which was certainly not a part of wisdom, if the shortening of the school hours was for the benefit of the pupils. All the schools closed a half hour earlier on Friday afternoons. Teachers who were absent for a day, or any part of a day, forfeited their wages for the time absent ; but the sum of such forfeitures might be restored by a vote of the Board. There was a positive rule that the Board would not pay for 30 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the substitute when a teacher was absent on account of sickness, but there are some cases on record where the teachers ness, but there are some cases on record where the teachers prevailed upon the Board to make exceptions to this rule. The teachers were required in 1867 to meet once in two weeks on Friday afternoon at three o'clock, and it was made the duty of the Superintendent to report to the Board the names of any teachers who were absent from these meetings. They were given two half days each term for the ings. They were given two half days each term for the purpose of visiting the rooms of the other teachers. They could not read nor distribute any advertisement, nor allow any advertisement to be read or distributed in any schoolroom or upon any of the school premises without permission room or upon any of the school premises without permission from the Superintendent. All teachers above the primary division were required to make out, from time to time, a report of the attendance and scholarship of their pupils and to send a copy of the same to the parents. They were allowed to detain a pupil for a reasonable length of time after lowed to detain a pupil for a reasonable length of time after the regular hour for dismissing school, either for purpose of discipline or to make up neglected lessons. In cases of willful and persistent violations of any of the rules prescribed ful and persistent violations of any of the rules prescribed by the Board, teachers were given the power to suspend such pupils, but they were required to notify immediately the parent and the Superintendent, stating the cause of the suspension. Under certain conditions they were also allowed to suspend pupils who were not provided with the lowed to suspend pupils who were not provided with the books required by the Board. The question of salaries caused the Board of Education ^ , . no end of trouble. It came up in some form or Salaries . ^ o" Other at almost every meeting for years. If it was not a petition from all the teachers or from a group of them, it would be from some individual teacher or from some member of the Board moving that the wages of a certain teacher be increased to a stated amount. It is not surprising that the question was not allowed to rest, when the smallness of the salary paid at that time is considered. The first member of the Board to champion the cause of the PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 31 teachers in their efforts to secure better pay, was Dr. I. N. Candee, a member from the Fifth Ward. After Professor Churchill was elected to the Board, he became their chief advocate. For the first four years of this period the teachers were employed by the week, the year consisting of forty ers were employed by the week, the year consisting of forty weeks. Five dollars a week was the "wages" paid all teachers in 1862, except the assistant in the High School, who re- ers in 1862, except the assistant in the High School, who received six dollars a week. A committee was appointed in ceived six dollars a week. A committee was appointed in December, 1862, on motion of Dr. Candee, to inquire into the expediency of raising the wages of the teachers. A petition asking for an advance in wages was received by the tition asking for an advance in wages was received by the Board (from the lady teachers) in January, 1863. The subject was considered at some length, but no action was taken. ject was considered at some length, but no action was taken. In July, 1863, Dr. Candee again asked that a committee be appointed to investigate the question of the adjustment of teachers' salaries. Such a committee was appointed and ordered to report at the next meeting. It reported in favor of dered to report at the next meeting. It reported in favor of paying the assistant in the High School seven dollars a week and the assistant in the grammar department six dollars a week. This report, which thus recommended an in- lars a week. This report, which thus recommended an increase of one dollar a week for two teachers, was adopted. crease of one dollar a week for two teachers, was adopted. In this year, one teacher, who seems to have been more persistent than the others, filed a separate petition to have her sistent than the others, filed a separate petition to have her salary increased. The matter was referred to one of the directors who reported at the next meeting that he had made an arrangement whereby the teacher was to receive three dollars a week over and above the amount paid for her board and washing. The first advance of salaries worth mentioning was made in June, 1864. The salaries of two teachers were raised to eight dollars a week; those of four teachers, to seven dollars a week; and those of all the other teachers, to six dollars a week. In January, 1865, on motion of Professor Churchill, it was voted to raise the sal- tion of Professor Churchill, it was voted to raise the salaries of all teachers who were receiving six dollars a week, aries of all teachers who were receiving six dollars a week, to seven dollars. In February, 1865, seven teachers petitioned to have their salaries increased and, on motion of tioned to have their salaries increased and, on motion of 32 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Professor Churchill, it was voted to make the salaries of all teachers eight dollars a week. When the teachers were appointed for the next year there was no increase of salaries, pointed for the next year there was no increase of salaries, but during the year several teachers succeeded in having their salaries raised on separate motions made at different times. A decided advance in salaries was made in July, 1866, as may be seen by the following action of the Board which was taken on motion of Professor Churchill, viz : "That the salaries in the intermediate and primary departments be $450 per year, and that the teachers be required ments be $450 per year, and that the teachers be required to obey fully and literally the regulations of the Board concerning the attendance upon Teachers' Institutes and shall cerning the attendance upon Teachers' Institutes and shall not teach select or private schools during any vacation." The next year brought the election of 1867, and no further advance in salaries could be expected after that date. It would have been surprising if they had not been reduced. When the reactionary Board came into full control the salaries of the teachers were cut ten per cent, but it was done aries of the teachers were cut ten per cent, but it was done in a way that did not reduce the size of their orders. In June, 1869, the Board voted to employ the teachers by School ^^^ month ; and then, at the same meeting, it voted Shortened, ^q havc not Icss than nine months of school. The length of the school year up to this date had been ten months. This brought from the teachers a general petition to have their salaries increased, which was respectfully denied. Many requests for the use of schoolrooms for private schools were made by the teachers ; and during the year many applied separately to the Board asking for an increase of salary. The result of this agitation was that the crease of salary. The result of this agitation was that the schools were in session for nine and one-half months that year, and for the following year nine months and three weeks. The third year, however, the schools were in session for nine months. For the next three years the schools were in session for nine and one-half months, when, in 1876, the school year was reduced to nine months. In 1879 the -- Ik. C S. COUTON GEO VV BPOV GEO VV FOOTE EVeuVN STRO^ >#** THOMPSOh # G WENZELMANN FIRST WARD The Representatives of the First Ward on the Board of Education since its First Organization in June, 1861. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 33 schools were in session nine months and one week ; after which date to the present time, the school year has been nine months. Thus the action of the Board in 1869 in shortening the school year one month, finally won the deliberate approval of the people ; and thus a measure orig- liberate approval of the people ; and thus a measure originally inaugurated for economy was eventually accepted for inally inaugurated for economy was eventually accepted for educational reasons. The time and method of paying the teachers varied greatly. In 1862 the Clerk was ordered to pay the , . . Payment salaries at such times and for such amounts as the of sai1 1-1 -111 * 1 1- 1 aries. 1 1-1 -111 * 1 1- 1 aries. teachers desired, provided the amount paid did not exceed in any case the wages due. At the beginning of one year it was voted to pay the salaries at the end of the winter term and after that monthly for the remainder of the ter term and after that monthly for the remainder of the year. At another time the Clerk was directed to issue orders monthly to teachers who might desire their pay. The ders monthly to teachers who might desire their pay. The salaries were allowed monthly by the auditing committee in 1867. This was done because there was frequently no quo- rum at the regular meeting of the Board. It was not until 1868 that money could not be drawn from the treasury without an order signed by the President and by the Secretary, out an order signed by the President and by the Secretary, and duly authorized by the Board of Education. This rule was made on motion of Director Alfred Knowles. In the later years of this period and for many years thereafter the salaries were allowed whenever the Board met, for the length of time the teachers had taught since the last meeting. ing. The Knox County Institute was an influential organization in those days, and it did much to advance the tion in those days, and it did much to advance the r 11- 1 * 1 * t * , Knox cause or public education by stimulating the county , ~ . . , . , , Institute. teachers to greater proficiency in their work and by awakening the public mind to the importance of the common schools. The faculties of Knox and Lombard took a prominent part in its annual deliberations and the teachers of the city schools generally attended. The Board of ers of the city schools generally attended. The Board of 34 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Education appreciated its work. In 1863 it gave the teachers two days to attend the sessions of the County Institute ers two days to attend the sessions of the County Institute at Wataga; in 1865 it closed the schools and requested the teachers to attend the Institute at Oneida; and in 1872 the schools were closed and the teachers required to attend the sessions of the Institute held in the High School building. The teachers petitioned the Board to be excused from attending its meeting in Knoxville in 1868. tending its meeting in Knoxville in 1868. At one time the Board provided educational journals for the teachers. At the January meeting in 1867, on tionai motion of Professor Churchill, it voted to subJouniAls. JouniAls. scribe for fifteen copies of the Illinois Teacher, two copies of the Massachusetts Teacher, one copy each of the New York Teacher, the New York Educational Monthly, and Barnard's Journal of Education -- twenty copies in all. There were many rules for governing the pupils adopted during this period, some of which were very Pupils'*"^ strict ; a few of these still remain among the present printed rules and regulations, obsolete, ent printed rules and regulations, obsolete, though never formally repealed. In 1862 the Board voted that the boys and the girls should not be permitted to have their recesses at the same time. This rule did not apply to the branch schools. A rule requiring all pupils to be vaccinated before entering school was adopted in December, cinated before entering school was adopted in December, 1865. When the High School building was opened this was the rule for tardiness: "Tardy pupils are not to loiter about the doors nor in the yard; but, immediately upon arriving, they shall enter the basement and there remain quietly until called to the Principal's room, where they must receive a til called to the Principal's room, where they must receive a pass before entering their rooms." Stringent as was this rule, it did not prove effective, for under it tardiness flourished to an alarming extent. As many as a thousand cases ished to an alarming extent. As many as a thousand cases of tardiness occurred in a single month, which is as large a number as now occurs in a year, with more than twice the number of pupils enrolled. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 35 5. COURSE OF STUDY. In the Public Library is a single copy of the Superintendent's Report for the school year ending June, 1865, and tendent's Report for the school year ending June, 1865, and in this little pamphlet of twenty-two pages is contained the only copy, so far as is known, of a course of study pursued in the schools during this period. From this Report it is learned that the work below the High School, in 1865, required only seven years, and it was arranged in three divis- quired only seven years, and it was arranged in three divisions : the primary division, comprising grades seventh ions : the primary division, comprising grades seventh and sixth ; the intermediate division, grades fifth, fourth, and third ; and the grammar division, grades second and first. It will be seen that the grades were then numbered in the reverse order from what they are to-day. Grade one, for example, was then the last year in the elementary schools, while to-day it is the first. In analyzing the course of study, the present method of numbering the grades will be used as it will make for clearness. In the first grade, or year, the pupils were taught reading from the blackboard and chart, Primer and ing from the blackboard and chart, Primer and . Beading. First Reader; in the second grade, the Second Reader and part of the Third ; in the third grade the Third Reader was completed, with punctuation, definitions and parts of speech ; in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades the Fourth Reader was used, with punctuation and elementary sounds ; in the seventh grade the Fifth Reader was used. Wilson's Readers were the text-books in use. Much emphasis was placed on good oral reading. The Board voted at sis was placed on good oral reading. The Board voted at different times the sum of five or ten dollars to be given as prizes for the best readers. In the fall of 1870 the teachers were requested by the Board to meet every second week on Thursday evening to practice reading. Arithmetic was taught in all the grades. Pupils were taught in the first grade to count, to add with ob- ^rithjects, and to use a table book; in the second "*"*'* jects, and to use a table book; in the second "*"*'* grade they completed the table book and took up combina36 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 36 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS tion of numbers and the multiplication table; in the third grade, the first half of the primary arithmetic, and rudiments of arithmetic to long division ; in the fourth grade ments of arithmetic to long division ; in the fourth grade primary arithmetic was completed, with rapid combination of numbers, and rudiments of arithmetic to decimal fractions; in the fifth grade rudiments of arithmetic was com- tions; in the fifth grade rudiments of arithmetic was completed and intellectual arithmetic begun; in the sixth grade pleted and intellectual arithmetic begun; in the sixth grade they were given practical arithmetic to longitude and time, with review, and intellectual arithmetic to percentage ; in the seventh grade practical arithmetic was com- age ; in the seventh grade practical arithmetic was completed and reviewed, together with intellectual arithmetic. pleted and reviewed, together with intellectual arithmetic. Robinson's Arithmetics were the series of text-books in use. Geography was taught in all the grades except the first. Geog- '^^^ primary geography was completed in the raphy. second grade; in the third grade the first half of the introductory geography; in the fourth grade the introductory geography was completed, with mapping; in the ductory geography was completed, with mapping; in the sixth grade geography to Asia, with review, and map drawing; in the seventh grade geography was completed and re- ing; in the seventh grade geography was completed and reviewed, with map drawing from memory. The geographies viewed, with map drawing from memory. The geographies used were Allen's Primary, Colton and Fitch's Introductory, and Mitchell's New Intermediate. ductory, and Mitchell's New Intermediate. Some language work was probably taught in connection Grammar, with reading and spelling in the first three grades. Parts of speech were taught in the fourth grade ; in the fifth grade parts of speech, compositions and declamations and analysis ; in the sixth grade Clark's Grammar mations and analysis ; in the sixth grade Clark's Grammar to syntax, with review ; and in the seventh grade Clark's Grammar was completed and reviewed. Spelling was taught by letters and sounds in the first year; in the second grade written and oral spellSpelllng. . deg . Spelllng. . deg . mg, the latter both by letters and sounds; in the third and fourth grades by letters and sounds, with Primary Speller, and with formation of sentences ; and in the fifth and sixth grades both oral and written, with definitions from speller and reader. Spelling was not taught in the seventh PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 37 grade, or year. The text-books used were Wilson's PrimarySpeller, Saunders' Speller, and Parker and Watson's Speller. Speller, Saunders' Speller, and Parker and Watson's Speller. All pupils above the second grade were required to be provided with dictionaries. MiseelGoodrich's United States History was begun laneous Goodrich's United States History was begun laneous Branches. and completed in the seventh grade. Writing was taught throughout the grammar and intermediate divisions, that is, in all the grades above the sec- mediate divisions, that is, in all the grades above the second. ond. In the first grade were frequent physical exercises, marching, singing, and recitations. Geometry was taught in the last four years of the elementary school. Oral lessons were given from Hill's First mentary school. Oral lessons were given from Hill's First Lessons in Geometry in grades four and five, and the book was used as a regular text in the hands of the pupils in grades six and seven. Oral instruction was given in the first five grades, or years, as follows : first grade, common things, ^^^j j^^, form, color, animals, size, general qualities of mat- struction. ter, trades, professions, morals and manners; second grade, the five senses, sound, light, air, water, printing, writing and measurements; third grade, form, animals, foreign products, etc. ; fourth grade, historical sketches, minerals, ducts, etc. ; fourth grade, historical sketches, minerals, sound, light, forces of nature and oral lessons in geometry ; fifth grade, properties of matter, laws of motion, physiology and hygiene, and Hill's First Lessons in Geometry. This was the course of study in 1865. What changes were made in it during the nine remaining years of this period, there is no means of knowing, as the tirades records of the Board are silent on the matter and High P * 1 * 1 , School. no copies of any reports printed in those days are extant. However, from the attendance records for June, 1874, it would seem that there were ten grades below the High School. This was probably the case, as it is known that at that date there were as many as twelve grades in some cities below what was called the High School. 38 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 6. THE HIGH SCHOOL AND THE COLLEGES. The High School was the department of the free school High system which the colleges, from the first, did not School. IqqJ^ upon with favor, thinking no doubt that it might do some of their work and consequently might get some of their students. Such danger was minimized in this period by the fact that the Board of Education was under the influence of the colleges, and as a result perfect harmony prevailed among the three institutions. The tuition mony prevailed among the three institutions. The tuition for the High School was made the same as that at Knox Academy; the High School carefully observed the customs of the colleges, for example, closing on the Day of Prayer for Colleges and Seminaries of Learning; and the following agreement was entered into by all, as reported to the Board, October 10, 1864: "We have consulted with the faculties of the colleges, and with their concurrence agree that no pupil under censure from either one of said schools shall be received into the other schools during the passing term in ceived into the other schools during the passing term in which they have been censured, and the teacher of any school which shall have a pupil under censure, shall inform the faculties of the other schools of said fact." There is a record that the President of one of the colleges was notified by the Board that by allowing a certain student to attend his college he was violating this agreement. While there was much care exercised in fixing the rate Effect of deg^ tuition, yet it never amounted in any one year School ^^ ^o much as seventy-five dollars -- generally "egf At- much less. Thus it is evident that the High School tendance, ^jj^j j^q^- aflfect the attendance at the colleges from this source to any appreciable extent, nor did it detract very materially from the attendance of the resident students, for its highest enrollment in any month of this entire period was only eighty pupils ; it was generally about sixty. It is true that the attendance at Knox Academy was reduced two hundred by the opening of the public schools. Less than PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 39 one-third of these could have entered the High School; the others must have gone into the grades. The High School was opened October 14, 1861, in the old Academy building on the north side of the Location Public Square, west of Broad street, v^^here it re- High* mained four years, when it was moved to the old school. Baptist Church, on the northwest corner of Broad and Tompkins streets. Here it held half-day sessions for a year and a half, when, in January, 1867, it was moved into the High School building, now the Churchill School. At first it occupied Room E in this building, but in January, 1868, it was transferred to what was then called the Chapel, which was the east half of the third floor of the High School building. This last change was caused by the crowded condition ing. This last change was caused by the crowded condition of the schools at that time. After the Fifth Ward School was opened, the High School was moved back to Room E. The Superintendent acted as Principal until June, 1868, when Edward Hayes was elected Principal at a #^ Principals salary of $1,200 a year. Mr. Hayes served one of High year, when Mrs. Sarah M. McCall was appointed Principal at a salary of sixty dollars per month. Mrs, McCall was Principal for seven years. The attendance of pupils decreased in the latter part of this period. The future of the High School was jj. j^ anything but encouraging at this time. No one l^^'J"*''* was graduated from the High School in 1870; i'op"'". there was only one graduate in 1871, and none in 1872. The Teachers' Committee was directed, in July, 1872, to inquire if the services of the assistant could not be dispensed with, and in June, 1873, the Committee on Rules and Regulations was directed to report at the next meeting on the advisability of discontinuing the study of Latin and German in the bility of discontinuing the study of Latin and German in the High School. The question was under discussion at two meetings of the Board, and it was finally decided to drop the German but to continue the study of Latin. This oppo40 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 40 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS sition to the High School was not confined to Galesburg-; it was general throv:ghout the state at that time. There were no graduating exercises in this period. Diplomas were not given until Tune, 1865. At this plomas were not given until Tune, 1865. At this Graduat- . deg . . ing Ex- date diplomas were issued to six persons for the ercises. Class of 1863. five persons for the Class of 1864, and five persons for the Class of 1865. The number of persons who graduated from the High School in this period of sons who graduated from the High School in this period of twelve years was thirty. In the Report published in 1865, appears the following Course of Statement as a preface to the course of study : study. "Pupils are admitted to the High School upon passing examinations in the subjects of the grammar department. The present course of study can be completed in partment. The present course of study can be completed in about two years. It is proposed to add another year to the course when our High School will compare favorably with similar institutions in other cities. The course is designed to embrace all that pertains to a fair English education, and to fit those who complete it for business or teaching." Mathematics in this course consisted of seven months of algebra, seven months of geometry, and three months of arithmetical exercises; Latin was given seventeen months; the sciences consisted of natural philosophy and astronomy, which were given seven months each, natural history, omy, which were given seven months each, natural history, physiology, botany and physical geography three months each ; three months of rhetoric constituted the course in English ; and three months were given to the Constitution of the United States. The following note is added: "Compositions, declamations, reading, spelling, writing, drawing positions, declamations, reading, spelling, writing, drawing and bookkeeping, will form a part of the stated general exercises throughout the course." ercises throughout the course." In 1867 the boys of the High School organized a literary Literary socicty, which met once a week for the purpose of Society. improvement in public speaking and debating. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 41 A word should be spoken of the third year that was to be added. At a meetinef of the Board in Decern- ". _. . ^ deg The Third ber, 1866, according to the following record, "It ^^^'* was voted that Messrs. Churchill, Roberts and Standish prepare a program of studies for a third year in the course and submit the same to this Board at their earliest convenience." There is no record that this committee ever venience." There is no record that this committee ever made its report. A possible explanation of its failure to report may be due to the fact that within six months of its port may be due to the fact that within six months of its appointment the reactionary period set in. There is no record of the third year until 1878. 7. THE QUESTION OF COLOR. The school charter, which was granted by the Legislature in 1859, contains no provision for the education of col- ture in 1859, contains no provision for the education of colored children. This was a strange omission, considering ored children. This was a strange omission, considering that Galesburg was, at that time, noted for its abolition sentiment and was one of the stations on the Underground timent and was one of the stations on the Underground Railroad. In providing for taking the school census, the charter uses the term "white children" only; and in defining the qualifications for admission to the schools, the ing the qualifications for admission to the schools, the phrase, "all free white persons" is used. The subject of a separate school for the benefit of the colored children of the city was introduced at a meeting of the Board of Education held July 22, colored io^T 1 r 1- * * , , School. 1qo6, and, alter some discussion, it was voted that the Board would furnish a teacher and pay all the expenses of conducting such a school, if the colored people penses of conducting such a school, if the colored people would furnish a suitable room for the purpose at their own expense. This would seem to indicate that the idea of a separate school for colored children originated with the colored people themselves, which would not be at all strange. ored people themselves, which would not be at all strange. A separate school for colored children was opened in September, 1863, with Miss Mary Allen West as teacher. In tember, 1863, with Miss Mary Allen West as teacher. In September of this year the Board voted, "That the colored children in the district are expected to attend the school pro42 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 42 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS vided for them, and no other." There is no record indicating the location of this school. It was probably in the old ing the location of this school. It was probably in the old Post Office building on South Broad street. There were sixty pupils enrolled the first month and ninety-five the fourth month, when the smaller children were dismissed at noon and all the time in the afternoon was devoted to the larger ones. The total number of colored pupils enrolled this year was reported to be 134. The total enrollment for 1910 was 110. The colored population of the city at that time was 357, of whom 185 were under twenty-one years of age. Miss West received for her services the munificent sum of six dollars a week. This is the Mary Allen West who lived to achieve a state, if not a national, reputation as an educator and temperance worker. The colored school was moved in January, 1866, to the ^ , ^ south room of the Monmouth Street School, and it Colored ' Teachers wslS placcd in charge of C. A. Williams, a colored Colored man. It would seem that the Board this year Schools. * J 1 * tried the experiment of having the colored pupils taught by teachers of their own race. In addition to the school taught by Mr. Williams, there was at the same time a colored school on Mulberry street, taught by Mrs. Elizabeth Mitchem, a colored woman, and another in the "west beth Mitchem, a colored woman, and another in the "west part of the city," taught by Miss Calkins. There were as many as eight different colored teachers employed that year to teach those three schools, some teaching not longer than a week. The plan was evidently unsatisfactory, as it was abandoned when the High School building was opened in January, 1867. On the opening of the High School, the Simmons Street School was made a colored school for the primary lt^tdegand children, while those of the advanced grades were Easoiain ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ regular schools. It was voted by Ltoo^. the Board in January, 1868, "That in view of the present crowded condition of the rooms in the High School building and that the rooms in the colored PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 43 school are not full, that classes of a higher grade be organized in the colored school and that all be required to attend ized in the colored school and that all be required to attend there until the building is filled." When the Fourth Ward School was opened in January, 1870, the Brick School, or East Main Street School, was made a colored school ; and it continued as such to the close of the school year in June, 1875, when all attempts to have a separate school for the colored children were abandoned. The resolution which placed ored children were abandoned. The resolution which placed a colored school in the East Main Street schoolhouse directed the Superintendent to see that all the colored children rected the Superintendent to see that all the colored children should attend their own separate schools. Richard Worthington et al, by their attorneys, Clark and Leach, appeared before the Board of Education on November 13, 1871, and made a demand in Threat- tion on November 13, 1871, and made a demand in Threatwriting that their children be admitted into all the writing that their children be admitted into all the schools, and that separate schools for colored children be abolished. This called forth a discussion that lasted until midnight. The Board finally voted, "To lay the whole matter on the table until the first regular meeting of the Board ter on the table until the first regular meeting of the Board next after the adjournment of the winter session of the State Legislature, or until some general law shall be enacted by the Legislature." Clark and Leach then filed a written notice that they would apply to the Circuit Court for a writ of tice that they would apply to the Circuit Court for a writ of mandamus. Nothing more about this suit appears on the records of the Board. The question of separate colored schools was again brought before the Board at the January meeting, 1872, by the request of a colored man who asked ton's Res, , . , , , , , ^- olution. , , . , , , , , ^- olution. to have his boy transferred from the Simmons Street School to the Monmouth Street School, when it was voted, "That the interests of education in the city would be best subserved by not making any change in the present rules regarding colored pupils." The following resolution was offered by Director Huntington at the October meeting, 1872: ing, 1872: 44 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS "Resolved, That Superintendent Roberts be instructed by the Board to arrange as far as practicable for the admission of any or all colored children under twelve years of age into the schoolroom nearest their residence, provided such school is of the proper grade and, if not, then to the nearest room in which they can be graded." There was evident justice in this resolution, for some of the colored children were practically deprived of school privileges on account of the great distance they lived from either of the colored schools. The resolution was referred, on motion of Director F. A. Willoughby. to a special committee to be appointed by the chairman of the meeting. mittee to be appointed by the chairman of the meeting. Directors Willoughby, Huntington and Churchill were appointed as this committee. At the November meeting, the pointed as this committee. At the November meeting, the majority of the committee not being ready to report, Mr. Willoughby submitted the following as the report of the minority : "The undersigned, one of the Committee to whom was referred the following resolution [the Huntington resolution as given red the following resolution [the Huntington resolution as given above], begs leave to report that, owing to the absence of Mr. Churchill, of the Committee, a consultation has taken place between two only of the Committee, viz: Mr. Huntington and the un- tween two only of the Committee, viz: Mr. Huntington and the undersigned, who being unable to agree, the undersigned recommends dersigned, who being unable to agree, the undersigned recommends that the resolution referred to the Committee be rejected and the accompanying resolution passed in lieu thereof. Respectfully submitted, Fred A. Willoughby, of the Committee." "Resolved, First, that so long as the colored citizens of this The wu- school district are compelled to pay taxes with the white Re(S>iu^ citizens to support common schools, their children ought tion. to receive equally with the white children the benefits of a common school education. "Resolved, Second, that to limit the admission of colored children of tender years to the colored schools, in cases where said dren of tender years to the colored schools, in cases where said colored schools are so far remote from the residence of such colored children that they cannot attend them without endangering ored children that they cannot attend them without endangering their health, is virtually depriving such children of the benefits of the common schools. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1S74 45 "Resolved, Third, that in carrying out the spirit and intent of the foregoing resolutions, if it becomes necessary to admit colored children to schools other than those set apart for them, no distinction ought to be made between the schools in the central portion of tion ought to be made between the schools in the central portion of the city and the other public schools. "Resolved, Fourth, that all orders and resolutions heretofore passed by the Board in reference to colored children be, and they hereby are, modified so as to conform to these resolutions, and the Superintendent of Public Schools is hereby directed to carry out these resolutions according to the true spirit and intent of the same." After the reading of this minority report, a lively parliamentary struggle ensued. A motion was first made to liamentary struggle ensued. A motion was first made to lay the report on the table until the majority of the committee could make its report, but this was lost by a vote of mittee could make its report, but this was lost by a vote of three to three. After some further discussion a motion to refer the question of admission of colored children to the schools, to the Superintendent of Schools with power to act, was lost by a vote of three to three. The next motion was to postpone action until the next regular meeting, but it was defeated by a vote of three to three. Mr. Willoughby then secured a vote on each resolution separately. The first resolution was adopted by a unanimous vote; the second, by a vote of five to one ; the third, by a vote of five to ond, by a vote of five to one ; the third, by a vote of five to one; and the fourth, by a vote of four to two. The roll was called for on each of these seven questions, and it is remarkable that the alignment was different on every vote. The able that the alignment was different on every vote. The effect of adopting this report was to place the schools in the central part of the city, where were the greater number of the schools, upon the same basis as the ward schools, or the branch schools, as they were sometimes more properly called. This virtually settled the question of separate schools for the colored children, as it practically threw open all the schools of the city to the colored pupils. No matter what may be the preference or prejudice of anyone on this question, he must admit, if he be fair-minded, that it is practically impossible for a city of this size, with the colored 46 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS population not segregated, to have separate schools for colored children, without doing a great injustice to some of ored children, without doing a great injustice to some of them -- especially those of tender years. The credit of finally settling this question, which had been a constant source ly settling this question, which had been a constant source of trouble for a decade, belongs largely to Mr. Fred A. Willoughby. Mr. Willoughby was then a young attorney, who loughby. Mr. Willoughby was then a young attorney, who had recently come from Connecticut. He was cultured, with a philosophic mind and a poetic temperament. He afterwards achieved distinction in the practice of law. He was the leading attorney for the city in the celebrated Sheldon Water-works case, perhaps the most important suit to don Water-works case, perhaps the most important suit to which the city was ever a party. It may be of interest, in connection with the school case, to know that Mr. Willoughby, in politics, was a democrat. loughby, in politics, was a democrat. The colored school was continued in the Simmons Street schoolhouse until February 27, 1874, when it was Colored destroyed by fire. As the Board received only ten School- J 11 f 1 . boases dollars for the wreckage, either the fire must have Burned. ... been very destructive, or the building was of little value. The school was not abandoned at this time, but it was transferred to the Monmouth Street schoolhouse. This building was burned, April 3, 1874, and it proved to be the final argument in the case, for the pupils were then distributed to the other schools. The colored school in the tributed to the other schools. The colored school in the East Main Street schoolhouse was continued until June, 1875, when it was abandoned, the daily attendance having dropped to only twelve pupils. Thus closed the history of separate schools for colored children in Galesburg. 8. SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Galesburg once had a German School as a part of its German public school systcm. It came about in this way. School. ^^ ^ meeting of the Board of Education in May, 1869, a petition was presented from the German citizens of the city, asking that a schoolroom be furnished by the Board, and supplied with a teacher by the petitioners. The PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 47 petition was granted, and a committee was appointed to confer with the petitioners in regard to the location of the room. The committee, according to its instructions, rented a room for one year, but its location cannot now be determined. A petition signed by S. Beches and other Ger- termined. A petition signed by S. Beches and other German citizens, asking that Professor Carl Eduard be ap- man citizens, asking that Professor Carl Eduard be appointed the teacher of this school on certain conditions, was pointed the teacher of this school on certain conditions, was received by the Board and referred to a special committee for a report. Director M. D. Cooke, as chairman of this committee, made the following report: "Professor Eduard is employed at a salary of $700 per year, $500 to be paid out of the public funds and $200 to be paid by the scholars attending the school, the Board to be responsible to Professor tending the school, the Board to be responsible to Professor Eduard for his salary, and to charge such tuition as may be necessary to pay the $200 -- the tuition fee to be charged specially for instruction in German. No scholars will be allowed to attend the school except those wishing to learn the German language in connection with the English, unless the number of such be less than seventy-five. The less the number of such be less than seventy-five. The school shall be under the general control of the Board of Education and under the immediate supervision of the Superintendent of Schools, subject to him in all respects the perintendent of Schools, subject to him in all respects the same as other schools." This report was accepted and adopted. The Committee on Buildings and Grounds was instructed to finish the west basement room of the Fourth Ward schoolhouse and furnish the same at the lowest possible figure, for the German School. The tuition, which was sible figure, for the German School. The tuition, which was to be paid in advance, was fixed at $1.25 per quarter, or ten weeks. The German citizens seem to have had a great deal of trouble in getting their school affairs adjusted, and they were certainly unfortunate in the end as the sequence shows. The German citizens again petitioned the Board in October, 1871. This time it was in regard to paying Ungraded ber, 1871. This time it was in regard to paying Ungraded tuition at their school. The special committee, to 8<^bo"*which was referred this petition, reported at the next meet- which was referred this petition, reported at the next meet48 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 48 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ing the following plan for an ungraded department to be taught by Professor Carl Eduard : "First, -- The members in this department shall not exceed sixty. "Second, -- Whenever it may be necessary to make room for scholars who shall be sent to this room for irregular attendance or bad conduct, the German children now in attendance and reading in the Primer or First Reader shall be sent to other schools. "Third, -- Pupils may be sent to this school by the Superintendent for continued irregularity of attendance, ungovernable be- tendent for continued irregularity of attendance, ungovernable behavior, idleness, or for such other reasons as he may deem suffic- havior, idleness, or for such other reasons as he may deem sufficient. ient. "Fourth, -- Professor Eduard shall teach a class in the High School in German whenever, in the judgment of the Board, it may be thought best." This is certainly an instance in which it would be difficult for the petitioners to recognize the answer to their cult for the petitioners to recognize the answer to their prayer. It was truly an example of arrested development, not of evolution. Two years later German was, on vote of the Board, discontinued. The school in the basement of the Fourth Ward under Mr. Eduard went on until May, 1874, when on petition of C. P. Stringham, J. M. Morse, H. W. Belden, and one hundred others, to provide a better room for the school taught by Professor Eduard, it was transferred to some other place not named, or abandoned altogether. red to some other place not named, or abandoned altogether. It is surprising that a thousand citizens did not, years before, petition to have this uncomfortable and unhealthful fore, petition to have this uncomfortable and unhealthful room vacated. At a special meeting of the Board of Education in NoNight vember, 1871, Director Churchill and Superintend- Night vember, 1871, Director Churchill and Superintendschooi. Q^^ Roberts were appointed a committee to report schooi. Q^^ Roberts were appointed a committee to report at the December meeting a plan for a night school. The committee made the following report: The night school was to be under the direct supervision of the Superintendent of Public Schools; Rooms F and G and a recitation ent of Public Schools; Rooms F and G and a recitation room were to be furnished with suitable lights; the school ^ EOWIM POST a.UBERT REED ALFRED '^NOWUES e JOHNSON v". S. PUC SECOND WARD The Representatives of the Second Ward on the Board of Kducation since its First Organization in June, 18(U. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 49 was to be held Monday, Tuesday and Thursday evenings of each week, from seven o'clock until nine o'clock; the assistants, whose compensation was not to exceed fifty cents sistants, whose compensation was not to exceed fifty cents each, per evening, were to be employed at the discretion of the Superintendent ; and no pupil under fourteen years of age was to be admitted except by permission of the Teachers' Committee. The school opened January 9, 1872, ers' Committee. The school opened January 9, 1872, and continued without interruption until April 26th, sixteen weeks in all. The whole number of pupils enrolled was 117, the largest attendance at one time being 98, and the average attendance for the whole time, 71. Of the whole num- age attendance for the whole time, 71. Of the whole number enrolled, 75 were males and 42 females. The whole ber enrolled, 75 were males and 42 females. The whole number of teachers employed was twelve, only six of whom were in service at one time. On account of the unlike attainments of the pupils, little of the teaching was done in tainments of the pupils, little of the teaching was done in classes, and this made it necessary to have one teacher for every ten or twelve pupils. The studies pursued were chiefly arithmetic, reading, spelling and writing. A few pupils studied geometry, and there was a class in mechanical drawing, and one in bookkeeping. Forty-five of the ical drawing, and one in bookkeeping. Forty-five of the young men in attendance were in the employ of the railroad company, most of them in the shops; some of them, however, worked on the section. Eighteen came from other ever, worked on the section. Eighteen came from other shops of the city, while of the remaining number the majority were clerks in the stores. The attendance of the jority were clerks in the stores. The attendance of the young women was entirely unexpected, and they were more regular in attendance than were the young men. Several did not miss an evening while the school continued. Most of these young women were working out at service in the families of the city. The Superintendent reported that the young men and women, with scarcely an exception, were orderly, attentive to business, courteous, and very much in earnest; and that the government of the school never occasioned a moment's anxiety. The running expenses of the casioned a moment's anxiety. The running expenses of the school for teachers and lights were exactly two hundred dollars, or fifty dollars per month. The experiment proved so GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS far more successful than it was thought at all probable, and a night school was conducted during four of the winter and spring months for the remaining two years of this period. Owing to the meager records of these years little can be learned of its history ; but the little that can be found, would indicate that its first year was its best. 9. SPECIAL BRANCHES. Of the different branches taught in the schools, that of Pen- penmanship was most frequently before the Board manship. {qj- consideration. Judging from the number of changes made in the methods of teaching it, the penmanship of the pupils was never satisfactory for any length of time. Penmanship was taught the first year by the regular teachers. A special teacher, Mrs. Gross, was employed the sec- ers. A special teacher, Mrs. Gross, was employed the second year, but before the school year closed her services were ond year, but before the school year closed her services were dispensed with, at a special meeting of the Board called to consider the subject of penmanship. At the beginning of the third year the Spencerian System of Penmanship was adopted on the recommendation of Director J. V. N. Standish, who had carefully examined the different systems of- ish, who had carefully examined the different systems offered for consideration. The regular teachers taught the fered for consideration. The regular teachers taught the subject this year. At the beginning of the fourth year, 1865, Henry E. Hayes was employed for ten weeks to teach penmanship in the schools. A year and a half later, Mr. Ed- manship in the schools. A year and a half later, Mr. Edward Hayes was employed, on motion of Professor Stand- ward Hayes was employed, on motion of Professor Standish, but at the end of three months his services were dis- ish, but at the end of three months his services were discontinued. The subject was allowed to rest for three years, continued. The subject was allowed to rest for three years, with the regular teachers giving the instruction. A special committee was appointed in 1870 to investigate the subject and report on the advisability of securing a special teacher of penmanship. On the recommendation of this committee Mr. F. R. Poole was engaged. At the end of a year and four months the Board, by a vote of four to two, decided not to continue the services of Mr. Poole. In May of this same year, 1871, a Mr. Babbitt presented a proposition to introPERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 51 PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 51 duce his writing books and system of penmanship into the schools, which was accepted. The teachers were directed to dismiss their schools for a half day to attend a drill exercise to be conducted by Mr. Babbitt. This system was ercise to be conducted by Mr. Babbitt. This system was eminently unsatisfactory, for, before the school-year closed, a special committee on system of penmanship was appointed to investigate the Babbittonian System of writing. pointed to investigate the Babbittonian System of writing. The committee reported that having made, as they considered, a contract with Mr. Babbitt, the Board was bound to ered, a contract with Mr. Babbitt, the Board was bound to fulfill its part of the contract and give his system a fair trial. The Babbittonian System was, however, displaced in January, 1872, and Payson, Dunton and Scribner's writing uary, 1872, and Payson, Dunton and Scribner's writing books were adopted. This system of penmanship continued two and a half years of this period, with no special teacher of the subject employed. Thus, in twelve years, three different systems of penmanship were tried, and four different ferent systems of penmanship were tried, and four different special teachers employed. It was not unusual for the Board to adopt two plans for teaching the subject in one year. However, there was at one time a period of three years in which no change was made. Penmanship seems to be subjected to more frequent and radical changes in its methods of presentation than any other subject taught in the schools. It required the Board of Education a long time to come to the conclusion that music had a place in the ^ Music. public schools. No other subject was compelled to stand and knock so long before the door was opened. It gained an entrance only by having a champion of unusual strength and energy. To Mrs. M. D. Cooke, who is still living in the city and has never lost her interest in the welfare ing in the city and has never lost her interest in the welfare of our public schools, belongs the honor of persuading the Board to admit music as a branch of study in the common schools. In October, 1862, Mrs. Cooke was allowed, on motion of Dr. Candee, to occupy one room in the Colton build- tion of Dr. Candee, to occupy one room in the Colton building, and that for only a half hour each day, "provided she ing, and that for only a half hour each day, "provided she would in no way interfere with the regular school duties." 52 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The next year she was given, by vote of the Board, a room in which to teach a class in singing. This was a distinct gain on the part of Mrs. Cooke and her cause. It might seem that the Board took a backward step in 1865, when it refused to allow Mrs. Cooke the use of one of the schoolrooms fused to allow Mrs. Cooke the use of one of the schoolrooms for the purpose of teaching singing; but it should be remembered that this was the time when all the schools in the membered that this was the time when all the schools in the central part of the city were having only half-day sessions. They had left the old Academy and the Colton building, and were waiting for the High School building to be completed. There was no room or time then for the encouragement of "fads." In the fall of 1867, when the schools had become comMrs. Cooke fo^tably Settled in their new building, Mrs. Cooke Mrs. Cooke fo^tably Settled in their new building, Mrs. Cooke by"the^^^ was regularly employed by the Board as a teacher Board. qj music in the schools. This was a great victory, and it would have been complete had not her compensation been made to depend upon a tuition fee to be collected by herself from each pupil. This plan was continued for three years, when, in 1870, vocal music was made a regular study in the schools, and Mrs. M. D. Cooke was appointed as the teacher at a salary of fifty dollars per month. This was her reward for eight years of missionary work. The next year, 1871, however, the Board decided, by a vote of three to two, to discontinue the special teacher of music. Mrs. Cooke appears not to have been completely discouraged, for in January, 1872, she again began the teaching of music classes in the High School chapel. In July, 1872, the tide turned once more in her favor and she was employed as the special teacher of music. It was for only one year, however, as in August, 1873, it was again voted to dispense with the services of a special teacher of music. At this time the Board vices of a special teacher of music. At this time the Board was without a settled policy on many other questions as well as on the subject of music. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 53 The most surprising find in the records of this period is an account of the introduction of supplementary ... Supplereading- matter in March, 1871. It reads as if it mentary reading- matter in March, 1871. It reads as if it mentary . Reading. might have been written twenty-five years later, for that was about the time when supplementary readers came into use. It is surprising that such a rational method of teaching reading could have ever been faithfully and intelligently tried, and then dropped and forgotten. Such is, telligently tried, and then dropped and forgotten. Such is, the case, however, in this instance, for twenty-five years ago supplementary reading books were unknown in the schools, and their introduction later was considered something new. The resolution was introduced by Professor Churchill, and it is another instance of his comprehensive vision on educational questions. The resolution, which deserves a place in tional questions. The resolution, which deserves a place in this history, is as follows : "Good reading is one of the highest accomplishments of a scholar, yet the art is one so difficult that good readers churohin are the exceptions and not the rule. This fact should Resolution . .on Jsuppleurge all interested to devise and resort to all possible mentary urge all interested to devise and resort to all possible mentary aids to secure so desirable an end. Every one knows ^" "*^' that reading old and oft repeated stories fails to interest the reader, and hence, from want of interest, no progress will be made, while if the matter were new and interesting, an enthusiasm could be waked up in the reader which would aid much in giving the art of reading well. In most of our schools the books are read and reread until it is an irksome task for the scholar to repeat the read- read until it is an irksome task for the scholar to repeat the reading -- and the buying of new books is so objected to on the part of ing -- and the buying of new books is so objected to on the part of parents that the teachers and directors feel obliged to forego the gain in reading for the sake of saving the small price of the book. To avoid this, many schools are now buying sets of readers which, owned by the school boards, are circulated to the different rooms to supply the various grades with new and interesting matters outside of their regular reading books, and this is done in grades read- side of their regular reading books, and this is done in grades reading the Second and Third Readers. Now, Resolved by the Board, ing the Second and Third Readers. Now, Resolved by the Board, that the Superintendent be instructed to procure one hundred each of any Second and Third Readers not now used in our schools, to be used as above suggested, and that he also be instructed to subscribe for twenty-five copies of a magazine called 'The Nursery,' scribe for twenty-five copies of a magazine called 'The Nursery,' for the use of the primary grades, and that the money received from tuition be appropriated for the purchase of said books." 54 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS In February, 1872, a request was made by Mme. Sey(jy^. mour for the use of the High School chapel in (jy^. mour for the use of the High School chapel in nastica which to give lessons in gymnastics. This request the Board refused to grant, by a vote of three to two. quest the Board refused to grant, by a vote of three to two. In September of the same year, however, it voted on motion of Director F. A. Willoughby, to erect gymnastic ap- tion of Director F. A. Willoughby, to erect gymnastic apparatus at the High School and at the Fourth Ward School, paratus at the High School and at the Fourth Ward School, at an expense not to exceed forty dollars. There is no evidence that any of this apparatus was ever installed. dence that any of this apparatus was ever installed. It appears by the records that drawing was introduced into the schools in 1869 ; for at the August meeting Bookkeep- of that year the Board adopted the Bartholomew Ing, Etc. . -^ . ^ Series of Drawmg Books. Bookkeepmg was also taught in the High School for a few months at different times. It would seem, from the following entry in the records of February, 1872, that mechanical drawing was ords of February, 1872, that mechanical drawing was taught for a while in the High School. "The Superintendent was authorized to procure books and instruments nec- ent was authorized to procure books and instruments necessary in teaching mechanical drawing, at a cost not ex- essary in teaching mechanical drawing, at a cost not exceeding twenty dollars. ceeding twenty dollars. 10. PRINCIPALS. There was a strong sentiment from the very first that Men for ^^^ head of the Grammar School should be a man, Principals, ^g ^j^g ^j^g Principal of the High School. When the schools were organized, the grammar department was placed in the Colton building and A. E. Blunt was made Principal. When Mr. Blunt resigned, in January, 1863, the Board, not being able to get a man for the vacancy thus caused, after much hesitation made Mrs. R. K. Colby head of the department for the remainder of the school year. Mr. Edward H. Curtis was elected Principal for the next year, with Mrs. Colby as his assistant. This action of the Board caused the resignation of Mrs. Colby and, apparently, that of two or three other teachers. Mr. Curtis held the position but one year, and, from that date, the place has been sition but one year, and, from that date, the place has been PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 55 held by a woman. When Edward Hayes resigned as Principal of the High School, in 1869, that position was also cipal of the High School, in 1869, that position was also filled by a woman and continued to be so filled for twentysix years. When the Fourth Ward School was opened in six years. When the Fourth Ward School was opened in January, 1870, Miss Wheelock was made the Principal, but three years later, when the Fifth Ward School was opened, Mr. Patrick Talent was placed at its head. At the close of this period there were three men connected with the schools: J. B. Roberts, Superintendent of Schools, Patrick Talent, Principal of the Fifth Ward School, and LeRoy S. Bates, a teacher in one of the grades in the High School building. 11. LIBRARY. The Free School Law of 1855 gave districts the right to buy libraries; and in accordance with this provision some, at least, of the eight independent districts into which the present school district was then divided, purchased libraries. These libraries became the property of the union school district when it was formed by the consolidation of these eight districts. When the school system was organized under the charter, it came into possession of this library, which der the charter, it came into possession of this library, which was said to consist of 600 volumes. The Board of Education employed S. A. Gross to keep the library and he was tion employed S. A. Gross to keep the library and he was paid twenty-five dollars a year for his services as librarian. At the March meeting in 1863, the Board received a communication from the Young Men's Library Association ask- munication from the Young Men's Library Association asking that it might have the position of librarian to the Board ing that it might have the position of librarian to the Board and that the books might be removed to its hall. This request was granted and the Young Men's Library Associa- quest was granted and the Young Men's Library Association was the custodian of the school library for four years, tion was the custodian of the school library for four years, for which it received twenty-five dollars a year. When the books were delivered to Professor A. Hurd, the librarian of this Association, he found they invoiced 293 instead of 600. The library was taken over by the Board of Education in 1867, when the High School building was opened. Here it 56 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS remained until it was moved with the High School to its new building in 1888, where it was totally destroyed by the fire of 1904. 12. LIMITATIONS. The charter provided that children over the age of five years and under the age of twenty-one should be School J * 1 rr^, . Age admitted to school. This was the same as the Chang:ea . . to Sis provision in the Free School Law of the state, Years. . o r r adopted in 1855. The Board of Education voted in May, 1864, on motion of Professor Churchill, that six years should be the age of admission to the schools. This action was considered necessary, at the time, on account of the crowded condition of the primary grades; now it is recognized as wisdom. nized as wisdom. The tax limit originally fixed by the charter was oneTax ^^^^ *-*^ deg^^ P^^ cent. This, from the first, proved Tax ^^^^ *-*^ deg^^ P^^ cent. This, from the first, proved Limit. ^Q i^g inadequate, and in December, 1864, it was voted, on motion of Professor Standish, then a member of the Board, to ask the Legislature so to amend the charter as to give the Board of Education the power to levy a tax of one per cent for school purposes. The amendment was passed and approved, February 14, 1865. This limit was increased again in 1899, by an act of the Legislature, enabling creased again in 1899, by an act of the Legislature, enabling all Boards of Education acting under special charters to make the same levy for school purposes as is provided by the general law, viz : two and one-half per cent for educational purposes and two and one-half for building purposes. tional purposes and two and one-half for building purposes. It was the custom of the Board of Education in this Salary period to pay the city clerk a salary of $50 to $100 cfJrk and P^^" ^"^^^ ^deg^ ^^^ scrviccs as clerk of the Board, and Treasurer. |.|-,g ^'^^y treasurer a salary of $25 to $50 per year as treasurer of the Board. The year the High School building was completed the clerk received $200 and the treas- ing was completed the clerk received $200 and the treasurer, $100. urer, $100. PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 57 The Board tried the experiment of having only one session a day in the latter part of the spring term of sion a day in the latter part of the spring term of #' . . One Se8- 1874. Schools commenced at eight o'clock m the sion a . Day. morning and closed at noon, for the day. This was certainly a poor argument for a ten months' school, which was strongly advocated by some at that time. One of the duties of the Superintendent of Schools is to prepare annually a report of the schools and to submit it to the Board of Education at its Tune tendenfs . Report. meeting. Of the twelve reports of this period only three were printed in pamphlet form for distribution; the first was in 1862, the second in 1863, and the third in 1865. No report of tiie schools was ordered published by the Board in the last eight years. As far as it is known, no copies of the reports of 1862 and 1863 are now in existence, and only one copy of the report of 1865 has been preserved. It is in the Public Library. This single copy, printed in 1865, is the only official statement of the schools, in print, for all this period. This, together with the fact that there is no file of any of the Galesburg newspapers of this period except for the last four years -- and there are very few references to the schools in those years -- leaves the minutes kept ences to the schools in those years -- leaves the minutes kept by the clerk of the Board as the sole source of information concerning this important period in the history of the schools. The number of teachers required in the first year of this period was eighteen, and the largest enrollment of pupils in any one month was 1,073, or an average x^hers"' enrollment of 59.6 to the teacher. The number of teachers required in the last year was twenty-eight, and the largest monthly enrollment in that year was 1,752, or an average of 62.5 to the teacher. The number of different teachers employed during these twelve years was one hundred and nineteen, of whom thirty-six taught less than one dred and nineteen, of whom thirty-six taught less than one year, the average length of service being about two years. No teacher taught the entire period of twelve years. 58 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The number of different men who served as members of the Board of Education during the twelve years of S^thf^ this period was twenty-four, which made an aver^*™️^*'"' age of two new members each year. For the last ^*™️^*'"' age of two new members each year. For the last EdacaUon twcnty-five ycars there has been, on an average, one new member each year. Most of those who served one term in those days did not apparently wish another, or, at least, they were not candidates for re-election. other, or, at least, they were not candidates for re-election. There were seven members re-elected once, in those twelve years. One member, George Churchill, was re-elected three times. He was a constant as well as a potential factor, serving all those years save the first and the last. The Board of Education was defeated at the polls on only two occasions when its outgoing members were candidates for re-election. The first defeat was in 1867, after it had built the High School at a cost of over $59,000 and when it was proposing to build two other schoolhouses. The second defeat was in 1873, after it had spent $16,000 on the ond defeat was in 1873, after it had spent $16,000 on the Fifth Ward School, while only $13,000 was voted for that purpose, and when it was preparing to build the Third Ward School. 13. RESIGNATION OF SUPERINTENDENT ROBERTS. When the schools opened in September, 1873, Superintendent Roberts was evidently undecided about continuing tendent Roberts was evidently undecided about continuing his connection with the schools. The last representative of the original policy dominating the Board of Education was removed by the defeat of Professor Churchill at the previous June election. This severing of the old ties, thus making everything here uncertain, and some tempting offers coming to him from other cities, gave Mr. Roberts a feeling of ing to him from other cities, gave Mr. Roberts a feeling of doubt and unrest. At the November meeting, Mr. Roberts tendered his resignation as Superintendent of Schools, which the Board promptly and unanimously refused to accept. By this action it was plainly indicated that no change of policy was intended here ; but in July of the following year, when PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 59 he was tendered the Principalship of the Indianapolis High School, he handed in his resignation, which was accepted. "Gentlemen of the Board of Education: -- It is now twelve years since I first entered upon the duties of Superin- ^tt"r of tendent of the Galesburg Public Schools, uniting with tion. that office that of Acting Principal of the High School. During the first year there were upon the rolls fourteen teachers and 1,264 pupils. During the past year there have been thirty teachers and 2,268 pupils. Not one of the original teachers, however, and, so far as I know, not one of the pupils of that first year remaining upon the rolls. Scarcely less sweeping has been the change in school buildings. The old brick schoolhouse on East Main street is the only building remaining upon its original site. Besides this, two other schoolhouses remain in existence and are still in use, viz: the one on Maple avenue, which was removed from West Main street, and the North Depot, or Seventh Ward Schoolhouse, which formerly stood upon the present site of the First Baptist Church. The ly stood upon the present site of the First Baptist Church. The High School and higher grades were 'accommodated' in the old Academy which has since given place to the Union Hotel, and in the store-rooms now occupied by Dieterich and Hoover. The thought of all these changes and this growth, together with a thousand other reminiscences in which far more of pleasure than of pain is mingled, crowd upon me and cause me to linger before pronouncing the final word which must at last be spoken. fore pronouncing the final word which must at last be spoken. Gentlemen, accept my profound thanks for all the courtesies, kindness and hearty co-operation which I have received at your hands ness and hearty co-operation which I have received at your hands in my laborious work. Of you as a Board and as men and also of your predecessors in office I shall carry with me none but the most grateful recollections. To the Citizens of Galesburg, who have borne generously with my failures and defects which no one has understood and felt so keenly as myself, I hereby express my hearty gratitude. With me, leaving Galesburg is leaving home with all its hallowed associations. tions. In regard to my teachers and pupils I can only say that to bid them this abrupt and unexpected good-bye is one of the hardest experiences of my life. One can form no conception of the est experiences of my life. One can form no conception of the strength of these ties until an effort is made to sunder them. With this, perhaps unnecessarily long preface, gentlemen, I hereby resign my office as Superintendent of the Public Schools of Galesburg. J. B. Roberts." Galesburg, July 20. 1874. 60 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Director M. D. Cooke offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted : ''Resolved, That in accepting the resignation of Professor J. B. Roberts, we tender him our sincere thanks for the noble work he has accomplished in our Public Schools in bringing them up to their present high standard of excellence, and that we deeply regret our inability to make it an object for him to remain with us longer, for our own sakes as also for the sake of the general educational interests of the State, with which he has been identified as an able and efficient worker; that in leaving us for his new field of labor, he will carry with him the highest esteem and confidence of this Board and this community." There was perhaps as little of the formal and perfunctory in the above communication and resolution as can be found in any other document of like character, for there is not a single line in all the records to indicate that Mr. Roberts, at any time, did not have the full sympathy, the hearty support and the entire confidence of the Board of Education. port and the entire confidence of the Board of Education. 14. SUMMARY. One to-day in reading these records may sometimes smile at the awkward manner in which things were occasionally done and at the tendency in some instances to casionally done and at the tendency in some instances to magnify the unimportant, but he should remember that the present generation has the advantage of nearly half a century of school administration. It was a period full of edu- tury of school administration. It was a period full of educational activity and progress. It was noted, also, for the cational activity and progress. It was noted, also, for the number of experiments tried. A short account of these has already been given, but a grouping of them here will not be without its value. There was the colored school, the German school, the ungraded school for truants and incorrigibles, the night school, the teaching of elementary geom- rigibles, the night school, the teaching of elementary geometry in the last three years of the graded schools, and the etry in the last three years of the graded schools, and the ordering of gymnastic apparatus for the play grounds of the two new schools. These experiments were all finally dropped ; none of them has been reinstated, and most of them have been completely forgotten. Then there was supPERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 61 PERIOD OF COLLEGE CONTROL: 1862-1874 61 plementary reading, bookkeeping and mechanical drawing in the High School, free-hand drawing in the grades, and music, which may properly be included in this list. These, also, were tried and dropped but in later years introduced into the schools as important features of modern education. Those who are advocating a special school for the truant and the incorrigible of these degenerate days will be surprised to find that in those good old times of forty years ago prised to find that in those good old times of forty years ago and more there were truants and incorrigibles, and a separate school provided for them by the Board of Education. arate school provided for them by the Board of Education. The teaching of the elements of geometry in the grades, partially anticipated the popular plea of President Eliot and others, made thirty years later, for enriching the curriculum by bringing the elements of some of the High School studies into the grades. The resolution of the Board of Education ordering the playgrounds of the High School and the Fourth Ward to be provided with gymnastic apparatus, preceded by a third of a century the movement that is now ceded by a third of a century the movement that is now sweeping over the country to establish public playgrounds and to equip them with physical apparatus. In those days there were surely plenty of fads -- "fad" being a generic term for anything new. All honor to those times for what was so courageously attempted as well as for what was so nobly done. TAX LEVIES. 1861 $4,193.71 1862 $ 4,600.00 1868 $15,609.00 1863 4,773.86 1869 16,425.37 1864 5,000.00 1870 22,000.00 1865 8,607.24 1871 17,237.00 1866 11,793.45 1872 26,000.00 1867 14,000.00 1873 25,000.00 1874 $35,000.00 62 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS BONDS ISSUED. $40,000. Authorized Nov. 21, 1864, by a vote of 947 for, to 16 against. $10,000. Authorized Oct. 13, 1866, by a vote of 22 for, to none against. $13,000. Authorized July 29, 1872, by a vote of 192 for, to 151 against. MATTHEW ANDREWS Superintendent of Schools 1874-1885 CHAPTER III PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885. 1. School Bulldinss in Third, Sixth and Seventh Wards. 2. Lossefl by Fire. 3. The Board and Itg Activities. 4. Teachers' Meetings and Volontary Training:. 5. Courses of Study. 6. Special Scho"is. 7. Special Features of Organization. 8. Improvements and Alterations. 9. The High School. 10. Resignation of Superintendent Andrews. 11. Sommary. After a period of active organization involving an unusual expenditure of money, such as has been de- usual expenditure of money, such as has been described in the last chapter, would naturally come of the scribed in the last chapter, would naturally come of the . , * , , Period. one of more or less reaction and retrenchment. This is a law of institutional growth and it is well illustrated in at least the first half of this period. There were two other causes that contributed to the general movement, either of which alone would have been sufficient to bring about a reaction. When Professor George Churchill retired from the Board of Education in June, 1873, and Mr. J, tired from the Board of Education in June, 1873, and Mr. J, B. Roberts from the Superintendency a year later, the management of the schools passed completely into the control, agement of the schools passed completely into the control, as it were, of another generation. There was then no one left in the management of the schools who thoroughly understood their organization and who could, consequently, derstood their organization and who could, consequently, be in special sympathy with it. This was the first of the contributory causes. The second was the financial panic that swept over the country at that time, paralyzing business and institutions of all kinds. The people of those days ness and institutions of all kinds. The people of those days did not seem to be conscious that their actions were being guided and controlled by such deep-rooted and inexorable forces, but they were inclined rather to attribute the trend of affairs to the natural perversity of the individuals who were in control. The conditions made retrenchment imper(63) (63) 64 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ative and it is not strange that under the circumstances cheapness became the chief consideration in the management of the schools. The course of study was pruned, all spe- ment of the schools. The course of study was pruned, all special subjects were lopped ofif, special teachers dropped, and cial subjects were lopped ofif, special teachers dropped, and all salaries greatly reduced ; every schoolhouse built cost less than the preceding one ; the same was true of the furniture purchased, and the amount expended on repairs was practically nothing. The policy of economy continued until the tically nothing. The policy of economy continued until the tax levy was reduced almost one-half. All this could not be done without much friction, which was manifested in the meetings of the Board and at the school elections. In those years the people took a lively interest in the school elections, at one or two of which more votes were polled than tions, at one or two of which more votes were polled than at the municipal elections. About the beginning of the second half of this period affairs began to improve and by the ond half of this period affairs began to improve and by the time it closed the schools were in good condition, having made substantial improvement along some important lines which will be noted later. The Board was not long in securing a successor to Mr, A New J- ^- Roberts. He resigned July 20, 1874, and tendeivt" ^^ ^^at meeting a committee, consisting of the Employed. Mayor, Mr. Johnson, and School Directors Leach and Cooke, was appointed to find a superintendent. Two days later this committee made the following report at a special meeting of the Board, "That M. Andrews, of Macomb, be invited to take the place of Superintendent of comb, be invited to take the place of Superintendent of Schools vacated by Mr. J. B. Roberts." On motion of Mr, Leach the report was adopted. The records do not state the time nor the salary for which Mr. Andrews was employed. Other sources show that his salary was $1,800, the ployed. Other sources show that his salary was $1,800, the same as Mr. Roberts was receiving when he resigned, and the time for which he was appointed was during the pleasure of the Board. Mr. Andrews' appointment was uni- ure of the Board. Mr. Andrews' appointment was universally regarded as an excellent one, he being a man in the versally regarded as an excellent one, he being a man in the prime of life with years of successful experience in superPERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 65 PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 65 vising schools. At the time of his appointment he was superintendent of schools at Macomb. perintendent of schools at Macomb. 1. SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN THIRD, SIXTH AND SEVENTH WARDS. At the beginning of this period there were three sections of the city, the Third, the Sixth, and the Seventh wards, that had not been supplied with new B*iliwhig9, schoolhouses as the other parts of the city had been. The claims of these wards could not longer be ignored. Their schoolhouses were not only wretched buildings, but they were notoriously inadequate. The energy ings, but they were notoriously inadequate. The energy displayed by the Board in providing new buildings for these parts of the city was commendable, but a serious mistake was made in not employing an architect to design them or to prepare their plans and specifications. This work was done by the regular Building Committee, assisted in some cases by J. P. Chapman, who had been the superintendent of the construction of the woodwork in the High School building. All were four-room brick buildings similar in exterior architecture to the Fifth Ward School, but each was terior architecture to the Fifth Ward School, but each was different in interior arrangement. While they were palaces compared with the ones whose places they took, they were as cheaply constructed as knowledge of the building art at that time would permit. Each cost from $1,100 to $4,500 less than the one after which they were patterned. All these buildings were located in what were then the outskirts of the city. The Third Ward School building was the first one to be built. The land for this school, consisting of three lots on the southeast corner of Cherry and Selden Ward streets, had been purchased in February, 1874, for $1,200. In December of this year the Building Committee prepared plans and specifications for this building and submitted them at the meeting in January, 1875. The contract mitted them at the meeting in January, 1875. The contract was let in February to Ira R. Stevens for $11,900, the building to be completed in time for the opening of schools 66 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the following September. John McFarland was employed to superintend its construction. The contract for heating and ventilating was let for $850 to the Ruttan Heating and Ventilating Co., which installed its system of tubular furnaces. The Sterling School Furniture Co. was given the furniture contract for $875 which was about $400 cheaper than the Board had ever paid for a like amount of furniture. It is thus seen that the Third Ward School cost, including grounds, building, heating and furniture, $14,- 825. School was opened in it September 6, 1875, with Miss Emma J. Becker as Principal. Probably the next schoolhouse would have been built in Origin of ^^^^ Sixth Ward had not one of the two one-room con"ten- buildiugs in the Seventh Ward been destroyed by tion. j^j-g Qj^ ^j^g night of April 4, 1876. At the regular meeting of the Board in May, 1876, when the purchase of a lot in the Sixth Ward from R. W. Hunt was being considered, a petition from the citizens of the Seventh Ward was ered, a petition from the citizens of the Seventh Ward was presented, asking in emphatic terms for a new schoolhouse, to be built immediately to take the place of the one recently destroyed by fire. It was evident that justice was ly destroyed by fire. It was evident that justice was strongly on the side of the Seventh Ward people, but there was strong pressure on the Board to build at once in the Sixth Ward. The purchase of the lot ten by sixteen rods, on Losey street between Clark street and Maple avenue for $600 was completed, but a motion, "That the interests of the city in general and of the Sixth Ward in particular demand the erection of a school building in the Sixth Ward at the earliest possible time," was laid on the table. This was the cause iest possible time," was laid on the table. This was the cause of the second great dissension in the Board and among the people, the first being in 1866, when the High School building was completed. This conflict of interests, which was ing was completed. This conflict of interests, which was thus started, continued for years and forms the most prominent feature of this period. It was not confined simply to the nent feature of this period. It was not confined simply to the building of new schoolhouses, but manifested itself in many PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 67 ways in the management of the schools. It was called in the public press "the era of tickle me and I'll tickle you." The issue, which was first joined in May, 1876, was carried to the polls the following month, when such of the retiring members of the Board as stood for re-election were defeated by a vote of two to one. There was much trouble experienced in determining the site for the new schoolhouse in the Seventh Ward. Seventh It was srenerally agreed that the old lot on First ward deg ./ o Building. Street between Seminary and Chambers streets was not a desirable location, but when it came to selecting another one in its place there was anything but harmony. The lot on the northeast corner of Seminary and Third streets which the Board ordered to be bought in May, 1876, and on which, by resolution, it decided to build a new schoolhouse during that season, was reconsidered and all actions house during that season, was reconsidered and all actions in regard to it were annulled by the new Board as soon as it was organized. After parleying with different parties for other locations the Board bought, June 19th, for $800 the Collopy lot, which was the same one ordered purchased by the old Board -- which order the new Board had recently rescinded. The only thing accomplished by the filibustering was the saving of $200 in the price paid for the lot. By the time the site was secured the Building Committee had the plans and specifications for the building completed and bids for the same in its hands. The purchase of the lot and the letting of the contract for the building were done at the same meeting, June 19, 1876. Haines and Anderson were awarded the contract for $9,740 which was more than $2,000 less than the contract for the Third Ward building of which it was said at the time to be a duplicate. The ing of which it was said at the time to be a duplicate. The building was heated with stoves which cost $260.35. This was a saving of nearly $600 in the matter of heating as compared with the Third Ward. The Sterling School Furniture Co. got the contract for seating at $643.51, which was niture Co. got the contract for seating at $643.51, which was another saving of nearly $250. The Seventh Ward 68 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS School when completed cost, including grounds, building, heating and furniture, $11,443.86. The Third Ward School similar in design and accommodating the same number of pupils, built the year before, cost $14,825. School was opened in the new Seventh Ward building in November, 1876, with four teachers and 265 pupils, eighty-four children being in the primary room. The Sixth Ward schoolhouse was built in 1877, the stormiest of all the years in this period. In FebWard ruary of that year a petition, signed by eighty-nine Ward ruary of that year a petition, signed by eighty-nine citizens of the Sixth Ward, was presented to the Board, remonstrating against locating the new school building on the site purchased the previous year. A committee of ing on the site purchased the previous year. A committee of the Board was appointed to examine the location. A majority report, approving the purchase of the lot, was made to jority report, approving the purchase of the lot, was made to the Board by the committee at the April meeting. The Building Committee was at once directed to make plans and specifications for a new building similar to the Third and Seventh Ward schools and not to cost over $9,000. A member of the Board presented a written protest against this action. The citizens of the ward then made application for an injunction to restrain the Board from building tion for an injunction to restrain the Board from building the schoolhouse on the proposed lot. They appeared, by their attorneys, before Judge Pleasants at Aledo as well as before Judge Smith at Galesburg. The injunction was not granted, the only legal objection being the fact that the lot was purchased from a member of the Board, which objection was obviated by the owner of the lot making a deed to a third party and he deeding it to the Board. In the meantime the Board went on with its preparation to build. time the Board went on with its preparation to build. When the time came for opening the bids for the new building, a written protest signed by two members of the Board ing, a written protest signed by two members of the Board was presented but it was all of no avail. The contract was let. May 24th, to A. B. Clark for $8,445. Wm. Moulding was appointed to superintend the construction of the building at one dollar a day. The building was fitted with ing at one dollar a day. The building was fitted with PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 69 stoves at a cost of $260. The furniture contract was let to the Sterling School Furniture Co. for $850. The Sixth Ward School cost, including lot, building, heating and furniture, $10,155, which was about $500 less than the cost of niture, $10,155, which was about $500 less than the cost of the Seventh Ward building. School was opened in the building in October, 1877, with three teachers and 126 pupils. ing in October, 1877, with three teachers and 126 pupils. Perhaps the chief object sought in organizing the schools under the special charter in 1861 was to provide the best means for securing a good school building Every secfor each section of the city and, when the Sixth its New for each section of the city and, when the Sixth its New . , o'7-7 SchoolWard schoolhouse was completed m 1877, that house. Ward schoolhouse was completed m 1877, that house. result had been attained -- six buildings containing thirty-one rooms. It required sixteen years and the expenditure of $128,035 to accomplish it. When the last build- diture of $128,035 to accomplish it. When the last building was finished the district was free from debt. It was an ing was finished the district was free from debt. It was an event well worthy of a celebration but the people were not in a humor at that time to make merry. On the other hand, they turned out at the next election and cast about 1,500 ballots, which was a larger vote than was polled at the municipal election that year, electing three new members to the Board, none of the outgoing directors standing for reelection. This ended the first building period. election. This ended the first building period. 2. LOSSES BY FIRE. On the night of April 4, 1876, the old Seventh Ward schoolhouse was burned. This was in the time of BQii^inga the spring vacation and on the night after the """""<** election of George W. Brown as mayor. It was a one-room building and was insured for $500, which amount was paid in full. After the fire the sixty pupils who had attended this school were taken into the other one-room building that stood on the same lot. By holding two sessions a day these two schools were thus accommodated until the new building was finished. 70 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Fourth Ward School building was burned on May 1, 1882, the second story being totally destroyed Ward and the first practically ruined. This is the only School- * 1 1 r house serious school fire that has occurred while the puBumed. .... Bumed. .... pils were in the building. The fire caught in the roof by sparks falling from the chimney. It was discovered by the Principal, Miss Sara Pettee, about 9:30 o'clock in the morning. The signals for dismissal were sounded and the children marched out of the burning building as quietly and orderly as though no danger threatened. The teachers deserved and received much praise for the presence of mind served and received much praise for the presence of mind evinced by them when confronted by sudden danger. In three minutes every child was out of the building. Miss Mary Allen West, then County Superintendent of Schools, commented on this fire in the educational column she was editing in the Republican-Register, in part as follows: "Those of us who remember the panic which occurred in the High School, when it took fire the year after its completion, fully appreciate this result of discipline. If we mistake not, the beautiful exhibition of orderly movement shown at the late fire reaches ful exhibition of orderly movement shown at the late fire reaches back to the panic of the first. Superintendent Roberts instituted fire drills which we believe have been continued ever since. Occasionally, and always at unexpected times, signals of dismission casionally, and always at unexpected times, signals of dismission are given, and the children form in order and march out of the building. So perfect in this drill did the pupils become, that we remember once emptying the entire High School building in two minutes." The building, which had cost about $15,000, was insured for $5,000, of which amount the insurance com- sured for $5,000, of which amount the insurance companies paid $4,968.60. The contract for rebuilding the panies paid $4,968.60. The contract for rebuilding the school was let to S. B. Hoisington for $5,525. Repairs on the heating plant amounted to $840.50, and the cost of refinishing the desks and replacing those that were destroyed, was $358.25. Thus the total damage caused by the stroyed, was $358.25. Thus the total damage caused by the fire was $6,723.75. The lesson the Board learned from the burning of this building was not to use shingles for roofing school buildings. Incipient fires caused by sparks falling PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 71 from the chimneys on the roofs had been frequent. A metal roof was placed on the new building and gradually the shingle roofs gave place to metal, slate or tile. Three of the new buildings were at first heated with furnaces and three with stoves. The furnaces Heating were the Smead-Ruttan make, the chief merit of system , . , . ., . , Changed. which was a system of ventilation that was connected with them. The furnaces were not satisfactory, for nected with them. The furnaces were not satisfactory, for they failed to warm all the rooms sufficiently in the coldest weather, and they were gradually replaced by steam. Dr. George W. Foote while a member of the Board was a strong advocate of steam for heating all the school buildings, and his policy finally prevailed. By the close of this period a steam heating plant had been installed in each of the six new buildings. In the summer of 1874 a contract for heating the High School with steam was given to the Anderson ing the High School with steam was given to the Anderson Steam Heating Co. for $3,000. In February of 1881 the boilers of this plant were replaced with the Haxtun boilers at a cost of $681.50. A steam plant was placed in the Fifth Ward building by Peterson and Jamison in March, 1879, for $807.80. G. D. Colton & Co. installed a steam heating plant in the Fourth Ward building in March, 1880, for $1,025. In the summer of 1881 the Haxtun Steam Heating Co., of Kewanee, placed their system of steam heating in the Sixth wanee, placed their system of steam heating in the Sixth Ward building at a cost of $1,125. This same company in the summer of 1884 installed their system in the Seventh Ward building for $1,034, and in the following summer in the Third Ward building for $1,050. This change in the method of heating the school buildings cost $8,722. In changing from the Smead-Ruttan system of furnaces to that of steam, the Board practically abandoned all attempts to secure ventilation. An addition of two rooms was made to the Fourth Ward building in the summer of 1879. Mr. F. M. Ellis. deg Addition an architect of Marshalltown, Iowa, was employed to Fourth ' . ' -^ Ward. to make the plans and specifications for this im72 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 72 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS provement and to superintend the construction of the same, for which services he was to receive not more than one hundred dollars. The contract for building the addition was let to J. M. Wilbur for $3,274. George L. Arnold superintended the work and received one dollar a day for his ser- intended the work and received one dollar a day for his services. The addition was completed in time for the opening vices. The addition was completed in time for the opening of schools in September, 1889. This completed the work of the Board in purchasing school sites, building schoolhouses and making permanent improvements for this period of eleven years ; the amount of money thus expended was about $50,000. While the work done was of a cheap order, no bonds were outstanding and the district was free from debt. 3. THE BOARD AND ITS ACTIVITIES. For years after the Board of Education was first organTheFimc- ^^^^> it was disposcd to act upon all matters that TheFimc- ^^^^> it was disposcd to act upon all matters that Commit- Came before it as a body and not to make use of a tees. committee for anything. This method of transacting business where the volume is small is the best, but for ing business where the volume is small is the best, but for the Board of Education, with the amount of business that comes before it, to attempt to act upon every detail as a body was out of the question. Committees must be used to collect, sift and classify the facts pertaining to the questions that come before the Board, and to make definite tions that come before the Board, and to make definite recommendations in regard to the action to be taken. When an organization once learns the use and convenience of the committee, it is likely to act too much through its committees. That was just what happened in this period. The tees. That was just what happened in this period. The Board fell into the habit of referring many things to the different committees with power to act, without requiring ferent committees with power to act, without requiring them to report back the action taken, and that was the last ever heard of the matter, so far as the records show. When the matter referred involved paying a bill, fixing a salary, or letting a contract, it was quite important, for more reasons than one, that the records show what action was taken. In PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 73 many cases it is impossible for one to determine by the records what action was taken, or what amount of money was ords what action was taken, or what amount of money was paid out. By way of illustration, two entries, which are by no means exceptional, are here given from the records : "June 11, 1877-- It was voted that the sum of $4,000 be placed to the credit of the Building Committee to be applied on the Sixth Ward School building, in such sums and plied on the Sixth Ward School building, in such sums and at such times as they approve." "July 14, 1874 -- The propositions and contracts of Haxtun Steam Heater Co. to fur- ositions and contracts of Haxtun Steam Heater Co. to furnish a new boiler for the Fourth Ward building and put the nish a new boiler for the Fourth Ward building and put the pipes, etc., in proper condition for heating, and to furnish, put in and complete steam heating apparatus for the Seventh Ward School, were accepted and the Mayor and Clerk were authorized to sign said contract on behalf of the Board and to issue warrants thereon." No further entries in the records show what was done in either of these cases. Besides the manifest convenience of thus doing business a further reason for giving such powers to a committee may be the fact that no quorum might be present at the next regular meeting, which was frequently the case in those days. As late as March, 1885, the Republican-Register commented as follows: "There was no quorum of the Board of mented as follows: "There was no quorum of the Board of Education present at the time of the last meeting and business relating to the schools had been lingering along for two ness relating to the schools had been lingering along for two or three months without being attended to." For the past twenty-five years there has been but one regular meeting of the Board at which a quorum was not present. Among the standing committees of the Board of Education from its first organization was one called the xeachers tion from its first organization was one called the xeachers Examining Committee, whose duty it was to give Examined. an examination to all applicants for positions in the schools and to issue certificates to such as in its judgment were qualified. A person was required to have such a certificate before he or she could be appointed. It was apparently the custom of this committee to hold an examination only once a year and that at the close of the schools in June. This ac74 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 74 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS commodated those who were appointed at the regular time, but when it became necessary to fill a vacancy that occurred after the opening of schools in September, it was not always possible to secure one who held a certificate from the ways possible to secure one who held a certificate from the Examining Committee. In the course of years quite a number of teachers got into the schools in this way without certificates, and having proved themselves competent in the school room, no examination was required of them later. This caused dissatisfaction among applicants who held no certificates and who wanted to escape the examination. Their claim was that while there were regular teachers in the schools who held no certificates, "Why should we be required to secure them?" The fact was that the Examining quired to secure them?" The fact was that the Examining Committee had come to be looked upon as a device invoked by the Board to relieve its members from the importunities of undesirable applicants and their friends, rather than as a means of determining the qualifications of those applying for positions. To free itself from this criticism, the Board in appointing the teachers in June, 1877, made all the appointments, that of the Superintendent included, subject to pointments, that of the Superintendent included, subject to an examination. The effect of this action was the reverse of what the Board had expected. It was designed to allay the dissatisfaction of a comparatively few applicants and their friends, but it aroused the indignation and called forth the denunciation of all the teachers and their host of friends. This was a turbulent year in the Board anyway, and one thing more did not at first seem to make any difference with the members. For weeks the subject was thoroughly discussed in the public press by the reporters, the teachers, the cussed in the public press by the reporters, the teachers, the Superintendent and "The Occasional Contributor." Many uncomplimentary reflections were made. Even the integrity of the Superintendent was called into question. When rity of the Superintendent was called into question. When the examination was held many of the teachers did not attend. It appears by the public press that those who held tend. It appears by the public press that those who held certificates were not notified of the examination. When the majority of the committee made its report to the Board, the PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 75 minority members publicly charged that "the report was crooked," that it contained the names of teachers as having passed the examination who were not even present at any time during the progress of the examination. The Board doubtless felt like the boy who, while wandering in the blacksmith shop picked up a piece of hot iron the blacksmith had recently cast aside. At the meeting of the Board in August all the teachers were appointed on the recommendation of the committee, which saved itself and the Board by tion of the committee, which saved itself and the Board by recommending the adoption of the following rule : "No teacher shall be employed to teach in any of the public schools of this city unless they hold a certificate from the Teachers' Committee, and such certificates shall be good for the term of three years. This rule to take effect and be in force January 1st, 1878." The subject was finally dismissed at this meeting of the Board by "Superintendent Andrews making a brief personal explanation respecting the integrity of his intentions in the conduct of the famous examinations." tions." All the teachers were again required to be examined for certificates in September, 1883. This time it was Teachers Agrain by the County Superintendent of Schools, It Examined, came about in this way. At a meeting of the Board, when some of the members were not present, a teacher was appointed who held a certificate only from the County Super- pointed who held a certificate only from the County Superintendent. At the next meeting objection was made to this intendent. At the next meeting objection was made to this appointment on the grounds that the person did not hold a certificate from the Examining Committee of the Board. The question was referred to the State Superintendent for his decision. He rendered an opinion that no one who did not hold either a county or state certificate could teach in the public schools of the city. As the Board of Education was drawing at that time about $5,000 from the state fund, there was nothing to do but to have the teachers comply with the decision of the State Superintendent, which ply with the decision of the State Superintendent, which they did, on September 7, 1883, as before stated. The 76 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Board not being fully satisfied with the opinion of the state department employed Mr. Fred A. Willoughby to take up the question on an agreed case to the Supreme Court for a decision. The Court sustained the opinion of the State Superintendent. The effect of this decision made an examin- perintendent. The effect of this decision made an examination by the Examining Committee unnecessary and it ac- ation by the Examining Committee unnecessary and it accordingly ceased without any action of the Board to exer- cordingly ceased without any action of the Board to exercise that power, and the name was changed to "Teachers' cise that power, and the name was changed to "Teachers' Committee." All the salaries varied greatly at different times in this snperin- period. In 1874 the salary of the Superintendent Salary. was made $1,800; in 1877, $1,500; in 1879, $1,400; in 1880, $1,500; in 1881, $1,600; in 1882, $1,700. During the first year there was a campaign to increase Salaries ^^ Salaries of the teachers which was successful. inoreased. ^^ ^^g Octobcr meeting of the Board 'Tt was voted, on motion of Director Knowles, that the salary of teachers who received $40 per month last year be increased to $45 per month and, on motion of Director creased to $45 per month and, on motion of Director Cooke, the salary of all present teachers who received $45 per month last year be increased to $48 per month." The question of a further increase of salaries continued to be agitated throughout this year. A special committee was appointed in April to investigate the subject and to report a revised schedule of salaries. In July this committee recommended that the salaries of the principals of the Third, mended that the salaries of the principals of the Third, Fourth and Fifth wards and also that of the teacher of the Grammar School (Room F, High School building) be made $60 per month. No recommendation as to the salaries of the other teachers was made. This report was adopted, and here the increase of salaries stops for this period. At the meeting in September "The Superintendent was instructed to notify the teachers that this Board does not wish to entertain the subject of increase of salaries during the next tertain the subject of increase of salaries during the next eight months." PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 77 In June, 1877, that fateful year, the Board made its first reduction in salaries, fixing that of the Superin- gaiaries tendent at $1,500, the Principal of the High School Decreased, at $70 per month, those of the principals of the ward schools at $54 per month, and those of the grade teachers at $45 and $35 per month. This was designed to be a ten per cent reduction. When the teachers were appointed in June, 1879, Director Stone moved that the salaries be the same as they were the year before, but before a vote could be taken on this motion, the following schedule of salaries was proposed and adopted. Directors Stone and Arnold being the only members voting against it : Superintendent of ing the only members voting against it : Superintendent of Schools, $1,400; Principal of High School, $580; Assistant Principal, $427.50; Principal, Assistant Principal and sistant Principal, $427.50; Principal, Assistant Principal and first grammar room teacher of Fourth Ward, $450 each; general teachers, $380; principals of Third, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh wards, $450 each ; teachers for the first year, $270; and teachers for the second year, $315. This was intended for another ten per cent reduction. Thus, in two years all salaries were reduced twenty per cent or more, dropping from the highest point to the lowest. As far as the records show no protest was made and the public press appears to have been silent on the subject. When the teachers were appointed in 1880 some few received a slight increase in their salaries and the salaries ceived a slight increase in their salaries and the salaries same was true in 1881. At the November meet- Restored, ing in 1881 Director Stone moved "That for the remainder of the year the salaries of all teachers and janitors be increased ten per cent." Pending the consideration of the creased ten per cent." Pending the consideration of the question the Board virtually restored the old salaries on the recommendation of the Examining Committee, and they remained unchanged to the end of the period. The salaries mained unchanged to the end of the period. The salaries were as follows: Superintendent of Schools, $1,700; Principal of the High School, $700; the two assistants in the cipal of the High School, $700; the two assistants in the High School, the teachers of the eighth grade, and the ward 78 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS principals, $540; two of the grade teachers, $495; fourteen, $450 ; five, $405 ; and six, $360. If it were true, as it is frequently stated, that the numschooi ^^^ deg^ votes polled at the school election measures schooi ^^^ deg^ votes polled at the school election measures Elections, ^j^g interest the people take in public education, then the citizens of Galesburg have never been so interested in their schools as they were in those years. There were 681 votes cast at the school election in 1875; in 1876, 867; in 1878, 1,464; and 1,326 in 1879. The editorial comment on this subject in the Republican-Register of June 1, 1878, is worthy of a place here : "On Monday next our citizens will be called upon to elect three members of the Board of Education, one each from the Third and Sixth Wards, to serve a full term of three years, and one from the Second Ward to fill a vacancy. If there are positions that only 'the best men' should be selected to fill, they are those connected with our schools, and especially do we need our 'best men' to serve on the Board -- not only men who are friendly to our system of schools, and who possess the confidence of the people, but who are qualified by education and experience to discharge the duties of the office intelligently, wisely, and without partiality or prejudice. The questions commonly dividing our citizens in the City and Ward elections, should not be permitted to intrude themselves when it comes to the selection of school officers; and the friendship to common schools of the man who does intrude them, is to be seriously mon schools of the man who does intrude them, is to be seriously questioned. The idea that 'any person is good enough for a school director' is a mistaken one. ... It is a most important position, morally, politically, and financially. School Boards can be sition, morally, politically, and financially. School Boards can be improved upon; and all should strive, no matter how good the present may be, to make the incoming always better than the outgoing Board. We trust our people Monday will agree upon a ticket going Board. We trust our people Monday will agree upon a ticket composed of good men, and elect it without contest." The first time the Board of Education received an order Vaccina- from the State Board of Health requiring all tion, school children to be vaccinated, was in December, 1881. A special meeting of the Board was immediately called, and on motion of Director Stone it was voted "That the Superintendent be instructed to direct each teacher to carry out the requirements of the State Board of Health PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 79 concerning the vaccination of pupils." The subject of vaccination was subsequently before the Board many times for cination was subsequently before the Board many times for discussion in the other years of this period, and it was the source of much friction between the school authorities -- the teachers in particular -- on the one hand, and the parents and physicians on the other. The order was, however, kept in force. There was a time in the public schools, and it was a long time too, when the promotion of a pupil depended Examinaentirely upon how well he answered a set of ques- "<*deg*- entirely upon how well he answered a set of ques- "<*deg*tions, generally ten in number, in each subject, on a certain tions, generally ten in number, in each subject, on a certain day at the close of the year. How well he had done his work all the other days of the year was as nothing when compared with his work on the day of final examination. Nothing could have been more unreasonable or better designed to make nervous wrecks of the pupils than such a signed to make nervous wrecks of the pupils than such a plan. This cruel and wicked system was abolished by the Board of Education at its August meeting in 1884, as the following entry from its records shows : "Director Stone moved that the rule concerning the average standing of pupils be amended so as to provide that in determining the standing of pupils for promotion or graduation the year's work in each study shall be taken into consideration." This action was all the more significant as it was the only instance where the records indicate that the Board of Education ever took special action in reference to the classification and promotion of pupils. fication and promotion of pupils. The habit the people had formed in the early years of coming to the Board with complaints, continued j,^^_ to some extent through this period. There were pia'nts. only two years in which one or more parents did not appear before the Board with complaints against the teachers or the Superintendent. There were, altogether, sixteen such complaints; of course 1877 was the banner year in this respect, one-third of all these cases occurring in it. Trouble for those connected with the schools seems to have been in 80 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the air that year. The last petition to be signed by parents, asking to have a teacher dismissed from the schools, was presented to the Board in 1880. It was during this period that most of the lots originally owned and used for school purposes were disposed liOts Sold. r ™️, , f , T^ , , of. The records of the Board are very mcomplete as to the disposition made of these lots. Most of the following facts were obtained from the county records. The lot ing facts were obtained from the county records. The lot in the Third Ward on the southwest corner of Kellogg and Losey streets, six by twelve rods, was sold in 1875 for $825 ; the lot on Simmons street, between West and Academy streets, three by ten rods, was sold in 1877 for $350; emy streets, three by ten rods, was sold in 1877 for $350; the Sixth Ward lot on the northeast corner of Maple avenue and North street, four by nine rods, was sold in 1878 nue and North street, four by nine rods, was sold in 1878 for $300; the lot in the Fifth Ward, fourteen rods on Monmouth street and twelve rods on Brooks street, was sold in mouth street and twelve rods on Brooks street, was sold in 1882 for $125 ; and in the same year the one in the Seventh Ward, on First street between Seminary and Chambers streets, five by eighteen rods, was sold for $400. A lot on Cedar street, joining the High School grounds on the south, was purchased in 1878 for $1,000. 4. teachers' meetings and voluntary training. The rules of the Board provide for general meetings of Teacheri' ^^^^ tcachcrs. At the first meeting of the teachers Meetings, jj^ September of each year one of their own number is elected secretary, who keeps a more or less complete ber is elected secretary, who keeps a more or less complete record of the meetings for the year. These records have all been preserved and from them can be gathered a fair idea of what is considered from time to time as important in the theory and practice of conducting schools. The meetings of this period were mostly devoted to the practical every day work of the schoolroom, to discussing the best methods of teaching the different topics in the various branches. The topics would be assigned at one meeting to certain teachers who would present them at the next, after which a general IIIIKI) WARD The Representatives of the Third Ward on the Board of iuhication since its First Organization in June, ISGl. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 81 discussion would follow. In one or two instances a teacher brought her class of pupils before the meeting and conducted a recitation illustrating thus her method of teaching. ducted a recitation illustrating thus her method of teaching. Teachers, after visiting schools in other cities, would give an extended report of what they had seen. The work of the schools in St. Louis, Chicago, Brooklyn and Aurora was reported in this way. Discipline, oral instruction, prize read- ported in this way. Discipline, oral instruction, prize reading, Friday afternoon exercises, examinations and ventila- ing, Friday afternoon exercises, examinations and ventilation of the schoolroom were some of the subjects most fre- tion of the schoolroom were some of the subjects most frequently up for discussion. All the teachers expressed them- quently up for discussion. All the teachers expressed themselves as in favor of the Friday afternoon exercises, but they selves as in favor of the Friday afternoon exercises, but they were strongly opposed to doing away with examinations, which was a popular movement in 1883 among the schools of the country. Some formal papers were prepared and read by the teachers on subjects such as "Geology of Knox County," and "The Practical in Education," by Mr. F. R. Jelliff ; ty," and "The Practical in Education," by Mr. F. R. Jelliff ; "The Ocean Currents," by Mr. O. P. Bostwick; "Teaching and Training," by Miss Ida M. McCall; "Reading," by Miss K. G. Clarke; and "Writing in the Lower Grades," by Mr. G. H. Bridge. One year a committee of the teachers made out the programs for the meetings. Only three persons from the outside addressed the teachers in these eleven years. They were Dr. J. V. N. Standish, on "The Louvre;" Rev. Mr. Shrimpton, Rector of Grace Church, and Miss Mathilda H. Ross, on "Kindergarten Work." From the organization of the schools in 1862 to February, 1877, these meetings had been held twice a month, convening on Friday at 3 :30 p. m. After that date they were held once a month. There is an interesting bit of history connected with this change in the number of meetings required. It was voted at a meeting of the Board in December, 1876, "That the rule of the Board in regard to teachers' meetings be so changed as to require such meetings to be held on Saturdays." Director Cooke was the only member who voted against this resolution. All the teachers attended the first meeting held on Saturday, but there were thirteen who were not present at the day, but there were thirteen who were not present at the 82 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS next meeting to respond to their names when the roll was called. This had the desired effect. The Board changed the time of meeting back to Friday and made the number of meetings required one instead of two each month. The secretary wrote in the records of the next meeting "Joy was written on the faces of all as a result of the fact that teachers' meetings were to be held on Saturday no longer." The ers' meetings were to be held on Saturday no longer." The last meeting of each year was spent in reading the names of pupils registered in the schools during the year with the age at the time of entering. It was in this way that the total number enrolled during the year was determined. In addition to the professional training received from Professor ^^^ tcachcrs' meetings, Professor S. S. Hamill, an Hamiu. elocutionist of reputed merit, was employed by the teachers in February, 1880, to give them a course of ten lessons in voice culture and reading. In this way they hoped sons in voice culture and reading. In this way they hoped the better to qualify themselves for imparting like instruction to their pupils. For these lectures the teachers paid tion to their pupils. For these lectures the teachers paid Professor Hamill $100. He gave a public reading at the close, the receipts of which went toward paying this amount. Such special work as this by teachers, especially when of their own initiative, is life-giving and deserving of encouragement. The good effects of these lectures were felt in the agement. The good effects of these lectures were felt in the schools for years. 5. COURSES OF STUDY. A course of study was printed in 1878. For some time previous to that date the Board of Education had Course of Study of felt the need of havmg the rules and regulations revised and printed, and when they were issued in pamphlet form in that year the Superintendent succeeded in having included a course of study. This was the second course of study to be printed, the first one being in 1865. It is interesting to note the changes made in the school work in those thirteen years, and it is rather remarkable that the changes here mentioned were made apparently without any PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 83 action of the Board of Education ; at least no reference to them is contained in the records. It is a good illustration that sometimes in the growth of an institution vital changes occur without receiving official sanction. In this course of study of 1865 there were seven years in the grades and two years in the High School ; in 1878 there were eight years in the grades and three years in the High School -- an addition of one year to each department. The attendance record shows that in 1874 there were ten grades below the High School. The records of the Board are silent about why and when these important changes were made. In 1865 the seven years of work in the grades were subdivided into the primary division, the intermediate division, and the grammar division, and the different grades were numbered from mar division, and the different grades were numbered from one to seven, beginning with the last year. In 1878 these subdivisions had disappeared and the grades were numbered from one to eight, beginning with the first year of school ; for example, a pupil in grade one in 1865 did the last year's work below the High School, while in 1878 a pupil in grade one did the work of the first year of school. The course of study in 1878 contained quite a full outline of work to be done in reading, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history, spelling, drawing and oral work. tory, spelling, drawing and oral work. The pupils were taught to read by the word and phonetic method, Leigh's Primer, a book in which an at- Reading. tempt was made to represent, to a limited extent, the phonetic sounds of some of the letters by slightly modifying netic sounds of some of the letters by slightly modifying their forms, being used. A First Reader, containing a vocabulary of about seven hundred words, was also read in this grade. The Second Reader was begun and completed in the second grade. The Third Reader was taken up in the third grade but only one hundred and seventy-five pages of it were read. It was completed in the fourth grade and the Fourth Reader begun. While the Fourth Reader thus furnished a part of the reading for the fourth grade, it also furnished all the reading for the fifth and sixth grades. The 84 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Fifth Reader was read in the seventh and eighth grades. The five reading books used were so divided that each of the eight grades had about one hundred and seventy-five pages of reading matter. Vocal culture received much attention in the teaching of reading; pupils of the third grade, tention in the teaching of reading; pupils of the third grade, for instance, were expected to understand and define articulation, emphasis, rate, accent and inflection; those of the ulation, emphasis, rate, accent and inflection; those of the fifth grade, pitch, force, volume and quality of voice. A book on arithmetic was not placed in the hands of the Arith- pupils until they reached the sixth grade. The metic. work in the first five grades, which was largely abstract, was oral and it was called "numbers." It was based on the Grube method. The multiplication table was learned in the second and third grades, the same as now. The work of the fourth grade included the fundamental rules ; the fifth grade, common fractions ; the sixth grade, decimal fractions and measurements; the seventh grade, percentage and interest; the eighth grade, the applications of percentage, square and cube root. A text-book on grammar was used in the seventh and eighth grades. Below these grades the work was Grammar. 111,. all done orally under the name of "language lessons;" while there was some writing of compositions in sons;" while there was some writing of compositions in each of these grades, the work was, however, largely technical grammar. nical grammar. Five years were devoted to geography. Oral lessons Geog- were given throughout the third year; a Primary raphy. Geography was taught in the fourth and fifth years, and a Comprehensive Geography in the sixth and seventh years. Map drawing was called for each year, and much emphasis was placed on imaginary journeys between places studied. Spelling was taught in all the grades but no spelling book was at that time in the schools. The words Spelling. for spelling were selected from the books used in the grades. There is, perhaps, no better method of teaching PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 85 spelling, provided the teacher appreciates the importance of the subject and takes sufficient time and care for the work, which she is not likely to do when the program becomes crowded. At one of the teachers' meetings, after a comes crowded. At one of the teachers' meetings, after a spirited discussion, a vote was taken whether or not the syllables of a word should be pronounced in spelling. Thirteen teachers were in favor of the practice and eighteen teen teachers were in favor of the practice and eighteen against it. The systematic teaching of penmanship, or "writing," was begun in the fourth grade and continued p^j,. throughout the other grades. A copy book was manship, used. The pupils first used pen and ink in the fourth grade. A course was outlined in drawing for each grade. Beginning with the third grade, two drawing books ginning with the third grade, two drawing books , , ,**,,-, , Drawing. were used each year; synthetic m the third and fourth, analytic in the fifth and sixth, and perspective in the seventh and eighth. The teacher was expected to write out the work she did on each of the subjects in a blank book provided for her. As there were only three hundred copies of the course of study printed in 1878, the supply probably became exhausted in six years and a new edition was nee- study essary. At any rate another course of study quite similar to that of 1878 was printed in 1884. The pamphlet was twice as large. This was due to the fact that it was a manual as well as a course of study. In those six years there had been a decided change in the amount of work to be done orally and in the text-books; a spelling book was now in the hands of the pupils in the last three grades, while in 1878 there was no spelling book in any grade; a book on arithmetic was taken up three years earlier, in the third grade in place of the sixth ; a language book was begun a year earlier; the dictionary was introduced in the third grade instead of the fourth. Penmanship above the second grade was taught by a special teacher. Drawing books had been changed and the Bartholomew system of drawing was 86 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS again in the schools. There was no outline nor direction given in this subject further than the number of the two books to be used in the grade. The Fourth Reader was completed in the fifth grade, and "Readings in Nature" was the text-book for the sixth grade. Two pages were given to an outline of civil government for the use of teachers and pupils in the grades below the High School, and one page to a list of authors in the different departments of literature, for the purpose of aiding the teachers in directing erature, for the purpose of aiding the teachers in directing their pupils to a course of reading and the formation of a good library. Penmanship was taught by the regular teachers with Pen- copy books for the first six years of this period. manship. j^^ ^j^g August meeting of the Board in 1880, it was voted, on motion of Director Murdoch, to employ a special teacher of penmanship for that year. Mr. J. M. Martin, who was conducting the Western Business College in the city at that time, was employed for the fall term to spend several hours daily in the schools, for which he was paid forty-five dollars a month. Mr. G. H. Bridge was made special teacher of penmanship in January, 1881, which position he filled not only for the remainder of this period, but sition he filled not only for the remainder of this period, but also for several succeeding years. He gave two lessons a week in each room, beginning with the third grade. He soon discarded the copy book. There was an effort made in this period to teach drawing, but according to the records of the teachers' ing, but according to the records of the teachers' Drawing. deg . . deg . ,, , ry^, meetmgs it was not successfully taught. The Bartholomew system of drawing was re-adopted in January, 1884, on motion of Director Murdoch. The Repub- uary, 1884, on motion of Director Murdoch. The Republican-Register in commenting on this action of the Board lican-Register in commenting on this action of the Board said : "This action, in effect, introduces instruction on this important subject." The work was begun immediately but only in the second, third, fourth and fifth grades. It made but little headway. There was no special teacher for the PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 87 subject and the Board at no time considered the advisability of appointing one. There were several unsuccessful attempts made in this period to have music taught in the schools. At the September meeting of 1878 Mrs. M. D. Cooke personally appeared and addressed the Board on the desirability of introducing the teaching of vocal music in the ability of introducing the teaching of vocal music in the schools. The subject was referred to the Teachers' Committee to report at the next meeting, which it did by recom- mittee to report at the next meeting, which it did by recommending that the question be postponed until an appropria- mending that the question be postponed until an appropriation could be made and included in the tax levy. The ques- tion could be made and included in the tax levy. The question was again before the Board in August, 1880. At that tion was again before the Board in August, 1880. At that meeting a motion, made by Director Murdoch, to employ a teacher for the ensuing year to conduct "Mason's Musical Course" was adopted by a vote of four to one. At the next meeting of the Board, however, this action was rescinded. Later in that year Director Murdoch made several efforts to have music introduced in the schools but they were all of no avail. The study of the principles of the kindergarten and the application of its methods to public school work, which have so chane^ed the methods of instruction srarten deg Work. and the spirit of public schools, began the latter part of this period. This movement originated entirely with the teachers, and the Sixth Ward School led the way. In 1880 Miss F. Lilian Taylor was Principal of that school and Miss Clara O. Horton the primary teacher. Miss Horton provided herself with a superior kindergarten table of her own design and began giving some kindergarten work and applying some of its methods to the regular work of the grade. Miss Taylor discovered that she could use some of the kindergarten materials and methods in her work with the fifth and sixth grades, particularly in arithmetic. About this time Miss Anna M. Armstrong began the work in her room in the Fifth Ward School. Considerable interest in the work must have been awakened at that time as in 88 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS November, 1882, the Board of Education referred the matter of providing each primary room with a kindergarten ter of providing each primary room with a kindergarten table to the Committee on Supplies to report the cost. The next year it was decided at a teachers' meeting to introduce among the smaller children the simpler forms of kindergarten work. In January, 1885, Miss Mathilda H. Ross of the ten work. In January, 1885, Miss Mathilda H. Ross of the St. Louis Kindergarten addressed the teachers and also the Board of Education on "The Value of the Kindergarten." The Board was favorably impressed by Miss Ross's address, voted her its thanks, and, on motion of Director Stone, it voted to furnish the primary schools "with apparatus for partial kindergarten work." Later in the year it provided five kindergarten tables at a cost of forty-nine dollars. The kind of work done was paper folding, paper cutting, mat weaving, card sewing and clay modeling; and the testimony of the teachers was that instead of losing time from mony of the teachers was that instead of losing time from their studies the children were inspired with greater zeal and love for study by these simple manual and mental exercises. This movement, if it did not originate with, certainly cises. This movement, if it did not originate with, certainly received its inspiration and assistance from, Miss M. Evelyn Strong who was then conducting a private kindergarten in the city, in which there was a normal department where the teachers could receive special instruction in this work. During the decade following 1885 many of the teachers took a ing the decade following 1885 many of the teachers took a complete normal course in Miss Strong's school. Miss F. Lilian Taylor and Miss May T. Williams being the first to graduate and receive kindergarten diplomas. The effect of this movement was to cause the teachers to make a study of the child and to present the subject to be taught from the viewpoint of the child, which two features really constitute what is known as the "New Education." stitute what is known as the "New Education." The following text-books were adopted in this period: Montieth's Elementary Geography, in August, Books 1875; Monroe's Series of Readers, in September, 1875; Quackenbos' United States History, in April, 1878; Harper's Geographies, in August, 1882; BarPERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 89 PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 89 tholomew's Drawing Books, January, 1884; Fish's Arithmetics, February, 1884. Webster's Dictionary was adopted metics, February, 1884. Webster's Dictionary was adopted as the standard, September, 1880, on motion of Director Stone. Monroe's Speller came into the schools sometime between 1878 and 1884, but there is no record of its adoption nor even its reference to a committee. Swinton's Language Books must have been adopted sometime in this period previous to 1884, but there is no mention of the fact contained in the records of the Board. tained in the records of the Board. The changes made necessary by the adoption of some of these books called forth severe criticism, and in some cases the criticism went so far as to impugn the motive of those instrumental in making the changes. There is no more unthinking and unreasonable criticism than that frequently thinking and unreasonable criticism than that frequently made on the change of text-books. The cost of school books is a burden on many homes but the prevailing notion that a change of books greatly increases that burden, is wrong. There has not been a change of text-books in the Galesburg schools within the past twenty-five years that has added to the usual expenses, with but one exception ; that was in the High School, and it occurred through a mistake. The books were changed on the progressive plan, that is, as the pupils were promoted and a new book of some kind was necessary. The cost of school books is caused not by the adoption of new books by the Board, but by the promotion of the pupils. It is an incident in the advancement of the child. The importance of this question to public education may be realized when one considers the improvement tion may be realized when one considers the improvement made in the text-books within the last thirty years. A careful comparison of the books in use to-day with those of that ful comparison of the books in use to-day with those of that date will convince anyone that there has been no greater improvement made within that period in the implements of provement made within that period in the implements of the farm, in the tools of the shop, or in the conveniences of the modern home, than in the text-books of the school. 90 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Of the eleven annual reports which Superintendent AnPabUcs- drews made to the Board of Education, only that PabUcs- drews made to the Board of Education, only that tions. Qf iggo Yvas printed in pamphlet form ; the others were given to the papers for publication and four of them may be found in the files of the Republican-Register for 1876, 1878, 1879 and 1883. There were two pamphlets printed containing the course of study and the rules and regulations, one in 1878 and the other in 1884. These were all the publications issued by the Board in this period. 6. SPECIAL SCHOOLS. There was a night school during the winter months of Night some of the years in this period, but it is difficult School. ^Q determine in which years the school was held, as the Superintendent made no report of it to the Board that found a place in its records. There was such a school conducted the first winter, for the Republican-Register of February 6, 1875, refers to the school as follows: "The night school does not appear to be as highly appreciated or liberally patronized as it should be, when we consider that it offers an education free to those who by circumstances are unable to attend day school. This is the third year the night school has been run, and each year there has been a falling off, when one would naturally suppose that the patronage would increase." No trace of a night school can be ronage would increase." No trace of a night school can be found for the next five years. The Superintendent in November, 1877, recommended that one be opened that win- vember, 1877, recommended that one be opened that winter but no action was taken by the Board. The last night ter but no action was taken by the Board. The last night school conducted by the Board of Education was held in the winter of 1880-81. For such cities as Galesburg the need of a night school passed with the coming of the compulsory educational law. At different times Superintendent Andrews urged the Ungraded ^oard to establish an ungraded school for boys. School. 'pi^g object of such a school as stated by him was, "to accommodate a large number of boys who can attend PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 91 school only during the winter months and who, on account of their age and book knowledge, cannot be advantageously classified with the other pupils." He made his last appeal in January, 1878, but no action was taken at that meeting of the Board. At the next meeting Dr. Foote succeeded in getting the question referred to the Teachers' Committee, where apparently it was allowed to rest. 7. SPECIAL FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION. Two features of the present organization originated in this period, one of them possibly earlier ; and they ciassia. are deserving of special notice as they are peculiar """<>*"* to the Galesburg schools and are designed to relieve the undesirable stress incident to education in the mass which, it desirable stress incident to education in the mass which, it should always be remembered, has its great virtues as well as its serious faults. One of these features is the system of classification. The classes are so arranged as to be on an average only three months apart in each grade. This makes it possible, and entirely practicable, to transfer or hold back, a pupil whenever it is to his best interests to do so; this cannot be done where the classes are a whole grade or half a grade apart, without great danger of doing more injury than would be wrought by the evil sought to be remedied. This method of classification was introduced by Su- edied. This method of classification was introduced by Superintendent Andrews in 1876, for in his annual report for perintendent Andrews in 1876, for in his annual report for that year to the Board of Education he says: "I have tried during the past year so to arrange the classes in the different grades that there shall not be more than a difference of three months between them." There is nothing of more value in the organization of the Galesburg schools than this system of classification, for records carefully kept for the last fifteen years show that on an average in all the grades one pupil out of every three has taken either more or less time than that required by the course of study for each grade. The only objection to the method is that it complicates the work of supervision and increases the work of instruction. 92 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The other feature is the custom of two dismissals at the Two Di9- close of the afternoon session. Those who are missals. ^gjj ^p jj^ their work and who have had good lessons during the day are dismissed at 3 :30, while the others sons during the day are dismissed at 3 :30, while the others remain a half hour longer for individual instruction. In this way those who find their work hard from any cause can receive the help needed to keep them in their classes. It is ceive the help needed to keep them in their classes. It is better to keep pupils from becoming laggards than to establish a school for them after they have been allowed to de- lish a school for them after they have been allowed to develop -- a notion that seems popular to-day. It cannot be velop -- a notion that seems popular to-day. It cannot be determined who was the author of this plan, or when it was introduced into the schools. As early as 1875 it was referred to in an incidental way in a teachers' meeting. Like all red to in an incidental way in a teachers' meeting. Like all good things there is danger of its being neglected or abused, and the temptation to do so is sometimes very strong at the close of a hard day's work. During this period one or more stated substitutes were subBti- employed each year at the time the regular teachtntes. gj.g T^QYe elected. They received twenty-five dol- tntes. gj.g T^QYe elected. They received twenty-five dollars a month. When a substitute taught for a regular lars a month. When a substitute taught for a regular teacher her pay was deducted from the salary of that teacher. There were some exceptions to this rule, however. There were a few instances when a regular teacher was granted a leave of absence with the understanding that she would do substitute work when necessary, and in such cases the pay was larger than the usual salary of the substitute, but it was always at the expense of the teacher for whom the work was done, the principle observed being that no absence of a teacher for any cause should be allowed to in- sence of a teacher for any cause should be allowed to increase the cost of instruction fixed at the time the teachers crease the cost of instruction fixed at the time the teachers were employed. Superintendent Andrews began his administration by Attend- Opening war on irregularity of attendance, and he *""** kept it up for years with a persistency worthy of commendation. He talked about it in the teachers' meetings, constantly referred to it in his monthly reports to the ings, constantly referred to it in his monthly reports to the PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 93 Board, and gave great emphasis to it in his annual reports. In his report for 1879 he recommended that truants be arrested. rested. All of this had its effect, for the cases of tardiness which had been as many as a thousand in one month were reduced in three years to fewer than one thousand for the entire year. There is no way of determining the effect it had on truancy, though it must have been good. It is safe to say that in three years a spirit of indifference had been changed to a habit of punctuality. This was a great thing to accomplish, for it is doubtful if any element enters more complish, for it is doubtful if any element enters more largely into the success of a school than that of punctuality, but not for the reasons generally assigned -- such as that tardiness and absence spoil the record of the school, or that diness and absence spoil the record of the school, or that they cause the pupil to fall behind by reason of his missing valuable instruction given to the class. The fact is that neither of these reasons is very important, and the child and the parents do not generally feel that they are ; the all-important point is that the child is likely to lose his interest in portant point is that the child is likely to lose his interest in school and, with his interest gone, there is practically nothing left for him, for nothing is so deadening to one's inter- ing left for him, for nothing is so deadening to one's interest in anything as neglecting the opportunities it offers. est in anything as neglecting the opportunities it offers. For some years Friday afternoon exercises in which the pupils were trained to speak in public were quite gp^,a| general in the schools. The teachers considered *'®️at"re9. them of much value to the pupils. Out of these exercises sprang a custom in 1883 which certainly possessed much merit for the older pupils, at least, called Book Day, the object of which was to cultivate in the pupils the habit of read- ject of which was to cultivate in the pupils the habit of reading good books. On these days the pupils would report the ing good books. On these days the pupils would report the books they had read and give a review of them. In the High School this custom took another phase. The pupils were encouraged to form the habit of reading for twenty minutes every day, by having them give to the school in reviews and essays a report of what they had read. 94 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 8. IMPROVEMENTS AND ALTERATIONS. Telephones were first installed in the different schools ^^,^ in the summer of 1882. They were not originally phones. placed in the buildings for school purposes or by order of the Board of Education, but for fire and police purposes and by order of the City Council, a key to the building poses and by order of the City Council, a key to the building being left at the nearest residence. The Board afterwards, however, voted to bear half of the expense of maintaining them. The first school building to be provided with city water jjjjy for drinking and fire purposes was the High Water. School, now the Churchill School. The Board ordered this improvement, on motion of Director Murdoch, in dered this improvement, on motion of Director Murdoch, in December, 1883. The other buildings were similarly equipped as soon as the water mains were extended past them. Perhaps no single improvement was more frequently j^p^ discussed and so often postponed as the placing of Escape. ^ ^j-g ggcapc ou the High School building. Every fire that occurred brought the question before the Board for discussion. Finally, at the same meeting at which the water system was ordered connected with the building, it was voted, on motion of Director Brown, to place a fire escape on it as provided for by the city ordinances, which was done the following June at a cost of $50.20. The outside doors of the building were changed in the summer of 1877 so as to open outward, and, at the other , . Improve- bcgmumg of schools this year, a clock and a dictionary were ordered placed in each schoolroom. tionary were ordered placed in each schoolroom. The following year the bell on the High School that had done service for twelve years, lost its musical tone by being cracked and it was replaced by a new one at a cost of $109.60. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 95 In this period the Board was interested in the appearance of the school e^rounds and took the necessary ance of the school e^rounds and took the necessary 1 TIT t * Beautifysteps to make them beautiful. It voted, on motion ing school steps to make them beautiful. It voted, on motion ing school . -urT-^i^i iT-v * Grounds. of Director M. D. Cooke, at the December meeting of 1875, "That the Building Committee be instructed to take necessary steps to embellish the grounds of the new schoolhouses with shade and ornamental trees," and again in houses with shade and ornamental trees," and again in March, 1879, it was voted, on motion of Director Stone, "That the Building Committee provide shade trees for the school grounds." The advisability of making two schoolrooms of the chapel, which occupied the east half of the third floor of the High School building, was under con- chapei * 1 * 1 1 T^ 1 r rr-. Divided. sideration by the Board for a year or two. The proposition met with much opposition. A strong article against it from the pen of Miss Mary Allen West appeared in the press. The Building Committee, however, recommended in July, 1878, that it be divided by a partition into mended in July, 1878, that it be divided by a partition into two rooms. This recommendation was concurred in by the Board after it was changed, on motion of Director Nelson, so as to mean that the partition was to be only a temporary one. When the rules were revised for publication in 1878 and were before the Board for final action, Director Murdoch offered the following amendment : E*"^(*g"g rector Murdoch offered the following amendment : E*"^(*g"g "At the opening of each session of the schools, at least ten verses of the Bible shall be read to the pupils by the principal, or, in his absence, by one of the assistants. A suitable hymn may be sung." The amendment was referred apparently without discussion to the Committee on Rules for a recommendation, and the motion to adopt the rules, subject to the report of the Committee, then prevailed. At the next meeting the Committee recommended that the whole matter of opening the daily sessions of the schools with religious exercises be referred to the Superintendent 96 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS of Schools, which was concurred in by the Board. The Superintendent evidently left the question to the discretion of perintendent evidently left the question to the discretion of the individual teachers as is indicated by the following entry from the secretary's record of the next teachers' meeting: "The rules on opening exercises are wisely silent -- not any rather than those repugnant to pupils and patrons." At the request of the County Superintendent of Schools and the recommendation of Superintendent AnCenten- ^ Centen- ^ Dial Ex- drews the Board had photographs of the school position. o 1 buildmgs taken for the educational department of the Centennial Exposition, held in Philadelphia in 1876. There is no evidence that the work of the schools was represented in any way at that exposition. resented in any way at that exposition. The fiscal year which formerly closed September 30th Fispai "^^^ changed by resolution of the Board, March Tear. 14^ 1882^ to end June 30th. This was done to have it correspond with the school year of the general school law. 9. THE HIGH SCHOOL. The average monthly enrollment of the High School for the first year of this period was seventy-four, and Growth. r , 1 , . for the last year one hundred and eleven. This made an increase in the High School of fifty per cent, while the grades decreased during the same time three per cent. The total number enrolled for any one of these years is not known except for 1880, when it was 119. The number to graduate in this period was 151. A third teacher was added, probably in 1875. It was then the custom to promote pupils to the High School twice a year. In the thirteen years following 1865 there were doubtless Course of some changes made in the course of study, but study. what they were there are no means of determining; for the second printed course did not appear until 1878. ing; for the second printed course did not appear until 1878. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 97 It consisted of one course of three years, which was divided as follows : First Year. -- Algebra and reading, each for the entire year ; physical geography and English grammar for seven months each ; zoology and composition for two months each. Second Year. -- Latin for the entire year; arithmetic and physiology for four months; botany and select readings for two months each. Third Year. -- Latin for the entire year; geometry for seven months; science of government and English literature each four months ; chemistry for two months ; re- ature each four months ; chemistry for two months ; review of geography and history for three months. There view of geography and history for three months. There were abstracts, essays, declamations and select readings throughout the course. It would seem that this was a new course of study adopted that year, for a note appended reads: "No change from previous arrangement of studies shall interfere with the advancement of pupils now in the High School." In this period the High School was generally regarded as an institution whose purpose was to prepare its students for college. Superintendent Andrews school Prepararecommended m his annual report for 1880 that tory for recommended m his annual report for 1880 that tory for the course be extended to four years, and that Greek be introduced so that students might be thoroughly prepared for the Freshman class in the classified course of the colleges. At the same time he recommended that Bookkeeping be made a part of the curriculum. There is no keeping be made a part of the curriculum. There is no record that the Board adopted either of these recommendations. In 1883 the Board appointed "the Teachers' Com- tions. In 1883 the Board appointed "the Teachers' Committee with the Superintendent to confer with such com- mittee with the Superintendent to confer with such committees as may be appointed by Knox and Lombard in re- mittees as may be appointed by Knox and Lombard in relation to books and studies in the High School department, lation to books and studies in the High School department, with a view of making the studies uniform for those who may desire to pass from the High School to either institution." This committee never made any report to the Board. tion." This committee never made any report to the Board. 98 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS In 1884 appeared the third printed course of study. The principal difference between it and the course of Third ^ Course of 18/8 was that the year of reading:, the seven study. . -^ deg months of English grammar, and the review of geography and United States history were omitted, while a year of Latin was added and the study of English classics for five months in the first and second years was introduced. Natural philosophy appeared here for the first time under its present name, physics. There was still but one course offered. However, some choice was allowed as is shown by the following note at the end of the course, "Those taking Latin shall omit one of the English studies; but algebra and geometry are obligatory." Requiring the pupils actually to read at least one complete production, or book, of the representative authors studied, a practice introduced in 1884 resentative authors studied, a practice introduced in 1884 by the study of English classics, was the beginning of the present rational method of teaching English. The first year the High School held graduating exercises by itself was in June, 1876. Previous to that time Gradua- , . tion Ex- the graduates read their essays or delivered their ercises. _ orations as a part of the "Annual Exhibition" which was held at the close of schools in the chapel of the High School. In addition to the original productions of the graduates these exhibitions consisted of prize speaking by some fifteen to twenty-five pupils from the grades. The Board awarded the prizes, generally voting ten dollars for that purpose. The last of these "Annual Exhibitions" with prize speaking as a leading feature was held in the old First Church, in 1875. The next year the High School met by itself in the chapel of the High School building, the four graduates reading their essays and some of the other students delivering declamations. The class of 1877 was a dents delivering declamations. The class of 1877 was a large one, numbering fourteen, and the graduating exercises were held in the old First Church. The next year the exPERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 99 PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 99 ercises were held in the Opera House which the Board rented for fifteen dollars. In 1879 a brass band from Abingdon was imported by the Board for the occasion at an ex- don was imported by the Board for the occasion at an expense of twenty-five dollars. The class of 1880, numbering pense of twenty-five dollars. The class of 1880, numbering twenty-one, was the largest class that had been graduated up to that time, and its graduating exercises occupied three hours. In the following class was Belle W. Allen, the first colored student to graduate from the High School. Some sixty to seventy of the leading citizens desirous of showing their appreciation of her successful school career and of the example she had thus set as to how to secure the proper recognition of her race, purchased a valuable gold watch and ognition of her race, purchased a valuable gold watch and chain and presented them to her on that day. The class of 1885 was the last and largest class to be graduated in this period. There were twenty-eight in the class, eighteen young women and ten young men. After 1877 the graduating exercises were held in the Opera House, and it was ing exercises were held in the Opera House, and it was never large enough to accommodate all who desired to attend. It is thus seen that these public exercises of the High tend. It is thus seen that these public exercises of the High School were popular from the first. Four prizes were given by citizens to members of the graduating class of 1879, two for excellence in Prizes to scholarship and two for the best essays. Dr. craduGeorge W. Foote, a member of the Board, gave George W. Foote, a member of the Board, gave the prizes for scholarship, the first prize being Macaulay's "England," which went to Fred W. Sisson; the second being Gibbon's "Rome," which Flora A. Ward received. The ing Gibbon's "Rome," which Flora A. Ward received. The prizes for the best essays were given by Mr. John C. Fahnestock and Mr. Parley M. Johnson. The first prize, English stock and Mr. Parley M. Johnson. The first prize, English Pictures, was awarded to May T. Sullivan and the second prize, Whittier's Poems, to Mary E. Hunt. As far as it is known this is the only instance where prizes have been given to persons graduating from the High School, except when a college has awarded a scholarship to the one taking first honors. 100 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Dr. George W. Foote retired from the Board of EducaAiumni ^'O" ^" June, 1879. As he had been an active mem- Aiumni ^'O" ^" June, 1879. As he had been an active mem"on"orI ^^^ of th^ Board and had taken a special interest in "on"orI ^^^ of th^ Board and had taken a special interest in ganized. ^j^g class that was graduated that year on account of its having entered the High School the year he became a member of the Board, the members of the Board of Education and the graduating class, desirous to show their appre- tion and the graduating class, desirous to show their appreciation of his services and interest, assembled on the even- ciation of his services and interest, assembled on the evening of graduation day at the residence of Mr. A. Jacobi on ing of graduation day at the residence of Mr. A. Jacobi on Broad street, and proceeded in a "solid column" to the Doctor's residence on Kellogg street. It was a complete surprise to him and his wife, but they gave their guests a royal welcome; the result was the most pleasant time the members of the Board, the teachers and the members of the graduating class ever enjoyed together. So pleased was the Doctor with the occasion that the next year he gave a reception at the close of schools to the members of the Board of tion at the close of schools to the members of the Board of Education, the teachers of the public schools and the graduates of the High School. Some thirty-five of the former uates of the High School. Some thirty-five of the former graduates were present and the idea of organizing an Alumni Association suggested itself to them. At this reception they took the preliminary steps by electing Mr. T. ception they took the preliminary steps by electing Mr. T. D. Stevens, of the class of '68, President, and Mr. E. K. Hoover, of the class of m , Secretary. A committee consisting of Mr. James B. Ayres, Miss Eva Billings and Miss sisting of Mr. James B. Ayres, Miss Eva Billings and Miss Lottie Stilson was appointed to draft a constitution and report the next year, which they did at a similar reception port the next year, which they did at a similar reception given by Director G. A. Murdoch at his residence on Prairie street, June 3, 1881. The constitution as reported was adopted, and the "Alumni Association of the Galesburg High School" was thus permanently formed. The first officers under the constitution were then elected as follows : ficers under the constitution were then elected as follows : Mr. James B. Ayres, President. Miss Anna Schryver, Vice President. Mr. Charles Dunn, Secretary. Mr. Curtis Daugherty, Treasurer. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 101 10. RESIGNATION OF SUPERINTENDENT M. ANDREWS. While Mr. Andrews met with considerable opposition in the first years of his service as Superintendent of Schools, yet in the last half of his term of service he grew stronger year by year and when he resigned in June, 1885, it was with sincere regret to the members of the Board of Education and to the people generally. He had done much for cation and to the people generally. He had done much for the schools, particularly in the line of discipline. He was strong with the teachers. In June, 1881, they presented him with a purse of one hundred and forty-two dollars and requested him to spend it in seeking rest and recreation dur- quested him to spend it in seeking rest and recreation during the summer. In the records of the Teachers' Meetings ing the summer. In the records of the Teachers' Meetings is found the following: "With feelings of deep regret and sadness at parting from a Superintendent who has done such efficient work for the public schools of Galesburg, the teachers met Saturday, June 13, (1885), and passed the following resolutions: Whereas, Mr. Andrews, after an association of eleven years with the Galesburg Public Schools, deems it best to sever this connection and accept the Superintendency of the Oakland schools, nection and accept the Superintendency of the Oakland schools, and Whereas, Our relations with him as teachers have been most pleasant and satisfactory and such as to inspire in us both respect and feelings of the deepest regard, and Whereas, By the faithful, efficient and general discharge of his duties he has raised the standard of the city schools so that his loss seems almost irreparable; therefore, be it Resolved, That we the teachers of the Galesburg Public Schools hereby express our regret at the separation and rejoice in the prospect that his future work will be less arduous and more remunerative, and Resolved, That we tender him our heartfelt thanks for the support which, without crushing our individuality, he has uniformly extended both in discipline and mental training, and Resolved, That we hereby commend him to the hearty support of his future associates, assured that time will but deepen the port of his future associates, assured that time will but deepen the feeling of confidence, and 102 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to Mr. Andrews, to the President of the Board of Education of Oakland schools, and to our city papers for publication. Signed: (Mrs.) M. E. Gettemy. Ida M. McCall. Fannie M. Hague. 11. SUMMARY. Twenty-three different men served on the Board of Education during these eleven years, which means ucation during these eleven years, which means iducitfon. that, on an average, there were two new members each year. Of these twenty-three Geo. L. Arnold of the Fourth Ward was the only one whose services extended through the entire period. S. J. Parry, G. A. Mur- tended through the entire period. S. J. Parry, G. A. Murdoch and L. T. Stone were the only other members who doch and L. T. Stone were the only other members who were re-elected and served two terms. Three of these four men were members of the Board at the end of the period, Mr. Murdoch having retired at the close of his second term of service, in June, 1884. On his retirement the Board gave him a vote of thanks for his active and efficient services. This was the first instance when the Board of Education extended this courtesy to one of its retiring members. tended this courtesy to one of its retiring members. The number of pupils registered during this period of eleven years remained about the same from year to year. The whole number enrolled for the first year was 2,196 and the number for the last year was 2,112, a decrease of eighty-four pupils. There would have been a gain of eleven pupils for the entire period, one for each year, had not the Catholics opened their parochial school, St. Joseph's Academy, in the fall of 1879, which caused a decrease in the enrollment for that year of 226. crease in the enrollment for that year of 226. The number of teachers the first year was twenty-eight, and the number the last year (not including the special teacher of penmanship) was thirty-six, which made an increase of eight teachers. It is thus seen that the number of crease of eight teachers. It is thus seen that the number of teachers was increased twenty-eight per cent, while the number of pupils actually decreased some three per cent. PERIOD OF RETRENCHMENT: 1874-1885 103 which means that the number of pupils to a teacher was decreased in this period, on an average, twenty-five per cent. creased in this period, on an average, twenty-five per cent. Of the eight teachers added, five were placed in the north part of the city. TAX LEVIES. 1874 $35,000 1879 $16,000 1875 30,000 1880 16,000 1876 30,000 1881 16,000 1877 16,000 1882 18,000 1878 18,000 1883 18,000 1884 $20,000 CHAPTER IV PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-19U 1. School Balldiiiirs. 3. Other Permanent Improvements. 3. Protection from Fire. 4. Music, Drawing and Physical Training;. 5. The Training School. 6. Methods. 7. The Teachers and Means for Their Improvement. 8. Pupils and Their Special Activities. 9. Text-Books. 10. Administrative Measures. 11. Salaries. 12. The High School and Development of its Activities. 13. The Elective System. 14. The Board and Its Experiences. 15. The Seml-Centennlal. 16. Summary. The schools, having passed through the period of organization and the reactionary years that followed, ization and the reactionary years that followed, Favorable r i i , * i Con- now entered on one most favorable to their steady ditions. , , , , ^^ * , growth and development. During these twentysix years the Board of Education pursued a policy that re- six years the Board of Education pursued a policy that received the support of the people, for its membership, with ceived the support of the people, for its membership, with one exception, remained unchanged save by death, resignation or removal from the city. Under these conditions tion or removal from the city. Under these conditions whatsoever plans the Board may have had it could mature and carry through to completion, an ideal state of affairs and one usually calculated to produce the best results. Certainly whatever shortcomings there may have been in this tainly whatever shortcomings there may have been in this period were chargeable to the Board of Education. 1. SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Providing sufficient and proper school accommodations is one of the important problems with which a niToi*v^^ Board of Education is required to deal, and in a growing city it is practically a constant one. The simple location of a school building involves questions of sanitation, economics and sociology ; and its construction those of hygiene, school management and pedagogy, as well as of architecture and finance. It is a fact that the internal (104) Superintendent of Schools Appointed July, 1885 PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 lOS arrangement of a building often places limitations on the kind of work that can be done in it. The cost and architecture, usually considered as the most important questions in ure, usually considered as the most important questions in erecting a school building, should be made subordinate. During this period all the present school buildings in the city were either built or remodeled and enlarged, except the Churchill School, and that was ^ecfdes larged, except the Churchill School, and that was ^ecfdes considerably improved. In 1885 all the ward *"*Ne"w^ schools were four-room buildings, excepting the f^^^i^ Fourth Ward School which had six rooms. In these schools the children were advanced to the fifth grade when they were transferred to the Churchill School, then known as the High School building. This building was at that time designed to accommodate not only the high school pupils of the city and the children of all the grades above the second living in the central part of the city, but also the overflow from the ward schools. When the city grew in population this building became overcrowded. It became imperative in 1887 to relieve it, for there were from sixty to sixty-five pupils in each of its twelve rooms. The Board remembering the severe criticism and determined opposition aroused by the building of the last schoolhouse, the tion aroused by the building of the last schoolhouse, the Sixth Ward building, a decade before, approached the subject with great caution. It first took the position that not ject with great caution. It first took the position that not more than forty to forty-five pupils should be assigned to any teacher, a plan which seemed to meet with the approval of the public generally. To carry out this policy a new schoolhouse was a necessity. Where it should be built was the next question to be settled. Standing on the northwest corner of Broad and Tompkins streets was the old Baptist Church, which for years had been the property of the Board and had been used for the first and second grades of the central part of the city. It had become known as the Central tral part of the city. It had become known as the Central Primary. As the building was rather dilapidated and as it stood on one of the most prominent corners of the city, the Board's decision to erect the new building on that site met 106 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS with the cordial approval of the citizens. The Board decided to ask the people to grant it authority to issue bonds cided to ask the people to grant it authority to issue bonds to the amount of $25,000 for the purpose of building and equipping a new school building, which permission was given by a vote of 567 to 141, at an election held for that purpose, April 11, 1887. When the vote was taken it was understood that the new building was intended to accommodate the High uon'to'" School and Central Primary and that the old High fsj's.ww!**^ School building would be the Grammar School for the pupils of the entire city and for those in the intermediate grades living in the Central Primary district. However, shortly after the election there was a movement started by the people living in the east part of the city to have the $25,000 divided into two equal parts, one to be used for erecting a four-room building on the Central Primary lot and the other for another four-room building to be located in the east part of the city. Fortunately for the good of the schools at that time and for all time, the $25,000 was not divided but it was all placed in a High School building on the site originally proposed. The Board satisfied the opposition by purchasing in December, 1887, a lot on the south- sition by purchasing in December, 1887, a lot on the southwest corner of Losey and Rio streets for $750 and promising west corner of Losey and Rio streets for $750 and promising to build a schoolhouse thereon in the immediate future. There was a bit of local history in this opposition to the placing of $25,000 in a High School building on the corner of Broad and Tompkins streets, and the action of the Board at this time was full of significance. The same question arose at the time of locating the old High School building, those living in the east part of town wanting to place it on the northwest corner of Main and Chambers streets. This site Mrs. Silas Willard offered to donate for that purpose but the Board paid $2,000 for the location on the corner of Broad and Simmons streets. In later years the location of the High School was no small factor in determining the site of the Post Office and that of the Public Library. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 107 Before deciding on the plans for the new building the Board displayed great wisdom by voting, on motion of Director Parry, to visit such cities as T.**?®️"?/^ tion of Director Parry, to visit such cities as T.**?®️"?/^ *' ' Makes Its seemed desirable, for the purpose of examining ^|^?* ^^ school buildings of recent construction. It is as ^Intl necessary for a Board of Education to visit other cities at times to see what is being done as it is for teachers to visit schools and to attend educational associations. A reasonable amount of the public funds expended by a Board in trips of inspection is one of the best investments of school money that can be made. Practically all the improvements that were made in the school buildings of the city during this period came in this way, and the cost was insignificant. At that time the Building Committee and the Superintendent visited the school buildings in Moline, Davenport and ent visited the school buildings in Moline, Davenport and some of the suburbs of Chicago. The expense of the trip was $64.75. As a result a professional school architect was employed and a system of ventilation that was measurably satisfactory was installed in the new building. At that time there was no attempt at ventilation in any of the buildings in the city, most of the Board not believing that such a thing was possible. After that date no building was erected in which the most improved system was not installed. In this building the toilet rooms were for the first time brought into the schoolhouse, doing away with the outside closets, one of the most ofifensive and demoralizing institutions ever connected with the public schools. nected with the public schools. Mr. J. W. Ross, of Davenport, Iowa, was employed as the architect and was paid $250 for his services. Plan of The cost of the building was limited to $20,000. theBuiui. ing. . ing. As It was to accommodate both the high school and primary pupils, one of the principal features in its plan was the keeping of these two classes of pupils as separate as possible. The second floor was given to the High School, and it was reached by a stairway at either end of the building. The first floor was for the Primary School and its ing. The first floor was for the Primary School and its 108 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS entrance was in the central part of the building. On the lower floor a hall ran lengthwise of the building near its center, connecting it with the stairways (at the ends) leading to the High School, but separated from them by swing- ing to the High School, but separated from them by swinging doors. In this way it was possible for each of the ing doors. In this way it was possible for each of the schools to follow a program of its own without any reference to that of the other and without interfering with the ence to that of the other and without interfering with the other. The Board found it impossible to let the contract for $20,000. After modifying the plans twice and advertising for bids three times, the contract was finally awarded to A. P. Anderson for $23,500, June 22, 1887. The contract for heating and ventilating was let to the Ruttan Manufacturing Co. for $1,920. The plans were afterwards changed so ing Co. for $1,920. The plans were afterwards changed so as to use the attic for a manual training shop. This change cost $500. Mr. N. C. Wood was employed to superintend the construction. He received for his services $345. The building when completed cost $24,595, the furniture $1,153, and the heating and ventilating $1,920, making in all $27,- 668. It was first occupied by the High School and the Cen- tral Primary at the opening of schools in September, 1888. When the High School moved into its new home at that Changes ^i^e it had its first experience with a large study High* ^^^^' deg"^ o^ t^^ features for which it was afterward School. ^Q become noted. A second course of study, called English in contradistinction to the Latin which had been the only course up to that time, was added to its curriculum. The work of instruction was for the first time divided into departments. By the time the new building, which was designed to relieve the crowded condition in the old High lieve the crowded condition in the old High Selecting School was Completed, the enrollment in the a Site f*r ^ a New Third Ward and Fourth Ward schools averas:ed School- . . deg house. sixty pupils to a room. It will be remembered that when the new High School building was decided on the Board promised to build in the near future a cided on the Board promised to build in the near future a PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 109 schoolhouse in the east part of the city, and a lot for that purpose was purchased at that time. Under these circumstances there was nothing for the Board to do but to build stances there was nothing for the Board to do but to build a schoolhouse in the east part of the city, presumably on the lot selected in 1887, provided the funds could be raised. Accordingly it asked for authority to issue bonds to the amount of $16,000 for the purpose of building a new schoolhouse. This authority was given by a vote of 146 to 12 at house. This authority was given by a vote of 146 to 12 at an election held for the purpose. May 13, 1889. The lot on the southwest corner of Losey and Rio streets which had been purchased for the site of the proposed building, was, after a thorough examination into the situation, decided by the Board to be undesirable as a location for a school building. There were two reasons for this decision. The first ing. There were two reasons for this decision. The first was its nearness to the railroad. All the trains coming from Chicago whistled for the station while passing that place. This of itself was enough to condemn it as a location for a schoolhouse. The Fifth Ward School was at that time a good object lesson on this point. The second reason was that the building was intended to relieve the Fourth Ward School as well as the Third Ward. To do this it must take the pupils living north of Main street and east of the Burlington railroad. The only way for the children to come to lington railroad. The only way for the children to come to the proposed new school from that section was through the viaduct on North street. Accordingly in March, 1889, three lots on the northeast corner of North and Pearl streets were purchased of George F. Peck for $2,050. The lot on Losey street was deeded back to Mr. Peck on his surrendering the note of $750, which was the price the Board had agreed to pay for it. This change of location stirred up a vigorous opposition on the part of some. A petition protesting strongly against the change was filed with the Board, but it wisely stood firm on the question, being satisfied that its decision was right. no GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The plans of the new school, which was to be a fourroom brick building, were made by J. W. Ross, of room brick building, were made by J. W. Ross, of Lincoln Davenport, Iowa, at a cost of $150. After changing the plans once and advertising for bids twice, ing the plans once and advertising for bids twice, the contract was finally let, May 27, 1889, to T. M. Mercer, of Lewistown, 111., for $12,420. The Ruttan Manufacturing Co. was given the contract for heating and ventilating for $941.25. The seating of the building cost $550. F. S. Bartlett was paid $100 for superintending the construction. The lett was paid $100 for superintending the construction. The total cost of this school when completed, including the lot, was $16,211.25. The building was to be ready for occupancy by the first of January, 1890, but the contractor did pancy by the first of January, 1890, but the contractor did not get it completed until the middle of the month. For this delay he was required to forfeit $200. The school was named, on motion of Director Murdoch, the Lincoln School, and a stone tablet bearing the name and date of erection was placed over the entrance. When the building was accepted from the contractor Director Murdoch presented the cepted from the contractor Director Murdoch presented the Board of Education with a flag to float over it. In presenting it he suggested that each of the public schools should be ing it he suggested that each of the public schools should be supplied with a flagstaff and a United States flag to be displayed on national holidays and on special occasions. This played on national holidays and on special occasions. This suggestion was afterwards carried out. It was at that time that the different ward schools were given their present names in place of the ward Naming deg ^ . '^ , the number. At the time many thought this was one Schools. . of the fads of the Board, a useless display of sentiment, an attempt to honor some one. Sentiment may have ment, an attempt to honor some one. Sentiment may have suggested the names given the different schools, but it was common sense that suggested that the schools should no longer be known by the names of the political wards. The reason for doing it, however, was that after the building of the Lincoln School the boundaries of the schools were so changed that none of them any longer corresponded to the ward boundaries. It was misleading and caused no little confusion among the people to call a school by the ward PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 111 number and to tell some of the children living in that ward that they must attend another school. It was perplexing to the mind of the foreigner, and it had the appearance of favoritism. At the January meeting of 1890 Director O. F. Price offered the following resolutions : "Resolved, That in honor fered the following resolutions : "Resolved, That in honor of the late J. P. Weston, once distinguished president of Lombard University, the Fourth Ward School be named and hereafter known as the 'Weston School' : That in honor of the late George W. Gale, a former distinguished citizen and honored founder of the city, the Third Ward School be named and hereafter known as the 'Gale School' : That in honor of the late Charles B. Lawrence, a former citizen and honored judge of the Circuit Court of this Judicial Circuit and afterwards a distinguished Justice of our State Supreme Court, the Sixth Ward School be named and hereafter known as the 'Lawrence School'." At the request of Mr. Price the resolution was laid over for final action until the regular meeting in March. At the meeting in March Director G. A. Murdoch suggested the following names for the schools: for the Third Ward, the "Brown School," in honor of George W. Brown ; for the Fourth Ward, the "Weston School," in honor of the late James P. Weston; for the ton School," in honor of the late James P. Weston; for the Fifth Ward, the "Cooke School," in honor of the late Milo D. Cooke; for the Sixth Ward, the "Bateman School," in honor of Newton Bateman ; for the Seventh Ward, the "Logan School," in honor of the late General John A. Logan. Director F. F. Cooke suggested that one of the schools be named in honor of the late H. H. Hitchcock. On motion of Director Price "the petitions and resolutions in reference to the naming of the school buildings were laid over until the regular meeting in May." At the May meeting the resolutions of Directors Price and Murdoch for nam- ing the resolutions of Directors Price and Murdoch for naming the schoolhouses were taken up and after some discus- ing the schoolhouses were taken up and after some discussion and amendments the following names were given by sion and amendments the following names were given by the Board of Education to the different schools : On motion 112 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS of Director Price the Fourth Ward School was named the Weston School in honor of James P. Weston. On motion of Director F. F. Cooke the Third Ward School was named the Hitchcock School in honor of the late H. H. Hitchcock. On motion of Director Murdoch the Sixth Ward School was named the Bateman School. On motion of Director Murdoch the Fifth Ward School was named the Cooke doch the Fifth Ward School was named the Cooke School in honor of the late M. D. Cooke. On motion of Director Price the Seventh Ward School was named the Douglas School in honor of the late Stephen A. Douglas. In 1896 at the suggestion of Director Mrs. Henry W. Read the Grammar School, by which designation the old High School building was known after the High School moved into the new High School building in 1888, was named the Churchill School, in honor of Professor George Churchill, who was then living. If the policy of reducing the number of pupils in a room to forty was to be carried out a dozen more schoolBonds to rooms were needed in 1892. The Board was will- Bonds to rooms were needed in 1892. The Board was willing to provide these additional rooms if the neces- ing to provide these additional rooms if the necessary funds could be raised. A bonded indebtedness of sary funds could be raised. A bonded indebtedness of $41,000 had been placed on the district in the last four years by building the new High School and the Lincoln School. The running expenses of the schools had also been greatly increased by the additional teachers required for these schools. The Board remembering the experience it had passed through in building the ward schools, determined if possible to avoid having it repeated. It decided not to ask for the authority to issue any more bonds, but to pay for the buildings as they were erected by spreading the cost of each over two tax levies. The next question to be decided was the size and location of the buildings. The Board finally deter- tion of the buildings. The Board finally deterNew Pol- . , . , , . " ... , New Pol- . , . , , . " ... , ley as to mined on an entirely diflrerent policy from that BuUdings which had been followed in the past, and the effect of its decision marks a distinctly new era in the PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 113 history of our schools. When the district was organized the first building to be erected was a large central one, ized the first building to be erected was a large central one, called the High School, now the Churchill School. As the city grew small buildings of four rooms each were built in the different parts of the district. When these buildings became crowded the more advanced pupils were transferred to the large central building, this transfer of pupils generally occurring at the close of the fifth grade. This required ally occurring at the close of the fifth grade. This required children of ten or twelve years of age to come from the extreme limits of the district to the High School building. treme limits of the district to the High School building. This plan, which was suggested by Horace Mann in his address at the old First Church, was an excellent one when dress at the old First Church, was an excellent one when the district had a population of six thousand or less, but when it grew to have more than double that population the policy became an unwise one. As the city increased in numbers its population became more dense. The territory bers its population became more dense. The territory which at one time had not enough children to fill a fourroom building, in some cases soon had pupils enough to fill room building, in some cases soon had pupils enough to fill a building twice as large. For the purpose of the best classification of pupils a school building should be large enough ification of pupils a school building should be large enough to accommodate all the eight grades below the high school and allow each grade to be divided into at least two classes -- three would be better. In order to do this it requires a building of at least eight rooms -- preferably twelve. The Board in adopting the policy of putting up large buildings was influenced not a little by financial reasons. The grounds for a large building would cost no more than for a small one. The cost of construction would be less in proportion to its size than that of a smaller building, and the expense of maintaining it, providing fuel, janitor service, etc., would also be less. Again, if large buildings were more desirable for school purposes, the logical thing to do would be to build on to the present ones. To do this it would not be necessary to purchase any land, which would be a saving of two thousand dollars or more for each building. Another reason that influenced the Board was that the ing. Another reason that influenced the Board was that the 114 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS buildings of the city at that time were lacking in some important features that time and experience had demonstrated portant features that time and experience had demonstrated as most essential, such as methods of lighting, heating, ventilation, and toilet accommodations. Building an addition to a school would give the Board an opportunity to dition to a school would give the Board an opportunity to make the entire structure modern. For these reasons the Board felt justified in making an experiment at least with one building, and at the November meeting of 1892 the matter was referred to the Building Committee, on motion of Director L. T. Stone. The committee reported in favor of building an addition of five rooms and an office to the Hitchcock An Addi- c- 1 1 1 tion Made School, thus makmg It a nme-room building. N. Hitchcock K. Aldrich was employed as the architect to preschool. "^ . ^ school. "^ . ^ pare the plans and supermtend the construction, for which services he received $250. The contract for building the addition, which was to be completed by the first of September, 1893, was let to Peter T. Olson on April 20th of that year, for $10,963. Extras amounting to $450 were afterwards added. The heating plant in the old building, which was a Haxtun steam heater, was enlarged suf- ing, which was a Haxtun steam heater, was enlarged sufficiently to heat the new part and to provide a system of ficiently to heat the new part and to provide a system of "direct-indirect ventilation" for the entire building. The cost was $1,199. The Smead dry closet system was installed at a cost of $385. The furniture for the new part was purchased of the U. S. School Furniture Co. for $600. The chased of the U. S. School Furniture Co. for $600. The total cost of the addition amounted to $13,847. School was opened in all the eight grades in September, 1893. The experiment of converting the Hitchcock building into a grammar school, that is, a school which The Dig- deg ... advantagre prepares the pupils for admission to the High chsngring School, was a decided success from the first, and Schools . , , _,, In the especially popular with the patrons. They conand Fifth sidercd it a frreat advantage to have their children and Fifth sidercd it a frreat advantage to have their children Grades. , r i tt- i r- i , * t * i prepared for the High School in their own local district. The other sections of the city soon made it known PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 115 that they, too, wanted their buildings enlarged into grammar schools, and the Board accordingly enlarged the other mar schools, and the Board accordingly enlarged the other buildings from time to time when it became necessary to provide additional school accommodations. This changing of the ward schools into grammar schools has no doubt added two to three years to the school life of many children, for a certain class of parents feel that when their children have gone through the local school it is time for them to go to work. Then, too, there is no period in the school life of children when they are so willing to leave school as in the fourth and fifth grades. They have gotten a general knowledge of the mechanical part of the work but they have not edge of the mechanical part of the work but they have not yet grasped the thought part. They have gone long enough to know what school is, but not far enough to know what it means. Pupils in any grade as a rule dislike to go to a new school and when the change comes in these grades some of those left largely to their own wills quit school entirely. In June, 1894, the Board began to plan for making an addition to the Weston School. Wm. Wolf was en- dition to the Weston School. Wm. Wolf was en- * , r Addition gaged as architect and superintendent of construe- to weston tion, for which he was paid $300. The different systems of heating and ventilating then in use were thoroughly investigated. A committee consisting of Director L. N. Thompson and the Superintendent visited a num- tor L. N. Thompson and the Superintendent visited a number of school buildings in Chicago, Grand Rapids, Muske- ber of school buildings in Chicago, Grand Rapids, Muskegon and Peoria in which different systems of heating and gon and Peoria in which different systems of heating and ventilating were used; and on their return reported to the Board that in their opinion the Johnson Blast System was the best, the Smead Fan System second, and the Dickson System third. The bid of the Southern Smead Heating and Ventilating Co. for $3,297 was accepted on motion of Director Stone. At that time this was a great step in advance rector Stone. At that time this was a great step in advance for the Board of Education to take in the matter of ventilation. The system then installed in the Weston School lation. The system then installed in the Weston School was doing service at the close of this period. The contract for building this addition was awarded to A. C. Johnson, 116 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS February 15, 1895, for $17,400. The school was closed two weeks earlier than usual in the spring in order to give the contractor time to have the building completed for the opening of schools the following September. The addition con- ing of schools the following September. The addition consisted of seven rooms, an auditorium and an office, and the sisted of seven rooms, an auditorium and an office, and the old part was so completely transformed that the teachers and pupils could with difficulty find and recognize their former rooms. The Johnson Automatic Temperature Regulation was placed in each of the thirteen rooms at an ex- ulation was placed in each of the thirteen rooms at an expense of $850. The contract for furniture was given to the pense of $850. The contract for furniture was given to the Piqua School Furniture Co. for $633.99, and the seating of the auditorium was done by the U. S. School Furniture Co. for $316.15. The Weston School was at that date the largest and most imposing school building in the city, and in its est and most imposing school building in the city, and in its construction three distinctly new features were introduced all of which have been placed in every building since erected, with one exception. These new features were : mechanical ventilation, automatic temperature regulation, and an auditorium. The total cost of enlarging and remodeling the Weston School was $22,797.14. eling the Weston School was $22,797.14. Before the addition to the Weston School was completed the attention of the Board was again called pleted the attention of the Board was again called An Addl- ^ . deg tionMade to the necds of the Hiffh School and the Central to the deg High Primary for a larger building. Temporary relief was provided in the summer of 1895 by purchasing the Jacobi property situated between the High School and the Grammar School. This property cost $5,000, and a part of the Central Primary was transferred to it at the opening of schools in September, 1895. At the regular meeting in November, 1895, a special committee consisting of Directors L. T. Stone and J. W. Hammond was appointed to examine into the needs of the schools for more room and to report at the next regular meeting. The report of that committee is here given as it is a statement of the conditions then existing, made at that time by members of the Board; and for ing, made at that time by members of the Board; and for this reason it is deemed worthy of preservation as being a PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 117 good example of how the Board in those days prepared for a possible crisis. Its policy was one of educating the people in advance, ple in advance, "Report of the Special Committee. Galesburg, III., Dec. 9, 1895. Honorable Board of Education. Ladies and Gentlemen: -- Your Special Committee appointed at the November meeting of the Board to examine into the need of more school accommodations and to report at this meeting, would ask leave to make the following report: According to the November report which has been read to-night, there are 281 pupils in the ber report which has been read to-night, there are 281 pupils in the High School. The building now contains 285 desks, or sittings, but there are fifty more desks in the Study Hall than there should be. The increase this year over last year is sixty-one pupils, and provision should be made for the fifty extra desks now in the Study vision should be made for the fifty extra desks now in the Study Hall. This would require accommodation to be made for 111 additional pupils. It is pertinent to ask here if it is reasonable to ex- ditional pupils. It is pertinent to ask here if it is reasonable to expect the High School to increase as much next year. In the past pect the High School to increase as much next year. In the past ten years the High School has grown from 90 to 281, an increase of 191, or 212 per cent. These facts would seem to make it imperative on this Board to provide for at least one hundred addi- perative on this Board to provide for at least one hundred additional sittings for the High School. While this is being done would tional sittings for the High School. While this is being done would it not be good policy, viewed from every standpoint, to make a reasonable provision for the future? Your committee is of the opinion sonable provision for the future? Your committee is of the opinion that an addition can be made to the present High School building which will give it capacity to accommodate 450 to 500 pupils, and it recommends that an architect be consulted to determine if such a plan is practicable, and the cost of the same. It is the opinion of your committee that something must be done to increase the capacity of the High School and that before September, 1896. Further ity of the High School and that before September, 1896. Further than this more room is needed for the grades. It goes without questioning that justice cannot be done to pupils where there are more than forty in a room. On this basis eight additional rooms are needed now, to say nothing of the future. Still further your committee believes that the manual training department should have larger and better accommodations. To do all this will require a large amount of money. Your committee is not prepared to make any further recommendations, but it feels that these facts should be made known to the people and carefully considered by this Board. Signed, L. T. Stone. J. W. Hammond." 118 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The committee was continued and instructed to consult an architect to see if the proposed addition to the Plans for . ^ * the Addi- Hia^h School buildins: could be made and what the tion. " probable cost would be. As a result of this investigation Wm. Wolf prepared plans for a large addition, and tigation Wm. Wolf prepared plans for a large addition, and the contract for building the same was awarded, April 8, 1896, to Peter T. Olson for $12,771.86. The same system of heating and ventilating as was placed in the Weston School the previous year was installed in this building by the Soper Foundry Co., of Bloomington, for $3,170. The Johnson Automatic Temperature Regulation was placed in all the rooms at an expense of $1,000. The furniture contract was given to the U. S. School Furniture Co. for $826.27. Wm. Wolf was paid $100 for making the plans and S. J. Parry, $100 for superintending the construction. The total cost of this addition to the High School, which was completed and ready for occupancy in September, 1896, was $17,968.13. The exterior of the building remained unchanged from that date until it was destroyed by fire in 1904. The High School continuing to increase in numbers, it Hunt became necessary in the summer of 1898 to find Property other quarters for that part of the Central Prichased. j"ary that had been left there in 1895, when the chased. j"ary that had been left there in 1895, when the Jacobi property was purchased. The Hunt property, which joined the Churchill School, was purchased for this purpose for $4,000, and during the summer vacation the building was converted into four small schoolrooms at little expense. When the schools opened in September, 1898, the High School for the first time occupied every part of its own building. The Central Primary was housed in the Jacobi and Hunt buildings, one fronting on Broad street and the other on Cedar street, a walk extending between the two. At the November meeting of the Board in 1898 the Addition Building Committee was authorized to have plans Bafeman ^uadc for a four-room addition to the Bateman School. School. The plans for this addition, drawn by PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 119 Wm. Wolf, were accepted and adopted by the Board in March, 1899, and at the April meeting the contract was let to Peter T. Olson, his bid, $11,763, being the lowest submitted. The Dickson system of heating and ventilating, mitted. The Dickson system of heating and ventilating, with the Dickson closets, was adopted for this building, the cost of the same being $3,150. Before taking this action the Board sent a committee to examine several buildings where this system had been in use for years, and the report of the committee was strongly in its favor. Automatic temperature regulation was placed in each room at an expense of ature regulation was placed in each room at an expense of $415. The contract for seating the building was let to the Grand Rapids School Furniture Co. for $590.40. The architect was paid $350 for his plans and for superintending the tect was paid $350 for his plans and for superintending the construction. The total cost of the addition which consisted of five schoolrooms, an auditorium and an office, to- sisted of five schoolrooms, an auditorium and an office, together with remodeling the old part, amounted to $16,268.40. gether with remodeling the old part, amounted to $16,268.40. The building was completed in time for the opening of schools in September, 1899. After resting a year the Board, in the summer of 1901, made an addition of five schoolrooms, an ofifice and Addition auditorium to the Lincoln School. The plans were to Lincoln prepared by Wm. Wolf and the work of construction was superintended by him; for both these services he tion was superintended by him; for both these services he was paid $500. J. A. Ream, who graduated from the High School in 1887, built this addition. He was the lowest bidder, his bid being $14,568. He was allowed $218 additional der, his bid being $14,568. He was allowed $218 additional for extras. The American Warming and Ventilating Co. was awarded the contract for heating and ventilating for $2,199. The Company used the furnaces taken out of the High School building at that time and made a furnace blast system of it. This was a costly experiment for the Company, as the furnaces proved not to have the capacity for pany, as the furnaces proved not to have the capacity for providing sufficient heat for a fan system ; but the Company showed no disposition to avoid its responsibility, for in the winter vacation of that year it took out the old furnaces and installed a complete set of new furnaces adapted for the use 120 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS of a fan. It did this voluntarily and without any additional expense to the Board. At the close of this period the plant thus installed was one of the best heating and ventilating systems in use in the schools. Thermostats, providing automatic temperature regulation, were placed in each room tomatic temperature regulation, were placed in each room at a cost of $400. The furniture for the new schoolrooms and the auditorium cost $536. The cost of this addition when completed amounted to $18,421. In 1901 the High School was again crowded beyond its capacity, and three rooms were made and fitted up piMt*ta ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ P^^t deg^ ^^^ third floor of that building. school J- ^- Tate received the contract for tFis work, his to*"!"!!^. bid being $2,210. The High School building had now become too large to be heated satisfactorily with furnaces and it was necessary to change the heating plant to steam. The American Warming and Ventilating Co. was given the contract to make this change for $6,000, in the summer of 1901. This included a fan system of ventilation. The additional thermostats required cost $400, and lation. The additional thermostats required cost $400, and the furniture $400, making the improvements on the High School at that time amount to $9,010. After spending such a large amount of money on the Addition Lincoln addition and the High School improveDougiis ments in 1901, had the Board followed its usual Dougiis ments in 1901, had the Board followed its usual School. custom, it would have waited a year or two before making other improvements; but the demand for more school accommodations in the Douglas district was so urgent that it built an addition to that school in the summer of 1902. Wm. Wolf was the architect and superintendent of construction, and was paid $250. Peter T. Olson was the contractor, his bid of $9,367 being the lowest. When his work was completed he was allowed $332.50 additional for extra work. Dry closets had been placed in all the buildings remodeled up to that date, but it was decided to install a system of water closets in the Douglas School. Some thought this was making a great improvement, but the closPERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 121 PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 121 ets proved to be the most unsanitary and unsatisfactory of any used in the schools. This was because they were not ventilated. The contract for enlarging the heating plant when this addition was built, was given to C. S. Telford for $700. A. H. Anderson & Co. received the furniture contract, which amounted to $318.90. The total cost of this ad- tract, which amounted to $318.90. The total cost of this addition, consisting of three schoolrooms, an auditorium and dition, consisting of three schoolrooms, an auditorium and an office, amounted to $10,968.40. The time for the Central Primary School to have a new building arrived at last in 1903. All the other Bujj<j,"g schools in the city had had their buildings either *^®️| ^_" built new, or remodeled, since the beginning of i^iary. the second era of schoolhouse building in 1888. During all these years the Central Primary waited patiently, accommodating itself the best it could in an old church or in old dating itself the best it could in an old church or in old dwelling houses, except for a few years when it had for its own home the first floor of the High School building. As the Board thought that with the erection of a building for the Central Primary its work of providing schoolhouses would be completed for some years, it determined to make amends for its past neglect of this school by now building for it the best school home in the city. At the March meeting of 1903 it was voted, on motion of Director Stone, "That ing of 1903 it was voted, on motion of Director Stone, "That the Board proceed to erect a Primary School building this year." More troubles and delays were encountered in the construction of this building than in all the others combined. bined. The first difficulty arose over the selection of an architect. With the exception of the Hitchcock School, tect. With the exception of the Hitchcock School, Wm. Wolf had been the architect to make the an Architect, itect, plans for remodeling all the other buildings. It is true his plans had been adopted in competition with other architects, as in the cases of the High School and the Bateman School. Now that a new building was to be erected man School. Now that a new building was to be erected there was a strong competition among the architects. Mr. Wolf claimed that as he had done all the "patchwork" for 122 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the Board, he should in justice be given the new building to show what he could do when he was not limited in his architectural plans by having to make them conform in some itectural plans by having to make them conform in some degree to an old building. His competitors and their friends claimed that it should be given to one of them, as Mr. Wolf had already had his share of the school work. It was finally decided in favor of Mr. Wolf. For his plans and for superintending the work he was paid $582.71. intending the work he was paid $582.71. The next trouble arose when it became time to decide on the kind of material to be used in the construction The Ma- . , ., . teriai of the buildmg. The contract, as let in Tune, Used J ^ 1903, to Peter T. Olson for $33,597-- this being the lowest bid -- called for a brick building with a stone entrance. Later the Board voted to make the entire building trance. Later the Board voted to make the entire building a stone veneer, and the contract was accordingly changed. The stone chosen did not please the unsuccessful bidders. They and their friends protested vigorously against the use of the stone selected. Finally a legal question was raised by the objectors and, as a result, the Board decided to change back to brick and finish the building in accordance with the original contract. ance with the original contract. The contract for heating and ventilating was originally other ^^^ ^^^ ^ furnace blast system, to Lewis and KitchcontractB. ^^ fQj. ^3 918, This includcd a system of ventilated contractB. ^^ fQj. ^3 918, This includcd a system of ventilated water closets. The plan for heating was afterwards changed to a steam system and connected with the McKinley city heating system at an additional cost of $1,36L38. The contract for temperature regulation was let for $685. The total tract for temperature regulation was let for $685. The total contracts for this building amounted to $40,144.09. On motion of Director Stone it was named the Central School. It tion of Director Stone it was named the Central School. It was rather remarkable that all the discussion in consequence of these changes caused no division in the Board at quence of these changes caused no division in the Board at any time when it came to act. The building would have been completed by Christmas The Build- of 1903, had it not been for the delays caused by Ing Com- #' *' pieted. the changes made. As it was, only the first story PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 123 was completed when cold weather put an end to the work for that year. The work had hardly been resumed in the spring of 1904 when the High School building standing a few feet south of it was totally destroyed by fire. The Central School was completed during the summer of 1904, and tral School was completed during the summer of 1904, and it was occupied for nearly two years by the High School while its own home was in the process of construction. In the meantime the pupils of the Central Primary were accommodated in the same rooms they had occupied the commodated in the same rooms they had occupied the previous two years -- two rooms in the Churchill and the frame "Annex" on Cedar street. For several years the Board of Education had been looking forward to the completion of a Central Primary ing forward to the completion of a Central Primary building as a time for general relaxation in the ^*"t'"^*'* building- line ; and now because of the entire de- Prepared ^ . . . r *** Build struction of the High School buildmg by fire on " High deg . School. the night of April 10, 1904, the Board and the people of Galesburg were called to meet a really great and important building proposition, all their former experiences of that kind being insignificant in comparison with it. The situation was not, however, without its elements of advantage. The extensive experience the Board had had in build- age. The extensive experience the Board had had in building was a good preparation for undertaking a work of such ing was a good preparation for undertaking a work of such magnitude. Then, also, the policy of paying for each building as it was constructed, which had been followed for ing as it was constructed, which had been followed for years, found the district at that time free from indebtedness This is a good example of unconscious preparation ness This is a good example of unconscious preparation for an emergency. This made it possible for the Board, provided the people were willing, to issue bonds sufficient to build a high school of the finest type. Had a different course been followed, had bonds been issued for making the improvements of the previous ten years, the district would have been hopelessly handicapped at a critical time. As it was, everything was favorable to the erecting of just such a building as the people desired. 124 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS It should be remembered that the importance of the ^ , ^ high school in public education was not then so Galesburg deg "^ High generally recognized as it is to-day. At that time Baiiding no city in the state had erected a really fine and a Pioneer. ,,.,,... . modern building for its high school. There was one such building in Joliet, but it was a township high school. The high school was still generally regarded as merely a college preparatory school and did not appeal strongly to the people as their school. When one of the larger cities of Illinois to-day builds a high school, it makes it the finest public building in the city. It was not so when the present Galesburg High School was built. That building was the pioneer of high school buildings in the state. ing was the pioneer of high school buildings in the state. The Board and the people have since had reason to congratulate themselves on having had a vision and rising to it. gratulate themselves on having had a vision and rising to it. At a meeting of the Board of Education, held five days after the fire, for the purpose of determining what Hundred steps should be taken to secure a new building, it Dollars"'' ^^^ conccdcd by all that it would be necessary to I'm^h**'^ raise the money by an issue of bonds. The only EudMbig question was the amount to ask for. The sum first suggested was $60,000, but as the different members of the Board discussed the future needs of the school as well as those of the present, its relation to the other schools of the city, the well known pride the people take in education, and the prominence that even the location would give to the building, the amount rose until $100,000 was thought to be needed ; and the Board with all the members present decided by a unanimous vote to ask the citizens bers present decided by a unanimous vote to ask the citizens for the authority to issue bonds to the amount of $100,000 for a new High School building. The election was called for April 2nd. The proposition was thoroughly discussed by the city press and the people on the streets. At one time many thought that a sentiment unfavorable to the issuing of the bonds was forming. The Board met informally with all the members present and prepared a statement of the situaOLD ACADEMY OLD ACADEMY CHURCHILL SCHOOL r-UILDINGS USKL) liV TIIK 11 Kill SCHOOL. dllGH SCHOOL 1888-1896 HIGH SCHOOL >B96 TO ARRIL lO, I90-J ni'ii.DiNcs usiii) \',\ Till-: men school. ^ 5 3 p "^ 3 S i " rt o 1=2- o c SLoo . 3 ST*" ST*" PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 125 tion for the public which was printed in the city papers. When the election day came great interest was taken in the voting, and the favorable attitude of the people towards issuing the bonds was shown by 1,198 votes cast for the bonds suing the bonds was shown by 1,198 votes cast for the bonds to 160 against. The bonds were to draw four and one-half per cent interest and to be paid in amounts of $10,000 on Sep- est and to be paid in amounts of $10,000 on September of every year, beginning with 1907. The of the tember of every year, beginning with 1907. The of the condition of the money market was not favorable at that time for the selling of bonds and it was predicted by some that they could not be sold at par, in which case they could not be issued. The Board felt greatly relieved, when the date for selling the bonds arrived, to get a bid from the First National Bank of Chicago for the entire amount with $2,500 premium, the bank to furnish the bonds free of charge to the Board of Education. The bid was accepted on condition that the bank would pay three per cent interest on monthly balances until the money was all drawn. As the money was not expended for nearly two years the arrangement brought into the treasury of the Board of Education a ment brought into the treasury of the Board of Education a little over $3,000. Thus the bonds were disposed of in a way that netted the district $5,500 more than par. Director L. F. Wertman was chairman of the Finance Committee at that time, and he took great interest in securing for the Board the most favorable sale of the bonds. With the bonds sold, the next thing to do was to get the plans for the building. This was done not accord- ^j^^ ing to the usual custom of advertising for plans obtaining to be submitted by different architects, over which ttei'iansto wrangle and finally to select one only partially satisfac- to wrangle and finally to select one only partially satisfactory to the Board and entirely objectionable in the opinion of tory to the Board and entirely objectionable in the opinion of the architects whose plans were not accepted, but by choosing a competent architect and having him incorporate the ing a competent architect and having him incorporate the ideas of the Board into his plans. A committee consisting of Director L. F. Wertman, J. Grant Beadle, the architect, the Superintendent of Schools and the Principal of the High 126 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS School, made a tour of inspection. They examined a half dozen buildings recently constructed and had the architect carefully note the desirable features and as carefully those to be avoided. In this way the interior arrangement of the building was determined but the exterior was left entirely to the architect. As is usually the case when it came to opening the bids for the building the plans were found to be too Cost of . the expensive. They were modified and other bids Building. -^ were called for, as a result of which the contract was let, July 27, 1904, to Davidson and Rundquist, the lowest bidders, for $95,923. The stone was afterwards changed est bidders, for $95,923. The stone was afterwards changed from Lake Superior rain drop stone to Berea sand stone, which reduced the above bid to $89,623. Plate glass was later sustituted for the common glass at an additional cost of $3,000. Separate contracts were made for lockers, $1,502; hardware, $1,017; light fixtures, $697; and other extras, $994. J. Grant Beadle was paid $500 for the plans and two and one-half per cent, or $2,500, for superintending the construction; he to furnish a competent man, tending the construction; he to furnish a competent man, acceptable to the Board, who should be on the grounds every hour that work was in progress. The gymnasium and shower baths, which were finished sometime after the building was occupied, cost $1,606. The sum of these different ing was occupied, cost $1,606. The sum of these different items amounted to $11,816, which, added to the original contract $89,633, made the building alone cost $101,439. The tract $89,633, made the building alone cost $101,439. The heating and ventilating, which was a steam blast system, was let to Lewis and Kitchen for $11,833. This contract of Lewis and Kitchen included the radiation, fans, motors, heat regulation and the closets with the necessary plumbing. ing. In order to have sufficient ground on which to place the building it was necessary to secure the Strong property, which joined the original High School lot on the west. This was purchased May 9, 1904, for $5,500. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 127 The Board had an interesting experience in purchasing the furniture. The law requiring all state institutions to buy their furniture of the prison industries inic the tions to buy their furniture of the prison industries inic the #' ^ Building. went into effect July 1, 1904, and it was held at that time that the law applied to the public schools. To equip such a building with furniture made by convicts did not seem to be the fitting thing to do, and there was a disposition to avoid it if possible. The matter was taken up by position to avoid it if possible. The matter was taken up by a special committee with the Prison Board of Industries. A release from purchasing the prison-made desks was obtained on the ground that a particular kind of desk, the manufacture of which was covered by patents, was wanted -- de- facture of which was covered by patents, was wanted -- demanded even. The committee also secured from the Prison manded even. The committee also secured from the Prison Board the prices it would charge for the furniture for the laboratories and the commercial department, for the reason that it was necessary to know the cost before placing the order as the price might have much to do in determining the amount purchased. Bids for exactly the same pieces of furniture as shown by blue-prints furnished all the parties, were obtained from two well known manufacturers. The price for the prison-made furniture was $3,441.45, and the bid of Knostman-Peterson Furniture Co., of Davenport, Iowa, for the same kind and amount was $2,306.94. The bid of the Quincy Show Case Works was just $3,000. The Board referred the matter back to the committee with power to act, but before any action was taken by the committee a temporary injunction was issued by the Circuit mittee a temporary injunction was issued by the Circuit Court on the petition of George Shumway, Esq., restraining the Board of Education from buying furniture from any but the lowest responsible bidder. By default on the part of the Board of Education the injunction was made permanent. In this way was the Board released from purchasing prisonmade furniture, much to the financial benefit of the district. made furniture, much to the financial benefit of the district. The furniture for the laboratories and commercial department cost $2,306.94, and the other furniture for the building ment cost $2,306.94, and the other furniture for the building 128 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS $2,840.60, making the total cost of the furniture when the school was first opened, $5,147.54. The cost of the High School plant when completed was : ,"t3, Building $101,439.00 Cost. Heating and ventilating apparatus located in the building 11,833.00 cated in the building 11,833.00 Furniture 5,147.54 Land purchased 5,500.00 Total amount $123,919.54 There were some interesting facts connected with the A Heat- building of the heating plant. It is a good exc'oM'id-'** ample of the way in which an emergency was met. c'oM'id-'** ample of the way in which an emergency was met. ered. When the High School building was burned the Board at first thought that it would be a good plan to build a separate heating plant to furnish the heat for the three school buildings which would be situated on that block. A committee was appointed to investigate the subject, but the cost was found to be so great that it seemed unadvisable to consider the matter further. The McKinley city heating plant came forward at that time with a plausible solution. It proposed to furnish the heat by extending one of its mains past the three buildings. The public, which was taking a lively interest in the matter, thought that this was un- ing a lively interest in the matter, thought that this was undoubtedly the thing to do. The company was heating the doubtedly the thing to do. The company was heating the business houses satisfactorily, and it was claimed that it could heat the schoolhouses just as well and much more cheaply than the Board could do it with its own heating plant, which would cost thousands of dollars to build and which would be a constant source of expense to maintain. There was one important item which was not considered, namely, that the business houses were heated by direct radiation, while the schoolhouses would be heated by blast sys- ation, while the schoolhouses would be heated by blast systems, by fans driving the cold air over the radiating coils. tems, by fans driving the cold air over the radiating coils. Public opinion soon became so pronounced that the wise PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 129 thing to do was at least to give the McKinley plant a trial. This could be done at no great expense with the Central School, which was then in process of construction, A contract was accordingly made with the McKinley company to tract was accordingly made with the McKinley company to heat the Central School for $503 a year, and a proposition to heat the High School for $2,330.73 per year was accepted. As a result of this contract the plans of the High School building were drawn without making any provision for placing a ing were drawn without making any provision for placing a heating plant in the building. By the time the winter of 1904-05 was over, every one, even the company itself, was convinced that it was impossible to heat the school buildings from the city heating plant. There had not been a ings from the city heating plant. There had not been a week for months when it was not necessary to close the school for one or more half days. The McKinley company notified the Board of Education that it would not undertake to heat the High School and that it would not renew its contract for heating the Central School for another year. The tract for heating the Central School for another year. The High School building would be completed within a few months and there was no provision in the construction for a heating plant. This was also true of the Central School. The only possible thing to do under these circumstances was to build a separate heating plant. That which a year before was regarded as impossible was now the only thing that could be done. But where was the money to come from? There had been no provision made in the tax levy for such an expenditure, and the Board would not entertain the idea of asking for more bonds. The heating plant was built in the summer of 1905, and it was paid for with the money already in the ,j^,^ j,,^ treasury reserved for the purpose of paying the \l^J^^^ teachers' salaries until the next taxes became due. ''aised. The teachers also received their salaries as usual when they became due. There is a provision in the school law that allows boards of education, when the salary of a teacher be- lows boards of education, when the salary of a teacher becomes due and there is no money in the treasury, to write comes due and there is no money in the treasury, to write on the back of the order, "No Funds" and it draws interest 130 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS at the rate of seven per cent. The finance committee arranged to have these orders cashed at six per cent interest. ranged to have these orders cashed at six per cent interest. No interest on the money thus used for the heating plant began to accrue until October, when the first pay-roll became due, and then only on the amount of one month's came due, and then only on the amount of one month's salary. This amount was increased every thirty days by another month's salary until sufficient taxes came in to meet the pay-roll. The interest thus paid on the money used to build the heating plant amounted in all to less than $500. This was certainly a much cheaper way to pay for the building than to issue bonds. This method of meeting an unex- ing than to issue bonds. This method of meeting an unexpected expenditure was frequently resorted to during this pected expenditure was frequently resorted to during this period. It is certainly a sensible and economical way to do in such cases, and there can be no legal objection to transferring money from one of the two school funds to the other ferring money from one of the two school funds to the other so long as the sum used in any one year does not exceed the amount the law allows to be used for that purpose. The contract for the building and the stack of the heatBuiiding ^^S plant was let to Peter T. Olson, for $8,563, Buiiding ^^S plant was let to Peter T. Olson, for $8,563, Helting ^"^ the contract for the equipment was given to Plant. Lewis and Kitchen, of Chicago, for $11,676, these being the lowest bids. M. E. Sweeney was paid $300 for superintending the work of construction. Thus the total cost of the heating plant was $20,539. This plant furnishes the heat, the light and the power for the High School, the Central School and the Churchill School. Since it began operation in the fall of 1905 it has given what might be called perfect satisfaction at all times and in all respects, thus proving itself to be one of the best investments the Board ever made. The care that has always been exercised in operating the plant and the perfect condition in which it has been kept by Wm. Richardson, the engineer in charge, demonstrates that the public can conduct such an enterprise as successfully and economically as a private party. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 131 The High School building was completed and opened on Lincoln's birthday, February 12, 1906, with ap-^ #' . Opening -^ #' . Opening propriate ceremonies. The State Supermtendent, of the Hon. Alfred Bayliss, and William Hawley Smith school * # 1 1 i ^ 1 f Building. delivered the principal addresses. On the afternoon and evening of that day some five thousand citizens noon and evening of that day some five thousand citizens inspected the building. Nothing but words of satisfaction and praise were heard from any one, and the verdict of that day has not been changed. It is worth mentioning here, as showing the spirit of the school, that the boys of the manual training department transferred all the desks and furniture they had been using in the Central School to the High School building, doing all the work and doing it in one day. With the completion of the new High School in February, 1906, ended the second period of schoolhouse building. By 1910 the three schools north of Main street had become so crowded that it was imperative for the come so crowded that it was imperative for the . The Board to provide more school accommodations. Farnham ... . . School. As a partial relief of the conditions, the Farnham School, a four-room building, was built in 1910-11. In September, 1910, three lots on the northwest corner of Farnham tember, 1910, three lots on the northwest corner of Farnham and Summit streets were purchased for $2,300 as grounds for this school. Two members of the Board, Directors Berry and Purington, and the Superintendent, with N. K. Aldrich, who had been chosen as the architect, were sent to Oak Park, Illinois, to examine some schoolhouses of a new type of architecture, that had been recently built. The Farnham School, which is an entirely different style of building from the others in the city, was the result of this trip. The contract for the building was let to John J. Dahlburg for $17,150, the contract for heating and ventilating, burg for $17,150, the contract for heating and ventilating, including toilets and heat regulation, to Lewis and Kitchen for $2,990, and the furniture contract to the Peabody School Furniture Co. for $492.40, these being the lowest bids submitted. N. K. Aldrich was paid $343 for the plans and mitted. N. K. Aldrich was paid $343 for the plans and specifications. W. M. Woolsey received $50 for superin132 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 132 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS tending the construction. The window shades cost $77.35 ; the electric wiring and fixtures, $134.80; the grading, $107.50; the walks, $654.90; the sewer, $241.40; extras on the general contract, $81; the teachers' chairs, $27.50; the clocks, $14.50; the examination of title and recording deeds, $27.40. Thus the Farnham School, including every item of expense, cost $24,291.75. The school was, on motion of Director L. T. Stone, named the Farnham School in honor of the late Eli Farnham, who taught the first public school in Galesburg, and whose residence was only a few rods north of where the schoolhouse stands. 2. OTHER PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. A system of dry closets was installed in the Grammar churohiu (Churchill) School by the Smead Heating and Balding Ventilating Co. in the summer of 1892, for $825. Closets. j^^ ^-j^g time it was made this was a great improvement. Prior to that date the closets had been in out- provement. Prior to that date the closets had been in outbuildings, and their condition was a disgrace to a civilized buildings, and their condition was a disgrace to a civilized community. For years one of the annual acts of the Board of Health had been to issue an order declaring them a public nuisance. The Board of Education was powerless to do anything as there were neither sewers, nor a water system, in the city. When the first investigating committee was sent out in 1887 to examine some recently constructed buildings, with a view of obtaining the latest ideas on school architecture and of incorporating them into the plans of the proposed new High School building, it found this system of closets in the Hyde Park High School. These closets had been in use a year, and they were considered by the authorities there as one of the marvels of the age. These closets ities there as one of the marvels of the age. These closets were incorporated in the plans of the new High School building as one of the latest and best of the modern improvements. They proved satisfactory in that building, provements. They proved satisfactory in that building, and no time was lost in placing them in the Grammar School after the Smead Company decided it was possible to PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 133 do so. It was not long before the dry closet system was generally condemned in the large cities, especially by plumbers. The closets, however, proved satisfactory wherever they were placed in a school building in Galesburg. ever they were placed in a school building in Galesburg. The system is much more satisfactory and sanitary than the ordinary unventilated water closet. This was thoroughly demonstrated at the Douglas School, where it became necessary to tear out a system of water closets because they essary to tear out a system of water closets because they were not ventilated. No closet that is not ventilated is sanitary. itary. The schoolhouses in the city had like those of to-day. high basements, but the steps leading to the first B^^^Jf^ht floor were all on the outside of the building. These ^u^,^lng * steps, six to ten in number, generally made of stone and uncovered, were really dangerous to the pupils in the winter covered, were really dangerous to the pupils in the winter season. During the other seasons of the year, they were convenient and attractive places for rowdies and disreputable characters to congregate in the evenings. This led utable characters to congregate in the evenings. This led at times to the defacement of school property. The Grammar School had three such unsafe and undesirable en- mar School had three such unsafe and undesirable entrances. In 1894 these steps had become so decayed that it trances. In 1894 these steps had become so decayed that it was necessary to replace them with new ones. The Board took this opportunity to place them inside the building, another idea the committee had brought back from its trip of other idea the committee had brought back from its trip of inspection. In making this change in the steps, all the entrances were made to open to the east, the object being to trances were made to open to the east, the object being to reduce as much as possible the drafts which blew through the halls in cold weather and which were a constant menace to the health of the teachers on the lower floor while they were attending to their hall duties at dismissions and recess. Wm. Wolf made the plans for remodeling these entrances and O. C. Housel, contractor, did the work for $689. In May, 1895, after the schools had closed for the year, the tower on the building was partially destroyed Tower of 1 r r , # # rJ^ r ChurclliU by a nre of unknown ongm. The contract for re- school pairing and remodeling it was let to Peter McL. by Fire. 134 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Davidson for $545. The amount expended on the Churchill building in this period, for permanent improvements, was $2,059. Cooke School was connected with the city water system Improve- ^^ *^^ summer of 1896. When it became necesc^oTke *"* ^^^y> *" 1897, to rebuild the steps of this building c^oTke *"* ^^^y> *" 1897, to rebuild the steps of this building Bchooi. ^i^g entrances were remodeled and the steps were placed within the building, which was a great improvement. The plans for this change were made by Wm. Wolf for $25, and the contract for the work was let to A. C. Phillipson for $594. At the same time a system of dry closets was placed in the building by A. A. Ames for $250. The Hitchcock building was the first to be remodeled and enlarged. At that date the ventilation of A Modem schoolhouscs was in its infancy. As good a sysof venti- tcm of vcntilation as was then known was placed of venti- tcm of vcntilation as was then known was placed lating In- . . . . . . ^ . stalled in in the building, but in time, as improvements in Hit"hcock ., . , , * School. ventilation were made, this system came, properly enough, to be regarded by the patrons as very poor. In the fall of 1908 it at last got on the nerves of the people, and the Board decided to give the desired relief at once by installing during the Christmas vacation of that year the most improved blast system of ventilation, together with water closets and heat regulation. This im- gether with water closets and heat regulation. This improvement, which was made by Lewis and Kitchen, cost, provement, which was made by Lewis and Kitchen, cost, when completed, $5,219.95. The manual training quarters in the basement of the High School had always been objectionable on Tra^nhlg accouut of the noisc made by the machinery. Made'to Then, too, they were neither large enough nor schwi*** adapted to accommodate all the different kinds of work desired to be done in that department. In 1910 it was decided to build a separate manual training building, connecting it to the rooms used for that purpose in the High School building. Another object of building this addition was to have room enough to give manual PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 135 training- to the boys in the seventh and eighth grades, thus making it a manual training center for the boys of th6 higher grades in the grammar schools. A strip of land 71 by 5434 feet, lying between the High School and the heating plant, on which the building was placed, was purchased ing plant, on which the building was placed, was purchased of S. C. Ayres for $1,300. The plans and specifications for the building were made by J. Grant Beadle, at a cost of $151-38. The contract for the building was let to P. O. Munson for $5,475. This amount included the cost of the bridge connecting the High School with the Central School, which was estimated at $300 by one of the bidders. The heating contract was let to Joseph Quigley for $494.40, and the plumbing contract to the C. S. Telford Co. for $490.15, thus making the total cost of this improvement amount to $7,910.93. The smoke from the heating plant was a source of real inconvenience to the people of that neighborhood, and occasionally some one would serve notice on consumer 1 T-> 11 * * -111- '*"# ^^^ the Board, threatening it with the direst conse- Heating *r 1 * 1 1 -T-i Plant. quences if the nuisance was not abated. There was no time when the Board would not have been glad to remove the cause of complaint had it known how to do it. In December, 1909, the G. H. Scharf Co. presented the merits of the automatic smoke consumer to the Board, with the proposition to install the device for $480, no money to be paid until the Board was satisfied that it would do all that was claimed for it. The proposition was accepted, and the smoke nuisance soon became a thing of the past. By 1909 the water closets placed in the Douglas School at the time it was remodeled had become so un, . , , Improve- , . , , Improvesanitary that it was necessary to replace them ments sanitary that it was necessary to replace them ments * 1 1 A 1 r 1 Made at With others. Another system of water closets was doukIs* installed and ventilation was provided for them by building a stack up through the central part of the building. This stack and the new closets cost $1,001. The stack was designed to be used as a flue for the heating apparatus and 136 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS to take care of a system of ventilation for the building. These two provisions made it more expensive than it would otherwise have been. In the winter of 1910-11 some of the people in the Bateman district thought that their school building man district thought that their school building Humidity was not propcrlv ventilated. The Board employed Device In-^.^-' . ^-^ stalled in S. R. Lcwis, an expert heatmg and ventilating Bateman . . ' , . . '^ , , deg School. engineer of Chicago, to examine and test the apparatus. He reported that the volume of fresh air paratus. He reported that the volume of fresh air furnished each room, with one exception, was sufficient, but that the air, on account of the manner in which it was heated, was too dry. He recommended that a humidity device be installed in connection with the heating apparatus vice be installed in connection with the heating apparatus and also that an electric fan be placed in the intake duct of the room that was not receiving enough fresh air. On motion of Director Wertman the building committee was di- tion of Director Wertman the building committee was directed to install a humidistat and an electric fan as recom- rected to install a humidistat and an electric fan as recommended by Mr. Lewis. The cost of this improvement was mended by Mr. Lewis. The cost of this improvement was $458.92. At the February meeting of 1898 the Allen property, consisting of a house and lot joining the Weston M^e"**" School grounds on the east and fronting on Mulweston berry street, was purchased for $1,600. The ob- weston berry street, was purchased for $1,600. The obGrounds J^^^ ^" buying this property was to enlarge the Grounds J^^^ ^" buying this property was to enlarge the playgrounds. This was a good illustration of how public sentiment on the question of the size of school grounds had changed within thirty years. In 1868 the Board seriously considered selling a lot from the grounds they then had ; in 1898 it bought a lot to add to it. In July of 1898 the Hunt property, joining the Churchill grounds on the south and fronting on Cedar street, Addition deg , r ^^ /^^r^ rr-, * ,* , * f Made was bought for $4,000. The immediate object of to tiie , . deg ^ ' , , ^ ciiurchm this purchase was to use the house as an annex Grounds. i^ it-"- i-ii t- j* for the Central Primary, while the ultimate end in view was the enlarging of the Churchill playgrounds. These were the only pieces of land purchased in this period PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 137 solely for the purpose of having more grounds for the buildings and pupils. It would be wisdom on the part of the ings and pupils. It would be wisdom on the part of the Board to-day if it would adopt the policy of buying property adjoining any of the school grounds as it comes on the market, until every school in the city has an adequate play- ket, until every school in the city has an adequate playground. ground. The amounts invested in permanent improvements in the different periods of these fifty years are here snmmary of Investgiven. Each total includes the cost of the land, ments in given. Each total includes the cost of the land, ments in .... ... Permabuildmg, heatmg and ventilatmg apparatus, clos- nent im- buildmg, heatmg and ventilatmg apparatus, clos- nent imets and furniture ; and the amount of each of these ments. ets and furniture ; and the amount of each of these ments. items may be learned by referring to the paragraphs that give an account of the construction of the building. TABLE SHOWING COST OF PROPERTY OWNED BY THE BOARD OF EDUCATION IN 1911: Is #a OJJ 'Coo 4) rH *a CUuS High School. ... Central School. . . $ 3,600.00 $ $186,476.60 45,144.09 6,951.50 21,019.00 19,066.95 34,632.25 24,691.75 24,397.14 12,861.90 869.00 16,727.32 $190,076.60 a 45,144.09 Churchill School. Heating Plant. . . 59,269.91 3,681.50 69,902.91 21,019.00 Hitchcock School Lincoln School . . 1,200.00 15,875.00 36,141.95 34,632.25 Farnham School. 24,691.75 "Weston School . . Douglas School. . Cooke School . . . Bateman School. 12,144.62 435.00 16,396.50 11,122.75 12,477.86 807.80 11,280.00 47,664.51 b 25,774.76 c 18,073.30 28,007 32 $ 93,046.03 $55,244.91 $392,837.50 $541,128.44 a. For this item to represent the cost of the High School property in 1911, it is necessary to deduct $1,100, the price paid for the old Baptist Church which was removed from the grounds in 1887 and $54,635.10, the loss by the fire of 1904, which would make the item $134,341.50. b. This item should be reduced $6,723.75, the loss by the fire of 1882, which would make it $40,940.76. c. This item should be reduced $435, the cost of the Depot School, a one-room schoolhouse built in 1862, which would make it $25,339.76. 138 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS These reductions amount to $62,893.85, which, taken from the grand total, leaves $477,834.59, the total cost of all the property owned by the Board of Education in 1911. The cost of sewers, sidewalks and pavements is not included in these totals, except in the case of the Farnham cluded in these totals, except in the case of the Farnham School ; nor are the expenditures that might be properly considered as ordinary repairs. The amounts for permanent improvements were raised by taxes as needed, except $63,000 in the second period and $141,000 in the fourth period, which were secured by issuing bonds. These bonds were all paid except $50,000 which had not yet matured. Thus it is seen that the amount invested in school property in the fifty years was on an average about $10,000 a year; for the last period it was $15,000 a year. The year previous to the opening of the new High School building in 1888, two rooms on the first Schools In floor of the City Hall on South Cherry street were Buildings *' *' Other occupied by a part of the Central Primary School. Than the ^ J i- J Property Thesc rooms were again used for school purposes Board. for four months in the fall of 1889, while the Lincoln School was being finished. They were closed when that building was opened in January, 1890. For one year, beginning in September, 1910, the Swedish Mission Chapel on the southeast corner of Losey and Irwin streets was rented for a school. These are the only two instances in the period when any of the schools occupied buildings that were not the property of the district, except when the High School, at the time its own building was burned, used Knox College, the Court House, etc., for two months in the spring of 1904. 3. PROTECTION FROM FIRE. The Board always exercised great care in guarding the j^p^ children against the possibility of danger from fire K9cape". jj^ (,^gg ^ school building burned. In addition to the fire escape on the east side of the Churchill School, PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 139 ladders were purchased and stored near the building to be used in case it were necessary to take children from the third floor. A fire escape was placed on the High School building in 1901. In February, 1904, a Babcock fire extinguisher was placed in each building, and in the same tinguisher was placed in each building, and in the same year a Dow Cylindrical fire escape was placed at the west side of the Churchill building and one of the same make at the Douglas School. The cost of each of these Dow fire escapes was $892.50. The custom of having fire-drills frequently was insisted upon by the Board. In January, 1904, a resolu- pj^.^ tion requiring each school to have at least one fire- ^^^*drill every week was adopted. The resolution was soon drill every week was adopted. The resolution was soon amended by changing the fire-drills to once in two weeks. In 1908 the resolution was still further amended by requiring two fire-drills in each month of the fall terms and one in ing two fire-drills in each month of the fall terms and one in each month of the other two terms. The resolution made it the duty of the Superintendent to report monthly to the Board the number of fire-drills in each of the buildings. There was only one serious fire in this period. It is true that before the shingle roofs were displaced by tin and slate, it was not an uncommon occurrence to have a fire start on the roof of a schoolhouse, but these were always discovered and put out before any damage worth mentioning was done. There was a fire in the Douglas School, when it was known as the Seventh Ward School, that destroyed the floor in the room above the boiler, stroyed the floor in the room above the boiler, damaging the desks and books to a great extent. This fire occurred at night. In 1895, on Monday, June 3rd, after the schools had closed for the year, the tower on the Grammar (Churchill) School was damaged by fire to the extent of about $500. The burning of the High School building, however, was one of the most serious fires Galesburg ever had. It occurred on Sunday night, April 10, 1904, the alarm of fire being given at eight o'clock. The fire started in the basement and the origin of it was never definitely deter140 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 140 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS mined; the theory, however, that generally prevailed was that it was caused by spontaneous combustion of waste that had been used in cleaning the machinery. Owing to the size and construction of the building, the fire department, though it fought valiantly, was unable to get control of the fire and by twelve o'clock midnight the building was in ruins. When the west wall of the building fell, two men lost their lives: John B. Slater, the oldest member of the fire department, and Frank G. Stromsted, a citizen who was assisting ment, and Frank G. Stromsted, a citizen who was assisting in removing the goods from the Kindergarten Normal, which stood a few feet to the west of the building. The records of the school were the only thing saved, and these were ords of the school were the only thing saved, and these were secured by the Principal of the school, Mr. Frank D. Thomson, who entered the office, which was on the second floor, son, who entered the office, which was on the second floor, by means of a ladder, a difficult and dangerous undertaking on account of the dense smoke in that part of the building. The loss was estimated at that time to be $70,000, but it could not have been over $55,000. The amount of insurance on the building and contents was $24,500, which was paid in full. Some $800 worth of text-books belonging to the pupils were burned, but, through the good offices of the Text-book Committee, the publishers, without exception, were kind and generous enough to loan the pupils books with which to complete the work of the year. These books were all returned. turned. 4. MUSIC, DRAWING AND PHYSICAL TRAINING. The question of teaching vocal music was taken up in the spring term of 1887. At a meeting of the Introduc- . , tion of Board in Tune of that year Mr. G. R. Housel presented the matter and submitted a proposition to sented the matter and submitted a proposition to furnish the books and to teach the subject. On motion of Director Merrill, his proposition was referred to the Teachers' Committee on a tie vote, the Mayor casting his vote in ers' Committee on a tie vote, the Mayor casting his vote in the affirmative. At the July meeting the proposition was rejected on the recommendation of the Teachers' Committee. jected on the recommendation of the Teachers' Committee. ;eo h. ward C^ J ^^ HAMMOND R. O. AHL-ENIU; FOURTH WARD The Representatives of the Fourth Wanl on the IJoard of Education since its F'irst Organization in Tune, ISGl. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 141 One year after the subject was first brought formally before the Board, a special committee composed of Directors fore the Board, a special committee composed of Directors Cooke, Price and Woods was appointed to consider the question of music in the schools; and at the next meeting, July 9, 1888, the committee reported in favor of the introduction of music and the employment of G. R. Housel as duction of music and the employment of G. R. Housel as supervisor of the subject. Since that date music has been in the schools continually under the direction of a special supervisor and the question of discontinuing it has never been raised, its value as a branch of school work being fully recognized. In these twenty-three years there were only two supervisors of music, Mr. G. R. Housel and Miss Glaze Strong. While drawing had nominally been in the schools for several years, its introduction may properly be considered to date from the adoption of the Prang tion of . Drawing. System of drawing, in June, 1891. A special supervisor, who gave but a small portion of her time to the pervisor, who gave but a small portion of her time to the Galesburg schools, was provided by the Prang Company, the Board of Education paying for her services. Drawing, from that date, became in reality a part of the education of the child, and its value was no longer questioned. This result could never have been obtained without the direction sult could never have been obtained without the direction and help of a special supervisor of the subject. In the years to come it will be considered strange that the importance of physical culture as a part oi jntroducthe work of the public schools was not recognized pbysro'ai the work of the public schools was not recognized pbysro'ai earlier. The introduction of this subject found a culture. strong advocate in Director Charles E. Johnson ; and it was finally placed in the Galesburg schools in September, 1905, under the direction of Miss Soflena Mathis as supervisor. The importance of the care and development of the body will yet receive greater recognition by the public and by those in charge of educational institutions. The delay in introducing music, drawing and physical culture was no doubt largely due to the lack of the neces142 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 142 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS sary preparation and training on the part of the regular teachers to do the work. To employ a sufficient number of specially trained instructors to pass from room to room and teach these subjects, entailed an expense that was prohibitive. The solution was found when it was demonstrated hibitive. The solution was found when it was demonstrated that the regular teacher could do the work under the supervision of a competent director of the subject. Competency vision of a competent director of the subject. Competency in the supervisor was found to be a much more important factor than the amount of time she gave to supervision. At no time did the supervisor give more than three days in a week to the schools, some gave only two days. The supervisor always found it quite possible to arrange with some visor always found it quite possible to arrange with some other city for the remainder of her time. In this way it is possible for a city the size of Galesburg to have as expert supervision as the the larger cities that pay the best salaries -- and more of it when the comparative number of aries -- and more of it when the comparative number of teachers is considered. For example, Miss Katherine K. Ball and Miss Jessie Buckner, who for years supervised the Drawing in the schools, are now and have been for years the supervisors of drawing in San Francisco and the State Normal School at Macomb, Illinois, respectively. 5. THE TRAINING SCHOOL. Of all the different elements that enter into the making Teachers' ^^ ^ systcm of good schools, the character of the sch!^* corps of teachers is the most important. The real Organized, yaluc of everything connected with a school system is determined by the quality of the work done by the tem is determined by the quality of the work done by the individual teachers. The securing of good teachers is the most difficult, as well as the most important, problem a board of education has to solve. Wherever the appointing power may be lodged, however it may be surrounded by rules and regulations, and no matter how conscientiously it may be exercised, mistakes will be made; and it will not PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 143 be sufficient of itself to provide the most desirable teachers; for teachers, like persons in every form of activity, are made, developed in and by their work, and much depends on the start they get and the atmosphere in which they labor. In order that the persons appointed as teachers might begin their work under favorable conditions, the Training School was organized. In a city as large as Galesburg, with its two colleges which offer a liberal education but afford no special training for teaching, and from which most of the teachers of the schools would naturally come, such a school for theory and practice of teaching, under the direction of one experienced and skilled in the art, is particularly needed. When ienced and skilled in the art, is particularly needed. When the Central Primary moved into its new home, the first floor of the new High School building, in September, 1888, it was made a Training School for teachers, not for all who desired to become teachers, but for those only whom the Board expected to appoint as regular teachers, should they show pected to appoint as regular teachers, should they show themselves fitted. To get a position in the Training School one was required to have a regular certificate from the County Superintendent and be appointed by the Board of Education. The merits of the applicant were as carefully scrutinized as if she were being appointed to a position as regular teacher. Each year there were appointed from four to seven such persons, the number of vacancies estimated to occur annually in the teaching force. These persons were paid a salary of $20 or $25 a month, according to their preparation. aration. The general plan of the work for the school was divided into two parts, theory and practice. Under theory, ^^^^ Halleck's Psychology, Baldwin's School Manage- xrataing ment. Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching s"*"o"'were studied and also the Course of Study used in the were studied and also the Course of Study used in the Galesburg schools. Each week four meetings of the class were held for recitation. Under practice, each member of 144 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the class had charge of a room of from twenty to twentyfive pupils for, at least, one term; they filled the temporary five pupils for, at least, one term; they filled the temporary vacancies caused by the absence of the regular teachers and assisted in the different schools whenever over-crowding of pupils made such help necessary. This assistance was usually limited to the forenoon session. About one hundred ally limited to the forenoon session. About one hundred pupils were taught by these teachers in training, and in this way they saved the salary paid them. It was feared that parents would object to having their children thus experimented with, but no such complaint was ever made, owing mented with, but no such complaint was ever made, owing no doubt to the close and careful supervision of the work by the Training Teacher. The advantages of the Training School were many. At Advan- the end of the year the young ladies entered on of the their work as regular teachers with some concepTrainlng . . Trainlng . . School. tion of Its meaning ; they had some understanding of the Course of Study, the methods of instruction and the ways of management ; they had to some extent become imbued with the spirit of the schools; and, above all, it had bued with the spirit of the schools; and, above all, it had been discovered what grade of work each was best adapted by nature to do, which in many cases was a revelation to the teachers themselves. The occasion for the organization of the Training School was the introduction of kindergarten work and methods, which began in the last year of the previous period. The teachers felt the need of help in beginning the Kindergarten work, and some of them at their ginning the Kindergarten work, and some of them at their own expense took a course in the Kindergarten Normal. Miss F. Lilian Taylor was one of these, and after she graduated from the school she began to assist some of the teach- uated from the school she began to assist some of the teachers on Saturdays. This led, in 1886, to the Board's allowing ers on Saturdays. This led, in 1886, to the Board's allowing time to Miss Taylor to give lessons in this work to such teachers as desired it. Her work was found to be so valuable that the Training School was organized in 1888, with able that the Training School was organized in 1888, with Miss Taylor as the Training Teacher, which position she continued to hold through this period and in which she rendered the schools great service. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 145 6. METHODS. In this period there were many changes in the methods of teaching most of the subjects. Reading was considered the most important branch of study, and in the first three grades promotion depended mainly on the ability of the pupil to read. In the early years of this period reading was taught in the first grade, or year, from Leigh's Primer and a first reader. Miss Lucia L. Pettee was the first teacher to discard the use of this Primer with its peculiar type that represented to some extent the phonetic sounds of the letters, and to teach the pupils entirely netic sounds of the letters, and to teach the pupils entirely from the blackboard until they were able to begin a first reader. Gradually the other teachers of the first grade were given the same privilege as they became convinced that they could do the work better in that way and were anxious to try it. It was one of the characteristics of this period that, as a rule, all changes in methods of teaching in the schools were brought about in this way, that is, by degrees as each teacher came to feel that she could do the grees as each teacher came to feel that she could do the work better by the new method. The doing away with ruled slates in the first grades came about in the same way as did also the substitution, in all the grades, of paper in place of slates. Generally each teacher was free to use her own methods so long as she succeeded in getting the work done. Rarely was any special method insisted on. The poorest work is sometimes done according to the best method where the method is not understood by the teacher. It was gradually discovered that the best way to teach children to read was to have them read -- read many books of a similar grade; and the time-honored custom of keeping them an entire year in conning over one reader in each grade was dropped, particularly in the first three grades; and the practice of giving them several books to read in place of one was adopted. It was not uncommon for classes in the first grade to read as many as a dozen differ146 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 146 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ent books. The pupils were required to buy but one of these books, the others being supplied by the Board of Education. The Board began buying books for this purpose in DeSuppie- cember, 1886, and after 1900 one hundred dollars a Suppie- cember, 1886, and after 1900 one hundred dollars a Beading. year was annually appropriated for their purchase. Twenty-five copies of practically all the best first readers published, and many others known as supplementary readers for that grade, were purchased for the pupils to read in ers for that grade, were purchased for the pupils to read in the first grade. A liberal supply was also bought for each of the other grades. In the upper grades they were of a character to supplement the regular work, principally the work in geography and history, though some were selected for their literary merit alone. These books were kept in the Superintendent's office and the teachers sent for them as they were wanted, and returned them as soon as they had been read. Thus the same set of readers was read by as many as a half dozen different classes in one year. It was remarkable how long these books, which were the property of the Board and cared for by the teachers, lasted. A set of supplementary readers would last from three to ten years ; and would be read by twenty to thirty different classes, -which is certainly one good reason for district ownership of which is certainly one good reason for district ownership of schoolbooks. During this period it was the custom of the Superintendent to hear the pupils read when they completed a grade. ent to hear the pupils read when they completed a grade. For some years, beginning with 1900, the pupils of each room were required to memorize one poem each month as a part of their reading. The treatment of arithmetic underwent quite a change Aritu- ^" ^^^^ period. The former method which had metic. been used from time immemorial was to treat each division of the subject by itself and to hold the pupils on it until they were thought to have mastered it. For example, the fourth year was devoted entirely to the fundamental rules, the fifth year to fractions, the sixth year to decimals and measurements, the seventh year to percentage, and the PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 147 eighth year to the applications of percentage, square and cube root, mensuration, etc. There was no recognition of the fact that fractions are only a different form of division, and percentage another form of fractions, and that each is made up, as it were, of a series of layers increasing in degrees of difficulty and capable of being adapted to the de- grees of difficulty and capable of being adapted to the developing capacity of the child ; or, in other words, there was veloping capacity of the child ; or, in other words, there was no attempt to present the simplest elements of these subdivisions to the child when he began the study of arithme- divisions to the child when he began the study of arithmetic and to advance him in them step by step as his mind tic and to advance him in them step by step as his mind developed. He was required to understand all of one subdivision before he was given the simplest elements of the division before he was given the simplest elements of the next. Mastery of each topic was expected to be gained by working a great number of examples and problems according to the sample carefully worked out and placed at the ing to the sample carefully worked out and placed at the beginning of the topic; and the numbers used in most of these examples and problems were far beyond the comprehension of the pupils. Thus the tendency of the work in hension of the pupils. Thus the tendency of the work in arithmetic was to develop the powers of imitation in the child rather than his reasoning faculties. This tendency was still further increased by the conditions given in most of the problems, these being beyond the experience of the pupil. The universal criticism on the teaching of arithmetic had been for years that the results did not justify the time given to the subject, that at the best most pupils learned only to juggle with figures. To Professor Frank H. Hall is due the credit of being the first to break away from this traditional treatment of arithmetic and to write a series of books on an entirely new plan, named by him the "Spiral Method," in which arithmetic was treated as a unit and not as composed of a number of independent parts. He simplified the numbers used, brought the conditions of the plified the numbers used, brought the conditions of the problems within the range of the child's experience, and discarded the plan of arranging the examples and problems in carded the plan of arranging the examples and problems in groups according to the method of solving them, with an example of each worked out as a sample to be followed. 148 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Thus he made the treatment of the subject one that would naturally tend to develop thought processes rather than to acquire the ability of juggling with figures. That the method, where it is strictly followed, is a great improvement on the old there can be no doubt, if the aim in arith- ment on the old there can be no doubt, if the aim in arithmetic be to teach the pupils to think in numbers. So radical a metic be to teach the pupils to think in numbers. So radical a change, -- any change for that matter, -- would naturally meet with some opposition, especially from those who attempted to do the impossible, namely, to teach the new books by the old method. Such was the experience in the Galesburg schools when the Hall arithmetics were adopted in 1901. In 1885 there was a language book in the sixth and seventh grades, and a grammar in the eighth, the Langnage. . o ' language work m the other five grades being done orally. There was at that time practically no graduation in this oral work, it being much the same in all the grades. As a result the work was unsatisfactory to the teachers and without interest to the pupils. In 1886 a definite outline for the oral work in language was prepared and printed. This outline was not made by the Superintendent but by the teachers. It was prepared in this way. The teachers of the first grade were called together, and they agreed on certain language facts that naturally came in their grade and which they thought could be easily taught. These facts they were more than willing to undertake to teach. The teachers of the second grade were then asked to meet and were given the language facts the teachers of the first grade proposed to teach. They were requested to add such additional facts as came naturally in their grade and were in their opinion within the range of the pupils' understanding. For the teaching of these facts the teachers of the second grade willingly agreed to be responsible. In this way the work for ingly agreed to be responsible. In this way the work for each of the other grades was determined. Six of the best language books then published were selected and carefully examined to find the page where any of the language facts in the proposed course of study were treated. The approPERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 149 PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 149 priate reference was printed below each fact given in the outline. A set of these books was purchased by the Board for each teacher and placed on her desk. By referring to these books the teachers could see how each fact was presented by one skilled in the teaching of language. This sented by one skilled in the teaching of language. This outline for oral language work was a great success from the first, and it may be found, slightly modified, in the course of study in use at the close of this period. In 1894 a carefully arranged and detailed course in composition was added to each grade. It consisted of exercises in dictation, reproduction, invention (a story suggested by a picture), description and letter-writing, with references to selections well adapted to each purpose, that could be found in the readers used. One exercise in each of these forms of composition was required every month from each pupil. position was required every month from each pupil. In the first part of this period four years were given to geography beginning with the fourth grade, and history was begun and completed in the eighth and year. Later this was considered to be too much time for geography and not enough for history. In 1897 the primary geography was placed in the fourth grade and the advanced geography in the fifth and sixth grades, to be reviewed in the last half of the eighth grade. At the same time a grammar school history was placed in the seventh and eighth grades. As early as 1889, a primary history was introduced in the fourth grade to be read as a supplementary reader, the books being furnished by the Board of Education. tion. At the beginning of this period a spelling book was used only in the seventh and eighth grades, spelling in the other grades being taught incidentally from the other text-books; particularly from the readers. In December, 1886, Sheldon's Word Study, a spelling book, was introduced in the schools on the recommendation of the Text-book Committee. It was placed in all the grades above the third. The teachers worked faithfully to teach spelling ISO GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS from this book, but it was never a success. It was allowed gradually to drop out of the lower grades, but it was continued in the seventh and eighth grades until 1899. In that tinued in the seventh and eighth grades until 1899. In that year a new method of teaching this subject was begun. The pupils of each grade were required to find for themselves the misspelled words in all their written work. These selves the misspelled words in all their written work. These words were placed on the blackboard where they remained for one week, being used for lessons in spelling. At the end of the week each teacher selected from the list in her room ten words that she considered as the most common to the grade. From these lists of words sent in by the different teachers of each grade, fifty words were selected and given to all the rooms of the same grade for a competitive test in spelling. This method brought to bear on the words which the children used and frequently misspelled the drill of the spelling book and the competition of the old-time spelling school. In the opinion of many teachers better results in spelling were obtained by this method than by any other. In the course of five years each grade had thus secured a list of about a thousand words, which was then printed by the Board and one copy was given free to each pupil when he began the grade. There are many advantages in thus having in each grade a spelling book containing only the words to be mastered in that grade. At the close of this period spelling was taught in the first five grades of the schools according to this method. In 1905 a spelling book was again placed in the three upper grades. Mr. G. H. Bridge was the teacher of penmanship in all Penman- *^^ gradcs Until the opening of schools in Septemship. i^gj.^ 1896, when all his time was required to teach ship. i^gj.^ 1896, when all his time was required to teach manual training and bookkeeping in the High School. At that time vertical writing, which had been adopted by most of the schools in the country, was introduced in the Galesburg schools. A system of copy books, something not known in the schools for fifteen years, was also adopted. While it is generally conceded that the handwriting of a PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 151 pupil is formed by the writing he does in his daily work, copy books are needed where no special teacher of penmanship is employed, in order that the pupil may have a manship is employed, in order that the pupil may have a standard by which to judge his writing and correct his errors as they appear before they become confirmed by habit. rors as they appear before they become confirmed by habit. There was of course always some opposition to vertical writing, and, in 1907, a modified system, in which a letter nearly vertical was used in the primary grades and one with a modified slant in the advanced grades, was adoptedj There was no special teacher of penmanship in the schools from 1896 to the close of this period. There was no year in this period in which a definite amount of physiology and hygiene was not taught somewhere in the grades. Previous to oiog^^ and Hygiene. 1894, a primary physiology was read in the fifth grade as a supplementary reader. From that date to 1898, when the present law regulating the teaching of physiology and hygiene went into effect, a primary work on the subject was studied in the eighth grade in addition to the book ject was studied in the eighth grade in addition to the book read in the fifth grade. After 1898 the subject was taught as required by the state law. A rather full outline calling for oral instruction in physiology, botany, zoology and physics, was a part of ^^^^^^^ iology, botany, zoology and physics, was a part of ^^^^^^^ the course of study at the close of the previous sto"*yperiod ; but it had proved unsatisfactory and it was not gen- period ; but it had proved unsatisfactory and it was not generally followed by the teachers. However much children erally followed by the teachers. However much children may enjoy nature, its classified facts do not interest them. In the early '90's an earnest effort was made to teach what was then known as nature study, that is, to have the pupils learn to recognize at all seasons of the year the different trees and shrubs they daily see, the flowers in the home and by the wayside, the birds as they come and go, the animals, wild and tame, the changes of the sun and moon, the wind and sky that make the weather of the day and the seasons of the year, etc., etc. A full outline of this kind of work was prepared, printed and placed in the schools. This outline of 152 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS nature study may be found in the Report of 1898. At first the results appeared to be good, but within five years, save in exceptional cases, it had lost its grip on the schools almost as completely as the classified facts of science which most as completely as the classified facts of science which it had been designed to supplant. Any work to be done successfully in the schools must be with the aid of a textbook or in the hands of a special teacher, or supervisor. book or in the hands of a special teacher, or supervisor. 7. THE TEACHERS AND MEANS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT. There is a provision in the rules of the Board of EducaTeachers' ^^deg^ ^'^^ holding Tcachers' Meetings once a month Teachers' ^^deg^ ^'^^ holding Tcachers' Meetings once a month MeetingB. qj^ Friday afternoons at 3 :30 o'clock. At times it was thought best, for various reasons, not to have these meetings every month. There were years in this period when not more than two such meetings were held in a term. The object sought to be accomplished in these meetings was to spread the good, to make it become contagious, to foster unity in the work and harmony among the workers, to broaden the conception of the teacher's work, to develop a professional and public spirit, and above all to create an atmosphere in the schools that would be congenial alike to pupils and teachers, and thus to bring about the proper attitude on the part of both, -- the aim in all being to increase titude on the part of both, -- the aim in all being to increase the efficiency of the schools. At these general meetings, in addition to the Superintendent's outlining the general policy of the schools and discussing such principles and meth- icy of the schools and discussing such principles and methods as were applicable to all grades of work, the program ods as were applicable to all grades of work, the program frequently contained other features, some of which are mentioned here. At dififerent times some professional book was selected and made the subject of the year's study by the Educational tional Booka Studied at TheM Meetlng:8. or section of the book would be reviewed by a teacher previously appointed for that purpose, and a genEduca- teachers. The method pursued was to have each Educa- teachers. The method pursued was to have each Booka teacher buy a copy of the book and read it careat These fully. At each of the monthly meetings a chapter at These fully. At each of the monthly meetings a chapter PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 153 eral discussion would frequently follow. In this way the Principles and Practice of Teaching, by James Johonnot, was studied in 1886; Compayre's History of Pedagogy, by W. H. Payne, in 1889; Quick's Educational Reformers, in 1891; School Management, by Emerson E. White, in 1894; Kidd's Social Evolution, in 1895; Report of the Committee of Fifteen on the Educational Values of the Common Branches, in 1896; The Critical Period of American History, by John Fiske, in 1898; Teaching the Language-Arts, tory, by John Fiske, in 1898; Teaching the Language-Arts, by B. A. Hinsdale, in 1900; The Art of Study, by B. A. Hinsdale, in 1902; and The Basis of Practical Teaching, by E. B. dale, in 1902; and The Basis of Practical Teaching, by E. B. Bryan, in 1907. Other professional books when they were first issued were made the subject of one meeting. The year 1908 was devoted to the study of the different educational theories and systems that have largely influenced the history of the world. Each system was as- fluenced the history of the world. Each system was assigned to some teacher who would give an explanation and signed to some teacher who would give an explanation and history of it, after which a general discussion would usually follow. This feature of the monthly meetings frequently proved to be interesting and certainly did much to enlarge the educational conceptions of the teachers. Another annual feature which was interesting and helpful was the reports given by those who attended ful was the reports given by those who attended the national and state associations, of the principal Jj^*^"^, discussions held at these educational meetings. fXa^**" Not less interesting and instructive were the re- ^^^J^ ports given by the teachers of what they had seen and learned while visiting other schools. In the year 1905 the teachers of each school furnished the second part of the program for one of these , . , * 11 Program general meetmgs. in two mstances the teachers Furnished assembled at the ward schools, the Weston and ferent the Bateman. With the exception of the High School, when the Principal, Mr. F. D. Thomson, gave the address, and the Weston School, when Miss Johanna Lind 154 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS gave readings and there were piano solos by Miss Lillian Lindquist and Miss Edith Tryner, each school imported a speaker for the occasion. The teachers of the Churchill School had Dr. C. A. Vincent; the Hitchcock School, Dr. W. Hamilton Spence ; the Central School, Dr. L. B. Fisher; the Douglas and Cooke schools, which united, Professor Stansbury Norse ; and the Bateman School, Mrs. G. W. Thomp- bury Norse ; and the Bateman School, Mrs. G. W. Thompson, a member of the Board of Education. One of the novel son, a member of the Board of Education. One of the novel features of the meetings was the serving of refreshments by the different schools. These added much to the sociability of the occasions. The teachers were never so well acquainted with one another as they were that year. A number of teachers visited Europe in the summer of 1910, and the teachers in the following school year Interest- o y tag Ac- had the pleasure of taking a most delightful trip Journeys through Greccc with Miss Marian Nelson, one Given. through Italy with Miss Alice Bergland, and one through the art galleries of Europe with Miss Ida Glenn. Miss Myra H. Patch also gave a most excellent account of the meeting of the National Educational Association that year in Boston. These four papers were read at as many meetings held that year and, in addition to the interesting information they contained, they were veritable literary treats. Whenever the teachers took part on the program by reviewing a chapter or a book of pedagogy, by giving an account of a meeting they had attended, a school they had count of a meeting they had attended, a school they had visited, or a trip they had taken, they spared no labor in making the presentation of their subject worthy of the time and attention of any audience. Dr. Richard Edwards, Henry Raab, J. H. Freeman, Alfred Bayliss and Francis G. Blair, each while he fred Bayliss and Francis G. Blair, each while he Addresses was State Superintendent of Public Instruction, by I'ronn- '^ ' nent Edu- addressed the teachers at one of these meetings. cators ot deg the State. In the school year of 1904-05, Dr. John W. Cooke, President of the Northern Illinois Normal, Mr. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 155 John W. Henninger, Principal of the Western Illinois Normal, Dr. Livingston C. Lord, President of the Eastern Illi- mal, Dr. Livingston C. Lord, President of the Eastern Illinois Normal, and Mr. David Felmley, President of the State nois Normal, and Mr. David Felmley, President of the State Normal University, favored the teachers with addresses that would have been worth attending a State Association to hear. In April, 1902, Enoch A. Gastman, Superintendent of Decatur Schools, gave a talk on the "Public Schools of the Early Days." In 1903-04, J. H. Collins, Superintendent of the Springfield Schools, N. C. Dougherty, Superintendent of the Peoria Schools, and J. B. Stableton, Superintendent of the Bloomington Schools, addressed the teachers on some of the problems involved in the daily work of the schools. Some of the best addresses delivered at these meetings were by the ministers of the city. In 1887, Dr. A. Addresses R. Thain, pastor of the old First Church, gave an p^g*or8of address on the "Education of the Will;" in 1888, the city. Rev. J. W. Bradshaw, pastor of the First Congregational Church, on "What Manner of Child Shall This Be;" in 1890, Dr. John Hood, pastor of the Presbyterian Church, on "What Makes the Successful Teacher;" and Rev. H. A. Bushnell, pastor of the First Congregational Church, on "Criticism." In 1891, Dr. J. M. Sturtevant, pastor of the old First Church, delivered an address on "Surnames," and Rev. E. J, Chaffee, pastor of the Universalist Church, on "Habit in Education." In 1892, Dr. C. W. Blodgett, pastor of the Methodist Church, addressed the teachers and the pupils of the schools in the Court House Park on Columbus day. In 1897, Rev. W. H. Geistweit, pastor of the Bap- bus day. In 1897, Rev. W. H. Geistweit, pastor of the Baptist Church, addressed the teachers on the "Personality, tist Church, addressed the teachers on the "Personality, Sympathy, Consciousness and Character of the Teacher." In 1909-10, the following ministers addressed the teachers: Rev. J. M. Maxon, rector of Grace Episcopal Church, on "Some Ideals in Child Training;" Rev. J. P. Huget, pastor of the Central Church, on the "Practical Value of the Ideal ;" Dr. Stuart M. Campbell, pastor of the Presbyterian Church, on the "Four Great Influences in Society;" Dr. S. 156 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Van Pelt, pastor of the Methodist Church, on "The Foundation of the State in the Education of its Youth." tion of the State in the Education of its Youth." Two especially practical and helpful addresses were given by physicians ; one by Dr. L. R. Ryan in by phr' 1894, on "The Abuse of the Eyes," and the other eicians. ^^ j^^ j^^jj^ ^ j^j^^^ ^^ "Emergencies and How to Meet Them." Other speakers who addressed these meetings were George P. Brown, editor of the Illinois School Joursielkers "^^' ^" 1890; Matthcw Andrews, County Superin- sielkers "^^' ^" 1890; Matthcw Andrews, County Superin- S^Vd**' tendent of Schools of Knox County, in 1892; Dr. These pjck on the "Cultivation of the Memory," in 1894; Meetings. ' *' Mrs. Martha H. Read, member of the Board of Education, in 1895, on the "Formation of an Anti-Cigarette ucation, in 1895, on the "Formation of an Anti-Cigarette League," which was organized and flourished for several years ; Miss M. Evelyn Strong, member of the Board of Education, on "Nature Study," in 1896; Congressman Geo. W. ucation, on "Nature Study," in 1896; Congressman Geo. W. Prince, on "The Method by which a Measure Becomes a Law," in 1899; Dr. J. V. N. Standish, on "Beautifying the City," in 1902; James Speed, on "Nature Study," in 1907; and Dr. Thomas McClelland, President of Knox College, on "The Relation of the College to the Public Schools," in 1909. In 1896-7, through the courtesy of Dr. John H. Finley, President of Knox College, and the liberality of Extension the Board of Education, the teachers enjoyed, Lectures, ^jtho^t charge, a course of University Extension Lectures. These lectures were given in the study hall of the High School. Some of the most helpful work was done in the grade Grade meetings. Beginning in 1887, one or more series Meetings, ^f grade meetings were held each year during this period. They frequently took the place of the general meetings. All the teachers of a grade would come together at 4 p. m. on a school day in the office of the Superintendent, to talk over the work of that particular grade. When a new PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 157 book was introduced it would be gone over in these meetings. The changes in the course of study were suggested ings. The changes in the course of study were suggested and discussed there. The most helpful form of these meetings was when all the teachers of a grade, excepting one, ings was when all the teachers of a grade, excepting one, closed their schools for a half day and visited that teacher at work. At the close of the sessions the teachers would remain and discuss what they had seen and heard. Such main and discuss what they had seen and heard. Such meetings were not popular with the teachers whose rooms were thus visited, on account of the strain imposed upon them ; and for this reason not so many of these meetings as were desirable were held. In these general and grade meetings the spirit and tone that characterized the schools of this period were formed. The Teachers' Library, which was designed to consist of only professional books and which now numbers xeaohers' over three hundred volumes, was begun in 1894 i^i^rary. by each teacher contributing fifty cents for that purpose. After that date it was the custom to make this contribution annually. Some years it was reduced to twenty-five cents, and in some years the money was used to pay the traveling expenses of the speakers who addressed the teachers. In this way the teachers, at a small expense, had the opportunity of reading and consulting the latest educational tunity of reading and consulting the latest educational works, something which every teacher who does not wish to grow out of date in the profession ought to do. The library was always kept in the office of the Superintendent of Schools. The Central Illinois Teachers' Association, which was the first of the five great sectional associations of Central the state to be organized, held its fourth annual iiunois meeting in Galesburg, in March, 1888. When this AssociaAssociation met here the second time, in 1896, over Association met here the second time, in 1896, over one thousand teachers attended, which at that date was the largest educational meeting that had ever been held in the state. This Association met for the third time in Galesburg in 1907. 158 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Military Tract Educational Association was organMiiitary ized in Galesburg-, in October, 1908, and held its Miiitary ized in Galesburg-, in October, 1908, and held its Tract Ed- , . , . , , ucationai first two annual meetings here with an attendance tion. of about a thousand teachers at each meeting. 8. PUPILS AND THEIR SPECIAL ACTIVITIES. There is no more important feature in a system of Method schools than the method of promoting pupils. moUng' Premature promotions have wrecked the scholarFupiis. ship and even the education of many pupils, and Fupiis. ship and even the education of many pupils, and yet more pupils have left school and grown up in comparative ignorance on account of being denied promotion than tive ignorance on account of being denied promotion than from any other cause. Holding one child back in his grade may be the making of him, while the same treatment of another may be his ruination. Rules for promotion should be other may be his ruination. Rules for promotion should be flexible and used with the greatest judgment. Prior to 1890 all promotions were determined by a final examination combined with the standing of the pupil for the year. After that bined with the standing of the pupil for the year. After that date a pupil who received each month in the year a card marked "excellent" or "good" in both scholarship and deportment and who was not absent more than ten days in the portment and who was not absent more than ten days in the year, was promoted without an examination. Certainly a pupil who does good work throughout the year should be promoted when the work of the grade is completed. When a pupil failed to be promoted by his daily work or by his examination, he might even then be advanced if, in the judgment of his teacher, it was thought best. In exercising this judgment the grade, the previous opportunities, the ability to do part of the work, the age and size of the pupil, and the probable length of time he would remain in school, were some of the things considered. At the close of the school year the High School always had its graduation day, which was a great event Exhibition deg . #' deg of School to the pupils of the school and made an appropriate ending of the year's work; but the graded ate ending of the year's work; but the graded schools had no such exercises, nothing, in fact, to give emr PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 159 phasis and significance to the event -- schools simply closed a little earlier that day and the pupils went home. Beginning with 1892, an effort was made to make the closing of ning with 1892, an effort was made to make the closing of the school year an important event to the pupils of the grades, to have them leave their schoolrooms with the consciousness of having accomplished something during the sciousness of having accomplished something during the year that had ended. This was done by having an exhibition in every room of the best work done by each pupil tion in every room of the best work done by each pupil during the year, this work having been preserved from time to time by the teacher. On the last day of school the parents were especially invited to come and inspect the work. ents were especially invited to come and inspect the work. Many parents took advantage of these occasions and went home feeling that the money spent and the sacrifices made had been worth while. The pupils were also greatly benefited by seeing not only what progress they had made bdt fited by seeing not only what progress they had made bdt what others had done and what they themselves should make as they advanced from grade to grade. If the work exhibited on these occasions had not been samples of the best daily work, but had been done especially for the exhibition, then it would have been of little value. bition, then it would have been of little value. With the introduction of drawing, or art work, in 1891, there came the desire on the part of the teachers ^ . School to decorate the schoolrooms and halls of their Entertainbuildings; and in a few years there was not a buildings; and in a few years there was not a schoolroom or a hall in any of the schools that had not some decorations, many of the pictures being expensive as well as beautiful. Of the ten schools in the city, eight have one or two pianos of their own. and with one exception these were all purchased in this period. None of these pictures and pianos cost the Board of Education one dollar. They were secured through the efforts of the teachers and pupils by means of school entertainments, given by the pupils themselves. Nothing does more to bring teachers and pils themselves. Nothing does more to bring teachers and pupils and parents together in friendly and sympathetic relations than a school entertainment properly conducted. lations than a school entertainment properly conducted. When money obtained from a school entertainment is used 160 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS for purchasing a picture, a piano or books for the school, or flowers and shrubbery for the school grounds, point and significance are given to the enterprise. Moreover, nothing nificance are given to the enterprise. Moreover, nothing adds so much to the pupils' appreciation and enjoyment of such things as the feeling that they themselves had a part in securing them. School entertainments of course, like all good things, may be overdone, but such is not often the case. Time spent in teaching pupils to work together, to play together for that matter, with the view of accomplishing a worthy end, is generally not time misspent. If there ing a worthy end, is generally not time misspent. If there were more things connected with school life to-day, in which the children could see the object to be accomplished by the work required, it would be better. Thanksgiving day, Decoration day, Washington's birthday and Lincoln's birthday were generally ob- day and Lincoln's birthday were generally obPatriot- served m the diflrerent rooms with appropriate ex- Patriot- served m the diflrerent rooms with appropriate exercises. On Decoration day in each year several ercises. On Decoration day in each year several hundred of the school children would assemble on the Churchill School grounds in the afternoon, and join in the procession to the cemetery, under the escort of the Superintendent of Schools and members of the Board of Educa- intendent of Schools and members of the Board of Education ; and there they strewed the graves of the soldiers with tion ; and there they strewed the graves of the soldiers with flowers. For the last few years members of the Grand Army of the Republic visited the different schools on the day before Decoration day, and talked entertainingly on patriotic subjects. In addition to these exercises which came every year, other notable historical events were celebrated as they occurred. On April 30, 1889, the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution, exercises commemorating the event were held in each school ; and the Board of Education presented each pupil with a book-mark as a souvenir, cation presented each pupil with a book-mark as a souvenir, on one side of which was a picture of the first President, together with the first stanza of Whittier's Centennial Hymn gether with the first stanza of Whittier's Centennial Hymn and the name of the pupil ; on the reverse side was printed the Preamble of the Constitution. FIFTH WARD rile Representatives of the Fifth Ward on the Board of Education since its First Organization in Tune, 1861. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 161 Columbus day, October 12, 1892, the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America, was observed by each sary of the discovery of America, was observed by each school. Each building was handsomely decorated with flags and bunting. Portraits of Columbus, Washington and other heroes were stenciled or drawn on the blackboards, graphic representations of the voyages and events in the life of Columbus were also placed on the boards in colors, as were the extent and importance of his discoveries. After suitable programs were given in each building, all the pupils of the schools assembled by rooms and buildings in the park north of the Court House where they were joined by the pupils of St. Joseph's Academy and the students of Knox and Lombard Colleges. Here the Rev. C. W. Blodgett delivered the bard Colleges. Here the Rev. C. W. Blodgett delivered the address of the day. When the State Encampment of the G. A. R. first met in Galesburg, April, 1897, all the pupils of the schools were brought together by schools on the grounds east of the school buildings on South Broad street, where elevated seats had been provided for them by the Board of Education, and where they sang war songs and waved Old Glory tion, and where they sang war songs and waved Old Glory as the veterans marched by. Each pupil wore a beautiful badge presented him by his teacher as a souvenir of the occasion. When the Encampment met in Galesburg for the casion. When the Encampment met in Galesburg for the second time in May, 1906, a similar greeting was given the "soldier boys," but on a more elaborate scale. A stand was erected on Broad street in front of the High School building, where over a thousand pupils were formed into a living ing, where over a thousand pupils were formed into a living flag by each pupil wearing a cape and cap of the proper color. Each pupil was furnished with a flag, and as the soldiers marched by, they all waved these flags and sang the war songs of '61 and '65. It was the event of the encampment, thoroughly appreciated by the veterans and greatly ment, thoroughly appreciated by the veterans and greatly enjoyed by the pupils and the citizens, who packed the grounds in the immediate vicinity by the thousands. October 19, 1898, was LaFayette day in the schools and appropriate exercises commemorating his life and the serv162 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 162 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ices which this man rendered America were given in the different schools. A collection was taken that day in the schools ferent schools. A collection was taken that day in the schools which went towards the erection of a monument in Paris, to the memory of LaFayette. This was Galesburg's part in a national movement of that day. The school children were reviewed by President Harrison in 1890, when he visited Galesburg to lay the corner son in 1890, when he visited Galesburg to lay the corner stone of the Alumni Building of Knox College, and again by President McKinley with his Cabinet, when he was present at the anniversary of the Lincoln-Douglas Debate, in 1899. When the Liberty Bell was taken to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904, the train was stopped chase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904, the train was stopped in the city long enough for all the school children to have the opportunity of passing through the car and seeing the Bell whose ringing announced the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress, July 4, tion of Independence by the Continental Congress, July 4, 1776. In 1895 was begun the custom of remembering the poor of each district on Thanksgiving day. On the beriJig*t"he afternoon of the day before, the pupils would Thanks- bring provisions or money to the school where it giving ^g^g divided and carried by the pupils themselves to the different homes of want. The pupils took great pleasure in doing these acts of kindness. In later years the distribution was made by the Free Kindergarten Association. In this way, no doubt, a better use was made of what was contributed, -- but what of the lesson the children would learn at such times if they did it all themselves? selves? When the Galesburg Hospital was being equipped in 1895, the pupils were allowed by the Board of chiWren'8 Education to give a penny or more toward furHospitaa. nishing a Children's Room in the hospital. This Hospitaa. nishing a Children's Room in the hospital. This collection was taken annually for several years and it generally amounted to about fifty dollars. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 163 In 1900 Alvin Peterson, a boy about eight years old, attending the Lincoln School, was run over by a tending the Lincoln School, was run over by a Santa Fe train and both his legs were cut off a few Kbidness' inches from his body. He was taken to the room p^pji* which the school children had furnished in the hospital and there received every attention. In a remarkably short time he was able to be taken to his home, but he ably short time he was able to be taken to his home, but he was a helpless, and to a great extent a dependent child. A collection for buying him artificial limbs was taken in the schools. The amount received from the pupils for this purpose was $166.29. The artificial limbs cost $164.39, and the pose was $166.29. The artificial limbs cost $164.39, and the boy soon learned to use them with comparative ease. He was sent by the Board of Supervisors to the Manual Training School at Glenwood, where he was learning the shoe- ing School at Glenwood, where he was learning the shoemaker's trade when he was taken by his parents to the maker's trade when he was taken by his parents to the Pacific Coast. In the spring of 1911 Charlie Becker, a little boy in the primary room of the Bateman School, was run 1 1 * 1 r 1 1 Another over by a street car on his way home from school Boy and lost one foot by the accident. His was a case that appealed strongly to public sympathy, and the school children contributed $99.47, by a collection taken in the schools for his benefit. The High School did many acts of benevolence, of which two will be mentioned here. In 1900 it repeated B^"p^.<,. one of its entertainments, which netted about $100, {hdeg*'Hi"h for the benefit of the Free Kindergarten. In the s^^ooi. fall of 1909 the teachers of the High School gave a play for the benefit of a kind and faithful janitor who had been rendered helpless by sickness. The net proceeds amounted to about $155, which was deposited in the bank to his credit. There were three other collections taken in the schools in this period; one, in 1893, for the Children's Building at the World's Fair, another, in 1900, for cou!!^the Galveston sufferers, and the third, in 1902, for the Galveston sufferers, and the third, in 1902, for the McKinley Memorial Fund. All of these collections 164 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS were authorized by the Board of Education before they were taken. The first time in this period that the schools took part in a national exhibition of school work was in 1887, Exhibition ' of sciiooi when the National Educational Association met Work. first in Chicago. The work consisted principally of examination papers accompanied by printed copies of the questions. It was not bound in a substantial manner and, nothing of it remains to-day. The second exhibition was made at the World's Fair in Chicago, in 1893. It was much more complete. There were twenty-nine small neatly bound volumes, one for each grade in arithmetic, language, geography, history and penmanship. Each volume guage, geography, history and penmanship. Each volume was made up of a printed outline of the work done in the grade, a group picture of those pupils whose work had been selected from all the subjects of that particular grade, and pictures of some of the school buildings. The work itself consisted of the best samples of the actual daily written exercises of the pupils done in the diflFerent topics of the grade during the fall and winter terms of that school year. Thus not only the daily work of the schoolroom but samples of work from all parts of the grade were shown. The ples of work from all parts of the grade were shown. The number of pupils represented in each grade was from fifty to sixty. Eleven years later, in 1904, the third exhibition was worit at made at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Exp^"*' Louis. It was much more elaborate than either of sition. ^.j^g other two. There were two large volumes each of arithmetic, language, spelling and drawing, and one each of geography and history. The volumes were substantially and handsomely bound. The aim was to show what tially and handsomely bound. The aim was to show what was done by each grade in these several branches and the method of doing it. Every different topic of any importance in the grade was represented by the work of some pu- ance in the grade was represented by the work of some pupil, which had been selected from time to time during the pil, which had been selected from time to time during the year from the regular daily work, and had been copied on PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 165 the regulation paper without correction. To give an idea of the maturity and every day appearance of the pupils and to add interest and attractiveness to the work, the picture of each child was placed on his paper. Of the two large volumes of drawings one was in black and white and the other in water colors. The outline for each grade and samples of the work may be found in each of these volumes. ples of the work may be found in each of these volumes. Photographs, eight by ten inches, of all the school buildings and of every room in each building with the pupils at work, and graphic representations of the growth and methods of the schools, were mounted on cardboard, twenty-two by twenty-eight inches, and placed in a cabinet with swinging leaves. All of this work and that sent to the World's Fair in 1893 are preserved in the rooms of the Board of Education, and may be seen there any day. A large display of cation, and may be seen there any day. A large display of manual training work was also made at the St. Louis Exposition. In each case, before the work was sent to the Expo- sition. In each case, before the work was sent to the Exposition it was publicly exhibited in the city and was examined sition it was publicly exhibited in the city and was examined with interest by hundreds of the citizens. Such exhibitions involve a great amount of extra labor, but when they are made only occasionally they pay for the time and work given them. 9. TEXT-BOOKS. In November, 1885, the Sheldon Readers were adopted in place of the Monroe Readers. After these read- Ke^^e^rs ers had been in use for seventeen years, they were ^^^' exchanged, without any cost to the pupils, for the Progressive Readers, which were the basal readers at the end of this ive Readers, which were the basal readers at the end of this period. The Home and School First Reader was adopted for the first grade in July, 1898. In August, 1905, this book was displaced by the Taylor First Reader. At the same date, Williams' Choice Literature, Book I, was adopted for the eighth grade, the Progressive Fifth Reader being completed in the seventh grade. pleted in the seventh grade. 166 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sheldon's Word Study, a spelling book, was adopted in Spelling December, 1886, for all the grades above the third. Books. j|- displaced the Monroe Speller in grades seven and eight. It was from the first an unsatisfactory book and gradually it ceased to be used. In August, 1905, the Progressive Speller, Part II, was adopted for the seventh and gressive Speller, Part II, was adopted for the seventh and eighth grades. It was afterwards placed in the sixth grade. Much attention was given to spelling in all the grades, and the method by which it was taught may be seen by referring to the subject of spelling in the course of study already treated. In August, 1887, Barnes' History of the United States HI ri ^^^ introduced in place of Quackenbos. In 1895, this history was displaced by Montgomery's Leading Facts in American History, which is the text-book on ing Facts in American History, which is the text-book on history to-day. Housel's Music Readers were adopted for the grades Music above the first in July, 1888. These books conBooks, tinued in use until August, 1901, when the Normal Books, tinued in use until August, 1901, when the Normal Music Course was adopted. The Modern Music Series was substituted for the Normal Music Course in August, 1905. Prang's System of Drawing, Shorter Course, was Drawing adoptcd iu Junc, 1891, and was displaced by Books. Prang's Text-Books of Art Education in August, 1905. These books were used for five years, when the Ap- plied Arts Series was adopted in June, 1910. Smith's Primer of Physiology was adopted in August, piiysioio- 1892, for the primary grades, and No. Ill of the gies. Union Series of Physiologies, in February, 1894, for the eighth grade. A Primer of Health, and Healthy Body, by Stowell, and How We Live, by Blaisdell, were adopted in 1898, when the law making the teaching of physiology compulsory went into efifect. In January, 1908, these iology compulsory went into efifect. In January, 1908, these books were displaced by the Coleman Series of Physiologies. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 167 The Sheldon's Advanced Language Lessons was adopted in August, 1895, to take the place of the Swinton Language Grammar. This book continued in use until June, K""kB, 1911, when Rowe and Peterson's Grammar was adopted in its place. Swinton's New Language Lessons, which was in the schools in 1885, still continues to be the text-book for the sixth and seventh grades. The Fish Arithmetics were exchanged, without cost to the pupils, for the New Franklin Arithmetics in ^^j^^. November, 1895. A change was made to the Hall me"<"s. Arithmetics, the books now in use, in 1901. Milne's Elements of Algebra was adopted for the eighth grade in De- ments of Algebra was adopted for the eighth grade in December, 1896. After it had been used for four years, the cember, 1896. After it had been used for four years, the subject of algebra, except as it is treated in the Hall Arithmetics, was dropped from the grades. metics, was dropped from the grades. After the Harper Geographies had been used in the schools for nineteen years, the Morton Geogra- ^j^^ ^ phies. the present books, were adopted in 1901. p**'^*The Sheldon Vertical Writing Books were adopted in The Sheldon Vertical Writing Books were adopted in August, 1896 ; the Medial Writing Books, in 1907 ; ^^^^^ and the Economy System of Penmanship, in June, ^ooks. 1911. A significant rule in regard to the change of text-books may be found in the records. At the September meeting in 1888 the Board adopted a resolution, q^^"^'* *" which was introduced by Director F. S. Bartlett, ^^^^^ ^ requiring that no change be made in the text- b^^^**' books unless the matter was brought before the Board at a regular meeting and laid over for thirty days. There was no end to the number of ingenious devices, such as charts and various kinds of apparatus for srhooi teaching the different subjects, which were offered ratus. for sale to the Board of Education by the special agent, but not many of such were bought. The Board confined itself mainly to the purchasing of maps and globes, dictionaries and cyclopaedias, with which every school should be sup168 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 168 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS plied. However valuable special devices may be made to appear by the agent, they are as a rule short-lived and are soon relegated to the basement or garret by the regular teacher. The following were the principal supplies furnished each building, the object of naming them here being to give an idea not only of what was furnished, but how long such articles will last when properly cared for. Twice in this period cles will last when properly cared for. Twice in this period have the schools been supplied with wall maps ; first in 1888, and second in 1909, when the Johnson Imperial Maps, the largest and best maps made, were purchased. In 1890 a set of Colonel Parker's relief maps was bought for the Churchill School. Four years later the other schools were provided with the relief maps made by the Central School Supply Co. In 1905 each building was supplied with an 18-inch pendant globe. In 1893 Webster's Unabridged Dictionary was placed in each building, and a copy of Webster's High School Dictionary, on the desk of each teacher. ary, on the desk of each teacher. In the same year a set of Persons and Places, and Common Things was furnished each room where geography or mon Things was furnished each room where geography or history was taught. A set of International Cyclopaedias was purchased for each school in 1894, and, in 1908, a set of Young Folks' Cyclopaedias, which took the place of Persons and Places, and Common Things, the latter being then worn out. A set of Ellis' United States History was bought in 1900 for each building where history was taught. In 1886 Yaggy's Anatomical Chart was purchased for each building, for the purpose of aiding in the teaching of physiology; and, in 1894, a set of weights and measures for each building. A scientific cabinet was bought in 1898 to aid in the teaching of nature study and geography, and in 1903 the different schools were supplied with Mountjoy's Nature Chart. From the first, pens were furnished the pupils, and after 1886 penholders and drawing pencils were bought by the PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 169 Board. Kindergarten supplies, drawing paper for practice, and material for exercises in industrial work, were also furnished the pupils. The first supplementary readers to be bought by the Board of Education were purchased in December, 1886. cember, 1886. 10. ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES. The rule of the Board requiring all pupils to be vaccinated before being admitted to school was a y^cci- nated before being admitted to school was a y^ccisource of frequent protests from parents who dega""n- source of frequent protests from parents who dega""nthought it was unnecessary. However, it continued to be thought it was unnecessary. However, it continued to be enforced until the courts held that the enforcement of such a rule was not lawful, unless it could be shown that the pupils were in danger of contracting smallpox. Under this pils were in danger of contracting smallpox. Under this ruling of the courts, the Board of Health called for the enforcement of the rule in certain schools in 1902, 1904, 1905 forcement of the rule in certain schools in 1902, 1904, 1905 and 1906. Some parents refused to acquiesce even under these conditions. This was particularly true in December, 1902. when Dr. Wm. O'R. Bradley was mayor. He called for the vaccination of the pupils in the High School, Churchill, Central and Cooke schools. The Board of Education ill, Central and Cooke schools. The Board of Education supported him unanimously in his action. The question was thrashed out again in December, 1906, with the same results, when the Board of Health ordered the vaccination of the pupils in the Weston, Douglas and Cooke schools. At that time the doctors of two different schools of medicine joined with some patrons of the schools in the protest. cine joined with some patrons of the schools in the protest. It was necessary at different times during this period, when some of the schoolrooms became over- "aif-Day crowded, to resort to half-day sessions. By trans- sessions, ferring pupils, it was always arranged so that these half-day sessions occurred only in the primary rooms of the building and generally only in the spring term of the year. There were such sessions in the Weston School in 1890; in the Hitchcock, Lincoln and Weston schools, in 1900; and again, in 1904, in the Lincoln and Weston schools. There may 17" GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS have been a few other such instances, but the records do not make mention of them. The flag offered by the Youth's Companion in 1889, as a premium to each of the forty-two states for the Flags for the best cssay upon "The Influence of the United States Flag When Floated Over a Public School Building," was won for the state of Illinois by Miss Lizzie Hazzard, a member of the Galesburg High School. This was the first flag to float over a school building in the city. Within three years from that time, flag staffs were placed on all the school buildings and a flag was provided for each. Director G. A. Murdoch presented the Lincoln School with its flag, and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock, in memory of her husband, for whom the school was named, gave the Hitchcock band, for whom the school was named, gave the Hitchcock School a beautiful flag. The other flags were provided by the Board of Education. The records of this period contain but two instances Parents when parents appeared before the Board to comcompiain. plain of the administration of the schools, and in compiain. plain of the administration of the schools, and in each case it was for suspension of pupils, made by the Superintendent. In each of the cases the action of the Super- perintendent. In each of the cases the action of the Superintendent was approved and the reinstatement of the pupils intendent was approved and the reinstatement of the pupils left to his discretion. From 1889 to 1903 spasmodic efforts were made to enTraant forcc the compulsory educational law through the Traant forcc the compulsory educational law through the Officer. police department. The co-operation of the police force was most cordial. In September, 1903, the Board voted to employ a truant officer for half time, and arrangements were made with Mayor Shumway to detail a regular ments were made with Mayor Shumway to detail a regular policeman whose sole duty for half his time was to act as truant officer, the Board of Education paying his salary for the time served. This arrangement proved quite satisfactory and it was continued for six years. The policeman de- tory and it was continued for six years. The policeman detailed for the service was always a man who showed tact tailed for the service was always a man who showed tact and sympathy with the boys. One reason for employing a member of the police force as a truant officer was that many PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 171 of the truants had a police record. The report of the officer for the first year showed that this was true in twenty per cent of the cases. The Visiting Nurse Association, an organization of the women's clubs of the city, found in its work the g<.hooi need of a school nurse. In order to demonstrate Nurse, the value of such an official, the Association made a proposition to the Board of Education in June, 1909, that the As- sition to the Board of Education in June, 1909, that the Association would pay half the salary of a school nurse for sociation would pay half the salary of a school nurse for one year, if the Board would pay the other half. Granting that such an officer was desirable, two questions were naturally raised by the Board; the first a legal one -- had it the urally raised by the Board; the first a legal one -- had it the right to use public funds for such a purpose, the school law being silent on the subject; and second, would it be justified in making this additional cost to the expense of the schools? Both of these questions could be answered if the school nurse could do the work of the truant officer. It was finally agreed by all parties interested that this could be done, and, on motion of Director R. O. Ahlenius, at the December meeting in 1909, it was voted to employ Miss Hoge as truant officer. Since that date the work of both offices has ant officer. Since that date the work of both offices has been performed with satisfaction by the same officer. Leaving out of consideration the protection a school nurse af- ing out of consideration the protection a school nurse affords and considering her work solely from a humane point fords and considering her work solely from a humane point of view, there can be no question of the value and desirability of having such work done as has been performed by bility of having such work done as has been performed by the school nurse. In perfecting the arrangement by which the school nurse was secured and finally made a part of the school organization in Galesburg, Mrs. H. W. Read, a member of the Board and an officer in the Visiting Nurse Asso- ber of the Board and an officer in the Visiting Nurse Association, was especially helpful. ciation, was especially helpful. Appropriate resolutions of respect and sympathy were adopted by the Board of Education on the death of Besoluthe following: Mr. John Moburg, janitor of the tions of the following: Mr. John Moburg, janitor of the tions of High School building, in January, 1888; M. D. and symCooke, Esq., member of the Board of Education, Cooke, Esq., member of the Board of Education, 172 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS at a special meeting in May, 1889; Mrs. W. L. Steele, wife of the Superintendent of Schools, in May, 1893; Professor George Churchill, at a special meeting in September, 1899; Mr. John B. Slater and Mr. Frank G. Stromsted, the two men killed by the burning of the High School, in April, 1904; Miss M. Evelyn Strong, a former member of the Board of Education, at a special meeting in October, 1903; Mr. J. W. Hammond, a member of the Board of Education, in September, 1904; Mr. Gust Stromgren, for seventeen years janitor of the Churchill School, in February, 1905 ; and Miss Anna M. Sisson, a teacher of the High School, in August, 1910. As an added mark of respect to the memory of Mr. Cooke, Professor Churchill, Miss Strong and Mr. Hammond, the public schools of the city were closed by the order of the Board on the afternoon of the funeral. When Dr. Newton Bateman, President Emeritus of Knox College and former State Superintendent of Public Instruction, died in October, 1897, all the public schools of the city were closed on the afternoon of the day of his funeral without formal action of the Board. In like manner, when Mr. G. A. Murdoch, a former member of the Board from the Third Ward, died in March, 1899, the Hitchcock School and the High School were closed on the afternoon of the day of his funeral. The High School faculty and the students attended the services in a body, occupying the entire balcony of the Presbyterian Church. There were three issues of bonds in this period. The Bond ^^^^ issue was for $25,000 in 1887, for a new High Issues. School building. There were 567 votes cast in favor of the bonds to 141 against. The second issue was for $16,000 in 1889, for building the Lincoln School. There were 146 votes for, to 12 against issuing these bonds. The third issue was for $100,000 in 1904, for the erection of the present High School building. The number of votes cast in favor of issuing these bonds was 1,198 and there were 168 against issuing them. The charter of the schools provides PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 173 two methods of issuing bonds after they have been authorized by a vote of the people, -- one by the City Council and ized by a vote of the people, -- one by the City Council and the other by the Board of Education. The first two issues were made by the City Council. When the interest and principal of these bonds became due, the Board found that it had to provide the money, and so, when the High School bonds were voted, it decided to issue its own bonds, the advantage being that the Board would then have a voice in vantage being that the Board would then have a voice in selling them and fixing the dates of payment. The last $10,000 of the first two issues was paid in June, 1897. In the $100,000 issue of 1904, it was stipulated that, beginning with 1907, ten bonds, or $10,000, would be paid on the first day of September of each and every year thereafter until all the bonds were paid. In the tax levy of 1910 the fifth payment was provided for, which left at the end of this period $50,000 yet to be raised. The three lots on which the Lincoln School stands were purchased of the Peck estate in 1889, for $2,050. The Tacobi property on Broad street, the site of cha"ed . . . and Said. the Central School building, was bought in 1895, for $5,000; the Allen propery on Mulberry street, joining the original Weston School grounds on the east, in 1898, for $1,600; the Hunt property on Cedar street, joining the Churchill School grounds on the south, in 1898, for $4,000; the Strong lot on Tompkins street, joining the High School grounds on the west, in 1904, for $5,500; a strip of land 71 by 52^ feet, lying between the High School and the heating plant, the site of the Manual Training addition, in 1910, ing plant, the site of the Manual Training addition, in 1910, for $1,300; and three lots on the northwest corner of Farnham and Summit streets, for the Farnham School, in 1910, ham and Summit streets, for the Farnham School, in 1910, for $2,300. In February, 1891, a fraction of a lot three by nine rods, on the southwest corner of Main and Pine streets, to which the Board had title by virtue of long possession, was sold to J. W. Hammond for $300. By this sale the Board parted with 174 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the last piece of land it had inherited from the union of the old independent school districts in 1858. By the rules of the Board of Education, it is one of the Reports dutics of the Superintendent of Schools to make Printed. annually a report of the condition of the schools to the Board. This report was usually made at the June meeting. Some of these reports were printed by the Board in pamphlet form for distribution. In this period six reports were printed in pamphlet form. They appeared in the following years: 1888, 1890, 1894, 1898, 1903 and 1907. Pre- lowing years: 1888, 1890, 1894, 1898, 1903 and 1907. Previous to this period there were four other reports printed : vious to this period there were four other reports printed : in 1862, 1863, 1865 and 1880. Of these reports there is preserved in the Public Library one copy of the 1863 report served in the Public Library one copy of the 1863 report and in the office of the Superintendent, one copy of the 1880 report. The opening exercises in the schools were as a rule of a Reading rcligious character adapted to the grade of the puin*!^"'^*' P^^^' ^'#'^ their religious nature was not compulsory. in*!^"'^*' P^^^' ^'#'^ their religious nature was not compulsory. Si-hoois. j^ petition numerously signed asking that a rule be adopted requiring the reading of the Bible without note or comment in all the rooms of the public schools of the city at the morning exercises, was presented to the Board of Education at its regular meeting in June, 1891. This petition ucation at its regular meeting in June, 1891. This petition was a part of the A. P. A. movement of that time. It was received and placed on file. On motion of Director G. A. Murdoch the following resolution was adopted without a dissenting vote : "That we as a Board approve of the reading of the Bible in the public schools, yet we do not think it would be wise or practicable to pass an arbitrary rule on the subject; therefore, Resolved, cable to pass an arbitrary rule on the subject; therefore, Resolved, That we leave the question as it has been in the past, in the hands of the Superintendent." It was a custom dating from the organization of the Beautify- schools, for the Board to plant trees on and around ^hool* ^'^^ school grounds ; but the beautifying of them Grounds, -vvith fllowcrs and shrubbery was first begun in the PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 175 spring of 1901. It was not long before all the schools had their shrubbery and beds of flowers. The money was earned and the work done by the pupils and teachers, which was a much better way than it would have ers, which was a much better way than it would have been had the Board furnished the money and the janitors done the work. In this way the children learned some valuable lessons which they would never forget and which they uable lessons which they would never forget and which they doubtless applied at their homes. There is little danger of over-emphasizing and encouraging this kind of ornamentation. tion. The law abolishing the public drinking cup was passed by the legislature in the spring of 1911, but fountains were ordered placed in all the school build- ^l^'^ilg tains were ordered placed in all the school build- ^l^'^ilg ings of Galesburg, on motion of Director R. O. Ahlenius, at the December meeting of the Board in 1909. They were installed in the different buildings before the opening of schools in September, 1910. The fountains used were devised by J. A. Anderson, janitor of the Bateman School, and they possessed points of superiority over man School, and they possessed points of superiority over any then on the market. Non-resident pupils always paid tuition. The rate was fifty cents a week in all departments until Tuly, ir>Aa 1 * i * r T^- -X Tuition. 1908, when it was made, on motion of Director R. O. Ahlenius, seventy-five cents per week in the High School. The income to the district from this source was insignificant until within recent years. There were several significant until within recent years. There were several reasons for this. Previous to 1887 the city treasurer, who is ex-oflficio treasurer of the Board of Education, collected the tuition. His official duties did not bring him into close contact with the schools. There were no records of the pupils kept in his office. It was not strange under such cir- pils kept in his office. It was not strange under such circumstances that he collected little or nothing. In 1887 the cumstances that he collected little or nothing. In 1887 the Board placed the collection of tuition in the hands of the Superintendent. The first year he collected $60; the second, $61, and the third, $134. It was not until 1901 that as much as $500 was received in one year. After that date it in176 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 176 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS creased rapidly, and in 1910-11 the tuition collected amounted to $2,426. Practically all the tuition comes from the High School, and the growth of that institution accounts largely for the increase in the amount collected. It counts largely for the increase in the amount collected. It is a matter, however, that someone must watch closely, for there are persons who regard tuition in the same way that they do taxes -- as something to be avoided if possible ; and there are some cases where it is really difficult to determine whether or not tuition is due. For the first thirty-six years the Board of Education held its meetings in the City Council room, though Education there were times in this period when it met in Booms. the office of the Superintendent of Schools, which was in the Churchill School. At the meeting in August of 1897 it was voted, on motion of Director J. W. Hammond, to lease the rooms over the First National Bank on the northeast corner of Main and Cherry streets as a place of meeting for the Board and for the office of the Superintendent of Schools. When the bank building was remodeled in ent of Schools. When the bank building was remodeled in 1901, the Board returned to the City Council room and the Superintendent to his old office in the Churchill building. When the present building of the Galesburg Public Library was * in the process of construction in 1901, the Library Board asked the Board of Education to occupy one-fourth of the first floor and offered to divide it into such rooms as would be desirable. This generous offer was accepted with appreciation, and the present ideal quarters were first occupied by the Board of Education and the Superintendent cupied by the Board of Education and the Superintendent of Schools in the latter part of December, 1901. It is an advantage as well as a convenience in school administration vantage as well as a convenience in school administration for a Board of Education to have a local habitation as well as a name. It is a serious mistake in a system of schools to have the office of the superintendent of schools in any one of the school buildings. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 177 Whenever opportunity offered, the schools took great pleasure in contributing their share to the public PubUo good. The moving of the Public Library by the High School pupils in May, 1902, from East Main street to the new library building on the southeast corner of Broad and Simmons streets, a distance of about four blocks, was an example of this. The mere moving of so many books was no slight task but the value of the service rendered consisted in transferring them without disarranging their order. This they succeeded in doing. ing their order. This they succeeded in doing. Under the direction of Miss Anna Hoover, the librarian, and her assistants, and of the High School teachers, the pupils marched single file from the old library rooms to the new library building, carrying the books in their arms. As each pupil passed in to get a supply of books he was given a number, and the order in which the books were to be deposited on the shelves of the new library was determined by ited on the shelves of the new library was determined by this number. Every time a pupil made a trip he was given a different number. The library corps had planned where each shelf of books in the old rooms was to be placed in the new. The carrying began on the morning of May 22, 1902, and continued until noon. It was resumed on the afternoon of the next day when it was completed. Five teachers assisted at the old library and five at the new, while seven teachers stationed themselves along the streets, keeping the lines moving and in order. In this way fifteen thousand, one hundred and fifty-two books were moved by three hundred and seventy-one pupils, two thousand and seventy-five trips being made. The highest number of trips made by any pupil was eleven and the greatest number of books carried by pil was eleven and the greatest number of books carried by anyone was one hundred and thirty-four. The work was entirely voluntary on the part of the pupils, and three hundred and seventy-one of those enrolled pils, and three hundred and seventy-one of those enrolled that month took part. Boys and girls enjoy doing things, even where hard work is involved. All they need is a 178 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS chance, a little encouragement and direction. It is questionable if modern education with all its manifest improvements able if modern education with all its manifest improvements has yet contributed to the development of the child anything to compensate for what modern civilization has deprived him of, -- the opportunity of assisting his parents in their work. The close relation which the Children's Reading Room in the Public Library sustains to the schools is no The Chll- *' dren'9 Li- doubt duc to the fact that the Board of Education brary and Reading has its officcs in the Library building. The Library Board and the Board of Education, when brary Board and the Board of Education, when they came together in the same building, soon found that they were related -- members of the same body, one necessary to the other. For the library to fulfill its mission, each sary to the other. For the library to fulfill its mission, each generation must form the habit of reading books; and for the school to fulfill its mission, it must not only teach each generation how to read, but instill in it the love of reading. In the school the child acquires the ability to read and in the library he forms the habit of reading. The library is thus the complement of the school. The architect of the Library building made a significant suggestion by marking the room across the hall ^^.T.,***®️. from the offices of the Board of Education, Children s Library "Children's Room." This room stood vacant for Came to gani^^ months and the question one asked on entering the building was, "What is that room for?" At that time the Public Library had had no experience with a reading room for children. It is true it had provided books suit- ing room for children. It is true it had provided books suitable for children to read, but it never had furnished a sep- able for children to read, but it never had furnished a separate room for the children. Now it had the room as well arate room for the children. Now it had the room as well as the books, but it did not have the funds for supplying the additional librarian required. This condition was met in the following manner. A special meeting of the Board of Education was called in September, 1902, by Directors Merrill and Stone, to consider the following proposition from rill and Stone, to consider the following proposition from the Library Board : PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 179 "It is agreed between the Board of Directors of the Galesburg Public Library and the Board of Education of the City of burg Public Library and the Board of Education of the City of Galesburg, that, in establishing a Children's Room in the Library, the Board of Education will provide a librarian satisfactory to the Library Board and subject to its rules and regulations and to pay toward any incidental expenses of that department a sum not exceeding five dollars per month. In consideration of this service the ceeding five dollars per month. In consideration of this service the Board of Directors of the Library agree to remit the payment of any further rent for the rooms occupied by the Board of Education while this agreement continues." Signed E. R. Drake, W. E. SiMONDS, F. H. SissoN, Committee on Children's Room. The proposition was, on motion of Director Stone, unanimously adopted. On motion of Director Mrs. Thompson, imously adopted. On motion of Director Mrs. Thompson, the Superintendent was instructed to see that the services specified by the Library Board were performed and was authorized to transfer Miss Harriet Stone to this branch of work. In 1911 there were some four thousand volumes in the Children's Library, and the number of books use Made drawn by the pupils exceeded thirty-seven thou- ubrary. sand a year. The room was kept open all days and hours when the schools were closed, and the children flocked to it and used it with the feeling that it was a part of the public schools. This feeling on the part of the school children may, to a large extent, be accounted for by the fact that the Librarian was always chosen from the corps of teachers. Useful as this department has been, there is nothing connected with the schools capable of greater development. nected with the schools capable of greater development. 11. SALARIES. When W. L. Steele was appointed Superintendent of Schools in 1885, his salary was made $1,500; in 1886, it was increased to $1,700; in 1888, to $1,800; o^'^he Superinin 1890, to $2,000; in 1901, to $2,200; in 1903, to tendentof in 1890, to $2,000; in 1901, to $2,200; in 1903, to tendentof $2,500; in 1907, to $2,700; and in 1910, to $3,000. 180 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS In 1885, the salary of the Principal of the High School, Salaries ^^^ ^^^ Mrs. Mary E. Gettemy, was $800; in sch^f" 1888, it was made $900; in 1890, $1,000. In 1895, Teacher*. ;^j. Frank D. Thomson was made Principal, at a salary of $1,400; in 1897, it was advanced to $1,500; in 1899, to $1,600; in 1901, to $1,700; in 1902, to $1,800; in 1903, to $2,000; in 1906, to $2,300; and in 1909, to $2,500. In 1909, when Mr. Thomson resigned, Mr. A. W. Willis, who was at that time a teacher of Mathematics in the school at a salary of $900, was appointed Principal at a salary of $1,500; and it was increased the next year to $1,800. There was no fixed schedule of salaries for assistants in the High School during this period. The minimum salary of lady teachers was $60 per month. Their salaries ranged from that amount to $100 per month, the prevailing salary being, however, $80 per month. The minimum salary for men was $75 per month. When they remained for several years, their salaries went up to $111.11, $122.22, $133.33 and in one in- aries went up to $111.11, $122.22, $133.33 and in one instance to $200 per month. stance to $200 per month. In 1885, the minimum salary of the grade teachers was Salaries $40 per month. It increased $5 per month for two of Grade , . . J f Teachers, years whcrc it remained unchanged until the end of the tenth year of service, when it was made $55 per month, which was the maximum. There was no change in this schedule of salaries until 1903, when an increase of five per cent was made to the salaries of all teachers who had been in the schools three years or more. The maximum salary was made $57.50 per month at that time. In June, 1906, the grade teachers presented to the Board Petitions ^ petition asking that their salaries be increased c?ea^'of twenty per cent. This petition was received and Salaries. referred to the Teachers' Committee, but no action was taken by the Board that year. In June, 1907, an increase of $5 per month was made to the salaries of all teach- crease of $5 per month was made to the salaries of all teachers who had taught in the schools three years or more, and ers who had taught in the schools three years or more, and a schedule of salaries which provided for a thirteen per cent Schedule of Salaries for Grade Teachers. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 181 increase was adopted, the maximum salary being made $65 per month. In June, 1910, the teachers presented to the Board their second petition asking for an increase of salaries. At that date all grade teachers were given an ad- aries. At that date all grade teachers were given an advance of $5 per month, and the maximum salary was made vance of $5 per month, and the maximum salary was made $70 per month. The schedule of salaries adopted then on the recommendation of the Teachers' Committee was as follows : 1st. Graduates from the city training school, with no previous teaching experience, shall receive $40 per month ; where the graduates have had one or more years of successful teaching, they shall receive $45 per month. ceive $45 per month. 2nd. Graduates from a university or college with one or more years of successful teaching, or from a state normal school, shall receive $50 per month. 3rd. After the first year the salary will be advanced annually $5 per month until the teacher reaches $60 per nually $5 per month until the teacher reaches $60 per month, provided at the close of the second year she files with the Board a first grade certificate. 4th. The salary will be advanced annually from $60 per month, at the rate of $2.50 per month, until it reaches the maximum, $70. A teacher to receive the benefit of this increase must first file with the Board a certificate that she crease must first file with the Board a certificate that she has attended regularly and successfully completed one or more summer courses in some recognized university, college or state normal school. 5th. After a teacher has reached the maximum salary the Board will expect her to file, at least once in five years, a certificate that she has attended regularly and successfully completed one or more summer courses in some recognized university, college or state normal school. 6th. No salary now paid to any teacher shall be diminished by any provision of this schedule. ished by any provision of this schedule. Adopted by the Board of Education, June 22, 1910. 182 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The reason it is so difficult for grade teachers to obtain an increase of salary is that any increase at all ulofffl^ujt amounts in the aggregate to so much. Over crease Sal- Seventy per cent of the tax levy for operating exGrade**^ pcnscs is for teachers' salaries and the grade teach- Grade**^ pcnscs is for teachers' salaries and the grade teachTeachers. gj-g^ qj^ account of their numbers, receive the larger Teachers. gj-g^ qj^ account of their numbers, receive the larger part of this amount. In 1885 the janitors of the four four-room buildings were Janitors' P^^^ ^^^ P^^ month ; the one for the six-room Salaries. building, $35 ; and the one for the High School, a twelve-room building, $50. At that time the janitors were employed for only nine months of the year. In 1890 the salaries of all the janitors were increased $5 a month. After that date it is difficult to determine how much of the advance in the salaries was properly an increase, for all the vance in the salaries was properly an increase, for all the buildings, excepting the Cooke, were enlarged one after another, and the service required was not the same in any two other, and the service required was not the same in any two of them. If the amount paid the janitor of the Cooke School be taken as a standard of the increase, then it could be determined; for the janitor of that building received $25 per termined; for the janitor of that building received $25 per month in 1885 ; $32.50, in 1899 ; $40, in 1902 ; and $42.50, in 1908. The engineer of the heating plant began in 1905 with a salary of $70 a month, for a year of twelve months ; ofth^ in 1906 it was advanced to $80; in 1907, to $90 and "^"^"*'*'- in 1909, to $100. It was difficult for the wages paid to secure and keep the best men as janitors when they were given emJanitors ... i * i t-> Janitors ... i * i t-> Make the ploymcnt for only nine months in the year, tor this reason the Board decided, in 1907, to have the repair work, such as kalsomining, painting, etc., done by the janitors and thus furnish them employment for eleven or twelve months of the year. This arrangement proved to be a satisfactory adjustment of the question of janitors' salaries, and the quality of the repair work did not suffer in the aries, and the quality of the repair work did not suffer in the least while the amount of it was greatly increased and the PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 183 buildings were thus made more sanitary and attractive. During the summer vacations all the woodwork, windows, desks and inkwells were as thoroughly cleaned as water and cleansing material could make them. The walls and ceilings of the rooms and halls, when they were not kalsomined, were carefully brushed and the basements were somined, were carefully brushed and the basements were whitewashed. In addition to this, it was the custom in later years to have the Board of Health fumigate all the buildings the week before the schools opened in September. To Gust A. Stromgren, who was janitor of the Churchill School for seventeen years, belongs the credit of instituting the custom of thoroughly renovating raithfui the school buildings in the summer vacation. For many years he was the only janitor employed the year round, and all the buildings and grounds were placed in his charge during the long vacation. The condition in which he found some of the buildings distressed him greatly, for his own was always a model of neatness and cleanliness. His idea was that, if the buildings were turned over neat and clean to the janitors at the opening of schools in September, they would certainly try to keep them so during the ber, they would certainly try to keep them so during the year. The Board agreed with him and gave him the help he needed to do the work in August. Where it was possible he secured as his help the janitors who were to have sible he secured as his help the janitors who were to have charge of the buildings during the school year. Thus he practically conducted for a month each year a normal school for janitors. This was the origin of our clean school buildings. He showed his superior intelligence in many ways; ings. He showed his superior intelligence in many ways; for example, the noiseless eraser now used in the schools was devised by him, years before there were any such erasers on the market. There are reasons for believing that the idea of a noiseless eraser originated with him. He was thoroughly devoted to his work. The steam pipes never froze in his building, though it required him many a time to remain all night with his heating plant. There was never 184 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS a person employed by the Board of Education who did his work better than Mr. Stromgren. 12. THE HIGH SCHOOL AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS ACTIVITIES. During this period the changes in the High School were ^j ^ more and greater than those in the grades. This School would naturally be the case, for within this time Changes ^ tts , the present function of the High School as an inFonction. . . deg Fonction. . . deg stitution was largely developed. In 1885 the High School was doing the work of the old academy -- preparing the few for college -- and its very existence was at times threatened. That the High School should give instruction suitable to the many who were to enter the varied industries, as well as to the few who were to enter the professions, tries, as well as to the few who were to enter the professions, was not thought of at that time. The Galesburg High School was among the first to recognize its duty to the many as well as to the few, to broaden its scope of work and to adjust its organization so that the most could be made of the greater opportunities. There are many evidences that the school met with the approval of the public dences that the school met with the approval of the public during this period, one of which was the increased attendance. The first year the total enrollment was 117, and the ance. The first year the total enrollment was 117, and the last year, 767, or an increase of five hundred and fifty-five per cent. The grades during the same period increased sixty-two per cent, and the population of the city about the same. In 1888 an English course was added to the curriculum. ^ ,, ^ Previous to that date there had been but one English Course In- coursc, the Latm. The Latm course was desisfned troduced. r i . for those who were preparing for college and the English course for those who expected to complete their education in the High School. The subjects which were substituted at that time in the place of Latin were physiology, bookkeeping, English history, constitution of the ology, bookkeeping, English history, constitution of the United States, chemistry, history of literature and political economy. At that time the work of instruction was first SIXTH WARD The Representatives of the Sixth Ward on the Board of Education since its l-"irst Organization in June, 1861. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 185 divided into departments : Latin, mathematics, English and science. In 1895 the curriculum was again revised and divided into three courses ; the Latin, for those who were second . Bevisioa preparing for college ; the commercial, for those of the who desired to prepare themselves for business ; lum. and the scientific, for those who intended to enter no higher institution of learning but who wanted a broader education than the grades gave. In this revision the time given to many of the subjects that had been in the two courses was lengthened. This was especially true of the departments of science and English, The following subjects were also added : stenography, type-writing, commercial arithmetic, commercial law and mechanical drawing. All the subjects were made elective at that date. The department of public speaking was created in 1895. In 1903 a fourth year was added to the Latin, or college course. At the same time the following ^ Fourth lege course. At the same time the following ^ Fourth subjects were introduced: commercial geog- XddU. raphy, advanced algebra, solid geometry, business English and United States history. When manual training was begun in the Galesburg High School in 1887, the subject was being gen- j,an"ai erally discussed at educational meetings and in J^^^^^^ the educational press, but no public high school daced. in the state had introduced it into its curriculum. It is true that previous to that date in a few cities, Galesburg among them, some forms of hand work had been encouraged in the grades -- much of it being done at home. The introduction of manual training in the Galesburg High School could not have have been more modest; no public meetings were held ; the Board of Education was not asked for any appropriation; it was not even consulted in the matter. An old priation; it was not even consulted in the matter. An old carpenter bench was found in the basement of the Churchill, then called the High School, building, and the boys brought in some tools from home and some were purchased with 186 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS money contributed. Mr. Earle W. Stilson, a former pupil of the school, who had been attending the Chicago Manual Training School founded by the Commercial Club of that city, was at home for a time and generously gave his services as an instructor for an hour or two a day for a month or ices as an instructor for an hour or two a day for a month or more. When he left the city, Mr. G. H. Bridge, then teacher of penmanship, who had become interested in the work he saw the boys doing, volunteered to take the place of Mr. Stilson, the work being all done after school hours. Members of the Board of Education, hearing of what the boys bers of the Board of Education, hearing of what the boys were doing in the basement, visited them and became interested also. So well pleased were they at the end of the year ested also. So well pleased were they at the end of the year with the work the boys had done under such unfavorable conditions, that they changed the plans of the High School building, then in process of erection, and made provision for a shop on the third floor, equipping it with benches and tools sufficient to permit ten boys to work at a time; they also employed a teacher for the next year. It was largely due to the active interest of Director N. C. Woods that this provision was made for manual training. The work in this de- vision was made for manual training. The work in this department was, from the first, entirely voluntary on the part partment was, from the first, entirely voluntary on the part of the pupils; previous to 1895 it was done after school hours and on Saturdays. No credit was given on the records at that time for the work of this department. There ords at that time for the work of this department. There was certainly as much interest displayed by the boys under those conditions as there was in later years when the work was done during school hours and credit was given for it. When the department was thoroughly organized in 1890, _ . ^ the work of the first year consisted of exercises in Work of . . . the De- plaumg, sawing, chiseling, boring and turning; in the second year, in joinery and turning; and in the third year, in turning, pattern-making and carving. The number of exercises or problems in each year was twentyfive to thirty, and they were worked out with pieces of lum- five to thirty, and they were worked out with pieces of lumber twelve inches long, which the Board supplied. After the ber twelve inches long, which the Board supplied. After the exercises of each year were completed, the principles masPERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 187 PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 187 tered and the skill acquired were applied in making some useful article of furniture, the boy purchasing the material and keeping the article made. Such articles were made as hat-racks, book-cases, writing desks, tables, sideboards, etc. An interesting fact in the development of manual training is that at one time it was not considered by the ing is that at one time it was not considered by the deg #' The Finschoolmen good pedagogy to have the boys make ished schoolmen good pedagogy to have the boys make ished finished products; it being claimed that the object of the work was to make boys -- not furniture. Applause generally greeted such a remark when delivered before a meeting of teachers. The Galesburg High School continued, however, to make the finished products, convinced as it ued, however, to make the finished products, convinced as it was, that it was the finished product that gave the interest to the subject and stimulated the boys through all their work. The most valued piece of furniture in many of the homes of Galesburg is the one made by the son while in school, valued because the parents feel that it helped to make their boy. The hat-rack that has done service for years in the office of the Superintendent of Schools is a good illustration of this point. An exhibition of this work was held annually at the close of the year when hundreds of citizens examined it with interest and gave it their heartiest izens examined it with interest and gave it their heartiest approval. This did much to make the work a success. Today the finished product is considered as essential to man- day the finished product is considered as essential to manual training as is Hamlet, to the play of Hamlet. ual training as is Hamlet, to the play of Hamlet. For the first two years no machinery whatever was used in the work. In 1889 a foot-power lathe and a j.quiphand-power saw were purchased. A circular saw ?opdeg*the*" hand-power saw were purchased. A circular saw ?opdeg*the*" run by an electric motor was added the next year. ^''#*Mechanical drawing was made a part of the work in 1895. Mechanical drawing was made a part of the work in 1895. When the addition was built to the High School in 1896, a large and well-lighted room was provided for the department in the basement ; and at that time it was transferred ment in the basement ; and at that time it was transferred from the third floor to the basement. Six lathes for wood were purchased in that year. Two years later a circular saw, a band saw and a planer were added; and, in 1903, a 188 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS lathe for iron and a forge for blacksmithing. These machines with the hand tools comprised the equipment at the chines with the hand tools comprised the equipment at the time the building was burned in 1904. For the first five years the power used was electricity furnished by the street car company. When a steam heating plant was installed in the High School building in 1901, a twelve horse-power engine was substituted for the two electric motors that had been used. When the new High School building was erected, the Equip- manual training department was again placed in ^^w- the ^^^ basement. The rooms were sufficiently large ^^'^ and well lighted, but the noise of the machinery disturbed at times the recitations in some of the classrooms. In order to get the machinery out of the High rooms. In order to get the machinery out of the High School building and to have a shop for iron and forge work and to provide a manual training center for the boys of the seventh and eighth grades of the city, the Manual Training building to the north of the High School was built in ing building to the north of the High School was built in 1910. In order that all the space that had been provided for manual training purposes might be utilized, this building was connected with the High School building by a tunnel. At the close of this period the equipment of the manual training department, in addition to the usual hand tools, consisted of the following: four direct-connected lathes for wood, a planer, a circular saw, a scroll saw, a mortiser, a jointer, a lathe for iron, two emery grinders, a drill press, and six forges for blacksmithing. Of the fifty-two boys enrolled in the High School during Number ^^^ school year of 1889-90 thirty-five volunteered Ma^fi *deg ^o t^^ manual training work. Thirty-one of Training, them did all the exercises and twenty made a finished product. Of the sixty-one boys enrolled in the school ished product. Of the sixty-one boys enrolled in the school in 1893-4 thirty-eight did manual training work; in 1897-8 sixty-five of the one hundred and ninety-eight boys in the school chose manual training; in 1902-3 one hundred and twenty-five of the two hundred and twenty-eight boys in PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 189 school took the work, which was approximately the annual enrollment in the manual training department for the remainder of the period. The fact that the number of boys mainder of the period. The fact that the number of boys who took manual training in the later years was not as great in proportion to the numbers enrolled in the school as it was in the earlier years is largely due no doubt to the introduction of the print shop (a form of manual training which employs the activities of some thirty boys), the debating club, the dramatic club and athletics -- which became bating club, the dramatic club and athletics -- which became popular in the later years. The interest of those who took manual training never flagged in any year. The great success of this department was due to Mr. G. H. Bridge who cess of this department was due to Mr. G. H. Bridge who had charge of it during all this period. He possessed to an unusual degree the ability to help boys to help themselves. It is remarkable that domestic science was not introduced until 1903 -- sixteen years after the intro- Domestic duced until 1903 -- sixteen years after the intro- Domestic duction of manual training. The credit for the f^J*"** introduction of domestic science is due to the ^"ced. women's clubs of the city, as may be seen from the following extracts taken from the records of the Board of Educa- ing extracts taken from the records of the Board of Education : tion : "November 10, 1902. -- The following communication was presented by Director (Mrs. G. W.) Thompson: 'Manual Training sented by Director (Mrs. G. W.) Thompson: 'Manual Training for boys has proved an undoubted success in our Galesburg Schools, people all agreeing that it is both profitable and instructive. A feeling exists -- and we believe public sentiment tends strongly in this direction -- that the girls of our city should be given a like advantage in the training of the hand and eye as well as the brain, and that education directed toward the practical realities of life will better prepare girls for their needs as useful daughters and home makers. The Women's Clubs, believing all this, have raised money enough to equip and maintain a Domestic Science department for a term of five months, and they ask you, the Board of Education, to make this experiment, beginning with the winter term and continuing through the remainder of the school year.' On motion the tinuing through the remainder of the school year.' On motion the matter was referred to the Supply Committee." The reason Mrs. Thompson brought about the introduction of domestic science in this manner was to enlist duction of domestic science in this manner was to enlist 190 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the active interest and to secure the cordial support of the mothers for whose daughters the department was to be established. tablished. "Called meeting, November 25, 1902. -- Director Charles R. Van Brunt moved that the Board of Education provide a room for the trial of Domestic Science for a period of five months, the Ladies' Clubs of the city providing the means of conducting the same. The motion prevailed unanimously. A special committee, consisting of Directors Mrs. Thompson and Mrs. Read and Superintendent Steele, was then appointed to take charge of the Domes- intendent Steele, was then appointed to take charge of the Domestic Science Department." tic Science Department." In accordance with this resolution a room was provided in the Annex of the Central Primary on Cedar street, the tables, which are in use to-day, being made by the boys of the manual training department. In January, 1903, practical lessons in the art of cooking were begun under the tical lessons in the art of cooking were begun under the supervision of Mrs. Clara G. Rhodes, a teacher of experience and a graduate of the Lewis Institute, Chicago. This experiment of the women's clubs was so rational and so suc- periment of the women's clubs was so rational and so successful that, at the end of the school year, the Board of Edu- cessful that, at the end of the school year, the Board of Education, without a dissenting vote, made domestic science a cation, without a dissenting vote, made domestic science a regular department of the school. Ample provision for a domestic science department for both cooking and sewing was made on the second floor of the Central School building which was begun in 1903 and completed in 1904. Sew- ing which was begun in 1903 and completed in 1904. Sewing was made a part of the work in September, 1906. Pop- ing was made a part of the work in September, 1906. Popular as was manual training with the boys, domestic ular as was manual training with the boys, domestic science was even more popular with the girls. This was due no doubt to some extent to the sane and scientific manner in which Mrs. Rhodes presented the work and to the in- ner in which Mrs. Rhodes presented the work and to the interest and industry she herself displayed. One hundred and terest and industry she herself displayed. One hundred and eighty girls chose the work the first year, and in 1910 there were one hundred and seventy-two girls enrolled in the cooking department and one hundred and thirty-three in the sewing; that is, three hundred and five of the four hundred and fifty-three girls enrolled in the school for that year took domestic science work. Of that number only seven dropped PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 191 the work during the year. The number wishing to take the work was always so great that the girls never were given more than one lesson a week. The cost of the supplies for this department was from $10 to $15 per month. One of the peculiar, if not distinctive, features of the Galesburg High School in this period was that it did not adopt the practice, which became universal ?*"^^^^" in other schools, of importing a speaker for its ment of ' 1 Speaking erraduatinsf exercises. The graduates themselves came to deg deg deg be Organdid all the speaking, and frequently the band or ued. did all the speaking, and frequently the band or ued. orchestra that furnished the music for those occasions was composed entirely of members of the school. casions was composed entirely of members of the school. Only such of the graduates as desired to speak appeared on the program, which was limited in length to two hours. This necessarily made the addresses of the graduates short. They generally occupied from three to six minutes, which is time enough for anyone to show such ability and talent as he may possess, and that is what the people are interested to know on such occasions. The exercises were always held in the largest auditorium in the city, and it was never large enough to accommodate all who came to attend. To prepare a high school boy or girl to speak to an audience of two thousand or more, some practice in public speaking was needed. This made it necessary for the school to provide for rhetorical work, to excel in which has always been regarded as a most valuable accomplishment. For one to understand parliamentary law and to be able to think and speak while on his feet was never more important than it is to-day when almost every person is a member of one or more lodges or societies. For years a special teacher was employed to drill those of the graduates who were to speak on commencement day. Miss Harriet Blackstone who trained the graduates of 1895 was employed by the Board of Education to devote half time during the entire year to such work with all the classes. The success of the first year led to such an extension of the work that it was necessary 192 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS to employ an instructor for the full time. In this way came the department of public speaking in the High School -- a direct result of having the graduates speak on commencement day. It is worthy of note that the department was ment day. It is worthy of note that the department was not created but grew naturally out of the conditions existing, which is the only kind of development that is healthful. ing, which is the only kind of development that is healthful. It was a characteristic of the school in this period that nothing new was ever added ; it simply came in response to ing new was ever added ; it simply came in response to favorable conditions which were recognized and fostered by the management. In 1896, the year after public speaking was made a part of the school work, this school, with other high Declama- , . * , * c i r j tory schools m this section of the state, formed an orContests. ..,.,, , . Contests. ..,.,, , . gamzation which, under one name or another and composed of different schools at various times, held annually in the spring a declamatory contest in which three nually in the spring a declamatory contest in which three prizes were awarded. The students took great interest in these contests and received much benefit from the preliminary drilling and minor contests necessary to determine the inary drilling and minor contests necessary to determine the one who should represent the school. These annual contests continued through the remaining fifteen years of the tests continued through the remaining fifteen years of the period, and the Galesburg High School won at least its share of the prizes -- eight firsts, six seconds, and one third. It was in these contests and the preparations for them that the fine spirit of loyalty for which the school became so well known first began to develop. When the boys and girls came to realize and appreciate i^iterary the value of the rhetorical work they naturally Societies . . "^ -^ Organized, wanted more of it than could be given by the department, though the work found its way into some partment, though the work found its way into some of the English classes. For this reason a number of the students organized themselves into two literary societies, the Lincoln Debating Club for boys and the Elizabethan Literary Society for girls. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 193 The Lincoln Debating Club was organized by some twenty-five boys, February 12, 1904; hence its Lincoln name, which was adopted after they were unable Debating Club. to agree on any of the other names proposed. The object of the Club was to acquire practice and proficiency in debating, extemporary speaking and parliamentary law. Its membership was limited to thirty-five. This Club did much for many of the boys by developing them in the art of public speaking and debating. It also helped the school by stimulating its literary activities and by bringing it victory after victory in contests with other schools. From 1906 to the close of the period the Club held ten debates with other high schools; three with Springfield, two with Quincy, two with Monmouth, and one each with Joliet, Burlington and Kewanee. In these ten debates the Club was victorious in all but one, receiving the unanimous decision of the judges in seven of them. The school printing plant, which cost a thousand dollars and on which the school paper, The Budget, is printed, was bought, paid for and presented to the get, is printed, was bought, paid for and presented to the school by this Club. The Lincoln Debating Club will live in the memory of many a man as the place where he first had his vision. The Elizabethan Literary Society was organized by the girls in 1905. Its object was the same as that of j,,,^^ the Lincoln Debating Club, and its membership Literal^ was limited to thirty. From the first there was a Society. friendly rivalry between these two organizations, which proved to be stimulating to both. One of the events of the year in the school was the joint debate between representatives of these societies. There were six annual debates thus atives of these societies. There were six annual debates thus held, in four of which the "Lizzies" were victorious. In 1910 this Society held a debate with the Quincy High School and was successful in gaining another victory for the school. In three of the successful debates which the "Lincolns" 194 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS held with other high schools, the "Lizzies furnished one member of the team which was composed of three speakers. The girls also rendered valuable service in the editorial ers. The girls also rendered valuable service in the editorial work of The Budget. The Budget was the weekly news and literary organ of Th^ the school. The first issue bears the date of DeBudget, cember 11, 1903. Its original object seems to have Budget, cember 11, 1903. Its original object seems to have been to stimulate writing and expression in the rhetoric classes, for they, under the instruction of Miss Frances Arnold, assumed the responsibility of doing the literary work. The editors were at first elected for a month. After the first month the editor of the preceding month became the assistant of the next. The editor thus had an assistant who understood the work and was a valuable aid. This plan made it possible for many persons to have the experience and training given by such work. The printing of perience and training given by such work. The printing of the paper was done by the boys in the manual training department. The names of the boys who set the type and did partment. The names of the boys who set the type and did the printing appeared on the issues as typesetters or publishers. The printing was done on a small hand press which lishers. The printing was done on a small hand press which would print a page five by seven inches. The printing outfit was purchased for $105.50 of Mr. O. J. Colton, who rendered valuable help to the boys by showing them how to do dered valuable help to the boys by showing them how to do the work. The printing plant which was paid for by the pupils of the school .was destroyed by the fire of April 10, 1904. This caused the publication of The Budget to be suspended for a time. The paper was revived by the Lincoln Debating Club and the first number issued under its auspices appeared September 25, 1905. It was printed by the Wright brothers, members of the Club, on their own press until May 14, 1906, on which date appeared the first issue of The Budget from the press of the Lincoln Debating Club. The school was always loyal in its support of The Budget, nearly every student feeling that it was his duty to be a subscriber and pay the annual subscription, fifty cents. Those who have carefully investigated the subject PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 195 claim that The Budget was a pioneer among the high school papers in the West. If not the first, it was one of the first to be issued weekly and printed on the school's own press, all the work being done by the pupils. The Dramatic Club, composed of both boys and girls, was organized in 1907. All those who took the Dramatic third year of public speaking were eligible for ^^deg''membership in this Club. It gave three plays a year in the membership in this Club. It gave three plays a year in the study hall which on such occasions was always crowded to overflowing. From these plays, to which an admission fee was charged, about one hundred and seventy-five dollars were netted each year, which amount the Club invested in pictures and statuary for the school. The frieze on the north side of the study hall was the Club's contribution, in 1910-11, to the ornamentation of the building. The two pianos, the curtains and scenery for the stage, and all the pictures decorating the walls, were obtained by means of entertainments given by the pupils themselves under the auspices of the teacher in charge of the department of public speaking, or of the Dramatic Club. ment of public speaking, or of the Dramatic Club. In the spring of 1906 the members of the Lincoln Debating Club held a special meeting in the Board of bating Club held a special meeting in the Board of Education rooms at which they decided to install ing Piant a printing plant in the High School. The proposition involved an initial outlay of $600 with some $400 more sition involved an initial outlay of $600 with some $400 more to follow, but the boys found no difficulty in getting persons willing to back them for that amount for such a purpose. After consulting with various printers in the city, a 10x15 Chandler and Price, Gordon press and a 25-inch Advance paper cutter, together with type, imposing stone, etc., were ordered. The Board of Education fitted up two well-lighted rooms in the basement for the accommodation of the plant, and it was installed within sixty days after the Club had decided to have a printing outfit of its own. Mr. Robert A. Chandler, then a teacher in the school, was the directing spirit among the boys at that time, and he was largely in196 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 196 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS strumental in securing the installation of this plant. A motor to run the press was purchased in the fall of 1906 and additional equipment was added as the means at the command of the Club would allow. In two years and six months mand of the Club would allow. In two years and six months the plant was completed, the entire cost being over $1,000. After all the indebtedness had been paid the Lincoln Debating Club, at a banquet held in the Central Printing Church on the evening of Lincoln's one hundredth pl-e^nted birthday and of the fifth anniversary of the organBol^. ization of the Club, presented the entire plant to Bol^. ization of the Club, presented the entire plant to the Board of Education. Mrs. G. W. Thompson graciously accepted the gift on behalf of the Board. Undertakings like this, successfully carried through, are what takings like this, successfully carried through, are what make men out of boys, and at the same time the effect on the school is invaluable. After the press was placed in the school an average of Work thirty boys each year did work in the print shop, th*edegPrSit learning to set type, doing the printing for the Shop. school, getting out The Budget each week, doing much of the printing for the Board of Education and any other odd job that happened to come to them. The boys never solicited work as The Budget never asked or received any advertising from the merchants, except for two special numbers. The boys always found the printers of the city ready and willing to help them learn the elements of the trade. Mr. S. A. Wagoner frequently rendered valuable assistance to the young printers. It was soon found to be best to have some one with experience to teach the boys each day for an hour or perience to teach the boys each day for an hour or Expenses "^ . -^ of the more. At first a regular printer was employed by the boys. It was not long, however, before some of the boys in the shop became competent to act as foremen. For several years graduates of the school who were attending college served in that capacity and were paid for their ing college served in that capacity and were paid for their time. The profits of the shop were taken to pay for this PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 197 help, which cost on an average about $200 a year. The Board of Education never paid a dollar for the support of this department. The boys took great pleasure and pride in meeting all the expenses incurred. No other activity in the school offers greater advantages for growth and development than do the tages for growth and development than do the print shop and The Budget in the typesetting Printing room and press room, on the editorial stafif and in the circulation department, in purchasing supplies and keeping accounts. These furnish the best of work for the brain, ing accounts. These furnish the best of work for the brain, the hand and the eye, and call for a large exercise of judgment and common sense. A thousand dollars a year is ment and common sense. A thousand dollars a year is made and expended by the students in this department, a report of which is annually made to the Board of Education. It is a bit of real life in school work -- something in which the education of to-day is woefully deficient. The Gregg Shorthand Club was organized in 1906. Members of the advanced class in shorthand are Greg:g eligible to this Club. Its object was to develop shorthand * t r # # , r , Club. special proficiency in the art of stenography, to contribute something from time to time to the permanent interests of the school and to provide social entertainment for its members. It did a great amount of work in getting out the outlines and examination questions for the school, and its income from doing outside work at times was considerable. It made valuable contributions to the decoration siderable. It made valuable contributions to the decoration of the building, but its most notable work was the publication, in 1907, of a History of the Galesburg High School. tion, in 1907, of a History of the Galesburg High School. This history, consisting of eighty-six pages, was prepared and financed entirely by this Club. The first History of the High School was printed in 1899. It was published by Roy Livingston Piatt, a stuJ * 1 tiT "* *< <* The First J * 1 tiT "* *< <* The First dent in the school. It was his own idea and he History had the ability and energy to carry it out, doing High the work and assuming all the financial responsi198 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 198 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS bility. It was a great undertaking for a boy in his teens, but the result was a book of seventy-four pages that reflected great credit on the school as well as on the author. Der Kaiser Wilhelm Verein, a German Club, was organGerman ^^^^ ^" 1909. Its object was to make its members German ^^^^ ^" 1909. Its object was to make its members Club. more capable of conversing in German and to learn something about the country of Germany itself. Its meetings were held once a month at the home of the teacher of German, Miss Bess Henry, and the programs included games, songs and conversation in German. The membership of the Club was limited to students doing the second ship of the Club was limited to students doing the second year work in German. On special occasions such as Hallowe'en and Christmas time, the Club gave entertainments lowe'en and Christmas time, the Club gave entertainments in the gymnasium. While music was never taught in the High School yet after Mr. Frank D. Thomson became Principal in Musical - . , organiza- 1895, the pupils wcrc cucouraged in many ways to improve their musical talents. The first musical organization was a band composed of seventeen boys. Each boy furnished his own instrument and bought his own music. Two of the teachers, Mr. Frank D. Thomson and his brother, Presson, gave their services and instructed the boys one or two evenings a week. This was in 1897, and so well did the boys do that this band furnished the music for the graduating exercises of 1898, Later several of the boys were able to play with credit in similar organizations in the city. The morning exercises in the study hall and the entertainments given by the public speaking department, tertainments given by the public speaking department, created a demand for music and offered an excellent opportunity for its development. All that was needed was en- tunity for its development. All that was needed was encouragement and direction, which Mr. Thomson was most couragement and direction, which Mr. Thomson was most able and willing to give. The result was that there were always some musical organizations in the school, generally an orchestra of from ten to twenty pieces, and a girls' glee club and a boys' glee club of from ten to thirty voices each. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 199 Twice a band was organized and in each case it was a success and was the pride of the school. There is no difficulty cess and was the pride of the school. There is no difficulty in having music in a school provided some of the teachers are able and willing to direct it. While there were the usual athletic organizations in the school, they never came into prominence or . .... Athletic achieved any special distinction. The atmosphere orsanizaof the school was not conducive to their develop- of the school was not conducive to their development any more than it was to the organization of fraterni- ment any more than it was to the organization of fraternities and sororities -- two institutions which, by the way, ties and sororities -- two institutions which, by the way, were never heard of in the Galesburg High School. The students were too much occupied in the manual training department, the print shop and in other groups working along partment, the print shop and in other groups working along literary lines to become enthusiastic over athletics or social functions -- and one of the necessary elements of success in any school enterprise is enthusiasm. There is nothing more important in education than physical training, such as is given in the grades where all take part in it and none pursue it to exhaustion. The school was a member of the Mil- sue it to exhaustion. The school was a member of the Military Tract Athletic Association for sixteen years, and in itary Tract Athletic Association for sixteen years, and in that time it took first place once and second place once. In the Big Eight Association it took first place twice. There were no men teaching in the High School previous to 1895. In that year when Mrs. Mary E. Gettemy j^^^^ who had been the efficient Principal for twenty Teachers. years, asked to be relieved of the responsibility of the principalship, Mr. Frank D. Thomson was made Principal. At cipalship, Mr. Frank D. Thomson was made Principal. At the same time it was decided by the Board that the teaching force in the future should be, as far as possible, com- ing force in the future should be, as far as possible, composed equally of men and women. There was no thought of posed equally of men and women. There was no thought of making any reflection on either sex in this action. That is the composition of the home, and the normal home is a good model for the school in most respects. This policy was followed in practice with good results. In 1910 there were lowed in practice with good results. In 1910 there were sixteen women and eleven men in the corps of teachers. 200 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Special attention was given to those pupils who for any reason and at any time found their work difficult. Individ- , ,. uai In- It was a pronounced policy of the school to allow uai In- It was a pronounced policy of the school to allow no one to fail if it were possible to prevent it. it was considered a mark of superior teaching to hold a pupil in school rather than to allow him to drop out, to get him finally through his work rather than to have him fail in the end. The program was so arranged that each teacher had at least one period a day that was devoted to giving individual help to such as needed it. It was made impossible vidual help to such as needed it. It was made impossible for a pupil to lay the cause of his failure on any one but himself. This helping period no doubt saved many a pupil, and self. This helping period no doubt saved many a pupil, and it brought about a relation between the teachers and pupils that was conducive to a proper school spirit. The study hall plan was one of the important features of the school. In place of many class rooms there HaiiPikn^ was onc study hall that was large enough to accommodate every pupil with a seat and desk. commodate every pupil with a seat and desk. There all the pupils assembled twice a day, at the opening of each session; there they went to prepare their lessons when they were not reciting. These daily assemblies gave the Principal an opportunity, such as the head of every institution should have, to direct and mold the sentiment of stitution should have, to direct and mold the sentiment of the students by saying the right word at the right time and in the right way. When a contest or an entertainment was about to take place a mass meeting was frequently held at the close of the morning exercises. At these meetings some of the students would address the school in the interests of the coming event, and a student or a teacher would lead in the school yells which would be given by the entire body with the same feeling of propriety with which they had joined in the morning devotionals. Some of the most interesting treats the school enjoyed were the opening exercises esting treats the school enjoyed were the opening exercises which were conducted by the "Lincolns" or the "Lizzies." There were generally two of these each year, and some of MRS. SARA M. McCALL 1869-76 A. W. WILLIS 1909MRS. MARY E. GETTEMY MRS. MARY E. GETTEMY ia76-95 I'RINCII'ALS OF Tin-: IIKIII SCHOOL PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 201 them were models of keen wit and sparkling humor. These are good examples of the freedom and initiative which were allowed the students and which were never abused. This close association of the student body also called forth and inspired the musical and literary talents of the pupils. The study hall plan is a great means of unifying the student body and creating an esprit de corps that is invaluable to a school. The object of the school was to make it a place where every one, no matter what type of mind he might have, would find something that appealed to him for the Growth and mto which he could throw his energies and of the deg School. thus discover what manner of person he was. An education that does not reveal to one his special gift is, to say the least, of questionable value. The growth of the High School in this period was phenomenal, amounting to five hundred and fifty-five per cent, while the grades and the population increased but sixty-two per cent. The cause of this growth was frequently the subject of discussion. Different reasons were assigned for it by different persons. To attribute it to any one cause would be to make a striking exhibition of narrowness. The broadened curriculum, with its manual training, domestic science, department of public speaking and commercial branches, such as bookkeeping, stenography, typewriting, etc., the elective system, the study hall plan, the helping periods and the student enterprises, such as debating clubs, print shop. The Budget, dramatic club, literary contests, musical organizations, and the remarkable school spirit with its loyalty and enthusiasm permeating every school activity -- each of these contributed a part, some more than others. But all of these combined would have fallen short of the success attained had it not been for the character and person- cess attained had it not been for the character and personality of the man at the head for fourteen years, Mr. Frank ality of the man at the head for fourteen years, Mr. Frank D. Thomson. 202 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS The high school holds the significant place in the educational institutions of this country. A good high tional institutions of this country. A good high nifl^nt' school in a community, that is, a high school doing of"the good work and whose attendance approximates ^hooL ^^^ proportion of the school population, is conclusive evidence that the elementary schools in clusive evidence that the elementary schools in that community are in good condition ; for it is from these schools that all the material of the high school comes as, on the other hand, the high school now supplies the colleges and universities with their students. For this reason a board of education should never hesitate to expend on its high school whatever money is needed to make it the very best, provided always that the attendance approximates its proportion of the school population of the district. If the time and money now expended by teachers of the high school and those who are directly responsible for its management in gaining a knowledge of college requirements agement in gaining a knowledge of college requirements and in adapting their work to these requirements, were given to a first hand study of the conditions and problems that the elementary schools must meet and to a like study of the industrial and social conditions of the community, it would be better for the interests of education because the relations of the high school to these institutions and conditions are vital. The measure of the vital relation of the high tions are vital. The measure of the vital relation of the high school to the college and university is the proportionate number of its students who enter these institutions. The number of such students has greatly increased within recent years and it will continue to increase as the high school grows, but the ratio of those entering the college or university to those attending the high school is small and will versity to those attending the high school is small and will become less as the high school develops in efficiency -- efficiency that meets the needs of the people. For this reason ciency that meets the needs of the people. For this reason the high school of the future, as well as of the present, should make the social and economic conditions of the community its great subject of study rather than the require- munity its great subject of study rather than the requirements of the college and university. ments of the college and university. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 203 13. THE ELECTIVE SYSTEM. All the studies in the Galesburg High School were made elective in 1895. As this was the first high school r . . AU studto recognize and adopt the elective principle in its i"8 Made to recognize and adopt the elective principle in its i"8 Made curriculum and as practically all high schools later adopted it to some extent at least, it may be worth while to give a few of the reasons that led to this radical departure from the traditions of the past. A careful record which had been kept of the previous five years showed that forty per cent of those en. . Reasons . . Reasons tering the school dropped out during the first year, tor MakOf this number over one-half left school because studies Of this number over one-half left school because studies Elective. they were failing to do the work in some subject. They knew that failure in any subject meant that they could never receive a diploma from the school. Yet failure in any subject, important though it might be, did not seem to be a sufficient reason for discouraging a pupil in his effort to get an education. A wise parent would not treat his own child in that way. For this very reason he would make all the more eflfort to find some other line of work that the child could follow advantageously. A school should treat its pupils as a wise parent does his child. It was thought by the Board that nothing could be more absurd than to think of education as consisting of a knowledge of certain subjects, unless it might be to insist on giving all types of mind the same training. It was certainly a recognition of these two absurdities when the high schools first divided their curriculum into two or more courses of study. If no pupil took riculum into two or more courses of study. If no pupil took all the subjects taught in the school, why not allow him to choose those that appealed to him, those that enlisted his interest and for which he was naturally equipped? There was certainly nothing sacred in the different courses of study, either as to subjects taught or in their arrangement, for at that time there were hardly two high schools in the country in which similar courses were composed throughout 204 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS of the same subjects. Neither were the subjects arranged in the same sequence. This was in the days when high schools were not standardized by universities and colleges. In order that the diploma given might not be deceptive, Form of a certain number of credits was assigned to each Diploma * j i Used. subject and, when a required number of these credits was made by the pupil, he was given a diploma in which each subject he had completed, with the number of credits assigned to it, was written. Thus the door to honorable graduation was never closed on the pupil by the orable graduation was never closed on the pupil by the school. No objection was made to this plan in Galesburg by the oppo- teachers, the pupils or the parents, but it was too EiMtive radical a departure from the beaten path to be acstndies. cepted by the profession, even with modifications, stndies. cepted by the profession, even with modifications, without much opposition. The discussion began in 1899, when the Superintendent of the Galesburg Schools read a paper on the subject before the Department of Superintendence of the National Educational Association at Columbus, ence of the National Educational Association at Columbus, Ohio. Within two years following this meeting he was called to present the subject at our State University before its Conference of High Schools, at Chicago University before the Conference of Afifiliated and Accredited Schools, fore the Conference of Afifiliated and Accredited Schools, and before the Illinois State Teachers' Association. A warm discussion, participated in by many, followed the presentation of the subject at each of these meetings. The elective tion of the subject at each of these meetings. The elective plan met strong opposition generally from college men, but it found friends among superintendents and high school men. Under this system a pupil on entering the High School, with the advice of his parents and eighth grade System tcacher, selects the studies he wishes to pursue. Explained. f > the same freedom being given the pupil in the selection of a subject that has always been given him under lection of a subject that has always been given him under the prescribed course system in choosing his entire course. In one case he chooses the course for a term, in the other for PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 205 three or four years. The same freedom allowed at the beginning is granted whenever a subject is completed and an- ginning is granted whenever a subject is completed and another one is to be taken up. The value of each subject is con- other one is to be taken up. The value of each subject is constantly explained and impressed upon the pupil. This stantly explained and impressed upon the pupil. This method affords an opportunity of adapting the work to a pupil as his type of mind is revealed and his capacity is manifested. In less than two years after this system was adopted the school building had to be more than doubled in Effects capacity to accommodate those applying for ad- on Atmission. In this time there was practically no in- mission. In this time there was practically no increase in the enrollment in the grades. crease in the enrollment in the grades. Another matter that brought on the school considerable criticism from the profession was the three-year r 1 -n, # ^r^rs-, , , Criticism course of study. Previous to 1903 there were only of the Threethree years in the course of study. The reason for vear three years in the course of study. The reason for vear 1 * -1 -1 rr- # <-T->t Course. this was Simple and certainly sufficient. The two colleges in the city each had a preparatory department which consisted of three years. Under these circumstances the only practical thing to do was to have the course in the High School three years also. When the two colleges lengthened their preparatory courses to four years, then, in 1903, a fourth year was added to the Latin, or college course, in the High School. At the same time the threeyear course was retained, and it was this fact that caused year course was retained, and it was this fact that caused the criticism to be renewed. No other high school in any city of considerable size in the state had at that time anything but a four-year course. It was claimed by the profes- thing but a four-year course. It was claimed by the profession, especially by the colleges, that such a course was low- sion, especially by the colleges, that such a course was lowering the standard of education. The North Central Asso- ering the standard of education. The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools refused to place ciation of Colleges and Secondary Schools refused to place the Galesburg High School on its accredited list, though no one at that time had asked to have it accredited. By some people much was made of this fact. When their criticism reached the members of the Board of Education and the citizens it naturally had the desired effect on some, and in a izens it naturally had the desired effect on some, and in a 206 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS moment of weakness the three-year course came near to being sacrificed. At that critical time, March, 1910, the mat- ing sacrificed. At that critical time, March, 1910, the matter was taken up with Dr. H. A. Hollister, High School ter was taken up with Dr. H. A. Hollister, High School Visitor of the University of Illinois, who was that year a member of the committee that was to make the report on the schools to be accredited. The following letter was written to him at that time : ten to him at that time : "Galesburg, 111., March 18, 1910. "Mr. H. A. Hollister, High School Visitor, University of Illinois, Champaign, 111. Dear Mr. Hollister: -- Last Monday, largely by chance, I had an informal conference with three members of our Board of Education on the advisability of adding another year to our Three Year tion on the advisability of adding another year to our Three Year Course. They said to me, "If you will make such a recommendation to-night at the Board meeting, it will no doubt be adopted." tion to-night at the Board meeting, it will no doubt be adopted." After talking with the Principal of the High School and some of the teachers who are recognized as very competent and have been connected with the school many years and understand thoroughly its workings, I could not persuade myself to make the recommendation, though I could see the points in its favor. tion, though I could see the points in its favor. I am going to write you quite a long letter in explanation, and give you the situation as it is to-day in our High School. The enrollment for February was 690; of these pupils 240 are doing their first year's work. 192 are doing their second year's work. 135 are doing their third year's work. 123 are doing their fourth year's work. The number who are expecting to graduate this year is 151, and I inclose a tabulation of these which I hope you will examine carefully. fully. You will see that 62 of these have completed the four year course and that 26 of those who will receive a Three Year diploma have been in the school four years. Thus 88 of the class have had the benefit of four years of training in the High School. You will notice that the enrollment of the school by classes shows that there are 123 in the 4th year. Subtracting the 88 who are to graduate, from this number, leaves 35 in the 4th year to be accounted for. Seventeen of these thirty-five graduated last year, receiving a Three PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 207 Year diploma, and returned this year to do the 4th year's work. This leaves 18 in the 4th year who are doing special work and will receive no diploma. I want to call your special attention to the 26 who are graduating as 3rd year students but have been in the school four years. uating as 3rd year students but have been in the school four years. It is the opinion of the teachers that most of these would have dropped out of school two years ago, had there been only a four year course, their parents being, in many cases, unable to send them five years saying nothing about those who could not have been induced to spend that length of time in High School. duced to spend that length of time in High School. My contention is, that, by having one of the courses in the High School a three year course, it holds a large number ©️f pupils in school one to three years longer, these 26 in the present graduating class being one illustration. uating class being one illustration. Our city has, probably, a population of 25,000. Last month the total enrollment of pupils was 3,501, of whom 690, or 19.7 per cent are in the High School. The average for the year will be, and has been for years, 20 per cent. I believe you would find that the attendance at our High School is 50 per cent greater than at other High Schools in cities of approximately our size. That it does not, on the other hand, lower the standard of the school nor work injury to the other pupils by causing them to cut short their course (the form of the two diplomas being such as to indicate exactly what each graduate has done), I submit the record of the present graduating class as evidence. The number of pupils in our High School who complete the four years' work is as great as in other cities the size of Galesburg. The number of three year graduates is, practically, clear gain over other schools. They might be considered as a by-product, as what is done in Galesburg with that which would otherwise be treated as waste. I cannot conceive that the work of the Galesburg High School would not meet with the cordial approval and endorsement, even, of the educators who comprise the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, if these facts were properly presented to them. While a school is doing the work required of secondary schools by this Association and while as many are taking advantage of it as in other cities of like size, its policy cannot be to discourage or limit any work such a school can do for that great number who are destined never to enter a college. This Association, by placing on its accredited list all of our neighboring High tion, by placing on its accredited list all of our neighboring High Schools and leaving off the Galesburg High School, is putting an unmerited stigma upon it and upon the city which has done and is 208 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS doing as much for education as any city of its size within the limits of the Association. Will you kindly bring this matter before the proper committee of the Association and ask them to lift the ban which is mittee of the Association and ask them to lift the ban which is heavy -- as heavy as the influence of the Association? You have my permission to use this letter in any way you may desire. Trusting that this may not only meet with your favor, but that you will be able to present the facts to the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in such a way as to sociation of Colleges and Secondary Schools in such a way as to gain both their approval and endorsement of the Galesburg High School, I am, Yours very truly, W. L. Steele." To the credit of the open-mindedness of the committee and the members of the Association, the Galesburg High School was placed on the accredited list of the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, March tral Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, March 25, 1910. There can be no question that there is a place in the high school for a short course. The length of the course of study in a system of popular education is not so important as the number of those who take full advantage of it ; tant as the number of those who take full advantage of it ; that is basic. When it comes to higher education, that is another and a different question, a fact the failure to recognize which has caused the development of a system of pop- nize which has caused the development of a system of popular education in many respects unsuited to the needs of the ular education in many respects unsuited to the needs of the people. It is significant that Chicago placed a two-year course in its high school in 1910 and that St. Louis has done the same. 14. THE BOARD AND ITS EXPERIENCES. Faithfulness, harmony and permanency characterized the membership of the Board of Education in this Board . . - . Members period. The members were faithful in attendmg Faithful. , r , T^ , r- 1 , L the meetmgs of the Board. Seldom was a member absent when he was in the city and not confined to his home by illness. In twenty-six years there was only one regular meeting at which there was not a quorum present, and that ^ W. 5. PURII'JGTO U F. WERTMAN R O AHLENIUS S. S # #JOB BOARD ()1- KDrCATION At close of the Ilalf-Centiiry, June 1-^, T.ill. PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 209 was the August meeting of 1907. In addition to the regular committee work, it was a custom of the Board as a body to inspect annually all the buildings at the close of the school year and to decide at such times what repairs and improvements should be made on each. In this way every member ments should be made on each. In this way every member had a personal knowledge of the conditions of the different buildings. As each member is, by the rules of the Board, constituted a local committee to have charge of the buildings in his ward, this information was particularly valuable. ings in his ward, this information was particularly valuable. It was the custom of the Board not to act on any important matter until all the members could concur portant matter until all the members could concur 1 * TWT 1 1 . r * Harmony in the action. No member ever thought of getting in the a measure through the Board by a bare majority vote. In the work of the committees the same was true. If any member of the Teachers' Committee for example, objected to the appointment of an applicant, that person would jected to the appointment of an applicant, that person would not be appointed. As a result there were never any factions in the Board and every member, realizing the consideration given his vote, exercised the greatest care in forming his opinion. This state of harmony could not have prevailed had the members been elected by factions, political and otherwise, that are found in every city, or had they sought the erwise, that are found in every city, or had they sought the office for personal reasons. Propositions that were right and wise would naturally under such conditions get a favorable hearing. able hearing. Faithfulness and harmony made the membership of the Board very properly permanent. In these twenty- pem,^. six years there were only twenty-seven different "heBoa'd members. Four persons served as directors from Members, the First Ward: Mr. S. J. Parry, two years; Hon. O. F. Price, seven years; Miss M. Evelyn Strong, eight years; and Mrs. G. W. Thompson, nine years. Six served from the Second Ward: Mr. C. C. Merrill, fifteen years; Mr. L. N. Thompson, three years; Mr. J. C. Tunnicliff, one year; Mr. J. W. Hammond, three months; Mr. Charles E. Johnson, five years; and Mr. W. S. Purington, two years. Three 210 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS served from the Third Ward : Mr. N. C. Woods, four years ; Mr. G. A. Murdoch, seven years; and Mr. L. F. Wertman, fifteen years. Four served from the Fourth Ward : Mr. G. L. Arnold, one year; Mr. F. S. Bartlett, nine years; Mr. J. W. Hammond, twelve years; and Mr. R. O. Ahlenius, four years. Four served from the Fifth Ward : M. D. Cooke, Esq., four years; Hon. F. F. Cooke, two years; Mr. C. E. Switzer, four years; and Mrs. H. W. Read, sixteen years. The Sixth Ward had but one director in these twenty-six years, Mr. L. T. Stone. Four served from the Seventh Ward: Mr. S. B. Inman, twelve years; Mr. Charles Van Brunt, eight years; Mr. W. A. Marshall, two years; and Mr. J. J. Berry, four years. Of these members Mr. Parry had served eight years in the previous period; Mr. Murdoch, six years; Mr. Arnold, eleven years; Mr. Cooke, nine years; and Mr. Stone, seven years. To Mr. Stone belongs the distinguished honor of having served on the Board of Educa- tinguished honor of having served on the Board of Education longer than any other citizen -- thirty-three consecutive tion longer than any other citizen -- thirty-three consecutive years. In June, 1911, he was elected for the twelfth term. Miss M. Evelyn Strong, of the First Ward, was the first womeo woman to be elected a member of the Board of Board of Educatiou. This was in Tune, 1894. The following Kduca- . tion. year Mrs. Henry W. Read, of the Fifth Ward, was elected a member. When Miss Strong resigned in May, 1902, Mrs. G. W. Thompson was elected as her successor. These three ladies demonstrated thoroughly that a woman can render valuable service on a board of education. During this period, no members of the Board who were candidates for re-election were defeated except in How Changes one year, and yet there was on an average one new cient member each year, owing to resignation, removal Boards . , , ^, * , * i Should from the city, or death. This was making changes be Made. . , . , . , in the right way and they were frequent enough. The success of a commercial enterprise, or of any institution, is endangered whenever a change in the governing tion, is endangered whenever a change in the governing body is brought about through strife and contest. This is PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 211 just as true of a school system. The somewhat prevalent idea that a community does not have an interest in its schools unless it holds exciting elections and changes the members of the Board frequently, is a mistaken and dangerous one. It means that something is wrong somewhere, and ous one. It means that something is wrong somewhere, and the result must be a board governed by factions which paralyze its efficiency. When a board of education is efficient alyze its efficiency. When a board of education is efficient the voters show their wisdom by continuing its members. Changes will come as they have in Galesburg in this period frequently enough from other causes. The exception referred to, when two members of the Board were defeated for re-election, occurred in 1894. The cause of it was the A. P. A. movement ^Xaf^ that was then sweeping the country. These mem- ^ y**^ bers were defeated by a vote of 1,718 to 1,066, the Pio|*deg''*" largest ever polled at a school election in the city. This was the first time the women took an active part in the school election. Strange as it may seem the policy of the Board continued without opposition, practically unchanged after the election. The few Catholic teachers in the school were not disturbed. This was no doubt due to their superior fitness for the positions they held. ior fitness for the positions they held. 15. THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. When the Galesburg Public Schools closed for the year on June 2, 1911, they completed the first half century of their history. This event was celebrated by the grades, the High School and the alumni, A field day, in which all the grades and practically all the pupils participated, was held on Willard Field on the afternoon of May 26th, under the direction lard Field on the afternoon of May 26th, under the direction of Miss Soflena Mathis, the director of physical training in the schools. The girls in the first and second grades were costumed as "sunbonnet babies" and the boys in the same grades as "overall boys." The boys and girls of the third grade were dressed as Indians. The girls of the fourth and fifth grades wore "middy suits" with blue collars and white 212 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS hair ribbons. The girls of the sixth grade were dressed in white and carried garlands of pink and white flowers, while the girls in the seventh and eighth grades wore peasant costumes. Fifty high school girls were dressed as Highland lassies. The boys above the third grade wore white blouses. When these children, more than twenty-five hundred in number, thus costumed entered Willard Field PSTents of the Field from the west eight abreast led by a band playing "Marching Through Georgia," and marched with a rhythm and swing one would think impossible for children, across the center of the field to the place where Miss Mathis was standing and, dividing, countermarched to the rear, it was a sight more beautiful than any which Galesburg had ever seen. It was witnessed by a crowd estimated at seven thousand. Then followed in rapid succession the games of the sunbonnet babies and overall boys divided into six groups; the Indians in their camps with their dances and yells; the exercises with dumb-bells, wands and Indian clubs, some four to five hundred taking part in each under a leader from their own number; the maypole dance around six giant poles, by the girls of the sixth and seventh grades ; the folk dances by the girls of the eighth grade, some two hundred of them ; and the highland fling by the girls of the High School. Each ward had a booth at which were sold refreshments, souvenirs and toys of the noise making variety. These booths which were conducted by the ladies of riety. These booths which were conducted by the ladies of the wards, yielded a good profit. This event would have been impossible had not the parents, the mothers in particular, united most heart- ents, the mothers in particular, united most heartcrven*"*^* ily with the teachers and the pupils in preparing crven*"*^* ily with the teachers and the pupils in preparing PatVoDB ^^^ ^^' ^^ involved a great amount of labor and ^h^iB. considerable expense. Mrs. Anna Chappell Gunnell was the one who organized the parents and nell was the one who organized the parents and she worked through the women's clubs of the city. She succeeded in enlisting in each ward literally scores of women from all the walks of life, who most generously and PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 213 enthusiastically gave their time, talents and energies to the work. Mrs. Gunnell also rendered the teachers invaluable services by meeting with them many times and giving them the benefit of her knowledge and experience in planning such a feat; she is a rare artist in any work of that character. acter. The net proceeds of this field day were to be used for equipping public playgrounds with apparatus. A organizaPublic Playgrounds Association was accordingly "{'"y"' Public Playgrounds Association was accordingly "{'"y"' organized. Mr. W. J. Hayward was elected Pres- AssoAaident; Mrs. O. C. Gordon, Vice-President; Mrs. """* ident; Mrs. O. C. Gordon, Vice-President; Mrs. """* J. C. Toler, Secretary, and Mr. Charles E. Johnson, Treasurer. The net proceeds, amounting to something near one urer. The net proceeds, amounting to something near one thousand dollars, were turned over to this Association. The High School this year dedicated its annual, The Reflector, to the Alumni Association and devoted ^^^ many of its pages to giving a history of the school i^efle**®️'with its student organizations. The Reflector is a volume with its student organizations. The Reflector is a volume of a hundred pages or more issued annually by the students. It requires no little amount of literary talent as well as business ability to conduct its publication. The issue of 1911 iness ability to conduct its publication. The issue of 1911 was Volume V. The exercises connected with the Semi-Centennial Anniversary were brought to a close with a banquet by Aiumni versary were brought to a close with a banquet by Aiumni the Alumni Association held on the evening of Banquet. June 2nd, in the Galesburg Club. Two hundred and fiftyseven were seated at the tables, among whom were many of seven were seated at the tables, among whom were many of the earlier graduates. All the industries and professions were represented by them. After the different courses of the banquet were served, the President of the Association, Lyman P. Wilson, Esq., introduced as the Toastmaster of the evening, Hon. Wilfred Arnold, who, after making some introductory remarks, announced the following toasts and introduced the speakers in the happy and humorous way for which he is noted : 214 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS PROGRAM "Most welcome! Be sprightly, for ye fall among friends." Business Meeting "To thee and thy company I bid a hearty welcome." Pres. Lyman P. Wilson "The office of President is not a Httle honorable, but jointly therewith tedious and burdensome" - - - Robert Ryan Piano Solo - - - Helen Adams Toastmaster ------- Wilfred Arnold "He had a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute." "Whose words all ears took captive" - - - Mrs. H. W. Read "What's to come is still unsure" - - - - E. T. S. Mason "Let the sky rain potatoes" R. O. Ahlenius Vocal Solo ------- Winifred Johnston "A chiel's amang ye takin' notes and, faith, he'll prent it." Robert Switzer "Physicians mend or end us" - - - - Dr. John Bartlett "What a pulpit the editor mounts daily" - - - F. R. Jelliff Violin Solo - - - Lulu Hinchliff "With loads of lumber in his head" - - - Willis Terry, Jr. "Tutored in the rudiments of many desperate studies." Miss Alice Bergland "A college joke to cure the dumps" - - - Reuben Erickson "Join we together for the public good in what we can." Supt. W. L. Steele "Gude nicJit, and joy be wi' you a'." 16. SUMMARY. Time and change are natural companions. One would not expect to find anything in the schools, from the buildings to the methods of instruction in the diflferent branches, ings to the methods of instruction in the diflferent branches, remaining unchanged through twenty-six years. Without attempting to enumerate all the changes, those that gave character to the period and that will perhaps remain a perPERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 21S PERIOD OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH: 1885-1911 21S manent part of the schools are here named. While all the buildings save one have been erected, enlarged or remodeled at a cost of approximately four hundred thousand dollars, the High School and the heating plant v^^ere its chief addition to the physical equipment. The installation of sanitary tion to the physical equipment. The installation of sanitary closets in place of the unhealthful and demoralizing outhouses, mechanical ventilation, automatic temperature con- houses, mechanical ventilation, automatic temperature control, the method of admitting light into the schoolrooms, trol, the method of admitting light into the schoolrooms, the drinking fountains and the school nurse, were its contribution to sanitation. No serious attention was paid to tribution to sanitation. No serious attention was paid to sanitation in the schools prior to 1888. The introduction of music, drawing, physical training, manual training and domestic science came in this period; as also supplementary mestic science came in this period; as also supplementary reading, the removal of the fetish of examinations, and the articulation of the schools with the Public Library by means of the Children's Reading Room. During this period also the average monthly enrollment of pupils to a room was reduced from forty-eight in 1885 to forty-one in 1910, or more duced from forty-eight in 1885 to forty-one in 1910, or more than fourteen per cent; the maximum salary in the grades was raised from $55 to $70 per month, or more than twentyseven per cent; and a training school for teachers was es- seven per cent; and a training school for teachers was established. The inauguration of the elective system and the tablished. The inauguration of the elective system and the development of the High School into an institution adapted to the needs of the many who wish to prepare themselves for the manual, mechanical and commercial pursuits of life, as well as to the relatively few who desire to prepare for college, was the most distinctive work of the period. The lege, was the most distinctive work of the period. The Board of Education may not at times have moved as fast as it might have done or have accomplished all it was possible to do; twenty-six years is a long time. It had the satisfaction, however, of always moving forward without ever being tion, however, of always moving forward without ever being halted or reversed by the people ; every step in advance was followed by another; the last building to be erected was always the best. ways the best. 216 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS TAX LEVIES. YEAR OPERATING EXPENSES BUILDING PURPOSES TOTAL $ 22,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 30,000.00 32,000.00 34,500.00 42,500.00 $46,000.00 $16,000.00 62,000.00 38,500.00 18,000.00 56,500.00 48,603.00 14,897.00 63,500.00 42,711.88 30,000.00 72,711.88 48,595.10 9,154.80 57,749.90 50.000.00 12,236.10 62,236.10 54,000.00 15,126.85 69,126.85 52,854.19 19,240.00 72,094.19 61,241.32 14,212.39 75,453.71 56,001.26 25,355.00 81,356.26 64,180.00 25,000.00 89,180.00 65,000.00 12,000.00 77,000.00 63,240.00 30.000.00 93,240.00 65,000.00 30,000.00 95,000.00 68,088.00 26,300.00 94,388.00 71,500.00 26,000.00 97,500.00 86,250.00 18,850.00 105,100.00 90,000.00 54,000.00 144,000.00 Superintendent of Schools CHAPTER V. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS: 1840-6L Note -- This paper was prepared by W. L. Steele, Superintendent of the Galesburg Schools since 1885, at the request of the tendent of the Galesburg Schools since 1885, at the request of the Knox County Historical Society. Mr. Steele read it at a meeting of the Society held in the Board of Education rooms at the Public Library, on the evening of April 14, 1910. At its conclusion the Society extended to Mr. Steele a vote of thanks and requested him to continue the History of the Public Schools of Galesburg down to the present time. -- Republican-Register, April 15, 1910. The history of the public schools of Galesburg is divided into three periods: 1, that covering the regime of the district schools, 2, that of the union graded schools, and 3, that trict schools, 2, that of the union graded schools, and 3, that of the schools under the present charter. Of the first period, that of district schools, no official records can be foundj The first district was organized, probably, in 1840, when the village of Galesburg numbered 272 souls. As the population increased it was subdivided, from time to time, until tion increased it was subdivided, from time to time, until there were eight independent school districts, each having its own board of directors and a little schoolhouse of one department, when in 1858 they were all united into one district, comprising the territory within the present limits of trict, comprising the territory within the present limits of Galesburg and known as the Union Graded School District No. 1, During the nineteen years which this period covers the population of the city had grown to nearly 5,000. A population of 5,000 with only eight schoolrooms, where three ulation of 5,000 with only eight schoolrooms, where three times that number would be required to-day, calls for an explanation which will be given farther on. THE FIRST SCHOOLHOUSE. The first public school building, according to tradition, for there are no records preserved and no account of it was (217) 218 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS committed to print for more than a quarter of a century after the event, was built on the north side of the square, east of Broad street, in 1840. It was soon afterwards moved to the north side of Ferris street, between Broad and Cherry streets. It was constructed in accordance with the ideas of Mr, C. S. Colton, one of the directors, and the very novelty of the plan has preserved it from the common oblivion of the school architecture of that period. The floor was an inclined plane sloping from the rear to the front where the teacher's desk was placed, the object being to have the pupils in full view of the teacher. The pupils who attended that school all remember what a capital place the aisles were to slide down hill, and on this account it has not been forgotten. Mr. Colton, it is said, afterwards regretted that all the ten. Mr. Colton, it is said, afterwards regretted that all the schoolhouses were not built on this plan. It would seat sixty pupils. THE FIRST TEACHER. Mr. Eli Farnham taught the first school in this building in the winter of 1840-41. The school was in session from ing in the winter of 1840-41. The school was in session from four to six months each year; the teacher was generally a college student who was in need of money to complete his education. Prof. George Churchill, when a boy, went to this school in the winter of 1840-41 and taught it in the winter of 1848-49, when he was a sophomore in college. He received a dollar a day and boarded around, sleeping at home. One of his pupils was Miss Mary Allen West. LOCATION OF SCHOOLHOUSES. Some fifteen years ago the writer had several conversations with Professor Churchill in regard to the first public tions with Professor Churchill in regard to the first public schools in Galesburg, with the view of printing the facts iri a school report. The information, though never used, was carefully preserved, and from it he is now able to give, with other interesting facts, the names and the locations of the different school buildings at the time the districts were conPERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 219 PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 219 solidated in 1858. Professor Churchill was one of the three directors of the new district thus formed. They were as follows : Ferris Street School, on the north side of Ferris street, west of Cherry street ; East Main Street School, sometimes called the Brick School, on the southwest corner of Main and Pine streets ; West Main Street School, sometimes known as the Parker School, on the south side of Main street, just east of Walnut avenue; Simmons Street School, known for a time as the Blanchard School, on the north side of Simmons street east of Academy street; Tompkins Street School, where the First Baptist Church now stands; Monmouth Street School at the junction of Monmouth and Brooks streets ; Chambers Street School, known as the Depot School on First street just west of Chambers street; pot School on First street just west of Chambers street; Kellogg Street School, on the southwest corner of Kellogg and Losey streets. COUNTY RECORDS. If the future historian of the public schools of Galesburg goes to the county records for his information con- burg goes to the county records for his information concerning the first schools, he will be mystified and misinform- cerning the first schools, he will be mystified and misinformed. He will find that the first conveyance was made by ed. He will find that the first conveyance was made by Knox College in 1850 to school district No. 8, for $50. This was for the Ferris Street School, and ten years after it was organized. The next deed was by F. H. Pond in 1853 to school district No. 1, for $300. This was the Tompkins Street School. The next school site deeded was in 1854, to school district No. 11, which was the Simmons Street School. The deed was made by J. P. Frost and the consideration was $450. The West Main Street School secured its site from Elisha Hurd in 1855 as school district No. 9, for $200. The land for the Monmouth Street School was purchased from Phoebe A. Holton in 1858, as school district No. 1, for $200. The site of the East Main Street School was not bought till 1867, and then by the Board of Education from 220 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Bethany Mitchell, for $75. The land on which the Depot School stood was purchased by the Board of Education in 1863, from Knox College, for $150. The Kellogg-, or Losey Street School, did not get its deed till 1868. It, too, was made to the Board of Education by Z. P. McMillen, for $850. Amnon Gaston, as early as 1849, made a deed to James Grant, non Gaston, as early as 1849, made a deed to James Grant, James H. Noteware and W. Selden Gale, as trustees, for school district No. 1, consideration $114, but there is no description of the property deeded further than the township. There is other evidence on the record, sufficient per- ship. There is other evidence on the record, sufficient perhaps to warrant one in saying that the deed was for the se- haps to warrant one in saying that the deed was for the second four rods south of Simmons street on Broad street, cond four rods south of Simmons street on Broad street, where the Churchill School now stands. A schoolhouse was probably there in an early day. The Board of Education, however, purchased twelve rods square on this corner tion, however, purchased twelve rods square on this corner at a much later date, from Timothy Moshier for $2,000, he having obtained it, apparently, by a tax title. So far as showing when the first schools were established in Galesburg, these records are entirely misleading as to dates and burg, these records are entirely misleading as to dates and thoroughly mystifying as to the numbering of the school districts. All this may be of no interest or value as school history, but it is an excellent illustration of how unerringly one may be, sometimes, conducted to the truth by the process of original research, about which we hear so much and cess of original research, about which we hear so much and by which so many of our cherished beliefs and ideals are being shattered. It is interesting to note in passing, that there is not a school building located to-day where one stood in 1860, when Galesburg was a city of 5,000 people -- only fifty years ago and the population one-fifth as large as now. POVERTY OF THE DISTRICTS. Comparing the dates of the purchase of the different school sites, with the years when it is certainly known schools were conducted on these premises, it is evident that the first schoolhouses were "squatters" -- the town being too poor to own the land on which they stood. The buildings PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 221 themselves gave evidence of their poverty. The Galesburg Free Democrat, in its issue of November 13, 1856, says editorially, "Our present school pens should be sold for coal torially, "Our present school pens should be sold for coal houses." These conditions can easily be accounted for. The people of Illinois did not believe in common schools at that date; there was no free school law in Illinois till 1855, nineteen years after the settlement of the Galesburg colony. It teen years after the settlement of the Galesburg colony. It is true, a free school law was enacted by the legislature in 1825. SCHOOL LAWS OF 1825. This law provided that common schools should be established free and open to every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The legal tween the ages of five and twenty-one years. The legal voters were empowered at the annual meeting to levy a tax of one-half of one per cent, subject to a maximum limitation of $10 to any one person. An appropriation was made by the state of $2 out of every $100 received into the treasury. This, together with the interest on the state common school fund which consisted of three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands, two townships donated for founding and maintaining a seminary of learning, and the surplus revenue of the United States distributed by act of Congress in 1837, made possible quite a complete system of public schools. To this must be added, of course, the income from the 16th section of every township -- the most come from the 16th section of every township -- the most munificent donation ever made to public education by a government. This came from Congress in compliance with the Ordinance of 1787, which enjoined that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." But the law was so amended in 1827 as virtually to nullify it by providing that no person should be taxed for the maintenance viding that no person should be taxed for the maintenance of any school unless his consent was first obtained in writing, and the continuance of the state appropriation of $2 out ing, and the continuance of the state appropriation of $2 out of every $100 received into the treasury, being its very life, was denied. In 1845 even the interest on the state fund was 222 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS suspended, owing to the embarrassed condition of the finances -- this state, like many others, having stopped paying in- ces -- this state, like many others, having stopped paying interest on her public debt. From this date, 1827, to 1855, terest on her public debt. From this date, 1827, to 1855, there were repeated amendments, and revisions of the school law by the legislature, but they had no eflfect upon the schools, for they all wanted the vital principle of the taxing power. As late as 1852 the total local tax for school ing power. As late as 1852 the total local tax for school purposes in the whole state of Illinois amounted to only fifty-one thousand dollars. The school law remained a dead letter for twenty-eight years ; and it was during this period that the Galesburg colony was founded and grew to have a population of three thousand. Under these conditions it is no wonder that the schoolhouses of Galesburg were but little better than coal houses and that in only three cases did the town own the land on which they stood. THE SCHOOL SECTION. The income from the 16th section was, practically, all the support upon which the schools could depend till 1855, or rather 1856, when the tax provided by the law of 1855 became available. Thus the 16th section was a matter of great came available. Thus the 16th section was a matter of great importance at that time. Where it was, what disposition was made of it, and how much was realized from it, forms part of the school history of those days ; and it is certainly a matter of interest to us to-day, as we receive annually the income from that portion of this fund which we got when it was divided between Galesburg and the remainder of the township. In an article, "A Brief History of Knox College," prepared by the Rev. Geo. W. Gale in 1845, "for the double pur- pared by the Rev. Geo. W. Gale in 1845, "for the double purpose of public information and a document of reference," he pose of public information and a document of reference," he says, "The school section (640 acres) given by the government for primary schools, fell near the town, and has yield- ment for primary schools, fell near the town, and has yielded a permanent fund of $7,000, the interest of which with ed a permanent fund of $7,000, the interest of which with the annual state appropriations, nearly furnishes gratuitous instruction to every child in the township. Some two hunPERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 223 PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 223 dred children now profit by this fund." This was written nine years from the founding of the colony. The greater part of the school section lies within the city limits. Main street, west from Henderson street to Linwood Cemetery, is its north boundary ; and Henderson wood Cemetery, is its north boundary ; and Henderson street, south from Main street to Fifth street, is its east boundary. Among the old books in the office of the county superintendent of schools was discovered, by rare chance, a book in which the school commissioner of Knox county, Wm. McMurtry, had carefully kept the records of those days. In it is a complete record of the disposition of Sec. 16, R. 11 N., 1 E. of the 4th P. M. ; and here may be found a plat of the section as made by the five trustees : Leonard Chappel, Chauncey S. Colton, James Bunce, Isaiah Smelser and Nehemiah H. Losey. Each lot is numbered, the appraisement given, the price for which it was sold indicated, praisement given, the price for which it was sold indicated, and the name of the original purchaser written down. AMOUNT REALIZED FROM SCHOOL SECTION. The section is divided into 28 ten-acre lots and 18 twenty-acre lots. The first 16 ten-acre lots front on Main street, each being 20 rods east and west and 80 rods north and south ; the other 12 ten-acre lots face on Henderson street, each being 20 rods north and south and 80 rods east and west. The 18 twenty-acre lots are 40 rods east and west and 80 rods north and south, with two exceptions. The greater number of these lots were sold on March 4, 1839, the last two being disposed of May 11, 1848. The tenacre lots sold for from $7.50 to $16.90 per acre, and the twen- acre lots sold for from $7.50 to $16.90 per acre, and the twenty-acre lots for from $3.50 to $11 per acre. The sale of all the ty-acre lots for from $3.50 to $11 per acre. The sale of all the lots amounted to $5,660.50-- not $7,000, as stated by Rev. George W. Gale, in 1845. When this fund was divided between the city and the township, there is no record of the tween the city and the township, there is no record of the amount that came to the city. Whatever that amount was, the Board of Education has to-day $5,133.55 which is this 224 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS fund plus $221.20, Galesburg's share of the county fund that was distributed in 1908 by the county superintendent. INCOME FROM TOWNSHIP FUND. The records of those days show that school funds were loaned at ten per cent. Thus the net income from the township fund would be about $550 annually. This was practi- ship fund would be about $550 annually. This was practically the amount of available funds for school purposes cally the amount of available funds for school purposes from 1839 to 1855. The population of the township in 1840, including the village of Galesburg, was 516, and in 1855 the population of the village alone was 2,916. During these fifteen years the public schools of the village and township of teen years the public schools of the village and township of Galesburg, with a population never less than 500 and reaching 4,000, had for their support but little more than $500 a ing 4,000, had for their support but little more than $500 a year -- not enough to provide for more than two schools where there should have been from three to twenty. That the public school accommodations were entirely inadequate and miserably poor in Galesburg prior to 1855, is no reflection on the intelligence or public spirit of the good people tion on the intelligence or public spirit of the good people of that time. After this date, however, when the present free school law was enacted, one would naturally expect to find in this community good schools with sufficient accommodations. It would require some temerity in one, if the evi- modations. It would require some temerity in one, if the evidence could not be produced, to intimate to-day that there dence could not be produced, to intimate to-day that there ever was a time in the history of Galesburg when public education was not in favor, when the public school was looked upon at least with indifference, if not with positive hostility; but such is the fact, judging from the local and state press of the times. PUBLIC INDIFFERENCE TO SCHOOLS. There is a complete file of the Galesburg Free Democrat from January 5, 1854, to September 28, 1860, excepting crat from January 5, 1854, to September 28, 1860, excepting the first eight months of 1858, in the Knox College Library. A careful examination of these files reveals a deplorable want of interest in public education. In the issue of JanuPERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 225 PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 225 ary 1, 1857, is an article signed by "E. S. W." (E. S. Willcox, Professor of Modern Languages in Knox College), in cox, Professor of Modern Languages in Knox College), in which he advocates forming union graded schools and pronounces the present schools inefficient, worse than useless nounces the present schools inefficient, worse than useless -- a shame to the community. In the issue of April 13, 1859, is an article signed "Tax-Payer" in which the writer says, "I believe I may safely assert that there is not another town in the State of Illinois having as large a population as Galesburg, that has done so little, directly, for the improvement of its common schools." In an editorial of September ment of its common schools." In an editorial of September 3, 1859, appears the following: "The fair name of the 'College City' is being tarnished by our shameful negligence of lege City' is being tarnished by our shameful negligence of the interests of our common schools. While we rejoice in the higher educational facilities afforded by our colleges and seminaries, let us no longer disgrace ourselves by neglecting the masses in our midst, whose right training is more intimately connected with our future prosperity than that of mately connected with our future prosperity than that of any other class." In an article on Union Graded Schools by Professor Churchill, November 20, 1856, is this sentence: "A schoolhouse could be built which instead of being a burning disgrace to us would be our brightest glory." He must then have had a vision of that schoolhouse which was built ten years later and which to-day bears his name. JOHN F. EBERHART. In the Editor's Table of the Illinois Teacher, February 27, 1857, is an article on Galesburg by John F. Eberhart, one of the distinguished educational pioneers of Illinois, a promoter of the union graded school system, in which may be moter of the union graded school system, in which may be found the following: "Galesburg is a pleasant city, and has already acquired a merited fame for literary enterprise. Lombard University, Knox Male and Female Colleges -- all school buildings nearly completed -- are institutions of a high grade, and throw a halo of light about the place. The citizens are generally intelligent and kind, and probably think less of money and more of mind than is customary for 226 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS a western city. However, amid all their aspirations for the formation of an intelligent community and the full development of true man and womanhood, one very important feat- ment of true man and womanhood, one very important feature has, until lately, been overlooked. Their ambition has ure has, until lately, been overlooked. Their ambition has soared above the common schools. The dilapidated condition of the public schools bears a woeful testimony of their tion of the public schools bears a woeful testimony of their neglect. The buildings are poor, the teachers receive poor wages, and the result is that they have poor schools." SIMEON WRIGHT. Simeon Wright, another of our distinguished educational pioneers, as State Agent of the Illinois Teacher, wrote al pioneers, as State Agent of the Illinois Teacher, wrote up Galesburg for the July (1858) issue as follows: 'T am on classic ground. The very atmosphere breathes incense to the goddess of letters and science. The severe elegance of Knox College and fair proportions of Lombard University are the material embodiment of the spirit of the place. Here are the higher institutions of learning just emerging from infancy in all the vigor of a young giantess, and here, also, are eight overshadowed public schools, and until recently there were as many directors." After referring, in complimentary terms, to Professors Churchill, Standish and Will- mentary terms, to Professors Churchill, Standish and Willcox as educators who most fully recognized the dependence cox as educators who most fully recognized the dependence of the college on the common school, he makes this plea for the eight overshadowed public schools. "Would the college raise the standard of scholarship? Raise the standard of elementary education. Would she gain more students? Elevate the common school. Would she extend her influence? Extend sympathy and aid to the common schools. ence? Extend sympathy and aid to the common schools. The more good public schools there are, the more minds will feel the kindling fire and gaze longingly toward the higher hills of science. The college must grow with the growth of popular knowledge. Franklin once said: 'Take care of the dimes ; the dollars will take care of themselves.' Take care of the common schools and the colleges selves.' Take care of the common schools and the colleges will take care of themselves." PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 227 ATTITUDE OF THE COLLEGE. That it was thought necessary to make such a plea as this to college men and to a college community seems strange; for one would naturally think that the common school was the child of the college, but history tells a different story. The two institutions had different origins, with ent story. The two institutions had different origins, with little in common. Governor Berkeley who thanked God that there were no free schools in Virginia and hoped that there would be none for a hundred years to come, contributed to the founding of a college, William and Mary's, and that without any feeling of inconsistency. Happily, with the world's broader vision, all this is changed now, and colleges and universities, especially state universities, for the best of reasons are the friends of the public schools. There were several causes operating to produce this hostility to public schools. In the first place, as Professor Churchill says, "Every man, woman and child came here to build up Knox College. They were more interested in this even than in founding the city. Whenever a child had learned to read, write and spell, and was ready to study arithmetic and grammar, he was entered in the preparatory department of the college. As a rule children entered the academy when they were ten years of age." Under these conditions the people did not feel the need of public schools and naturally enough they regarded them as a competitor to their favorite institution. Professor Churchill was warned time and again by some of the close friends of the college ed time and again by some of the close friends of the college that he was injuring that institution and jeopardizing his own position by his activity in promoting public schools. Their fears were not altogether groundless. The year before the union graded schools were organized, Knox Academy enrolled over 350 students as compared to 60 in the college; the following year the enrollment was less than 150. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. The income from the township fund being inadequate to furnish all the children what in those days was regarded 228 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS as primary education, private schools, or select schools, as they preferred to call themselves, sprang up. Mrs. George A. Tryon, who started such a school in 1856, told the writer that she could recall four others in the village at that time. For twenty years the people had to depend, to a great extent, upon these schools ; they were a power whose inter- tent, upon these schools ; they were a power whose interests were antagonistic to free schools, and that had to be ests were antagonistic to free schools, and that had to be reckoned with when it came to forming the free union graded schools. Even after the districts were united, such was the influence of these select schools and so strong was the feeling in their behalf that, in order to get the children to attend the new schools, it was necessary for the directors to incorporate, as it were, some of these schools into the new system of free public schools. Professor Churchill, who was one of the three directors that organized the union graded schools, is the authority for this statement. Mrs. Tryon had a private school of eighty pupils at that time, and she took fifty of them with her to the old Post Office building, and they were placed, without examination, in the ing, and they were placed, without examination, in the grammar department, of which she was made principal ; an excellent person she was for this position, having had experience in graded schools in Ohio. Private schools of this perience in graded schools in Ohio. Private schools of this type, or better designated as select schools, died hard, the last one not passing away until the late 80's. THE MONEYED INTERESTS. Another source of opposition were the "moneyed men with Herrick & Co. patent fire-proof money safes," as the Free Press of that day called them in discussing this ques- tion. There were, however, some notable exceptions -- Mr. Silas Willard being one. That this class was active and powerful is clearly revealed in that section of the school charter which limits the rate of taxation. There was no tax limit in the free school law of that day, nor was there any limit by statute until 1872; but these men went back twenty-five years to the first free school law, to find a rate. PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 229 The rate named there was one-half of one per cent, the lowest rate that ever found its way into a school law of Illinois, est rate that ever found its way into a school law of Illinois, and it was incorporated in the Galesburg school charter as the limit of taxation for school purposes. The records of later years show that to Dr. J. V. N. Standish belongs the honor of having initiated the movement that increased it to one per cent. JEALOUSY OF THE DISTRICT. The fact that the city was divided into eight separate and independent districts, each with its rights, its interests, its jealousies, was another source of opposition. The reason this opposition alone did not prove to be insurmountable, was due to the poverty of the districts, they not having enough property to quarrel over. CONDITIONS OPPOSED TO FREE SCHOOLS. These were the conditions that caused Galesburg to move slowly in forming a system of public education after the free school law was adopted in 1855 ; and the fact that it was a comparatively old settled community, with three to five thousand inhabitants, with its habits of thought and its local institutions formed and adjusted to a different state of things, would tend to retard any radical change. To satisfy the college, to placate the private schools, to quiet the fears of capital, and to convince the eight districts that the interests of each would be served better by one united district, ests of each would be served better by one united district, was an undertaking of the first magnitude, compared to which any other event in the history of our schools is insignificant. nificant. PROFESSOR CHURCHILL. It is perfectly evident that this movement could never have been successful without a great leader, a man with a vision, broad-minded, progressive, patient, good-natured, forgetful of self, believing profoundly in education, and in closest sympathy with his fellowmen, -- and that man was 230 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS George Churchill. Others, of course, there were who rendered noble service to the cause, but in every step taken to or- ed noble service to the cause, but in every step taken to organize the union graded schools and to secure the pres- ganize the union graded schools and to secure the present charter, he led the way. Professor George Churchill ent charter, he led the way. Professor George Churchill is as truly the founder of the public schools of Galesburg as the Rev. George W. Gale is the founder of the city. When the time comes in the history of Galesburg for erecting monuments to its great characters the first should have carved on it "Rev. George W. Gale, Founder of the City," and the second should bear the name "George Churchill, Founder of the Public Schools." He was endowed by nature and qualified by training for the part he took in this great work. At ten years of age he came with his parents to Galesburg in 1839 -- three years after the first settlers. He attended the first public school taught in Galesburg in the winter of 1840-4L He taught the same school in the winter of 1848-49 when a sophomore in college. After graduating from Knox College, he taught a year in Farmington. He then spent a year in Europe devoting much of his time to the public schools of Germany -- voting much of his time to the public schools of Germany -especially to the Frederick William Gymnasium, a graded especially to the Frederick William Gymnasium, a graded school of four thousand students from seven to seventeen years of age. He said it was here that he first imbibed his enthusiasm for graded public schools. Full of this spirit he returned to Galesburg and took charge of Knox Academy in 1855 -- the very year the free school law was passed. In the winter of this year, he attended the State Teachers' Association at Bloomington. He met Dr. Bateman there and sociation at Bloomington. He met Dr. Bateman there and came home with fresh enthusiasm, and began writing articles for the Galesburg Free Democrat to show the advan- cles for the Galesburg Free Democrat to show the advantages of graded schools and a consolidated district. tages of graded schools and a consolidated district. HENRY BARNARD. In December, 1856, he read a paper on German schools at the State Teachers' Association in Chicago. Henry Barnard, who was present and heard this paper, at once bePERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 231 PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 231 came interested in the young man from Galesburg; and there was no man in this country, engaged in public school work, whose friendship could be so valuable to one in Professor Churchill's position, wrestling with the problem of fessor Churchill's position, wrestling with the problem of organizing and grading a system of schools. Henry Barnard was the pioneer of educational journalism in America, ard was the pioneer of educational journalism in America, and he had done for the schools of Connecticut what Horace Mann did for the schools of Massachusetts -- organized and graded them. Before the sessions of this meeting had adjourned, he promised Professor Churchill to aid him in get- journed, he promised Professor Churchill to aid him in getting men of recognized ability and great experience in or- ting men of recognized ability and great experience in organizing and grading schools, to come to Galesburg and con- ganizing and grading schools, to come to Galesburg and conduct an educational campaign. Before returning home Pro-i duct an educational campaign. Before returning home Pro-i fessor Churchill, on the advice of Professor Barnard, engaged Mr. W. S. Baker, who had been one of Barnard's gaged Mr. W. S. Baker, who had been one of Barnard's lieutenants in Connecticut, for six weeks, agreeing to pay him one hundred dollars and his board. W. S. BAKER. Mr. Baker began his six weeks' campaign in Galesburg in January, 1857. He would go to a school for a half day or more at a time and impart enthusiasm to teacher and pupils. Then he would visit the leading members of the district and explain to them the advantages of consolidation. Afternoon meetings were also held in the old First Church to which came parents and children until the church was filled, and Mr. Baker would address them on the benefits of a union graded school system. Professor Churchill boarded Mr, Baker while in this city and paid half his salary besides. HORACE MANN In the following March Horace Mann, the greatest educator America has produced, a most eloquent and irresisti- cator America has produced, a most eloquent and irresistible speaker, was induced to come to Galesburg and deliver ble speaker, was induced to come to Galesburg and deliver two lectures on free graded schools. These lectures were also delivered in the old First Church, and their result. 232 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS following as they did so closely the work of Mr. Baker, was a complete moral victory of consolidated districts and graded schools, though formal and official action ricts and graded schools, though formal and official action was not taken till May or June of the next year. From a report of these lectures made to the Illinois Teacher by "E. S. W." is taken the following to show that the Galesburg schools for a generation or more were moulded by Horace Mann. He was really the architect of the ed by Horace Mann. He was really the architect of the present Churchill building. " 'Consolidate the districts. On the most conveniently central grounds erect one large building, large enough to accommodate all the pupils of the city, beautiful enough to be an ornament and pride and with the necessary conveniences to make it best possibly adapted to the purposes of instruction. Let it be larger than your present wants, large enough to accommodate prospective wants. If a tax would fall too heavily now, borrow the necessary funds and require those who may hereafter be attracted hither by these educational advantages, to pay their proportion in lifting the debt in the future. Lay out and plant the grounds about the union schoolhouse in the most attractive manner possible. Hire one experienced head teacher, or superintendent, at a salary sufficient to command the best talents. Support him by an efficient corps of mand the best talents. Support him by an efficient corps of lady assistants.' He strongly advocated the erection of but one central edifice, and some of his best applied remarks went to show the advantages, even to young scholars, of walking some little distance to school. As a rule, those pupils who walked a half mile or more were the brightest in their recitations, and on that very account." SILAS WILLARD. There was another remarkable result of these lectures, Mr. Silas Willard, in the prime of life, perhaps the leading merchant of the city, dying at his home of tuberculosis, requested Horace Mann to call on him the morning after his quested Horace Mann to call on him the morning after his second lecture, which he did in company with Professor PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 233 Churchill, At the close of this conference, Mr. Willard said that he would provide in his will thirty thousand dollars for building a union graded school, and he thought he would donate two or three acres of ground on the northwest corner of Main and Chambers streets for the building site. The Galesburg Free Democrat of March 31, 1857, closes an editorial with this sentence : "Silas Willard was buried in the torial with this sentence : "Silas Willard was buried in the old cemetery to-day and was followed to the grave by the largest concourse which ever turned out in Galesburg to honor the dead." Mr. Willard did provide in his will thirty thousand dollars for building a union graded school, but there is no record of the district receiving the money. Even if the city did not get the thirty thousand dollars, his promise had, nevertheless, the effect of stimulating the people to ise had, nevertheless, the effect of stimulating the people to action, for in the Illinois Teacher of April, 1858, is this item : "Meetings of citizens of Galesburg have been held to initiate measures for the establishment of a system of union graded schools in that city, and for obtaining the benefit of the bequest of the late Silas Willard." The school records do show quest of the late Silas Willard." The school records do show that his widow did offer to give the land on the northwest corner of Main and Chambers streets for a building site for the new schoolhouse, but the Board of Education, for reasons not given in the records, purchased instead the lot on sons not given in the records, purchased instead the lot on the southwest corner of Broad and Simmons streets. Why not name the next school building the Silas Willard School? UNION GRADED SCHOOLS ADOPTED. The exact date on which the eight districts were consolidated into one cannot be determined. In a statistical solidated into one cannot be determined. In a statistical paper printed with a Historical Discourse delivered by Rev. Flavel Bascom in the old First Church, July 22, 1866, Mr, J, B. Roberts, then Superintendent of Schools, is represented as saying that these eight districts were united into one ed as saying that these eight districts were united into one in 1856. The fact that this statement was made within ten years of the time when the event was supposed to have occurred, and by a man who had been superintendent of the curred, and by a man who had been superintendent of the 234 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS schools since 1862, would be strongly in favor of its being correct. Mr. Roberts was either incorrectly reported or he erred in giving the date. It could not have been in 1856, for the law providing for union graded schools was not passed until 1857. No record of the event can be found in the local paper, the Galesburg Free Democrat, and its files are complete from January, 1854, to September, 1860, with the ex- plete from January, 1854, to September, 1860, with the exception of the first eight months of 1858. The inference ception of the first eight months of 1858. The inference from this would be that the consolidation took place some time during these eight months, for it is scarcely believable that an event of this interest and importance could occur without being noticed in the local paper. According to the Illinois Teacher, a reliable monthly magazine, having for its Galesburg correspondent "E. S. W." the people of Galesburg were holding meetings in April, 1858, for the purpose of establishing a system of union graded schools ; and in its July issue, 1858, is the statement that eight school districts have recently been united into one. This fixes May or June, 1858, as the time when the union graded school system was officially adopted. It was a very easy matter in those early days for several districts to be consolidated into one, no petitioning nor voting by the people being necessary. The law read, "A major- ing by the people being necessary. The law read, "A majority of the directors of each of two or more districts may con- ity of the directors of each of two or more districts may consolidate such districts and appoint three directors for the solidate such districts and appoint three directors for the union district so formed, who shall be styled 'Directors of Union District No. -- Township No. -- , who shall have all the powers conferred by law upon other school directors." The consolidation became effective upon a written agreement signed by a majority of each of the concurring boards ment signed by a majority of each of the concurring boards and a report of the proceedings delivered to the trustees of the schools, with a map of the new district thus formed. In this way the districts must have been united, but no such record can be found ; and for that matter, so far as it is known, there are no records whatever of the union graded schools in existence to-day. This system came into being in PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 235 May or June, 1858, and ceased to exist June 11, 1861, when the present system was organized. Apparently no attempt was made to grade the schools during the first year of this period. In fact the people did not seem anxious to conduct them according to the new system after it was adopted. There were several provisions in the law that made it undesirable, and they thought the best way to remedy these sirable, and they thought the best way to remedy these would be to secure a school charter from the legislature. THE SCHOOL CHARTER. For this purpose a series of mass meetings was held in the early part of 1858. At one of these meetings a committee of fifteen was appointed to draft a charter to present mittee of fifteen was appointed to draft a charter to present to the legislature. On this committee were Dr. Skinner of Lombard, and Judge Lanphere. Professor Churchill was made chairman of the committee. Judge Lanphere was made chairman of a sub-committee to draw up a charter and present it to the legislature. The bill providing for a special charter to the School District of the City of Galesburg cial charter to the School District of the City of Galesburg met with unexpected opposition at Springfield. OPPOSITION IN THE LEGISLATURE. The Galesburg Free Democrat of February 2, 1859, gives an account of a mass meeting of the citizens held January 31, 1859, in the basement of Dr. Beecher's church, for the purpose of considering the action of the legislature in reference to the proposed charter. A. A. Smith presided and ence to the proposed charter. A. A. Smith presided and Charles Faxon acted as secretary. Mr. M. K. Taylor and O. S. Pitcher were called upon to state the object of the meeting. Mr. Pitcher, who was then city clerk, stated that the legislature had laid the charter on the table and that the object of the meeting was to take steps to have it passed. He said the charter had been prepared nearly a year ago, that it was copied mainly from the Springfield charter, and he then stated its principal provisions. He explained that the objections 236 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS made were chiefly the unlimited nature of the provision for raising money by taxation, and the fact that the ion for raising money by taxation, and the fact that the charter had not been submitted to a vote of the people and that it contained no provision for such submission. The meeting, after some discussion, adjourned until the next evening when these three amendments to the proposed charter were adopted: 1st. The charter shall be submitted to a ter were adopted: 1st. The charter shall be submitted to a vote of the people. 2nd. The Board of Education shall not have power to levy a tax to exceed one-half of one per cent without a direct vote of the people. 3rd. It shall be the duty of the board to provide a school for colored children. THREE AMENDMENTS MADE. It was voted that these amendments be forwarded to our representative at Springfield, with a request to him to incorporate them in the bill and to use his best eflforts to get it corporate them in the bill and to use his best eflforts to get it from the table and to have it passed. It was also voted that Judge Lanphere and S. W. Brown be requested to take the amendments to Springfield and to work for the passage of the bill. That there was great interest manifested in the charter at these meetings is evident from the fact that the Free Democrat reported remarks made by the following men: George Churchill, H. N. Bancroft, C. M. Carr, S. W. Brown, Rev. S. A. Kingsberry, O. S. Pitcher, J. H. Knapp, Dr. A. B. McChesney, Riley Root, Dr. Bunce, R. C. Whit- ney, A. B. Campbell, Dr. M. K. Taylor, D. W. Seider, Mr. Fuller and Mr. Clark. CAUSE OF DELAY AT SPRINGFIELD. Hon. S. W. Brown, who was then mayor of the city, took the amendments to Springfield. He soon learned that letters written by persons in Galesburg objecting to the passage of the bill had been received by Mr. Gowdy, chairman of the Senate committee to which the bill had been re- man of the Senate committee to which the bill had been referred, and that this was the cause of its being laid on the ferred, and that this was the cause of its being laid on the table. Mr. Brown wrote a letter from Springfield fully exSEVENTH WARD SEVENTH WARD The Representatives on the Board of Education from the Seventh Ward since 1870, the year that section of the city was made a separate Ward, excejit II. n. lUirlingham. who served as Director for five months in 1870. PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 237 plaining the situation there, which was not very complimentary to some of the citizens of Galesburg. This letter mentary to some of the citizens of Galesburg. This letter was published in the Galesburg Free Democrat, February 19, 1859. The bill passed the legislature and was approved February 18, 1859. TWO JOKERS IN THE CHARTER. There were two significant provisions inserted in the last section of the charter which were the means of delaying its going into operation for two years and seven months. The first of these provisos was, that the Act shall not take eflFect or be in force without the majority of the legal voters shall decide in its favor; the usual form would have been to require a majority of the votes cast at the election. The sec- quire a majority of the votes cast at the election. The second proviso was, that the election for this purpose must be ond proviso was, that the election for this purpose must be held at such a time and conducted in such a manner as the council of said city may direct. Both of these provisions were innocent looking, and they are customary in such instruments, but each contained a joker, showing the charac- struments, but each contained a joker, showing the character of the opposition, which was composed of men who were ter of the opposition, which was composed of men who were always on the alert and especially skillful -- the "standpatters" of those days, but, as it will be seen, they were fight- ters" of those days, but, as it will be seen, they were fighting for a losing cause. ing for a losing cause. ELECTION DENIED BY COUNCIL. Early in the spring of 1859, the friends of the charter or those, as the Free Democrat puts it, who wanted more than six months of school in a year for the children of the city, appealed to the City Council to submit the adoption of the f^harter to a vote of the people, but it, in its wisdom, refused to call an election for that purpose. SCHOOL DIRECTORS ELECTED. The friends of free graded schools having spent a year, since the consolidation of the districts, in trying to secure a charter that would give more liberal provisions for public 238 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS schools than were contained in the union graded school act, and seeing no hope in the immediate future that the City Council would allow a vote to be taken on the charter, determined to do the best that could be done with the law they had. An election for school directors for School District No. 1, comprising all the schools of the city, was held on rict No. 1, comprising all the schools of the city, was held on the first Monday of September, 1859. This was the regular time for holding school elections in those days. George Churchill, A. B. Campbell and J. H. Knapp were nominated at a called meeting of the citizens held on the Saturday evening before. There were two hundred and fifty votes cast, and these men were elected by a majority of sixtythree votes. three votes. UNION GRADED SCHOOLS ORGANIZED. The Board of Directors went to work immediately to organize a system of graded schools, free to all citizens of Galesburg between five and twenty-one years of age. The schools up to that time had been mixed schools, having the advanced scholars in the same room with those learning their A. B. C's; and the variety of text-books was said to be some less than the number of pupils. The first thing the Board did, was to grade the scholars, according to advancement in studies, into four departments: primary, second- ment in studies, into four departments: primary, secondary, grammar and high school. Many scholars, it was said, ary, grammar and high school. Many scholars, it was said, had been educated in one branch and neglected in others; hence a regular course of study was outlined, and uniform text-books were adopted. UNION GRADED SCHOOLS OPENED. The primary and secondary schools were opened Monday, September 19, 1859, in the eight schoolhouses that had day, September 19, 1859, in the eight schoolhouses that had come to the Board by the consolidation of the districts. There were eight teachers in these schools; 400 pupils were enrolled the first week, and 639 during the year. The advanced departments, grammar and high school, were opened vanced departments, grammar and high school, were opened PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 239 Wednesday, September 28, 1859, in rooms rented by the Board. Three of these rooms were in the old Post Office building on South Broad street, opposite the old First Church. The Board rented three other rooms this year, but where is uncertain; probably two of them were on the northwest corner of the Square, the property of Mr. C. S. Colton, for the advanced departments, and the other perhaps was in an outlying section, for the elementary grades. The number of pupils enrolled during mentary grades. The number of pupils enrolled during the year in the high school department was 60, and in the grammar department, 160, making a total enrollment of 859 for the year, in all departments. The number of teachers was fourteen, and they received $2,197.90 in salaries. The total cost of the schools for the year was $3,176.89. MRS. TRYON PRECEPTRESS. The only reference to employment of these teachers that could be found is the following from the Free Democrat of September 21, 1858: "We are glad to learn that our well known teacher, Mrs. Tryon, has been engaged as Preceptress in the higher department of our union graded schools. ress in the higher department of our union graded schools. Mrs. Tryon has built up a large and flourishing school in the north part of the city, by her own merits as a teacher. She now leaves this to aid in our public schools." Mrs. Tryon was placed at the head of the school in the Post Office build-ing, which was, without doubt, the most advanced depart- ing, which was, without doubt, the most advanced department in the school system, and she was paid $50 per month. ment in the school system, and she was paid $50 per month. SUBJECTS TAUGHT. From a conference the writer had with Mrs. Tryon, some fifteen years ago, and which was written down at the time, the following facts concerning this school are here given. Pupils from all parts of the city were admitted to this school upon examination. Mrs. Tryon took 50 of her own pupils with her, and there were 150 in all. The first or highest room, called "A" grade, was under Mrs. Tryon; 240 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the second room, called "B" grade, was taught by Miss Nettie Smith; the third room, called "C" grade, was taught by Mrs. Kendall. The three rooms met together for opening exercises in Mrs. Tryon's room. All the common branches were taught; mathematics as high as algebra. The sciences were represented by a small class in philosophy ; there were three classes in Latin ; one class in physical geography. A great deal of rhetorical work was done. Essays and declamations, in which all took part, were the regular Friday mations, in which all took part, were the regular Friday afternoon exercises. A daily ten-minute exercise in composition was given in Mrs. Tryon's room ; all had the same sition was given in Mrs. Tryon's room ; all had the same subject, which was announced by Mrs. Tryon; and all the work was done in the room and it was completed in ten minutes. CLOSING EXERCISES OF THE TERM. The first term of the schools, which ended at Christmas, closed in the following manner. Mrs. Tryon's school gave a free entertainment at Dunn's Hall. It was a drama gotten up on a week's notice. At least half of it was improvised on the stage, there not being time enough to commit it. After the entertainment they had a free supper, and after the supper a speech by J. H. Knapp who was a good talker, a mem- per a speech by J. H. Knapp who was a good talker, a member of the Board and looked upon as the Superintendent. ber of the Board and looked upon as the Superintendent. The following local from the Free Democrat of December 28, 1859, is no doubt its account of this exhibition. "The Central School. -- This school did honor to itself on Friday evening (December 23) by appropriate compositions, declamations, tableaux and singing. At the close of the exercises mations, tableaux and singing. At the close of the exercises the audience, numbering about 600, joined in the festivities of the evening. All were served with an abundance of the nicest kind of refreshments, and the poor of the city were made glad the next day by several baskets of the fragments." The same issue of this paper gives a long and glowing account of a spelling match on the afternoon of that Friday, in count of a spelling match on the afternoon of that Friday, in which the eight primary and secondary schools took part. PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 241 Mr. Knapp and Professor Churchill pronounced the words. Mary Campbell, a girl of eleven years, won first place and George S. Raymond, the second. THE CHARTER ADOPTED, The City Council, which had refused in 1859 to allow the people the privilege of voting on the charter, had a change of heart the next year after the city elections and decided to submit the charter to a vote of the people, calling cided to submit the charter to a vote of the people, calling an election for that purpose to be held on Saturday, June 30, 1860. The friends of the charter immediately inaugurated a campaign in its favor but they were fearful of the result, for they labored under a great disadvantage as they had to get all their voters to the polls on election day, whereas their opponents had only to remain away from the polls. The Free Democrat on the evening before the election said, editorially, "To-morrow (Saturday) has been set apart by our torially, "To-morrow (Saturday) has been set apart by our City Fathers for a vote upon the new school charter. It will be noticed that a majority of all the legal voters must vote for it in order to make it a law. Its adoption will, therefore, require nearly 600 votes in its favor, and its friends will, no doubt, realize the necessity of untiring vigilance ; every voter who stays at home practically votes against it." On elec- er who stays at home practically votes against it." On election day there were cast 505 votes for the act and 55 votes tion day there were cast 505 votes for the act and 55 votes against the act. The friends of the charter were satisfied and its opponents were silenced as the majority was so decisive that any contest was out of the question, the highest cisive that any contest was out of the question, the highest number of votes cast at the last election being 629. The City Council, accordingly, on July 3, 1860, having canvassed the votes as above, declared the school charter legally adopted and a part of the law of the city. This was in July, I860; ed and a part of the law of the city. This was in July, I860; but the schools were not organized under the charter until September, 1861. The explanation of this is, that the charter provides for the election of directors on the first Monday ter provides for the election of directors on the first Monday in June ; hence, a Board of Education could not be elected until June, 1861, 242 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS LAST YEAR OF UNION GRADED SCHOOLS. There was nothing to do but to continue the union graded schools for another year, which was done, with R, B. Guild as Superintendent of Instruction and seventeen lady assistants, being an increase of four teachers over the previous year. A complete roster of these teachers may be ious year. A complete roster of these teachers may be found in Root's Galesburg City Directory for the year 1861, a copy of which is in the Public Library. There were nine buildings for the primary and secondary schools, with twelve teachers. The Central School, for the grammar and high school departments, was held this year on the west side of the Square, with five teachers, in rooms rented from Mr. C. S. Colton. There was a special teacher of penmanship ; the German language and the rudiments of vocal ship ; the German language and the rudiments of vocal music were taught ; declamations and compositions were required weekly ; and a teachers' class was formed in the fall quired weekly ; and a teachers' class was formed in the fall and spring for the especial benefit of those wishing to teach. With this year the union graded school system, originally the ideal system of public schools, came to an end, having been in operation only two years ; but a stronger, better and more complete system took its place -- the present one, which came into existence on the first Monday of June, 1861, by the election of the Board of Education of the Galesburg School District. burg School District. ADVANTAGES OF THE CHARTER. Long as this paper is, it cannot be brought to a close without a few words on the great value of the charter and on the first significant act of the Board of Education, under it. The provision of the charter that makes the treasurer and the clerk of the city, ex-officio, treasurer and urer and the clerk of the city, ex-officio, treasurer and clerk of the Board of Education has, in a large measure, preserved the schools in the past from political domin- ure, preserved the schools in the past from political domination, by taking away the "sinews" of political warfare. If ation, by taking away the "sinews" of political warfare. If the Board appointed its own treasurer, as it would do under the general law, then all the banks and their officials would PERIOD OF 1840 TO 1861. 243 be interested in the membership of the Board, not for the good of the schools, particularly, but for their own benefit, as the school fund is one of the best deposits. If it appointed its own clerk, as it would do under the general law, then ed its own clerk, as it would do under the general law, then the politician for revenue would be interested in who is elected to the Board, for that office is good for from a thousand to fifteen hundred dollars salary, under political man- sand to fifteen hundred dollars salary, under political management. As it is, there is nothing in the management of agement. As it is, there is nothing in the management of the schools by the Board of Education, organized under the charter, to call forth the legitimate interest of anyone, except the welfare of the schools alone. The provision that empowers the Board to locate the school buildings without submitting each to a vote of the people, as it would be required to do under the general law, has saved the schools, and the city too, from much bitter and needless strife. Nothing so paralyzes the efficiency of a school as the warring of antagonistic interests in its administration. istration. THE LAST BATTLE FOR FREE SCHOOLS. At the third meeting of the Board of Education, held on July 9, 1861, the last move in the battle against free schools, that had been so persistently and ably waged since 1855, was begun. In a section of the charter, which declares that the schools shall be free, follows this clause, "or upon the payment of such rates of tuition as the Board shall prescribe." All the facts in the history of the case being considered, this looks very much like another joker. In accord- sidered, this looks very much like another joker. In accordance with this provision the following resolution was in- ance with this provision the following resolution was introduced : "Resolved, That all student residents attending troduced : "Resolved, That all student residents attending the Central School shall pay the sum of fifty cents per quarter tuition, and all attending other schools shall pay twenty-five cents per quarter, all to be paid in advance." Both the wording and the spirit of this resolution are an echo from a past age. On motion of Mr. Clement Leach, the member from the Fifth Ward, it was laid on the table 244 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS until the next meeting. At the next meeting, July 15th, the motion was taken up for consideration and after a full discussion the vote was finally called, when it stood three yeas cussion the vote was finally called, when it stood three yeas and three nays. Hon, Alfred Knowles, who was then mayor of the city, was presiding, and it fell to him to cast the deciding vote, which he did, on the side of the negative, in favor of free schools. Thus Mr. Knowles had the honor of firing the last shot in the battle for free schools, and, because he fired it in the right direction, his name will never cause he fired it in the right direction, his name will never be allowed to die. CHAPTER VI SCHOOL CHARTER. At one time there were seventy-three school districts in the state with special charters. Now there are not more than thirty-five such districts. These charters greatly complicate the school law and thus add to the work of the State plicate the school law and thus add to the work of the State Department of Public Education. For years it has been the policy of that department to encourage the abrogation of special charters. Time has certainly shown that the charter of "The Board of Education of Galesburg School District" is superior to the general school law in the following respects : spects : 1st. By providing that each ward shall have a representative in the Board and by requiring each member of the sentative in the Board and by requiring each member of the Board to submit his election to the voters of the entire city. Each member is thus made to feel that his duty is to look to the interests of the whole district as well as to those of his ward -- an admirable adjustment of centralized and local government. 2nd. By giving the Board of Education the power to locate and build schoolhouses, it removes a prolific source of antagonism that would array one section of the city against the other. 3rd. By making the City Clerk ex-ofiicio Clerk of the Board of Education, it offers no reward to the politicians to make the result of a school election merely a question of who shall draw a good salary for doing a comparatively little clerical work. tle clerical work. (245) GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 4th. By making the City Treasurer ex-officio Treasurer of the Board of Education, it does not invite the banking interests of the city to make the issue of the school election terests of the city to make the issue of the school election simply one of who shall handle the funds. On account of these last two conditions, no question that does not directly involve the educational policy of the schools is likely to become an issue in a school election. The time for holding the election, coming as it does on the first Monday after the schools have closed for the year, is also a wise provision of the charter. Certainly there could be no better time in the school year than at its close for the people to pass on the policy of conducting the schools. THE CHARTER. An act for the establishment of a system of Graded Schools in the City of Galesburg. Section. Section. 1. Boundaries of school district. 13. Loaning permanent fund. 2. Division of property. 14. Security for loans. 3. Transfer of school funds. 15. Preferring school debts. 4. Board of Education. 16. Collection of school moneys. 5. Powers of Board. 17. Judgments and interest. 6. Same. 18. Increasing securities. 7. Determining amount of school 19. Annual report. tax.* 20. Admission of scholars. 8. Assessment for schools. 21. Qualifications for admission. 9. Census of children. 22. Purchasing grounds and build 10. Borrowing money. Ings. H. Election of directors. 23. Act, part of the charter. Treasurer and clerk. 24. Mode of taking effect. Section I. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, that all the territory within the limits of the city of Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois, according to its present or future boundaries, is hereby erected into a common school district, to be known as Galesburg School District. *School Law, Art. VIII, Sec. 202: For the purpose of establishing and sup- porting free schools for not less than six nor more than nine months in each year, and defraying all the expenses of the same of every description, for the purEose of repairing and improving schoolhouses, of procuring furniture, fuel, li- Eose of repairing and improving schoolhouses, of procuring furniture, fuel, liraries and apparatus, and for all other necessary incidental expenses in each raries and apparatus, and for all other necessary incidental expenses in each district, village or city, anything in any special charter to the contrary notwithstanding, the directors of such aistrict and the authorities of such village or city standing, the directors of such aistrict and the authorities of such village or city shall be authorized to levy a tax annually upon all the taxable property of the district, village or city not to exceed tu'o and one-half per cent, for educational and two and one-half per cent, for building purposes (except to pay indebtedness contracted previous to the passage of this act), the valuation to be ascertained by the last assessment for state and county taxes; Provided, that in cities having a population exceeding one hundred thousand inhabitants the Board of Education may establish and maintain vacation schools and play grounds under such rules as it shall prescribe. [As amended by Act approved April 21, 1899. In force July 1, 1899.] SCHOOL CHARTER. 247 Sec. 2. All school lands, school funds, and other real or personal estate, notes, bonds or obligations, belonging to township number al estate, notes, bonds or obligations, belonging to township number eleven north, and range one east, of the fourth principal meridian, Knox County, Illinois, held or owned for school purposes, shall be divided between the city of Galesburg and the portion of the township without the same, in the proportion and manner following: ship without the same, in the proportion and manner following: The school trustees for said township shall, within thirty days after the first election contemplated by this act appoint two commissioners who are freeholders, one a resident of said city, and the missioners who are freeholders, one a resident of said city, and the other of said township without the city; who, after being sworn well and truly to discharge their duties, shall ascertain the whole number of white persons under the age of twenty-one years, residing in ber of white persons under the age of twenty-one years, residing in the whole of said township, and the whole number in said city, and in the township, without the city; and thereupon said trustees shall divide and apportion said funds, real and personal estate, notes, bonds and obligations of said township, between the city and township without the city, according to the number of white persons un- ship without the city, according to the number of white persons under the age of twenty-one years residing in said township. Said der the age of twenty-one years residing in said township. Said trustees shall have power to supply any vacancy occurring among said commissioners. Sec. 3. Said trustees or other person or persons having custody or control of said funds or lands, shall pay over and deliver to the Board of Education of Galesburg school district, the portion of the funds and other personal estate, notes, bonds and obligations, to which the school district may be entitled, and execute and deliver to the Board of Education the necessary deeds and other conveyances for the sale of real estate due said district under said division. Sec. 4. The public schools of said district shall be under the exclusive management and control of the Board of Education, to con- clusive management and control of the Board of Education, to consist of the mayor of said city, who shall be the president of the sist of the mayor of said city, who shall be the president of the Board, and one director from each ward of the city, to be known as "The Board of Education of Galesburg School T)istrict;" each of whom, with the treasurer and clerk of said Board, shall be sworn to discharge their duties with fidelity. Sec. 5. Said Board shall have exclusive control over the school lands, funds, and other means of said district for school purposes, and shall have full power to do all acts and things in relation thereto, to promote the end herein designed; may sell or lease said lands to, to promote the end herein designed; may sell or lease said lands and other lands or property which may have been or may hereafter be donated, purchased or designed for school purposes in said district, on such terms for cash or credit, and such times as they may trict, on such terms for cash or credit, and such times as they may see proper. They shall have full power to receive conveyances or 248 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS donations, and to make the necessary deeds or leases for lands; and all conveyances by the Board shall be signed and acknowledged before some competent officer by the president and secretary of said fore some competent officer by the president and secretary of said Board: Provided, however, that no sale or lease of land for more than one year shall be made without the concurrence of five members of the Board. A majority of the directors, with or without the bers of the Board. A majority of the directors, with or without the president, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and in the absence of the president they may appoint one of their own body president pro tempore. The president shall only vote in case of a tie, when he shall have a casting vote. Sec. 6. Said Board shall have full power to purchase or lease sites for schoolhouses, with the necessary grounds therefor. To erect, hire or purchase buildings for schoolhouses, and keep them in repair. To furnish schools with necessary books, fixtures, furniture, apparatus and library or libraries. To establish, conduct and maintain a system of public graded schools, to be kept in one or more tain a system of public graded schools, to be kept in one or more buildings in said district. To supply the insufficiency of school funds for the payment of teachers and other school purposes, and expenses, by school taxes, to be levied and collected as hereinafter provided. To determine the number, make the appointment and fix the amount of compensation of teachers within said district, and of all other agents and servants. Provided that the directors shall, in no case, receive any compensation for services as directors. To prescribe the studies to be taught, and books to be used in said schools, scribe the studies to be taught, and books to be used in said schools, including maps, charts, globes, etc. To lay off and divide the said district into smaller districts, and to alter the same, or erect new ones at pleasure. To pass by-laws, rules and regulations to carry their powers into complete execution, and for the government of their own body, their officers, agents and servants, and providing for their meetings and adjournments; and generally to have and possess all the rights, powers and authority necessary for the proper establishment and control of an effective system of graded schools within said district. And they shall visit and inspect each and all the schools therein as often as may be necessary. Sec. 7. *It shall be the duty of the Board of Education, and they shall have full power to determine the amount of money needed, and to be raised for school purposes, over and above the amount ed, and to be raised for school purposes, over and above the amount from the school funds hereinbefore enumerated, or from other sources: Provided, said Board shall not for any one year require to be raised more than one-half of one per centum, for the benefit of said schools, on the assessed value of the real and personal prop- *See note on page 246. SCHOOL CHARTER. 249 erty of said city for such year, without a majority of the legal voters of said city authorize them to do so, at an election to be held for that purpose, at such time and conducted in such manner as the Board may direct; nor shall said Board or said city council make any loan whatsoever for school purposes without a previous authority by such vote, but with the concurrence of a majority of said thority by such vote, but with the concurrence of a majority of said voters, it shall be lawful to raise such sum either by taxation or loan, as said Board may see proper; and before the first day of August of each year, they shall determine the amount required to be gust of each year, they shall determine the amount required to be collected by taxation for expenditure for one year from the first day of January then next ensuing, for school purposes generally, and certify the amount to the city council of Galesburg. Sec. 8. It shall thereupon be the duty of the city council to levy said sum on all the real estate and personal property of said city according to the assessment and valuation thereof for the current year equally, by a certain rate per centum, and collect the same as city taxes are collected. A special column shall be prepared in the city duplicate, headed, "school purposes," in which shall appear the amount of tax for school purposes chargeable against each parcel of real estate, or amount of personal property, and when said taxes are collected, the treasurer shall keep a separate account of the same, and they shall be used and applied for school purposes only, and shall be paid only on the order of said Board. Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Board to cause an abstract of the whole number of white children under the age of twenty-one years within said district to be made, and furnish the same, with such further information as is required in sections 36 and 79, of the act to establish and maintain a system of free schools, approved February 16th, 1857, to the school commissioner of Knox County, Illinois, within ten days after the same shall have been ascertained. And the school commissioner shall pay annually to the said Board for the exclusive use of said district, the amount the district is entitled to receive from the funds that are or may be in his hands, titled to receive from the funds that are or may be in his hands, subject to distribution for the support and benefit of the schools in said county, in accordance with the provisions of the free school law now in force, the same as if no special charter had been conferred upon the schools of the city of Galesburg. ferred upon the schools of the city of Galesburg. Sec. 10. The city council of the city of Galesburg is hereby vested with full power to borrow such sums of money, being subject to the restriction contained in the seventh section of this act, ject to the restriction contained in the seventh section of this act, as they may deem necessary for school purposes in said district, at a rate of interest not exceeding ten per centum per annum, which 250 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS may be made payable semi-annually at such place as may be agreed upon, and the money when so borrowed shall be placed under the control of the Board of Education. Sec. 11. The Board of Education shall be elected by all the qualified voters of said school district, but one director shall reside in ified voters of said school district, but one director shall reside in each of the wards of said city, and be a householder and freeholder thereof. The directors shall hold their offices three years from the day of their election, except that one-third of the first Board elected under this act shall retire from office at the expiration of the first year, one-third at the expiration of the second year, and one-third at the expiration of the third year; and the period of their retirement shall be decided as follows: The clerk of the city council ment shall be decided as follows: The clerk of the city council shall take six strips of paper, on two of which he shall write the words "one year;" on two, "two years;" another, three years;" each member elect shall draw, and shall serve the period of time indicated by the words on the paper which he draws. cated by the words on the paper which he draws. An election shall be held annually at the place where the city council of Galesburg hold their meetings, on the first Monday of June, at the first of which all of said directors shall be chosen, and at each election thereafter, successors to the directors whose terms are about to expire. For the first election, the election officers shall be appointed by the city council of Galesburg, notice thereof being published by said council ten days before the election, in a newspaper of said city, but for each subsequent election said appoint- paper of said city, but for each subsequent election said appointment shall be made by the Board of Education, and notice given by ment shall be made by the Board of Education, and notice given by them as aforesaid, and for what wards directors are to be chosen; and said election shall in every other particular -- the supplying of vacancies in the officers thereof, substituting the place for holding the election, conducting the election, making the returns, etc., etc., be governed by the ordinance of the city of Galesburg in force at the time of election. Said Board shall be the judges of the election and the qualifications of their members and in determining the same, shall be governed by the city ordinance as aforesaid. All officers under this act shall hold their offices until the election and qualification of their successors. Removal from his ward, tion and qualification of their successors. Removal from his ward, and not out of the city, by any director, shall not vacate his office, and whenever any vacancy shall occur in the office of director, the city council of Galesburg shall supply the same upon notice thereof by the Board of Education; but such appointment so made by the city council shall only continue until the next regular election of directors, when a successor shall be elected, who shall hold his office for the unexpired term only. SCHOOL CHARTER. 251 Sec. 12. The treasurer and clerk of the city of Galesburg shall be the treasurer and clerk of the Board of Education, and the Board shall determine their duties, compensation and amount of security to be given. Sec. 13. Said Board shall cause all funds not needed for immediate use, to be loaned at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, paya- diate use, to be loaned at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually in advance. No loan shall be for a longer period ble semi-annually in advance. No loan shall be for a longer period than five years, and if exceeding one hundred dollars, shall be secured by unencumbered real estate of at least double the value of cured by unencumbered real estate of at least double the value of the loan, without estimating perishable improvements. For any sum of one hundred dollars and under, good and satisfactory personal security may be taken. sonal security may be taken. Sec. 14. All notes and securities shall be to the Board of Education, for school purposes, and the borrower shall be at all ex- cation, for school purposes, and the borrower shall be at all expense of examining titles, preparing and recording papers. pense of examining titles, preparing and recording papers. Sec. is. In settling the estates of deceased persons, debts for school purposes shall be preferred to all others except those attending the last illness of the deceased and his funeral expenses; tending the last illness of the deceased and his funeral expenses; excluding the physician's bill. Sec. 16. If default be made in the payment of interest or of principal when due, interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum, cipal when due, interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum, on the amount due, shall be charged from the default, and may be recovered by suit. Suit may be for the interest only, whether the principal be due or not; and if the interest be not paid within ten days after the same becomes due, the principal, at the option of the holder of the note, shall thereby become due, and may be recovered by suit if necessary. Sec. 17. All judgments for principal or interest, or both, shall draw interest at the rate of twelve per cent, from the rendition of judgment; and said Board may purchase in property sold on execution or decree in their own favor as other persons, with right of re- tion or decree in their own favor as other persons, with right of redemption as in other cases. No judgment for costs shall be ren- demption as in other cases. No judgment for costs shall be rendered against said Board, to be paid out of the school funds. dered against said Board, to be paid out of the school funds. Sec. 18. If the security for any loan or other debt due the school district, in the judgment of the Board, become doubtful or insecure, they shall cause the debtor to be notified thereof; and if he shall not immediately secure the same to the satisfaction of the Board, the principal and interest shall thereby become due immediately, and suit may be brought against all the makers of the note, although such condition or stipulation be not inserted in the note. though such condition or stipulation be not inserted in the note. Sec. 19. Said Board of Education shall publish annually a statement of the number of pupils instructed the preceding year, the sev- ment of the number of pupils instructed the preceding year, the sev252 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 252 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS eral branches of education pursued, the receipts and expenditures of each school, specifying the sources of such receipts and the objects of such expenditures. jects of such expenditures. Sec. 20. Said Board shall have full power to admit persons who do not reside within said district into said schools, upon such terms as they may think proper. Sec. 21. All free white persons, over the age of five years and under the age of twenty-one years, residing within said district, shall be admitted to said schools free, or upon the payment of such rates of tuition as the Board shall prescribe; but nothing herein contained shall prevent persons being suspended, expelled, or kept out of said school altogether, for improper conduct. Sec. 22. In purchasing or leasing grounds or buildings for school purposes, said Board of Education may do so on credit, and when the price and conditions of the purchase or lease are agreed upon, the Board may certify the same to the city council of Galesburg, and the council shall make or cause to be made to the proper burg, and the council shall make or cause to be made to the proper party, the bonds or obligations of said city for the payment of the purchase money, according to said terms, or said Board may execute in their own name said contract, bonds, obligations, and they shall be binding upon said city; and the council shall provide for the payment of the same, and the interest thereon as it becomes due, as ment of the same, and the interest thereon as it becomes due, as though they were executed by the city of Galesburg, and under her corporate seal. Sec. 23. This act shall be attached to the act incorporating the city of Galesburg, and be considered a part of said charter. Sec. 24. This act shall not take effect or be in force without a majority of the legal voters of said city shall decide in its favor at an election for that purpose, to be held at such time and conducted in such manner as the council of said city may direct. Wm. R. Morrison, Speaker of the House of Representatives. John Wood, Approved Feb. 18th, 1859: Speaker of the Senate. Wm. H. Bissei.l. United States of America, ) State of Illinois. j ^^' I, O. M. Hatch, secretary of state of the state of Illinois, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an enrolled law, now on file in my ofiice. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the great seal of state, at the city of Springfield, this 14th day of March, A. D. 1859. field, this 14th day of March, A. D. 1859. O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 2S3 THIRD AMENDMENT. An act to amend an act entitled "An act for the establishment of a system of Graded Schools in the City of Galesburg. Section. I Section. 1. Assessment and Loans. | 2. Amendatory. Section \. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, that section seven from the word "Provided" in the fifth line from the top of said section, be as follows: "Provided said Board shall not for any one year require to be raised more than one per centum for the benefit of said schools on the assessed value of the real and personal property of said city for such year unless authorized by a majority of the votes cast at an election ordered by said Board for such purpose, notice of such election, and the time and place, having been given in accordance with the city ordinance for elections in force at that time; cordance with the city ordinance for elections in force at that time; nor shall said Board, or said city council, make any loan exceeding one thousand dollars, nor for a time longer than six months, for school purposes, unless authorized by a vote as aforesaid." Sec. 2. At the end of section ten add the following words: "Anything in the charter of the city of Galesburg to the contrary notwithstanding." Sec. 3. At the end of section twenty-three, add the following words: "And amendment thereto." Approved Feb. 14, 1865. RULES AND REGULATIONS. ORGANIZATION. Section 1. The members of the Board of Education shall meet and organize on the second Monday in June of each year, and the President shall appoint the following standing committees, each to consist of three members : 1. School Buildings and Grounds. 2. Text-Books, Rules and Regulations, Furniture and Supplies. 3. Auditing. 4. Teachers. The Superintendent of Schools shall be fx-oMcio a member of each committee. 254 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS RULES OF ORDER. Section 1. A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum. stitute a quorum. Sec. 2. The President shall preserve order and decide all questions of order subject to an appeal to the Board, In the absence of the President, a member of the Board shall be elected President pro tern. Sec. 3. No member shall entertain any private conversation while another member is speaking. Sec. 4. All resolutions shall be submitted in writing at the request of the President or any member. Sec. 5. Every member present shall vote on all questions which have been seconded and stated by the chair, unless excused by the Board or directly interested in the question. Sec. 6. The vote on any question shall be taken by yeas and nays when any member shall call for them, in which case the vote shall be recorded. Sec. 7. When a question is before the Board, no motion shall be received, except to adjourn, to lay on the table, to close the debate, to refer, to postpone to a certain time, or to amend ; and the motion shall take precedence in the order above named ; the first, second, and third shall be decided without debate, and second and third by a two-thirds vote. Any member may call for a division of the question when the sense will admit of it. Sec. 8. No more than two amendments shall be entertained at the same time to a proposition -- that is, an amendment, and an amendment to an amendment -- and the question shall be taken on the last amendment. ment. Sec. 9. In all cases where a motion or resolution shall be entered on the minutes of the Board, the name of the member moving the same shall be entered. Sec. 10. All committees shall be appointed by the chair unless specially directed otherwise by the Board. *Sec. 11. All unpaid bills against the Board of Education must be found on file at the office of the Superintendent of Schools on the Saturday next preceding any regular meeting of the Board, and all parties who have contracted or ordered the same are required to call at his office during that day and pass upon the correctness of said bills, preparatory to submitting them to the Auditing Committee of the Board for payment. Also that supplies shall be bought only by the order of some member of the Board, or by the Superintendent of Schools. *Adopted, June 9, 1902. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 255 Sec. 12. Roberts' Rules of Order shall govern the Board in all cases not otherwise provided for by these rules. GENERAL REGULATIONS, Section 1. The Board shall hold regular meetings on the second Monday of each month and such special meetings, from time to time as occasion may require, to be convened on the call, in writing, of the President or any two members of the Board. Sec. 2. When special meetings are called, the nature of the business to be transacted shall be stated in the call and notice for said ness to be transacted shall be stated in the call and notice for said meeting, and no other business shall be transacted at said meeting, except by unanimous consent of the members present. Sec. 3. The time for the regular meetings shall be 7 p. m. from October 1st to April 1st, and 7 :30 p. m. from April 1st to October 1st. Sec. 4. The order of business shall be : 1. Reading the Record of the last regular and any inter- vening special meetings. 2. Reports of Standing Committees in their order. 3. Communications to the Board. 4. Reports and suggestions by the Superintendent. 5. Miscellaneous and unfinished business. Sec. 5. The Superintendent of Schools shall be appointed at the regular meeting in June of each year. Sec. 6. The teachers shall be appointed and their salaries fixed annually in the month of June, so far as practicable. Sec. 7. No appointment of Superintendent or teacher shall be for a term exceeding one year, and the Board reserves the right to discharge the Superintendent or any teacher, for cause. charge the Superintendent or any teacher, for cause. Sec. 8. The janitors shall be appointed and their wages fixed, annually, not later than the regular meeting in August. The janitor for nually, not later than the regular meeting in August. The janitor for each building shall be named by the Director living in that district, subject to the approval of the Board; and such EHrector may suspend such janitor for cause, and shall report such suspension to the Board for its approval. Sec. 9. The salaries or pay of teachers, officers, and other employes shall not be increased or diminished during the time for which ployes shall not be increased or diminished during the time for which the appointments are made, and such salaries shall be allowed monthly by the Auditing Committee upon the certificate of the Superintendent of Schools that the services have been rendered. 256 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sec. 10. No other bill shall be paid until approved by the Auditing Committee and allowed by the Board. Sec. 11. Each Director shall constitute a local committee for the ward in which he resides. Sec. 12. The school year shall consist of nine months of four weeks each and shall be divided into three terms as follows : The first term shall begin on the first Monday in September, and continue sixteen weeks. The second term shall begin on the first Monday in January, and continue twelve weeks. After one week's vacation, the third term shall begin and continue eight weeks. Sec. 13. The morning session shall commence at eight o'clock and forty-five minutes, and close at twelve. The afternoon session shall commence at one o'clock and thirty minutes, and close at four; provided that all pupils who are charged with no delinquencies may be vided that all pupils who are charged with no delinquencies may be dismissed at half past three. The Friday afternoon session may be shortened half an hour for teachers' meetings. Sec. 14. The schools shall be closed on all National and State holidays. When any of these holidays fall on Thursday, the school shall be closed for the remainder of the week. No school shall be dismissed on any other day except by special permission of the Board. missed on any other day except by special permission of the Board. Sec. 15. Any regulation may be suspended by a vote of two-thirds of the members present. Sec. 16. No amendment shall be made to these regulations unless proposed at a regular meeting and laid over for one month before being considered. DUTIES OF THE SUPERINTENDENT. Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Superintendent to acquaint himself with whatever principles or facts that may concern the interests of education, and with all matters in any way pertaining to the organization, discipline and instruction of public schools, to the end that all ization, discipline and instruction of public schools, to the end that all the children of this city who are instructed in the public schools may obtain the best education which these schools can impart. Sec. 2. He shall visit all the schools as often as his duties will permit, and shall pay particular attention to the classification of the pupils, and shall see that the regulations of the Board are faithfully carried out. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 257 Sec. 3. He shall attend all the meetings of the Board and shall keep the Board constantly advised of the schools and of the changes required in the same. He shall report to the Board, from time to time, such regulations for the government and discipline of the schools, as he may deem expedient, and the same may be adopted by the Board ; and he shall also perform such other duties as the Board may from time to time direct. Sec. 4. The Superintendent shall carefully observe the teaching and discipline of all the teachers employed in the public schools, and he shall make such suggestions and give such instructions to the teachers as he shall deem best calculated to increase their efficiency as instructors. He shall report to the Board whenever he finds a teacher de- tors. He shall report to the Board whenever he finds a teacher deficient or incompetent in the discharge of his or her duties. ficient or incompetent in the discharge of his or her duties. Sec. 5. He shall attend and advise, when requested, with any standing or special committee, in respect to the matters committed to them. Sec. 6. He shall direct the examination for promotion in all grades, and no pupil shall be promoted or transferred from one school to another, without his approbation. Sec. 7. In case of sickness or temporary absence of any teacher, it shall be his duty to procure a proper substitute. Sec. 8. He shall prepare and certify to the monthly pay-roll of teachers and janitors. Sec. 9. It shall be his duty, upon consultation with the proper committee, to order and oversee such repairs and improvements as may be necessary from time to time, to keep all the school property in good condition. Sec. 10. He shall annually prepare a report embracing such facts and statistics in reference to the system of public schools of this city as may be of interest to the community. Sec. 11. His office hours on school days shall be from 8 to 9 a. m., and from 3 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. On Mondays he shall remain in his office until 12 m. TEACHERS. Section 1. All teachers in the public schools are required to make themselves familiar with these regulations, and especially with that portion which relates to their respective schools, and to see that these are faithfully observed. Sec. 2. The teachers shall punctually observe the hours appointed for opening and dismissing the schools, and during the school hours, shall devote themselves exclusively to the duties of their charge. 258 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sec. 3. The teachers may meet once in four weeks, on Friday afternoon, at half-past three, or at the call of the Superintendent, for the purpose of mutual consultation in regard to the interests of the schools, modes of discipline, of imparting instruction, etc. The session may continue two hours. A record of the meetings shall be kept, which shall be open to the inspection of the Board. S|Ec. 4. All teachers are required to open and remain in their rooms at least fifteen minutes before the time for commencing, morning and afternoon. They shall not permit disorder, unnecessary noise ing and afternoon. They shall not permit disorder, unnecessary noise or rude conduct in their rooms, at any time. Teachers failing to comply with this rule shall report their tardiness to the Superintendent. ply with this rule shall report their tardiness to the Superintendent. Sec. 5. The Principals of buildings shall be held responsible for the management of their respective schools. They shall prescribe such rules and regulations for halls, yards and outbuildings connected with same, and shall insure their being kept in a proper condition. The other teachers shall co-operate with them, not only during school hours, but during the time the pupils are on the school premises, at recess and before and after school. They shall use all reasonable efforts to prevent pupils from gathering on the school grounds before the hours for vent pupils from gathering on the school grounds before the hours for opening the school, and they shall require them to leave the premises at the close of the school. Sec. 6. Teachers may visit public schools for the purpose of observing modes of instruction and discipline. Such visits shall not oc- serving modes of instruction and discipline. Such visits shall not occupy more than two days in a year, and one visiting day only can be cupy more than two days in a year, and one visiting day only can be taken in any term, and for this purpose only one room in the same building can be dismissed at the same time. Sec. 7. The teachers shall practice such discipline in their schools as would be exercised by a kind, firm and judicious parent in his family ; and they shall resort to corporal punishment only when milder ily ; and they shall resort to corporal punishment only when milder means have been tried and found to fail. Each teacher shall keep a list of all cases of corporal punishment inflicted by said teacher, and at the close of each month shall report the same to the Superintendent, with date, name of pupil, and cause of such punishment. Sec. 8. They shall adhere to the Course of Study prescribed by the Board. Sec. 9. No teacher shall read or distribute any advertisement, nor allow any advertisement to be read or distributed in any schoolroom, or upon any of the school premises. Sec. 10. Notice of the supplies or repairs required in any of the schoolrooms should be sent, in writing, to the Superintendent, on Monday between 4 and 5 p. m. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 259 Sec. 11. The books used and the studies pursued shall be such, and only such, as may be authorized by the Board ; and no pupil shall be allowed to retain connection with any public school unless furnished with books, slates, and other utensils required to be used in the class to which he belongs : Provided, that no pupil shall be excluded for such cause unless the parent or guardian shall be furnished by the teacher with a list of books or articles needed, and one week shall have elapsed after such notice, without the pupil's obtaining such books. Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of teachers, from time to time, to send reports to parents in such form as the Superintendent shall direct, indicating the standing of their children in scholarship and deportment. They shall also immediately notify parents of any irregularity ment. They shall also immediately notify parents of any irregularity in attendance on the part of their children, unless they have good reason to believe that such irregularity is unavoidable, and with the parents' knowledge and consent. Sec. 13. It shall be the duty of each teacher having charge of a room to make out a program of recitations and studies of the different classes in the school, at the beginning of each term, placing the ent classes in the school, at the beginning of each term, placing the same in a conspicuous place in the schoolroom for reference, and furnish the Superintendent with a copy, and notify him of any changes in nish the Superintendent with a copy, and notify him of any changes in the same. Sec. 14. The Board will not take notice of any charge against any teacher unless presented in writing and signed by at least one responsible person. sible person. Sec. 15. No teacher shall have the right to resign during the term for which he or she was appointed, without the consent of the Board, and at least two weeks' notice. Sec. 16. Each teacher shall keep his or her register and class book neatly and accurately, and in accordance with the prescribed forms, and at the end of the year return them to the Superintendent at his office. Sec. 17. The teachers are expected to give vigilant attention to the ventilation and temperature of their schoolrooms. Sec. 18. On the Friday preceding any general or special election, it shall be the duty of the teachers of all grades above the fourth year to explain to their pupils the meaning and purpose of the elective franchise as enjoyed in this country. chise as enjoyed in this country. Sec. 19. The Principals shall keep an inventory of all apparatus and supplies belonging to their buildings. Sec. 20. Teachers are prohibited from awarding prizes to pupils under their charge, unless authorized by the Board. 260 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sec. 2L Pupils shall not be permitted to answer calls from the room except in very especial cases and then only at the discretion of the Principal. Sec. 22. They shall read, from time to time, and explain to their schools, all the rules relating to pupils, that they may be distinctly understood. derstood. PUPILS. Section 1. None but legal residents of Galesburg, between the ages of six and twenty-one years, shall be admitted into any of the public schools without the permission of the Board, and the payment of tuition, at the rate of fifty cents per week. Sec. 2. No pupil beginning the first year shall enter after the fourth week of the school term. Sec. 3. Pupils can only be admitted to the schools for the first time by a permit issued by the Superintendent, entitling them to enter Monday morning of any week. Pupils may be received during the first three days of any term ; after which, application for admission must be made on Monday mornings, at the office of the Superintendent. Sec. 4. Pupils shall attend school in the district in which they reside, except when transferred by the Superintendent of Schools. The side, except when transferred by the Superintendent of Schools. The following grounds will be considered sufficient to warrant a transfer : (1). From a school which has more pupils than seats, to a school which has vacant seats. (2). In case of injury to health from greater distance traveled, the injury to be determined by certificate of some well accredited physician. sician. The above cases must present certificates of good standing in the schools they desire to leave. (3). For disciplinary purposes, when the good of the pupil and the good of the school make a change desirable. Sec. 5. Every scholar who shall be absent four half-days, or tardy four times, or who shall leave school without permission twice within four consecutive weeks, without a statement from the parent or guardian, given in person or by written note, stating that these absences were ian, given in person or by written note, stating that these absences were with his knowledge, or unless such absences shall be in accordance with the previous request of the parent or guardian, given in person or by written note, shall forfeit his seat in school, and the teacher shall forthwith notify the parent that the pupil is suspended; Provided, that no with notify the parent that the pupil is suspended; Provided, that no teacher shall be required to enforce this regulation until other reasonRULES AND REGULATIONS. 261 RULES AND REGULATIONS. 261 able means for correcting such irregularities have been tried. No pupil who has been thus suspended shall be restored until the Superintendent has received satisfactory assurance from the parent or guardian that these irregularities will be corrected in the future. Sec. 6. Any pupil guilty of defacing or injuring any school property shall pay in full to the extent of the damage, and be liable to sus- erty shall pay in full to the extent of the damage, and be liable to suspension or expulsion in case such injury was wantonly committed. pension or expulsion in case such injury was wantonly committed. Sec. 7. Any pupil who shall be absent from any regular examination shall forfeit his or her seat, and shall not thereafter enter any of tion shall forfeit his or her seat, and shall not thereafter enter any of the schools of the city without a special permit from the Superintendent. ent. Sec. 8. Whenever a parent or guardian wishes to have a pupil excused from any regular study of his class, or regularly during any por- cused from any regular study of his class, or regularly during any portion of school hours, for any reason whatsoever, he shall apply to the tion of school hours, for any reason whatsoever, he shall apply to the Superintendent in person or by written note, stating the reason for such request, and the Superintendent shall have power to grant it. Sec. 9. All the pupils are required to refrain from every kind of rude behavior in the school buildings, such as loud, boisterous laughing and talking, whistling, running and scuffling, and to conduct themselves as well-bred persons would do in a private house. Sec. 10. No games shall be permitted in the basements or yards which will endanger the safety of any property in the buildings or on adjoining grounds; nor upon the streets to the annoyance of the passersby. Pupils are prohibited from throwing snow balls or missiles of ersby. Pupils are prohibited from throwing snow balls or missiles of any kind on the school premises, or on the streets adjacent. Sec. 11. Whenever the teachers of any school shall report to the Superintendent the name of any pupil whose conduct is considered such that he or she is unlit to be a member of the school, the case shall at once be examined by the Superintendent, and if, in his judgment, the pupil has been duly admonished, and he exhibits no signs of reformation, he shall temporarily suspend the pupil. He shall inform the par- tion, he shall temporarily suspend the pupil. He shall inform the parent, stating the cause of suspension. Any pupil thus suspended may be ent, stating the cause of suspension. Any pupil thus suspended may be restored at the direction of the Superintendent; but no pupil shall be finally expelled from school without the action of the Board. A record of all suspensions and expulsions shall be kept at the office of the Superintendent. Sec. 12. No pupils shall be advanced from one grade to another, except by special permission of the Superintendent, until they are able to sustain a satisfactory examination in all the studies of the grade from which they are to he transferred. Pupils may be sent into a lower class whenever their scholarship has been of the fourth rank two 262 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS months in succession, or whenever it seems probable that they will not attain a fair standing in a class to which they belong. The fourth rank shall be below an average of 75 per cent. Sec. 13. To complete the eighth grade or to graduate from the High School, the pupil's standing must not be lower than 75 per cent, in any subject unless the general average of all subjects exceeds 85 per cent. The standing shall be based upon the daily work and the final examination. In all other grades an average standing of 75 per cent, shall be required to admit the pupil to the grade above. Sec. 14. An excuse for every absence or tardiness shall be rendered in writing or in person by the parent or guardian of the delin- dered in writing or in person by the parent or guardian of the delinquent pupil. quent pupil. In such case the pupil shall not be entitled to the benefits of the school until the excuse is rendered. Provided, the teacher may, if he thinks best, permit the pupil to remain in school during the first halfday on which he shall come after the absence, or during the half-day day on which he shall come after the absence, or during the half-day on which the tardiness occurs, and require such pupil to bring the excuse on the succeeding half-day. cuse on the succeeding half-day. Sec. 15. Any child who comes to school without having given reasonable attention to cleanliness of person or dress, may be sent home to be prepared for school in a proper manner. Sec. 16. Teachers may require pupils, guilty of insubordination, to make an apology as openly and explicitly as the nature of the case may require. DIRECTIONS FOR KEEPING RECORDS. Section 1. The ages of all pupils shall be taken in years and months immediately upon their entering school. Sec. 2. Every pupil, upon entering the school, prepared with books and other requisites for performing his work, shall be enrolled as a member of the school, whether he be a member for one day, for one week, or for an entire term. Sec. 3. Every pupil who shall have been in attendance during half or more than half of a given session, shall be accounted present for that session ; otherwise he shall be accounted absent. Sec. 4. The name of any pupil who has been absent for six consecutive half-days shall be dropped from the roll ; provided in cases secutive half-days shall be dropped from the roll ; provided in cases when the pupil has left school not to return, his name may be dropped on the day of leaving. Sec. 5. Any pupil who may be absent from the schoolroom at a definite time previously fixed for the beginning of the session shall be RULES AND REGULATIONS. 263 marked tardy; except in a case where a pupil, after having been present in the schoolroom shall be sent by the teacher into other parts of ent in the schoolroom shall be sent by the teacher into other parts of the school building, or upon the school premises, to attend to business connected with the school. Sec. 6. When a class finishes a grade, there is entered in the Grade Record for the school (1) the length of the time the class, or any particular pupil, was in the grade; (2) the name of each pupil; (3) the ticular pupil, was in the grade; (2) the name of each pupil; (3) the age in years and months of each pupil at the time of completing the grade. Sec. 7. The average daily attendance shall be found by dividing the whole number of days present by the number of days of school. Sec. 8. The average number enrolled shall be found by taking one-half the sum of the enrollment and average daily attendance for the month. Sec. 9. The per cent, of attendance shall be found by dividing one hundred times the average daily attendance by the average number enrolled. rolled. JANITORS. Section 1. The janitors shall remain in or near their respective building during the school hours, unless excused by the Principal, and devote their time to the duties pertaining to their position. Sec. 2. They shall have the rooms properly heated at least thirty minutes before the time of commencing school in the morning. Sec. 3. They shall carefully sweep the schoolrooms, wardrobes, and halls after the close of each school day, and shall carefully dust them before the opening of school in the morning, and when the Principal thinks necessary, shall scrub the rooms, wardrobes, halls, and cipal thinks necessary, shall scrub the rooms, wardrobes, halls, and windows with water. Sec. 4. They shall, during the time of snowfall, or sleet, keep brooms at the door for the use of pupils ; keep clean the steps and all the walks in and around the building; shall keep the basements in good condition, and shall see that the buildings are properly closed at night and at other times when the school is not in session. Sec. 5. They shall be kind and considerate of pupils, courteous to teachers, and helpful to the Principal in maintaining order in the hallways and on the school grounds. ways and on the school grounds. Sec. 6. They shall perform such other services as the Principal, Superintendent, or Board, may require. Sec. 7. They shall make a daily review of the school buildings and grounds, and report to the Principal or Superintendent any injurydone to the same ; and so far as they are able, make all repairs needed done to the same ; and so far as they are able, make all repairs needed in term time. 264 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS *Sec. 8. They shall keep the grounds, including the terrace, in a neat and orderly condition. They shall keep the grass mowed with a lawn mower and neatly trim all edges. They shall keep the weeds out of the lawn and flower beds and let none go to seed. They shall gather all papers, rubbish, grass, etc., and place the same in receptacles or in the ash-room in the cellar, and under no circumstances throw, or allow the same in the street. Note. -- These Rules and Regulations were adopted by the Board at the October meeting, 1890. RULES OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH. The Board of Health of the city of Galesburg, Illinois, hereby announces the following rules for the guidance of the instructors in the nounces the following rules for the guidance of the instructors in the public schools : Children coming from homes in which there exist contagious diseases or diseases believed to be contagious, shall not be allowed to at- eases or diseases believed to be contagious, shall not be allowed to attend school, even though they may have left their home and taken up tend school, even though they may have left their home and taken up their abode elsewhere. This rule shall be effective until the child shall have been away from home two weeks, or the Board of Health issues a certificate permitting said child to return to school. Should it appear that a child from any infected home shall be immune, it may, after leaving said infected home and after having its mune, it may, after leaving said infected home and after having its clothing properly disinfected, be allowed to attend school upon presenting a certificate from the Board of Health. ing a certificate from the Board of Health. No pupil in whose home there shall be any one afflicted with smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, *whooping cough, or mumps, pox, scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, *whooping cough, or mumps, shall be allowed to attend school until the attending physician shall certify in writing, that there is no longer danger to others. In case there is no attending physician a certificate from the Board of Health must be obtained before returning to school. All clothing and school books used or handled by children while suffering from infectious, or contagious diseases must be thoroughly disinfected under the supervision of the Board of Health before worn or used in school. Ben D. Baird, M. D. September, 1903. Health Commissioner. *In case of whooping cough or mumps, the pupil afflicted must not be al- lowed to attend school until a physician's certificate Is issued an"l presented that there is no longer danger from contagion. Other members of the family, not afflicted, may attend school. LKSTER T. STONE Member of Board of Educatic 1878-1911 MR. LESTER T. STONE. 265 MR. LESTER T. STONE.* Mr. Lester T. Stone died November 12, 191L The evening of the following day was the time for the regular No- ing of the following day was the time for the regular November meeting of the Board of Education. The Board vember meeting of the Board of Education. The Board met as usual with all the members present, but it took up no business. It simply voted to have the flags on all the school buildings placed at half-mast, to close the schools on the forenoon of the next day, to attend the funeral in a body, and to stand adjourned for one week. The death of Mr. Stone removed from the Board of Education its oldest member in point of service. He was serv- cation its oldest member in point of service. He was serving his 34th year, having had the unprecedented honor of ing his 34th year, having had the unprecedented honor of being elected director twelve times in succession. So satisfactorily did he fill the position that his election was sel- isfactorily did he fill the position that his election was seldom contested. He was a member of the Teachers' Com- dom contested. He was a member of the Teachers' Committee for thirty years, and for twenty consecutive years of mittee for thirty years, and for twenty consecutive years of that time he was its chairman. For the last two years he had been chairman of the Building Committee as well as a member of the Teachers' Committee. Professor Churchill and Mr. L. T. Stone had more to do in the making of the schools of Galesburg what they are today than any other citizens. He was the successor in the day than any other citizens. He was the successor in the Board to Professor Churchill as the teacher's friend. He realized and appreciated the trying problems that inevitably come to one who teaches forty to fifty pupils or more, and at such times he gave his sympathy and unqualified support. After the salaries had been greatly reduced in the later '70's, the records show that L. T. Stone was the one who led the movement in 1881 that resulted in having them restored. He took the same position in regard to the pay of the janitors. There was no advance in salaries during his time of tors. There was no advance in salaries during his time of service which he did not either champion or support. He was the pupil's friend, too. It was on his motion in 1884 that the Board did away with that outrageous custom of making the promotion of a pupil depend solely on his *Mr. Stone died after the manuscript for this book was prepared. 266 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS answer to ten questions given in an examination at the end of the year. Mr. Stone's motion at that time was : "That the rule concerning the average standing of the pupils be amended so as to provide that in determining the standing of pupils for promotion or graduation, the year's work shall be taken into consideration." He was the tax-payer's friend, for he always did his best to have the district get the equivalent of every dollar expended. Handling large sums of public money through a pended. Handling large sums of public money through a third of a century did not beget in him easy-going methods of expenditure. The only thing of which it can be said that he was extravagant, was of his own time, which he gave so generously to the interests of the schools. If his name does not lead the list, it is near the head, of those who have given their time to the good of the city without any remuneration. To L. T. Stone Galesburg owes an unusual debt of gratitude for his long, faithful and valuable services ; and last tude for his long, faithful and valuable services ; and last spring it showed in a delicate way its appreciation of his worth by re-electing him to the Board when it was believed by all who knew him that he would not live to fill out the term. He saw the point clearly and appreciated it as only a strong deep nature could. In all his relations with the Board of Education nothing ever touched him so deeply as did this action of the people whom he had served so long. He felt that it was full pay for the services rendered. Mr, Stone possessed many of the qualities of an ideal Board member. By nature conservative, yet he enjoyed being progressive, "when shown." Always having great influence on the Board, he exercised it in such a quiet and un- fluence on the Board, he exercised it in such a quiet and unofficious way as never to cause antagonism. Sensitive to officious way as never to cause antagonism. Sensitive to public opinion, yet, when he had made up his mind that a certain line of action was right and best, no one could be less influenced by what people might think or say. He would wait until all the evidence was in before he expressed his judgment, and, when he had given his opinion, it was never necessary to call on him again to see if he had changed STATISTICS FOR 1910-1911. 267 his mind. Although he was loyal to his friends, it was not necessary to be his friend in order to get a fair hearing and receive just treatment. He was as kind and tender hearted as a woman, yet he was inclined to give expression to such sentiments only by stealth. His friends and those who knew him only in a business way always found him honest to the core and incapable of doing a mean act or taking an unfair advantage. The writer never was associated with a person in whose judgment he had more confidence and on whose word he could more absolutely rely. solutely rely. STATISTICS FOR 1910-1911. Superintendent of Schools 1 Teachers in the High School 25 Teachers in the Graded Schools 69 94 SUPERVISORS. Principal of High School Principal of Training School Music Drawing Physical Training Librarian of Children's Room 1 School Nurse and Truant Officer 1 Clerk to Principal of High School 1 Janitors 1 1 Engineer of Heating Plant 1 Fireman of Heating Plant 1 13 GALESBtJRG PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE L Showing the Number Enrolled, and the Number Withdrawn During the Year. SCHOOLS ENROLLED WITHDRAWN Boys GirU Both Boys Girls Both High School Churchill I Hitchcock Lincoln Weston Douglas Cooke Bateman Central Primary E. Losey St Total TABLE n. Showing the A\'erage Enrollment, Attendance, etc., in Each School. SCHOOLS g si 4^ it < Qg Si < J'-l < ^ i^ k r < High School 733.8 346.6 430.1 418.3 555.3 222.7 124.8 424.2 148.2 37.1 716.6 331.8 417. 1 406.1 531.2 213.6 119.1 405.1 137.4 36.1 700.7 314.8 406.4 392.3 504.6 203.0 113.7 386.1 125.0 34.7 97.7 94.8 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 95.4 95.3 90.9 96.1 398.5 Churchill 161.7 Hitchcock 236 2 Lincoln Weston Douglas 209.5 249.6 102.5 Cooke Bateman 65.5 186 6 Central Primary E. Losey St 55.1 19.2 Total 3441.1 3314.1 3181.3 95.9 1684.4 STATISTICS FOR 1910-1911. TABLE III. Showing the Number of Pupils Withdrawn from Schools During THE Year with Cause. SCHOOLS u o V a i e a D u c g :> s High School Churchill 'i i i '4 '2 'i '2 Hitchcock Lincoln Weston Douglas Cooke Bateman Central Priniar_v. . E. Losey St I Total TABLE IV. Showing the Number of Pupils Promoted from Each Gr.a.de, with Age at Time of Promotion. GRADES *0 e >* s >" >c c e J e e e S >t t -E E >a a S >>- >I I First '"] '7 i "7 "i i Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Total 270 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE V. Showing the Number of Pupils Completing Grade, with Time in Grade. GRADES I II III Totol First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Total Column I, number completing grade in one year. Column II, number completing grade in less than one year. Column III, number completing grade in more than one year. TABLE VI. Showing the Number Beginning First Grade, by Schools AND Terms. SCH(X>LS Fall Winter Spring Total Hitchcock Lincoln I Weston Douglas Cooke Bateman Central Primary E. Losey St Total STATISTICS FOR 1910-1911. 271 TABLE VII. Showing the Number of Colored Pupils, by Schools and by Grades. GRADES -s X a J o .1 ll c3 (75 J First I .... Second .... Third .... Fourth ?1 Fifth Sixth Seventh . Eighth ? Ninth Tenth Twelfth Total REPORT OF THE CHILDREN'S READING ROOM. 1910-1911 Library Schools Total June July August September October November December J anuary February '"'787" March April May Total CHAPTER VII MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The Board of Education is composed of one member from each ward, elected by the vote of the entire district, or city. The Mayor, City Clerk and City Treasurer are, according to the Charter, President, Clerk and Treasurer of the ing to the Charter, President, Clerk and Treasurer of the Board of Education. FIRST WARD. Chauncy S. Colton, June 1861-June 1864. J. V. N. Standish, June 1864-June 1867. Henry R. Sanderson, June 1867-May 1870. George W. Brown, June 1870-June 1872. George Churchill, June 1872-June 1873. Samuel J. Parry, June 1873-June 1876. George W. Foote, June 1876-June 1879. Samuel J. Parry, June 1879-July 1887. Oscar F. Price, Oct. 1887-June 1894. Miss M. Evelyn Strong, June 1894-May 1902. Mrs. G. W. Thompson, June 1902-June 1911. Gustave Wenzelmann, June 1911SECOND WARD. SECOND WARD. Edwin Post, June 1861-June 1864. Albert Reed, June 1864-June 1867. Alfred Knowles, June 1867-June 1870. Hollis M. Hale, June 1870-June 1873. Alfred Knowles, June 1873-June 1876. J. Parke Cooke, June 1876-May 1878. Henry W. Carpenter, June 1878-June 1879. Nels F. Nelson, June 1879-June 1882. Peter F. Brown, June 1882-June 1885. C. C. Merrill, June 1885-June 1894. Louis N. Thompson, June 1894-June 1897. (272) 2 -H I" -1 O "2. o 2 3 *^-- -; 2 rt -i< 3? O -a o c 2 r *X ^. S'^ -*ft MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 273 J. C. Tunnicliff, June 1897-May 1898. C. C. Merrill, June 1898-June 1904. J. W. Hammond, June 1904-Sept. 1904. C. E. Johnson, Oct. 1904-June 1909. W. S. Purington, June 1909-June 1911. Mrs. G. W. Thompson, June 1911THIRD WARD. THIRD WARD. David Sanborn, June 1861-June 1866. Wm. E. Dunn, June 1866-June 1869. John C. Stewart, June 1869-June 1872. John McFarland, June 1872-June 1875. C. E. Lanstrum, June 1875-June 1878. Geo. A. Murdoch, June 1878-June 1884. Neely C. Woods, June 1884-July 1889. Geo. A. Murdoch, June 1889-June 1896. L. F. Wertman, June 1896FOURTH WARD. FOURTH WARD. Geo. H. Ward, June 1861-June 1868. Benjamin S. Stanley, June 1868-June 1874. Geo. L. Arnold, June 1874-June 1886. Frank S. Bartlett, June 1886-July 1892. J. W. Hammond, Aug. 1892-June 1904. Frank S. Bartlett, June 1904-June 1907. R. O. Ahlenius, June 1907FIFTH WARD. FIFTH WARD. Clement Leach, Jr., June 1861-Oct. 1861. Isaac N. Candee, Nov. 1861-June 1868. E. P. Williams, June 1868-May 1870. M. D. Cooke, June 1870-June 1877. W. C. Calkins, June 1877-June 1883. M. D. Cooke, June 1883-May 1889. F. F. Cooke, June 1889-Apr. 1891. C. E. Switzer, May 1891-June 1895. Mrs. Martha H. Read, June 1895SIXTH WARD. SIXTH WARD. R. P. Sage, June 1861-June 1863. George Churchill, June 1863-June 1872. Fred A. Willoughby, June 1872-June 1875. R. W. Hunt, June 1875-June 1878. Lester T. Stone, June 1878-Nov. 1911. 274 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SEVENTH WARD. A. H. Huntington, Apr. 1870-June 1870. H. D. Burlingham, June 1870-Dec. 1870. A. H. Huntington, Dec. 1870-June 1873. Clement Leach, Jr., June 1873-June 1876. Thos. L. Clarke, June 1876-June 1879. H. W. Belden, June 1879-June 1882. Robert W. Colville, June 1882-June 1885. S. B. Inman, June 1885-June 1897. Charles Van Brunt, June 1897-July 1905. W. A. Marshall, Aug. 1905-Aug. 1907. John J. Berry, Sept. 1907THE TEACHERS. THE TEACHERS. A COMPLETE LIST OF THE TEACHERS FOR THE FIRST HALF CENTURY, WITH THE TIME OF SERVICE A LIST TURY, WITH THE TIME OF SERVICE A LIST OF THE FAITHFUL. A history of the schools without any reference to the invaluable services of the teachers, would seem incomplete valuable services of the teachers, would seem incomplete and wanting in appreciation ; for the real work, for which the schools were organized in 1861, and for which they were supported through the following fifty years, was done by them. Everything described in these pages was done in order that the teachers individually might perform their work better, but only the names of those who chanced to be connected with the event described, have thus far been mentioned. A complete list of the teachers with their time of tioned. A complete list of the teachers with their time of service is here given. It is possible that some names may have been omitted as the appointments to fill vacancies occurring during the school year are made by the Teachers' curring during the school year are made by the Teachers' Committee at irregular times, and some of them, for this reason, do not get on the Records of the Board. It is thought, however, that all of these have been traced, by means of the Attendance Record. THE TEACHERS. SUPERINTENDENTS. Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Guild, R. B. Roberts, Junius B. Andrews, Matthew Steele, William L. HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPALS. Hayes, Edward McCall, Mrs. Sarah M. Mar. Gettemy, Mrs. Mary E. Apr. Thomson, Frank D. Willis, Arthur W. TEACHERS. Ahlenius, Bertha -- H. S. Jan. Aiken, Lewis B. Mar. Albert, Grace Aldrich, Anna L. Aldrich, H. G.-- H. S . Anderson, Amy B. Anderson, Eulalia Anderson, Nancy E. Jan. Anderson, Tillie Mar. Andrews, Miss E. L. Nov. Armstrong, Anna M. Jan. Armstrong, Lillian O. Armstrong, Nellie C. Armstrong, Nettie H. Arnold Frances -- H. S. Arnold, Lettie Arnold, Martha Jan. Atwood, Nellie -- H. S. Ayres, Cornelia Apr. Ayres, Jessie E. Babcock, Lenora E. Nov. Babcock, Lucy M. -- H. S. Backman, Lillian GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Baker, Stella Baltz, Pauline Barnes, Jennie Jan. Barnes, Sarah L. -- H. S. Jan. Bartlett, Alice A. Dec. Bartlett, Anna G. Apr. Bartlett, Carrie A. Bassett, Helen M. Bassett, Jennie A. Bassett, M. Josephine -- H. S. Dec. Mar. Nov. Bassler, Lillie C-- H. S. Jan. Bates, Leroy, S. Apr. Bates, Myrtle M. Battell, Mabel Baxter, Mabel W.-- H. S. Beals, Almeda May Bechtel, Mrs. G. O.-- H. S. Dec. Becker, Emma J. -- H. S. Sep. Jan. Becker, Sue L. Dec. Beecher, Velina C. Mar. Belden, Katherine Dec. Belville, Mrs. H. H. Jan. Benedict, Helen C. Jan. Bergen, M. J. Dec. Bergland, Alice E. Bibbins, E. May Billings, Eva M. Blackstone, Harriet -- H. S. Blaine, Sarah Blake, Sadie E. Blodgett, Estelle Blunt, A. E. Jan. Bostwick, O. P. Boutelle, Carrie M. Breckenridge, H. Feb. I *HE TEACHERS. Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Bridge, Earle-- H. S. Oct. Bridge, G. H.-- H. S. Brillhart, Don O.-- H. S. Feb. Brooks, , Harriett Brown, Abraham M. Brown, Belle A. Brown, Julia F. Jan. Jan. Brown, Kate Louise--H. -H. S. Dec. Buck, Nannie Mer Buckner, Jessie -- Drawin] S Sup. Bullock :, Ida Mar. Burnau gh, Juanita Burton, , Amy J. Mar. Burton, , Nettie A. Butler, Anna Butler, L. P. or C. Byram, Hester O. Callihan, T. W.-- H. S Campb* t\\, Laura A. Dec. Campb( ill, L. J. Candee , Alice Dec. Sep. Candee, , Anna Sep. Feb. Carley, Amber Dec. Chaffee , Mary B. Chandli er, Alice D. Jan. Chandl( er, Robert A.--H. -H. S. Dec. Chapin, , Carrie L. Chapin, , Gertrude R.--H. -H. S. Chase, Kate E. Churchill, Julia Dec. Mar. Jan. Clark, ] Elizabeth Clarke, Grace A. Clarke, Kittie G. " Dec. Dec. Clark, : Lillie E. 278 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Term Begun Term Ended Years 1 VIos. Claycomb, Hattie Feb. Claycomb, Mary J. -- H. S. Colby, Mrs. R. K. Cole, Mary Collier, Helen M. Jan. Collins, Nellie C-- H. S. Coolidge, Walter F.-- H. S. Colton, Mrs. Alice C. Mar. Colville, Alice C. Colville, Helen Comstock, Clara E. Conger, Hannah W. Oct. Conger, Jennie B. Jan. Connerton, Anna Apr. Converse, Mrs. A. L. -- H. S. , Mar. Cooke, Mrs. M. D. -- Music Sup. Corbin, Jennie S. Corbin, Mabel L. Cotes, Carrie E. Oct. Mar. Craven, Kate E. . Crocker, Miss O. V. Nov. Curtis, Edward H. Davis, Ellen Davis, Inez G. Davis, Teressa DeLong, A. N.-- H. S. Dewhirst, J. M.-- H. S. Deiterich, Helen F. Doll, Harriet L. Dunn, Emma -- H. S. Jan. Eastes, Carrie A. Eduard, Carl Edwards, Flora A. Jan. Emrich, Lillian M. Ericson, Josephine Everest, Mary Dec. Farnham, Jerusha B. Farnham, Martha THE TEACHERS. Felch, R. P.-- H. S. Ferris, Etolia M. Ferris, Mary E. Field, Emma Finch, Ermina Fleharty, Grace M. Poland, R. R.-- H. S. Folger, Sarah B. Foote, Minnie A. Freer, Elizabeth I. Frost, Sarah G. Fuller, Emily L. Fuller, Emma A. Fuller, Eugenie -- H. S. Gardner, Abbie Gaumer, Mildred George, Mrs. Adda G. -- H. Gettemy, Mrs. M. E.-- H. S. Gilbert, Ella P. Glenn, Ida -- Drawing Sup. Goldquist, Lottie Goldsmith, Helen Grace Goldsmith, Mary I. Golliday, Theo.-- H. S. Goodsill, A. Claire -- H. S. Greenwood, E. May Gross, Mrs. Grubb, Mary B. -- Drawing I Gumbiner, Sadie Hague, Frances M. Haigh, Emma Hammond, Ella May Hammond, H. Belle Hanson, Huldah Harris, Nina A. Harshbarger, Alice Harvey, Gertrude -- H. S. Hasbrook, Mrs. Sarah A. Hathaway, Ann E, Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Nov. 1863 Jan. 1903 Nov. 1880 Nov. 1882 Apr. 1910 3. 1905 Apr. 1875 Jan. 1888 Dec. 1862 >up. 1901 Oct. 1877 Apr. 1889 Jan. 1896 Jan. 1898 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Haven, Ella C. Hayes, H. E.-- H. S. Hayes, L. Y. Heath, Lena M. Hebbard, Helen Hedberg, Fannie E. Henry, M. Bess-- H. S. Henshaw, Nettie L. Hewey, G. W.-- H. S. Hibbard, Iris Hickok, Emma Hill, Edna B. Hill, Jennie Hinckley, Bessie L. Hoben, Rose M. Hoflfman, Frank S. -- H. S. Hogan, Annie S. Hogan, Margaret G. Hoisington, Carrie E. Hollingsworth, Lydia S. Hollis, Jennie F. Holmes, Blanche Holmes, Lucy E. Horton, Clara O. Hotaling, Nettie L. Housel, G. R. -- Music Sup. Howard, Sarah A. Hoyle, Mary E. Hummel, Adam A. -- H. S. Hunt, Mary E. Hard, Henry M. Hurlbut, Isabella Hurst, Harriet Irish, S. B.-- H. S. Irwin, Lucy A. Irwin, Sara J. Jacobson, James P. -- H. S. Jelliff, Fred R.-- H. S. Jempson, Lida Johnson, J. T.-- H. S. Kelly, Carrie M. Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Dec. Jan. Nov Mar. Feb. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. Mar. Feb. Dec. Jan. Jan. Apr. Dec. Apr. Dec. Mar. Jan. S THE TEACHERS. King, Mabel Kingsbury, Miss Knight, Edith L. Knight, Mamie Knowles, Mary Kobel, Estella Lanphear, Lillian Lanphere, Sabrina Lapham, Gail H. -- H. S. Lass, Edith Lathrop, Delia Lawrence, Annie Leach, Miss E. F. Lecompte, Miss A. M. Lee, Mary A. Lee, Sarah C. Lemon, Mrs. S. R. Lescher, Gertrude Lind, Johanna C. Lindquist, Lillian Little, Josephine K. Lockwood, Alice Lockwood, Emily E. Long, Jennie A. Long, Robert E.-- H. S. Longenecker, Ida Love, Louisa J. Lowry, Anna Lundgren, Tillie McCall, Ida M.-- H. S. McCollum, Emma J. Maclay, Lizzie J. Maclay, Martha P. Maclay, Nora McLernon, Bernadine McMillen, Jennie Main, Frances M. Maley, Mary E. Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. Jan. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Mar. Mar. Jan. Jan. Nov. Jan. Mar. Apr. Feb. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Mann, Helen Manville, Mrs. Mariner, Ada Marshall, Emily C. Mason, S. Amanda Mathis, Soflena E. -- Phys. Mawhorter, W. R.-- H. S. Mead, Jessie Meeker, Rilla C-- H. S. Mendenhall, Hattie E. Miller, Fannie J. Miller, Fred A.-- H. S. Miller, Maggie S. Miller, Margaret Miller, Sarah E. Mitchell, Alice Mitchell, Mrs. Mitchem, Elizabeth Morton, Cornelia Muir, Ella Mullen, Margaret Munson, Dorothy T. Nash, Ruth Nelson, Marian Nelson, Mattie A, Nelson, Retta Newcomb, Mary Newell, Lottie L Norton, Anne L. Norton, Eugenia Noyes, Charlotte M. Nystrom, Verna O'Brien, Myra Olson, Irene Owens, Theo. Packard, Cora M. Page, Mary -- H. S. Parker, Carrie A. Parker, Isah T. Patch, Myra H, Term Beg^un Term Ended Years Mos. May 1866 Jan. 1886 Dir. 1905 Dec. Dec. Jan. 1870 Oct. 1866 Nov. Nov. 1866 Dec. Jan. 1868 Sep. Jan. 1911 Oct. 1906 Nov. 1876 Apr. 1879 Jan. 1884 Jan. 1872 Dec. Apr. 1871 Oct. 1891 Oct. 1905 Dec. THE TEACHERS. Perkins, Mrs. E. C. Perrigo, Horace Perry, A. J. Peterson, Ada Peterson, Eda C. Peterson, Lola E. Peterson, Selma Peterson, Willma Pettee, Lucia L. Pettee, Sara E. Phillips, Maggie Phillips, W. A. Pike, Fannie E. Pine, Ethlyn Piatt, May F. Poole, Emma L. Potter, Alice S. Potter, Harriet J. Powell, Annie Prall, Walter-- H. S. Preston, Nannine W. Pryne, Josie M. Puffer, H. E. Ragon, Nellie Ratcliffe, Belle-- H. S. Rawalt, L. Maude Rawles, Blanche Ray, Jessie F. -- H. S. Read, May A.-- H. S. Rearick, Marie O. Reigle, Mabel-- H. S. Reynolds, Ellen T. Rhodes, Mrs. Clara G.-Richey, Frances -- H. S. Richey, Frances -- H. S. Richey, Mary Olive -- H. Risley, Inez M. Ritchie, R. R.-- H. S. Roberts, A. C-- H. S. Roberts, H. L.-- H. S. Root, Augusta E. Ter m Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Oct. Mar. Nov. Apr. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. Apr. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. 1901, Oct. Mar. Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Dec. H. S. S. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Rose, Helen E. Runkle, Louise Ryan, Annie M. Oct. Apr. Ryan, Lizzie M. Schryver, Annie A. Scudder, Ella M. Sensiba, Georgia Shannon, Maud M. Shedd, Mary E. Shields, Sara Jan. Shove, Louise A. Apr. Shugart, Jennie M. Oct. Dec. Sidell, R. R.-- H. S. Sisson, Anna M. -- H. S. Sisson, Dora E. -- H. S, Jan. Sisson, Frances O. Jan. Sisson, Margaret M. Skinner, Fannie A. Slack, Noma Slater, Amanda M. Feb. Slater, Annie E. Nov. Apr. Slattery, Lizzie Slattery, Margaret Feb. Smiley, Elizabeth K.-- H. S. Smith, Miss A. E.-- H. S. Smith, Georgia A. Smith, Grace B. Smith, Laura L. Smith, Lillie R. Apr. Dec. Smith, Minnie L. -- H. S. Somers, Anna M. Somers, Annie Spandau, H. M.-- H. S. Speed, Frances E. Spinner, Delia -- H. S. Jan. Stanley, Anna G. Jan. Jan. Mar, THE TE ;achers 1. Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Steele, Eliza L. Dec. Steele, Nellie Stevens ;, Mabel Jan. Stevens ), Mary J. Jan. Dec. Stevens ;, Mary M. Jan. Stevens i, Salome E. May Stevenson, Ada Dec. Stevenson, May Dec. Stewarl t, Charles S.-- H. S. Stilson, Marian Stocking, Sarah L. -- H. S. Apr. Stone, ' Cora F.-- H. S. Stone, # Harriet E. Stone, Martha Stroms ted, Florence Strong, J. A.-- H. S. Strong, J. Glaze -- Music Sup. Strong, M. Jane Sullivan, Katherine C. Sutherl; and, Harriet A. Swag, Mrs. Lynn R. Swanson, Nellie Switzer , Elizabeth Talent, Patrick Taylor, F. Lilian Taylor, Vernon, M. Tenney , C. Maud-- H. S. Thiele, Virginia M. Nov. Thomas, Kate Thomson, Presson W.--H. S. -H. S. Tilden, Miss A. E. Tilden, Alice Jeanette Touton , Frank C-- H. S. Townsend, Lora -- H. S. Jan. Tryner, Edith Tubbs, Elvira F. Turney , Antoinette Van Clute, Jessie 286 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Term Begun Term Ended Years Mos. Voris, Virginia Dec. Walker, Jean Apr. Walker, Pearl A.-- H. S. Dec. Ward, Flora A. Apr. Wenquist, Judith West, Mary Allen Oct. Weston, Mary E. Feb. Wheelock, Dorcas. White, Edna L. Jan. White, Julia A. Jan. White, Ruby M. Wilbur, Annie L. Jan. Wilbur, Ida, E. Wilcox, Ada Jan. Willard, M. Cordelia Willcox, Elizabeth Williams, C. A. Feb. Mar. Williams, May T. Jan. Williamson, Warren -- H. S. Jan. Willis, Arthur W.-- H. S. Winter, Marian Woodward, Annie L. Woolsey, Robert C-- H. S. Dec. Wright, Fannie Wright, Laura Yager, Elizabeth Yager, Isadore Zetterberg, Arvid P.-- H, . S. Zetterberg, Louise Zimmerman, Martha Nov . 1863 2. 1. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 287 HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. Of the 2,104 persons who graduated in the fifty years 681 were boys and 1,423 girls. They were distributed among the decades as follows : in the first decade, 25 graduates, 6 boys and 19 girls ; in the second, 86 graduates, 22 boys and 64 girls; in the third, 226 graduates, 57 boys and 169 girls; in the fourth, 635 graduates, 211 boys and 424 girls; in the fifth, 1,132 graduates, 385 boys and 747 girls. Of these 2,104 graduates 811, or more than 38 per cent, continued their education in higher institutions of learning -- college, university or technical school. It is a matter of importance as well as of interest to know in what lines of activity these graduates of the High School are already engaged. The following classification may be considered as reasonably correct : 501 home-makers, 220 in mercantile business, 194 office employes, 184 now teaching, 69 farmers, 59 in railroad service, 41 in mechanical trades, 31 nurses, 30 mechanical and civil engineers, 26 ical trades, 31 nurses, 30 mechanical and civil engineers, 26 in government service, 21 physicians, 17 artists, 12 ministers, 9 day-laborers and 8 lawyers. isters, 9 day-laborers and 8 lawyers. The work of gathering this information and preparing it for publication was done by the Gregg Shorthand Club under the direction of Miss Nellie C. Collins, head of the De- der the direction of Miss Nellie C. Collins, head of the Department of Shorthand and Typewriting. It is a fine illustra- partment of Shorthand and Typewriting. It is a fine illustration of the spirit that characterizes the school and the many tion of the spirit that characterizes the school and the many organizations found in it. They do things -- not for personal honor or profit but for the good of the school. This sonal honor or profit but for the good of the school. This same organization published a history of the High School in 1907 in which appeared a directory of the Alumni by classes. These pages contain illuminating information on a question about which little is known, "what becomes of the High School graduate?" The writer himself could not have prepared this chapter, and he wishes to express his appreciation for the services thus rendered by Miss Collins and the ation for the services thus rendered by Miss Collins and the Gregg Shorthand Club. 288 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Note -- When the pupil has attended some higher or technical institution, the name of that institution is added in brackets, [ ]. stitution, the name of that institution is added in brackets, [ ]. Abernethy, George Earle, '02 Farmer, Galesburg Abrahamson, Charles, '08 Clerk, S. H. Olson, Galesburg Abrahamson, Sophia C, '06 Bookkeeper, Sinclair Bros., Galesburg Adams, E. Q., '69, [Knox] Wholesale saddlery, Galesburg Adams, Helen, '07, [Knox, Smith] Galesburg Adams, Isla Scienda, '11, [Lombard] Galesburg Adams, Kate A., IT, (Wallace Johnson) Galesburg Adams, Marie. '10, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Adams, R. Edward, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Ahlenius, Bertha O., '91, [Bradley] .Teacher, Domestic Arts. Galesburg Ahlenius, H. O.. '94, Trav. salesman, Marshall Field & Co., Columbus, O. Ahlenius, Rudolph O., '91 Grocer, Galesburg Akeyson, Edward, '92 Manager, S. & S. Packing Co., Lincoln, Neb. Akeyson, Lillian Ann. '11. (Harry Cater) Galesburg Akeyson, Vera Cordelia, '10. [Augustana] Rock Island, 111. Albert, Grace, '08, [Train'g School], Teacher, Lincoln School, Galesburg Albert, Minnie J., '80. (Blount) Died, 1910 Aldrich, Alice, '98, [Colo. St. Nor.] ... .Kind, teacher, Grand Jet., Colo Aldrich, Clarence C., '99 Ranchman, Meeker. Colo. Aldrich, Elmer, '03 Surveyor, Riverside, Cal. Aldrich, Harry G., '04, [Knox, U. of 111.] Galesburg Aldrich, Julia, '97, (J. S. Wilson) Thornburg, Colo. Aldrich, Karl J., '06, [Knox] Rancher, Stoutsville. Mo. Aldrich, Lloyd, '04, [U. of III] Los Angeles, Cal. Aldrich, Ralph R.. '99 Ranchman, Craig, Colo. Alexander, Cornelia Helen M., '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Alexander, Kelly L., '01 Music teacher, Columbia, Mo. Allen, Belle W., '81, (First colored graduate) Died, 1889 Allen, Bessie, '99 Missionary teacher, Teheran, Persia Allen, Blanche, '00, (Hutchinson) Died, 1905 Allen, Daniel E., '87 Mgr. Art Store, Galesburg Allen, Eva. '93, (Hughes), [Brown's] Peoria, 111. Allen, Grace F., '00, (Weaver). [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Allen, Jennie L., '84, [Baptist Missionary Training] Chicago Allen, Nellie M., '83, (Rev. Anton Sengsen) Providence. R. I. Allen, Sheldon R., '02. [Knox, U. of 111.] Teacher, Cairo. 111. Allensworth, Leslie, '07, [Knox] Artificial Ice Co.. Galesburg Allensworth, Lester, '11 Blacksmith, "Q," Galesburg Allensworth, Myrtle R., '03, [Knox] Galesburg Allensworth. Rolland, '05, ... .Bookkeeper, Artificial Ice Co., Galesburg Almquist, Alice L. M., 'IL . .Bookkeeper, J. A. Oberg & Son, Galesburg Almquist, Hazel, '10 Stenographer, Evening Mail, Galesburg Alters, Goldie, '06, (Otis Weir) Farm, Galesburg Anderberg, Amanda H., '00, (Collins) Marseilles, III. Anders, Laila Harriette, '10, [Brown's], Sten. Illinois Hotel, Galesburg Anders, Paul R., '11, [Post Graduate] Oregon, 111. Anderson, Amy, '05. [Knox, T. S.], Teacher, Earn. School, Galesburg Anderson, Blanch P., '09. Anderson, Burt, '03, [U. of 111.]. Elec. Eng.,A. T. & S. F.,Barstow, Cal. Anderson, C. A.,'99, [Brown's], Timekeeper, Supt. office, "Q," Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. Anderson, Carl Edgar, '11 Touring Sweden, Galesburg Anderson, Clara, '98 Died, 1904 Anderson, Clark L., '10, [Brown's] F. & M. Bank, Galesburg Anderson, Edna, '01, (Freeman) Chicago, 111. Anderson, Edwin, '99. Anderson, Ella, '02 Clerk, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg Anderson, Elwyn, '06 Rancher, Nonneta, Wyoming Anderson, Florence, '05, [U. of 111.] Urbana, 111. Anderson, Florence Elizabeth, '10 Galesburg Anderson, Frances Elizabeth, '10 Galesburg Anderson, Fred, '85 Galesburg Anderson, F. H., '83, [Knox], Bookkeeper, J. H. Nelson's, Galesburg Anderson, Harry, '07 Galesburg National Bank, Galesburg Anderson, Howard F., '04, [U. of 111.] .. .Lumber dealer, Clearfield, la. Anderson, Irving, '03, [U. of 111.], Civil Eng., A. T. & S. F., Galesburg Anderson, Jennie, '96 Clerk, Goldsmith & Temple, Galesburg Anderson, Lilah Mildred, '98, ( Jarl) Chicago, 111. Anderson, Lillie Etty Florence. '09. .Holmes Bros, laundry, Galesburg Anderson, Marie, '05, [Brown's], Stenog., Gales. Union Tel., Galesburg Anderson, Marie H., '11 Visiting Hawaiian Islands, Galesburg Anderson, Mary Olivia, '94, (J. B. Swinger) Galesburg Anderson, Mildred A., '03, (F. F. Freeman) Chicago, 111. Anderson, Nancy, '07 Galesburg Anderson, Nellie, '85, (Frank) Atherton, Ohio Anderson, Rachel, '10, ]Augustana[ Moline, 111. Anderson, Rena, '98, (Sjodin) Galesburg Anderson, Robert M., '00 R. R. office, Coffeyville, Kan. Anderson, Theodore, '01 Died, Anderson, Tillie, HI Music teacher, Galesburg Andrews, Amanda, '99, (P. A. Gray) .. .Graduate nurse, Pueblo, Colo. Andrews, C. L.,'80, [U. of M.], Kohler & True Co., Boulder City, Colo. Andrews, Kenneth L., '09, [Knox] Galesburg Andrews, Lora. '06, [Brown's] .. .Office, Rearick's Hdw. Co., Galesburg Andrews, Mable, '07, ( Schlichter ) Yale, la. Andrews, Rollin Mac, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Andrews, Thirza, '93, (Bone) Galesburg Angier, R. N., '10. [Armour], Office, N. W. P. Union, Baltimore. Md. Anthony, Hazel, '04 Craik, Sask., Canada Arkels, Charlotte. '05, (Milo Rawalt) Canton. 111. Arkels, Etta, '84, (Lloyd) Gibson, 111. Armstrong, Annie M., '78, [Knox], Principal Cooke School, Galesliurg Armstrong, Flora, '88, (Teasdale) Oklahoma City, Okla. Armstrong, Mary, '98, [Knox], Bookkeeper, S. H. Knox Co., Galesburg Armstrong, Nellie C.,'93, [Kind. Nor.], Teacher, Wes.School, Galesburg Armstrong, Nettie H., '81, [Knox] . .Teacher, Cooke School, Galesburg Armstrong, W. A., '84, [Knox], Cashier, P. T. & S. Bank, Galesburg Arnold, Edward C, '89, Head Bookkeeper, Swift & Co., Omaha. Neb. Arnold, Elizabeth, '99, (Lowman), [Knox] Los Angeles, CaK Arnold, Florence, '08. (Ralph Mucer) Sterling, Colo. Arnold, Frances B., '90, (Woods), [Knox, Wellesley] Galesburg Arnold, Fred, '89, [Knox, Harvard] Lawyer, Galesburg Arnold, Harriett, '01. [Knox] Galesburg Arnold, Henry, '85, [Knox] Real estate agent, Galesburg 290 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Arnold, Lettie, 79, (McGaan) Altona. 111. Arnold, L., '93, [Knox, Chicago Dental], Dentist, Salt Lake City, Utah Arnold, Martha, '95, [Lombard] Died, 191 1 Arnold, Pauline Esther, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Asher, Milton C, '06 General Office, "Q," Chicago, 111. Asher, Robert E., '02 Bookkeeper, Peoria, 111. Astle, Joseph M., '00 Hardin, Mont. Atwood, Clarissa, '02, [Knox], Teacher, High School, Princeton, 111. Augerson, Hazel Aurora, '10 Galesburg Avery, ILstelle, '05, (Win. Lampe), [Knox] Shelby, Iowa Axen, Fred, '95 "Q." Offices, Chicago, 111. Ayres, Jas. B., 11 , [Knox] Missionary, Yamaguchi, Japan Ayers, Jessie, '06, (Rex Colville) Galesburg Babcock, Josiah, Jr., '06, [Knox, Yale] New Haven, Conn. Babcock, Lulu, '91, (Rich), [Knox] Galesburg Babcock, Nora E., 11, (Kurtz) Died, 1910 Backman, Carl, '04. [Augustana] Galesburg Backman, Lillian, '(X), [Knox, T. S.], Teacher H'cock School, Galesburg Backman, Olga, '06 Milliner, Highlander, Faulks & Co., Galesburg Bade, Doretta, '00 Galesburg Bair, Mattie, '01, (Adams) Monmouth, 111. Baird, Edith L., '03, [Knox Conservatory] Oklahoma City, Okla. Baird, Ellen E., '03, (Ward) Ames, low^a Baird, Floyd, '05 Oklahoma City, Okla. Baker, Ernest E., '80 El Paso, Tex. Baker, Stella, '05, [Training S.], Teacher, Weston School, Galesburg Baker, J. William, '08 Adams Express Co., Chicago, 111. Baldwin, Pearl, '99, (Ray Hollingsworth) Oak Park, 111. Ballou, P. F.'09, [Brown's], Stenographer, Med. Exam., "Q," Galesburg Balz, Elsa, '05 Clerk, N. P. Nelson Co.. Galesburg Balz, Herbert, '03 Manager, Stationery Store, San Francisco, Cal. Balz, Marie, '08 Stenographer, Boss Mfg. Co., Galesburg Balz, PauHne, '00, (West), [W. 111. Normal, T. S.] Cairo, 111. Bancroft, Sarah L., '66 Los Angeles, Cal. Barlow, Cosette, '07, (Curtis Dunn) Galesburg Barlow, Lawrence W., '01 Frost Manufacturing Co., Galesburg Barnard, Chas. K., '79 Died, Barnes, Florence A., '02 Ft. Madison, la. Barnes, Lynn, '00 La Grange, 111. Bamett, Albert, '07, [Knox] Farmer, Monmouth, 111. Barnett, Edna, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Bamett, Grace Irene, '09 Teacher, Ponemah, 111. Barrer, Glen A., '08, [Knox] Galesburg Bartlett, J. D.,'97, [Lom'd, U. of C, Rush Med.], Physician, Galesburg Bartlett, Wm. A., '01 Real estate and lands, Galesburg Barton, Maude B., '04, (J. L. Norton) Chicago, 111. Bateman, Louise, '88 Died, Bateman, Mary, '88, (Arkles) Bainsville, Ohio Bates, Charles E., '09, [Knox] Galesburg Bates, Esther S., '11, [Knox] Galesburg Bates, Florence, '92 Millinery business. Downer's Grove, 111. Bates, Floyd B., '09 Teacher, Harper School, Maquon, 111. Bates, Myrle, '06, [Training S.], Teacher Weston School, Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 291 Bates, Nealy Lynn, '97 Rancher, Gulf Crest, Ala. Battell, LeRoy, '99 Engineer, C. B. & Q., Galesburg Battell. Mabel A., '02, (Simpson), [Knox, T. S.] Bliss, Idaho Bauer, Clifford, '10 Bookkeeper, Ranney Shoe Store, Galesburg Baughman, Flora Adeline, '09, (Sheldon) South Dakota Bauman, Clara, '91, (Van Valer) La Crosse, Wis. Baxter, Helen Beatrice, '10 Moline, 111. Beck, Wanda, '06 Stenographer, Insane Asylum, Kankakee, 111. Beckman, Amy J., '10 Galesburg Beckman, Clarence, '08 Auditor, People's Traction Co., Galesburg Bedford, O. Clayton, '03, [U. of Michigan] Minister, Allen, Mich. Belcher, Roy S., '00, [Lombard] Chemist, Aurora, 111. Bell. Cora, '00, (Phoenix) Galesburg Bell, Jennie, '07, (E. P. Skinner) Galesburg Bell, Walter, '97, [Knox] Mason, Galesburg Bellinger, Jessie, '00, (Smith) Alexis, 111. Benedict, Arthur. '84 Post Office, Chicago, 111. Benedict, Jennie, '80, (Logan) Chicago, 111. Berggren, Earl, '00 Dentist, Chicago, 111. Bergland, Alice, '85 Teacher, Lincoln School, Galesburg Bergland, Jennie,'80, (J. B. Slocum), [Knox, B. S. O.], Brooklyn, N. Y. Bergland, Miriam, '89, (Johnson), [Knox Conservatory] .. .Galesburg Bergland, Ruth, '07 Teacher, Loomis, Neb. Bergland, Selma, '81, (Hunter) Moline, 111. Berquist, Estella M., '86, (Byram) Died, 1909 Bertrand, Minnie, '91, (Evans) Galesburg Berry, Mattie. '94, (Ball), [Macon, Mo.] Denver, Colo. Berry, Cora, '00, ( Squires) Galesburg Besse, Robert, '03 Lyndon, 111. Bessell, Florence, '08, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Bibbins, Mae E., '04, [T. S.] Teacher, Central School, Galesburg Bibbins, Nellie, '07, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Billings, Eva M., 17, (Hanaford) La Porte, Tex. Bissell, Nellie, '76 Died. Blaine, Sara, '94. (Kalar), [T. S., Keok. Med.] . .Phys., Bloomfield, Neb. Blake, Mae L, '86, (Choose) Peoria, 111. Blake, Sadie E.. '80. (J. H. Coolidge) Cleveland, Ohio Blayney, Roy, '07, [Knox, Northwestern Dental] Chicago, 111. Blessing, Caroline J., '98. . .Bookkeeper, Robson Mfg. Co., Galesburg Blessing, Rosie, '01. (Anderson) Galesburg Blessing, W. A., '97, [Brown's] .. .Bookkeeper. "Q" offices, Aurora, 111. Blick, Bertha. '96, (Mowat), [Mrs. Parry's Vocal School] . .Galesburg Bliss, Artie, '80, (Dunn), [Kind. Normal, Knox Cons.] Galesburg Bliss, Henry. '05, [Oberlin] Aluminum Co., East St. Louis, Mo. Bliss, Margaret, '00 Salem, Iowa Bliss, Marion. '08. [Columbia School of Expression] Galesburg Bliss, Mary C, '04, [Knox Conservatory] Salem, Iowa Bliss, Ruth, '01 Nurse, Kelso Sanitarium, Bloomington, 111. Bliss, Willard, '00 Delaware, Iowa Blodgett, Estella, '93, (Fred Dean), [Training School] Galesburg Blodgett, Thos., '95, [Knox] . .Western Mgr. Outing Mag., Chicago, 111. Bloomquist, Guy, '07, [Northwestern Dental] Dentist, Chicago, 111. 292 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Bloomquist, Herbert N., '04 Office, city clerk, Galesburg Bloomquist, Walter, '99 Died, 1910 Blum, Edna, '00, (Selk) Galesburg Blum, Harry J., '97, [Brown's] . .Storekeeper,, Mo. Pac, St. Louis, Mo. Boden, Elvira Lulu, '98, (Hammond) Wolcott, Ind. Boden. Lizzie, '99 Milliner, Sacramento, Cal. Bonesteel, Edna, '04, (Vanscike) . .Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Bonesteel, Lillian, '04 Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Bonham, Jessie, '11, (Henry Young) Galesburg Bonham, Lloyd, '08, [Knox] Bonham Shoe Store, Galesburg Borg, Mary, '90 Bookkeeper, Gas office, Galesburg Boutelle, Addison J., '87, [Knox] States' attorney, Galesburg Boutelle, Carrie M., '82, [Knox, Kind. Normal] . .Teacher, Omaha, Neb. Boutelle, Will A., '90 City treasurer, Galesburg Bower, Verner, '03 Farmer, High River, Alberta, Canada Boyd, Jennie S., '86, (Beetham) Nevada, Mo. Boydston, Curtis, '03 Cambridge, 111. Boydston, Everett, '01 Denver. Colo. Boyle, Minnie, '09 California Boyer, Abel, '04, [Knox] Galesburg Boyer, Zetta M., '04 Teacher, Wichita, Kan. Booz, Margaret, 'OS, (Fred Daniels) Omaha, Neb. Branham, Eva, '01, (Terry) Galesburg Bradbury, Daisy, '92, (Meadows) Berwick, 111. Bradbury, Mae, '01, (Straub) Galesburg Bradbury, Walter B., '98 Farmer, Cameron, 111. Bradshaw, Vera M., '98, (P. W. Thomson) Los Angeles, Cal. Brainard, Caroline, '96, [Kind., Bus. Coll.], Stenog., Kansas City, Mo. Brainard, Ralph V., '06 Traveling salesman, Oklahoma City, Okla. Branham, Mazeppa, '94, (Frank Palmer) Galesburg Brechwald, Amelia B., '83, (Hartz) Aurora, 111. Bridge, Arthur, '05, [Knox, Agr.], Mgr. Bridge's Farms, Fargo, N. D. Bridge, E. R.,'02, [Knox, U. of Wis.], Teacher, Man. Train., Galesburg Bridge, Glenn, '00, [Knox, U. of 111.] Died, 1905 Bridge, Irene, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Bridge, John, '91 Express Messenger, C. B. & Q., Galesburg Briggs, June Nellie, '10, [Normal] Gibson City, 111. Briggs, Pearl Eurith, '10 Dixon, 111. Brimhall, Amelia, '01, [Cumnock's] Galesburg Brintnell, Arthur, '94. . .Mgr. S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. Bristol, Albert, '96 Salesman, Swift & Co., Coffeyville, Kan. Brockway, Marcia, '05, (J. P. Creen) Galesburg Bronson, Ada, '08, (John Fink) Iowa City, la. Bronson, Nellie,'06, [Knox, Brown's], Teacher, High School, Moline.Ill. Brown, Carrie S., '98, (Jagger), [Cottage Hospital] Denver, Colo. Brown, Curtis, '99, [Knox], Bookkeeper, Gales. Nat. Bank, Galesburg Brown, Edna, '01, (Foshay) London Mills, 111. Brown, Edwin, '95 Draftsman, Pine Bluffs, Ark. Brown, Ella S., 11 , ( Scott) Galesburg Brown, Elizabeth, '05 Teacher, Maquon, 111. Brown, Eva, '01, (Roberts) Kewanee, 111. Brown, Wm. Fene, '65 Died Brown, George W., '65 Died, 1905 HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 293 Brown, Jennie, '06 Teacher, County School, Galesburg Brown, Lillie M., '04, (Boostrom) Canton, 111. Brown, Hattie, '91, (Andrews) Ft. Madison, la. Brown, Marguerite Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Brown, Ray Matlock, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Brown, Robert, '09, [Brown's].. .Stenog. Fruit Co., San Francisco, Cal. Brown, Valasco, '01 Deputy city clerk, Macomb, 111. Brown, Walter E., '10, [Brown's], Stenog., Coal mine, St. David, 111. Brooks, Harold, '06 Mercedes, Tex. Brooks, Hattie M., '90, (Hensel) Galesburg Brooks, Mamie, '91, (Fuller) La Grange, 111. Brownson, Cleo May, '08 Galesburg Bruington, Earl V., '10 Farmer, Coldbrook, 111. Bruington, Gilmer, '10 Farmer, Coldbrook, 111. Brulin, Irene, '08, [ Brown's] Beaumont, Tex. Bruner, Carrie, '90 Died, -- -Bruner, Clarabelle, '08, (Wordengardener) Monmouth, 111. Bruner, Clarabelle, '08, (Wordengardener) Monmouth, 111. Bruner, Maud, '92, (Edens), [Brown's] Chicago, 111. Bryner, Pearl, '01 Keithsburg, 111. Bryngelson, Brynolf, '10.. Clerk, Steinfeldt's Jewelry Store, Galesburg Bryngelson, Carl E., '11 Wilbur, Lanphear & Co., Galesburg Bryns, Albert E., '87, [Knox]. Bullock, Faye, '96, [Lombard], Adv. Mgr. Jos. Home & Co., Pittsburgh Burgess, Jessie W., '80, (Osborne) Joplin, Mo. Burke, Andy L., '01 Musician, Fort Collins, Colo. Burke, Aura Ella, '94 Bookkeeper, Lass & Larson, Galesburg Burke, Ralph T., '11 Caller, C. B. &. Q., Galesburg Burke, Irma Lillian, '10 Cashier, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Burkhalter, Euphemia A., '03, (Baldwin) Topeka. Kan. Burkhalter, Nellie, '90, ( W. A. Boutelle) Galesburg Burkhalter, Robert, '90 Lawyer, Chicago, 111 Burkhalter, Edna, '01, (Baltimore) Nekoma, 111. Burkhalter, Savina C, '06, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Burkhalter, N. H. '11, Bookkeeper, Western Union Tel. Co., Galesburg Burkhalter, Gertrude F.,'09, [Brown's], Stenographer, Los Angeles, Cal. Burkhalter, Florence E., '09, [W. 111. Normal] Galesburg Burnaugh, Juanita, '05, [Knox, T. S.], Teacher, Line. School, Galesburg Burneson, Eva, '99, (Reed) California Burnette, Bessie, '08, [U. of Iowa] Iowa City, la. Burns, Charles M., '08, [Knox] Galesburg Burns, George Maley, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Burtnett, Lillian G., '10 Nurse, Proctor Hospital, Peoria, 111. Burtt, Norton J., '10, [U. of Notre Dame] Notre Dame, Ind. Burton, Clara, '06. Burton, Irene M., '04, (Harry Palmer) Los Angeles, Cal. Burton, Margaret, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Burton, Nettie A., '80, (R. E. Worrell), [State Normal] . .Bowen, 111. Butler, Julia, '10 Galesburg Butterfield, Fannie, '86, (A. J. Ream) Galesburg Butterfield, Josephine, '94, (J. F. Chaffee) Council Bluffs, la. Butterfield, Nellie C, '02, (Stevens) Galesburg Byram, Eleanor L., '03, (Wiley Massie) Buda, 111. Byram, Grace, '95, [Brown's], Stenog, Adams Express Co., Galesburg 294 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Byram, Hester, '89, ( P. CwTryner), [Kindergarten Normal], Galesburg Byram, Joseph E., '87 Mail clerk, Indianapolis, Ind. Byram, Louise A., '81, (DeSpain) Cottage Grove, Ore. Byram, Zella M., '93, [Knox] . .Teacher, High School, Ft. Madison, la. Caldwell, Anthony J., '98 Stock Ranch, Stoutsville, Mo. Caldwell, W. Harley, '98 Standard Oil Co., Galesburg Callender, Blanche, '00 Union news stand, Galesburg Callender, Gladys M., '10, [St. Margaret's] Galesburg Callender, Ida, '06, (Hagen) Mate Huala, Mexico Callender, Lillian, '06 Galesburg Callender, Ruth Serena, '10, [St. Margaret's] Galesburg Callison, Fern, '04, (W. F. Miller) Little Falls, Wash. Calkins, Bertha, '00, (Dunbar) Galesburg Calkms, Ernest, '85, [Knox] ' Advertiser, New York, N. Y. Calkins, Fred, '92 Baggage transfer, San Francisco, Cal. Calkins, H. M., '94, [Knox, Minn. Bus.], Teacher, Silver City, N. M. Calkins, Leah, '88, (Pearsoll), [Knox] .....Elgin, 111. Calkins, Will, '90 Advertiser, New York, N. Y. Cameron, Margaret, '09, [St. Margaret's, Knox, St. Mary's], Galesburg Campbell, Cora M., '04, Stenographer, Bartlett & Robbins, Galesburg Campbell, Gladys McAlpine, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Campbell, Helen, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Campbell, Irene, '00, (Willis), [Knox Conservatory] Seattle, 111. Campbell, Jessie E., '02, (Lawrence), [Brown's] Galesburg Campbell, Mary E., '64. (Riddle) Guthrie, la. Candee, Fannie, '67, (Gale), [Knox] Died 1903 Candee, Jennie, '64, (Brush), [Knox] Carbondale, 111. Canfield, Jesse Owen, '02 Prop, of theatre, Washington, la. Canfield, Louise M., '04, (Geo. Ehrenhart) Abingdon, 111. Canfield, Ruth E., '10. .Bookkeeper, Wenzlemann Mfg. Co., Galesburg Carey, Frank, '96 Prop, book store, Seattle, Wash. Carey, Mary, '88, (Moore) Benton Harbor, Mich. Carey, Romulus, 'CO Real estate, Portland, Ore. Carney, Eugenia, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Carney, Harold F., '06 Working in orange orchard, Riverview, Cal. Carney, Winifred J., '02, (Teeter), [Knox] Chicago, 111. Carley, Amber, '09, [ Knox] Galesburg Carlson, Anna A., W, [Brown's], Stenographer, tie plant, Galesburg Carlson, Edna O., '10 Stenographer, B. E. McLaughlin, Galesburg Carlson, Elsie, '07, [Brown's], Private secy, Mr. Scott. Chicago, 111. Carlson, Stella, '05, Stenographer, Galesburg National Bank, Galesburg Carlton, Helen, '03 Trained nurse, Denver, Colo. Carrier, Edith Maud, '10 Cameron, 111. Carter, Estella P., '98, Bookkeeper, Modern Woodmen, Denver, Colo. Carter, Eva M., '03 Dressmaker, Galesburg Case, Mabel Esther, '02, (A. J. Martin) Chicago, 111. Castle, Carroll, '91 Dentist, California Cederoth, Elvera. '10, [Brown's] Galesburg Castle, Cynthia, '00, (Shanley) Galesburg Chalmers, Mary E., '10 Teacher, Kindergarten, Galesburg Chalmers, John H., '02 Mechanical Engineer, Grand Rapids, Mich. Chalmers, Bessie, '96, (Neylon) Galesburg Chalmers, Thomas, '06 Fireman, C. B. & Q., Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 295 Chamberlain, Alice, '01 Galesburg Chamberlain, Ethel,'01,( Porter), [Lorn., U. of C], East Orange, N. J. Chamberlain, Ruth, '04, [Lombard] Mus. D., Lombard, Galesburg Chambers, Pearl M., '03, (Adams) Galesburg Chandler, Henry G., '04, [U. of 111.] Merchant, Marshfield, Ind. Charles, Mary Ellen, '64 Topeka, Kan. Charlson, Arthur J., '89 Carpet Dept., O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Charlson, Jennie, '87 Galesburg Chapman, Harry K., '02 Bookkeeper, Chicago Chapin, Carrie L., '80, [Kind. Normal],. .Teacher, Churchill, Galesburg Chapin, Gertrude R., '80, (F. D. Thomson), [Knox] .. .Springfield, 111. Chase, Lorena, '06 Died, 1906 Chase, Nina, '09 Teacher, Blue Sky School, Maquon, 111. Chase, Nellie, '91 Teacher, Galesburg Chase, P. M., '02, [Knox, Dartmouth], Phys. & Surgeon, Galesburg Chellburg, Minnie A., '00 Farmers and Mechanics Bank, Galesburg Childs, Erminie Dix, '94 Died, 1897 Chinn, Bertha Temple, '00 Galesburg Chitty, Mattie L, '86, (Hollandsworth) Canton, 111. Chittenden, Edgar, '05, Trav. salesman. National Biscuit Co., Galesburg Christburg, Harriet D., '11, [Knox] Galesburg Christenson, Agnes, '07 Stenographer, Dr. Matheny, Galesburg Christenson, Edith N., '04, (Rodgers) Hermon, 111. Christenson, Reuben, '10 Bank of Galesburg, Galesburg Christopher, Ethel, '95, (Jones), [Knox] Chicago, 111. Church, Herbert, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Churchill, Nellie, '07, (Ramp) Kansas City, Mo. Clark, Chester M., '81, [Knox, Yale] .. .Cong, minister, Fairview, Kan. Clark, Esther, '11, [Lombard] Galesburg Clark, Gladys, '08, ( Clyde Waters) Galesburg Clark, Jennie E., '86, ( Hunt) Decatur, Mich. Clark, P. Alice, '97, [Knox, St. Louis T. S.], Nurse, St. Louis, Mo. Clarkson, Florence, '00, (R. K Collins), [Knox] Parnassus, Pa. Clay, Alta B., '97, (Thomas) Galesburg Clay, Cora, '97, (Roxey) Cameron, 111. Clendenin, Elizabeth, '98, (Osgood) Fallow, Nevada Clendenin, Helen, '98, (Bohannon), [Knox] Alsas, Sask., Can. Clendenin, Mabel, '01, [Knox] New York, N. Y. Clong, Blanch Irene, '09 Clerk, "Q" lunch rooms, Aurora, 111. Coad, Oral S.,'04, [Knox, Columbia U.] Teacher, Delaware, Ohio Coates, Rheda E., '10, [St. Margaret's], Teacher, Kind., Galesburg Cobb, Harry C, '99, [U. of C], Adv. Dept., Motor Age Mag., Chicago Cobb, Scott, '95, [U. of 111.] Died, 1904 Cochrun, Bessie, '95 Galesburg Cochrun, Helen B., '02, (Cunningham) Omaha, Neb. Cochrun, Florence Agnes, '09 Milliner, Galesburg Cochrun, Margaret, '99 Office, stock yards, Galesburg Cocklin, Karl, '01 Iowa City, la. Coe, Lulu, '96, (N. L. Ewing), [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Coffman, Harry E., '01 Died, 1910 Coffman, Kate, '03, (Richardson), [Knox] Creston, la. Coffman, Maud, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Coffman, Nina, '01, (Kiley) Kansas City, Mo. 296 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Cole, Elvina N., '04, [Bloomington School of Chiropody], Minneapolis Cole, Orlinda D., '03, [Brown's], Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Collins, Effie, '92, (Musgrove), [Knox Conservatory], Wheaton, 111. Collins, Nellie C, '87, [Brown's, Gregg], Teacher, High, Galesburg Colville, Anne, '95, (Wm. Anderson) Galesburg Colville, Helen E., '02, [T. S.] Children's Librarian, Galesburg Colville, John, '07, [U. of 111.] Galesburg Colville, Margaret M., '83, (McCormick), [Knox], Great Falls, Mont. Colville, Nita, '91, (N. C. Lescher), [Brown's] Galesburg Colville, Rex, '04 Fireman, "Q," Galesburg Comstock, Carrie, 84, [School of Art and Design], Los Angeles, Cal. Conant, Nina L., '03, (Rose) Atchison, Kan. Conard, Mary Esther, '02 Galesburg Condon, Anna Louise, '10 Clerk, S. H. Knox Co., Galesburg Condon, Florence J., '04 Pasadena, Cal. Cone, Clara, '93 Winfield, Kan. Cone, Mark, '92 Farmer, Surrey, 111. Conger, Delia, '02, [Wellesley, Lombard], Teacher, Franklin, Mass. Conger, Ethelyn, '05, [Lombard] . .Studying music, Framingham, Mass. Conger, G. P., '97, [Lombard, Hannaman Med.], Specialist, Oak Park Conser, William, '03 Fruit grower. Riverside, Cal. Converse, Myrtle, '95, (Widney) Pasadena, Cal. Cook, Bernice E., '09 Teacher, Hope School, Victoria, 111. Cook, Frances E., '93, ( Post) Detroit, Mich. Cook, Grace, '95, (Smith), [Knox] Oak Park, 111. Cook, Kate, '08 Boss Mfg. Co., Galesburg Cook, Mabel Hortense, '11 Victoria, 111. Cooke, Florence A., '93, (Moerhoute) . .Teacher of music, Chicago, 111. Coolidge, Adelaide, '03, (Felt) Galesburg Coolidge, E. D., '98, [Knox, Chicago Dental] Dentist, Chicago, 111. CooHdge, Edna, '02, (Rice) Williamsfield, 111. Coolidge, Josephine, '96, (Moreland), [Knox, Lombard] ... .Galesburg Coolidge, Nellie, '92, [Chic. School Mass, and Ther. Gym.] Galesburg Coolidge, Walter, '92, [Knox], Professor, Shurtleff College, Alton, 111. Cooper, Edith Minerva, '11 Monmouth, 111. Cooper, Mae G., '98, (St. John), [Knox] Chicago, 111. Copeley, Mary E., '76 Died, 1882 Corbin, Bert, '85 Wholesale lumber dealer, St. Louis, Mo. Coulson, Elma Marie, '97, (Bramhall). Courtright, Gertie, '91, (Hedenburg) East Galesburg Cowan, Mary, '05 Died, 1911 Cox, Cella, '07 Galesburg Cox, Ethel W., '98, (Butcher) Rio, 111. Cox, Gladys, '10, [Lombard] Teacher, N. Henderson, Galesburg Crandell, Susie Enid, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Cratty, Stella, '01 Teacher, Oneida, 111. Cravens, Mabel, '08 Alpha, 111. Cravens, Vallah A., '09, (James Davis) Galesburg Craver, Lucy, '00, ( Robinson ) Galesburg Craw, Irma McChesney, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Crawford, Agnes J., '03, (Lambert) Weathersfield, 111. Crawford, Mary, '00, (Monroe), [Knox] Rushville, 111. Creen, John P, '02 Clerk, post office, Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 297 Crocker, Leslie J., '97, [Brown's] Farmer, N. Dakota Culver, Blanche, '01, (Stratton) Mason City, la. Culver, Cora, '97, (Fulton), [Knox, Kind. Normal] Wichita, Kan. Culver, Richard J., '01 Los Angeles Herald, Los Angeles, Cal. Cummins, Lydia, '93 Galesburg Cunningham, Ora Sorelda Mgr., Boyer Broom Co., Galesburg Curran, Jennie, '92, (Everson) Omaha, Neb. Dahleen, Amy V., '03, (Billings) Galesburg Dalberg, Emil, '11, [Augustana] Rock Island, 111. Dallach, Alex C, '97, [Brown's] Mayor, Wenatchee, Wash. Dallach, Carl, '08, [Brown's] . .Private Secretary, Supt. "Q," Galesburg Dallach, Elsie, '01, (Geo. Cowan) Galesburg Dallach, Gertrude, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Dallach, W. A., '06 Draftsman, McCook Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. Danielson, Edna, '07, (Bronley) Kansas City, Mo. Danielson, Mary, '00, (Meadows) Galesburg Danielson, Selma, '01, (Swan Palm), [Cottage Hospital] ... .Galesburg Darst, James M., '02, [Rose Polytechnic] Terre Haute, Ind. Darst, Margaret, '07, [Drake University] Des Moines, la. Darst, Wilmer M., '01 Farmer, Ferris, 111. Daugherty, Edwin, '03 Fruit grower. Riverside, Cal. David, Dora, '99, ( Vitatoe) Peoria. 111. David, Jesse M., '02 Lawyer, Peoria, 111. Davidson, Belle, '95 Tailor, Rock Island, 111. Davidson, Elsie, '96, [Brown's], Private Secy, Rand-McNally, Chicago Davidson, Emma Florence, '06 Farm, Cameron, 111. Davidson, Genevieve, '05, (Bruce Willis) Galesburg Davidson, Grace, '99 Milliner, Galesburg Davidson, Sam, '98 Carpenter, Galesburg Davis, Alta, '91, ( B. W. Seymour) Chicago, 111. Davis, Ellen, '85, [Knox] Prin., Douglas School, Galesburg Davis, Gairoe Viola, '09, (Mead) North Henderson, 111. Davis, Grace Ruth, '11 Galesburg Davis, Kate, '89, [Knox. U. of Chicago] ... .Teacher, Madison, S. Dak. Davis, Loyal E., '11, [ Post Graduate] Galesburg Davis, Mary J., '63, (J. T. McKnight), [Knox] Galesburg Davis, Rena, '91, (Wasson) Galesburg Davis, Theressa J., '02, (Robinson) Chicago, 111. Day, Bessie M. E., '09. Chicago, 111. Daymude, Orville Marie, '11 Teacher, Monmouth, 111. Deatherage, Ethel, '03 Rio, 111. Deatherage, Roxy, '05 Rio, 111. Deets, Gladys Belle, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Deets, Harold B., '09, [U. of 111.] Galesburg De Forrest, Martha Loraine, '00, (Campbell) Atlanta, Kan. Dejerald, Aurilley, '86 Died, Delbridge, Garnet, '00, (Underbill) Kewanee, 111. Denison, Grace, '07 Miller City, Idaho Dennis, Catherine H., '03, [Brown's] . .Sten., Treas. Dept., Washington Dennis, Laura Mina, '97, (Summers) Hope, Kan. Denny, Lorretta, '01, (Birch) Galesburg Denny, William F., '01 Lawyer, Chicago, 111. DePue, Edith, '07 Stenographer, A. J. Boutelle, Galesburg 298 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Derby, Mary L., '93 Inglewood, Cal. Derry, Roy E., '11 Wagoner Printing Co., Galesburg DeVoss, Frank M., '04 Farmer, Cameron, 111. Dewey, Winnie, '91, (Short) Council Bluffs, la, Dick, Walter H., '98 Plumber, Galveston, Tex, Dickerson, Ruth B., '11 Stenographer, Physician's office, Galesburg Dickson, Edna H., '98, (Alexander), [Brown's] Lowry, Wis,. Dickson, Guy B., '81, [Rush Medical] Physician, Chicago, IIU Dickson, Mabel, '95, ( Butterwick) Galesburg Doll, Harriet L., 11 Galesburg Dolbin, Myrtle M., '02, (A. E. Hinckley) Galesburg Donnelly, Anna, '01 Stenographer, Galesburg Donnelly, Nellie, '08 Stenog., Chicago Motor Co., Chicago, III. Dossett, Anna A., '02, (Owens) Galesburg Doudna, Nellie, '99, (Stofft) Omaha, Neb.. Dougherty, Curtis, '79, Civil Eng., Queen & Crescent, Denver, Colo. Douglas, Emma, '10 Clerk, High School, Galesburg; Douglass, Edwin W., '08, [Arkansas University] Galesburg Douthett, Roxey Edith, '97, [Brown's], Stenog., in Bank, Peoria, 111. Dove, Jennie, '99 Betheden, Miss.. Dow, Mabel, '92, (F. L. Conger), [Lombard] Galesburg Driggs, Wm. M., '98 Josephson Jewelry store, Moiine, 111. Dudley, Chas. E., HI Depot master, "Q," Galesburg Duff, Myrtle, '05 Portland, Ore. Duffey, Kathlyn, '99, ( Higby ) Whiting, Kan, Duffy, Frances, '00, ( Stone) Kewanee, 111. Duffy, Lawrence, '07 Farmer, Galesburg Duke, Bert, '10 Barber shop, Galesburg Dunbar, Etta, '06 Farm, Galesburg Dunbar, Frank, '06, [Knox] Farmer, Galesburg Duncan, Fred, '05 Electrical Engineer. Chicago, 111. Duncan, Joe, '07 Civil Engineer, A. T. & S. F., Marceline, Mo. Dunkle, Florence Evelyn, '03, Stenog., First National Bank, Galesburg Dunkle, Olive, '10 Galesburg Dunn, Chas. W., HZ, [Knox, Chi. Theo. Sem.], Minister, Lebanon, Mo. Dunn, Eleanor Mary, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Dunn, Joe H., '98 Private secretary. Bank, Wellingham, Wash. Dunn, Maude, '97, (Gentry) Galesburg Dunn, Nellie M., '09, (Hough) Galesburg Dunn, Nettie, '04 Galesburg Dunn, Pansy, '97. [Knox, Brown's], Sten., Mall. Cast. Co., Galesburg Dunlap, Doris, '08 Kindergarten teacher, Kansas City, Mo, Dunlap, Edith Letitia, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Dunlap, W., '06, [Knox, Brown's, U. of 111., Rush Med.], Chicago, 111. Duvall, Olive, '05, (Crawford) Iowa Eastes, Carrie, '89 Teacher, Galesburg Eastes, Darlene L., '10, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Eastes, Enid, '04 Bookkeeper, Watson & Cabeen, Galesburg Eastes, Geo. J., '87 County treasurer, Galesburg Eastes, John W, '75 Gasoline and kerosene dealer, Galesburg Eastes, Lucille A., '11, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Eastes, Margaret, '07. .. .Dressmaker, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg Eastman, Herbert, '06, [Knox] Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 299 Eastman, Orlo A., '08, [Knox] Galesburg Eaves, Ruth M., '10 File clerk, storehouse, "Q," Galesburg Eble, Wm. R.. '09 Clerk, Supt. office, "Q," Galesburg Edgar, Edna, '04, (Pont), [Brown's] Galesburg Edgar, Lou Ellen, '04 Rio, 111. Edgerton, Erastus L., '01, [Rush Medical] Physician, Chicago Edgerton, Helen, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Edmunds, Stella H Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Edmundson, Harry, '08 "Q" yard office at humps, Galesburg Edmundson, Inez, '01, [Knox Conservatory] Houston, Tex. Edoff, Alice Cecelia, '09 Stenographer, Machen Bros., Galesburg Edwards, Ella B., '02 Geneseo, 111. Edwards, Ethel E., '04, (Berlocher) Chicago, 111. Edwards, Gertrude M., '04 Teacher, Hitchcock School, Galesburg Edwards, G. Perle, '03, (Leo Baird) Abingdon, 111. Eels, Floy, '05, (Edward Brothers) Pasadena, Cal. Elder, Alta, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Elder, Mollie M., '87, ( W. A. Jordan) Galesburg Elmendorf, Raymond D., '02 Died, 1909 Elstein, Leo, Jr., '08, [U. of 111.] Urbana, 111. Emery, Earl, '08, [Brown's] Traveling salesman, Galesburg Emery, Margaret, '10, [Wood's Kind. Normal] Minneapolis, Minn. Emrich, Lillian, '89, (Nye), [Knox] Grass Valley, Cal. Emrich, Minnie C, '83, (Washington) Ravenswood, 111. Emrich, Roy P., '01, [Knox, Naval Acad, at Annapolis], U. S. Navy Ennis Louise, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Enochs, Grace, '01 Rockford, 111. Envall, Mary, '90 Music teacher, Galesburg Epperson, Clyde O., '00, [Univ. of Colo.] Lawyer, Denver, Colo. Epperson, Theo. B., '06 Rio, III. Eppsteiner, Earl, '99. .John M. Smyth Co., mailing house, Chicago, 111. Eppsteiner, M. Addison, '06 "Q" office, Galesburg Erickson, Ernest, '03 .Died, 1903 Erickson, Frederick D., '02 Died, 1909 Erickson, Gertrude, '09, [Knox, Chicago Kindergarten] Galesburg Erickson, Lambert, '06. . .Messenger, Adams Express, Rock Island. 111. Erickson, Lillian, '06, [Knox] Galesburg Erickson, Lillian, '99, (Leipsig) Galesburg Erickson, Reuben. '07, [Knox. Johns Hopkins University] .. .Galesburg Ericson, H. E., '98, [Lombard, U. of Chi.], Teacher, Milwaukee, Wis. Ericson. Josephine L., '94, [Lombard, T. S.] Teacher, Galesburg Erlandson, Elting, '07, [Brown's] W A. Anderson, Galesburg Ersfeld, Ray, '03 Trainman, "Q," Galesburg Evans, Pearl, '01 Nurse, St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago, 111. Famulener, Harley, '08, [Brown's] P. T. & S. Bank, Saluda, 111. Famulener, Ray, '05 Draftsman, Goodens, Idaho Fargo. Alida E., '65, (E. P. Bartlett), [Knox] Avon, 111. Fechner, Hazel, '07 Died, 1909 Felt, Albert, '96, [Knox, U. of Mich.] Lawyer, Galesburg Felt, Alice Helen, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Felt, Edward, '09, [Lombard] Farmer, Galesburg Felt, E. W., '04, [Knox, Union Theo. Sem.], Miss., Bombay, India Felt, Harley V., '02 Farmer, Monmouth 300 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Felt, Margaret, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Felt, Walter, '99 Farmer's Mutual Life Insurance, Galesburg Felt, Winifred, '06, [Knox, Lewis Inst.], Y. W. C. A., Minneapolis, Minn. Fensterer, Mary, '01 Boss Mfg. Co., Galesburg Ferguson, Alice M., [Studying music] Orion, 111. Ferguson, Harriet L., '04, (H. Hanlon) Galesburg Ferguson, Harry E., '02 Banker, Orion, 111. Ferris, Blanche. '05, (A. J. Terpening) Galesburg Ferris, Ethel Margaret, '11, [ Brown's] Galesburg Ferris, Ethel Lorraine, '00 Died, 1906 Ferris, Mamie, '97, [Lombard. Brown's] ... .Stenographer, Chicago, 111. Ferris, William Mead, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Finch, NelHe E., '04, (Warren) Monmouth. 111. Finlay, Lauretta E., '09, [W. 111. Nor.] Teacher, Burlington, la. Finlay, Eva L., '10, [W. 111. Normal] Burlington, la. Finlay, Leonard. '10, [Lewis Institute] .. .Edison Elec. Co., Chicago. 111. Finlay, Margaret, AI.. '09, [W. 111. Nor.], Teacher, Douglas, Galesburg Finney, Maude L, '97, (Eckles) Chicago, 111. Fish, Emma, '07 Bookkeeper, Boyer Broom Co.. Galesburg Fitch, Hazel, '01 Stenographer, Chicago, 111. Flagg, Dottie M., '04 Died, 1908 Fleharty, Bert, '07 Mail Clerk, Galesburg Fleharty, Geo., '01 Musician, Boise, Idaho Fleharty, Grace, '04, [T. S.] Teacher. Lincoln School, Galesburg Fletcher, Chas. W., '87 Driver, baggage wagon, Galesburg Fletcher, George, '99 S. H. Knox & Co., Galesburg Flynn, Con C, '04, [Knox, U. of 111.] . .Newspaper reporter, Galesburg Flynn, Geo. Wm., '98 Mail carrier, Galesburg Flynn, Jas. R, '94, [Phila. Dental, Chi. Dental], Dentist, Galesburg Folger, Geo. '87 Died, 1891 Folger, Sarah B., '87 Private teacher, Galesburg Forrey, Lucile, '01 Bookkeeper, Galesburg Forsee, Jennie E., '02, (Venard) Macomb, 111. Forstrom, Myrtle L., '11 Stenographer Baird's drug store, Galesburg Fortney, Gertrude, '99. Monmouth, 111. Foshay, John, '02, [Brown's] Farmer, London Mills. 111. Fosher, Paul, '07 Traveling salesman, Chicago. 111. Foster, Maud, '08 Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Fowler, Harry C, '04 Electrical Eng., power house, Peoria, 111. Fowler, Mae, '08 Bookkeeper, Larson & Hultgren, Galesburg Frailey, Eva, '06 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg France, Glenn, '04, [Mich. Hort.], Overseer, fruit farm, Marshall, Mich. Franey, Edith, '06, (Kennedy), [Brown's] Chicago, 111. Franey, Gladys, K., '10. .Dressmaker, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg Franklin, Lucy, '06 Farm, Galesburg Fraser, Eva, '99, ( Lapham ) Katy, Tex. Fredericks, Hilda C, '10 Clerk, Crandell's Dept. Store, Galesburg Fredericks, E. Julia, '97, (Hallin), [Knox Conservatory], Kewanee, 111. Freeburg, George A., '01 Mining Engineer, Denver, Colo. Freeburg, Gunnard, C. '06 Farmer, Malad City, Idaho Freed, Clara Nellie, '(X) Galesburg Freer, Morton C, '98, Traveling salesman, Sykes Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Frey, Charlotte, '89 Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 301 Frey, Emma, '91 Galesburg Friedland, Karl, '03 Dept. of Agriculture, Ogden, Utah Frisbie, Orton F., '01 Grain dealer, Foss, Okla. Frisk, Blenda, '07, [Brown's] Stenographer, Physicians, Galesburg Fritz, William, '05 Teacher, Etherley, 111. Frymire, Hardin, '10, [Eureka] Eureka, 111. Fuhrman, Stella, '05, (Joe Miller) Kewanee, 111. Fuller, Emma, '92, (Edwards), [Training School] Died. 1910 Fuller, Mabel B., '97, [Train. Wesley Hos.], Nurse, Rochester, Minn. Fuller, Mary E., '02 Teacher, Kindergarten Normal, Galesburg Fuller, Stanchffe, '92" [Knox] Postal clerk, "Q," La Grange, 111. Fuller, Walter E., '95 Died, March, 1895 Futhey, Myrtle, '99, (H. Gillett) Died, 1908 Gabrielson, Erwin, '09, [Brown's], Master Mech. office, "Q" Galesburg Gabrielson, Katherine M., '10, [Brown's], Title & Abs. Co., Galesburg Gabrielson, Mabel G., '06 Stenographer, A. J. Perry, Galesburg Gale, Alice C, '98, (Wallace), [Knox] Galesburg Gale, Caroline, '98, (Harder), [Pratt Institute] Washington, D. C. Gallagher, Margaret C, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Galpin, Stella, '07, [Knox] Asst. Branch Librarian, Galesburg Gardner, Mima. '98, (Bruington) Monmouth, 111. Gardt, C. H., '02, [Knox, Brown's, St. John's Mil.], Cigars, Galesburg Garret, Gracie, '79 Died Garrity, Irene,'04, [Knox, CoL School of Exp.], N. W. U. Set., Chicago Garrity, Mable, '91, (Gillam) Las Vegas, N. Mex. Gash, Gracia E., '98 Died 1903 Gash, Til ford, '08 Teacher, private school, Galesburg Gastren, Mae, '98 Los Angeles, Cal. Gates, Mabel V., '06, ( Spencer) Galesburg Gates, Vernon, '08, [Knox, Brown's] Galesburg Gaumer, Clara E., '02, [Brown's], Sten., W. H. Miner Co., Chavy. N. Y. Gaumer, Mildred, '07, [T. S.] ... .Teacher, Farnham School, Galesburg Gay, Loraine, '95, (McCandless), [Knox] Oklahoma City, Okla. Gebhart, Harry, '05, [Knox, Ann Arbor Medical], Ann Arbor, Mich. Gebhart, Erminie, '07, [ Brown's] Galesburg Gebhart, May me, '06, (Eyhusen), [Brown's] Galesburg Geer, Cora, '91 Galesburg Geer, Minnie, '85, (Stofft) Galesburg Gehring, Earl R., '09, [ Brown's] Galesburg Gehring, Webster, '10, [Brown's] Galesburg Gent, Gertrude J., '98, (Almondinger) Burlington, la. Gentry, Adda, '90, (George), [Knox, Studied in Germany], Milwaukee Gentry, Beryl, '06 Clerk, Gentry Grocery Store, Galesburg Gentry, Simeon, '98 Farmer, Galesburg Gettemy, Chas. F, '85, [Knox], Bureau of Statistics, Dorchester, Mass. Gibson, William, '07. Giddings, Lydia, '99. (Gustafson) Galesburg Gilbert, John D., '05 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Gilbert, Helen, '03 Dressmaker, Galesburg Gilbert, Ruth, '07 Central Union Telephone Co., Galesburg Gilfillan, Amber, '05 Musician, Denver, Colo. Gillespie. Ednah, '04, (Sanders) Rock Island, 111. Gillis, Myra, '01, ((Sammage), [Simmons, Jeff. Park Hosp.], Chicago 302 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Goddard, James R., '02 Clerk, Orion, 111. Goddard, Jessie, '96, (Gustafson), [Knox] Orion, 111. Goettler, Clara B., '09 Galesburg Goff, Roy, '09, [ Lombard] Galesburg Goldquist, Carrie C, '78, ( Luckey ) Galesburg Goldquist, Frank, '07 Canton, 111. Goldsmith, Arthur, '91 Stationer, Galesburg Goldsmith, Grace, '84, [Kind. Nor.], Teacher, Hitchcock Sc. Galesburg Golliday, Gail H., '04, [Lombard] Galesburg Golliday, Theo., '03, [Lombard, U. of C] ... .Teacher, High, Galesburg Goodsill, Inez, '05, [Knox Conser.] ... .Teacher, Avon High, Galesburg Goodsill, M. Max, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Graham, Leroy, '98, [Brown's] Died, 1910 Graham, Margaret, '98, (West) Denver, Colo. Graham, Martha, '98, (Aldrich) Galesburg Graham, Merle, '04, (Robbins) Yates City, 111. Graham, Nellie, '05, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Granat, Lorenzo A., '11. Bookkeeper, Swanson's meat market, Galesburg Greene, Edith, '03, (Orcutt), [Knox] Areola, 111. Greene, Frank Y., '85 Weinberg Bros., Galesburg Greene, Lena M., '02 Galesburg Greene, Lucy, '91, ( Howard ) Peoria, 111. Greene, Mabel, '05, (Willey) Greensburg, Kan. Green, Pearl, '08 Teacher, Ford School, Galesburg Greenwood, Valoise, '05, ( Pierce) Newton, Kan. Greenwood, Zelma H., '02, (Alexander) Columbia, Mo. Gregg, Clarence A., '04, [ U. of 111. ] Farmer, Galesburg Gregg, Lee, '04, [U. of 111., Brown's] Farmer, Galesburg Grey, Clara, '95, [Knox] Kansas City, Kan. Griffin, Earl, '95, Genl offices. Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago. 111. Griffith, Harry H., '97 Grocer, Galesburg Griffith, Lyle, '08, [Brown's], Stenog., O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Gripp, Hanna, '01, (Barnett) Rock Island, 111. Grubb, Don, '01 West Drug Co., Galesburg Grubb, Rob Roy, '98 Fireman "Q," Galesburg Gudgell, Gladys M., '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Gudgell, John D., '10 Rail clerk, T Rail Mill, "Q" Galesburg Guenther, Amelia, '09 Clerk, Bondi Bros., Galesburg Guenther, Rosa M., '03, Stenographer, Portland Cement Co., Chicago Gum, Edwin J., '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Gumbiner, Florence, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Gumbiner, Sadie, '04, [T. S., W. I. N.], Teacher, Weston, Galesburg Gumore, Adelbert, '91 Died. 1897 Gustafson, Leonard A., '01 Teacher, Business College, Peoria, 111. Haggenjos, Mabel, '05, (Bert Weingartner) Galesburg Haggenjos, John, '08 Stenographer, Cline & Shaw, Galesburg Haggenjos, Virginia, '07, (J. G. Bragg) Glisson School, Galesburg Hagrelius, Judith C, '02, [ Brown's] Died, 1909 Hagstrom, Effie C, '00 Died, 1906 Hagstrom, Ethel E., '06 Stenographer, Los Angeles, Cal. Hagstrom, Lillie, '00, (Tanner) Galesburg Hagstrom, Ray A., '10 Clerk, J. A. Peterson Grocery, Galesburg Hagstrom, Winnie A., '04 Portland, Ore. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 303 Hague, Faith, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Hague, Lee Anna, '07, [Knox] Galesburg Hague, Wm. B., Rev. '65, [Knox] Clergyman, Gorham, Me. Hahn, Anneta C, '02 Office, Dr. Schlegel, Galesburg Hahn, Lillie, '01 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Haight, Clarence, '03 Grocer, Galesburg Haight, George C, '04 Grocer, Galesburg Hale, Charles, '08 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Hale, Justin Carlton, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Hales, Ralph, '03, [U. of 111.] Principal, High School, Minden, la. Hales, Reed, '03, [U. of 111.] Grain dealer, Longview, 111. Hall, Geneva, '98. ( Vaux) Shattuck, Okla. Hall, Mary V.. '02 Galesburg Hall, Myrtle, '00, (Curtis) Grant Park, 111. Hall, Ward, '03, [U. of 111., Drake, Eureka], Minister, Livingston, Tenn. Halladay, Glennetta, '04, (Tracey) Oneida, 111. Halladay, Herschell Herman, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Halper, Samuel C. '11, [U. of Chicago] Chicago Hamblin, Henry, '99, [Bradley Horolog.], Jeweler and Eng., Galesburg Hamblin, Marie, '95 Died, 1904 Hamblin, Minnie, '95 Galesburg Hamilton, Samuel, '96 Owner, fruit ranch, Lordsburg, Cal. Hammerstrom, Albert B., '02 Reporter, Los Angeles, Cal. Hammond, Belle, '91, (Fox), [T. S., Normal School], Los Angeles, Cal. Hammond, J. Jay, '93, [Knox, Chicago Dental] Dentist, Galesburi^ Hammond, Martha, '86. .Bookkeeper, J. T. Johnson Grocery, Galesburg Hanawalt, Emma, '07, [Valparaiso] .. .Sten. and bookkeeper, Chicago Hane, Laura, '06, (Tobias) Malianta, Ohio Hane, Worthington, '10 Gas office, Galesburg Hanks, Mabel C, '02 Clerk, dry goods store. North Yakima, Wash. Hanna, Abby, '01, (Kyle), [Knox Conservatory] Ardmore, Okla. Hanna, Ruth, '02, [Knox] .. .Secretary, Y. W. C. A., Milwaukee, Wis. Hanna, Vera Louise, '09, (Young) Galesburg Hannaman, Agnes, '00, (Thormahlen) Island of Guam Hannaman, Geo. Leon, '98, [Knox], With U. S. Gov., Seattle, Wash. Hanson, Percy, '07 Bookkeeper, Armour Co., Galesburg Hardine, Emily, '99, (Hailing) Chicago, 111. Harper, Adah E., '94, (A. L. Harper) Galesburg Harris, Fred, '96 Draftsman, St. Louis Const. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Harris, Lillian, '99, (Kinsloe) Nurse, Galesburg Harris, Nina A., '94, (Jas. B. Wade), [Lombard, T. S.] Galesburg Harrison, Florence A., '10 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Harshbarger, Alice, '98, (Henderson), [Training S.] .. .Springfield, 111 Harshbarger, Belle L., '04 Teacher. Springfield, 111 Harshbarger, Royal, '06 Teacher, High School, Des Moines, la Hartman, Maude, '99, ( Dunlap) Galesburg Hartzell, Helen, '11, [Brown's] Monmouth, 111 Harvey, Barbara Alice, '10, [Normal] Barry, 111 Harvey, Clemens Leroy, '11, [Lombard] Galesburg Harvey, Mabel, '01, ( Star) Cicero, Ind, Hastings, Ray S., '00 "Q" Ticket Dept., Chicago, III Hawkins, Lulu, '91, (Brown) S. Minneapolis, Minn Hawkinson, Anna, '96 Nurse, St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago, 111 304 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Hawkinson, Blanch Lillian, '09, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Hawkinson, Henry F., '09, [Brown's] .. .Stenographer, "Q," Galesburg Hawkinson, Hilda, '85, (Nord) Died, 1891 Hawkinson, Hilma, '01 Teacher, High School, Orion, Iowa Hawkinson, Minnie, '91 Galesburg Hawkinson, Newton Hiram, '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Hawley, Mary. '95, (B. M. Rohrhough), [Knox] Spokane, Wash. Hayes, Hary Montgomery, '11, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Hazen, Con, '07, [U. of III] Farmer, Galesburg Hazen, Mae, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Hazlett, Frederick R., '97 Insurance, Galesburg Hazzard, Lizzie, '91, (Fuller) Died, 1908 Hazzard, Luthera, '00, (Woodmansee) Galesburg Heath, Lena, '89, (Wood), [Training School] Galesburg Hecker, Laura, '93, (Runkle) Englewood, 111. Hedberg, Fannie, '81 Teacher, Weston School, Galesburg Hedding, Clara, '06, (John Stuckey) Abingdon, 111. Hedell, Ella, '91, (Neilson) Died, Hedendahl, Ed, '81 Died, 1901 Heimburger, Lura D., '06 Teacher, Dahinda, 111. Henderson, Earl, '05 Automobiles, Yokama, Wash. Henderson, Laura, '06, [Brown's] Monmouth, 111. Henderson, Merrill S., '04 Ranchman, Weizi, Idaho Henderson, Wilson H., '00, [U. of 111.], Manual Trng., Springfield, 111. Henry, Guy H., '06 Bill clerk, "Q" humps, Galesburg Henry, Stella, '05, (Herbert Augerson) Aledo, 111. Hendricks, Olivia, '67 Died, 1869 Hendrix, Clyde W., '06...Asst. Cashier, "Q" freight house, Galesburg Hertig, Elizabeth, '06, [U. of III] Columbia, Mo. Hewitt, Jennie A., '79, (Inness) Galesburg Hibbard, Chester, '08 Coulter Disc Works, Galesburg Hibbard, Iris M, '03, [Knox, U. of Wis.] Teacher, Hayward, Wis. Hibbard, Junie M., '03 Galesburg Hickey, John R, '79 Died, Higgins, Paul, '02 Clerk, City Hall, Galesburg Highland, Alfred, '05 Terry Lumber Co., Galesburg Highlander. Clarence, '06, [Brown's], Bookkeeper, 1st Natl, Galesburg Highlander, Irwin, '10 Office, "Q" storehouse, Galesburg Hill, Amy Gladys, '09 Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Hill, Anna L., '98, (Ward) Tacoma, Wash Hill, Edna. '02, (Doran) Teacher, Washington Add., Galesburg Hill, Harold, '05. [Univ. of New Mex.] Alberquerque. N. Mex. Hilkren, Otilia Nettie, '09 Clerk, G. W. Marks, Galeseburg Hillman, Mildred L., '10 Teacher, White Lake, S. Dak. Hinchliff, Everett, '99, [Knox] Lumber dealer, Galesburg Hinchliff, Grace, '05, [Knox, Columbia Univ.] New York, N. Y. Hinchliff. Lulu, '02, (Ingersoll), [Knox, Knox Con.] Galesburg Hinchliff. Vera, '08, [Knox Con., Rockford Con.] Rio, 111. Hinchliff, Ray, '03, [Knox] Hinchliff Lumber Co., Galesburg Hinckley, Arthur E.. '87 Farmer. Galesburg Hinman, Jennie. '08, (Carl Johnson) Galesburg Hinman, Stanley, '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Hippert, Flo, '95, (Lowell), [Knox] Fargo, N. Dak. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 305 Hobbs, Grace Kirk, '97, (Culver) Galesburg Hoffheimer, George, '91, [Knox] Lawyer, Clarksburg, W. Va. Hoffheimer, Hattie, '93 Clarksburg, W. Va. Hoffheimer, Leon, '95, [Knox] Davenport, la. Hoffman, Grace, '86, [Knox] Supt, Free Kindergarten, Galesburg Hogan, Alice, '91, (Ogden) Galesburg Hogan, Nina, '95, (Varney) Mukwanago, Wis. Holcomb, Alma, '01 Stenographer, Galesburg Holcomb, Fannie F., '64, (Regnier), [Knox] Galesburg Holcomb, Frank, '98.. .Bookkeeper, A. W. Miles Co., Livingston, Mont. Holcomb, Hattie P., '79 Died, 1905 Holcomb, Jennie C, '63, (Field), [Knox] Died, 1886 Holcomb, Olga, '04. Holliday, Evelyn, '06, (E. R. Bridge), [Knox, Wells] Galesburg Hollis, Jennie, '88, (A. E. Hinckley) Died, 1900 Hollis, Mamie L., '90, (Kimbrough) Uniontown, Pa. Hollis, Oscar J., '90 Sw^ift Packing Company, Chicago, 111. Holmberg, Alma L., '10, [Brown's], Sten., Gales. Piano Co., Galesburg Holmberg, Hattie, '99 Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C. Holmes, Alice C, '04, (F. C. Miller) Galesburg Holmes, Bertha, '99 Galesburg Holmes, Blanche, '01, [T. S.] Teacher, Cooke School, Galesburg Holmes, Carl, '03, [Swedish Theol. Sem.] .. .Minister, Winthrop, Minn. Holmes, Earl, '96, [Knox, Brown's] .... Farmer, North Henderson, 111. Holmes, Frances Louise, '00, [Knox] Librarian, Portland, Ore Holmes, Grunnard A., '04 C. B. & Q., Burlington, la. Holmes, Horace M., '01, [Knox, U. of Wis.]. Civil Eng., Seattle, Wash. Holmes, Lillie, '83, (Hartman) Austin, Minn. Holmes, Lulu, '99, ( Vandewater) Arden, Wash. Holmes, Margaret, '06, [Knox] Teacher, Nome, Alaska Holmes, Mertie, '07, [Knox] Galesburg Holmes, Minnie L., '83 Assistant County Clerk, Galesburg Holt, Nettie K., '79, ( Patterson) Galesburg Hood, Clifford F., '11, [U. of III.] Cameron, 111. Hoover, Alice, '00 Galesburg Hoover, Anna F., '97, (Sutherland), [Western 111. Nor.], Dahinda, 111. Hoover, Edwin E., 77 Died, 1903 Hopkins, Colonel C, '97, [Knox, Ann Arbor], Teamster, Galesburg Hopkins, Ida L., '04 Chicago, 111. Hopkins, Leafy, '90, (Henry Kersting) Died, 1907 Hopps, Gertrude E., '11, [Lombard] Galesburg Horney, Alta, '00 Cameron, 111. Horrell, Dale, '03, [Knox], Dist. Mgr., Equit. Life Ins. Co., Galesburg Horton, Clara O., '78 Teacher, Hitchcock School. Galesburg Hotaling. Nettie, '95, (Maupin) Woodburn. Ore. Houlding, Carrie E., '81, (Bailey) Caracas, Venezuela Housel, Ethel, '01. (Sidney Ulfelder) Mexico City, Mexico Housel, Lloyd, '95. [Knox] Draftsman, Washington, D. C. Housel, Maree, '06 Galesburg Housel, Ralph B., '04, [Brown's] Farmer, Rosetown, Sask.. Can. Houston, Florence, '03 Rochelle, 111. Hovey, Margaret, '06. . .Stenographer, Marshall Field Co., Austin, 111. Howe, Harold James, '10, [Knox, Univ. of Mo.] Galesburg 306 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Howe, Minnie, '07, [Wesley School], Supt. Hosp., Oklahoma, City, Okla. Howland, Harriette, '89, (Abbott), [Brown's] Oil City, Pa. Hoyer, Harold A., '11, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Hoyer, Myrtle F., '09, [Knox Con.] Music teacher, Galesburg Hoyle, Mary D., '63, [Knox] Julius Bauer & Co., Chicago, 111. Hulbert, James, '07, [Knox] Hulse, Louisa E., '82, (Dye) Ault, Colo. Hultgren, Ernest W., '10...Trav. salesman. Gross Mfg. Co., Galesburg Humphrey, Wayne, '06, [Knox], U. S. Dist. Court Sten., Enid, Okla. Hunt, May,'79, (Botruff), [Kind. Nor., Chau. Circle], Ann Arbor, Mich. Hunter, Winnie, '90, (Duncan) Dubuque, la. Hurlbutt, Julia W., '04, (R. A. Young) Chicago, 111. Hurley, Ralph, '10 Farmer, Cameron, 111. Hurst, Harriet, '99 Office, Reid, Murdock Co., Chicago, 111. Ingersoll, Harold, '06 Farmer, Montana, Galesburg Inness, Dora, '01, (H. R. Stanford), [U. of 111.] Chatsworth, 111. Inness, John, '99 Farmer, Regina, Sask., Can. Inness, Mabel L, '04, [Knox] Galesburg Inness, Ruth, '01 Galesburg Irwin, Florence, '06, [Knox, T. S.], Teacher, High School, Galesburg Irwin, Keith, '99, [Knox] Teacher, High School, St. Louis, Mo. Isaacson, Almeda, '01, (C. J. Moburg) Galesburg Ives, Haroldine, '07, (Con Hazen), [Knox] Galesburg Jack, Sina, '99 Died, Jacobi, Fred, '79 Jacobi Bros. & Mack, Galesburg Jacobi, Ruth Helene, '10, [Lombard, St. Mary's] Galesburg Jacobs, Annie L., '93, (Brown) Died. 1895 Jacobson, Alex, '03, [Augustana] Teacher, Minneapolis, Minn. Jacobson, Karl, '08 Died, 1909 Jagger, Allie B., '02, (Carl Snyder) Orion. 111. Jagger, Bessie, '(X), (Geo. Westfall) Galesburg Jagger, Lee F., '06 McCook, Neb. Jagger, Rose E., '94, (Harry Richmond) Quincy, 111. Jagger, Ruth, '07, (White) St. Augustine, 111. James, Earle W., '()2, [Knox] Hardware store, Denver, Colo. James, Vera Louise, '09 Bell long distance operator, Galesburg James, Zell, '06 Denver, Colo. Jarnagin, Helen Esther, '10 Teacher, Dunlap School, Galesburg Jeffrey, Belle M., '86 Secretary, Y. W. C. A., Minneapolis, Minn. Jeffreys, Walter E., '02 Surveyor, Chicago, 111. Jempson, Lida. '88 Died, 1892 Jenkins, Harriett, '01 Milliner, Galesburg Jenkins, Julia May, '97 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Jennings, Hazel E., '03 Bookkeeper, Bargain store, Galesburg Jerauld, John, '80 Died, 1897 Jerauld, Nora B., '97, (Gardner) Washington, D. C. Johns, Adelia P., '94, [Quincy Business] ... Sten., Ravenswood, Chicago Johns, Lena, '92 Quincy, 111. Johnson, A Matthew, '01 Galesburg National Bank, Galesburg Johnson, Ahbie, '06, (Alters) Galesburg Johnson, Addie A., '03 Gary, Ind. Johnson, Alice A., '03, [Knox] Galesburg Johnson, Anna B., '94, (Edwards), [Normal School] . .Houston, Tex. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 307 Johnson, Arthur William, '11 G. W. Marks, Galesburg Johnson, Arville S., '82, (Larson) Galesburg Johnson, Blenda A., '97, (Johnson) Galesburg Johnson, Chas., '87 Auditor, "Q," Chicago, 111. Johnson, Charles Henry, '09 Clerk, Arlington Hotel, Galesburg Johnson, Clarence, '03 Carpenter, Galesburg Johnson, Clarence, '10, [Brown's, Knox Con.], Stenographer, Galesburg Johnson, Clarence H.. '98, [Knox] B. & O. R. R., Gaston, W. Va. Johnson, Devere Lewis, '11 J. E. Anderson Co., Galesburg Johnson, Donn Vie, '93 Galesburg Johnson, Edith A., '11 S. H. Knox & Co., Galesburg Johnson, Edith M., '08 Boss Mfg. Co., Galesburg Johnson, Edith S., '08 Typist, Galesburg Piano Co., Galesburg Johnson. Edna Camren, '97 Died, # Johnson, Edna M., '09 Galesburg Johnson, Effie, '99 Missouri Johnson, Ella, '85, (Craft) Elgin, 111. Johnson, Estelle Harriett, '00 Telephone office, Galesburg Johnson, Ethel, '04 Milliner, Highlander, Faulks & Co., Galesburg Johnson, Ethel J., '08 San Francisco, Cal. Johnson, Eva 0., '06 Galesburg Johnson, Frances Evangeline, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Johnson, Fred, '90 Galesburg Johnson, Grace, '00, (Nelson) St. Joseph, Mo. Johnson, Harry W., '10 Apprentice, butcher shop, Galesburg Johnson, L. P., '10, [Brown's] Timekeeper, Home Station, Ariz. Johnson, Lawrence, '00 Teller, Bank of Galesburg, Galesburg Johnson, Lillian, '89 Office, L. W. Sanborn, Galesburg Johnson, Lillian, '07 Bookkeeper, Drs. Horrell & Smith, Galesburg Johnson, Lloyd, '99 Asst. chief dispatcher, "Q," Galesburg Johnson, Louise, '05 Stenographer, W. C. Frank, Galesburg Johnson, Mabel, '05 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Johnson, Mabel M., '04 Milliner, Galesburg Johnson, Mabelle J., '08 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Johnson, Manny S., '10, Collector, Gales. Union Tel. Co., Galesburg Johnson, Nellie '94, (Smith). [Knox], Teacher, Knox Con., Galesburg Johnson, Robt., '07, [Knox, Wis. Univ.] Galesburg Johnson, Roscoe E., '11, [Eureka] Eureka. III. Johnson, Roy, '06 "Q" fireman, Galesburg Johnson, Victor E., '09 Driver, J. C. Peterson Grocery, Galesburg Johnston, Bessie M., '82, [Knox] Teacher, Springfield, S. Dak. Johnston, Leslie, '99, [Knox, Brown's]. .P. O. Dept., Washington, D. C. Johnston, Winifred L., '04, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Johnston, Florence Grace, '10 St. Louis, Mo. Jones, Hyla, '04, (Stephenson) Musical artist, Bloomington, 111. Jones, Mae E., '98, (Chinn) Galesburg Jones, Phyllis Rose, '09, [Lombard] Stenographer, "Q," Galesburg Jones, Stella, '96 Died, 1910 Jordan, Clarence. '10, [Knox] Galesburg Jordan, Helen, '04, [Knox] Galesburg Jordan, Henrietta L., '09, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Jordan, Jesse, '07, [Knox] Farmer, Bentonville, Ark. Jordon, Lawrence, '02, [Knox, U. of Idaho] Moscow, Idaho 308 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Judson, Wm. W., '09, [Knox, Dartmouth] .. .Civ. Eng., Portland, Ore. Junk, Albertus, '09 Farmer, Rio, 111, Junk, LaVonne, '10, [Knox Conservatory] Rio, 111. Kastlin, John, '03 Symonds Wholesale Hdw. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kastlin, Katherine E., '02 Davenport, la Kays, Isabel, '09, (Castle) Rockford. 111. Kearney, Thomas, Rev. Father, '79 Priest, Huntley, 111. Kee, Emma, '00 Chicago, 111. Keefe, Anastasia, '01 Teacher, High School, Loveland, Colo. Keefe, Ita, '00, (F. H. Kevlin) Chicago, 111. Keefe, Regina, '06 Galesburg Keeling, Lola, '08 Clerk, Bondi Bros., Galesburg Keenan, Bertha, '07, (Irvin) Galesburg Keenan, Bessie, '99, (Robinson) Galesburg Kelley, Carrie, '99, (Hicks) Pasadena, Cal. Kelley, Orrie, '05 R. R. fireman, San Barnadino, Cal. Kelsey, Vera Park, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Kenan, Beth, '10 Teacher, Clay School, Galesburg Kenan, Royal, '00 Cameron, 111. Kennedy, Edna M., '03, (Hofflund) Galesburg Kent, Richard J., '06 W. A. Jordan Grocery Co., Galesburg Keough, Anna E., '06, (Samuel Sharp) Galesburg Kern, Mabelle J., '98, (Regnas) Oak Park, 111. King, Nellie S., '05 Time keeper, Ville de Paris, Los Angeles, Cal. Kidder, Clytia, '01, (Forsee) Galesburg Kiernan, Ruth, '11 Galesburg Kimball, Dan, '97, [Knox], Trav. salesman, Lumber Co., Rockford, 111. Kimler, Otis C, '10, [Brown's] Clerk, Freight office, Galesburg Kimpton, Harriet E., '98, [Knox Con.], Teacher, St. Mary's, Knoxville Kimpton, Ruth, '10 Dressmaker, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg Kingan. Flora C, '82, (Brown) Died, 1889 King, Edward J., '86, [Knox] Rep. in State Legislature, Galesburg King, Elizabeth, '06, (C. C. Heller) .. .Teacher, Dahinda, 111., Galesburg King, Grace B., '07 Principal, Dahinda, (111.) Schools, Galesburg Kinnear, Ethel, '99, (Battell) Galesburg Kinney, Carlotta, '10 Teacher, Heller School, Galesburg Kinney, Russel M., '11 Galesburg Kistler, Mabel, '04. ( Shaner) Galesburg Kistler, Mae, '99, (Rundle) Galesburg Knight, Edith L., '98, [T. S., Kind. Nor.], Teacher, Lincoln, Galesburg Knight, Mamie, '88 Charleston, 111. Kobel, Estelle, '97, [T. S., Knox Con.], Y. W. C. A., Minneapolis, Minn, Kopp, Anna C, '94, [Knox Con.] Bookkeeper, Williamsport, Pa. Kopp, Will H., '97 Head machinist. Frost's Mfg. Co., Galesburg Kornwebel, Augusta, '08, [Knox Con.] Teacher, Los Angeles, Cal. Krabbe, Henrietta A., '09 Milliner, Baldwin Hat Shop, Galesburg Kraft, Ellen Theressa, '02. . .Stenographer, C. A. Webster, Galesburg Kysor, Loela Gaston, '11, [W. 111. Nor.] Gibson, Mich. Lafferty, Frances, '03 Laflferty, Mfg. Co., Galesburg Lagergren, Frances Elizabeth, '09 Galesburg Lagergren, Mary A., '03, (Lemuel Cole) Williamsfield, 111. Laird, John A., '79, [Wash. U.] Holman & Laird, St. Louis, Mo. Laird, Nettie F., '79, (Mack) El Dorado Springs, Mo. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 309 Lambart, Etta, '84, (Callahan) Gilson, 111. Lamoreaux, Edith, '96 Chicago, 111. Lamoreaux, Philip M., '06, [Brown's] . .Mueller Mfg. Co., Decatur, 111. Lampkin, Goldie, '05, (H. L. Farrell) Galesburg Landon, Grace L., '02, (J. B. Rice) Los Angeles, Cal. Landon, Myrle E., '06, (Arnold), [Knox Conservatory] Rio, 111. Lanius, Charlotte, '10, [W. 111. Nor.] Galesburg Lanius, Curtis J., '01 International Harvester Co., Boston, Mass. Lanius, Mary, '01 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Lanius, Susie J., '06 Dressmaker, Galesburg Lanstrum, Helen A., '09 Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Lapham, Gail, '99. [Knox, U. of Chi.], Teacher, High School, Galesburg Lapham, Susie, '09, [Lombard, Knox] Galesburg Larson, Ernest, '03 Plumber, Galesburg Larson, Gertrude, '08, (J. A. Sadey) Galva, Kan. Larson, Harriett, '07, [Knox Con.] Music teacher, Galesburg Larson, Hilma, '99, (Howe) Chicago, 111. Larson, Leland S., '06, [Brown's] . . .Gas & Electric Light Co., Galesburg Larson, Nettie, '00 Died, 1904 Larson, Minnie E., '02, (Henry Pout) Rio, 111. Lass, Edith, '01, [Knox, Training School] Nora Springs, la. Lass, Henry W., '01, [Knox] Wagoner Printing Co., Galesburg Latterner, Bertha, '88, (F. J. Lindsley) Galesburg Latterner, Carl, '80. [Phila. Pharmacy] Druggist, Carterville, Mo. Latimer, Leslie, '07, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Galesburg Latimer, Martha, '08. [Knox] Galesburg Lathrop, Delia A., '03, [T. S.] .. .Teacher, Bateman School, Galesburg Lavine, Arthelia O., '02 Nurse, Galesburg Leach, Edith, '99, (Paugh) Omaha, Neb. Leach, Jennie, '89 Telephone operator, "Q," Galesburg Leach, Jennie, '90, (Downing) Glendale, 111. Leach, Jessie, '90 ( Scott) Canton, 111. Leach, Susan. '89, (Anderson) Buffalo, N. Y. Leaf green, Grace, '98 Green Cigar Store, Galesburg Lee. Emma M., '02.... Head bookkeeper, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Lemon, Alice, '01 Farm, Galesburg Lemon, Grace, '01 Farm, Galesburg Leonard, Hubert, '99, [Des Moines School of Osteop.], Portland, Ore. Lescher, Gertrude, '01, [Knox] Galesburg Lescher, Helen R., '09, [Knox Con., Southern Seminary] ... .Galesburg Levene, Arthur E., '04 Moulder, Malleable Castings Co., Galesburg Lewis, Bertha, '07 Monmouth, 111. Lewis, Josephine Hilma, '10 Office, Holmes Laundry, Galesburg Lewis, Juanita, '10 Bell Telephone office, Galesburg Lewis, Mary E., '06, [Knox, Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Lewis, Ruth C, '10 Teacher, Galesburg Lindberg, Edna E., '97, [Brown's] Bookkeeper, Galesburg Lindberg, Neally R., '99, [Bradley] Jeweler, Galesburg Linderoth, Emma O., '02, (Wolff) Burlington, la. Lindquist, C. W., '02, [N. W. U., Evanston Theol.], Nara Visa, N. M. Lindquist, Lillian E., '97. [Lombard, T. S.] Teacher. Galesburg Lindquist. Olivia, '04, [Knox Conservatory] Chicago. 111. Lindquist, Theodore, '94, [Lombard, U. of C] ... .Teacher, Ann Arbor 310 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Lindoft, Ernest, '96, [Brown's] Prop. Shoe Store, Abingdon, 111. Lindoft, Violet Helen, '10 New York Store, Galesburg Lindstrom, Laura, '99, (Osterberg), [Knox Con.] Chicago, 111, Linrothe, Ellen, '95, (Davis) Galesburg Linrothe, Elvin, '03 Head clerk, "Q," St. Louis, Mo. Linrothe, Hannah, '97, (Kuhnle), [Brown's] Tacoma, Wash. Linsley, Marion, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Linstrum, Esther V.. '06, [Brown's] Stenographer, Galesburg Little, Floris, '05, ( Myrle Eyerly ) Canton, 111. Little, Harlan, '06 Clerk, Continental Store, Galesburg Lofgren, Ruth E., '10 Holmes Laundry, Galesburg Lofgren, Walter R., '09 Wagoner Printing Co., Galesburg Loman, Mary, '07 Cashier, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Lombard, Julia, '96, [Lombard] . .Teacher, Girls' Sem., E. Orange, N. J. Lombard, Mamie, '91 Newark, N. J. Long, Katherine, '01 Music teacher, Galesburg Long, Mabel, '03, [Brown's] Galesburg Longnecker, Ida A., '76, (Hebbard) Colton, Cal. Loomis, Neva Lelah, '09 Galesburg Love, Edgar, '99, [ Knox] Farmer, Orion, 111. Love, Eleanor, '05 Orion, 111. Lowell, John, '06 Druggist, London Mills, 111. Lucas, Beulah, '07 Long Beach, Cal. Lucas, Helen, '11 Cameron, 111. Luckey, Helen, '07, (Andrews), [Knox Conservatory] . .Abingdon, 111. Luckey, Josephine, '01 Piano player, Illinois hotel, Galesburg Luckey, Lottie M., '00, (Hart) Peoria, 111. Lueder, Amy, '08 Galesburg Lueder, John, '06. [Brown's] Galesburg Lueder, Roland, '10, [Brown's] Galesburg Lunberg, Edwin, '09 Marshall Field & Co., wholesale, Chicago, 111. Lundgren, Tillie, '81, (Adolph Rundquist) White Hall, Mich. Lundstrum, Mae H. S., '09 Stenographer, Fuel Co., Galesburg Lundquist, Walter, '09, [Knox] Budget print shop, Galesburg Luvall, Esther G., '11 S. H. Knox & Co., Galesburg Mack, Hattie, '95, [St. Marj-'s of the Woods] Galesburg Madison, Harriet, '07 Stenographer, C. F. Hurburgh, Galesburg Madison, Karl E., '02, [Brown's] Funeral director, Portland, Ore. Main, Frances M., '98, (France), [T. S., Kind. Nor.], Marshall, Mich. Main, Jennie, '88, (Moore) Galesburg Malick, Angle L., '87, (Whiting) Kansas City, Mo. Maloney, Mary Alice, '78, (Clark) Galesburg Mann, Helen A., '09, [T. S.] Teacher, Farnham School, Galesburg Mannering, Florence, '06 Clerk, N. P. Nelson, Galesburg Manning, Harold A., 98 Vide Motor Co., Rock Island, 111. Markley, Mildred, '06, ( Chas. Whitvcr ) Galesburg Marble, Maud, '85 Died, * Mariner, Ward, '03, [Knox] Salesman, Gales. Gro. Co., Galesburg Marriott, Bates, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Marriott, Mable, '06, (Roy Barnstead) Galesburg Mars, Jas. A., '94, [Knox, West Point], 1st lieut., Jolo. Philippine Is. Mars, Kate, '93, (Wilson) Flagstaff, Ariz. Mars, Mary, '00, [Knox] Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 311 Marsh, Bessie, '89, [Brown's] .Head cashier, Hotel Utah, Salt Lake City Marsh, Pauline, '08, [Brown's] .. .Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Marshall, Josephine, '01, (King) Bathgate, N. Dak. Martin, Albert B., '01 Lewis Kitchen Co., Chicago, 111. Martin, Bessie, '85 Principal, E. Galesburg School, Galesburg Martin, Mildred M., '04, (Roy Landon) Galesburg Martin Vella V., '03, [Lombard], Inspector, State Alms Hs, Galesburg Martin, Wm. J., '74, [Knox] Real estate, San Francisco, Cal. Massingill, Ella L, '10, [Cottage Hospital] Nurse, Galesburg Massie, Beatrice, '04, (Erwin) Nolan, New Mex. Massie, Harriett, '01, (Irwin) Springfield, 111. Mason. Amanda S., '69, (Tuten), [Knox] Died, Mason, Donald L., '11 Teacher, Salem School, Galesburg Mason, Ernest T. S., '83 Prudential Life agent, Galesburg Mason, Katherine A., '02 Galesburg Mason, Mattie, '02, (Thompson) Collector, Dr. Morris, Galesburg Mason, Zella B., '09. ( Powell) Rock Island, 111. Matteson, Frank, '85 Pres., Purington Brick Co., Galesburg Matteson, Ralph, '95. [Knox] . .Foreman for contractor, Rockford, 111. Matteson, Minnie, '01 Wataga, 111. Mather, Alice, '84, (C. J. Wood), [Knox] Galesburg Mather, Harold, '05, [Knox] Practicing law, Belen, New Mex. Mathers, Aaron, '10, [Knox, Notre Dame] Farmer, Laura, 111. Mathers, Andrew, '11, [Notre Dame] Laura, 111. Mathis, Alta, '11 Ancona, 111. Matthews, Linn, '03, [Knox] Parole officer, Joliet, Galesburg Maury, Maude T., '98, (Lawrence) Galesburg Maxwell, Minnie Luella, '11 Galesburg Maxwell, Jennie, '99, (Priaulx) Tacoma, Wash. Maxwell, Will C, '93 Atty. for the Edison Co., East Orange, N. J. Mayes, John B., '11, [Lombard] Mgn, Elite Theatre, Galesburg Mayer, Oscar, '93 Hotel manager, Chicago, 111. Mazzone, Lena Josephine, '10 Walsenburg, Colo. MacHale, Lillian, '05, [Lombard] Galesburg MacLaughlin, Maude, '05, [Knox] Galesburg McBride, Isabel, '07, (Steinbrecher) Burlington, la. McCabe, Frank L., '06, [Knox] Chicago, 111. McClelland, Bruce C, '04, [Knox] .. .Land reclamation, Bancroft, Wis. McClanahan, Vaughn, '10, [Knox, Physicians & Surgeons] .. .Galesburg McClintock, Everett, '10, [Brown's] .. .Trav., Rebington Co., Galesburg McClure, Bonnie Jean, '11 Clerk, N. P. Nelson Co., Cameron, 111. McClure, Gertrude M., '11, [U. of Valparaiso] Valparaiso, Ind. McClure, J. Ross, '(X) Simpson-McClure Lumber Co., Galesburg McClure, Violet B., '03 Galesburg McClure, F. Webster, '09 Mgr. lumber yard, St. Francesville, 111. McCollum, Bessie, '10, [Knox] Galesburg McCollom, Caroline, '09, [Knox], Sten., McCollom Bros., Galesburg McCoy, Daniel, '07 Farmer, Laura, 111. McCoy, Marie, '07 Farm, Laura, 111. McCoy, Winifred D., '03, [Simmons], Teacher, Dom. Arts, Pana, 111. McCreary, Marjorie L., '10 Galesburg McCullock, Birdie, '99, (Lindburg) Galesburg McDonald, Ida G., '02, [Gregg School, Lombard] Galesburg 312 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS McGrath, Mary, '10 Telephone operator, Galesburg McKee, Mildred J., '10 Galesburg McKee, Jean. '03, [Knox Con.] Teacher, Pianoforte, Galesburg McKelvie, Ward, '08 North Henderson, 111. McLaughHn, Lulu M., '97, (Flynn) Galesburg McMasters, Mary E., '97, (W. A. Thompson) Altona. 111. McMeen, James, '07 Electrician, Peoria, 111. McMeen, Marian, '06 Teacher, Peoria, 111. McNear, Ethel M., '02 Died, 1908 McNear, Lee, '05 Cement worker, Galesburg McQuillan, Kate, '80, ( D. Morley) Galesburg McWilliams, Fred R., '04. .Kan. Mgr., Quincy Show Case Co., Wichita Mead, Ora, '08 Farmer, North Henderson, 111, Mecum, Alice, '04, (Boyer), [Knox] Galesburg Meeks, Faye, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Meeks, Wm., '08, [Brown's] . .Bookkeeper, W. A. Jordan Co., Galesburg Mehler, Hazel, '07, [Knox] Galesburg Melburg, Minnie, '89, (Carlson) Galesburg Melin, Lillie M., '06, (Herman Linner) Galesburg Melville, Susan Gracia, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Merrill. Nelhe A., '86, (Schultz) Los Angeles, Cal. Mills, Elsie, '04, (C. A. Duncan) Monmouth, 111. Mills. Evelyn. '01 Teacher, Galva, 111. Miller, Douglas, '08, [Knox] Bellview. Idaho Miller, Ethel Lass, '11. [Knox] Galesburg Miller, Glenn F., '98, [Knox, U. of 111.].. Baker Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. Miller, Harvey, '05 Telephone Co., Chicago, 111. Miller, Herbert, '07, [Knox] Galesburg Miller, Ivan. '02 Bookkeeper. C. B. & Q.. East St. Louis. 111. Miller, Mabel, '07 Galesburg Union Telephone Co., Galesburg Miller, Maud, '96, (Keenan) Galesburg Miller, Myra, '95 Teacher, Knoxville, 111. Milmine, Edward, '89 Union Pacific R. R. Co., Omaha, Neb. Mitchell, Alice, '07, [T. S.] Teacher, Bateman School, Galesburg Moberg, Ernest, '11 Farmer. Cameron, 111. Moberg. Linnie C, '82 Seattle, Wash. Moberg, Nettie A., '82 Seattle. Wash. Moline, Lilhe, '05 Bishop Hill, 111. Monds, Mary. '05, (Archie Dunham) Galesburg Moore, Bernice, '07, (Archie Powell) Rock Island, 111. Moore, Jas. M., '87 Spokane. Wash. Moore, Katherine A.. '98 Teacher, China painting, Galesburg Moore, Mabel, '08, [Bradley] Peoria, 111. Moore, Mary, '01 Bookkeeper, Walton-Van Huffel Co., Galesburg Moore, Peter P., '97, [Knox, Anna Morgan School of Eloc], Died, 1905 Moore, Tom, '01, [Brown's], Sten. Hickman, Williams & Co.. Chicago Morey, Jessie. '03. (Montgomery) Chicago. 111. Morey, Mabelle, '01 Office, Gas & Electric Light Co., Galesburg Morrison, Gertrude, '06. (Curtis) Hermon. 111. Morse, Archie S., '11, [Knox] Galesburg Moshier, Cornelia, '01, (Clearwater), [Knox] Oneida, 111. Moshier, Maude, '89, (Wright), [Knox, Cottage Hospital] .. .Died, 1910 Mott, Kathryn, '99 Rio, 111. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 313 Mount, Anna Adelia, '10, [Lombard] Galesburg Muir, Ella, '00, (R. O. Housh), [Knox Con., T. S.] Galesburg Muir, Sadie, '99, [Cottage Hospital] Nurse, Galesburg Muncey, Elizabeth, '06, [Conservatory, Cincinnati] Hamilton, Ohio Munsell, Hattie E., '80, [Knox, Cook Co. Nor., Art Inst.] . .Chicago, 111. Munson, Caroline, '89, (Brooks), [Knox Con., Chic. Mus.], Galesburg Munson, Dorothy, '02, [T. S.] Teacher, Douglas School, Galesburg Munson, Laura Josephine, '09, [Augustana] Galesburg Munson, Leo G., '10 Wells Fargo Express Co., Galesburg Munson, Marie, '00, [Kind. Normal] Kind, teacher, Chicago, 111. Murdock, Chas., '85, [Knox] Fairview, Nev. Myers, Dorothy, A., '94, (O. L. Judson) Galesburg Myers, Harry, '09, [Physicians & Surgeons] Galesburg Nash, Beth H., '04, [Tuft's College, Mass.] Los Angeles, Cal. Necasek, Leo, '10, [Brown's] Stenographer, "Q" offices, Galesburg Neely, Walter D., '97 Asst. postmaster, Butte, Mont. Neff, Glenn R., '10, [Stetson Univ.] De Land, Fla. Neifert, Ira, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Neil, Florence, '08, [Knox, T. S.] Teacher, Galesburg Neiswender, Mary, '99 Teacher, Geneseo, 111. Nelson, Ada M., '08, [Knox] Galesburg Nelson, Addie L., '81 Bookkeeper, Galesburg Nelson, Alvira N., '03, [Lombard] Died, 1905 Nelson, Arthur A., '01 Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, 111. Nelson, Clarence L., '00 Banker, Bliss, Idaho Nelson, Delphia, '07 Bookkeeper, Dr. Longbrake, Galesburg Nelson, Edna K., '10, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Nelson, Edwin, '03 Chicago, 111. Nelson, Effie, '83, (Barr) Chicago, 111. Nelson, Elfreda, '90, (Olson) Galesburg Nelson, Emily A., '94, (P. E. Boyer) Galesburg Nelson, Esther, '10 Galesburg Nelson, Helen, '91 Stenographer and bookkeeper, Galesburg Nelson, Hortense, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Nelson, Julia M., '03 Clerk, P. C. Tryner, Galesburg Nelson, Lida, '00. Nelson, Lincoln A., '06 Draftsman, Detroit, Mich. Nelson, Marian, '69 Teacher, Churchill School, Galesburg Nelson, Myrtle A., '11, [Post Graduate] Galesburg Nelson, Vera Albertina, '09 Galesburg Ness, Viola, '10, [Knox] Wichita, Kan. Newcomer, Carrie, '01 N. Henderson, 111. Newcomer, Ray, '01 Farmer, N. Henderson, 111. Newell, Lottie J., '65, [Knox] Galesburg Newton, Nellie, '96, (A. M. Childers) Galesburg Nirdlinger, Gertrude, '00, (Hirsch), [Knox] Burlington, la. Nirdlinger, Sidney, '02, [Knox, Johns Hopkins] Chemist, Galesburg Noble. Earl G.. '06 Died, 1908 Noble, Ralph M., '06, [U. of 111., Leland Stanford U.]...Palo Alto, Cal. Norine, Margaret, '07, [Colorado University] Denver, Colo. Norris, Frank L., '01 Book merchant, Kirksville, Mo. Norton, Albert Henry, '00 Fireman, Burlington, la. Norton, Anna, '00, (Gurley), [Training School] Galesburg 314 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Norton, Anna Marie, '10 Galesburg Norton, Florence M., '97, (Ed. Tobin) Galesburg Norton, Wm. E., '98 Farmer, Galesburg Nystrom, Josie, '08 Galesburg Nystrom, Minnie, '03, (Herman Peterson) Kansas City, Mo. Nystrom, Verna, '04, [Training School] Died, 1908 Obenlander, Ethel May, 'll....Sten., Willis Cornice Works, Galesburg Oberg, Belinda, '94, (J. L Engstrand), [Knox Con.] Galesburg Oberg, Florence, '04 Galesburg Oberg, Lillie Louise, '00 Galesburg Oberg, Selma, '95, [Knox Con.] Stenographer, Spokane, Wash. Oberg, Stanley, '01 Grocer, Galesburg Ogden, Mary Adeline, '98, (Capps) Berwick, 111. Ohls, Lura, '06, (Thos. Chalmers), [Cottage Hospital] Galesburg Ohls, M. Marjorie, '10, [U. of 111.] Urbana, 111. Oleen, Carl, '95 Clerk, Chicago, 111. Oleen, Clara H., '94, [Knox, Brown's], Westinghouse Co., Denver, Colo. Oleen, Evelyn, '01 Chicago, 111. Oleen, Wilford. '00 Kansas City, Mo. Oleson, Maud E., '02. Olin, Ida R., '80, (Charles Goldsmith) Lincoln, Neb. Olmstead, Flora E., '63, (John Avery), [Knox] Galesburg Olson, Agnes Mildred, '10,, [Knox] Galesburg Olson, Anna M., '86, (Eckstrand) Kansas City, Mo. Olson, Bessie, '07, [Brown's] . .Bookkeeper, Gross Mfg. Co., Galesburg Olson, Edna Kama, '10 Farm, Galesburg Olson, Ellen, '85, (Johnson) Galesburg Olson, Ellen, '08 Teacher, Altona, 111. Olson, Gregg, '07, [Knox] Print shop. High School, Galesburg Olson, Irene, '00, (Walter Frank), [Knox, T. S.] Galesburg Olson, James O., '82 Died, 1887 Olson, Louise, '85 Galesburg Olson, Myrtle, '06, (Patten) Galesburg Olson, Nettie, '88 Galesburg Olson, Stella A., '87, (Swanson) Galesburg Orgibet, Mattie M., '02 Galesburg Orgibet, May, '99, (Herron) Galesburg Ostrander, Bertha, '01 Galesburg Ott, Addie M., '06, (Carlisle Carroll) Chicago, 111. Overlander, Katie, '96, (Lutgens) San Diego, Cal. Overlander, Lucy, '00 North Dakota Packard, Cora, '89, (Wood) Died, 1903 Packard, Lottie, '76, (Williams) Died, Page, Edith, '03, [Knox Con.] Teacher, Pianoforte, Galesburg Page, Frank G., '96, [Brown's] . . .Clerk, S. P. & S. R. R., Portland, Ore. Page, Mary L., '04 Teacher, High School, Galesburg Palm, Esther, '09. .. .Stenographer, 111. Anti-Saloon League, Galesburg Palmer, Daisy Irene, '10 Galesburg Palmgren, Ella F., '11 Home Telephone office, Galesburg Palmquist, Alma C., '06, [Augustana]. .Sten., Bank of Gales., Galesburg Palmquist, Nancy, '08, (M. E. Scullen) Galesburg Palmquist, Verner C, '11 Clerk, China store, Ottumwa, la. Panhorst, Earl H., '02 Carpenter, Portland, Ore. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. Panhorst, Florence, '11 Home Telephone office, Galesburg Panhorst, Pearl, '07 Galesburg Parker, Carrie A., '11 , (Magers) Galesburg Parry, Josie, '91, (J. W. Grubb) Galesburg Patch, Alice, '84, [Knox, Kind. Normal] Died, 1911 Patterson, Ralph, '96.. City salesman, Baker Cocoa Co., St. Louis, Mo. Paul, Gladys, M., '11 Milliner, Galesburg Pawling, Robert, '09 Teacher, Pleasant Grove School, Galesburg Payton, Mary, '11 Galesburg Pearson, Esther, '87 Clerk, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg Pearson, Esther E., '09, [Brown's] . .Bookkeeper, Physicians, Galesburg Pearson, Hattie I., '11 Pianist, Colonial Theater, Galesburg Pease, Bertha, '01, (Lee) Alexis, 111. Pease, Guy, '99 Farmer, Plattsville, Colo. Peck, Clyde A., '01 Teacher, Conservatory, Dubuque, la. Peck, Emma, '97 Galesburg Peck, Henry, '96, [R. I. Sch. of Design], Illustrator, Wilmington, Dela. Peck, Margaret, '01, (R. N. Turner), [Knox] Palenville, N. Y. Penn, Edythe, '08 Office, Dr. Safford, Galesburg Perkins, Clayton, '91 Real estate, Durango, Colo. Peterson, Alvah, '07, [Knox, U. of 111.] Galesburg Peterson, Anna F., '09, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Peterson, Anna H., '02 Galesburg Peterson, Anna J., '98, [Episcopal Deaconess School] Galesburg Peterson, Anna M., '86, (Pankey) Galesburg Peterson, Arthur R., '09 Clerk, Peterson's Grocery, Galesburg Peterson, Bertha I., '10, [Knox] Teacher, Knox Co., Galesburg Peterson, Beulah, '10. . .Stenog., Galesburg Machine Works, Galesburg Peterson, Carl Lawrence, '02 Chicago, 111. Peterson, Eda C, '81, (Swanson) Minerlake, Mich. Peterson, Edith, '11 Coad's Book Store, Galesburg Peterson, Edna, '06. . .Bookkeeper, Burgland's meat market, Galesburg Peterson, Eleanor S., '09, [Knox] Galesburg Peterson, Ella H., '11 Galesburg Peterson, Estelle, '08 Teacher, Victoria, E. Galesburg Peterson, Esther O., '83, (Larson), [Brown's] Died, 1905 Peterson, Ethel Louise, '11 Galesburg Peterson, Florence E., '10 Galesburg Union Tel. Co., Galesburg Peterson, Gertrude, '91, (Kerr), [Knox] Detroit, Mich. Peterson, Hattie, '92, [Brown's] Bookkeeper, Kewanee Peterson, Hazel, '05 Galesburg Peterson, Hazel L, '11. . .Sten., Elec. Wiring & Supply Shop, Galesburg Peterson, Hilma C, '98 Galesburg Peterson, Jennie, '84, ( Madison ) Galesburg Peterson, Jennie E., '08 Stenog., Galesburg Piano Co., Galesburg Peterson, Lawrence A., '07 Galesburg Peterson, Leila I., 'CM. Sten., State Board of Exam, of Nurses, Chicago Peterson, Lillie, '96, (Hugh Steele) Galesburg Peterson, Lillie, '05, (Bergstrom) Galesburg Peterson, Lola E., '03, (Haswell) Kewanee, 111. Peterson, Mabel, '05 Galesburg Peterson, Maud B., '02 Stenographer, Chicago, 111. Peterson, Myrtle E., '02 Bookkeeper, Union Hotel, Galesburg 316 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Peterson, Nettie L, '94, [Brown's] Galesburg Peterson, Selma A., '98, [Knox, T. S.] Kenmual, Alsask, Canada Peterson, Violet, '05 Stenographer, A. O. Lindstrum, Galesburg Peterson, Wallie, '05...Asst. Wire Chief, Gales. Union Tel., Galesburg Peterson, Willma M., '06, [T. S.] . .Teacher, Churchill School, Galesburg Peterson, J. Willis, '01 People's Trust & Savings Bank, Galesburg Phelps, Anna S., '71. Phillips, Eugene, '11 Grocer, Galesburg Phillips, Mary, '78, (Coflfey) Galesburg Phillips, Velma, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Piatt, Roy L., '99, [Knox] Grain dealer, Galesburg Pierson, Jennie, '90, ( Roadstrum) Galesburg Pierson, Roy Harold, '11 Farmer, Galesburg Pillsbury, Harris, '04, [Knox, McCormick Theol. Sem.] Galesburg Pine, May, '87, [U. of Chi., Coll. of Osteopathy] Los Angeles, Cal. Pittard. George, '08 Farmer, Monmouth, 111. Plattenberg, Lucile, '99, [Knox] Canton, 111. Porter, John R., '83 Cashier, Bank, Orange, Cal. Porter, Paul, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Potter, Alice S., '83 Stenographer, New York Potter, Harriet, '88, (Byram) Effingham, 111. Potter, Herman H., '97, [Knox] . . . .Mgr., Gas works, Washington, Ind. Potter, Lois, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Potter, Mark J., '98 Traveling salesman, Chicago, 111. Potter, Mary, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Potts, Erma, '08, (Lanihan) Sheridan, Wyoming Powell, Matie G, '87, (Taylor) Galesburg Powelson, Hot-ace Elwood, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Pratt, Robert, '01 Civil Engineer, Galesburg Presson, Nellie M., '03, (Weston) Galesburg Price, Anna L, '98, (Moore) Chicago, 111. Price, Cora, '08, [Business Coll.] Stenographer, Oskaloosa, la. Prince, Henry, '07, [Knox, Wash. U., Harvard Law] Galesburg Prince, Irving H., '10, [Knox] Galesburg Pugh, Earl, '00 Brakeman, Long Beach, Cal. Purington, Helen, '04, (Jesse Phillips) Chicago, 111. Purington, Stewart, '08, [Knox] Des Moines, la. Purviance, Carolyn, '05, [Knox Con.] . .Nurse, St. Luke's, Chicago, 111. Purviance, Edith, '03 Galesburg Purviance, Grace M., '04, [Knox] Teacher, Virden, 111. Putnam, Blossom S., '11 Teacher, Wataga, 111., Henderson. III. Quick, Esther, '09 Teacher, Ft. Sumter School, Altona, 111. Quinlan, Marie, '03, (Keips) Fon du Lac, Wis. Quinlan, Martin, '96... City collector, Jones & Laughlin, Chicago, 111. Ragon, Nellie Mae, '09, [Training School] Died, 1911 Ramp, John, '01 Telegraph operator, Galesburg Rathbun, Frederick J., '04, [Knox] New Windsor, 111. Rathbun, George L., '04, [Knox] New Windsor, 111. Rawalt, Harry, '00 Operator, N. W. Telegraph Co., N. Dakota Rawalt, Milo, '05, [Brown's] Farmer, Canton, 111. Rawles, Blanche, '08, [T. S.] Teacher, Churchill School, Galesburg Ray, Jessie F., 11, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Galesburg *Ray, Linnie G., '80, (Swag) Teacher, Hitchcock School, Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 317 Raymond, Addie, '88, (Gaylord) La Grange, 111. Raymond, Helen, '07, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Read, Caroline, '06, [Knox] Stenographer, St. Joseph, Mo. Read, Grace Katherine, '10 Stenographer, St. Joseph, Mo. Read, Henry H., '98, [Knox] Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada Read, Robert S., '04, [Knox] Mossleigh, Alberta, Canada Ream, Albert J., '87 Contractor, Galesburg Ream, Grace, '96, [St. Luke's, Highland Hosp.] ... .Nurse, New York. Ream, Helen E., '10, [Lombard] Galesburg Rearick, Marie, '05, [Knox, Training School] Galesburg Redfield, George, '91, [Knox] ... .Gen. Electric Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Redfield, Mary, '84 Died, 1892 Reed. Verne, '07 Peoria, 111. Regnier, Ethelyn, '97 Died, Regnier, Jessie I., '09, [Brown's] Stenographer, Galesburg Regnier, Mary, '99, (Pierce) Wataga, 111. Regnier, Trella, '92, (Burch) Elbron, la. Renstrom, Alfred, '92, [Brown's] Shipping clerk, Moline, 111. Repine, Etta, '01 Rock Island. 111. Reynolds, Clara, '88 Died, 1895 Reynolds, Fannie, '91, ( Paine) Abingdon, 111. Reynolds, James, '89. Reynolds, James B., '01, [Gem City Business] Abingdon, 111. Reynolds, Nellie P., '83, (F. Hamblin) .. .Teacher, Grand Rapids, Mich. Reynolds, Sarah, '89 Grand Rapids, Mich. Rhodes, Helen, '11, [Michigan Univ.] Ann Arbor, Mich. Rhodes, Helen E., '04, (Moorehead) Waterloo, la. Rhodes, Letitia, '05, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Rice, Delia M,'80,(Matheny), [Kn,U of Z,U of M,J Hop] Phys,Galesburg Ringstrom, Emma C, '79 Died, 1893 Rich, W. H., '02, [Lombard], Teacher, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto. Cal. Richards, Helen, '07, (Judd) Galesburg Richardson, Ada Frances, '09 Galesburg Richey, Frances E., '03, [Lombard] .. .Teacher, High School, Galesburg Richter, Minnie A., '06, (Frank Westfall) Chicago, 111. Ricky, William, '01, [Brown's] Rocky Ford. Colo. Ridgeley, Clarence, '90 Mechanical Engineer, Litchfield, 111. Ridgely, George, '90 Died, 1890 Ring, Linne, '11 Brick yards, Galesburg Risburg. Esther A., '11 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Risburg. Fred A., '08 Mgr., Cigar store, St. Paul, Minn. Risley, Inez, '92, [T. S.] Teacher, Weston School, Galesburg Roadstrum, Clayton, '99, Trav. salesman, Milburn Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Roadstrum, Forrest A., '02 Terry Lumber Co., Beardstown, 111. Roadstrum, Nellie, '92, (Inness), [Brown's] Galesburg Roadstrum, Ralph, '93 Mgr., Union Telephone Co., Galesburg Robb, Clell R., '09. [Brown's] . ..Stenog., W. A. Anderson's, Galesburg Robb, Madge, H., '11 Teacher, Cameron, 111. Robb, Nellie, '08 Teacher, Dunlap School, Galesburg Robbins, Margaret C, '09 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Robbins, Zilpha, '04, [Knox, Rush Medical] Chicago, 111. Robinson. Hazel M., '02, [Brown's] Stenographer, Chicago, 111. Robson, Eleanor H., '!(), [Knox] Galesburg 318 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Robson, Ruth M., '11, [Knox] Galesburg Robson, Stuart H., '10, [Brown's, U. of 111.] Galesburg Rockwell, Verona, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Roberts, Etta, '03, (Lowell) Galesburg Roberts, Harold, '05 Farmer, Ontario, 111. Roberts, Mabel, '94, (J. S. Burton) Columbus, Wis. Roberts, May B., '86, (E. J. King), [Knox] Galesburg Robertson, Allen, '10 Farmer, Rio, 111. Robertson, Eugene A., '11, [Knox] Galesburg Robertson, Fred, '01 Wells, Fargo Express Co., Galesburg Robertson, Mary, '08 Farm, Galesburg Robertson, Maud, '07, [Knox] Farm, Galesburg Root, Elizabeth D., '97, ( Wm. Barry), [Knox] Galesburg Rodormer, Bessie A., '02 Milliner, Galesburg Roderick, Ben K., '10 Bookkeeper, Des Moines, la. Roffey, Minnie. '84, (Goddard) Jamesport, Mo. Rogers, Chas. B., '98. . .Shipping clerk, Herschel Mfg. Co., Peoria, 111. Rogers, Clara, '00, (Caldwell), [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Rogers, Ella, '01 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Rogers, G. Fern, '03, [Knox] Galesburg Rogers, Geo. E., '98 Real estate. New York, N. Y. Rogers, Harry E., '98 Tourist Conductor, "Q," Chicago, 111. Rogers, Lila, '99. Rogers, Mary, '06 Stenog., Galesburg Grocery Co., Galesburg Rogers, Ralph, '03. [Knox]....U. S. Indian service, Toppenish, Wash. Root, Buell, '95, [Knox] Traveling salesman, Lincoln, Neb. Root, Reba, '99, (Wannemaker) Galesburg Rose, Hazel M., '10 Studying music, Galesburg Rose, Harry, '06. .Mgr. Terry Lumber Co., Roseville yard, Roseville, 111. Rose, Mabel C, '09, [Brown's] ... .Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Rosenau, Millie, '99 Chicago, 111. Rosengren, Tulip, '07, [Brown's] Dressmaker, Galesburg Ross, Laverna L., '03, (Haynes) Seattle, Wash. Ross, Mae Anna, '09 Galesburg Rowan, Isal, '06, (Aldrich), [Knox Con., Oberlin] Stoutsville, Mo. *Rugar, Jennie S., '75, [Knox] Artist, Joliet, 111 Rumbeck, Mamie, '01, (Anderson) Peoria, 111. Rundquist, Olga, '06, [Knox Con.] Teacher, music, Galesburg Runkle, Louise, '01, [T. S.] Teacher, Bateman School, Galesburg Rusk, Louella, '85 Dressmaker, Galesburg Rusk, Wilbur M., '10, [Brown's] Galesburg Russel, Leone Ruby, '11 Wataga, 111. Ryan, Cecilia C. '82 Died, 1893 Ryan, Helen, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Ryan, Lizzie M., '78, (Balensifer) Died, 1901 Ryan, Marion Cecelia, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Ryan, Robert, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Sadler, Anna, '88, ( Sturgeon ) Peoria, 111. Sage, Mabel, '01, (Gabrielson) Denver, Colo. Salem, Arthur Renhold, '09 Farmer, Galesburg Salem, Edna Irene, '09 Clerk, general store, Soperville, 111. Salisbury, Florence M., '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Sanborn, Earle, '07, [Knox] Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 319 Sanburg, Martha, '11 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Sandberg, Mary, '93 Registered Nurse, Galesburg Sandell, Madora G., '97 .. Bookkeeper, Fidelity S. & L. Assn., Galesburg Sandquist, Sara, '98, (Johnson) Eskilstuna, Sweden Sauter, Ray, '06, [Knox] Galesburg Sauter, Vera, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Schaeffer, Alice L., '98, (Durham) Los Angeles, Cal. Scheiderman, Arlie, '97 Clerk, The Fair, Chicago. 111. Schoettler, Arthur, '07, [Knox, Bradley] .Teacher, Grand Rapids, Mich. Schoettler, Laura, '07, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Toulon, 111. Schoettler, Lewis, '00 Machinist, Springfield, Mo. Schoettler, Myrtle M., '10. . . Stenog., Wagoner Printing Co., Galesburg Scholes, Alia, '05 Clerk in store, Canton, 111. Schryver, Alice M., '78, (Sawyers), [Knox] Died. 1893 Schryver, Anna A., H, [Michigan Univ.] . .Teacher, Ann Arbor, Mich. Schultz, Gretchen H., '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Schultz, Olga, '11, [Post Graduate] Galesburg Schwerer, Atlena B., "il, (Baer) Henderson, 111. Scoglund, Maud Olivia, '97, (Whipple) Galesburg Scott, Anna, '96, (C. F. Hurburgh), [Knox Con.] Galesburg Scott, Chas. G., '74 Wholesale grocer, Minneapolis, Minn. Scott, Edwin J., '94, [Brown's] Grocer, Galesburg Scott, Elizabeth L., '98 Galesburg Scott, Gilbert, '88 Grocer, Galesburg Scott, Jewell, '10 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Scott, Preston, '01 Meat inspector, E. St. Louis, 111. Scudder, Ella, '88, (Eckenberger) Decatur, Mich. Scudder, Lillie, '92, (Ridler) New York, N. Y. Scurry, Wm. J., '11 C. B. & Q. repair yards, Galesburg Seacord, Marie, '03, [Knox] Galesburg Searle, Arthur, '05 Collector, Gas & Electric Light Co., Galesburg Searles, Milford, '89, [Knox] Collector, Rep.-Reg., Galesburg Searles, Roe, '00 Switchman, "Q," Galesburg Seastedt, Clara, '93, ( Salzberg) Galesburg Seeley, Frankie. '08, [ Knox] Galesburg Segrist, Aleta Mary, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Selleck, Mable E., '93, (Dr. Hyde), [Nurse's Train'g] . . .Willmette, 111. Selleck, Mamie, '98, (H. A. Drake) Galesburg Selk, Adelaide, '79 Seymour, 111 Senate, Flora, '99 Nekoma, 111. Seymour, Ona Elizabeth, '11, [Brown's] Geneseo, 111. Shadley, Harold M., '10, [Brown's] "Q" office, Galesburg Shadley, Hazel Marie, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Shaffer, Elma, '01, (Thompson) Casper, Wyo. Shannon, Lucy, '91, ( Mell Evans) Galesburg Shannon, Maud, '93, (Blue) Canton, Kan. Sharp, Beulah N. M., '11 Gross Mfg. Co., Galesburg Sharp, John, '03 Ranchman, Haxton, Colo. Sharp, Pearl Adelia, '10 Teacher, Henry School, Galesburg Shaver, Harold, '07 Farmer, N. Henderson, 111. Shaver, Winifred, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Shaw, Allie M., '86, (McCullough) Omaha, Neb. Sheldon, Carrie, '98 Art teacher, Galesburg 320 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sheridan, Frances, '99, (Boyd) Chicago, 111. Sheridan, Laura A., '10 Farm, Cameron, 111. Sheridan, Maude, '95, (Sayles), [Brown's] Peoria, 111. Sherman, Myrtle, '94, (Cardiff), [Knox], German tutor, Topeka, Kan. Shoreen, Albert, '01 Died, 1905 Shull, Harry, '00 Drug store, Abingdon, 111. Shumway, Jesse G., '08 Galesburg Shults, Maude, '93 Soperville, 111. Sigsbee, Ray, '00, [Knox, Heidelberg Univ.] Heidelberg, Germany Simcox, Myrtle, '94, (Stevenson) Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cal. Simms, Edna C, '03 Teacher, Galesburg Simpson, Clarence, [Bradley] Peoria, 111. Sipes, Matie, '09 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Sisson, Fred W., '79, [Knox] Died, 1908 Skinner, Fannie A., '75, (Northcutt) Trinidad, Colo. Slack, Noma, '08 Teacher, Bateman School, Galesburg Slater, Ruby M., '04 Teacher, Wetmore School, Rio, 111., Galesburg Slattery, Geo., '99, [Knox, Bellevue] Physician, New York City Slattery, Maggie, '95, [Knox] Teacher, Galesburg Slosson, Grace Isabelle, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Small, Mary Agnes, '11 Teacher near Yates City, Yates City, 111. Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sni Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm th, Bessie L., '86 Photographer, Council Grove, Kan. th, Blanche, '95, (Tyler) Died, 1905 th, Blanche, '97, (Bates), [Knox] Gulf Crest, Ala. th, Charles, '96 Mechanic, "Q," Galesburg th, Edith, '03, (H. A. Bowden) London Mills, 111. th, Estelle M.. '02, (L. Barlow) _ Galesburg th, Ethel Euphemia, '(X) Music teacher, Tacoma, Wash. th, Franklin C, '10 Lake Forest, 111. th, Fred C, '04 Moline, 111. th, Georgia A., '80, (Geo. W. Gale), [Knox] Galesburg th, Gilbert, '01 First National Bank, Canton, 111. th, Harry E., '01 Adams Express Co., St. Louis, Mo. th, Harry O., '94, [Knox] Died, 1909 th, Herbert .\., '89, [Knox] Real estate, Galesburg th, James Wesley, '02 Farmer, Abingdon, 111. th, Jessie, '90 Galesburg th, Laura, '96, (Otis Goff), [Training School] Galesburg th, Lois, '96, (Squires) O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg th, Louise D., '03 Galesburg th, Marie, '09, [Knox] Galesburg th, Mariel, '08, (J. W. Whittaker) Galesburg th, Mary Grace, '97. .Stenographer, Arnold Law Office, Galesburg th. May, '91 Galesburg th, Minnie L., '82, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Galesburg th, Ralph C, '04, [ Brown's] Galesburg th, Ruth, '90, (Gray) Galesburg Snap, Lillian, '07, (Kennedy) Galesburg Snowball, Marie, '02, ( Pankey) Galesburg Snyder, Bessie, '96, (Stellwagon), [Knox] St. Louis, Mo. Snyder, Retta L, '04, [Knox, St. Luke's Hosp.] . .Nurse, St. Louis, Mo. Soper, Rosalie, '03 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Southworth, Ethel Mae, '10, [T. S.], Teacher, Central School, Galesburg HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 321 Spach, Fred J., '01 Surveyor, Helena, Mont. Spake, Marie, '08, [Brown's] . ..Stenog., Galesburg Gro. Co., Galesburg Spaulding, De Witt, '88, [Phila. Phar.] ... .Druggist, New York, N. Y. Speed, Alice L., '94, (Comber) Galesburg Speed, Fannie, '91, (Comber) .Galesburg Spence, Cosette, '05, [Wilson Coll., Chambersburg, Pa.], Uniontown, Pa. Spinner, Delia, '06, [Knox, U. of Chi.] . ..Teacher, High S., Galesburg Spinner, Harold, '03, [Knox] Real estate, Toppenish, Wash. Springer, Florence, '02 Nurse, Denver, Colo. Springer, Lois, '09 Teacher near Victoria, Galesburg Squires, Chester A., '97, [School of Osteopathy] Kirksville, Mo. Squires, Gracia A., 11, (Evans) Died, 1908 Stark, Nellie O., '94, [Brown's] . .Stenog., P. T. & S. Bank, Galesburg Steele, Lloyd Theodore, '10 Stenog., "Q" office, Galesburg Steele, Mildred Susan, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Steele, Myrtle, '08, [ Brown's] Galesburg Stephens, Agnes Marie, '02, (Ed. Lundgren) Woodhull, 111. Stephens, Lillian, '03 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Stephenson, Clarence Rudolph, '11, [Brown's] Galesburg Stephenson, Lillian Ruth, '09 Holmes Bros. Laundry, Galesburg Stephenson, Mamie E., '98 , ( Paulson ) Galesburg Stevens, Carrie, '85 Died, 1910 Stevens, Nettie, '00, (McClure) Galesburg Stevens, R. C, '69 Died, Stilson, Ella M., '82 Seattle, Wash. Stilson, Frank W., 11 Died, 1906 Stilson, Fred, '07 Farmer, Raley, Alberta, Canada Stilson, Lottie W., '80, (W. H. Chambers), [Knox] .. .Spokane Wash. Stimson, Bertha, '98. (Peterson) Galesburg Stofft, Arthur H., '98.. Gen. Trav. Pass. Agent, "Q," New York, N. Y. Stofft, Daisie D., '98, (Anderson) Galesburg Stofft, Frank, '91 Gen. Mgr., Deere Plow Co., Moline, 111. Stofft, Lillie, '92, (Gallagher) Moline. 111. Stone, Celeste, '07 Farm, Galesburg Stone, Georgia M., '02, (Allen) Galesburg Stone, Harriet, '93, (E. R. Drake), [Knox, T. S.] Died, 1906 Stone, Martha, '89, (Hurd), [Knox] Riverside, Cal. Stone, Otis L., '00 Farmer, Galesburg Strain, Horace, '85, [Knox, McCormick Theo. Sem.] Died, 1909 Stratford, Zula, '03, [U. of Columbia, U. of Paris] Paris, France Streedain, Leonard H., '09. .Bookkeeper, Bank of Galesburg, Galesburg Stromstead, Florence, '00, (Wilbur) Galesburg Sullivan, Catherine C, '97, (Neville), [Training School] . .Strealor, 111. Sullivan, John B., '98 Sullivan Varnish Co., Chicago, 111. Sullivan, May T., '79 Died, 1886 Sumner, Fern, '07 Teacher, Gilson, 111. Sunderline, Carrie, '89, (Moor) Kewanee, 111. Swain, EulaHa, '99, (Peckenpaugh) Galesburg Swain, Wm. Alfred, '09, [Brown's] Gas office, Galesburg Swan, Harold, '08, [Bradley] Peoria, Ilk Swank, Arthur, '09 Clerk, general store, Birmingham, la. Swank, C. Verne, '06, [Knox] Merchant, Birmingham, la. Swank, Grace Leone, '10, [Knox] Galesburg 322 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Swanson, Agnes, '07, (Edwards) Galesburg Swanson, Amelia, '99 Galesburg Swanson, Arthur H., '02, [Brown's] Clerk, "Q" Supt, Galesburg Swanson, Arvid, '06 Machinist, Galesburg Swanson, Cora, '00, (Sandstrom) Galesburg Swanson, Earle N., '02 Farmer, Canada Swanson, Ethel, '05 Office, Evening Mail, Galesburg Swanson, Florence A., '04, (Arthur Freeburg), Milestone, Sask., Canada Swanson, Forrest Clayton, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Swanson, Fred Curtis, '09, [Knox, U. of 111.] Galesburg Swanson, Hazel Caroline, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Swanson, Irene H Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Swanson, Jennie M., '93 Clerk, N. P. Nelson Co., Galesburg Swanson, Leland D., '04, [Harvard Univ.] Galesburg Swanson, Lillian, '05 Bookkeeper, Com. Union Grocery, Galesburg Swanson, Ludwig J., '97 Traveling salesman, Galesburg Swanson, Marie, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Swanson, Mary, '95, (Strandburg) Galesburg Swanson, Maynard, R., '04, [Knox] Farmer, Roseville, 111. Swanson, Melvin, '05, [Brown's] Prop., restaurant, Urbana, 111. Swanson, Nellie, '98. [T. S., Kind. Nor.], Teacher, Lincoln, Galesburg Swanson, Ruth Otelia, '10, [Brown's] Stenog., Brown's. Galesburg Swartwout, Isabelle, '85, (Turner), [Pratt Inst.], San Antonio, Texas Sweeney, Ethel, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Swenson, Dora, '95, (Swenson), Clerk, Singer Mach. Co., Galesburg Swenson, George, '99 Commission house, Chicago, 111. Swigert, Grayce M., '06, (Long) Galesburg Swigert, Harry, '92, [Knox] Died. 1905 Swigert, Hattic, '92 Des Moines, la. Swigert, Orton, '92, [Knox] Grocer, Des Moines, la. Swisher, Ethelyn, '07. . .Operator,Galesburg Union Tel. Co., Galesburg Switzer, Elizabeth, '93, (A. J. Boutelle), [Training School] . .Galesburg Switzer, Gertrude, '98 Wataga, 111. Switzer, J. W.,'98, [Knox, la. St. U.], Clerk, Mich. Cent.. Chicago, 111. Switzer, Roht. M., '94, [Knox, U. of 111.] . .City Ed., Register, Galesburg Sykes, Carol, '99, [Knox] Teacher, Pasadena, Cal. Sykes, Martha Glenn, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Talbot, Edith Otha, '00 Rock Island, 111. Tate, Eva, '03, (Mulvaney) Cherokee, la. Taylor, Bessie J., '04, ( Palmer) Galesburg Taylor, Lottie M., '04, (C. W. Carlson) Galesburg Taylor. Myrtle, '09 Wataga. 111. Taylor, Olive L, '83, (J. T. Duke), P. O. Reg. clerk. Galesburg Taylor, Roy. '05 Prop., Grand Theatre, Galesburg Terney, Maybelle, '03 Clerk, Chicago Bargain store. Galesburg Terry, Julia T., '98, (Brown), [Knox] Cleveland, Ohio Terry, Willis, '99, [Knox] Terry Lumber Co., Galesburg Thiele, Florence, W Teacher, Marshall, Wyoming Thiele, Virginia, '00, [Knox, T. S.] Teacher, Marshall, Wyoming Thomas, Bessie A., '10 Nurse, Cottage Hospital, Galesburg Thomas, John H., '97 Engineer, "Q," Galesburg Thomas, Kate, '96, (Olson), [Training School] Galesburg Thompson, Alma, '98, (Darst) Farm, Ferris, 111. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 323 Thompson, Alma, '03, [Knox], Private Sec, Judge Thompson, Galesburg Thompson, Arthur B., 'OL . .Teacher, Keokuk Med. Coll., Keokuk, la. Thompson, Edyth, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Thompson, Edwin, '98 Mitchellville, la. Thompson, Florence May, '10 "Q" lunch counter, Aurora, 111. Thompson, Lizzie, '85, (.\nderson) Galesburg Thompson, Mable, '07, (F. S. Hoover) .. .Clerk, N. Y. store, Galesburg Thompson, Minnie, '91, (Hart) Chicago, 111. Thompson, Ruth, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Thompson. Wm. F., '83 Clerk, ArHngton hotel, Galesburg Thomson, Merle, '10, [Knox Conservatory] Galesburg Thoureen, Aleda T.. '10 Cashier, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Thoureen, Edna, '07, [Lombard] Galesburg Thoureen, Minnie. '08 Office, S. H. Olson Grocery, Galesburg Thoureen, Olga V., '04, (G. Holmes) Burlington, la. Thoureen, Ray, '06 Died, 1910 Thulin, Ida F., '86, (Thompson) Galesburg Thulin, Nettie M., '87 Died, 1897 Thuline, Olga Josephine, '10, [Brown's] Galesburg Tibbits, E. Susie '84 Galesburg Tiflfany, Louise H., '05, [Knox Con.] Asst. Librarian, Galesburg Tinkham, Hazel M., '04, [Brown's] Galesburg Tinkham. Ralph Norton, '11 Farmer, Cameron. 111. Tobey, Harold Eugene, '02, [Knox, U. of 111.] Civil Eng., Chicago Tobin, Geo., '03. [Brown's] Asst. ticket agent, "Q," Galesburg Tobin, Patrick R., '04, [Brown's] .. .Night ticket agent, "Q," Galesburg Tobin, Wm., '96, [Lombard] Chief clerk, N. P. Ry., Billings, Mont Todd, Willa T., '06 Milliner. Chicago, 111. Toler, Ethelyn M., '11, [Science Hill] Shelbyville. Ky. Tomlinson, Kenneth C, '10, [Reed College] Portland, Ore. Toothe, Chas. H., '11. ..Clerk, Master Mechanic's office, "Q," Galesburg Tovey, Claire, '05, [Arkadelphia Coll.], Teacher, Univ., Wichita, Kan. Tovey, Henry D., '01. [Knox Con.] . .Director Music, Fayetteville, Ark. Townsend, Fern, '06, [Lombard] Galesburg Townsend, Lora, '96, (Dickinson), [Lombard] Winnetka. liK Townsend, Nelle, '02, (Hinchliff), [Lombard, Knox Con.] . .Galesburg^ Tracy, Frances, '06, (Ray Main), [Knox Con.] Altona, III., Tracy, I vas lone, '09, Galesburg; Tracy, Roy, '05, [ Brown's] Farmer, Oneida, IIU Trasic, Helen, '10, [Knox] GalesburgTrump, Charles T., '10 Dry goods business, Frankfort, Kan. Trump, Charles T., '10 Dry goods business, Frankfort, Kan. Trump, Hazel, '07, [Knox] ... .Teacher, Woodhull, 111., Frankfort, Kan. Trump, Vera G., '06, [Knox] Teacher, Lena, 111., Frankfort, Kan. Tryner, Edith, '03, [T. S.] Teacher, Bateman School, Galesburg Tryner, Jessie. '00, [Brown's] . .Bookkeeper, Terry Lum. Co., Galesburg Tunnicliff, Grace, '98, [Cornell, la.] Moline, 111. Tunnicliff, Nathaniel, '97, [Cornell U., Knox], Civil Eng., Davenport, la. Turney, Antoinette, '02, [Knox, Smith] Chanute, Kan. Turney, Thos. J., [Brown's, Dental Coll.] Chicago, 111. Tuttle, Gertrude, '01 Died 1904 Tyler, Paul, '03 Tayler & Critchfield Ad. Co., Chicago, 111. Tyler, Vera, '10, [Knox] Galesburg Van Clute, Jessie, '98, (Johnson), [Knox] Gaston, W. Va, 324 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Vanderburgh, Grace, '06, [Knox, Brown's] Galesburg Vanderburg, Mary, '08, [ W. 111. Nor.] Galesburg Van Liew, Genevra, '92, (Tuttle), [Lombard] Abingdon, 111. Van Scoyk, Elizabeth, [Brown's], Office, Metropolitan Ins.Co.,Galesburg Velander, Eunice, '11 Clerk, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Velander, Myrtillo, '08, [Brown's] . ..Asst. bookkeeper, bank, Galesburg Venell, Esther, '00, (Baston) McDonald, Kan. Vincent, Hope E., [Oberlin] Boston, Mass. Vivion, Mildred, '07, (John Lowell), [Knox Con.] . .London Mills, 111. Wade, Alice, '04, ( Mace) Galesburg Waggoner, Lula, '03 Galesburg Waggoner, Rose, '96, (Kidder) East Galesburg Wagoner, Edwin B., '04, [Knox] Salesman, Cedar Rapids, la. Wagoner, Ellwood, '95 Trav., Comfort Mag., Eagle Butte, S. Dak. Wagoner, Lenora, '07 Wagoner Printing Co., Galesburg Walberg, Mabelle, '99, (Humphrey) Galesburg Walberg, Robert J., '98 Grocer, Galesburg Waldron, Chas., '87 Chicago, 111. Waldron, Georgia, '83, (W. E. Hurlbut), [Knox] Sedaha, Mo. Walker, Edna, '95, (James Cheeseman) Des Moines, la. Walker, Daisy Dean, '93 Tuskegee, Ala. Walker, Jessie, '96, (Watson), [Lombard] Houston, Tex. Walker, Nellie Elizabeth, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Wallbaum, Will H., '98 Fairbanks, Morse & Co., New York, N. Y. Wallace, Chris, '03, [U. of 111.] Coldbrook, 111. Wallace, Gertrude M., '98 Bookkeeper, Burlington, la. Wallace, Malvern, '05, [Brown's] Tampa, Florida Wallace, Sara, '04 Monmouth, 111. Walline, Florence L., '04, (Alvin Dahlstrom) Miles City, Mont. Walline, Minnie, '03, (Johnson) Andover Township Walling, Maude E., '85, (Fox) Seattle, Wash. Walters, Otto, '01 Central Union Telephone Co., Galesburg Ward, Flora A., '79 Teacher, Weston School, Galesburg Ward, Florence, '06, [Kind. Normal, U. of Chicago] Chicago, 111. Ward, Lottie L., '87, ( Wenner) Washington, D. C. Ward, May, '85, (Carley) Ayer, Mass. Ward, Minnie M., '83 Galesburg Wareham, Beatrice, '05, ( Hicks) Galesburg Warren, Jessie, '90, (Ford) Denver, Colo. Wasson, Jessamond, '00, [Knox] Douglas, 111. Wasson, Martha, '96, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Jefferson, la. Wasson, Mary, '96, [Knox] Teacher, High School, Lincoln, 111. Wasson, Samuel T., '97, [Knox] Farmer, Douglas, 111. Waste, Clara, '81, (Bourne) Farm, Penhold, Alberta, Canada Waste, Emilie C, '85, [Knox Con.] .. .Farm, Penhold, Alberta, Canada Waste, Frank, '91 Farmer, Penhold, Alberta, Canada Watkins, Janie, '98, (Samuelson) Galesburg Watson, Chas. L., '98 Restaurant, Spokane, Wash. Watson, Edward, '00 Clerk, C. B. & Q.. Galesburg Watts, Elmer C, '93, [Brown's] Maywood, Chicago, 111. Watts, Mabel, '03, ( Peters) Galesburg Wax, Mattie, '91, (Dr. R. G. Dingman) Prophetstown, 111. Way, Edna Lisle, '09, [Western 111. Normal] Tennessee, 111. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 325 Weakley, Marie S., '09 Branch librarian, Galesburg Webster, Albert S., '00, [Lombard] Furnishing Co., Chicago, 111. Webster, Fred C, '06, [Lorn., Stanford U.], Elec. supplies, Peoria, 111. Webster, George, M., '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Webster, Inez, '02, [Lombard, National Park Sem.] Galesburg Webster, Pierce, '09, [Lombard] Galesburg Weech, Glenn J.. '10, [Knox] Galesburg Weech, Richard B., '02, [Knox] Farmer, St. Augustine, 111. Weidenhamer, Florence E., '11, [Post Graduate] Galesburg Weidenhamer, Fred, '05 Motorcycle business, Galesburg Weidenhamer, Grace E., '06 Galesburg Weidenhamer, Roy J., '01 Brakeman, McCook, Neb. Weidenhamer, Nellie, '01, (Nottleman) Bushnell, 111. Weinberg, Alice M., '04 Died, 1907 Weinberg, Catharine, '06, (V. J. Hampton) Denver, Colo. Weinberg, Helen Louisa, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Weir, Mildred, '06 Galesburg Weir, Winifred, '06, (Dr. J. C. Hagen), [Brown's] . .Hedgesville, Mont. Weisman, Marie, '05, (Harold Wilson Grimn) Chicago, 111. Welch, Frank, '99, [Brown's] . .Stenographer, E. W. Welch, Galesburg Welcome, Eva. '03, ( Carter) Galesburg Welhoff, Edith. '98, (Wald) Lexington, 111. Wells, Clara L, '94, (A. F. Deem), [T. S.] Galva, 111. Welsh, Vernon M., '09, [Knox] Galesburg Wenquist, Judith O., '98, (Ericson), [T. S.] Milwaukee, Wis. Wenzelmann, Rosa, '11, [Knox] Galesburg Wertman, Mary E., '94, (A. D. Stearnes), [Knox] Galesburg Wertman, Norma, '00, (G. B. Hardy), [Knox] Galesburg Wertman, Ora. '95, [Knox] Galesburg West, Allen, '05 Clerk, general offices "Q," St. Joseph, Mo. West, Bessie A., '02, [Knox] .. .Nurse, St. Luke's Hosp., Chicago, 111. West, Byron, '07, [Knox, Lake Forest] Lake Forest, 111. West, Carl Lee, '00 Died, 1905 West, Edith, '01, [Knox] Died, 1906 West. Harry, '05 Fireman, "Q," Galesburg West, Marion, '89 Supervisor of Schools, Virginia, Minn. West, Oakley, '03, [Brown's] Civil Engineer, Weiser, Idaho West, Winnifred, '03, (Wick), [Knox] BHss, Idaho West, Violet Rosalind, '10. [Knox] Galesburg Westerblate, Alma, '90, (Eagle) Died, 1896 Westfall, Frank, '07, [Brown's] .. .Office, Drainage Board, Chicago, 111. Westf all, Maude, '95 Los Angeles, Cal. Wetherbee, Rollin Franklin, '09, [Knox] Galesburg Wetherbee, William C, '06 Churchill Hardware Co., Galesburg Wetmore, Frank, '95, [Knox] Land agent. City of Mexico Wetterburg, Myrtle, '06 Galesburg Weyand, Anna Grace, '08, [Park College] .. .Teacher, Waterville, Okla. Wheeler. Hazel. '10 Galesburg White, Calvin W., '09. [Lombard, U. of 111.] Champaign White, Edna, '03. (Swanson), [T. S.] Milestone, Sask., Canada White, Edna B., '04. [Knox] Teacher, High School, Geneseo, 111. White, Florence, '07 Dressmaker, Kellogg, Drake & Co., Galesburg White, Frances Mary, '09 Office, C. A. White, Galesburg and, Gertrude, '99 Nurse, Galesburg dney, Alice, '99, (Conant), [Knox Con.] Topeka, Kan. koff, Cornelia, '10, (Illingworth) Galesburg Ibur, Abbie Mae, '10, [Studying music] Galesburg Ibur. Annie L., '85 Principal, Bateman School, Galesburg Ibur, Daisy M., '98, (Rogers) Galesburg Ibur, Fred, '93, [Barnes Med. Coll.] Physician, Riverton. 111. Icox, Hattie M., '78, (Samuel Ensminger) Kansas City, Kan. Icox, Ray, '03, [Col. Sch. of Oratory], Teacher, Las Vegas, N. Mex, Ider, Mamie, '03, (Patton) Galesburg Ids, Wilson, '01 Cable Piano Co., Chicago, 111. ley, Annie E., 11, (Day) Galesburg ley, Mildred E., '10, [Knox] Galesburg Ike, Arthur, '05 Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. Ike, David, '01 St. Joseph, Mo. Hard, Chas. T., '64, [Knox] .Dealer, paving supplies. New York N. Y. Hard, Cordelia M., '04, (Dodds), [Knox, T. S.] Omaha, Neb. Hard, Frances C, '63, (Dunlap), [Knox] Chicago, 111. Hard, Silas, '06, [Knox] Dairy farmer, Shelby, la. "ams, Clarence, '11, [Post Graduate] Galesburg ams, Elmer, '08, [ Knox] Galesburg ams, Howard, '97, [Brown's] Died, 1905 ams, Ida, '03, (Thome) Galesburg ams, Jennie Alice, '94 Clerk, N. P. Nelson Co., Galesburg ams, Jessie, 'CX), [Lombard] Musician, Portland, Ore. ams, May T., '80, [Knox, Kindergarten Normal] Galesburg ams, Pearl, '08 Galesburg amson, Addie, '96, (Slocum), [Knox] Artesia. N. Mex. amson, Bessie, '03, [Lombard] .Teacher, Waterman Hall, Sycamore amson, Jean B., '98, (Mercheson, [Knox] Galesburg amson, Nellie, '01, (Whipple) O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg s. Bruce R., '01 Willis Mfg. Co., Galesburg s. Mana, '99, (Fisher) Springfield, Mo. s, Ralph I., '00 Willis Mfg. Co., Galesburg s, Wm., '05, [Knox] Collector, Artificial Ice Co., Galesburg llsie, Marjorie, '09, [Chicago Art Inst., Lombard] Chicago Ison, Bertrust, '87 Teacher, Dallas, Tex. Ison, Lyman P., '00, [Knox, U. of Chi.] ... .Teacher, Moscow, Idaho nn, Geo. P., '00, [Knox, Theol. Sem.] Missionary, Manchuria nn, Julia, '00, (W. C. Erdman), [Knox] Manchuria nter, Edna, '01, (Moore) New York, N. Y. sen, Harry, '11 Office, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg swell, Augusta, C, '81, (J. W. Eastes) Galesburg tham, Leiia Viola, '09 Galesburg Wood, Ernest John. '09, [Knox, Cornell] Galesburg Wood, Hilma, '07, (F. O. Anderson) Galesburg Wood, Leslie, '07, [Knox, Wash. State Coll.] Pullman, Wash. HIGH SCHOOL ALUMNI. 327 Wood, Maude, '08, [Knox] Galesburg Wood, Nellie E., '09, [Brown's] ... .Office, A. V. Felt & Co., Galesburg Wood, Seeley C, '04, [Chicago Dental] Dentist, Quincy, 111. Woodruff, Hazel, '06 Galesburg Woodward, Florence A., '67 Died, Woolsey, Ethel K., '02, (White) Galesburg Worman, Fred A., '10 Grocery and real estate, Plymouth, 111. Wright, Quincy P., '08, [Lombard] Galesburg Wright, Rosalind B, '10, (Clay) Rio, 111. Wright, Sewall, '05, [Lombard, U. of 111.] Galesburg Yager, Addie, '95, (Smith) Chicago, 111. Yager, Beatrice, '07 Galesburg Yager, Bessie, '92, [Pratt Inst.] .. .Teacher, High School, St. Louis, Mo. Yager, Isadore. '88, (Woods) Chicago, 111. Yager, Leah. '07 Galesburg Yates, Charles G., '10, [Knox] Galesburg Yates, Earl, '07 Express messenger, Ft. Madison, la. Yenowine, Bessie V., '02 Stenographer, Kansas City, Mo. Yetter, Ruth, '10 Galesburg Yocum, Wilhelmina K., '10 Nurse, Evanston Hosp., Evanston, 111. Young, Anna, '95 Galesburg Young, Frederick J., '09 Mail carrier, Galesburg Young, Lena, '99, (Conners) Galesburg Young, Marie, '01, (E. E. Patterson), [Business Coll.] Dallas, Tex. Youngberg, Marj' F., '63, (Reed) San Jose, Cal. Youngren, Nina M., '10 Tea Room, O. T. Johnson Co., Galesburg Zebold, Harry L., '04, [Knox] .. .Teacher, Hooper, Colo., Moscow, Colo. Zetterberg, Arvid P., '00, [Knox] Supt. of Schools, Avon, 111. Zetterberg, Edna, '05, [Knox] Galesburg Zetterberg, Louise, '96, (Peterson), [Training School] Galesburg Zetterberg, Selma, '90, (Stromberg), [Knox Con., Post G.j . .Galesburg Zetterholm, Maurice E., '11, [U. of III] Galesburg Zoll, Constance, '01, (W. G. Hudson) Chicago. 111. Zoll, Llewellyn S., '10 Office, Dr. Marks, Galesburg Zoll, Margaret, '07, (Love), [Brown's] Chicago, 111. 328 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS THE SILVER AND THE GOLD Song of the Galesburg High School [Words and Music by R. J. Erickson, Class of '07.] Let voices raise in joyful lays Our High School dear to praise, From the earth unto the sky Let the ringing echoes fly. Let heroes bold with pride uphold The silver and the gold ; And all unite to win the fight for Galesburg. CHORUS Dear old Galesburg High School ! Proudly may your colors float for ages yet untold. Dear old Galesburg High School! Praises to the silver and the gold. Dear old Galesburg High School ! Your stalwart sons will ever by you stand ; Your daughters fair will ever round you rally And sound your praises o'er our land. In after years when we with tears Have known life's hopes and fears, As children still of thee Our pride and joy shall be. To sing the song, both loud and strong, An ever swelling throng, Which we of yore sang o'er and o'er for Galesburg. CHAPTER VIII. The Work of the Schools. The printed course of study does not always give a correct idea of the work done in a system of schools. Pro- rect idea of the work done in a system of schools. Profession and performance do not always correspond. A set fession and performance do not always correspond. A set of questions prepared on the course of study brings out more definitely the nature and scope of the work expected. If these questions were answered by the pupils under the customary conditions, and the results graded by the teachers in like manner, it would be possible to form a reasonably correct opinion of the work the schools were doing. In the following pages may be found the Course of Study for the Galesburg Schools, a set of questions prepared on that course of study in the office of the Superintendent and submitted as a test, in the spring of 1911, to those classes that mitted as a test, in the spring of 1911, to those classes that were finishing the different grades ; and also the grades the pupils made in answering the questions. At the time the pupils did the work they did not know that they were doing anything more than taking one of the tests that come toward the close of their studies in the grade, nor did the ward the close of their studies in the grade, nor did the teachers know when they marked the papers that any special use would be made of the grades they gave. cial use would be made of the grades they gave. The object was to get a snap-shot of the work of the pupils and teachers, taken when they were not aware of it, and pils and teachers, taken when they were not aware of it, and thus preserve for the generations to come a fair and honest picture of what the schools were doing at the close of their first half century. The word "picture" is used advisedly; because, while a picture portrays the striking physical (329) 330 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS characteristics of a person, it does not reveal the soul, the manner of man he is. It is so with the following pages. They represent what may be called, for want of a better name, the physical work of the school, but do not reveal the spirit that animated it, that which was most worth while -the inspiration received by the pupils to be, to do, and to the inspiration received by the pupils to be, to do, and to become, their very best. While one cannot enter a schoolroom without at once becoming conscious of the uplifting room without at once becoming conscious of the uplifting or depressing influences that are silently at work, the very atmosphere seeming to be charged with them, there is no method of measuring and expressing these influences in per cents. The work is here submitted without any words of commendation or apology; like all records, once made, it must speak for itself. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. SPELLING SECOND GR.\DE. always coming school picture pencil mother children every friend writing pretty enough please Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy 98.4 95.2 98.4 91.2 80.8 99.2 96.8 97.6 89.6 90.4 93.6 83.2 87.2 which garden color summer lovely because Galesburg shower flowers water robin large Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy 88.8 93.6 89.6 91.2 IS 88. 86.4 94.4 73.6 98.4 95.2 96.8 96. Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils of pupils spelling graded graded graded graded graded graded graded graded graded graded from 95 to 100 from 90 to 95 from 85 to from 80 to from 75 to from 70 to from 65 to from 60 to below 60 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SPELLING THIRD GRADE. Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy Missed Accuracy afraid 93.4 honest 86.2 autumn 82.9 always 92.1 thought 91.4 polite 87.5 beginning 79.4 until 78.9 beautiful 92.1 sense 56.6 pleasant 84.9 spring 98. country- 92.1 Galesburg 96.7 together 88.8 vacation 86.8 brought 95.4 weather 92.8 holiday 85.5 lesson 97.4 eight 96.7 Christmas 87.5 break 84.2 because 94.1 doctor 93.4 hundred 86.2 breath 93.4 written 86.8 build 89.5 animal 85.5 bushel 94.1 minute 81.6 middle 92.1 truly 92.1 Illinois 82.9 surprise 69.1 cousin 96.1 ocean 85.5 absent 91.4 between 90.1 squirrel 84.9 forgotten 82.2 receive 66.4 believe 74.3 soldier 69.7 already 9oa chimney 87.5 America 90.8 people 89.5 straight 70.4 Number of pupi Is spelling Number of pupi Is grade :d 100 Number of pupi Is grade :d from 95 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 90 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 85 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 80 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 75 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 70 to Number of pupils gradi ;d from 65 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 60 to Number of pupils grad( ;d below 60 REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. SPELLING FOURTH GRADE. Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy Missed Accuracy difference 93.1 actual 74. country 99.4 believe 75.7 mountain 93.6 capital 91.9 island 98.3 distance 91.3 product 96.5 examine 61.8 connect 93.1 fraction 86.1 Indian 91.9 furnish 86.1 peninsula 66.5 journey 81.5 area 98.3 benefit 65.9 question 80.3 calendar 64.7 yesterday- 99.4 damage 93.6 breakfast 95.4 fertile 49.7 telephone 77.5 generous 66.5 through 86.7 latitude 83.8 violets 87.3 magazine 57.8 exercise 65.3 opposite 54.3 machine 66.5 quotient 78.6 minuend 75.7 separate 56.1 message 82.1 vertical 45.7 business 61.8 average 79.2 division 79.2 dishonest 79.2 language 93.6 receive 60.7 family 87.3 several 78. multiply 90.2 wonderful 89.6 comfortable 78.6 medicine 65.9 Number of pupi ils spell: ing Number of pupils grad( 2d 100 Number of pupi Is grade d from 95 to Number of pupi Is graded from 90 to Number of pupi Is graded from 85 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 80 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 75 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 70 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 65 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 60 to Number of pupi Is graded below 60 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SPELLING FIFTH GRADE. Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed . Accuracy Missed Accuracy altogether 85.7 bicycle 71.4 believe 78. boundary 76.9 business 60.4 citizens 80.2 capital 86.8 decimal 63.7 commerce 75.8 definition 51.6 companion 85.7 difficult 48.4 diameter 69.2 enough 93.4 education 84.6 expect 90.1 electric 83.5 government 56. equator 95.6 horizon 63.7 foreign 50.5 hospital 71.4 geography 87.9 literary 67. impatient 72.5 consonant 53.8 adjective 97.8 convenient 59.3 autumn 87.9 courtesy 42.9 calendar 68.1 deceive 59.3 canal 81.3 engineer 60.4 enemy 79.1 exhibition 53.8 heroes 75.8 grief 83.5 irregular 70.3 knowledge 72.5 library 71.4 material 54.9 neither 74.7 necessary 40.7 preposition 86.8 objective 97.8 prisoner 91.2 ordinary 68.1 singular 97.8 particular 87.9 Number of pupi Is spelling Number of pupi Is gradi sd 100 Number of pupi Is grade id from 95 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 90 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 85 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 80 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 75 to Number of pupils grade ;d from 70 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 65 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 60 to Number of pupils graded below 60 REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. SPELLING SIXTH GRADE. Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy Missed Accuracy assistance 88.3 dictionary 90.8 behavior 89.6 participle 93.3 conceal 92. ridiculous 57.1 distribute 89.6 innocence 62.6 excel 82.2 similar 73. favorite IS 90.8 ambitious 68.7 foreign 84.1 inconvenient 70.6 necessary 84.7 suggest 76.1 obedience 72.4 prefer 95.7 practice 87.7 anxiety 72.4 chorus 89.6 influence 86.5 remedy 91.4 automobile 90.8 industry 96.9 umbrella 76.1 realize 91.4 sociable 77.3 forests 87.1 envelope 89.6 balance 96.3 average 94.5 debtor 79.8 masculine 92.6 conscious 47.2 nominative 93.9 prairie 68.7 possessive 86.5 exhibit 77.9 comparative 86.5 recognize 65.6 article 84.7 separate 85.3 received 82.8 diligence 82.8 business 74.8 customary 81.6 sensible 69.3 decision 73.6 committee 62. Number of pupi lis spelli ing Number of pupi Is graded 100 Number of pupi Is graded from 95 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 90 to Number of pupils graded from 85 to Number of pupi Is graded from 80 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 75 to Number of pupi is graded from 70 to Number of pupi Is graded from 65 to Number of pupi Is grade d from 60 to Number of pupils graded below 60 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SPELLING SEVENTH GRADE. Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy Missed Accuracy resign 96.9 variety 82.5 pamphlet 87.3 animal 97.4 colonial 95.2 capacity- 79.4 photograph 96.5 nuisance 68. apposition 96.9 preposition 97.8 interrogative 95.2 obliging 90.8 commercial 94.3 neighborly 93. plumber 93.9 military 93.9 census 90.4 possession 90.4 bouquet 77.2 ancestor IS 93.4 luncheon 89. foreign 91.3 electrician 82.5 audience 70.6 important 98.2 courtesy 84.6 parallel 64. chocolate 87.3 apostrophe 64. dimensions 70.6 Sabbath 75.9 hesitate 93.4 acquaintance 76.3 necessary 71.1 contagious 69.7 secretary 88.2 mucilage 60.1 sandwich 85.1 discipline 52.6 delegate 80.3 correspondent 75. ancient 89.5 manager 92.1 finally 77.2 premium 86.4 visible 84.6 bulletin 76.8 musicians 79.4 experiment 86. percentage 96.9 Number of pupils spell ing Number of pupi ils gradi ed 100 Number of pupi Is grade :d from 95 to '. Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 90 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 85 to Number of pupi Is grade :d from 80 to Number of pupi Is grade .d from 75 to Number of pupi Is grade id from 70 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 65 to Number of pupi Is grade ;d from 60 to Number of pupi ils gradi 2d below 60 REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. SPELLING EIGHTH GRADE, Times Per Cent. Times Per Cent. Missed Accuracy Missed Accuracy possibility 91.2 frontier 96. vigilance 83.1 mercenary IZ 70.7 territory 94.8 compromise 96.8 solitary 94. tradition 96.4 unconscious 82.3 average 98. politician 86.7 civilization 92. antecedent 84.7 abbreviation 59. equinox 87.5 manufacture 98.4 alternate 97.2 ordinance 91.6 gymnasium 86.3 Christian 89.6 sincerity 89.6 security 96. duplicate 93.2 disobedient 77.5 deficit 49. aluminum 77.5 ascension 68.7 compulsory 89.2 interurban 88. tenement 82.7 eligible 55. trolley 87.5 precedent 79.5 tariff 90.4 anonymous 39.8 financial 84.3 mechanism 65.9 telegram 98.8 burial 91.2 assessor 77.5 icicle 84.3 biography 95.6 secession 86.3 representative 69.9 centennial 76.7 puncture 97.2 pioneer 96.8 neutrality 87.1 petition 96. thermometer 83.1 Number of pup: ils spell: ing Number of pupils grad( ;d 100 Number of pupils grade ;d from 95 to 100 Number of pupi Is grade d from 90 to 95 Number of pupils graded from 85 to 90 Number of pupi Is grade :d from 80 to 85 Number of pupi Is grade d from 75 to 80 Number of pupi Is graded from 70 to 75 Number of pupi Is grade d from 65 to 70 Number of pupi Is grade d from 60 to 65 Number of pupils grad" :d below 60 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARITHMETIC -- SECOND GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. Below low 3 eggs and 3 eggs are eggs? 5 cents and 4 cents are cents? 1 4 flags and 6 flags are flags? 8 books and 2 books are books? 7 girls and 5 girls are girls? 6 cents less 4 cents are cents? 9 hens less 5 hens are hens? 2 11 stars less 9 stars are stars? 5 days less 2 days are days? 8 girls less 3 girls are girls? 2 times 4 apples equals apples? 3 3 times 3 apples equals apples? 3 times 4 cents equals cents? ^ of 6 cents are cents? 1-3 of 6 hens are hens? 4 54 of 8 flags are flags? yi oi 5 apples are apples? 2-3 of 9 stars are stars? 15 plus 6 equals ? 25 plus 6 equals ? 5 35 plus 6 equals ? 45 plus 6 equals ? 65 plus 6 equals ? The perimeter of a 2-in. square is inches? 6 The perimeter of an oblong 2 in. by 4 in. is inches? " The area of an oblong 2 in. bv 4 in. is.... square inches? A cube has faces? 8 A cube has edges? A cube has corners ? 2 yards are feet? 26 inches are 2 feet and inches? 9 1 foot and 3 inches are inches? 10 pints are quarts? 8 quarts are pints? From 9 o'clock till 12 o'clock is hours? <rj From 1 o'clock till 4 o'clock is. ...hours? ^^ An hour is minutes? Half an hour is minutes? Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 96.6 89.8 89.8 66.7 91.8 79.6 89.8 87.1 66.0 72.1 1.4 1.4 .7 2.0 6.1 .7 19.0 1.4 1.4 .7 17.7 4.1 .7 7.5 .7 7.5 4.8 .7 8.2 6.1 2.0 1.4 6.1 6.8 20.4 9,5 6.8 7.5 15.0 34.7 42.2 11.6 5.4 .7 5.4 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 147. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. ARITHMETIC -- THIRD GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. Below low Add: Subtract: 2 368 Multiply : Divide: * 5)825 The sum of 8 and 4 is ? The differ_ ence of 8 and 4 is ? The product _ ence of 8 and 4 is ? The product *> of 8 and 4 is ? The quotient of 8 divided by 4 is ? The area of an oblong 5 inches wide and 6 6 inches long is square inches? The perimeter of a triangle each side of which IS 8 inches is inches? 14 plus 1-6 equals ? 1-3 minus 2-9 7 equals ? '/i of 1-3 equals ? 2 J4 X 3 equals ? 2% equals 99.0 98.0 Four fifths less three tenths are tenths? Q Three fifths plus three tenths are tenths? Five si,xths and one twelfth are twelfths? One third and one fourth are twelfths? _ James had a peice of copper wire; it was 1.5 9 inches long; he divided it into three equal pieces; each piece was long? 6 bu. equals pk. 9 yd. 2 ft. equals ft. 10 26 days equals wk., 6 gal. 3 qt. equals qt 25 in. equals ft in days? i.9 93.9 96.0 90.9 43.4 63.6 87.9 47.. 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 11.1 5.1 1.0 8.1 18.2 5.1 2.0 19.2 3.0 17.2 12.1 1.0 3.0 14.1 17.2 17.2 9.1 13.1 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 21.2 48.5 17.2 9.1 2.0 2.0 Number of diflferent pupils taking the above test, 99. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARITHMETIC -- FOURTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low 1 Dictate: 2,463; 8,008; 5,207; 1,110; 2,039. 87.9 . .. . 4.0 .6 4.0 3.4 2 143,456 divided by 32 ? 77.6 .6 21,8 The quotient is 8; the divisor is 3; the divi- 82.8 l.i 16.1 The product of two numbers is 42; one of the numbers is 6; the other number is ? A The difference of two numbers is 9; the ^ smaller number is 21; the larger number is ? 81.0 55.7 1.1 1.1 19.5 .6 2.9 1.7 17.2 5-7 plus yi equals ? e 5-9 minus 7-18 equals ? ^ 6 times 5 2-3 equals ? 3-7 divided by 2 equals ? 19.0 6 Divide $24.45 by 3. Divide $24.45 by .03. 82.2 2.9 2.3 .6 .6 11.5 Add: 4 gal. 1 qt. 7 1 gal. 3 qt. 50.0 .6 1.7 3.4 2.9 41.4 Divide 5 bu. 2 pk. by 2. 8 A blackboard is 10 ft. long and 4 ft. wide; its ft? 75.9 1.1 1.1 21.8 25 cents pays for 7 oranges; 50 cents pays for Q oranges ? 75 cents pays for 9 rides; 25 cents pays for rides? 94.3 . . . . .... .. . 5.7 The area of one face of a 5-inch cube is 10 sq. in? " The area of all the faces is sq. in.? 80.5 1.1 2.3 .6 .6 14.9 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 21.3 35.6 22.4 10.3 2.3 8.0 Number of diflferent pupils taking the above test, 174. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. ARITHMETIC FIFTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low 1 Dictate: 75.7; 4,067; 3.245: 462,025; 75,210; 25.25. Find the sum of tne above niunbers. 2 Divide 270,800 by 987. _ Find the _prime factors of 108, 98, 40. What 3 is the L. C. M. of 16, 12 and 6? Of 15 and 109? 8 1-15 less 5 7-10 equals ? ISyi times 2 1-3 equals ? 4 7 divided by 4-5 equals ? 6J4 divided by 2i/i equals ? 212-3 di- vided by 2i/i equals ? 212-3 divided by 5 equals ? vided by 5 equals ? c Change ^ and 4-5 to decimal fractions. Multiply $534 by .003. Divide $724 by $.08. tiply $534 by .003. Divide $724 by $.08. Find the cost of 2350 brick at $8 per M. 10 6 lb. beef at $14 per cwt. 3000 lb. hay at $16 per ton. Make a receipted bill of the following items, sold by your grocer to your father: May 1, 18 lb. sugar @ .05; May 1, 1 sack flour $1.75; May 13, Syi lb. cheese 15, 4 lb. coffee @ .35. .25 ; May How many acres in a piece of land 25 rods by 8 32 rods? How much will it cost to build a fence around it at 35c a rod? 54.6 74.6 48.5 40.8 49.2 45.4 46.9 31.6 If 8 lb. of sugar are worth 50c, 12 lb. are 9 worth ? 69 . 2 33 1-3 per cent, of 18 is ? 10 12 is 50 per cent, of ? 2 is per cent, of 8? 80.0 2.3 8.5 3.8 9.2 7.7 3.8 10.8 6.9 1.5 1.5 8.5 6.2 2.3 .8 16.2 9.2 12.3 10.8 15.4 6.9 3.1 4.6 6.9 3.8 1.5 7.7 6.9 5.4 9.2 2.3 4.6 9.2 3.1 5.4 3.1 3.1 1.5 4.6 19.2 11.5 20.0 27.7 26.2 26.9 16.9 46.2 24.6 9.2 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 5.4 30.0 24.6 16.9 10.0 13.1 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 130. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARITHMETIC -- SIXTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to 94.8 2.6 .... .6 65.6 6.5 9.1 7.1 2.6 68.8 5.8 7.8 1.3 89.0 1.9 .6 82.5 .6 4.5 2.6 .6 76.0 2.6 3.9 5.2 .6 82.5 2.6 3.2 1.3 65.6 1.3 7.1 3.2 .6 66.2 2.6 5.8 5.2 1.9 81.2 .6 3.2 1.3 Below low 1 Factor 24, 36 and 40 and find their L. C. M. Reduce -^77- to a simple fraction. 2 Multiply 24 1-3 by 8^. Divide 12 by 2J4. Divide 176 1-5 by 6. 3 Divide 428, 42.8, 4.28. 428, by .04. M The si>ecific gravity of dry sand is about two. ^ A cubic foot of dry sand weighs lbs? 5 Find the cost of 16 pes. of lumber 2x4, 18 ft. at $12 per M. Mr. A. owns the W. J4 of the S. W. % of a section of land. Draw a section, and show 6 on the diagram where his farm is. How many acres in it? How many rods of the fence are needed to enclose it? >? If 24 sheep cost $86, how much will 36 sheep cost at the same rate? A merchant bought goods for $300 and sold 8 them for $337.50. What was his per cent, of profit? Mr. A. borrowed $820 of Mr. B. on May 1, 9 1911. How much must he pay Mr. B. on July 1, 1912, if he pays 6 per cent, interest? IQ In a square floor are 576 sq. ft. How many feet are on one side of it? 1.9 9,1 16.2 8.4 9.1 11.7 10.4 22.1 18.2 13,6 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 23.4 33.1 28.6 11.0 1.9 1.9 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 154. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. ARITHMETIC -- SEVENTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. Below low Write from dictation and add: 274.36 1 38.007 74.0275 7.4674 52.0006 rf 2.664 divided by .024 equals ? #^ .075 divided by 15 equals ? Solve the following numbers into their prime 3 factors and determine their L. C. M. and G. C. D.: 12, 15, 42, 60. 10-21 plus Vi, plus 23-28 equals ? 4 47 J^ minus 18 2-5 equals ? If 3 1-5 tons of coal cost $20.48, how much 5 will 11 9-10 tons cost? Change to decimals: 7-20, f^, 3-16. 6 Change to common fractions: .125, .0375, .16 Eldna has a certain number of pennies and May has 9 more than twice as many. To 7 gether they have 93. How many has each girl? In a right triangle one of the angles is 40 Q degrees. How many degrees in each of the other two angles ? Draw such a triangle. A real estate agent sold a piece of property upon which his commission at 5 per cent, amounted to $275. What was the selling price of the property? How much should the owner receive for the property after deducting the commission? A man pays $175.34 taxes when the rate is ,- 5^ per cent, of the assessed value. Find 10 the assessed value. Find the real value, if the assessed value is J4 of the real value 95.1 91.2 86.0 80.3 86.0 65.8 70.6 73.2 82.0 68.0 1.3 5.3 3.5 6.6 2.2 2.2 .4 2.2 2.2 1.3 5.7 5.3 3.5 14.5 4.4 2.2 4.8 2.6 .9 1.8 1.3 3.9 .4 .9 4.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 5.3 6.6 4.4 7.0 6.1 20.2 18.9 12.7 3.5 ... 23.7 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Au. THE Questions. 27.2 38.6 18.4 10.1 2.6 3.1 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 228. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARITHMETIC -- EIGHTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to 43.6 4.2 19.9 8.5 3.4 76.3 .4 3.0 1.3 .4 86.0 1.3 1.3 .8 .4 89.8 2.1 1.3 .4 .4 85.6 66.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 8.1 3.0 1.7 59.3 2.1 5.9 4.7 3.4 78.0 3.8 3.0 1.7 .8 59.3 4.2 8.1 1.3 1.7 52.5 4.7 16.9 5.9 2.5 low Date of note. Nov. 12, 1901. Face, $1500. *J Interest, 6 per cent. Payments made: $180 #^ on Jan. 9, 1902, $425 on June 18, 1903. What was due Aug. 16, 1904? The directors of a company whose capital is $5000 determined to distribute among the stockholders $2500 of profits. 2 (a) A dividend of what per cent, was declared ? clared ? (b) How much does a man receive who owns 15 100-dollar shares? 3 What is the ratio of the area of a 2-inch square to the area of a 6-inch square? j^ If 7 tons of coal can be bought for $26, how ^ many tons can be bought for $39? e Find the side of a square equal in area to a '^ rectangle that is 15 feet by 60 feet. At 24 cents a square yard, how much will it ^ cost to plaster a room that is 17 feet by 20 " feet and 10 feet from the floor to the ceiling, deducting 16 square yards for openings? M Find cost at $9.50 per M. of 8 pieces scant' ling 3 in. by 4 in. 14 feet long, and 9, 12 ' ling 3 in. by 4 in. 14 feet long, and 9, 12 feet 1-inch boards each 12 inches wide. _ Find approximately the number of gallons in o a rectangular tank 3 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet if 1 cu. ft. equals lyi gallons. If a certain room is twice as long as it is g wide, and the area of the floor is 968 square feet, what is the length and the breadth of the room? (Work this by algebra.) How can you find the diameter of a circle if the circumference is j^iven? Find circumference and area of a circle whose diameter is ence and area of a circle whose diameter is 8 feet. I am thinking of a cube whose entire surface js 150 sq. in. What is the length of one of its edges? 20.3 18.6 10.2 5.9 8.1 17.8 24.6 12.7 25.4 17.4 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 15.3 36.4 24.2 14.4 6.8 3.0 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 236. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. LANGUAGE -- SECOND GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low 1 Copy first verse on page 72 of Second Reader. Describe the picture on page 9 of your Reader by answering these questions: Where are these children? 2 What are they doing? What is one boy doing with his boat? What has another boy in his hand? Are there any ships coming to land? 8S 4 1? S ?, 1 50.0 17.4 18 1 4.9 2.1 7.6 The first month in the year is Christ2 mas comes in The school days of 2 mas comes in The school days of the week are and 61.8 9.7 11.1 11.8 5.6 4 Change to mean more than one: The robin is singing. It was in the maple tree. 72.9 .7 2.8 9.7 2.1 11.8 e Change to mean one: The boys have new tops. They are red. 79.2 4.2 4.9 11.8 I (saw, seen) a bluebird in our yard. Have f- you (saw, seen) many birds this spring? The " children have (did, done) their work well. Now they have (gone, zcent) home. 60.4 2.8 7.6 16.0 .7 12. S y Leave out the apostrophe and put in all the letters: I've read this book. Wouldn't you like to read it? 90.3 4.2 .7 .7 4.2 Q Fill the blanks with o or an : In the dish there is apple, pear, orange, and banana. 81.3 2.1 3.5 4.2 1.4 7.6 9 (May, can) I (teach, learn) Mary our new song? 78.5 73.6 2.8 9.0 4.2 6.9 14 6 10 I have a (new, knew) (blue, blew) top. Uncle John (cent, sent) it (to, two, too) me. 6.9 .... 3.5 IN All the Questions. 17.4 53.5 18.7 5.6 4.2 .7 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 144. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS LANGUAGE -- ^THIRD GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to 77.8 8.1 9.1 3.0 45.5 13.1 20.2 8.1 7.1 78.8 10.1 7.1 1.0 83.8 7.1 4.0 1.0 1.0 64.6 7.1 21.2 1.0 1.0 74.7 12.1 3.0 4.0 .... 67.7 7.1 6.1 10.1 82.8 3.0 1.0 1.0 .... 81.8 9.1 1.0 1.0 71.7 6.1 5.1 9.1 Below low 1 Copy the first stanza of "The Red, White and Blue," on page 261 of Reader. Write a letter to Mr. Steele. In the first paragraph, tell how old you are, where you 2 live, where you go to school and your teacher's name. In the second paragraph, tell er's name. In the second paragraph, tell what you study and which study you enjoy most. Combine: T The acorn is little. The acorn is brown. The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree. Abbreviate italicized words: 4 Mister and Mistress^ Cecil Lane Clark live on the corner Street. of Fourth Avenue and Elm Rewrite, using the words has or have in each sentence. Grace ate her lunch. r He tore his coat on a nail. ^ I took a music lesson. Harold wrote a letter. We hear birds sing. Fill blanks with I, he, she, we, they, him, or her : f- Who is at the door? It is " Those books were given to It was and who sang the song. Who ate the candy? and 7 Make these words show ownership in sentences: father, girls, children, Fido. Taller, tallest: g Of the two boys James is the , but Fred is the of all the boys. Q Put in quotation marks where needed: -* Do you hear the bird singing? asked Lucy. Clara answered, Yes. Use correct word: We paid our (fair, fare) to the conductor. 2Q She put the (pale, pail) of water on the table. The crocus is an early (ftozver, flour). The boy (rode, road) to the store on his bicycle. 2.0 6.1 3.0 3.0 5.1 6.1 9.1 12.1 7.1 8.1 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 16.2 58.6 17.2 4.0 4.0 Number of diflferent pupils taking the above test, 99. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. LANGUAGE -- FOURTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to Below low < Dictate a paragraph or stanza with which your pupils are familiar. Write a letter of two paragraphs to a friend telling in the first paragraph what work you 2 are doing and how you like it. In the second paragraph tell about the closing day exercises and how you hope to spend your vacation. Place commas where needed: Fido my pet dog caught a rabbit. 2 Harry have you seen my book? Yes Helen it is on the library table. The gardener said "I raise beets lettuce rad ishes and peas in my garden." Fill blanks with who, which or that. 4 Here is the girl sang. The book I read was interesting. Where are the boys and dogs were playing in the yard? Fill blanks with who whose or u-hom. do you see ? 5 * * *# glove did she find? With are you going? is coming with her ? To did you speak? Place correct form of verb in sentences. think. He has the matter over. g grow. The plants have rapidly. climb. He the tree yesterday. blow. The whistle five minutes ago. rise. James has from his seat. Use the correct form of the verbs in the blanks. M lie, lay a rug by the door for the ' dog to on. sit, set. You may the vase on the table and down. Analyze: The faithful dog saved the child's life. 8 The lady in black brought the tea from the counter. The brave seamen of the United States have performed many daring deeds. has or has got. That boy more marbles than any 9 of us. don't or doesn't. He play marbles for "keeps" either. Some, Sum boys were chasing a squirrel. Their, There are the flowers we vranted. 10 threw, through. James jumped the window. read, red. We the story together. sight, site. The for the building was a very good one. 54.5 75.8 60.7 65.7 70.2 42.7 75.3 61.8 19.1 12.4 20.2 5.1 2.2 1.7 5.1 20.2 5.1 3.9 18.0 20.8 13.5 1.7 24.7 16.3 8.4 9.6 1.1 19.7 7.9 10.1 4.5 10.1 2.8 1.1 1.7 6.7 2.2 5.6 5.1 2.8 1.7 7.3 9.6 6.7 5.6 1.7 11.2 9.0 11.8 4.5 5.6 2.2 5.6 7.9 15.2 16.3 1.1 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades t i Afj >> o^r c in t ^ci it IN All THE Questions. / ..i 4/.Z J/ .i) lU.l 6.2 1.7 Number of diflferent pupils taking the above test, 178. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS LANGUAGE FIFTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. Below low Reproduce "Story of General Grant" found in -i e q Reader. ^^'^ Teacher may use any outline she wishes. 11.9 Write a letter to a friend describing your school building. This outline may be used: location, material, 2-3 size (rooms and stories), rooms on each floor, halls, your room, playgrounds. (Form 10 -- Description 10) Write the plurals of the following nouns: 4 Child, lady, echo, fi^h, fox, enemy, gulf, 50.8 knife, church, valley. Give the principal parts of go, see, do, walk, e run, write, sing, draw, think, know, bury, 45.2 climb. Name the regular verbs and tell how you know that they are regular. Name the tense of each verb. I write with my pen. g The teacher wrote on the board. I suall write a letter to-morrow. He will write a letter too. 19.0 34.9 24.6 25.4 32.5 8.7 27.011.1 63.5 Place commas where needed. John the boy in blue is a good honest industrious fellow. trious fellow. "Are you ready Jack?" "Yes" he replied. Analyze : 8 Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian sailor, made the first chart of the coast of America. - Give cases of the nouns. 9 Mr. Green, Elizabeth's grandfather, brought the oranges for the party. Fill blanks with shall or will. 1. I not sign the paper. 10 2. I wait for you. 3. The warm rain bring the flowers. 4. He not enter this room. 57.9 74.6 4.0 11.9 7.1 21.4 16.7 4.8 4.0 11.9 5.6 7.1 5.6 2.4 7.9 4.8 13.5 3.2 15.1 58.7 9.5 55.6 3.2 15.1 4.8 8.7 19.8 4.0 4.0 1.6 3.2 1.6 1.6 9.5 7.9 5.6 15.9 17.5 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 46.0 29.4 12.7 8.7 2.4 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 126. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. LANGUAGE SIXTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low Write in letter form, an order for three articles 1 of merchandise that you need, or would like to have. Address this order to some dealer in Galesburg or Chicago. 18.5 28.7 32.5 9.6 5.7 5.1 2 Name and illustrate by sentences four ways in which the subject of a sentence may be modified. 59.9 8.9 17.8 5.1 1.3 7.0 3 Write a sentence with the predicate modified by an adverb and an adverbial phrase. 77.7 1.9 8.9 1.9 1.9 7.6 A Write a sentence containing a predicate nom- * inative -- one containing a predicate adjective -- one with an object. 63.1 2.5 6.4 12.7 3.8 11.5 What is a transitive verb? Use one in a sen5 tence. What is an intransitive verb? Use 5 tence. What is an intransitive verb? Use one in a sentence. 60.5 3.8 16.6 11.5 1.3 6.4 f. Write the following sentence in all the tenses " of the indicative mood: John rode home from school. 31.2 18.5 15.9 16.6 3.8 14.0 He has written the letter. 7 Give person, number, gender and case of the italicized words. 47.1 17.8 16.6 4.5 5.1 8.9 Compare the following words: ill, many, little, 3 good, bad, handsome, pretty, much. Use in sentences the comparative degree of good and handsome. 29.9 17.8 25.5 14.6 3.2 8.9 Decline the first personal pronoun, and the g third personal pronoun, masculine gender. Use the objective singular of each in a sentence. 31.8 10.8 21.0 10.8 5.7 19.7 ," Analyze: Columbus, an Italian, discovered i^ America in 1492. 29.3 10.2 17.8 9.6 7.0 26.1 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 1.9 37.6 31.8 18.5 6.4 3.8 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 157. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS LANGUAGE -- SEVENTH GRADE, Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to SO to 15.2 32.1 21.9 19.6 6.3 43.3 6.7 11.6 14.7 2.7 63.4 7.6 7.6 8.0 3.1 63.8 16.5 4.0 5.8 1.8 44.6 22.8 12.1 11.2 1.8 38.8 13.4 15.6 14.7 2.7 66.1 10.7 7.1 5.8 1.3 56.3 8.0 7.1 2.2 .4 27.7 30.8 17.9 8.5 .9 43.3 25.9 15.2 7.1 1.8 BeUw Uw 2 Write a short account of the life of some great man or woman about whom you have studied this year. Write the following sentences using the proper verb. Give the rule which governs each. 2 (a) Every boy and girl (were, zvas) invited. (b) Thomas or I (were, was) going to call for you. (c) The crowd (is, are) becoming uncontrollable. ble. " Write a sentence using a predicate nominative. >* In what case is it? Why? Write a sentence using a predicate adjective. What is the difference between a noun in apposition and a noun in the possessive case? Illustrate with sentences. Name the personal pronouns and tell why 5 they are so called. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun. One containing an interrogative pronoun. Place commas in the following sentence and - give rules for same: O Children we are glad indeed to welcome spring the most beautiful season of the year with its birds grass flowers and green leaves. 7 What is the difference between a complex and a compound sentence? Write one of each. When morning began to dawn, our ship stuck Q on a sunken reef. Contract into a simple sentence and tell how you made the change. Analyze or diagram the following sentence: General Putnam, a brave Connecticut soldier, was the highest in rank on the ground, and, while Prescott was in command behind the fort, he took general charge of affairs. Laocoon, a prince of Troy, warned the people J-v against the wooden horse. Parse the italicized words. 4.9 21.0 10.3 8.0 7.6 14.7 8.9 25.9 14.3 6.7 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 45.5 29.0 12.1 4.9 8.5 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 224. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. LANGUAGE EIGHTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low Write a reproduction of the story, "A Lesson 1 of Mercy," on page 36 of "Ethics for Children." dren." 16.0 31.9 26.9 13.4 6.7 5.0 Write a sentence containing a predicate noun. 2 In what way is a possessive noun like a noun in apposition? How do they differ? Illustrate by sentences. 51,7 14.7 16.8 4.2 4.6 8.0 2 Name the three classes of pronouns, define them and use one of each class in a sentence. 56.7 13.4 18.1 5.0 2.1 4.6 ^ Name the four forms of conjugation. Illustrate each in a sentence, using the verb trate each in a sentence, using the verb "see." 50.8 7.6 12.2 5.9 2.9 20.6 . When you use two singular subjects, how can "5 you tell whether the verb should be singular or plural? Illustrate. 55.5 8.4 11.8 2.5 1.3 20.6 Write (1) a simple imperative sentence; (2) 6 a compound declarative sentence; (3) a complex interrogative sentence. 42.4 9.7 13.4 21.0 1.7 11.8 y Write a complex sentence. Change it to a compound. 74.4 5.0 3.8 5.5 .4 10.9 When you visit Boston you will go to the house where Longfellow our greatest poet lived. He wrote "Evangeline "The Old g Clock on the Stairs" 'Hiawatha" "The Village Blacksmith" and many other poems. Lincoln said "With malice toward none with charity for all." Supply commas in the above Sentences. 45.8 29.0 14.3 6.7 .8 3.4 Analyze: "And the night shall be filled with music, 9 .\nd the cares, that infest the day. Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs, And as silently steal away." 22.3 23.5 21.4 15.1 5.0 12.6 -^ IVho is the boy whom your father hired to *fj care for his horse? Parse italicized words. 13.0 20.3 28.6 14.3 6.3 17.6 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. .4 34.5 34.9 20.3 7.6 2.5 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 238. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS GEOGRAPHY FOURTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low What is the shape of the earth? The earth 1 turning on its axis causes what and takes how long? The earth traveling around the sun causes what and takes how long? 92.7 2.8 2.3 .6 1.7 Name the grand divisions in order of their 2 size. Name the oceans in order of their 84.7 9.0 3.4 1.1 2.3 size. #J Name the divisions of North America. What ^ water touches North America on the north, east, south and west? 42.4 12.4 15.3 7.3 7.9 14.7 What is the capital of the United States. The 4 largest city in the United States? What state do you live in? Give its capital. 74.6 2.3 7.9 1.7 .6 13.0 c Name three large rivers and a mountain range ^ of South America. 39.5 8.5 16.9 2.8 2.3 29.9 f- What are the five most important countries of " Europe? Give capitals. 54.2 11.3 10.7 2.8 4.5 16.4 7 What atid where are the highest mountains of the world? 70.6 3.4 2.8 .6 .6 22.0 How is Africa joined to Asia? Name the 8 strait between Europe and Africa. 55.9 5.1 4.0 .6 1.1 33.3 Locate Australia. What are the people en 9 gaged in doing? What is their chief seaport? port? 23.7 4.0 21.5 6.2 5.1 39.5 Draw a map of North America putting in the 10 Great Lakes, two mountain systems and the Mississippi River. 5.6 13.0 18.1 13.6 11.3 38.4 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. .6 41.823.7 11.9 9.0 13.0 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 177. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. GEOGRAPHY -- FIFTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low < Name the motions of the earth, give the time required and the effect of each. 75.0 6.3 3.9 4.7 .8 9.4 In which zone do you live? What circles 2 bound it? How wide is it? What ie the latitude and longitude of Galesburg? 51.6 18.8 13.3 2.3 4.7 9.4 '1 To whom does Canada belong? Name its ^ capital, largest city and two products. 51.6 16.4 13.3 2.3 3.9 12.5 Name and locate two mountain systems of 4 North America. Name two ranges of each and the minerals of each. 53.9 14.1 12.5 6.3 3.9 9.4 Name an important river in the Arctic Plain, in the Mississippi Valley, on the Atlantic 5 Slope, on the Pacific Slope. Tell the direction in which each flows, and into what body tion in which each flows, and into what body 60.9 10.2 8.6 7.0 1.6 11.7 of water. 6 Name the Great Lakes, giving outlet of each and a city on each. 61,7 13.3 9.4 4.7 3.1 7.8 In what part of the United States is wheat K raised? Corn? Cotton? Tobacco? What is the chief occupation of the people in the New England States? 67.2 11.7 6.3 5.5 .8 8.6 What is the capital of the U. S. ? Its largest city? Name and locate an important city on the Atlantic Coast, on the Pacific Coast, on 8 the Gulf of Mexico, on the Great Lakes, on the Mississippi River, and in the Western Highlands. 49.2 17.2 14.8 8.6 2.3 7.8 Name the four most important detached pos9 sessions of the U. S., giving the capital and 9 sessions of the U. S., giving the capital and at least one product of each. 35.9 15.6 14.1 9.4 5.5 19.5 #in Draw a map of Illinois showing its three divisions. Locate three rivers and three cities. visions. Locate three rivers and three cities. 18.0 12.5 15.6 10.9 13.3 29.7 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 3.9 48.4 20.3 16.4 5.5 5.5 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 128. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS GEOGRAPHY -- SIXTH GIL\DE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low Name two warm ocean currents. Tell which 1 ocean each is in, and name one country warmed by each. 77.6 11.2 5.2 1 5 4.5 Why are the tropics and polar circles placed 2 where they are? Give the width of each 54.5 9.7 15.7 9.0 2.2 9.0 zone. 3 Name five things on which climate depends. 85.1 6.7 5.2 3.0 Name the three most important rivers of South 4 America, and the plain drained by each. Tell with what each plain is covered. 53.7 11.2 17.9 6.7 .7 9.7 What is the principal mountain range of Eu5 rope? Name four rivers rising in these 5 rope? Name four rivers rising in these mountains and the body of water into which each flows. 57.5 12.7 14.2 7.5 3.7 4.5 g Name the peninsulas of Europe, and a seaport in each. 51.5 18.7 11.9 6.0 3.7 8.2 f. Beginning at the northeast, name in order the ' peninsulas of Asia. What empire is east of Asia? What is its capital? 76.1 4.5 11.2 3.7 4.5 Describe the coast of Africa and its effect on Q commerce. Where are these places and for what noted ? Sahara, Kimberly, Cairo, Alexandria, Tanganyika. andria, Tanganyika. 37.3 20.1 21.6 11.9 1.5 7.S Q Name tlie chief river, two large cities and the principal products of Australia. 57.5 14.9 11.2 4.5 2.2 9.7 10 Draw a map of Europe. 7.5 14.9 20.9 9.0 8.2 39.6 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades in All the Questions. 47.8 37.3 11.9 .7 2.2 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 134. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. GEOGRAPHY EIGHTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low What causes the change of seasons? Name the great circles that divide the earth 1 into zones. Why are they located where they are? What do you understand by Latitude and Longitude? 48.7 19.3 21.8 7.1 1.3 1.7 Name the conditions on which climate depends. pends. _ At the time of the Conquest of Mexico by ^ Cortez, it was said that "Montezuma feasted upon fruits from the most opposite climes." How could he do this? 46.6 16.8 28.2 3.8 2.1 2.5 - Name in order, the states bordering on the "J Great Lakes and the capital of each. 55.0 21.4 12.2 5.9 1.7 3.8 Why does the west coast of the United States have a milder climate than the east coast . in the same latitude? Why does England ^ have a milder climate than Labrador, which is in the same latitude? Why has Italy a warmer climate than New York and Illinois? 54.6 15.1 14.3 5.5 2.1 8.4 Name the three great river systems of South 5 America, describe the land drained by each, and its products. 34.0 21.8 16.0 13.0 4.6 10.5 g Name the peninsulas of Europe, and a city on each. 71.0 10.1 11.3 3.4 1.7 2.5 Name in order the peninsulas of Asia. What 7 European countries control parts of Asia? What parts? 41.6 19.3 21.8 9.7 2.5 5.0 What European country owns the most important divisions of Africa? What other portant divisions of Africa? What other Q European countries control Africa? Name and locate the metropolis of Africa. What is the chief seaport of Egypt? 34.9 23.1 23.5 8.0 3.4 7.1 Name two rivers of Australia. Name two y cities and give a fact aoout each. 59.2 15.5 12.2 4.6 2.5 5.9 Draw a map of North America putting in the two principal mountain systems, the Great 10 Lakes, the St. Lawrence River, and the Mississippi River. 13.4 23.9 13.0 17.6 5.9 26.1 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 47.9 36.6 12.6 2.5 .4 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 238. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS HISTORY -- SEVENTH GRADE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to 50.2 17.6 19.4 6.6 1.8 60.4 17.6 13.2 4.0 .9 39.2 27.8 22.0 6.2 1.8 33.0 20.7 21.1 8.8 1.8 41.4 14.5 11.5 15.4 2.6 39.2 15.4 15.9 11.0 6.2 43.6 17.6 19.8 11.0 .4 57.7 11.5 14.5 5.3 1.8 45.4 15.0 14.1 8.8 2.6 52.9 11.0 9.3 12.3 3.1 Below low In what way did Europe's trade with the Indies lead to the discovery of America? Who discovered the continent of America? How covered the continent of America? How 1 was it proven that a new continent and not a part of the Indies had been discovered? Give dates. What two leading explorers do we think of in connection with the Mississippi River? What 2 two with the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain? What one with the Hudson River? plain? What one with the Hudson River? With \'irginia? Tell for what nation each was exploring. Name the Thirteen English Colonies. Give the *1 date, place and object of the settlement of "^ Mass., New York, Penn., Maryland, Virginia and Georgia. ginia and Georgia. Write a paragraph comparing Massachusetts A colony with \'irginia colony. Speak of the different view each held on Education, Government and Labor. ernment and Labor. When and where was negro slavery intror duced? When and where was entire relig- r duced? When and where was entire relig^ ious freedom granted ? When and where was ^ ious freedom granted ? When and where was the first public school founded ? What caused the long series of wars between the French and English colonies in Amerf- ica? State time, cause and final result of f- ica? State time, cause and final result of " the French and Indian War. What battle is called the "Turning Point" in American History? Why? What caused the Revolution? When and tj where wa.s the Declaration of Independence ' signed? Why was the adoption of this document so important? ument so important? When and where did Burgoyne surrender? g Give two results. What was the last battle of the Revolution? Who surrendered? By what were the States governed after the Q war? Why was this kind of Government not sufficient? What did the new Constitution do for the nation? tion do for the nation? What was the Northwest Territory? Why did ^^ it help to hold the states together? Give 10 two or three provisions of the "Ordinance of 1787." 4.4 3.5 3.1 14.5 14. S 12.3 7.5 9.3 14.1 11.5 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. .9 48.9 27.3 13.7 4.0 5.3 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 227. REPRESENTATIVE SCHOOL TESTS. HISTORY -- EIGHTH GR.\DE. Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN Each of the Ten Questions. to to to to Below low When did the Constitution go into operation, 1 and what two things did it accomplish? Name two important events in Washington's administration. 68.2 12.1 8.9 5.9 1.3 3.8 ~ Why and when did the U. S. purchase Louis^ iana? ^ iana? 57.7 17.2 13.4 6.3 1.7 3.8 T Name the laws that restricted slavery and "^ two that extended slavery. 34.3 12.1 20.5 13.0 4.2 15.9 Locate the Erie Canal and the National Road. 4 What was the object of each? These two improvements mark the beginning of what period in our uistory? 48.5 22.6 10.0 5.0 5.0 8.9 Name and locate three important acquisitiong 5 of territory. How were thev obtained? From whom? Why important to us? 39.3 30.1 18.0 7.5 2.5 2.5 Name an invention that developed the south, -. telling in what way it influenced the country. " Name two inventions, important to the north, and tell how the inventions influenced the north. 47.3 18.0 17.2 8.9 5.4 3.3 What was the nullification act? What persons 7 are brought to your mind by that name? Why is each worthy of note in history? 35.6 14.6 23.0 9.2 4.2 13.4 Give the cause of the Civil War. Where was the first gun fired ? What was the first batjj tie between iron ships? What battles were jj tie between iron ships? What battles were O fought July 1, 2, 3. What did Sherman do to cut the Confederacy in two? Name three Northern generals. Name two Southern generals. 53.1 28.9 10.0 3.8 .4 3.8 Name the results of the Civil War. Give the Q point to the thirteenth, fourteenth and fif" teenth amendments. VV'hat do you under- " teenth amendments. VV'hat do you understand by Civil Service? stand by Civil Service? 30.5 26.8 24.3 8.4 4.2 5.9 Name three expositions, telling where they jQ were held, and the events comemmorated. Give two events that will be recorded in history that have occurred within your memory. tory that have occurred within your memory. 41.0 20.1 14.6 9.6 4.6 10.0 Per Cent, of Pupils Receiving These Grades IN All the Questions. 3.3 44.8 32.6 14.2 4.2 .8 Number of different pupils taking the above test, 239. CHAPTER IX. COURSE OF STUDY. The following outline of studies pursued by the pupils of the Galesburg schools has been prepared with a view of making it intelligible to any patron who may wish to know what his child is doing each year in each subject, the regular course of study being, as is always the case, for the use lar course of study being, as is always the case, for the use of the teachers who have the text-books at hand to which they can refer. Such an outline has been suggested by the many statements and inquiries made by parents in regard to their children's progress and its object is to aid and encourage parents to take an active interest in the work of courage parents to take an active interest in the work of their children, and thus to secure their intelligent sympathy. READING. This is the most important branch of study in the education of the child, for it is the key to all other studies. tion of the child, for it is the key to all other studies. In the first year of school the child is expected to complete the First Reader; in the second year, the Second plete the First Reader; in the second year, the Second Reader; in the third year, the Third Reader. The fourth and fifth years are given to the Fourth Reader. The Fifth Reader is used in the sixth and seventh years and a supplementary reader is read in the eighth year. Much supple- mentary reader is read in the eighth year. Much supplementary reading is used in each grade. mentary reading is used in each grade. When a pupil can read fluently and with proper expression, both the required and supplementary reading of his ion, both the required and supplementary reading of his grade, give the meaning of all the words and spell those in ordinary use, name and tell the uses of the different marks of punctuation, and, in the more advanced grades, explain the geographical, biographical, and literary references in (358) COURSE OF STUDY. 359 the selections read, he has attained the standard sought for promotion in reading. ARITHMETIC. Note. -- This course of study in arithmetic was prepared especially for the Public Schools of Galesburg, Illinois, by Mr. Frank H. Hall, author of the Werner Arithmetics, to whom we feel greatly indebted for this valuable service. FIRST HALF-YEAR I. Examine each pupil as to his number knowledge. To do this : (1) Place before him 20 or 30 toothpicks, splints or crayons. Then say, give me two; give me four; give me three, etc. (2) Put four crayons into the hands of the pupil. Then say, give me half your crayons. Do the same with six crayons; with one crayon; with three crayons, etc. ons; with one crayon; with three crayons, etc. (3) With crayons or toothpicks arranged in groups to correspond with each statement, say. pond with each statement, say. Two crayons and two crayons are Three crayons and one crayon are Three crayons and two crayons are Etc., Etc. (4) Pupils who do well in the foregoing should be tested as to their imagining power with such incomplete statements as the following, the objects themselves not being present to the senses: ent to the senses: Two apples and two apples are Three marbles and one marble are Three oranges and two oranges are Etc., Etc. (5) Make a careful record of the pupil's attainments with respect to number. spect to number. II. Beginning with each pupil at the point of hesitation^ teach orally the number facts given on pages III, IV, V and VI, of Chapter I, of Hall's Arithmetic Primer. At first the work must be done mainly by means of individual instruction. Later, the children may be taught in groups, provided tion. Later, the children may be taught in groups, provided 360 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS each group is made up of pupils of similar attainments ; but frequent changes in the grouping will be necessary, and the teacher must never lose sight of the individual pupil -- must never attempt to teach the class. III. At the close of the half-year each pupil should be familiar with the following: (1) The first six primary facts of addition, namely, 1 and 1, 2 and 1, 2 and 2, 3 and 1, 3 and 2, 4 and I. (2) Five multiplication facts, namely 2 2's, 2 5's, 2 lO's, 3 lO's, 4 lO's. (3) Six partition facts, namely, ^ of 4, i^ of 10, J^ of 20, ^ of 40, >4 of 3, i^ of 5. SECOND HALF-YEAR I. Do the remainder of the work suggested in Chapter I of the Arithmetic Primer. II. Do the work suggested in Chapter II of the Arithmetic Primer. The four topics in this chapter, "Adminis- metic Primer. The four topics in this chapter, "Administration," "Nature Study," "Construction Work," and "Read- tration," "Nature Study," "Construction Work," and "Reading," are not to be presented consecutively ; but work should ing," are not to be presented consecutively ; but work should be selected from each according to the needs and the ability of the pupils. Indeed many of these applications of number knowledge may be used during the first half-year of school, and it may be necessary to omit some of them until the second school year. Only so much should he attempted as can ond school year. Only so much should he attempted as can be well done. III. At the close of the first school year, the minimum amount accomplished should include, in addition to the number facts given in the work for the first half-year, the following : (1) Six primary facts of addition, namely, 3 and 3, 4 and 2, 5 and 1, 4 and 4, 5 and 5, 6 and 6. (2) Six multiplication facts, namely, 2 3's, 2 4's, 2 6's, 3 3's, 3 4's, 4 3's. COURSE OF STUDY. 361 (3) Five partition facts, namely, ^ of 6, ^ of 8, Yz of 12, J4 of 12, 3/4 of 12. Note. -- The method of procedure in teaching the above facts must be that indicated in the Arithmetic Primer. Figures, if employed at all, must be used sparingly, and the facts presented, first by means of objects, then by the imaging of objects. After the clear perception of a primary number fact, it should be perfectly memorized. THIRD HALF-YEAR I. Teach orally the number facts and applications given in the Primer of Arithmetic, pages 1 to 40. Much of the work is a review of that done in Grade I. II. About January 1st the Primer may be put into the hands of pupils for reviewing, by tneans of printed symbols, the facts and applications of number that have already been taught by means of spoken symbols. III. At the close of this half-year, each pupil should be familiar with the first Z7i primary facts of addition and the corresponding subtraction facts. (See Book I., page 6.) He should know the 12 facts of multiplication given on page 41 of the Primer, and the partition facts and denominate number facts given on the same page. ber facts given on the same page. FOURTH HALF-YEAR I. No new primary addition facts are introduced during this period, but great care must be taken that the pupil does not "lose his grip" upon the 2>Z already learned. II. Pupils who master the first 40 pages of the Primer during the third half-year, will easily complete the book during the fourth half-year. The number facts should be taught orally and the books put into the hands of the pupils from time to time for reviewing that which they have already learned. ready learned. III. In this period (or in any period) only so much should be attempted as can be well done. The pupil who masters half the work given in the Primer will be much better prepared for Book I. than the pupil who "goes through" ter prepared for Book I. than the pupil who "goes through" 362 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the entire book but does his work in an unsatisfactory manner. ner. IV. The work should be done mainly without slate or paper. After the pupil can add 46 and 12 or 49 and 12 "mentally," he may be allowed to use a pencil in doing it -- not he- tally," he may be allowed to use a pencil in doing it -- not hefore. fore. V. At the close of the second school year, the minimum amount accomplished should include the following : (1) The first 33 primary facts of addition and the corresponding subtraction facts. ing subtraction facts. (2) At least half of the 34 primary facts of multiplication (2 times 2 to 6 times 6) given in the Primer. (3) The adding "mentally" of 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, and 12, to any number less than 100, and the subtracting "mentally" of any one of the above numbers from any number greater than itself and not greater than 100. (4) The dividing (partition) as indicated in the following: J4 of 5 inches, of 7 inches, of 46, of 65; ^ of 6, of 9, of 12; Vi of 6, of 9, of 12; 34 of 12; ^ of 12, etc. (5) The imaging of squares, oblongs, and cubes; shown by the ability to answer simple questions concerning these when the objects themselves are not present to the senses. (6) The writing of numbers from 1 to 150. GRADE III. Observe that the work of this grade and of Grade IV., is an elaboration of \he primary spiral suggested in the following: ing: 6+2=8 6--2=4 6cX2=12c 6c-^2c=3 6c-^2=3c In Book I., this spiral appears five times on page 9, twice on page 10, five times on page 11, and more than one hundred fifty times in all. On page 23, common fractions are dred fifty times in all. On page 23, common fractions are introduced into the spiral ; on page 70, decimals. The entire book is built on and around this spiral. tire book is built on and around this spiral. First Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 9 to 24. Second Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 25 to 40. Third Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 41 to 56. COURSE OF STUDY. 363 Observe that on page 41 three new number facts are introduced. Others appear at the tops of pages 47, 48, and 51. troduced. Others appear at the tops of pages 47, 48, and 51. After these are clearly perceived they should be perfectly memorized. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 57 to 72. Note the new number facts at the tops of pages 57, 61, 67, and 71. While these are being taught, take care that those already learned are not forgotten. Teach carefully and thoroughly the meaning of problems 4 and 5 on page 64. Teach the writing of tenths decimally ; see page 70. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages IZ to 88. Teach the number facts given at the tops of the pages. Do not neglect the review given on page 82. See that the pupil knows the meaning of problems 5 and 6 on page 84. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 89 to 104. Take care of the new number facts at the tops of the pages and of problems 5 and 6 on page 94. Review the problems at the bottom of page 90 as preparation for those at the bottom of page 100. Seventh Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 105 to 120. For seat-work, require pupils to copy part of a page of the book, filling all the blanks ; or give problems similar to those found at the bottom of pages 104, 108, 114, 118, or like those on pages 110 and 120. Eighth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 121 to 136. See that the primary multiplication facts are perfectly memorized; both those in the month's work and all that the pupil is supposed to have learned before. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book I. pages 137 to 153. At the close of the third school year, the minimum amount accomplished should include the following : (1) The 45 primary facts of addition and the 81 corresponding subtraction facts. See Book I., pages 6 and 82, and "Arithmetic: How to Teach It," page 22. 364 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS (2) The 64 primary facts of multiplication and the 128 corresponding facts of division. See Book L, page 152, and sponding facts of division. See Book L, page 152, and "Arithmetic: How to Teach it," pages 22 and 23. (3) All the denominate number facts that appear in Part IL of Book L (4) Adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, ("measurement") and dividing ("partition"); (1) with simple ment") and dividing ("partition"); (1) with simple numbers, such as appear at the bottom of pages 124, 128, 134, 138, 144; (2) with common fractions, such as appear at the tops of pages 126, 136, 146, and on pages 147, 148, 149, and ISO; (3) with decimals (tenths) such as appear on pages 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 153. Note. -- The teacher should insist from the first and until the last, upon accuracy in all figure manipulation. The pupil should solve every problem twice and, whenever practicable, in two ways, before submitting the answer to the teacher. To illustrate: If he is required to multiply 26 by 4, he should prove his work by finding the quired to multiply 26 by 4, he should prove his work by finding the sum of 4 26's, or he may multiply 26 by 3 and add 26 to the product. Read pages 18, 19, 20, and 21 of "Arithmetic : How to Teach It." GRADE IV. In Book I., compare pages 155 and 195; 156 and 196; 157 and 197, etc. Observe that the primary spiral continues to be the basis of the w^ork and that one part of the book is usually a direct preparation for some other part of the book. If at any point pupils have serious difficulty, something has been omitted or passed over too lightly. Do not attempt to explain away the difficulty but find the cause of the w^eakness and allow the pupils to strengthen themselves by doing ness and allow the pupils to strengthen themselves by doing that which has been too hastily passed over. In many instances a review of some portions of Part II. will be neces- stances a review of some portions of Part II. will be necessary as preparation for certain pages of Part III. sary as preparation for certain pages of Part III. First Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 155 to 166. For seat-work pupils may copy certain pages, filling the blanks, or they may re-solve the problems on pages 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 153; or the teacher may provide problems similar to those found on page 153. Problems (a)^ (b), (c)^ COURSE OF STUDY. 365 etc., at the bottom of pages 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, and 166 are for seat-work. Second Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 167 to 178. All the letter problems are for seat-work. Observe that the problems to which numbers are prefixed are, in most instances, a direct preparation for other problems to which stances, a direct preparation for other problems to which letters are prefixed. The numbered problems are for class work. Third Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 179 to 190. Observe the foot-notes and the suggestions to teachers at the tops of the pages. Seat-work, as directed for second month. Pupils should be able to solve problems on page 184 without errors. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 191 to 202. Note that page 155 is the preparation for page 195; page 156 for 196, etc. If good work was done during the first month of this school year, the work of the fourth month will not be found too difficult. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 203 to 214. "Make haste slowly." Review if necessary. Two problems are given in the work of this fnonth that are too difficult lems are given in the work of this fnonth that are too difficult for pupils at this stage of their progress. See if pupils will discover them. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 215 to 226. While doing the regular work for this month, frequently review the work in decimals. Seventh Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 227 to 238. Continue the review of decimals. Eighth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 239 to 250. Note that "long division" problems now appear for the first time, except the preparatory work on page 238. During this and the following month an unusual amount of attention should be given to figure processes -- work with the pen- tion should be given to figure processes -- work with the pen366 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 366 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS cil in the so-called fundamental operations of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing, with simple integral tracting, multiplying, and dividing, with simple integral numbers. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book I, pages 251 to 256. First, have pupils read these pages in class; then read them at their seats. The main point is, not that these statements should be committed to memory, but that they should ments should be committed to memory, but that they should be understood. By use, the pupils have already become familiar with most of the terms employed and have learned most of the number facts given. Perhaps the pages may prove helpful to pupils in learning to express their own thoughts about the processes and relations of which arithmetic treats. metic treats. During the month much attention should be given, if necessary, to the fundamental operations with figures -- particularly to "long division;" not very long either: about as ticularly to "long division;" not very long either: about as long as the problems appearing at the bottom of page 250. At the close of the fourth school year, pupils should be able: (1) To read and write all integral numbers that can be represented by four figures or less. sented by four figures or less. (2) To add, subtract, multiply, and divide: (a) Integral numbers represented by four figures or less, no divisor or multiplier being employed consisting of more than two figures. (b) Common fractions, with no denominator larger than 20. (c) Decimals -- tenths and hundredths only. (d) Denominate numbers similar to those found in Book I. (3) To use correctly, and understand when others use them, the following terms: Sum, minuend, subtrahend, difference, multiplicand, multiplier, product, dividend, di- ference, multiplicand, multiplier, product, dividend, divisor, quotient, fraction, numerator, denominator, im- visor, quotient, fraction, numerator, denominator, improper fraction, proper fraction, area, perimeter, square, proper fraction, proper fraction, area, perimeter, square, oblong, cube, triangle, pentagon, decimals, decimal point. (4) To solve easily and quickly problems like the following: ^ of 3 are 3 are (or is) ^ of ^ of 6 are 6 are (or is) ^ of Ys of 12 are 12 are (or is) Ys of 2^ of $2.50 is (?) $2.50 is ^ of 8 is what part of 12? etc., etc. COURSE OF STUDY. 367 Do similar work with 1 third, 1 fourth, 3 fourths, 1 fifth, 2 fifths, 3 fifths, and 4 fifths. See Book I., page 17, bottom of pages 30 and 72, top of pages 232, etc. GRADE V. First Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 11 to 26. Read "Suggestions to Teachers," page 10. Read "The Foundation," page 5. Use Book I. in preparing for the work of Book II. whenever necessary. The main business of the teacher is to see that the pupil is prepared for a given page before he undertakes its mastery. Second Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 27 to 42. If a page seems difficult, prepare for it by reviewing the 20th and 10th pages preceding it. Third Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 43 to 58. If the letter problems do not furnish a sufficient amount of seat-work, give additional problems from the "Supplementary Seat-Work" in the Teachers' Hand-Book to the mentary Seat-Work" in the Teachers' Hand-Book to the Werner Arithmetics. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 59 to 74. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 75 to 90. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 91 to 106. Review as preparation for an advance lesson whenever this seems necessary. If page 103 seems difficult, review pages 83 and 93. Often ask pupils to tell the meaning in multiplication and division problems. Seventh Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 107 to 122. If the percentage work gives trouble, review all the preceding percentage pages, \i.any page gives trouble, review, ceding percentage pages, \i.any page gives trouble, review, revieiv, REVIEW\ Eighth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 123 to 138. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 139 to 149. At the close of the fifth school year, pupils should be able to do accurately work similar to that given in Part I. of Werner Book II., under seven heads, namely : -- Simple 368 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Numbers, Common Fractions, Decimal Fractions, Denominate Numbers, Measurements, Ratio and Proportion, and nate Numbers, Measurements, Ratio and Proportion, and Percentage. Pages 141 to 149 may be regarded as test pages. Pupils who can, without assistance, solve the problems on these pages accurately, will thus prove themselves lems on these pages accurately, will thus prove themselves masters of this part of Book II. GRADE VI. First Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 151 to 166. If more can be accomplished than what is here assigned, give additional problems from the "Supplementary SeatWork" in the Teachers' Hand-Book to the Werner Arith- Work" in the Teachers' Hand-Book to the Werner Arithmetics. metics. Second Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 167 to 182. Third Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 183 to 198. Before attempting page 194, review pages 164, 174, and 184. Note that pages 162, 163, 173, 183, give the preparation for 193, and 203. Take care that pupils know the meaning of problems on these pages before their solution is attempted. tempted. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 199 to 214. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 215 to 228. The specific-gravity problems will not be found dfficult, if pupils understand the meaning of the term. Read notes at bottom of page 214. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 229 to 242. The "inverting of the divisor" appears for the first time on page 232. If the teacher desires further discussion of this popular short cut in division of fractions, see Book III., page 101. Seventh Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 243 to 256. Eighth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 257 to 270. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book II, pages 271 to 288. First have pupils read these pages in class. If they apprehend the statements therein given, they will at length prehend the statements therein given, they will at length COURSE OF STUDY. 369 comprehend them. Do not ask pupils to memorize what they do not apprehend^ or express zvhat they do not perceive. During the ninth month attention may be given to accuracy in the more common figure processes. Use the "Sup- curacy in the more common figure processes. Use the "Supplementary Seat-Work" in the Hand-Book if necessary. plementary Seat-Work" in the Hand-Book if necessary. GRADE VII. First Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 11 to 30. Pupils should read the first ten pages (11 to 20) in class, filling all the blanks. If necessary, supplement the second ten pages (21 to 30) with examples selected from pages 319 and 320. Note. -- In the later editions of Book III, 64 pages of "Supplementary Problems" are given. These are provided to give elasticity mentary Problems" are given. These are provided to give elasticity to the Course. The extent to which these shall be employed in practice must depend upon the needs of the pupils and the judgment of tice must depend upon the needs of the pupils and the judgment of the teacher. They may be omitted altogether and taken in the high school as a review of the work in arithmetic. The Author. Second Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 31 to 50. Supplement the work, if necessary, with examples selected from pages 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, and 326. lected from pages 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, and 326. Third Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 51 to 70. If more examples seem necessary, select from pages 327, 328. 329, 330, and 331. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 71 to 90. For additional problems, if desired, see pages 332, 333, and 334. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 91 to 110. Other examples for practice and for tests may be found on pages 335, 336, and 337. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 111 to 124. Additional work may be selected from pages 338 and 339. Seventh Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 125 to 138. Test pupils with examples found on pages 340, 341, and 342. 370 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Eighth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 139 to 150. For test problems, see pages 343, 344, 345, 346, and 347. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 151 to 161. Additional examples for practice and for tests may be found on pages 348 and 349. During the ninth month give special attention again to accuracy in the more common figure processes. Pages 319, 321, 325, 335, 336, etc., provide the necessary problems for such a drill. Or, better, get actual business problems from the farms, the warehouses, the lumber yards, the creameries, the banks and the stores, in which the parents of some eries, the banks and the stores, in which the parents of some of the pupils are interested. Help the pupils to discover that inaccurate figuring is of no value whatever. GRADE VIII. First Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 151 to 170. For tests and extra practice work for eighth year pupils, see "Supplementary Problems" found on pages 319 to 382 of Book III. Teachers should select from these pages such work as seems best adapted to the needs of classes or of individual pupils. dividual pupils. Second Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 171 to 190. Third Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 191 to 210. Fourth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 211 to 230. Fifth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 231 to 250. Sixth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 251 to 270. Sev'enth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 271 to 286. Eighth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 287 to 302. Ninth Month. -- Werner Book III, pages 303 to 318. Note. -- The remaining 64 pages of Book III may be mastered by the more ambitious pupils, during the eighth school year; or they may be in part or wholly omitted (except as they are used for tests) until the third high school year. The Author. COURSE OF STUDY. 371 LANGUAGE. Remarks. -- The object of language teaching is to give the child correct forms for the expressions he is constantly using and to lead him to express his thoughts in an easy and connected manner. nected manner. Oral exercises should, as a rule, precede all written work. Careful instruction in composition should be given : First, by class exercises in which the compositions are composed by the children and written on the board by the teacher. Second, by a series of carefully prepared questions, the answers to which will form a connected story or description. tion. Third, by outlines which the children have helped to make. Originality and variety of expression are the tests of good teaching. To aid the teacher in securing these results by making the work for each grade definite is the object of this outline with its references. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. These books are furnished the teachers by the Board of Education. All references, if not otherwise indicated, are to Book I. of the series. (1) Two-Book Course in English -- Hyde. D. C. Heath & Co. (2) Foundation Lessons in English. -- Woodley. The Macmillan Co. lan Co. (3) Metcalf's Elementary English. -- Metcalf. American Book Co. (4) The Mother Tongue. -- Arnold and Kittridge. Ginn & Co. (5) Language Lessons from Literature. -- Cooley. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (6) New Language Lessons. -- Southworth. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. (7) Language Through Nature, Literature and Art. -- Perdue and Griswold. Rand McNally & Co. 372 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS FIRST YEAR ORAL. I. Freedom and Confidence. -- To this end the work should consist of conversations about such familiar objects as will sufficiently interest the pupil to induce him to take an active part. At this time the pupil should be required to give his answers in complete sentences. II. Reproduction of Stories. -- The teacher should furnish the pupil with new material for thought and conversation by means of stories, encouraging him to tell what has been presented. These stories should be both real and imaginary and such as will create a taste for good literature. The following stories and fables will be found suitable, both for lowing stories and fables will be found suitable, both for reading aloud and for reproduction : "The Three Bears," "Cinderella," "The Discontented Pine Tree," "The Story of Cedric," "The Dog and his Shadow," "The Wind and the Sun," "The Mouse and the Lion," "Story of Columbus," "Story of the Pilgrims," "Story of Washington," "Story of Lincoln." These stories with many others, can be found in Baldwin's "Fairy Tale and Fable," McMurray's "Classic Stories," Harrison's "Story Land," and Wiggin's "Story Hour." Poems suitable for memorizing in the primary grades can be found in "Lullaby Land," by Eugene Field; "A Child's Garden of Verses," by Robert Louis Stevenson, and "The Land of Song," a compilation of poems for children, published by Silver, Burdette & Co. WRITTEN. I. Pupil's Name. II. Accurate Copying of Script and Print. III. Dictation of Short Sentences. IV. Sentences Suggested by Pictures. References: Hyde, pp. 13, 16, 17. Woodley, pp. 21, 26. Metcalf, pp. 7, 8, 9. Mother Tongue, pp. 14, 15, 16, 17. COURSE OF STUDY. 373 V. Capitals and Punctuation. -- The first four topics in written language should teach the following uses of capitals and punctuation marks in telling and asking sentences: { (1) The first word of every sentence. 1 Capitals -l (2) Names of persons and places. ( (3) The words I and O. 2 Punctuation j (1) Period. (. (2) Question mark. References: Hyde, pp. 1, 2, 3. Woodley, pp. 16, 17. Metcalf, pp. 5, 6, 7, 8. Mother Tongue, pp. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. SECOND YEAR I. Copying of Paragraphs and Stanzas. II. Reproduction of Stories. References: Second Reader, pp. 42, 46, 49, 51, 68, 70, 79, 105, 150, 155. Hyde, pp. 9, 22, 45, 60, 66, 69, 75, 89, 191. Woodley, pp. 35, 42, 68, 70, 7Z. Mother Tongue, pp. 28, 57, 74, 79, 83. Southworth, pp. 17, 22, 56, 57, 66, 67, 70, 74. III. Description of Pictures. References: Hyde, pp. 6, 14, 24, 32, 42, 54, 65. Woodley, pp. 36, 56, 65. IV. Nature Study. References: Woodley, pp. 21, 25, 26, 46, 50. Southworth, pp. 17, 22, 56, 57, 66, 67, 70, 74. Note. -- The written exercises in composition in this grade should consist largely of short compositions suited to the time and season ; description of the month, its weather, products, sports, common flowers, fruits and vegetables, and especially of the holidays. ers, fruits and vegetables, and especially of the holidays. V. Combining Sentences. References: Woodley, pp. 37-40. Maxwell, pp. 43, 48, 53, 59, 76, 78. 374 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS VI. Capitals. -- The use of capitals extended to the days of the week, the months of the year, and the hoUdays. References: Hyde, pp. 23, 25. Woodley, p. 51. Metcalf, pp. 19-20. Mother Tongue, pp. 19, 50, 57. Southworth, pp. 30, 140. Note. -- The use of the Comma in a series of words having the same construction should here be taught. VII. Number and Form of Verbs. -- Is and arc, was and were, has and have. Go, see, do. References: Hyde, pp. 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54. Woodley, pp. 74, 77, 126. Metcalf, pp. 15, 16, 21, 80, 83. Southworth, pp. 34, 52, 59, 70, 104, 107. VIII. Personal Pronouns. -- Pronouns used as subjects of verbs. References: Hyde, p. 145. Southworth, p. 99. IX. Apostrophe. -- The use of the apostrophe to denote omission of letters in a word. References: Hyde, pp. 61, 62, 63. Woodley, pp. 102, 187. Metcalf, p. 89. Mother Tongue, pp. 84, 85, 86. Southworth, pp. 19, 46, 75. X. Adjectives. -- The articles a, an and the. References: Hyde, pp. 117, 118, 119. Mother Tongue, p. 217. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 64-65. XI. Choice of Words. -- Teach the pupils to avoid the use of learn for teach; can for may in asking questions; lay for lie, set for sit, and them for these. References: Woodley, p. 159. Southworth, pp. 127, 129, 132, 145. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 34-35, 188. COURSE OF STUDY. 375 XII. Homonyms. -- These are found in the Reader of this grade. New, knew; blue, blew; no, know; our, hour; tail, tale; write, right; one, won; wood, would; cent, sent; great, grate; ate, eight; there, their; hole, whole; sun, son; here, hear; by, buy; rose, rows; dear, deer; steal, steel; meat, meet; piece, peace; to, two, too; see, sea; led, lead; road, rode; bow, bough. THIRD YEAR I. Composition. (1) Copying and Dictation: References: Hyde, pp. 28, 45, 58, 62, 69, 82, 196. Metcalf, pp. 45, 46. Mother Tongue, pp. 49, 90, 98, 112, 155, 135, 150, 187. (2) Reproduction: References: Third Reader, pp. 17, 40, 70, 77, 81, 85, 151, 163. Hyde, pp. 22, 45, 60, 85, 191, 193. Woodley, pp. 30, 61-64, 87-88. Metcalf, pp. 14, 22, 26, 44, 54, 68. Mother Tongue, pp. 31, 47, 57, 74, 161, 174. Southworth, pp. 36, 39, 44, 64, 106. (3) Invention: (A story suggested by a picture or outline.) References: Hyde, pp. 32, 94. Woodley, pp. 36, 103. Metcalf, pp. 13, 17, 21, 43, 47. Southworth, pp. 70, 76, 83. (4) Description: References: Hyde, pp. 32, 94, 155. Woodley, pp. 29, 46, 82, 89, 96. Metcalf, pp. 18, 32, 38, 39, 118. Mother Tongue, p. 30. Southworth, pp. 17, 25, 46, 61, 66. (5) Letter Writing: References: Hyde, pp. 37-42, 183. Woodley, pp. 57-60. Metcalf, pp. 92, 99, 106. Mother Tongue, pp. 62, 69, 111, 113, 132, 180. Southworth, pp. 40, 94, 110, 125, 155. Note. -- One exercise in each of the above forms of composition is required every month from each pupil. 376 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS II. Combining Sentences. References: Woodley, pp. 37-40. III. Abbreviations. -- Titles, initials and dates. References: Hyde, pp. 17, 26, 34, 35, 36. Woodley, pp. 130-132. Metcalf, pp. 9, 102, 103. Mother Tongue, pp. 18, 68, 72. Southworth, pp. 11, 14, IS, 33. IV. Forms of Verbs. -- Use of the irregular verbs ring, sing, begin, bring, write, eat, tear, come, rim, hear, take. References: Hyde, pp. 124, 126, 123. Metcalf, p. 112. Southworth, pp. 140, 142, 146, 151. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 46-47, 128, 188, 189, 191. V. Personal Pronouns. References: Hyde, p. 145. Metcalf, pp. 80, 149. Southworth, p. 99. VI. Apostrophe. -- The use of the apostrophe to denote possession without regard to number. References: Hyde, pp. 100-103. Woodley, pp. 153-155. Metcalf, pp. 74-75. Mother Tongue, pp. 123, 130, 275. Southworth, pp. 24, 26, 79, 91. VII. Adjectives. -- Use of this and that and their plurals. Use of comparative and superlative forms. References: Hyde, pp. 116, 117. Metcalf, p. 66. Southworth, p. 152. VIII. Quotations. -- The three forms of direct quotations are taught: References: Hyde, pp. 56, 57, 190. Woodley, pp. 70-73, 164-167. Metcalf, pp. 109, 111, 144. Mother Tongue, pp. 104, 138, 144, 201. Southworth, pp. 37, 68, 87. COURSE OF STUDY. 377 IX. Homonyms. -- These are found in the Reader of this grade. Made, maid; knows, nose; flower, flour; son, sun; see, sea; pair, pear; be, bee; ant, aunt; ate, eight; cents, sense; fair, fare; pail, pale; pane, pain; red, read, rode, road; not, knot; pray, prey; cent, sent, scent; four, fore; hare, hair; sail, sale. FOURTH YEAR I. Composition. (1) Dictation: References: Hyde, pp. 79, 82, 98, 121, 148, 157, 204. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 7, 22, 32, 46, 57, 64, 90, 100, 104. (2) Reproduction: References: Fourth Reader. Hyde, pp. 60, 75, 89, 109, 149, 191. Woodley, pp. 68, 73, 85, 168, 180. Metcalf, pp. 23, 26, 54, 68, 75, 83. Mother Tongue, pp. 79, 83, 88, 89, 91, 111. Southworth, pp. 6, 36, 60, 66, 153. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 13-14, 69-71, 106, 110, 115-118, 123-124, 155. Language through Nature, pp. 24, 47, 58, 75-76, 120, 128-131, 153, 155-158. (3) Invention: (A story suggested by a picture or outline). References: Metcalf, pp. 24, 39, 43, 47, 57, 62, 70, 81. Mother Tongue, pp. 207, 208, 272. Southworth, pp. 9, 12, 17, 25, 49, 90. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 12, 90, 98. (4) Description: References: Hyde, pp. 113, 116, 127, 152. Woodley, pp. 32, 37, 65, 88. Metcalf, pp. 35, 50, 64, 73, 78, 87, 105. Mother Tongue, pp. 30, 47, 61, 75, 93, 100, 103. Southworth, pp. 20, 23, 57, 61, 97, 144. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 1-2, 26. 36, 72-74, 107-108. Language through Nature, pp. 26, 30, 33, 37, 40, 41, 46, 48, 51, 52, 57, 61, 62, 64, 66. 70, 72, 79, 80, 81, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103. 378 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS (5) Letter Writing: References: Hyde, pp. 37-42, 69, 172, 183, 189, 200. Woodley, pp. 57-61, 79, 112, 132. Metcalf, pp. 92, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 106. Mother Tongue, pp. 58, 62-71, 75, 87, 90, 93. Southworth, pp. 94, 110, 116, 126, 136. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 38-42, 4546, 65-66. 46, 65-66. II. The Comma. -- Use of the comma in (a) case of address, (b) apposition, (c) quotation, (d) yes and no, and dress, (b) apposition, (c) quotation, (d) yes and no, and (e) a series of words. References: Hyde, pp. 59, 68, 198, 57, 195. Woodley, pp. 159-160, 37-40, 70-73, 124, 164-167. Mother Tongue, pp. 134, 135, 104-109, 111, 138, 141, 201, 147. Southworth, pp. 49, 37, 38, 87, 81-82. III. Relative Pronoun. -- The distinctive uses of who, zvhich and that. References: Hyde, pp. 76, 77, 174. Book Two, pp. 66-78. Southworth, p. 153. IV. Interrogative Pronouns. -- The use of who in asking questions. References: Hyde, Book Two, pp. 78-81. Southworth, pp. 166-167. V. Verbs. -- (a) Correct use of the verbs sit and set, lie and lay, rise and raise, (b) Correct forms of the verbs draw, know, blow, throw, groiv, buy, think, run, climb. References: Hyde, Book Two, pp. 153-154, 125-127. Woodley, Book Two, pp. 40, 41, 42. Southworth, pp. 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 110, 111, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146. Language through Nature, pp, 128, 163, 189, 192, 193-194. VI. The Sentence. -- Every statement is made up of two parts. Separate these two parts by a short vertical Hne. Indicate the simple subject by a short horizontal line drawn un- dicate the simple subject by a short horizontal line drawn under it, the simple predicate by two lines. The sentences der it, the simple predicate by two lines. The sentences COURSE OF STUDY. 379 should not be complex nor have their elements transposed. By slight changes suitable sentences can be obtained from the Reader. References: Hyde, p. 12. Woodley, pp. 16, 45, 173. Mother Tongue, pp. 186, 189, 198. Southworth, pp. 157, 158, 159. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 3-7, 136. VII, Choice of Words. -- The correct use of think, guess and expect; stop and stay; love and like. Avoid the use of have got and has got to denote possession : don't for doesn't; had ought for ought. Avoid the use of ain't. References: Hyde, pp. 155, 156. Woodley, p. 179. Metcalf, pp. 121, 163. Southworth, pp. 46, 47. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 66-67. VIII. Homonyms. -- ^These are found in the Reader of this grade. Some, sum; night, knight; I, eye; sight, site; red, read; bear, bare; rays, raise; sail, sale; fur, fir; course, coarse; bee, be; stair, stare; vane, vain; in, inn; rains, reins; bad, bade; the, thee; their, there; threw, through. FIFTH YEAR Remarks. -- Use, for the first, grammatical terms, and give the pupils a clear and concise definition of each after the point to be defined is comprehended by the class. Pupils should be able, by the close of the year, to recognize the diflferent parts of speech in sentences of simple construction. tion. I. Composition. (1) Reproduction: References: Hyde, pp. 3, 9, 30, 48, 51, 66, 91, 98, 120, 128. Woodley, pp. 35, 50, 73, 85, 120. Metcalf, pp. 67, 71, 72, 72, 82, 104, 113, 159. Mother Tongue, pp. 100, 108, 156, 168, 171, 230. 380 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Southworth, pp. 32, 119, 122, 124, 130, 134, 141, 151. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 49-54, 69-71, 92-96. Language through Nature, pp. 88-89, 162, 170, 171173, 180, 187, 190-191, 201-203, 207, 215, 222, 232. 173, 180, 187, 190-191, 201-203, 207, 215, 222, 232. (2) Invention: (A story suggested by a picture or outline.) References: Hyde, pp. 43, 81, 95, 104, 136, 155. Metcalf, pp. 10, 17, 21, 32, 36, 38, 42. Mother Tongue, pp. 272, 281, 308. Southworth, pp. 54, 109, 154. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 131, 139, 164, 172, 178. (3) Description: Use of outlines. Comparison. Pictures in poems. References: Hyde, pp. 133, 175, 181, 187, 197, 205, 206. Woodley, pp. 36, 65, 89, 105, 110. Metcalf, pp. 29, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 50. Mother Tongue, pp. 47, 61, 89, 146, 216, 238, 290. Southworth, pp. 67, 72, 98, 103, 107, 113, 102, 106, 116. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 2-4, 8-12, 18-21, 28-31, 57-58, 101-103, 137-138, 142-143, 145, 156-157. Language through Nature, pp. 104, 110, 111, 115, 132, 133-134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 148, 149, 152, 159, 160, 161, 162, 176, 177, 179, 188, 197, 199, 200, 203, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217-220, 230, 20, 38, 51, 58, 92, 105-106, 117, 145-147, 167-169, 183-186, 194195, 227-229. 195, 227-229. (4) Letter Writing: References: Hyde, pp. 37-41, 178, 183, 189, 190. Woodley, pp. 57-61, 79, 112. Metcalf, pp. 92-100, 106, 117, 120, 130. Mother Tongue, pp. 244, 251-254. Southworth, pp. 40, 41, 94, 125, 144. Language Lessons from Literature, pp. 96, 179- 180. Language through Nature, pp. 18, 19. II. Plural of Nouns. Words ending in s, z, sh, ch, and x. Words ending in f, or fe. Words ending in y. COURSE OF STUDY. 381 References: Hyde, pp. 87-89. Book Two, pp. 32-40. Woodley, pp. 144, 145. Metcalf, pp. 61, 63. Mother Tongue, pp. 266-271. Southworth, pp. 63, 86, 71, 72. III. Properties of Verbs. Principal Parts: Present, past, past participle. Form: Regular and irregular. Use: Transitive and intransitive. Mode: Indicative. Tense: Present, past and future. References: Hyde, pp. 123-124, Book Two, pp. 123-127, 103-107, 109, 118-121. Metcalf, pp. 112-113, 132, 145, 159, 164, 173. Mother Tongue, pp. 282, 283, 287, 306. Southworth, pp. Ill, 140, 142, 143, 146, 151, 152, 178, 182-183. IV. The Comma. -- Use of the comma in inquiries, commands, series of words and phrases, and after yes and no. mands, series of words and phrases, and after yes and no. References: Hyde, pp. 195-201, Book Two, pp. 315, 316. Woodley, pp. 40, 121, 160. Metcalf, p. 131. Mother Tongue, pp. 134, 147, 237. Southworth, pp. 81-82. V. The Sentience. -- Every statement is made up of two parts. Separate these two parts by a short vertical line. Indicate the simple subject by a short horizontal line drawn dicate the simple subject by a short horizontal line drawn under it, the simple predicate by two lines. Adjective and adverbial modifiers should here be introduced. By slight changes, sentences suitable for analyzing can be obtained from the Reader, References: Hyde, pp. 185-186, 176, 177, Book Two, pp. 3-8. Metcalf, pp. 186-190. Mother Tongue, pp. 180, 193, 289. Southworth, pp. 157-160. VI. Cases of Nouns and Pronouns. -- The nominative case should include the subject of finite verbs and apposition; 382 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the possessive should exclude apposition; the objective should closely follow the governing word. Note. -- The subject and predicate of a sentence should always be pointed out by the pupil before he is asked to tell the parts of speech, case, or modifier. References: Hyde, Book Two, pp. 45-51, 181-187. Mother Tongue, pp. 187, 188, 289, 123-130. VII. Use of Auxiliary Verbs. -- Use of shall and will, should and would. References: Hyde, Book Two, p. 131. SIXTH YEAR I. Composition. (1) Letter-writing: Two business letters written each month. (2) Reproduction: Two reproductions each month. II. Grammatical Construction. Note. -- A text-book is used this year by the pupils, and the following topics are taken from it : ing topics are taken from it : (1) The simple sentence and its classification as to use. (2) Subject modified by an adjective, a possessive noun, a noun in apposition, and a phrase. (3) Predicate modified by an adverb, a phrase and an object. (4) Predicate noun and an adjective. (5) Nouns: -- common and proper. (6) Pronouns: -- personal, relative and interrogative. (7) Adjectives: -- qualifying and limiting. (8) Verbs: -- transitive and intransitive. (9) Adverbs: -- simple and conjunctive. (10) Conjunctions: -- co-ordinate and subordinate. (11) Modification of nouns and pronouns, of verbs, of adjectives, and adverbs. ives, and adverbs. (12) Four of the common rules for forming the plural of nouns. (13) The rule for forming the possessive case. (14) Declension of personal, relative, and interrogative pronouns. nouns. (15) Comparison of adjectives and the use of the comparative and superlative degrees. (16) Conjugation of verbs in the different voices, modes and tenses, paying particular attention to how each is formed. Note. -- No definition is considered to be understood until the pupil can give a sentence of his own construction to illustrate it. COURSE OF STUDY. SEVENTH YEAR I. Composition. (1) Letter Writing. (2) Reproduction. Note. -- An exercise is required in each of these forms of composition, twice a month. sition, twice a month. II. Syntax and Analysis. eludes the rule for: -Under Syntax the work in(1 (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (10 Note, Subject of a verb. Agreement of verbs. Adjectives and participles. Possessive case. Noun in apposition. Objective case. Complement of a verb. Adverbs. Pronouns. Absolute case. --No rule is considered learned until the pupil applies it to sentences of his own construction. Under Analysis the work embraces. (1) (2) Classification of sentences as to their form. Analysis of the simple sentence with five rules for its punctuation. (3) Analysis of the complex sentence with its different kinds of clauses, and with four rules for its punctuation. (4) Analysis of the compound sentence, with two rules for its punctuation. Note. -- The pupil should be able to write readily any kind of a sentence. EIGHTH YEAR I. Composition. (1) Letter Writing. (2) Reproduction. Note. -- An exercise is required in each of these forms of composition, twice a month. position, twice a month. 384 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS II. Noun. -- All cases of the noun. III. Pronoun. -- Definition and declension of all pronouns. IV. Verb. (1) Forms. (2) Uses. (3) Conjugation of the various forms. (4) Syntax. V. Sentences. (1) Forms. (2) Uses. (3) Construction and analysis of each. Note. -- No definition or rule is considered learned until the pupil can state it in his own language and apply it to sentences of his pil can state it in his own language and apply it to sentences of his own construction. GEOGRAPHY. Note. -- The following divisions were made by experienced teachers who have actually done the work. They are intended only to be ers who have actually done the work. They are intended only to be suggestive to teachers, and possibly helpful to pupils who, for any reason, are absent for a part of the year. son, are absent for a part of the year. fourth year Morton's elementary geography. First Month. -- pp. 7-20. 1. Shape of the earth. 2 Day and night. 3. Continents and oceans. 4. Latitude and longitude. 5. Surface of the earth. 6. Clouds, winds and waters. Second Month. -- pp. 20-38. 1. How the land has changed its form. 2. The ocean. 3 Climate, zones and seasons. 4 Plants and animals. 5. Means of communication. " id' #-COURSE OF STUDY. 385 COURSE OF STUDY. 385 Third Month.-- pp. 38-46. North America. Fourth Month. -- pp. 46-59. 1. United States as a whole. 2. New England States. 3. States of the Atlantic Slope. Fifth Month. -- pp. 59-69. 1 States of the Mississippi Valley. 2 The Plateau States. 3. States of the Pacific Slope. Sixth Month. -- pp. 69-86. 1. Detached Possessions of the United States. 2 Other Countries of North America. 3. South America. Seventh Month. -- pp. 86-104. Europe. Eighth Month. -- pp. 104-114. Asia. Ninth Month. -- pp. 114-126. 1. Africa. 2. Australia. 3. Islands of the Pacific. Note 1. -- The aim of this year's work is to give the pupils only general ideas of the subject. eral ideas of the subject. Note 2.-- The pupils should know the divisions of land and water, their general shape, and their relative position. To this end map sketching should be almost a daily exercise. Note 3. -- A pupil should be able to make a memory sketch of any continent in three to five minutes, and nothing should appear in the sketch which the pupil cannot, at least, name. Note 4. -- A book, such as a geographical reader furnished by the Board of Education, is to be read in class by the pupils, or to them, while they are studying each continent. 386 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS fifth year Morton's advanced geography. First Month. -- pp. 5-14. 1. Form and size of the earth. 2. Motions of the earth and their effects. 3. Latitude and Longitude. 4. Surface of the earth and its natural divisions. Second Month. -- pp. 14-31. 1. Zones and seasons. 2. Ocean currents. 3. Changes in the earth's surface. 4. Life -- vegetable and animal. Third Month. -- pp. 31-43. 1. Races and occupations. 2. Development of cities. 3. Governments and religions. Fourth Month. -- pp. 43-59. 1 North America. 2 United States as a whole. Fifth Month. -- pp. 59-71. 1. The New England States. 2. States of the Atlantic Slope. Si.xth Month. -- pp. 71-79. 1. States of the Mississippi Valley -- Northern Section. 2. Special Geography of Illinois. Sev'enth Month. -- pp. 79-88. 1. States of the Mississippi Valley -- Southern Section. 2. The Plateau States. Eighth Month. -- pp. 88-95. 1. States of the Pacific Slope. 2. Detached Possessions of the United States. COURSE OF STUDY. 387 Ninth Month. -- pp. 95-100. 1. Dominion of Canada. 2. Danish America. Note 1. -- Pupils should be able to make rapidly memory sketches of any section studied, and nothing should appear in these sketches which the pupils cannot name. Note 2. -- Special attention should be given to the physical as well as to the descriptive and political geography. As far as possible some important fact should be associated with each place located. Note 3. -- A geographical reader, furnished by the Board of Education, is to be read in class while each country is being studied. cation, is to be read in class while each country is being studied. sixth year Morton's advanced geography -- completed. First Month. -- pp. 100-105. Mexico, Central America, West Indies. Second Month. -- pp. 106-115. South America. Third Month. -- pp. 116-122. Europe as a whole. Fourth Month. -- pp. 123-135. Separate Countries of Europe. Fifth Month. -- pp. 138-149. Asia. Sixth Month. -- pp. 150-157. Africa. Seventh Month. -- pp. 158-164. Australia and Islands of the Pacific. Eighth Month. -- pp. 5-43. Geographical facts and principles. Ninth Month. -- pp. 45-95. North America and United States. Note. -- Pupils should not dispose of their geographies at the end of this grade, for the subject will be thoroughly reviewed the last half 388 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS of the eighth year, and the books will then be needed. In addition to this, a large geography is equal in importance to the dictionary as a book of reference, and one should be in every home; Morton's Advanced Geography is especially w^ell adapted for this use as there is in vanced Geography is especially w^ell adapted for this use as there is in the back part of the book a complete set of reference maps. HISTORY. Note. -- The following divisions were made by experienced teachers who have actually done the work. They are intended only to be ers who have actually done the work. They are intended only to be suggestive to teachers, and possibly helpful to pupils who, for any reason, are absent for a part of the year. seventh year Montgomery's American history. First Month. -- pp. 1-24. Discovery of America. Second Month. -- pp. 25-50. Explorations. Third Month. -- pp. 51-67. Virginia. Fourth Month. -- pp. 77-96. Massachusetts. Fifth Month. -- pp. 67-76, 96-108. New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Maryland. Sixth Month. -- pp. 108-126. Rhode Island, Delaware, North and South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. Seventh Month. -- pp. 127-151. French and Indian War. General state of the country in 1763. Eighth Month. -- pp. 152-180. Revolutionary War -- To the Treaty with France. COURSE OF STUDY. 389 Ninth Month. -- pp. 180-195. From the Treaty with France to Washington's Administration. tration. eighth year . Montgomery's American history -- completed. First Month. -- pp. 195-224. Organization of the Government. Foreign Relations. War of 1812. Second Month. -- pp. 225-252. Monroe Doctrine. Extension of Slavery. Tariff and Nullification. Third Month. -- pp. 253-276. Emigration. Inventions. Mexican War. Slavery Disputes. Fourth Month. -- pp. 277-302. Causes of the Civil War. Civil War -- to the close of 1861. Fifth Month. -- pp. 303-334. The Civil War-- from 1861. Sixth Month. -- pp. 335-356. Period of Reconstruction. Sex-enth Month. -- pp. 356-382. Industrial and Social Development. Eighth Month. -- pp. 383-402. Spanish-American War. Expansion. Ninth Month. Review. 390 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SPELLING. In grades First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth, a printed "List of Words" is furnished each pupil by the Board of Education. The words contained in each list are those that have frequently been used and misspelled by the pupils of that grade in their written work. In the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth grades the Progressive Speller -- Part II., is used: (1) Section 1 of the book in the Sixth Grade, (2) Section 2 in the Seventh Grade, and (3) Section 3 in the Eighth Grade. PENMANSHIP. Copybooks are used in all the grades above the first and a lesson in writing is given each day in those grades. PHYSIOLOGY. Physiology is taught in each grade the time required by the state law -- usually during the winter term. MUSIC. [Prepared by Miss Jessie Glaze Strong.] In carrying out the methods in this outline, the teacher must constantly bear in mind that the basis of all music study in the public school is singing. Require erect position and distinct articulation. Seek intelligent artistic expression. Always pitch songs and exercises with pitch pipe or instrument. strument. Do not allow flatting. If the pupils flat they are singing too loudly or it may be due to one or more individuals. Find such persons and have them use light tones. In singing two part songs it is important that the children keep the alto in a soft and agreeable voice, since the dren keep the alto in a soft and agreeable voice, since the forcing of the chest tones up into the head register, as is often the case, not only produces a hardness of tone, but does real injury to the voice. COURSE OF STUDY. 391 Let all advance work be done individually. See that the other pupils study exercise or song in hand w^hile the individual work is being done. This is very important. Do vidual work is being done. This is very important. Do individual work at least half the time. Let children mark rhythm with forefinger in easy and natural movement. Regular teacher will please not leave room, look over or mark papers while supervisor is giving lesson, but attend strictly to lesson. FIRST YEAR Primer of Vocal Music in hands of teacher. Lesson Period -- Fifteen minutes daily. The child's first formal instruction should be in the singing of rote songs. He should sing many songs until he is ing of rote songs. He should sing many songs until he is familiar with melody and until time has a definite meaning to him. While singing, the children should mark the accented beat of each measure. cented beat of each measure. In connection with the singing of the simpler songs, the children are taught to recognize the key tone or "do" of the key in which the song is written. Separate the songs into phrases, which usually correspond to the lines of the poem. pond to the lines of the poem. Teach syllable verse to the majority of songs. SECOND YEAR Primer of Vocal Music in hands of pupils. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. Songs of first year reviewed and fully established in mind of child. The children now begin to observe the notation of music. Their first study is based upon familiar songs. As an introduction to this important step of training the eye the children may follow the notes of the printed song with their forefinger as they sing, marking the rhythm at the same time. 392 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Sight Reading to be developed. Use of evenly divided beat. Two and three part singing through cannon and round. THIRD YEAR Book One-- Pages 7 to 90. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. Rote songs reviewed and continued. The study of the staff including sight reading. Development of evenly divided beat. Use of unevenly divided beat. Use of chromatics through song. FOURTH YEAR Book One -- Reviewed and completed. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. The children should review last year's work, taking such songs and exercises as illustrate the problems in each day's lesson. Development of unevenly divided beat. Development of sharp four. Intermediate tones introduced. Chromatics used in song. Beginning of two part work. FIFTH YEAR Book Two-- Pages 1 to 100. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. Study carefully all problems worked out in the first, second, third and fourth years. This is absolutely essential. ond, third and fourth years. This is absolutely essential. Development of larger tonal and rhythmical problems. Development of flat seven. Development of three part music. Classification of voices. COURSE OF STUDY. 393 SIXTH YEAR Book Two -- Reviewed and completed. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. One or more songs and several studies reviewed in each of the nine keys. Develop minor scale. Afterbeat note understood. A great number of songs learned. Greater variety of rhythm. SEVENTH YEAR Alternate Third Book -- Pages 7 to 84. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. Minor scales related to major. The pupils should sing the familiar songs of the book. The musical problems as found in the book, should be studied and mastered as mere musical problems. The knowledge thus gained should be applied to songs later on. EIGHTH YEAR Alternate Book Three. Complete book. Lesson Period -- Twenty minutes daily. In this grade the child should devote himself mostly to the study of song. The proportion of song singing and of the study of musical elements will easily adjust itself. Definite understanding of minor relations. Use of all major and minor keys. Bass Clef used. "If our art is not to sink to the level of trade, commerce and fashion, the training for it must be complete, thorough, intelligent and really artistic." DRAWING. [Prepared by Miss Ida Glenn.] Lesson Periods -- First two grades from fifteen to thirty minute lesson daily ; third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades -394 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 394 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS three thirty minute lessons each week ; seventh and eighth grades -- two forty-five minute lessons each week. FIRST YEAR Materials -- Colored crayon, charcoal, water color. Nature Work -- Grasses, flowers, fruits, animals, landscapes. Illustrative Work -- Stories, nursery rhymes, personal experiences. periences. Industrial Work -- Paper folding and weaving, rug weaving, spool knitting, paper construction work. Picture Study -- "Feeding her Birds," Millet; ''Song of the Lark," Breton; "Madonna of the Chair," and "Sistine Madonna," Raphael ; "Holy Family," Murillo ; Animal Pictures donna," Raphael ; "Holy Family," Murillo ; Animal Pictures by Landseer and Bonheur. SECOND YEAR Materials -- Water color, charcoal. Nature Work -- Fruits, flowers, animals, landscapes. Illustrative Work -- Stories, children's poems, games, street scenes, the holidays. Dccoratiz'e Work -- Borders, all over design, -- applied to book covers, boxes, wall paper for doll houses, etc. Industrial Work -- Paper construction, raffia and tilo matting mats, rug weaving. ting mats, rug weaving. Picture Study -- "Primary School in Brittany," Geoffroy ; "Return of Mayflower," and "Pilgrim's Exile," Boughton ; "The Arrival of the Shepherds," LeRolle; "Dance of the Nymphs," Corot ; "Aurora," Guido Reni. THIRD YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, (Applied Arts Drawing Book -- Third Year). Nature Work -- Flowers, fruit, animals, landscapes, special study of trees and birds. Illustrative Work -- Children at work and play, street scenes. Type Forms -- Sphere, cube, cylinder, hemisphere, square prism, right tri-prism. COURSE OF STUDY. 395 Decorative Work -- Coloring text sheets, designing borders and squares on squared paper. Industrial Work -- Mats of raffia, burlap or tilo matting decorated with original designs either worked or stained. Picture Study -- "^I'adonna of the Arbor," Dagnan-Bowveret ; "Christ in the Temple with the Doctors," Hofman ; veret ; "Christ in the Temple with the Doctors," Hofman ; "Angel Heads," Reynolds ; "Shepherdess Knitting," and ''Planting Potatoes," Millet. ing Potatoes," Millet. FOURTH YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, (Applied Arts Drawing Book -- Fourth Year) . Nature Work -- Flowers, fruits, vegetables, animals, landscapes, attitudes and actions of human figure. scapes, attitudes and actions of human figure. Original} Illustration -- Street scenes -- express wagon, milk wagon, fire engine. Type Forms -- Equi. tri. prism, square pyramid, cone, ovoid, ellipsoid. Decorative Work -- Coloring text sheets, designing on squared paper, designing from plant forms. Industrial Work -- Stenciling original design on pillow or scarf. Raffia basket, simple pottery. (Special study of Indian basketry and pottery.) Picture Study -- "Shoeing the Bay Mare," and "My Dog," Landseer; "Landing of the Pilgrims," Rothermet; "Ploughing," Bonheur; "Repose in Egypt," Van Dyck ; "Divine Shep- ing," Bonheur; "Repose in Egypt," Van Dyck ; "Divine Shepherd," Murillo; "Washington," Stuart; "The Gleaners," and herd," Murillo; "Washington," Stuart; "The Gleaners," and "The Angelus," Millet. FIFTH YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, (Applied Arts Drawing Book-- Fifth Year). Nature Work -- Accepted line and pencil painting of plant growth, landscapes, children's poses, animals from life, special study of grasses. Perspective -- Views of a circle. 396 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Type Forms -- Geometric solids, plane figures and views. Still Life -- Groups of objects based on type forms. Design -- Filling definite shapes with design. Decorative printing. Industrial Work -- Making folios or book covers, stenciling. ing. Picture Study -- Greek architecture. Study of the works of Da Vinci, Angelo, Raphael. SIXTH YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, (Applied Arts Drawing Book -- Sixth Year). Nature Work -- Pencil and brush work in plant growth. Special study of beautiful weeds. Pose work. Type Forms -- Geometric solids, plane figures and views. Perspective -- Square prism from different positions. Drawing of furniture. ing of furniture. Still Life -- Groups of objects in pencil work. Special attention to handles, spouts, etc. tion to handles, spouts, etc. Design -- Original book cover designs. Spaces filled with designs using plant motif. Vase designs. (Special study of American pottery.) Industrial Work -- Pottery, stenciling, paper construction -lanterns and lamp shades. lanterns and lamp shades. Picture Study -- St. Mark's Cathedral. Study of works of Titian, Veronese. SEVENTH YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, charcoal. (Applied Arts Drawing Book -- Seventh Year.) Nature Work -- Landscapes in pencil and color, decorative composition following careful study of growth of plant, pose work. Special study of insect coloring. Working Drawing -- Geometric problems, surface development of solids. ment of solids. Perspective -- Line of horizon vanishing point. COURSE OF STUDY. 397 Still Life -- Groups of objects in pencil and charcoal. Design -- Original designs from insect motifs. Industrial Work -- See Manual Training and Domestic Science. Picture Study -- Gothic architecture. Study of the landscapes of Turner, Gainsborough and Constable. scapes of Turner, Gainsborough and Constable. EIGHTH YEAR Materials -- Water color, pencil, colored crayon, (Applied Arts Drawing Book -- Eighth Year). Nature Work -- Special study of decorative composition in connection with study of plant growth, landscapes in pencil and color, pose work. Working Drawings -- Furniture. Perspective -- Interiors and exteriors of buildings, furniture. ture. Still Life -- Groups of objects in colored crayons and pencil. Design -- Original designs for book-plates, monograms Fancy lettering. Industrial Work -- See Manual Training and Domestic Science. Picture Study -- American architecture. American artists, Whistler, Sargent, Alexander, Abbey. PHYSICAL TRAINING. [Prepared by Miss Soflena E. Mathis.] GENERAL DIRECTIONS To attain the best results in physical exercises the following rules should be observed : lowing rules should be observed : 1. Devote minutes every day to Physical Exercise. 2. Ventilate the room before exercising. 3. The teacher may select the most appropriate time. If it is thought necessary to exercise in the morning and afternoon sessions, the time devoted to the physical training may be divided accordingly. 398 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS 4. Arrange the class in such a manner that the smaller pupils will be in front and the larger in the rear, so that the teacher can overlook the class more easily. 5. Impress upon the pupils, especially the girls in the higher grades, the benefit of wearing loose garments. 6. Arm and leg exercises ought to be practiced eight or more times, while trunk and head exercises are not to be practiced more than eight times in succession. Teachers should be careful that no part of the body is overtaxed. 7. Breathing exercises ought to be practiced every day, but for these as well as for all physical exercises, pure air is absolutely necessary. 8. Every teacher ought to memorize the exercises be- fore conducting them, otherwise time is wasted and the lesson becomes tiresome to the pupils. son becomes tiresome to the pupils. 9. All new exercises should be shown by the teacher, but after the pupils fully comprehend an exercise it is not necessary to illustrate further, occasional corrections excepted. sary to illustrate further, occasional corrections excepted. The pupils will then begin at the command of the teacher. Begin every lesson with a few preparatory movements, even when none are indicated, increase the exercise in strength and close the lesson with slower movements and breathing exercises. 10. Every teacher should interest herself in the outdoor activities of her children, and seek to foster in her pupils a wholesome interest in such forms as will make for mental relaxation and fine physical tone. She will find that with thought and study she can suggest many games and activities to her classes which will prove interesting and profit- ities to her classes which will prove interesting and profitable, and at the same time thereby indirectly increase her able, and at the same time thereby indirectly increase her hold upon the affections of her children. Nothing can take the place of the rollicking, romping games which are played out of doors. Active games of the COURSE OF STUDY. 399 sort ordinarily played by school children are perfectly safe and healthy for boys and girls when not carried to extremes in duration and intensity. A moderate amount of fatigue is not unwholesome, but, in general, the game or exercise should stop short of severe fatigue. POSITION The erect position in the seat and fundamental position in the aisle are the first starting positions, as from these all exercising begins. All positions of arms, legs, etc., are starting positions. From the fundamental position we raise or swing the arms, we bend or turn the trunk or head, etc. Special care should be given to the erect position in sitting and standing, especially in the first four grades. Neg- ting and standing, especially in the first four grades. Neglect of this often results in the curvature of the spinal lect of this often results in the curvature of the spinal column and unduly prominent shoulder and hip. Stooping forward when reading, writing or drawing, inclining the head or trunk to one side when reciting, habit- clining the head or trunk to one side when reciting, habitually supporting the main weight of the upper body upon ually supporting the main weight of the upper body upon one and the same leg as well as carrying the school books in a one-sided fashion -- these in the main are the causes engendering contortion of the spinal column. In conclusion, I gendering contortion of the spinal column. In conclusion, I quote from Dr. F. A. Schmede's valuable work, "Our Body :" "A good carriage is a prerequisite to the proper healthful development of certain parts of the body, notably the ful development of certain parts of the body, notably the chest. The correction of a faulty carriage becomes imperative, therefore, not only upon the ground of developing a tive, therefore, not only upon the ground of developing a physically beautiful form, but because it serves to check and prevent the attendant evils of a morbid predisposition and consequently the decay of vital organs." ERECT POSITION IN SEAT The sitting position must be erect, the hands on the desk and apart at shoulders' width, thumbs beneath the edge of 400 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS the desk, head up and chin drawn in, shoulders back, without touching the back of the seat, feet on the floor, heels out touching the back of the seat, feet on the floor, heels together. RESTING POSITION Any convenient position in which the muscles are relaxed may be called a resting position, and after the pupils laxed may be called a resting position, and after the pupils have practiced a number of exercises the teacher may give the command to rest, but this command ought not to be given too often, as in the brief time devoted to physical training in our schools the children's strength will hardly be overtaxed if arm, trunk and leg exercises are sufficiently varied ; however, it may be necessary to rest when the teacher explains or shows a new exercise. At the command, in place, rest! move into the following position: Clasp hands backward and place right (left) foot backward. Care should be taken that the position of the feet is changed frequently, thus avoiding the habit of resting too much on one quently, thus avoiding the habit of resting too much on one leg. for this may become the cause of a deformed spinal column. CLOSING AND BREATHING EXERCISES At the end of each lesson close with a breathing exercise. Practice these only by conimaiul and a few times, but execute very slowly. cute very slowly. Breathing exercises have a tendency toward quieting the system ; therefore it is advisable to conclude every lesson in physical training with same. Where arm exercises are indicated with breathing exercises, practice such very slowly and gracefully, inhale and cises, practice such very slowly and gracefully, inhale and exhale through the nostrils. GENERAL SYNOPSIS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE GRADES FIRST AND SECOND Positions; simplest marching; running and skipping; imitation exercises ; nature games ; rhythmic games. COURSE OF STUDY. 401 THIRD AND FOURTH Gymnastics; preparatory body movements; marching; running; odd fancy steps; postural work and breathing; desk exercises ; games ; dumb bells introduced. FIFTH AND SIXTH Gymnastics ; lesson, plan same as for third and fourth grades ; increase exercise combination of movements demanding finer discrimination; facing drills; marching; run- manding finer discrimination; facing drills; marching; running; addition of commands while running; games of a ning; addition of commands while running; games of a higher type of combination. Poise-steps ; introduction of wands and combination of movements with dumb bells. SEVENTH AND EIGHTH Sitting-up exercises used in United States Army : First Exercise -- /. Ann, 2. Exercise, j. Head, 4. Up, 5. Down, 6. Raise. At the command exercise, raise the arms laterally until horizontal, palms upward. Head : Raise the arms in a circular direction over the head, tips of fingers touching top of cular direction over the head, tips of fingers touching top of the head, backs of fingers in contact their full length, thumbs pointing to the rear, elbows pressed back. Up : Extend the arms upward their full length, palms touching. tend the arms upward their full length, palms touching. Down : Force the arms obliquely back and gradually let them fall by the sides. Raise the arms laterally as prescribed for the second command. Continue by repeating scribed for the second command. Continue by repeating head, up, down, raise. Second Exercise -- /. Arms vertical, palms to the front, 2. Raise, j. Down, 4. Up. At the command raise, raise the arms laterally from the sides, extended to their full length, till the hands meet above the head, palms to the front, fingers pointing upward, thumbs locked, right thumb in front, shoulders pressed back. 402 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Down: Bend over till the hands, if possible, touch the ground, keeping the arms and knees straight. Up : Straighten the body and swing the extended arms (thumbs locked) to the vertical position. Continue by repeating down, up. Third Exercise -- i. Arm, 2. Exercise, 5. Front, 4. Rear. At the command exercise, raise the arms laterally until horizontal, palms upward. Front: Swing the extended arms horizontally to the front, palms touching: Rear: Swing the extended arms well to the rear, inclining them slightly downward, raising the body upon the toes. Continue by repeating front, rear, till the men, if possible, are tinue by repeating front, rear, till the men, if possible, are able to touch the backs of the hands behind the back. Fourth Exercise -- /. Leg, 2. Exercise, 5. Up. At the command exercise, place the palms of the hands on the hips, fingers to the front, thumbs to the rear, elbows pressed back. Up : Raise the left leg to the front, bending and elevating the knee as much as possible, leg from knee to instep vertical, toe depressed. Up : Replace the left foot and raise the right leg as prescribed for the left. Execute slowly at first, then gradually increase to the cadence of double time. Continue by repeating up when the right and left legs are alternately in position. Fifth Exercise -- /. Leg, 2. Exercise, j. Left (right), 4. Forward, 5. Rear, or, 5. Ground. ward, 5. Rear, or, 5. Ground. At the command exercise, place the hands on the hips, as in Fourth Exercise. Forward : Move the left leg to the front, knee straight, so as to advance the foot about fifteen inches, toe turned out, sole nearly horizontal, body balanced on right foot. Rear: Move the leg to the rear, knee straight, toe on a line with the right heel, sole nearly horizontal. Continue by repeating forward, rear. When the recruit has learned to balance himself, the command forward is followed by Ground : Throw the COURSE OF STUDY. 403 weight of the body forward by rising on the ball of the right foot, advance and plant the left, left heel thirty inches from the right, and advance the right leg quickly to the position of forward. Continue by repeating ground when the right and left legs are alternately in the position of forward. ward. Sixth Exercise -- /. Lung, 2. Exercise, j. Inhale, /f. Exhale. At the command exercise, place the hands on the hips as in Fourth Exercise. Inhale : Inflate the lungs to full capacity by short, successive inhalations through the nose. Ex- ity by short, successive inhalations through the nose. Exhale : Empty the lungs by a continuous exhalation through hale : Empty the lungs by a continuous exhalation through the mouth. Continue by repeating inhale, exhale. Gymnastics; increased physical and mental values through tactics executed without music, at command ; training for dexterity and alertness. This age of children de- ing for dexterity and alertness. This age of children demands the addition of antagonistic and competitive work mands the addition of antagonistic and competitive work which requires special adaptation of running, vaulting and jumping exercises. Games involve increased endurance and skill. Introduction of Indian clubs and advanced work in dumb bells and wands. Artistic gymnastics; poise-steps. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS d ^ t-- I rn < H < D < w Pi o o o o J3 CO LO '^ O O rt ^ ^ pq pq pq pq CQ pq pq pq pq oa W o bo c o o. (H n P4 ^M.S bo u .- C U ro o '?.'^ '^ "^t. i> -- rt O- O P-icoo) pq ^ u 1) c > o rt .4_( j: o U2 ii (U .y (" o c n, u t/5 M-. (LI n a Cfi c D CO hJ O bn c be k. >^ rt ti >J -J 3 -3 ^ a 12 4> o 2 PQ ^-. il "^ "O <" Ii 3 3 H ;SS CQ U r; (J o rt rt pq E Pi a; _^ -^ > c8 O a; O o O w CO pq ? *^'" 3 o I- rt 3 1) O) o > o 2 a o a o rt o n o o m a, -- * o 1; ?. o 'o "^ ^ T5 w u^ *0 C COURSE OF STUDY. O o IS 1-- 1 n < < CIS Oi a H K >J H < O to o o X X OS o g X "rt ^^ c C c , g J-. , c C rt c3 rt 03 03 (/, t> rt .2 c c c c 3 C'c 2 c *j *-- V, n! o. rt rt ffl OJ rt ™️ rt 3 rt o :^ C^ C^ tjn tri '-4.in>\A m :^ S5 O tH to H fi Q iz; "<: o _c #w 4j ^ ^ ^ ,__, _ c n G , c U4 ^ O. a, a a 'a u a #< a aj a QJ 4J <u a a o K >. ^ >. ^ _3 >. >> CQ m CQ m s PQ pa pa CQ c _o c c .2 tj s c o _o o .2 4^ #4-J *4_" tn w< O u. ^ o w CO to M U o C O o u 'o C o U5 C o O u C O c c .2"So *^ c _o lU * *-- " QJ " rt o u u <u a; tJ >> 2^ u ^ rt a (J rt w -4^ (fi It" t" Ui > < E c7^ > *a < "o *--1 O 3 O C o U C O U u <u *o o ffi *o U 1-- > o K T3 O W rt (U o Pi <0 o <u a OJ Oi 4> O pa bo c o i> o CJ rt O rt n! o u o 4> o oJ ^ u m m pa "Z, E fc o Q ^' <\i CO #^ w^ \d t< o^ o u ol m Zl I. * .-" u J2 o TS * <U o > O C5 li (" a a *4-' <n aj ^^ Xi Ol n (J o <; a t" o <u e o o S 5 406 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS SEWING. [Prepared by Bertha O. Ahlenius.] SEVENTH GRADE Stitches -- Basting-, running, hemming, backstitch, overhand, combination, overcast. Applied Stitches -- Handkerchief case, spool bag, sewing apron, pin cushion, emery bag, book cover. The above are suggested articles in which stitches taught, may be used. The articles to be made should be varied from year to year to keep up the interest of the pupils. EIGHTH GRADE Models for Seams -- French seams, felled seams, facing, plackets, button holes, darning, patching, mitered corner, damask hem, sewing on lace. ask hem, sewing on lace. Applied Seams -- Dutch collar, fancy apron, clothes pin bag, sleeve protectors, caps, hemming napkins and tea towels. Any simple article in which the seams taught are used, may be made at option of teacher. SUPPLEMENTARY READERS. Note. -- These books are furnished for supplementary reading by the Board of Education, and one hundred dollars a year is appropriated for this purpose. propriated for this purpose. FIRST GRADE Aldine First Reader. Child Classic Primer. Aldine Primer. Classics, New and Old, First Art Literature Reader. Reader. Baker's Action Primer. Cyr's First Reader. Baldwin Primer. Cyr's Primer. Bass First Reader. Fairy Reader. Beebe's Picture Primer. Finch Primer. Beginner's Primer. Free Primer. Bender Primer. First Days in School. Brooks' Primer. First Year Song Reader. Brownie Primer. Folk-lore Primer. Carroll & Brooks' First Reader. Fox Indian Primer. COURSE OF STUDY. Heath First Reader. Heath Primer. Horace Mann Primer. Howe First Reader. Jones' First Reader. Lights to Literature, Bk. L Mother Goose Primer. New Century First Reader. New Normal First Reader. Outdoor Primer. Progressive Road to Reading. Realistic First Reader. Rimes and Stories. Riverside Primer. Sight Reader. Silver, Burdette First Reader. Story Reader Primer. Sunbonnet Babies. Sunshine Primer. Taylor First Reader. Thought Reader. Three Kittens. Wide Awake First Reader. Wide Awake Primer. Work That is Play. SECOND GRADE Another Fairy Reader. Around the World, Bk. L Big People and Little People of Many Lands. Child Literature. Children's First Story Book. Circus Reader. Cyr's Advanced First Reader. Cyr's Art Reader. Fishing and Hunting. Heart of Oak, Bk. I. *In Mythland. Jones' Second Reader. New Century Second Reader. Pathways in Nature and Literature. ature. Progressive First Reader. Reynard the Fox. Second Fairy Reader. Story Reader. Verse and Prose for Beginners. THIRD GRADE Animal Life on the Globe. Around the World, Bk. IL Choice Literature, Bk. L Fairy Stories and Fables. Five Little Strangers. Fly-aways and Other Travelers. Seed Household Stories. In Field and Pasture. Lights to Literature, Bk. II. Little Folks of Many Lands. Lolami, the Little Clifif Dweller. Plant Life. Robinson Crusoe. FOURTH GRADE Among the Giants. Around the World, Bk. III. Bird World. Children's Classics in Dramatic Form. Friends and Helpers. Gerda in Sweden. Industries of To-day. Lights to Literature, Bk. III. Lobo, Rag and Vixen. Louisa Alcott Reader. Mary of Plymouth. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Old Stories of the East. Stories of American Life and Adventure. Stories of Starland. Thirty More Famous Stories Retold. Ume San in Japan. Ways of Wood Folk. White Patch. FIFTH AND SIXTH GRADES A Little Journey to Italy. American Explorers. American Tropics. An American Book of Golden Deeds. At Home in the Forest. Bits of Bird Life. Carpenter's Asia. Choice Literature Bk. I. (Intermediate). mediate). Choice Literature, Bk. II. (Primary). mary). First Book of Birds. Four American Patriots. Four American Pioneers. Four Great Americans. Glimpses of Europe. Hans the Eskimo. Life in the Sea. Lights to Literature, Bk. IV. Old Ocean. Our Country East. Our Country West. Pioneers of the Revolution, Rab and His Friends. Sketches of the Orient. Stories of Great Artists. Story of Caesar. Story of Ulysses. True Tales of Birds and Beasts. Watcher in the Woods. Wide World. SEVENTH AND EIGHTH GRADES American Heroes and Heroism. Around the World in Sloop Spray. Builders of Our Country. Camps and Firesides of the Revolution. Civil War Stories. Discovery of the Old Northwest. west. Four American Pioneers. Great Stone Face. Krag and Johnny Bear. Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Our Feathered Friends. Our Navy in Time of War. Pioneers of the Mississippi Valley. ley. Romance of the Civil War. Side Lights on American History. tory. Snow Bound. Squirrels and Other Fur Bearers. ers. Story of Our English Grandfathers. fathers. Stories of the Great West. St. Nicholas Sea Stories. Ten Great Events in History. Vision of Sir Launfal. Western United States. Young Citizen. a- n 2 > S. o - 3 COURSE OF STUDY. TEACHERS' LIBRARY. Organized in 1894; supported entirely by the teachers. LIST OF BOOKS IN LIBRARY Barnard's Journal of Education, 1856-66 tion, 1856-66 Illinois Teacher, 6 vol., 1857-69. Massachusetts Teacher, 1867... Year Book of Education, 1878. Lectures on Education -- Mann. Saratoga Meeting of the N. E. A., 1892 Kindergarten and Child Culture -- Barnard Practical Lessons in Psychology -- Krohn gy -- Krohn School Management -- White.... Life and Work of Pestalozzl -Krusi Krusi General Method -- McMurry Special Method -- McMurry The Evolution of Dodd -- Smith* Essentials of Method -- DeGarmo Elements of Psychology -- Hewett ett Pedagogics -- Patrick Art of School Management -Baldwin Baldwin Text Book in Psychology -- Herbart bart Practical Hints for Teachers -Howland Howland Emile -- Rousseau Education -- Spencer History of Education -- Painter. Principles of Education -- Greenwood wood Education of Man -- Froebel.... European Schools -- Klemm The Child and Nature Study -Marenholtz Marenholtz Elements of Psychology -- Hill.. Hints on Child Training -- Trumbull bull A Study of Child Nature -- Harrison rison Talks on Teaching -- Parker. . . . Studies in Pedagogy -- Morgan.. The Quincy Methods -- Partridge Talks on Pedagogics -- Parker.. Children's Rights -- Wiggins *Lost 1-16 17-22 Art of School Management -Baldwin 55-57 Baldwin 55-57 Practical Lessons in Psychology -- Krohn 58-61 Pedagogical Pebbles -- Patrick.. 62-67 Lectures to Kindergartners -Peabody 68 Peabody 68 Radstock's Habit and Education --Hall 69 Early Training of Children -Malleso 70 Malleso 70 Levana and Autobiography -Richter 71 Richter 71 Rosmini's Method in Education -- Grey 72 Waymarks for Teachers -- S. L. Arnold 73 Applied Psychology -- McLellan. 74 A Manual of Pedagogics -- Putnam 75 nam 75 Arctic Alaska and Siberia -- Aldrich 76 drich 76 The Earth and Man -- Guyot... 77 Science and Art of Education -Payne 78 Payne 78 Primary Manual Training -- Cutler 79 ler 79 King's Method in Geography*. . 80 Contribution to Science of Education -- Payne 81 cation -- Payne 81 Practical Work ih Geography -McCormick 82 McCormick 82 Child and Nature -- Frye 83 School Management -- Tompkins 84 Herbart and the Herbartians -DeGarmo 85 DeGarmo 85 Primer of Psychology -- Ladd... 86 Philosophy of Teaching 87 Methods and Aids in Geography -- King 88 A Bird's-eye View of the World 89 Geographical Spice 90 Methods in Geography -- King.. 91 How to Study Geography -Parker 92 Parker 92 Special Methods in Geography -- McMurry 93 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Manual of Geography -- Redway 94 Tlie Geographical Reader and Primer 95 Elementary Physical Geography -- Tarr 96 The Story of our Continent -Shaler 97 Shaler 97 Hegel's Educational Ideas -Bryant 98 Bryant 98 Psychology, Vol. 1. -- James.... 99 Psychology, Vol. 2. -- James.... 100 First Book in Geology -- Shaler. 101 Principles of Education-- MacVicar 102 Vicar 102 Outlines of Pedagogics -- Rein.. 103 Teaching the Language Arts -Hinsdale 104 Hinsdale 104 Studies in Education -- Hinsdale 105 School Interests and Duties -King 106 King 106 Courses and Methods -- Prince. . 107 Life and Works of Comenius -Laurie 108 Laurie 108 Memoirs of Ascham and Arnold Carlisle 109 Roderick Hume -- Bardeen 110 Pioneer History Stories -- McMurry Ill Murry Ill School Supervision -- Payne 112 Elements of Pedagogy -- White. 113 Psychology in Education -Roark 114 Roark 114 The First Year in School -Beebe 115 Beebe 115 Special Methods in Science -McMurry 116 McMurry 116 Special Methods in Reading -McMurry 117 McMurry 117 Special Methods in Literature and History 118 Compayre's History of Pedagogy -- Payne 119 gogy -- Payne 119 Teaching the Language Arts -Hinsdale 120 Hinsdale 120 School Management and Methods -- Baldwin 121 ods -- Baldwin 121 Geographical Readers, Fifth Book-- King* 122 Kindergarten Principles -- Wiggins 123 gins 123 Educational Laws -- Proebel.... 124 Education in the U. S. -- Boone. 125 Education of the Greek People -- Davidson 126 The Psychology of Number -McLellan 127 McLellan 127 Normal Instruction of Children -- Adler 128 Practical Hints for Teachers -Howland 129 Howland 129 Teaching as a Business -- Bardeen 130 deen 130 Hand Book of Sloyd -- Salamon. 131 Early Training of Children -Malleson 132 Malleson 132 A Hand Book of Simple Experiments -- Stowell 133 iments -- Stowell 133 Walks and Talks -- W. H. Smith 134 In the Child World -- Poulson . . 135 Froebel's Occupations -- Wiggins 136 Froebel's Gifts -- Wiggins 137 Kindergarten Principles and Practice -- Wiggins 138 Aristotle Greek Ideals -- Davidson 139 son 139 Alcuin Christian Schools -- West 140 Abelard -- Compayre 141 Layola -- Hughes 142 The Arnolds -- Fitch 143 Lessons in Geography -- Gillan. . 144 Psychologic Foundations of Education 145 ucation 145 Child Stories from the Masters -- Menefee 146 The Educational Ideal -- Munroe 147 Lectures on Pedagogy -- Compayre 148 payre 148 Dorpfeld's Thought and Memory--Hall 149 ory--Hall 149 Studies in Historical Methods -Barnes 150 Barnes 150 Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster -- Thompson 151 Horbartian Psychology Applied to Education -- Adams 152 Men and Manners of the Eighteenth Century -- Hale 153 eenth Century -- Hale 153 Europe in the Nineteenth Century -- Judson 154 tury -- Judson 154 Twenty Centuries of English History -- Joy 155 Walks and Talks in the Geological Field -- Wlnchell 156 logical Field -- Wlnchell 156 From Chaucer to Tennyson -Beers 157 Beers 157 In Story Land -- Harrison 158 The Plan Book, Autumn -George 159 George 159 *Lost. COURSE OF STUDY. The Plan Book, Spring -- George 160 The Plan Book, Winter -- George 161 My Pedagogic Creed -- Dewey*.. 162 The Complete Poetical Works of Longfellow 163 The Complete Poetical Works of Whlttler 164 The Complete Poetical Works of Lowell 165 Poetical Works of Alice and Phoebe Cary 166 Wake Robin -- John Burrows. . . 167 A Bird Lover in the West -Olive Thorne Miller 168 Olive Thorne Miller 168 Bird Ways -- Olive Thorne Miller 169 ler 169 In Nesting Time -- Olive Thorne Miller 170 How to Teach Reading -- Todd. 171 Reading, How to Teach It -- Arnold 172 nold 172 Nature Study in Elementary Schools -- Wilson 173 Nature Study in Elementary Schools, First Tear -- Wilson. . 174 Nature Study in Elementary Schools, Second Year -- Wilson 175 Lessons in Psychology -- Gordy. 176 Psychology and Psychic Culture -- Halleck 177 Elementary Psychology -- Putnam 178 nam 178 North America -- Tarr and McMurry 179 Murry 179 Page's Theory and Practice*... 180 Page's Theory and Practice.... 181 Jesus as a Teacher -- Hinsdale.. 182 Fitch's Lectures on Teaching. . 183 Meaning of Education -- Butler. 184 Gore's Hand-book to the Study of Geography 185 How to Study and Teach History -- Hinsdale 186 tory -- Hinsdale 186 Hughes' Mistakes in Teaching. 187 Bryant's Poems 188 Citizen Bird -- Wright and Coues 189 Psychology -- John Dewey 190 Educational Reform -- Eliot 191 How to Enjoy Pictures -- Emery 192 Geographical Outlines and History -- Miner 193 tory -- Miner 193 The Study of the Child-- Taylor 194 Methods of Teaching Geography -- Crocher 195 phy -- Crocher 195 *Lost. How to Teach Reading -- Clark. 196 Foundation Studies in Literature -- Mooney 197 ture -- Mooney 197 Applied Geography -- Keltie 198 Suggestions on Teaching Geography -- McCormick 199 raphy -- McCormick 199 Special Method in Geography -McMurry 200 McMurry 200 Special Method in Science -McMurry 201 McMurry 201 How to Teach and Study Geography -- Boyer and Wicks 202 raphy -- Boyer and Wicks 202 The Plan Book, Autumn 203 The Plan Book, Winter 204 The Plan Book, Spring 205 History of Education -- Seeley. . 206 Education in the United States, Vol. 1. -- Butler 207 Education in the United States, Vol. 2. -- Butler 208 Art of School Management -Baldwin 209 Baldwin 209 The School and Society -Dewey 210 Dewey 210 Studies in Education -- Hinsdale 211 Practical Essays -- Bain 212 Common Sense in Education -Barnett 213 Barnett 213 American Literature -- Bates 214 Elements of Pedogogy -- White. 215 Pedagogy -- Hewett 216 Commercial Geography -- Adams 217 Elements of Physical Geography -- Davis 218 phy -- Davis 218 International Geography -- Mills 219 Art of Study -- Hinsdale 220 Teaching Latin and Greek -Bennet and Bristol 221 Bennet and Bristol 221 Teaching History and Civics -Bourne 222 Bourne 222 Teaching Chemistry and Physics -- Smith and Hale 223 ics -- Smith and Hale 223 Methods of Teaching -- Swett... 224 Galesburg, 1901 -- School Pupils. 225 Manual Training, Exercise I. -Hewitt 226 Hewitt 226 Manual Training, Exercises II. Hewitt 227 Great American Educators -Winship 228 Winship 228 Home and School Sewing -- Patton 229 ton 229 The Story of a Child -- Loti 230 Nature Study and Life -- Hodge 231 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Method In History-- Mace 232 The Art of Teaching -- White... 233 Talks to Teachers on Psychology -- James 234 ogy -- James 234 The Geological Story -- Dana.... 235 Comparative Geography -- Rltter 236 Dickens as an Educator -Hughes 237 Hughes 237 Chips from a Teacher's Workshop -- Klemm 238 shop -- Klemm 238 Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography -- Geike 239 Educational Reformers -- Quick. 240 Horace Mann -- Hinsdale 241 The Plan Book, Winter, Intermediate -- George 242 mediate -- George 242 The Plan Book, Autumn, Intermediate -- George 243 mediate -- George 243 The Plan Book, Spring, Intermediate -- George 244 mediate -- George 244 The Teaching of History and Civics -- Bourne 245 Jean Mitchell's School -- Wray. . 246 A Broader Elementary Education -- Gordy 247 tion -- Gordy 247 Education and the Larger Life -- Henderson 248 Education of the General Nervous System -- Halleck 249 ous System -- Halleck 249 Education and the Higher Life -- Spalding 250 Educational Aims and Educational Value -- Hanus 251 tional Value -- Hanus 251 The Place of Industries in Elementary Education -- Dopp... 252 mentary Education -- Dopp... 252 A New School Management -Seeley 253 Seeley 253 Birds of the United States -Nuttall 254 Nuttall 254 Citizenship and Duties of a Citizen -- Sheldon 255 izen -- Sheldon 255 Lessons in the Study of Habits -- Sheldon 256 How to Use Wood-Working Tools -- Chaney 257 Mind and Hand -- Ham 258 Riverside Art Series -- Landseer. 259 Riverside Art Series -- Millet 260 Psychology and Psychic Culture -- Halleck 261-263 History of Education -- Painter.264-266 Occupations for Little Fingers -- Sage & Cooley 267 An Ideal School -- Search* 268 *Lost. A Modern School -- Hanus 269 Educational Alms and Values -Hanus 270 Hanus 270 Method in Education -- Roark. . 271 The Play of Animals -- Groos. . . 272 New Light on Psychology -- Hull 273 Games, Seat Work and Sense Training -- Holton 274 Correlated Hand-Work -- Tryborn 275 born 275 The School House -- Moore 276 Seat Work and Industrial Occupations -- Gilman & Williams. 277 pations -- Gilman & Williams. 277 Common School Decisions -Bateman 278 Bateman 278 Elementary Education -- Keith.. 279 Literature and Life in Schools -- Colby 280 Talks on the Study of Literature -- Bates 281 ture -- Bates 281 Talks on Teaching Literature -Bates 282 Bates 282 Words and Their Uses -- White. 283 Talks on Writing English -Bates 284 Bates 284 Higher Study of English -- Cook 285 Froebel's Gifts -- Wiggins 286 Counsels Upon the Reading of Books -- Van Dyke 287 Literature in School -- Scudder.. 288 Psychology and Psychic Culture --Halleck 289-290 Science Sketches -- Jordan 291 The World's Painters -- ^Hoyt... 292 Blackboard Sketching -- Whitney 293 ney 293 For the Children's Hour -- Bailey & Lewis 294 The Theory of Teaching -- Salisbury 295 bury 295 Common Sense Didactics -- Sabln 296 Outlines of Roman History -Morey 297 Morey 297 A Year Book for Primary Grades -- Graves & Watkins. .. 298 The International Geography -Hill 299 Hill 299 Nature Study -- Holtz 300 Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading -- Huey 301 The American High School -Brown 302 Brown 302 Studies and Observations in the School Room -- Kratz 303 COURSE OF STUDY. Laggards In Our School -- Ayers 304 Character Building. Vol. I. -George 305 George 305 Character Building, Vol. II. -George 306 George 306 How to Study -- McMurry 307 Teaching Children to Study -Earhart 308 Earhart 308 Literature in Common Schools. 309 Reading in the Public Schools -Brlggs & CofEman 310 Brlggs & CofEman 310 Halleck's Psychology 311 Halleclc's Psychology 312 Halleclc's Psychology 313 TEXT BOOKS USED IN THE GRADES. The Taylor First Reader Progressive Second Reader Progressive Third Reader Progressive Fourth Reader Progressive Fifth Reader Williams' Choice Literature Swinton's New Language Lessons. Essential Studies in English Grammar and Composition, Book IL. mar and Composition, Book IL. The Arithmetic Primer Werner Arithmetic, Book I Werner Arithmetic, Book II Werner Arithmetic, Book III Morton's Elementary Geography.. Morton's Advanced Geography... U. S. History -- Montgomery Modern Music Course Book I Book II Book III (Alternate) Applied Arts Drawing Books -- One Book Course. Books Nos. 23 to Economy System of Penmanship, Books 1 to 7 Progressive Speller -- Part II Physiology for Beginners (Coleman) man) Lessons in Hygienic Physiology (Coleman) Adopted August, 1905... Adopted November, 1902 Adopted November, 1902 Adopted November, 1902 Adopted November, 1902 Adopted August, 1905... Adopted previous to 1880 Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted Adopted June, 1911 December, 1901. December, 1901. December, 1901. December, 1901. December, 1901. December, 1901. August, 1895... August, 1905... Adopted June, 1910. Adopted June, 1911 Adopted August, 1905... Adopted December, 1907. Adopted December, 1907. $.25 .30 .40 .50 .60 .40 .38 .60 .25 .40 .40 .40 .55 1.00 1.00 .30 .40 .50 .15 .14 .15 .40 .50 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. Scientific Course. Algebra (9) General History (9) Physiography (9)* Authors (5) Scientific Course. English Composition (5) and tion (5) and American Literature (4) ture (4) Geometry (9) Zoology (4) Botany (5) Physiology (5) Physics (9) Authors (5) Reading (3) German (9) FIRST YEAR Latin (College) Course. Latin (9) Algebra (9) Biology (9)* Authors (5) SECOND YEAR Latin (College) Course. Latin (9) Geometry (9) Ancient World (9) Zoology (4) Botany (5) Physiology (5) Reading (3) Authors (5) Commercial Course. Eng. Composition (5) and Eng. Grammar (4)* Arithmetic (9) Biology (9)* Authors (5) Commercial Course. Bookkeeping (9) Business English (9) Commercial Geography (4'l raphy (4'l Shorthand (9) and Typewriting (2) Reading (3) Authors (5) German (9) Scientific Course. Rhetoric (5) and English Literature (4) ture (4) Chemistry (9) Advanced Algebra (4) and Solid Geometry (5) English History (9) American History (9). Reading (3) Authors (5) Illinois History (5) German (9) THIRD YEAR Latin (College) Course. Latin (9) Modern History (9) English Composition (5) and tion (5) and American Literature (4) ture (4) Physics (9) Reading (3) Authors (5) German (9) FOURTH YEAR Latin (College) Course. Commercial Course. Shorthand (9) and Typewriting (2) Commercial Law (5) Political Economy English History (9) American History Illinois History (5) Reading (3) Authors (5) German (9) Latin (9) German (9) Advanced Algebra (4) and Solid Geometry (5) Chemistry (9) Illinois History (5) Rhetoric (5) and English Literature (4) ture (4) Reading (3) Authors (5) HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 415 The figures at the right of the subjects indicate the number of credits allowed for each toward graduation. A credit means a month's work in a given subject, recited daily, and pursued to completion. One hundred credits are required for graduation in the pletion. One hundred credits are required for graduation in the three year course and one hundred thirty five credits in the four year course. Manual Training may be taken with each year's work and at least four credits will be given for it. Mechanical Drawing may be taken with each year's work and at least two credits will be given for it. Printing is now offered in each year's work and at least three credits will be given for it. Domestic Science may be taken with the first, second and third year's work and at least three credits will be given for it. Regular work consists of 17 recitations a week for the first year, and of at least 18 recitations a week for the second, third and fourth years. Each pupil is expected to do regular work unless excused therefrom for very good reasons. cused therefrom for very good reasons. MANUAL TRAINING I. [Prepared by G. H. Bridge.] FIRST YEAR FIRST TERM PLANING Planing to dimension. Triangular prism. Square prism. Octagonal prism. SAWING Across and with the grain. Sawing and chiseling with the Sawing at an angle. grain. Sawing and chiseling across grain. Inlaid work. BORING Boring across and with grain. SECOND TERM JOINERY Halved together at right angle. Halved together at sixty degree angle. Blind mortise and tenon. Picture frame -- panel door. Mortise and tenon through. Exercise for filling, staining and Double mortise and tenon draw- waxing. ing board. Small articles for Christmas presMiter joint -- dovetail. ents. Miter joint -- dovetail. ents. Miter box -- drawer. THIRD TERM Finished articles for the home. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS MANUAL TRAINING II. FIRST TERM TURNING Care and use of lathe and tools. Stocking darner Centering, roughing and straight turning -- cylinder. Step cylinder -- mallet. Compound curves. Concaved and Convex. Potato masher. Chisel handle. Turning tool handle. Screw driver handle. Rosettes. Angle blocks. Goblet. Napkin ring. Collar. Washer. Hollow cylinder. Wrench. FACE PLATE Indian clubs. Gluing and built-up work. CHUCK WORK Jewel boxes. PATTERN MAKING Face plate. Pulley. Parts of machine (machine to be made in machine shop). II, MANUAL TRAINING III. [Prepared by Earle R. Bridge.] FIRST TERM 12 weeks BENCH METAL WORK Processes of operations. Chipping -- grinding of chisels. III. Filing to true surface. FilChip to given dimensions in ing keyway. Chip to given dimensions in ing keyway. cast iron. IV. Draw filing. Testing of surfaces with V. Polishing, square. SECOND TERM 12 weeks Processes of operations. I. Drawing out. Bending. Exercises. Drawing ^ in. round to ^ in. round gate hook. HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 417 II. Upsetting. Upsetting Yz in. round to H inHeading and bolt making. round. Heading and bolt making. round. J/2 in. bolt with square head. Yi in. bolt with hexagonal head. Qevis pin with round head. III. Forming. Staple drawn square points. Twisting. Eye band. Drawer pull. Box hook. IV. Forming. Rings. Scarfing. Ring and eye. Welding. Chain. Band weld. Lap weld. Corner weld. "T" weld. Ferrule weld. THIRD TERM 12 weeks V. Tool making -- Forging steel. Center punch. Tempering, Cold chisel. Cape chisel. Cross-pene hammer. Ball-pene hammer. Lathe tools. VI. General practice. Practical exercises in making of personal projects, such as andirons, fireplace sets, etc. irons, fireplace sets, etc. Group I is preceded by demonstrations of forge and discussion of tools used. MANUAL TRAINING IV. FIRST TERM 13 weeks MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE Processes of operations. I. Lathe. I. Center work with drill and Setting tool, countersink. Facing ends. Driving on center with lathe Turning to dimensions, dog. Roughing and finishing cuts. 418 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS IL Taper work. IV. Chuck work. Use of taper attachment. Face work with power cross Use of compound rest. feed. III. Screw cutting. Boring. Ratio of gearing. Inside threads. Right and left hand threads. Inside taper. Form of tools. SECOND TERM 13 weeks II. Drill press. I. Punch reference marks. IL Construction of drill press Location of hole center. parts on lathe. Speed of drill boring in differ- III. Construction of emery grinent metals. der parts on lathe. ent metals. der parts on lathe. THIRD TERM 12 weeks I. Construction of shop machines. II. Personal projects. DOMESTIC SCIENCE [Prepared by Mrs. Clara G. Rhodes.] COOKING Domestic Science was introduced into the High School, in January, 1903, through the influence of the Women's Clubs of the city. Then, as now the aim was tO' have the work thoroughly practical, and with that end in view the course has been planned. FIRST YEAR List of utensils, their care and order in the desk. Easiest and best method of cleaning dishes. Cleaning cupboards, arranging and care of supplies. Care of sinks and stoves. How to use a gas stove, a coal stove, and a fireless cooker. Economy in fuels. Care of dish cloths and towels. Sunlight as a disinfectant. Food principles ; their chemical elements, their digestion, and uses in the body. HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 419 Classification of foods. Selection and care of vegetables, and their preparation for the table. Making of soups, batters and doughs, simple desserts and salads. Laying and serving table. At the close of the first year pupils should be able to prepare and serve simple home menus. pare and serve simple home menus. SECOND YEAR The second year in cooking is similar to the first, including the preparation of more complicated dishes. Preparing and serving a four-course luncheon, at a given cost, under the supervision of a third-year girl. Study of the local market price of common foods. THIRD YEAR Study of the Pure Food Law, adulterations, preservatives, etc. Canning and preserving. Pickles and relishes. A study of the different cuts of meat. Visit to the market. Preparation of the different kinds and cuts of meat for the table. Directing and planning the serving of a four-course luncheon at a given cost. eon at a given cost. SEWING. FIRST YEAR Lists of Individual Equipment. Lists of School Equipment. Taking measures. Drafting undergarments. Cutting by drafted pattern. Making undergarments. 420 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Repetition of filled seams by hand. Gathering by hand. Use of machines and their attachments. Care of machines, SECOND YEAR Drafting and making shirt waists and fancy waists. Cutting and making plain house dresses, kimonos, etc. Study of how to use boughten patterns. THIRD YEAR Snow System of Drafting. Cleaning and pressing and making over dresses. Tailored skirt. Dresses and waists. TEXT-BOOKS USED IN THE GALESBURG HIGH SCHOOL. ENGLISH English Composition, Scott & Denny $ .80 Composition-Literature (Rhetoric), Scott & Denny 1.00 American Literature, Newcomer 1.00 English Literature, Simonds 1.25 English Classics, from 15 to 40c each. Literature Note-books 25 Business English, Smith & Mayne 1.00 READING AND PUBLIC SPEAKING Cumnock's Choice Readings 1.25 LATIN First Latin Lessons, Smith & Laing 1.00 Caesar, Kelsey 125 Cicero, Kelsey , 1-25 Virgil, Comstock 1.40 Ovid, Gleason ' .75 Prose Composition, In Latinum 50 Grammar, Bennett 80 HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 421 HISTORY General History (Revised), Myers 1.50 Ancient World (West) 1.50 Mediaeval and Modern, West 1.50 English, Wrongs 1.40 United States, McLaughlin 1.40 Civil Government, James & Sanford 1.00 MATHEMATICS Commercial Arithmetic, Moore 1.00 Algebra, Slaught & Lennes 1.20 Geometry, Sanders 1.25 SCIENCE Physiology, Overton 80 Botany, Coulter 1.50 Zoology, Herrick 1.80 Biology, Hunter 1.25 Physiography, Salisbury 1.30 Physics, Millikan & Gale 1.25 Chemistry ( Briefer Course), Remsen 1.25 Laboratory Manual -- ( Physics ) , Coleman 60 Remsen's Chemical Experiments 50 GERMAN Elements of German, Becker & Rhodes 1.00 German Classics, from 30 to 50c each. COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Business and Commercial Bookkeeping, Dewhirst 1.00 Manual of Shorthand, Gregg , 1.50 Reading, Exercises in Shorthand, Gregg 50 Gregg's Speed Practice 1.00 Typewriting Manual 1.00 Commercial Law, Huffcutt 1.00 Commercial Geography, Redway 1.25 Political Economy, Laughlin 1.20 422 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS VALUE OF THE SUBJECTS TAUGHT IN HIGH SCHOOL. The aim of the following pages is to show the advantages to be gained by a study of the subjects in the High Schoo' course. These statements have been prepared by the heads of the departments and teachers of the subjects. ENGLISH Cora F. Stone, Head of the Department The English language is the tool which every American boy or girl must learn to handle easily and well if he is to be a success in the useful occupations of Hfe; for this reason much time and attention is given to the studies which will help him to use his mother tongue in an effective way. Twice a week each year in the course, is a recitation in English classics, and this, supplemented by English composition and rhetoric with the history of American and English literature, will give any thorough student a command of his native tongue which will facilitate any work he may have in hand, besides opening new worlds of thought and feeling which would otherwise have been a closed book to him. A recitation or piece of written work in any subject is a lesson in English and the teachers in every subject try, as far as they have time, to insist on the use of correct English. sist on the use of correct English. ENGLISH COMPOSITION English composition aims to increase the student's vocabulary, to make him more careful in ordinary conversation, and to enable him to express his thoughts in written composition, correctly, clearly, and with some degree of beauty. Correct punctuation, and capitalization and good English are insisted upon till these become a habit. sisted upon till these become a habit. In connection with EngHsh composition for the members of the Freshman class who seem to be particularly deficient in the knowledge of correct English, classes in English grammar are held twice a week. RHETORIC The study of rhetoric is a practical one for every student. In whatever line of work he may be interested after he leaves school, he will be expected to speak and write correctly, and much of his success as a business or professional man will depend on his ability in this respect. Rhetoric aims to teach a student to be correct in speaking HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 423 and writing, to say what he means briefly and easily, and to express himself in a way which cannot be misunderstood. AMERICAN LITERATURE The aim in our study of the history of American literature is to acquaint the pupil with the lives of our great writers and with their works. We bring out the relation between the work of the author and the history of his time so that the pupil may understand that history may be read through literature and that a man's writings depend largely upon conditions in the country. We read in the class room those parts of the writings of each great author which will be most apt to influence the student to choose good reading matter for himself when he leaves school. ENGLISH LITERATURE The object of this study is to introduce the pupil to the great men of English literature. An intimate acquaintance with them and their work is neither practical nor, perhaps, desirable at this stage of progress. Now-a-days, however, the young person who has not a general knowledge of the development of our language and literature, and a certain degree of familiarity with the greatest literary men, is badly handicapped. It is hoped that a large proportion of the pupils will be sufficiently interested to continue reading and studying either by themselves or in college. selves or in college. ENGLISH CLASSICS The study of the English Classics begins with Irving, the father of American letters, the Sketch Book being such simple description and narrative that the beginner has no difficulty in understanding it. Merchant of Venice and As You Like It introduce the pupil to Shakespeare and the beginning of character study. The Last of the Mohicans peare and the beginning of character study. The Last of the Mohicans makes him acquainted with another American author, who is a great favorite with the boys at this stage of their development. Longfellow's narrative poems appeal to a different taste and give further knowledge. edge. In the second year Silas Marner, Franklin's Autobiography, Julius Caesar, give more character study, Ivanhoe is a good introduction to the English romances which every child should read and Patriotic Speeches appeals to the feelings that help make a good citizen. Tennyson in the third year opens the mind to the beauty of the best modem English poetry. Carlyle shows the thought which was so 424 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS inspiring to the English students of the middle of the same century. Macbeth and Hamlet add to the knowledge of Shakespeare, and Emerson's essays close the list with a store of good advice for a person son's essays close the list with a store of good advice for a person going out into active life. Besides reading books named, the pupils make outlines and write essays with more or less supplementary reading. The fourth year, less importance is placed upon the outlines and more individual work is done. Each person reports upon several books obtained at the library and read at home. Much time is spent in recitation by the pupils telling, chapter by chapter, the story of the book which the class is studying. This is excellent practice for the pupils, causing them to think quickly and express their thoughts in the best English. It also gives them greater self-possession and reliance. liance. The most important result is the knowledge gained of English writers and their works, enabling them to select with judgment the reading which will make so large a part of the quiet pleasures of active life. READING AND PUBLIC SPEAKING Mabel C. Reigle, Head of the Department Previous to 1896 no special department was provided for rhetorical work, although this important part of the school training was not cal work, although this important part of the school training was not wholly neglected. Then as now, entertainments were given and the students were trained to take part in them by the various teachers in the High School. The graduates were trained in a similar manner and for this work a special teacher was sometimes employed. Then in 1895 a special teacher was employed to give half time during the school year to the middle and senior classes. The plan met with such favor and the demand for the work was so great that an instructor was employed in 1896 to give full time to the subject. Reading is offered in the second year of the course and public speaking and dramatics in the third and fourth years. The course is a thorough one and matics in the third and fourth years. The course is a thorough one and follows the same lines as those of higher institutions. Free simple expression of mind and body is sought for rather than elocutionary pression of mind and body is sought for rather than elocutionary effect. In the preliminary contests for choosing a representatfve for contests with outside schools, all who desire to enter are allowed to com- tests with outside schools, all who desire to enter are allowed to compete, so that much interest is aroused in the work and the best results pete, so that much interest is aroused in the work and the best results obtained. Much attention is given to debating, both in the regular rhetorical work and in other classes. At least three pubHc entertainments are given each year, at which good farces and plays are pre- ments are given each year, at which good farces and plays are preHIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 425 HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 425 sented. These entertainments have become known for their artistic presentation, lacking the crudeness of the average amateur production. The students in this department in order to obtain their credits tion. The students in this department in order to obtain their credits must appear before the assembly at least once during each year. LATIN. Minnie L. Smith, Head of the Department. In ansvvrer to the question, "Why should Latin be studied?" Prof. Lord of Dartmouth College said recently: "The fundamental reason for the study of Latin is not to open a literature, not to impart information, not to develop culture as distinguished from part information, not to develop culture as distinguished from power, not to furnish helps to an educated mind. The fundamental reason for its study is that it is a subject pre-eminently fitted to further the great end of all education: the development of the power of exact thinking. The man who can think exactly is the man of power." All industrial schools recognize this fact and advise that those who enter their ranks have some knowledge of Latin. Those who expect to teach should give some time to this study for through it they get a more thorough understanding of English grammar, and the study of words and their derivation is helpful in all English work. From the first the student must give his undivided attention to the subject with which he is working, keep many things in his mind at once, noticing each letter, and discriminate in the use of words as he translates. In this course one reads the most remarkable military history ever written, becomes acquainted with one of the world's greatest orators, becomes familiar with the daily life and customs of the Roman people. Ovid's stories always have a fascination for young people. The Aeneid is studied chiefly as a literary production. The beauty of its figures, the variety of expression, the mythology which it suggests and the purposes for which it was written, make the study gests and the purposes for which it was written, make the study of Virgil delightful. From this four years' course one receives not only knowledge and pleasure but quoting Prof. Lord again, "A mind that has been trained to observe, to compare and to judge, that is -- to think exactly, is better fitted to do any work than one that has knowledge actly, is better fitted to do any work than one that has knowledge without that training. It is practically trained in the best way, is better fitted to earn its bread and butter, to tackle and solve the problems of daily life, and, in current phrase, to become efficient." 426 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS GERMAN. M. Bess Henry, Head of the Department The study of German has the general disciplinary value common to all language study. mon to all language study. Its first and greatest value is in the introduction of the learner to the life and literature of a great people. "It gives him as it were a new window on the world." In the course of his reading he sheds not a few prejudices and acquires no little wisdom. It is the aim of the German department, beside teaching the pupil how to acquire and use properly a good vocabulary for reading and conversational purposes to give him a taste of German lit- ing and conversational purposes to give him a taste of German literature and to show him the important part the Germans played in erature and to show him the important part the Germans played in the development of history. As a beginning book, a text is used which combines the inductive and grammar methods. Easy stories are taken up intro- ductive and grammar methods. Easy stories are taken up introducing in the second year at least one of the classics and work in ducing in the second year at least one of the classics and work in German literature and history. Prose composition is not neglected and as a special means of securing good pronunciation, Ger- lected and as a special means of securing good pronunciation, German songs are occasionally sung in class. man songs are occasionally sung in class. A side issue to the regular work, the German Club, provides opportunity for those interested. There the pupils read papers they have written, work up and present short plays, make talks and play German games, all of which tend to give them some idea of practical everyday German in addition to a greater interest in class tical everyday German in addition to a greater interest in class work. MATHEMATICS. T. W. Callahan, Head of the Department Every subject taught in the High School has its place in the curriculum because of definite ways in which it helps each pupil. Perhaps the greatest value derived from the study of mathematics lies in the training it gives to the pupils to think things out for themselves. ALGEBRA. A year and a half is given to the subject of algebra, the course being arranged for the first year and the first four months of the third year. It is the aim to make the work as practical as possible. The elementary processes are constantly applied in solving concrete examples from different studies, notably physics, and they are crete examples from different studies, notably physics, and they are thus made of real interest to the student. In this connection, he learns how the natural laws are worked out by mathematical HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 427 formulae. The relation that every straight line or curve bears to an equation is shown by means of the graph. The study of algebra cultivates the habit of clear thinking and trains the pupil to express himself accurately and exactly. It is one of the best studies to assist a pupil "to think straight." This habit once acquired will sist a pupil "to think straight." This habit once acquired will follow a pupil into all his lines of work. As algebra is the basis of all future studies in mathematics, especial emphasis is laid upon its study for all students who expect to pursue a scientific course in which mathematical computations are involved. GEOMETRY. Geometry is taught during the second year and the latter half of the third year of the course. Here too, the aim is to make the work practical. Its value is readily recognized in drawing, land measuring, pattern making and carpenter work. Definite propositions are given which are to a great extent demonstrated. Then sitions are given which are to a great extent demonstrated. Then based upon these propositions, a large number of exercises are given to the pupils which they must work out for themselves. The solution of these exercises is what causes the pupil to think, to be exact in the use of his words, to be logical and able to reason to a definite conclusion. He is obliged to use his imagination and to see definite figures projected in space and in this way a development is brought about that is not secured by the study of any other subject. ject. HISTORY. Cora F. Stone, Head of the Department GENERAL HISTORY. General history is a course in universal history beginning with our earliest knowledge of human events and ending with the present time. The first four inonths of the course are devoted to ent time. The first four inonths of the course are devoted to ancient history, the remaining five months are given to mediaeval and modern history. If the student cannot give two years to the work as is suggested by the colleges, the one year course should be taken by all pupils. The study is valuable not only for the memory drill but also for the information conveyed. ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. As many of the larger universities and colleges demand a two years' course in general history in their entrance requirements, the Galesburg High School has arranged a course giving one year to the study of ancient history and one to modern history. 428 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS In the first year, the beginnings of civilization in the Orient and its development in Greece and Rome, are studied. Particular attention is paid to the origin of the institutions which form the basis of modern nations. The daily life as shown in manners and customs receives considerable attention. Modern history, beginning with the period of Charlemagne, shows the gradual formation and growth of the great nations which occupy the stage of history to-day. A large proportion of time is spent in tracing the events of the 19th century which have brought about the present conditions in the world at large. The supplementary work done at the Library and in daily reading and in magazines ought to give a pupil who has taken the ing and in magazines ought to give a pupil who has taken the course an amount of knowledge which will be useful and a taste for historical events which will be lasting. The school has gathered a large collection of mounted pictures, which, with the stereopticon slides, add much to the knowledge gained and to the interest and pleasure in the subject. ENGLISH HISTORY. English history is the foundation of American history and essential to its complete understanding. In its study we trace the sential to its complete understanding. In its study we trace the gradual development of the power of the people through their increased resistance to the tyranny of the kings. creased resistance to the tyranny of the kings. Through reading biographies we become interested in the personalities of those who have influenced English history, while sonalities of those who have influenced English history, while descriptions of historic castles, wonderful cathedrals and the lovely rural England of to-day, delight and charm us. UNITED STATES HISTORY. In the study of American history special attention is given to the constitutional development of our nation, its industrial growth and territorial expansion. Supplementary reading and the discussion of the work done by Congress while in session add to the interest of the subject. CIVICS. In this study the aim is to prepare the young people to do their civic duties well in later life. They must have some definite knowledge of their rights, and of the duties going with such rights. They edge of their rights, and of the duties going with such rights. They must be familiar with some underlying principles, so that they may do clear and independent thinking on new questions. They must know the facts concerning the divisions of governmental powers, and the duties of officials, and they must appreciate the relation HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 429 that exists between our government and our every-day welfare. The desire is to awaken in their minds a lively personal interest in political affairs. Hence the work is made as practical as possible. The government of our city, county and state is studied carefully. Attention ment of our city, county and state is studied carefully. Attention is given to the progress of other countries in matters of government. Above all a large place is given to class discussions of live ment. Above all a large place is given to class discussions of live questions, growing out of the text, or suggested by current history. ILLINOIS HISTORY. As in civics the main thing aimed at in the study of Illinois history is to aid in developing good and intelligent citizens. In the work of the pupils, therefore, an attempt is made to have them realize the greatness of our state; how great were its men of the past, their ability, their struggles, their devotion; and how great the resources of the state are, both the developed and the undeveloped. A second aim is to show what has hitherto been the relation of our history to the history of the nation, what its mission has been, and what its mission is still to be. In this connection a study is made of the part Galesburg and Knox County have taken in the development of the state and its institutions. And to the same end, a study of the live questions in the state is made, and their probable solution, thus watching the history now in the making. able solution, thus watching the history now in the making. SCIENCE. A. C. Roberts, Head of the Department PHYSICS. The course of instruction in physics includes a study of the text-book for the purpose of getting a connected and comprehensive view of the subject, demonstrations in the classroom to hensive view of the subject, demonstrations in the classroom to illustrate the facts and phenomena of the science and their practical applications, and individual laboratory exercises to supplement tical applications, and individual laboratory exercises to supplement the demonstrations and recitations in order to develop in the student scientific methods of observation and thinking. dent scientific methods of observation and thinking. The subject of physics is taken during the third or fourth year, a knowledge of elementary algebra and plane geometry being recommended as needful preparation for a good understanding ing recommended as needful preparation for a good understanding of the subject. Three recitations and two double periods for laboratory work are devoted each week to physics. About forty experiments relating to measurements, balanced forces, fluid pressure, heat, motion. ing to measurements, balanced forces, fluid pressure, heat, motion. 430 GALESBURG PUBLIC .SCHOOLS energy, magnetism, electricity, sound and light, are required to be made by the pupil. These experiments are mainly quantitative in character, designed chiefly to verify the laws previously considered in the classroom. A careful record of each experiment, consisting of data, computations and answers to questions is kept in neat form in a special laboratory notebook. The school is well equipped with apparatus for classroom demonstration and laboratory experiments. Among the important pieces are balances, air pump, Wimhurst electrical machine, electric motor, with their numerous accessories. A Bausch and Lomb projection lantern of recent pattern, fitted with reflectroscope, vertical jection lantern of recent pattern, fitted with reflectroscope, vertical and microscope attachments, affords a valuable adjunct to instruction not only in the sciences but also in nearly every other branch tion not only in the sciences but also in nearly every other branch of study. CHEMISTRY. The course in elementary chemistry is taken regularly the fourth year following the study of physics. Three periods of forty minutes each are given to recitation and two double periods are allowed for laboratory work each week. The course is intended to lowed for laboratory work each week. The course is intended to give the student a description of the common elements, their compounds, and their reactions sufficiently full and clear to enable him pounds, and their reactions sufficiently full and clear to enable him to form correct conceptions of the nature of the changes that are going on around him; to provide him with a thorough groundwork in the simpler laws and theories of modern chemistry, and lay work in the simpler laws and theories of modern chemistry, and lay a solid foundation for the continuation of the study in the higher institutions of learning. An attempt is made to illustrate many of the important details of industrial processes, both by descriptions accompanied by diagrams designed to bring out many of the important features, and by short excursions to inspect neighboring portant features, and by short excursions to inspect neighboring plants. The student is thus better able to grasp the connection between the industrial operations and the underlying chemical prin- tween the industrial operations and the underlying chemical principles. ciples. Laboratory and text-book work go hand in hand, a close correlation being maintained between the two. About seventy simple relation being maintained between the two. About seventy simple experiments have been carefully selected to bring out the leading facts and generalizations of the science. Though most of the experiments are qualitative in character, a reasonable amount of sim- periments are qualitative in character, a reasonable amount of simple quantitative work involving the careful manipulation of simple ple quantitative work involving the careful manipulation of simple apparatus is insisted upon to develop the power of observation and accuracy in the laboratory. HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 431 BIOLOGY. [Prepared by J. W. Adams, Teacher.] Biology deals with living things. One of its branches is botany, which treats of plants. The other is zoology, which treats of any, which treats of plants. The other is zoology, which treats of animals. Each of these sciences has many sub-divisions. Physiology is in reality a highly important branch of zoology. iology is in reality a highly important branch of zoology. In the High School the advanced classes are given one term each of botany, zoology and physiology; while one whole year of the "Essentials of Biology" is offered to all first year students, to afford a broader foundation and give a better grasp of the more advanced features of this study. Thus the way is prepared to help vanced features of this study. Thus the way is prepared to help the student not only to do more satisfactory work, but to have a more comprehensive view of these subjects which deal with life. By this plan a pupil may elect two and one-half years of work in this department, and thus secure a liberal knowledge of the subject as well as to very fitly prepare him to enter a college course. In the teaching of physiology there are two general objects to be sought. The first is the proper care and operation of the body itself. The other is favorable surroundings for the body. The first is known as hygiene; the second, sanitation. Other aims must be subordinate to these. If physiology will help us to form correct habits in our various activities, and to secure wholesome surroundings, then we need it. ings, then we need it. Botany and zoology, though dealing with different groups of living beings are yet so much alike in methods and aims that they may here be spoken of together. Both are most directly concerned with man's physical welfare. They are not now in enlightened communities looked upon as mere accomplishments of little real value to the average man or woman. They are seen to be intensely practical. Birds and insects, trees and bacteria are so related to our daily life that we must know them for something more than their mere beauty or peculiarity if we are to realize what they are to us. We need to know what eflfect upon our own prosperity and happiness the various animals and plants about us have; to distinguish ness the various animals and plants about us have; to distinguish friend from enemy. We need to see the really dangerous character of some unsuspected foes, and to be free from foolish fears of many harmless creatures. We need to have awakened our interest in the world of life. We need such a respect for life as shall keep us from wantonly taking life -- from killing for sport. The study of botany and zoology ought to do something toward preventing man's destruction of useful or harmless animals and plants. Appreciation of the beauties of nature is no mean thing of itself, and preciation of the beauties of nature is no mean thing of itself, and it grows with the knowledge of nature. 432 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Biology then, is the one science, or group of sciences, that leads to intimate acquaintance with the living world, with the animals and plants about us and with ourselves. If such knowledge mals and plants about us and with ourselves. If such knowledge helps to successful living -- if it makes man better off financially, intellectually and morally, then it is well to have it. The High School, believing that this knowledge of nature is profitable in a high degree, aims to extend it through its courses in biology -physiology, botany and zoology. physiology, botany and zoology. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. [Prepared by W. C. Beard, Teacher.] The average student enters High School with but a meager knowledge of the facts and phenomena of the great world that is about him. His world being a world of things, of the concrete, the explanation of these varied phenomena must be found largely through things and those close at hand. Physiography here appears as an admirable first step in the study of the physical. Fascinating the student with its immediate interest it impels a search for the cause and process of the many changes. For an explanation and separation of these, all the sciences are drawn upon and illustrations so frequent and varied are found on every hand that the facts of science appear as realities. The general laws of the earth and air are learned without confronting the pupil with mere abstract theories. fronting the pupil with mere abstract theories. The practical value of a knowledge of climatic changes, conditions of soil formation, the distribution of plant and animal life, ditions of soil formation, the distribution of plant and animal life, and the influence of these on man's manner of living on the earth, can hardly be over-estimated. For the student who intends a long school training, physiography is a pleasing introduction to a study of the sciences; to the one in doubt it may prove a stimulus to continue his study, while the pupil who pursues his school course no tinue his study, while the pupil who pursues his school course no further receives something of practical value to him. BOOKKEEPING. [Prepared by J. M. Dewhirst, Teacher.] It is the purpose of the Bookkeeping department to train the young people so that they can intelligently take their places in the business world. This does not mean that each one who takes the subject is to become a bookkeeper, and take a position in some office, though this could be done; but that he may upon examination fice, though this could be done; but that he may upon examination be able to tell whether or not the books are properly kept; as no HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 433 person is thoroughly competent to embark in a business enterprise without this knowledge. In order to accomplish the purpose, the pupil must become thoroughly acquainted with the common commercial papers, such as checks, notes, invoices and drafts, also their use in business transactions. He must understand the nature of a transaction, so that he can tell the effect of the same upon business. This knowledge should precede the work of making the record of the same in edge should precede the work of making the record of the same in the blank books, which is commonly called bookkeeping. In recording the transactions in the blank books it is important that the record should be made neatly and correctly. No erasures or blots should appear, and all corrections are to be made, so that the errors are self-explanatory. The pupil must be able to explain and use intelligently accounts, such as the proprietor's personal loss and gain, also trial counts, such as the proprietor's personal loss and gain, also trial balance, balance sheet, invoice and sales book, journal, cash book and ledger. And all this, it is the aim of the department to accomplish. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC. Commercial arithmetic has for its object the making of the pupil proficient in those subjects of arithmetic that the business world is constantly using. In order to become proficient, the pupil must understand the conditions involved, and be able to apply these principles in an intelligent manner so that he will know that his work is correct, for telligent manner so that he will know that his work is correct, for no publisher has as yet attempted to furnish an answer book foij the various business houses. He must develop that necessary quality of being able to tell, from the conditions involved, whether or ity of being able to tell, from the conditions involved, whether or not the answer is a reasonable one. The business world demands that those in its employ be able to solve accurately and with a reasonable degree of rapidity the ordinary mathematical problems necessary to carry on the work. To do this a person must be thoroughly drilled in the four fundamentals of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, also mentals of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, also fractions, percentage, interest, discount, interspersed with practical measurements. SHORTHAND AND TYPEWRITING. [Prepared by Nellie C. Collins, Teacher.] Two years are given to shorthand and typewriting, preferably the second and third years of a three-year course and third and fourth of a four-year course. 434 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS If a pupil, who elects shorthand, has not completed at least one year in English, he is encouraged to postpone shorthand until that much English is completed. If he takes shorthand at this time, he must also take English. With advanced work, at least two years of English are required. The importance of studying authors is frequently presented to the classes. quently presented to the classes. Since only about one out of six who begin shorthand becomes a stenographer, the work must be conducted to benefit the five as well as the one. Emphasis is put on the way to study, considerable efifort being made to help pupils form habits of effective study able efifort being made to help pupils form habits of effective study and self-examination. The pupil is continually encouraged to account to himself; to be sure that he has mastered the assignment; count to himself; to be sure that he has mastered the assignment; to frequently review himself on former lessons. This is done in the hope that habits so built up will make for improvement after school days are past. During the first year the Gregg manual is thoroughly covered. At the end of the year every pupil writes out and illustrates the whole theory. This is done without questions. The examination also includes 200 words, covering most of the theory, taken from dictation and transcribed. A grade of at least 95 per cent is required before advanced work may be taken. quired before advanced work may be taken. In typewriting by the end of the first year, the class is writing smoothly upon the whole keyboard. At this stage quite a number of pupils can turn out twenty-five correct words per minute, after five words are deducted for each error. In daily lessons one per cent is deducted for each error, and no paper is accepted that falls below 85 per cent. Few papers are rejected; the majority are above 95, and several pupils each year are 100 on every lesson. The advance work is conducted almost wholly as a preparation for stenographic work. Text-book work (Speed Practice) and dictation, intended to strengthen the pupil in ready word building, are tation, intended to strengthen the pupil in ready word building, are used early in the year. This work is soon supplemented by dictation for transcription, which is gradually increased until nearly all tion for transcription, which is gradually increased until nearly all the work at the typewriter is transcription. The last two or three months from 500 to 700 words are given to be transcribed each day, one period being allowed for the work. Most of the dictation for transcription is business letters, which are turned out by the pupils as if for the business man's signature. Making carbon copies, mimeographing, filing, and as many of the more common office duties as possible are taught in the course of taking care of their own work and the work of the school. Pupils who have satisfactorily completed the advance work have been quite successful in business life. The possibilities for allHIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 435 HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 435 around training in the different departments of the school have enabled a considerable number to use their shorthand and typewrit- abled a considerable number to use their shorthand and typewriting as a stepping-stone to reach places of large responsibility. ing as a stepping-stone to reach places of large responsibility. BUSINESS ENGLISH. [Prepared by S. B. Irish, Teacher.] The course in business English is a practical course in business as transacted by letter. It is a desirable study for anyone who ness as transacted by letter. It is a desirable study for anyone who wishes to learn something of the methods used to obtain desired results in business dealings, but it is especially valuable to those who wish to enter the commercial world. During the course business letters are written and discussed; negotiable instruments are examined and written; and such work is done in grammar as seems necessary from the work of the students taking the course. dents taking the course. Throughout the year the idea of using natural conversational language is kept before the students while stilted or worn out expressions are carefully avoided. Much of the subject matter for the pressions are carefully avoided. Much of the subject matter for the letter writing comes from, or is based upon, transactions of the students themselves, while artificial conditions are seldom used. BUSINESS LAW. [Prepared by G. M. Hewey, Teacher.] In our age, and especially in our country, business enters into everybody's life. There are constantly coming up questions of loans, of credit, of the transfers of notes, and of the assignment of rights and duties on contracts; questions of the liabilities of railways, insurance companies, hotel keepers, of agents, of the em- ways, insurance companies, hotel keepers, of agents, of the employers of labor, of those who hire, rent, or care for property; ployers of labor, of those who hire, rent, or care for property; questions of the buying and selling of real estate, of the powers and responsibilities of the members of partnership firms, joint stock companies and corporations. Such are the questions the pupil must meet, and hence the propriety of his studying such questions in school. The aim is to make business law very practical, not to make lawyers. Problems taken from real business life are a main part of the course. The pupil is taught, not how to escape the clutches of the law after he has done wrong or made mistakes, but rather how to avoid mistakes and liability of punishment; so that his business may be conducted with success, without unnecessary worry, and with fairness to those with whom he has to deal. 436 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. Commercial geography is the study in which those sciences that deal with nature and those that deal with human society are brought together. The subject is designed to give the pupils an insight into the relation between the geographical conditions of a sight into the relation between the geographical conditions of a country and its industrial development. It is a study of the localization of industries. The three factors involved, nature, man and ization of industries. The three factors involved, nature, man and capital goods are carefully studied with respect to each of the great industries and the reason why certain industries are confined to certain regions are thoroughly considered. Each of the great world products is studied in detail and their respective by-products noted. Recent discoveries in science have increased the number of by-products so that each year there is a constantly decreasing amount of waste. The pupil learns how natural factors are employed to give the greatest amount of industrial return. dustrial return. POLITICAL ECONOMY. The course in political economy attempts to give the pupil a reading knowledge of the subject such as he must have in order to become conversant with the ordinary economic subjects of which he must know something if he is to become a well-informed voter, or even an intelligent reader of the newspapers. A study is made of the laws governing production, exchange, and distribution. Considerable time is also devoted to such questions as municipal ownership, theories of taxation, socialism, trades tions as municipal ownership, theories of taxation, socialism, trades unions, protection, and other economic questions of equal importance. tance. MANUAL TRAINING. G. H. Bridge, Head op- the Department In the construction of our new manual training building and the admission of the seventh and eighth grades to manual work our course has been changed. MANUAL TRAINING IN THE GRADES The seventh and eighth grade boys receive instructions in elementary woodwork one and one-half hours per week. These pupils are taught the names and use of tools. After a fair degree of skill has been acquired they are encouraged to make various small articles, ranging from match boxes to magazine racks and waste baskets. HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 437 MANUAL TRAINING I The work of the High School is divided into two years of woodwork and two years of metal work, boys receiving instructions of two ninety minute periods per week. During the first term tions of two ninety minute periods per week. During the first term the principles of elementary carpentry are taught, instructors insisting upon neatness and accuracy of all work handed in. Second sisting upon neatness and accuracy of all work handed in. Second term -- Work in joinery making such joints as are used in cabinet construction. Third Term -- The boys are encouraged to combine the principles learned into some useful piece of furniture for the home, they furnishing the material. MANUAL TRAINING II First term -- Turning in wood. Exercises between centers. Face plate and chuck work. Glued up work. Second term -- Pattern making. Accurate calculations made, to allow for shrinkage, draught and cleaning upon lathe. Patterns age, draught and cleaning upon lathe. Patterns made for articles to be completed in machine shop. Third Term -- By this time the boy has acquired sufficient ability to make quite an elaborate piece of work, and such pieces as ity to make quite an elaborate piece of work, and such pieces as library tables, davenports, writing desks, dining tables, etc., are made. All the articles are finished by the students themselves. Staining, waxing, varnishing, shellacing in the best manner possible, are all given attention. ble, are all given attention. Complete working drawings and bills of material are required of all High School boys before they are allowed to begin their pieces. MANUAL TR.MNING III MACHINE SHOP First Term -- 12 weeks -- Bench Metal work -- chipping and filing. Explanations and exercises are given in the proper use of ing. Explanations and exercises are given in the proper use of hammer, chisels and files. Demonstrations and practice are given in grinding chisels to produce best results in various metals. At various times talks are given on the production, composition and practical use of different metals. Second Term -- 12 weeks -- Forging. Forge practice -- Demonstrations are given in use of forge and tools. The construction and strations are given in use of forge and tools. The construction and 438 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS operation of forge are explained in detail. General practice in drawing out, upsetting, forming, bending and welding furnish the exercises for the term's work. Third Term -- 12 weeks -- Forging continued. General practice in forging, including exercises in tempering and tool making, constitutes the most of the work of the third term. stitutes the most of the work of the third term. MANUAL TRAINING IV MACHINE SHOP First Term -- 12 weeks -- Lathe work. Construction and principles of lathe explained. Tool grinding for special purposes. Prac- ciples of lathe explained. Tool grinding for special purposes. Practice given in turning, boring, internal and external screw cutting. tice given in turning, boring, internal and external screw cutting. Second Term -- 12 weeks -- General practice. Construction of Machine Parts. Third Term -- 12 weeks -- General Machine Shop Practice with emphasis placed on machine construction and operation. MECHANICAL DRAWING. [Prepared by W. C. Beard, Teacher.] With the increasing demand for technical training in public schools the subject of mechanical drawing comes to demand more attention. Not only is it an asset to the prospective engineer and mechanic but its value as a means of mental discipline is coming to be chanic but its value as a means of mental discipline is coming to be considered scarcely inferior to that of any study now in the curriculum of the public schools. riculum of the public schools. The practical use of a knowledge of drawing becomes ever more evident to the student as he progresses in the subject and urges him to close application and consistent work, while of no less importance is the awakening sense of proportion together with the cultivation of neatness and accuracy. To be of greatest effectiveness in public schools, however, the relation between drawing, mathematics and shop work must be rigidly upheld. Work at the drawing board must parallel practice in the shop. Problems in the designing of simple pieces of furniture and woodwork to be built during shop periods afford an excellent opportunity to relate constructive design with practical work. portunity to relate constructive design with practical work. On the whole, the successful designing and constructing of a piece of work largely his own stimulates the student to better work during his entire course in school. HIGH SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY. 439 PRINTING. [Prepared by J. M. Dewhirst, In Charge.] One would naturally suppose that the primary object of studying printing is the learning how to deal with the mechanical part of ing printing is the learning how to deal with the mechanical part of the work, such as setting type, making up forms and running a press. This, however, is one of the purposes, but not necessarily the main one. In fact, the pupils do learn to set type and perform other activities connected with the mechanical side, but that which they learn of greater importance is that it requires time and close observation to do in a respectable way some of the most common and ordinary things that the average person takes as a matter of course. It requires time and much more time than one supposes, who is not familiar with printing, to set a line of type. It also requires a great amount of skill to make the page appear well in quires a great amount of skill to make the page appear well in print, after the type has been set. Another purpose of the print shop is to encourage a high standard of school spirit, and one of the principal ways in accomplishing this is by publishing The Budget. This is a weekly paper plishing this is by publishing The Budget. This is a weekly paper edited and printed by the students of the High School under the supervision of certain teachers. In this paper the pupils deal with school problems both real and imaginary, pleasant and unpleasant. This work is not simply a preparation for life, it is life itself. Mistakes in print as well as successes are not so easily kept from the takes in print as well as successes are not so easily kept from the public. The editors and reporters, in fact the whole staff, are thrown upon their own resources. One of the important features of this work is the training the business managers receive. It is their duty to provide the print shop with the necessary cash to carry on the work. The source of this revenue is the subscription price of The Budget and job work done principally for the Board of Education. While the High School annual, the Reflector, is not printed on the High School press, its publication is due in a large measure to the efforts of those connected with the publication of The Budget. It is here in the print shop that a number of pupils discover themselves, when it seems almost impossible for them to do so in the regular academic course. 440 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS * DOMESTIC SCIENCE. Mrs. Clara G. Rhodes, Head of the Department We must learn the homely laws of fire and water, we must feed, wash, plant, build. These are the ends of necessity, and first In the order of nature. Poverty, frost, famine, disease, debt, are the beadles, and guardsmen that hold us to common sense. -- Emerson. Pupils pursuing a course in domestic science may acquire a knowledge of household arts in a pleasing and attractive way not offered in all homes: pleasing because of the companionship which all young people enjoy, and attractive because it is the privilege and duty of the instructors to present the work in a way to give the girls a liking for that form of industrial employment, and better than many homes may offer because of the lack of time the mother may have at her disposal and, too, perhaps a lack of knowledge on the mother's part. The girl not only acquires a taste for housework which otherwise she may never have but habits of order and a knowledge of wise she may never have but habits of order and a knowledge of related subjects; also she learns that the most expensive foods are not necessarily the most conducive to mental and physical growth. In many cases the pupils learn to train the appetite as well as the mind. It is an acknowledged fact that more than nine-tenths of the pupils, as well as adults, have a perverted appetite and they are urged to try to cultivate a taste for the most wholesome and nutritious foods. If this cannot be accomplished in any other way an tritious foods. If this cannot be accomplished in any other way an appeal to their pride will often induce them to try some food that has always heretofore, been passed by. When the girl knows that with a good healthy, physical makeup she has a more attractive personality, she will, many times, at up she has a more attractive personality, she will, many times, at least, make an effort to gain some acquired tastes. One authority has well said, "It has become too much the fashion to allow children a greater range of electives in foods than in studies." dren a greater range of electives in foods than in studies." All young people like to imitate their elders in extending hospitality as well as in other lines and when the pupils learn to pre- pitality as well as in other lines and when the pupils learn to prepare their own refreshments instead of depending on their mothers pare their own refreshments instead of depending on their mothers or the baker they have a keener enjoyment in the serving than otherwise would be the case. One eminent physician has expressed as his opinion that it is the imperative duty of the colleges and universities to take in hand the matter of food for the future leaders of the nation as an example of what education really stands for. And why not? We all ample of what education really stands for. And why not? We all know that the football coach will positively refuse to allow a student to remain on the team unless he will follow the prescribed dent to remain on the team unless he will follow the prescribed diet for the best physical work cannot be secured if an indiscriminate diet is allowed. inate diet is allowed. 5 ^ a- ^ -) > - r^ = 2 TRAINING SCHOOL. 441 TEACHERS' TRAINING SCHOOL. The Training School was opened in 1888. The action of the Board of Education in June, 1893, awarding diplomas to those completing the Course of Study in Theory and Practice, has had great influence in establishing the professional standing of the school. ing of the school. The general plan that has been in operation during the past eighteen years is as follows : Practice. -- The practice work of this department is of three kinds: (1) Teaching the first and second grade pupils of the Central School, each teacher having charge of a school averaging twenty-five in number. (2) Filling temporary vacancies aging twenty-five in number. (2) Filling temporary vacancies caused by the absence of the regular teachers in the city schools. (3) Assisting in the different ward schools whenever overcrowding of pupils makes such help necessary. Theory. -- Each week four meetings of the class are held for recitations, reports on educational reading, and discussions of the best methods of teaching. Lessons in drawing and vocal music are given by the special teachers of these subjects. COURSE OF STUDY. FALL TERM I. "Halleck's Psychology." Time : Fourteen weeks. One hour per week. Required Reading: Selections from "Psychology in the School Room" -- Dexter and Garlick; "Basis of Practical Teaching" -- Bryan; "Principles of Teaching" -- Thorndyke ; "Thinking, Feeling, Doing" -- Scripture ; "Talks to Teachers on Psychology" -- James. II. Prinvary Methods. -- Methods of teaching reading, writing, numbers and language in the first and second grades. Ex- ing, numbers and language in the first and second grades. Examination and discussion of the best primary text-books. amination and discussion of the best primary text-books. III. Drawing. Time : Fourteen weeks. One hour per week. 442 GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Leaves, fruits, and vegetables in light and shade. Blackboard drawing and water colors. Drawings pertaining to Na- board drawing and water colors. Drawings pertaining to Nature Study and Special Days. ture Study and Special Days. WINTER TERM I. "Painter's Educational History." Required Reading: Selections from "Barnes' General History;" "Quick's Educational Reformers;" "Life of Pestalozzi;'* tory;" "Quick's Educational Reformers;" "Life of Pestalozzi;'* "Life of Froebel;" "Rousseau's Emile;" "History of Pedagogy ' ' -- Compay re. gogy ' ' -- Compay re. H. Methods. -- Methods of teaching reading, arithmetic and language in the third and fourth grades. HL Drawing. Time : Ten weeks. One hour per week. Groups of models in outline and in light and shade. Drawing of objects and groups of objects based on type forms. ing of objects and groups of objects based on type forms. Blackboard drawing, charcoal, and water colors. Drawings pertaining to Nature Study and Special Days. SPRING TERM L "Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching." Time : Six weeks. One hour per week. n. Methods. -- Methods of teaching reading, language, arithmetic and geography in the grades. Acquaintance wath the text-books used in the grades of the Galesburg schools. HL Miscellaneous. -- Rules and regulations of the Galesburg schools. Reports and records. Completion of note books burg schools. Reports and records. Completion of note books and drawings and reports of general reading. REQUIRED READING "A Study of Child Nature"-- Elizabeth Harrison. "Reading, How to Teach It" -- S. L. Arnold. "Life of Pestalozzi" -- Krusi. "Life of Froebel" -- Page. "How to Tell Stories" -- Sarah C. Bryant. Selections from -TRAINING SCHOOL. 443 TRAINING SCHOOL. 443 "Waymarks for Teachers" -- S. L. Arnold. "The Plan Book" -- Marion George. "How to Enjoy Pictures" -- M. S. Emory, "Quincy Methods" -- Patridge. "Basis of Practical Teaching" -- Bryan. "Principles of Teaching" -- Thorndike. "Thinking, Feeling, Doing" -- Scripture. "Talks to Teachers" -- James. "Educational Reformers" -- Quick. "General History" -- Barnes. "Emile" -- Rousseau. "History of Education" -- Compayre. "Leonard and Gertrude" -- Pestalozzi. "Ethics for Children" -- Cabot. INDEX. Adams, Helen, 214. Adams, J. W., 431. Additions made to school buildings. ings. to Hitchcock School, 114. to Weston School, 115. to High School, 116. to Bateman School, 118. to Lincoln School, 119. to Douglas School, 120. Ahlenius, Bertha O., 406. Ahlenius, R. O., 210, 214. drinking fountains, 175. school nurse, 171. Aldrich, N. K., 114, 131. Allen, Belle W., 99. Allen, Mr., 22. Allen property purchased, 136. Alumni Association, 100, 213. Alumni, complete list of, 287. American Warming and Ventilating Co., 119, 120. lating Co., 119, 120. Ames, A. A., 134. Anderson, A. H. & Co., 121. Anderson, A. P., 108. Anderson, J. A., 175. Anderson Steam Heating Co., 71. Andrews, Matthew, 75, 91, 92, 96, 97, 156. anpointment of, 64. course of study revised by, 82, 85. printed reports of, 90. resignation of, 101. salary of, 76. summary of his period, 102. Annual Reports printed, 57, 90, 174. Apparatus, school, 167. Armstrong, Anna M., 87. Arnold, Frances, 194. Arnold, Geo. L., 72, 11, 102, 210. Arnold, Mr.. 22. Arnold, Hon. Wilfred, 213. Athletic organizations, 199. Attendance, irregularity of, 92. Auditing committee, 3. Avres, James B., 100. Ayres, S. C, 135. Babbitt, Mr., 51. Babcock fire extinguisher, 139. Baker, W. S., 231, Ball, Katherine K., 142. Bancroft, H. D., 13. Bancroft, H. N., 236. Baptist Church property purchased, 15. chased, 15. Barnard, Henry, 230. Bartlett, F. S., 110, 210. adoption of text-books, 167. Bartlett, Dr. John, 214. Bascom, Rev. Flavel, 223. Bateman, Newton, 111, 172, 230. Bateman School, see 6th Ward. addition to, 118. humidistat placed in, 136. Bates, LeRoy S., 55. Bayliss, Hon. Alfred, 131, 154. Beadle, J. Grant, 125, 126, 135. Beard, W. C, 432, 438. Beches, S., 47. Becker, Charlie, 163. Becker, Emma J., 66. Belden, H. W., 48. Bergland, Alice, 154, 214. Berkeley, Governor, 227. Berry, J. J., 131, 210. Bible, reading of the, 95, 174. Billings, Eva, 100. Billings, M. D., 17. Blackstone, Harriet. 191. Blair, Francis G., 154. Blodgett, Dr. C. W., 155, 161. Blunt, A. E., 4, 28, 54. (445) GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Board of Education. changes in, 58. committees of, 2. defeated at elections, 16, 58, 67, 69, 2n. faithfulness of, 209. first organization of, I. harmony in, 209. how changes should be made, 209. injunction applied for, 68. members of, 272. methods of business, 27, 72. order of business, 2. permanency of, 209. place of meeting, 1, 176. relation to City Council, 18. resolutions of respect, 171. rules and regulations, 253. second contention in, 66. time of meeting, 2. visits other cities, 107. women as members, 210. Bonds voted, 12, 13, 62, 106, \09, 124, 172. Book Day, 93. Bostwick, O. P., 81. Bradley, Dr. Wm. O'R., 169. Bradshaw, Rev. J. W., 155. Bridee, Earle R., 404, 416. Bridge, G. H., 81, 86, 150, 186, 189, 415, 436. Brown, George P., 156. Brown, George W., 69, 111. Brown, P. P., 94. Brown, S. W., 236. Bryan, E. B., 153. Buckner, Jessie, 142. Budget, The, High School paper, 194. per, 194. Building period, end of first, 69. Buildings enlarged, reasons for, 112. Bunce, James, 223, 236. Bushnell, Rev. H. A., 155. Calkins, Miss, 42. Callahan, T. W., 426. Campbell, A. B., 236, 238. Campbell, Dr. Stuart M., 155. Candee, Dr. I. N., 3, 10, 31, 51. Carney, Mrs., 4. Carr, CM., 236. Centennial Exposition, 96. Central School built, 121. Chaflfee. Rev. E. J., 155. Chandler, Robert A., 195. Chapman, J. P., 13, 17, 65. Chappel, Leonard, 223. Charity, acts of, 163. Charter, The School, 235, 241, 246 advantages of, 242, 245. two jokers in, 237. Churchill. George, 11, 31, 34, 41, 44, 48, 58, 63, 112, 218, 233, 236, 238, 241, 265. characterization of, 229. funeral of, 172. Henry Barnard, Horace Mann, 231. noon recess, 26. resolution on discipline, 24. school age, 56. School Charter, 235. supplementary reading, S3, teachers' salaries, 31. Union Graded Schools, 225- 233. Churchill School Building, see High School Building. dry closets installed, 132. entrances inclosed, 133. tower damaged by fire, 133. City Council, issues bonds, 12. suit against, by Board, 19. City water, schools provided with, 94. Clark, A. B., 68. Clark and Leach, 43. Clark, Mr., 236. Clarke, K. G., 81. Classification, method of, 91. Claycomb, Mr., 22. Clerk, salary of, 3, 56. Colby, Mrs. R. K., 54. College influence, 8. Collins, J. H., 155. Collins, Nellie C, 287, 433. Colored pupils. a separate school for, 41. colored teachers for, 42. resolutions on, adopted, 44. schoolhouses for, burned, 46. Colton, Chauncy S., 2, 223, 239, 242. auditing committee, 3. first schoolhouse, 218. member of first Board, 1. INDEX. Colton, G. D. & Co., 71. Cclton, O. J., 194. Committees, function of, 72. Complaints, by parents, 23, 80, 170. Comstock, Joab, 21. Comstock, Prof. M. L., 21, 25. Contests, declamatory, 192. Cooke, F. F., 210. naming Hitchcock School, 111. Cooke, Dr. John W., 154. Cooke, M. D., 60, 64, 81, 95, 141, 210. Cooke School, 111. funeral of, 172. German School, 47. teachers' salaries, 76. Cooke, Mrs. M. D., 51, 87. Cooke School, see Fifth Ward. improvements made on, 134. Course of Study, 35, 82, 85, 145. * Cox, S. M., 17. Crisis of 1867, 16. Curtis, Edward H., 54. Dahlberg, John J., 131. Daugheity, Curtis, 100. Davidson and Rundquist, 126. Davidson, Peter McL., 134. Debating Club, Lincoln, 193. Dewhirst, J. M., 432, 439. Dickson System, 115, 119. Diploma, form of, 204. Discipline, resolution on, 24. Domestic Science, 189. Donation of land, ofifer of, 11. Dougherty, N. C, 155. Douglas School, see 7th Ward. addition to, 120. improvements made to, 135. Dow cylindrical fire escape, 139. Drake, E. R., 179. Dramatic Club, 195. Drawing, 85, 86, 141. Drinking fountains, 175. Dry closets, 132. Dunn, Charles, 100. Eberhart, John F., 225. Eduard, Prof. Carl, 47. Educational Journals, furnished by Board, 34. Edwards, Dr. Richard, 154. Election of 1867, 16. Elective System, reasons for adopting, 203. Eliot, Pres. C. W., 61. Elizabethan Literary Society, 193. Ellis, F. M., 71. Engineer, of the Heating Plant, salary of, 182. English course added, 108. Enrollment of pupils, 4, 9, 57, 102, 268. Entertainments, School, 159. Erickson, Reuben J., 214, 328. Examinations, importance of, 26. Examining Committee, 3. changed to Teachers' Committee, 76. mittee, 76. Exhibition of school work, 158. at World's Fair, 164. at St. Louis, 164. Fahnestock, John C., 99. Farnham, Eli, 132, 218. Farnham School, 131. Faxon, Charles, 235. Felmley, David, 155. Fifth Ward School, see Cooke. building erected, 20. lot purchased, 21. Finl;y, Dr. John H., 156. Fire drills, 70, 139. Fire escapes, 94, 138. Fires, 46, 69, 70, 139. First National Bank of Chicago, 125. Fish.r, Dr. L. B., 154. Fiske, John, 153. Flags for the school buildings, 110, 170. Foote. Dr. Geo. W., 99. Alumni Association, 100. steam heating, 71. ungraded school, 91. Founder of the schools, 230. Fourth Ward School, see Weston. ton. additions to, 71, 115. building erected, 18. damaged by fire and rebuilt, 70. lot purchased, 17. Franklin, Benjamin, 226. Freeman, J. H., 154. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Free schools, last battle for, 243. Frost, J. P., 219. Fuller. Mr., 236. Gale, Rev. George W., Ill, 222, 230. Gale. W. Selden, 220. Galesburg Free Democrat, 23, 221, 224, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241. Gastman, Enoch A., 155. Gaston, Amnon, 220. Geistweit, Rev. W. H., 155. German School, 46. Gettemy, Mrs. M. E., 102, 180, 199. Gordon, Mrs. O. C, 213. Glenn, Ida, 154, 393. Grade meetings, 156. Grades below High School, ten, 37. Grand Rapids School Furniture Co., 119. Grant, James, 220. Grant, Gen. U. S., 22. Gross, Mrs., 50. Gross, S. A., 55. Growth of High School, causes of, 201. Guild, R. B., 242. appointment of, 4. course of study, 3. tuition school, 5. Gunnell, Mrs. Anna Chappell, 212. Gymnastics, 54. Hague, Fannie M., 102. Haines and Anderson, 67. Haines, R. C, 12. Half day sessions, 15, 169. Hall, Prof. Frank H., 147, 359. Hamill, Prof. S. S., 82. Hammond, J. W., 117, 173, 209. Board Rooms, 176. funeral of, 172. Harrison. Pres. of U. S., 162. Haxtun Steam Heating Co., 71, 7Z, 114. Hayes, Edward, 39, 50, 55. Hayes, Henry E., 50. Hayward, W. J., 213. Hazzard, Lizzie, 170. Heating Plant, 128, 135. Heating system, changed to steam, 71. Henninger, John W., 155. Henry, M. Bess, 198, 426. Herrick and Co., 228. Hewey, G. M., 435. High School. a preparatory school, 38, 97. acts of benevolence, 163. at one time unpopular, 39. buildings used by, 39, 108, 118, 123, 131, 138. contests, declamatory, 192. course of study, 40, 97, 184. diploma, form of, 204. domestic science, 189. effect on colleges, 38, elective system, 203. English course added, 108. fourth year added, 97, 185. graduating exercises, 40, 98, 191. growth of, 96, 117, 201. history of, by R. L. Piatt, 197. individual instruction, 200. manual training in, 185. men for teachers, 199. Organizations in. Athletic association, 199. Dramatic club, 195. Elizabethan society, 193. German club, 198. Lincoln debating club, 193. Musical associations, 198. Shorthand club, Gregg, 197. The Budget, 194. Principals of, 39, 180. printing plant, 195. Public Library, moved by, 177. public speaking, 191. study hall plan, 201. three-year course, 41, 97, 205. true function of, 184, 202. High School Building, the new, 124. bonds voted for, 124. cost of building, 126, 128. furnishing of, 127. plans of, 125. selling the bonds, 125. Strong lot bought, 126. INDEX. High School Building, now Churchill. 10. bonds voted, 12. cost of, 14. plans obtained, 11. site purchased, 11. High School Building, the first, 105. addition to, 116. bonds voted for, 106. building of, 107. burning of, 139. heating plant changed to steam, 120. site obtained, 15. Hinchliflf, Lulu, 214. Hinsdale, B. A., 153. Hitchcock, H. H., 111. Hitchcock, Mrs. H. H., 170. Hitchcock School, see 3rd Ward. addition made to, 114. system of ventilation installed, 134. stalled, 134. Hoge. Miss, 171. Hoisington, S. B., 70. Holcomb, B. F., 3. Hollister, Dr. H. A., 206. Holton, Phoebe A., 219. Hood, Dr. John, 155. Hoover, Anna, 177. Hoover, E. K., 100. Horton, Clara O., 87. Horton, Silas, 10. Hospital, Children's Room, 162. Houlding, Wm., 68. Housel, G. R., 140. Housel, O. C, 133. Huget, Rev. J. P., 155. Humidistat installed, Bateman School, 136. Hunt, Mary E., 99. Hunt property (Cedar St.) bought, 136. Hunt property (Losey St.) purchased, 118. Hunt, R. W., 66. Huntington, A. H., 20, 43. Hurd, Prof. A., 3, 55. Hurd, Elisha, 219. Illinois Teacher, 225, 226, 232, 234. Improvements, summary of, 23, .-, 69, 72, 137. Independent School Districts, 217. first schoolhouse of, 217. first teacher in, 218. location of the schoolhouses, 218. poverty of, 220. record of deeds, 219. Individual instruction, 92, 200. Inman, S. B., 210. Institute, Knox county, 34. Irish, S. B., 435. Jacobi, A., 100. Jacobi property, purchased, 116. Janitors, salary of, 6, 22, 182. repairs made by, 182. JellifiF, F. R., 81, 214. Johnson, A. C, 115. Johnson Blast System, 115. Johnson, Charles E., 209. physical training, 141. Playground Association, 213. Johnson, Mayor, 64. Johnson, Parley M., 99. Johnston, Winifred, 214. Johonnot, James, 153. Kendall, Mrs., 240. Kindergarten work, introduced, 87. Kingsberry, Rev. S. A., 236. Knapp, J. H., 25, 236, 238, 240. Knostman-Peterson Furniture Co., 127. Knowles, Alfred, 1. free schools, 244. method of issuing orders, 33. teachers' salaries, 76. Lanphere, Judge, 235, 236. Lawrence, Judge C. B., 19, 111. Leach, Clement, Jr., 1, 2, 3, 64, 243. Lewis and Kitchen, 122, 126, 130, 131, 134. Lewis, S. R., 136. Library, first school, 55. children's, 178. moving of Public, 177. teachers', 157. Lightning rods, 18. Lincoln Debating Club, 193. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Lincoln School, location of, 108. building erected, 110. addition to, 119. Lind, Johanna, 153. Lindquist, Lillian, 154. Literary societies, 40, 192. Logan, Gen. John A., 111. Lord, Dr. Livingston C, 155. Losey, Nehemiah H., 223. Lots purchased, 11, 15, 17, 21, 22, 66, 67, 80, 106, 109, 116, 126, 131, 135, 136. Lots sold, 80, 109, 173. McCall, Ida M., 81, 102. I\IcCall, Mrs. Sarah M., 39. McChesney, Dr. A. B., 236. McClelland, Dr. Thomas, 156. McFarland, John, 66. McKinley heating system, 123, McKinley, Pres. of U. S., 162. McMillen, Z. P., 220. McMurtry, Wm., 223. Mann, Horace, 12, 113, 231, 232. Manual Training, 185-188. addition to, 134. Marshall, W. A., 210. Martin, J. M., 86. Mason, E. T. S., 214. Mathis, Soflena E., 141, 211, 397. Maxon, Rev. J. M., 155. Men, for grade principals, 54. for High School teachers, 199. Mercer, T. M., 110. Merrill, C. C, 209. Children's Library, 178. music, 140. Methods of teaching, 145-152. Mitchell, Bethany, 220. Mitchem, Elizabeth, 42. Moburg, John, 22, 171. Morse, J. M., 48. Moshier, Timothy, 220. Munson, P. O., 135. Murdoch, George A.. 86, 87, 94, 100, 102, 111, 210. flags for the schools, 170. funeral of, 172. naming Lincoln School, 110. naming Bateman and Cooke schools, 112. reading of Bible, 95, 174. Music, 51, 87, 140. Musical organizations, 198. Naming the schools, 110. Nash, Timothy, 20. National School Furniture Co., 21. Nelson, Marian, 154. Nelson, Nels F., 95. Night school, 48, 90. Noon recess. a health measure, 26. length of, 7. Norse, Prof. Stansbury, 154. Noteware, James H., 220. Nurse, school, 171. Olson, Peter T.. 114, 118, 119, 120, 122, 130. Outside steps inclosed, 133. Parker, Prof. Isaac A., 3. Parry, S. J., 102. 118, 209. first trip of inspection, 107. Patch, Myra H., 154. Patriotism, teaching of, 160. Payne, W. H., 153. Peck, Geo. F., 109. Peabody School Furniture Co., 131. Penmanship, 50, 85. special teacher of, 86. Peterson, Alvin, 163. Peterson and Jamison, 71. Pettee, Lucia L., 145. Pettee, Sara, 70. Phillipson, A. C, 134. Physical training, introduction of, 141. Piatt, Roy Livingston, 197. Pick, Dr., 156. Pictures, for rooms and halls, 159. Piqua School Furniture Co., 116. Pitcher, O. S., 235, 236. Playground Association, organization of, 213. ization of, 213. Pleasants, Judge, 68. Pond, F. H., 219. Poole, F. R., 50. Post, Edwin, 1, 2. Prang Company, 141. INDEX. Price, O. F.. 141, 209. naming Weston and Douglas schools, 112. Prince, Hon. Geo. W., 156. Principals of High School, list of, 275. Printing Plant, High School, 195. Prison Board of Industries, 127. Private schools, 4, 227. Prizes, given by Board, 98. Promotion of pupils, method of, 158. resolution on, 79. Public indifference to schools, 224. Public Library, Board Rooms in, 176. books moved by High School pupils, 177. Children's Reading Room in, 178. Public speaking, department of, 191. Pupils, rules for, 34, 260. sometimes expelled, 25. Purington, W. S., 131, 209. Quigley, Joseph, 135. Quincy Showr Case Works, 127. Raab, Henry, 154. Randall, G. P., 11. Raymond, Geo. S., 241. Read, Mrs. Henry W., 156, 190, 210, 214. naming Churchill School, 112. school nurse, 171. Ream, J. A., 119. Reed, Albert, 12. Reiffle, Mabel C, 424. Republican-Register, 70, 17>, 86, 90. editorial on shod elections, 78. Resolutions of respect, by Board, 171. Rhodes, Mrs. Clara G., 190, 418, 440. Rice, Dr. Delia M.. 156. Richardson, Wm., 130. Roberts, A. C, 429. Roberts, J. B., 25, 28, 41, 44, 48, 63, 64, 70, 233. annual reports of, 57. resignation of, 58. resolution of appreciation, 60. salary of, 29. summary of his work, 60. Root, Riley, 236. Ross, J. W., 107, 110. Ross, Mathilda H., 81, 88. Rugar, Mrs. Mary E., 21. Rules and Regulations, 253. for Board of Education, 255. of Board of Health, 264. for janitors, 263. for superintendent, 256. for teachers, 257. Ruttan Heating and Ventilating Co., 66, 108, 110. Ryan, Dr. L. R., 156. Ryan, Robert, 214. Sage, R. P., 1, 2, 3. Salaries. clerk, 3, 56. engineer, 182. janitors, 6, 22, 182. principals of High School, 39, n, 180. superintendents, 4, 29, 76, 179. teachers, 4, 30, 76, 180. treasurers, 3, 56. Sanborn, David, 1, 2, 3, 12. Sanborn, Wm. D., 22. Sanderson, Henry R., 17, 29. Sanitary buildings, 183. Scharf, G. H. Co., 135. School age, changed, 56. School day, length of, 29, 57. School elections, 3, 16, 58, 69, 1%. 211. a mistaken notion of, 210. School grounds, beautifying, 22, 95, 174. Schoolhouses burned. Colored, 46. Seventh Ward, 69. Fourth Ward, 70. High School, 139. Schoolhouses, need of, 9. first schoolhouse built, 10. buildings rented, 6, 15, 138. School laws of 1825-55, 221. School section, 222. amount realized from, 223. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS School year, length of, 6, 32. fiscal year changed, 96. Schryver, Anna, 100. Seider, D. W., 236. Semi-centennial celebration, 211. Seventh Ward School, see Douglas. lot purchased, 67. building erected, 68. damaged by fire, 139. Seymour, Mme., 54. Shorthand Club, Gregg, 197. Shrimpton, Rev. Mr., 81. Shumw^ay, George, 127, 170. Simonds, W. E., 179. Sisson, Anna M., 172. Sisson, F. H., 179. Sisson, Fred W., 99. Sixth Ward School, see Bateman. man. lot purchased, 66. injunction against, 68. building erected, 69. Skinner, Dr., 235. Slater, John B., 140, 172. Smead Heating and Ventilating Co., 114, 115, 132. Smelser, Isaiah, 223. Smith, Judge A. A., 20, 68. Smith, J. W., 18. Smith, Minnie L., 425. Smith, Nettie, 240. Smith, William Hawley, 131. Smoke consumer, 135. Soper Foundry Co., 118. Special tax authorized, 20. Speed, James, 156. Spence, Dr. W. Hamilton, 154. Stableton, J. B., 155. Standish, Dr. J. V. N., 22, 25, 28, 41, 81, 156, 226. amendment to Charter, 56, 229. furniture for High School, 13. ornamenting grounds, 22. penmanship, 50. Statistics, tables, for 1910-11, 267-271. number of employes, 267. number enrolled, by schools, 268. daily attendance, etc., by schools, 268. number withdrawn, with cause, 269. number promoted in each grade, 269. time in grade, 270. number beginning First Grade, by terms, 270. number of colored pupils, by grades, 271. number of books taken from Children's Library, 271. Steele, W. L., 190, 208, 217. appointment of, 179. printed reports of, 174. salary of, 179. summary of his period, 214. Steele, Mrs. W. L., 172. Sterling School Furniture Co., 66, 67, 69. Stevens, Ira R., 65. Stevens, T. D., 100. Stilson, Earle W., 186. Stilson, Lottie, 100. Stone, Cora F., 422, 427. Stone, Harriet, 179. Stone, L. T., 78, 89, 95, 102, 114, 116, 121, 210. an appreciation of, 265. Children's Room, 179. kindergarten work, 88. naming Central School, 122. naming Farnham School, 132. promotion of pupils, 79. teachers' salaries, 11 . Stringham, C. P., 48. Stromgren, Gust A., 172, 183. Stromsted, Frank G., 140, 172. Strong, J. Glaze, 141, 390. Strong, M. Evelyn, 156, 172. funeral of, 172. kindergarten work, 88. member of Board, first woman, 210. man, 210. Strong lot purchased, 126. Study Hall Plan, 201. Sturtevant, Dr. J. M., 155. Substitutes, 92. Suit against City Council, 19. Sullivan, May T., 99. Summary, of Second Period, 60. of Third Period, 102. of Fourth Period, 214. INDEX. Superintendent of Schools. evolution of the title, 28. powers of, 28, 256. Superintendents of Schools, list of, 275. Supplementary reading. resolution on, 53. appropriations for, 146. Swanson, Nels, 22. Sweeney, M. E., 130. Switzer, C. E., 210. Switzer, Robert, 214. Talent, Patrick, 55. Tate, J. C, 120. Taylor, F. Lilian, 87, 88, 144. Taylor, Dr. M. K., 235, 236. Tax levies, 6, 20, 61, 103, 216. Tax limit, increased, 56, 246. Teachers, complete list of, 274. examination of, IZ, 75. first corps of, 7. grade meetings of, 156. meetings of, 30, 33, 80, 152. men for, in High School, 199. pay when absent, 29. salaries of, 4, 30, 76, 180. schedule of salaries, 181. when paid, 33. Telephones installed, 94. Telford, C. S., 121, 135. Temperature Regulation. Johnson Automatic, 116, 118. Terry, Willis, Jr., 214. Text-Books, adopted, 88, 165. Thain, Dr. A. R., 155. Thanksgiving offering, 162. Third Ward School, see Hitchcock. cock. site purchased, 22. building erected, 65. Thompson, Mrs. G. W., 154, 179, 196, 209. department of Domestic Science, 189. Thompson, L. N., 115, 209. Thomson, Frank D., 140, 199. High School fire, 140. music in High School, 198. salary of, 180. tribute to, 201. Thomson, Presson, 198. Three-Year Course, reasons for, 205. Toler, Mrs. J. C, 213. Township fund, income from, 224. Training School for teachers, 142. course of study for, 441. Treasurer, paid salary, 3, 56. bond of, 3. Tree planting, 22. Truant officer, 170. Tryner, Edith, 154. Tryon, Mrs. Geo. A., 228, 239. Tuition, 175. Tuition schools, 5. Tunnicliff, J. C, 209. Two dismissals, 92. Ungraded schools, 47, 90. Union Graded Schools, adopted, 233. first closing exercises of, 240. last year of, 242. organized and opened, 238. subjects taught in, 239. U. S. School Furniture Co., 114, 116, 118. Vacations, 7. Vaccination, 78, 169. Van Brunt, Charles R., 190, 210. Van Pelt, Dr. S., 156. Vincent, Dr. C. A., 154. Wagoner, S. A., 196. Walbaum, A., 20. Ward, Flora A., 99. Ward, Geo. H., 1, 2, 12. Ward Principals, men for, 54. Wertman, L. F., 136, 210. High School bonds, 125. West, Mary Allen, 41, 70, 95, Weston,' J. P., 111. Weston School, see 4th Ward. addition to, 115. more ground bought, 136. Wheelock, Dorcas, 55. White, Emerson E., 153. Whitney, R. C, 236. Wilbur, J. M., 72. Willard, Silas, 228, 232. Willard, Mrs. Silas, 11, 106. GALESBURG PUBLIC SCHOOLS Willcox, E. S., 225, 226. Williams, C. A., 42. Williams, May T., 88. Willis, A. W., 180. VVilloughby, Fred A., 27. colored pupils, 44. gymnastic apparatus, 54. test case, in the courts, 76. Wilson, Lyman P., Esq., 213. Wolf, Wm., 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 133, 134. Women as Board members, 210. Woods, N. C, 108, 141, 210. manual training room, 186. Woolsey, W. M., 131. Worthington, Richard, 43. Wright brothers, 195. Wright, Simeon, 226. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 022 165 311 f />'*^^" **'>..' 4.A

mild gibberish

a17001608

Roster of the soldiers and sailors who served in organizations from Maryland during the Spanish-American War,

Riley, Hugh Ridgely

rosterofsoldiers00rile_djvu.txt

The date of muster-in of each soldier who was not musteredin with his company follows his name immediately. All dates in with his company follows his name immediately. All dates not otherwise stated occur in 1898. William J. C. Dulany Company. ^#i^ 4 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant Randolph M. Isaac. Tovvson First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant J. Frank Ryley, June SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Klliott, mustered-in as first lieutenant of Company "A;" appointed regimental quartermaster July 6th. Baltimore \9l2 First Rec;imt:xt The nucleus of tlie First Regiment assembled at Pimlico on April 25th, 1898. Companies "A," "B," "C," "D," "E," "F," "G" and "K" were mustered into the United States service on May 15th and i6th, with an enlisted strength of seventy-seven each. The Regiment left Pimlico for Fort Monroe, Virginia, on May 19th, arriving the next day. Four com- roe, Virginia, on May 19th, arriving the next day. Four companies were added to the Regiment on July 6th, and at the same panies were added to the Regiment on July 6th, and at the same time the companies began to be recruited, reaching full war strength of one hundred and six men each a few days after. The Regiment left Fort Monroe for Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, on September, 7th, reaching their station the next day. It left for Camp Mackenzie, near Augusta, Ga., on November nth, and arrived on the 14th. The Regiment was mustered out at that place on February 28th, 1899. Compiled under the Authority of The House of Delegates of Maryland. Hugh Ridgely Riley, Late First Lieutenant Company "A," First Maryland Regiment, United States Volunteer Infantry, Charles S. Carrington, Late Second Lieutenant Company "F," First Regiment, . United States Volunteer Infantry. BAl,TlMORE: NON=COMMISSIONED STAFF. appointed principal musician July 20th; discharged January 7th, 1899. Baltimore uary 7th, 1899. Baltimore Jacob H. Hurtung, mustered-in as musician Company "G;" appointed principal musician July 20th. Baltimore COMPANY "A" OF FREDERICK. Mil stered- in LTay 16th. Captain Edwin D. Pusey. Annapolis First Lieutenant Hugh R. Riley, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted to first lieutenant July 6th. Annapolis ant; promoted to first lieutenant July 6th. Annapolis Second Lieutenant Thomas L. Brewer, mustered-in as quartermaster-sergeant; promoted to second lieutenant July 6th. Annapolis master-sergeant; promoted to second lieutenant July 6th. Annapolis First vSergeant Kaolin L. Wliitson, mustered-in as sergeant; designated quartermaster-sergeant July 6th; designateil first ser- nated quartermaster-sergeant July 6th; designateil first sergeant August 14th. geant August 14th. Quartermaster-Sergeant Harry \. Skolfield, mustered-in as first sergeant; designated quartermaster-sergeant August 14th. Sergeant Nicholas Orem, designated regimental color sergeant. Sergeant William Pierce, discliarged November 28th. Sergeant Charles H. Lease. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 5 Sergeant Charles C. McGeehan, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant July 31st. ted to sergeant July 31st. Sergeant Fred. O. Klakring, niustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant December 31st. Corporal Charles L,. Winkleman, transferred to l^and October ist. Corporal Charles DeGreene. Corporal Harr}' W. Callan, June 17th; appointed corporal Aug. ist. Corporal William Robinson, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal August ist. Corporal Albert E. Wann, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal September 3d. Corporal Peter J. McTaigue, mustered-in as artificer; reduced to private by company order May 31st; appointed corporal October 6th. ber 6th. Corporal Frederick Emge, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal October 6th. poral October 6th. Corporal Romanus A. Grinder, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal December ist. Corporal Elnathan L. Higbee, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal August ist; discharged September 3d. Corporal John B. Hutcheson, discharged by order of Secretary of War, September 24th. Cook Henry Cosgrove, mustered-in as private; appointed cook January i6th, 1899. Artificer William R. Anderson, mustered-in as private; appointed artificer June ist. Wagoner Benjamin Maynard, mustered-in as private; appointed wagoner December 13th. Wagoner Joseph Walling, discharged on account of physical disability, August 3d, 1898. Wagoner John W. Neuse, mustered-in as private; appointed wagoner August 3d; deserted October 28th. Musician Harry L. Glessner, mustered-in as private; appointed musician December 13th. Walter J. Ely, mustered-in as private; appointed musician June ist; transferred to band November ist. Fred. A. W. Walter, mustered-in as musician; returned to private June 1st; appointed musician January 21st, 1899; discharged Januar3- 28th, 1899. PRIVATES. Ackernian, John A. Burke, Benj. F. Appier, Charles H. Carroll, Win. H., discharged disBaker, Everest honorably by sentence of court Baker, Everest honorably by sentence of court Basil, William H., mustered-in as martial Jan. 14, 1899. corporal; reduced to private Aug. Casey, John C, mustered-in as mu6; appointed corporal Oct. 5; re- sician; reduced to private Jan. 21, 6; appointed corporal Oct. 5; re- sician; reduced to private Jan. 21, duced to private Dec. 7. 1899. Bergmann, Hermann Catlin. Wm. L., June 29; deserted Blumburg, Michael N., mustered-in November 2. June 29; discharged without honor Clark, Theodore, July 7. July 18. Cole, George E., discharged Jan. 8. Brown, Charles, July 21. Corcoran Matthew Bucher, George, July 2. Crummitt, John D. Buckman, Louis M., discharged Dayhoff, Victor L. without honor July 15. Dennis, Harry B., June 29. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Elliott, :Miley W., June 29. Ettlinger, Charles J. Fleishman, Samuel, July 2. Ford, AlonzoL., June 29. Gladden, Orville, June 29; deserted July 18. Goldberg, Benjamin, July 5. Graser, Chas. F., transferred to band Nov. i. Hanimill, Joseph Hamilton, Arthur Handy Littleton T., June 29. Hatch, Charles S., July 5. Hetrick, Chas. W., July i; deserted Nov. II. Hoff, Charles W., July 21. Hoffman, David \V., July 9. Holland, William G., June 29. Holmes. Clarence W. Hurley, Wm. L., July 5. Kraig, Harry L.. discharged on account of disability Jan. 10, 1899. count of disability Jan. 10, 1899. Lang, John, July 2; discharged September 17. tember 17. Leakin, Richard M. Lingerman, Louis A. Markey, David J. Mayle, Walter, July i. McGuire, John T. Meyett, John A. Mitchell, Philip E. Moberly, Louis A. Moore, John E., June 28. Moot, Milton A., mustered-in as private; appointed corporal Sept. 3; reduced to private Feb. 16, 1899 Morgan, George W., died Sept. 25. Nathan, Herman, June 28. Nelker, William G. Owens, Fielder E. Parks, Arthur W., June 30; discharged on account of disability charged on account of disability Aug. 27. Parks, Seth V. Paulus, Fred (t., July 5. Pierson, Edward Pruett, Wm. H., June 30. Quinn, Alexander, discharged without honor May 28. out honor May 28. Redline, Peter H., July 21. Reichert, Chas. W. G., July 4Rosenthal, Morris Rosenthal, Morris Runkles, Harry D., discharged on account of physical disability July 17. Schadt, William Schaffer, John P. Schaffer, Philip J. Schmidt, John Shilling, Samuel Tilden, musteredin as corporal; reduced to private in as corporal; reduced to private Aug. II. Skelton, Thomas H. Skoch, Emile Skoch, John Smith, (xeorge, July 4. Smith, Joshua Sommers, Abraham D., June 29; di!>charged on account disability Aug. 27. Sommers, I'reeman B., June 29. Sommerfield, Joseph, June 28. Stahl, William Stalliugs, Wilfred E. Stinchcomb, Leonard R., musteredin as corporal; reduced to private in as corporal; reduced to private Aug. 8. Swain, Craft, dishonorably discharged by sentence of court charged by sentence of court martial Dec. 13. Thornigton, James H., June 28. Taylor, John J., died Sept. 25. Wamhoof, John Whitmore, Mahlou R. Wisebaugh, Geo. W., mustered in as private; appointed corporal Aug. i; reduced to private January 21. uary 21. Ward, l'"rederick, June 28; transferred to band Nov. i. ferred to band Nov. i. COMPANY ''B" OF HAQERSTOWN. Mitstered-iii JAiy i6tli, /SyS. Captain George L. Fisher. Hagerstown First' Lieutenant Milton R. Hawken, appointed battalion adjutant July 6lh. Hagerstown tant July 6lh. Hagerstown First Lieutenant William E. Sands, mustered-in as second lieutenant; appointed first lieutenant July 6th. Hagerstown ant; appointed first lieutenant July 6th. Hagerstown Second Lieutenant Warran J. Hains, mustered-in as sergeant Com])any "E;" ])romoted to second lieutenant ComjKiny "B" July 7tli; resigned August 30th. I'ilklon vSecond Lieutenant Benjamin J. Leckron, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted to second lieutenant September 23d Hagerstown SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 7 First Sergeant John W. Fnnk, niustered-in as sergeant; designated qnarterniaster-sergeant Angust 23d; designated first ser- nated qnarterniaster-sergeant Angust 23d; designated first sergeant {September 23d. geant {September 23d. Quartermastei--Sergeant Joseph Donnohugh, mustered-in as sergeant; designated quartermaster-sergeant August ist; dis- geant; designated quartermaster-sergeant August ist; discharged (disability) Angust 22d. charged (disability) Angust 22d. Quartermaster-Sergeant Charles W. Scuffins, mustered-in as sergeant; designated quartermaster-sergeant September 23d. geant; designated quartermaster-sergeant September 23d. Sergeant Robert F. Lewis, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant August ist; discharged November 14th. Sergeant George W. Shoop, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant November 25th; discharged December 27th. vSergeant Joseph H. Barber. Sergeant Marshall J. Beachtell, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant September ist. ted to sergeant September ist. Sergeant Fred. A. Summer, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant October ist. vSergeant Christian J. Gaussley, mustered-in as corporal; promoted to sergeant January ist, 1899. ted to sergeant January ist, 1899. Corporal John K. Mcllhenny. Corporal John H. Weller. Corporal Bernard J. vScarsi, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st, 1898. poral August 1st, 1898. Corporal Richard Duffy, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st, 1S98. poral August 1st, 1S98. Corporal Jacob A. Donaldson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August ist. CoriDoral Elijah V. Bishop, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Corporal Luther B. Bonebrake, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August ist. Corporal Murphy E. Flory, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September ist. Corporal Cortland K. Spielman, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist. ted corporal October ist. Corporal Jacob H. Reichard, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal November 25tli. Corporal William C. Hoffman, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal January ist, 1899. Artificer Samuel K. Lovi'man, discharged June 13th. Artificer Arthur A. Tymeson, mustered-in as private; designated artificer June 14th. Wagoner Charles E. Strouse. Musician George W. Kauffman. Musician Henry Weber. PRIVATES. Abell, William J., June 22. Bond, Richard, June 22. Alexander, George B., June 22. Borne, John G. Ardinger, James H. Bowers, Charles W., June 22. Atzrodt, Charles R. Bowers, Daniel T., discharged OctoBattle, Martin J., June 22. ber 21. Battle, Martin J., June 22. ber 21. Black, Charles E., June 22. Boyle, Thomas M., discharged (disBatten, Charles A., transferred to abilitj') Oct. 10. Batten, Charles A., transferred to abilitj') Oct. 10. Hospital Corps Dec. i. Brindle, , June 22. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Carson, Edgar D., dis(..harged without honor Feb. ig, 1899. out honor Feb. ig, 1899. Chrissinger, Clarence, June 22. Claggett, Edwin B. Conrad, Howard Cottrill, Leo D. Davies, John H. Donaldson, Benjamin, June 22; discharged Nov. 4. charged Nov. 4. Drury, Leonard, June 22;discharged Sept. 20. Estes, Ernest C, transferred to band Nov. i. Eyerly, Albert T. Feiger, Michael, June 22; discharged (disability) July 26. charged (disability) July 26. Foltz, Harry R. Friend, Charles W., July 22; discharged Jan. 30, 1899. charged Jan. 30, 1899. Fry, Francis M., June 22. Fry, Charles H. Fu'nkhouser, Harry J. Garlinger, Wm. H., June 24. Garling, Samuel A. Hamby, Harry, May 17. Hamil, William F. Harris, John V. Harlev, James H, June 24. Hart, John F. Hawbecker, Walter Hershberger, Louis S. Hunsberger, Benjamin F. Keller, Harry W. King, William, June 22; deserted Sept. 10. Kneisley, Herbert L., transferred to Hospital Corps Dec. i. Leckron, John D. Lehman, William, discharged (disability) Dec. 10. ability) Dec. 10. Loebernitz, Velino B. Loushbough, Richard Lynch, Frank, June 22; discharged Dec. 19. Lynch, Howard G., June 22. Mazingo, William, June 22; deserted Nov. 21. Malone, Ferguson Martin, Charles E. Martin George L., June 22. Mantzer, Samuel C. Mayer, Harry D., June 22. McCardell, George A., June 24. McCoy, John H. McChan, James L., June 22; discharged (disability) Sept. 19. charged (disability) Sept. 19. McCullough, James A., June 29. Ovler, Clinton Orndorff, Robert C, June 24; discharged. charged. Phetteplace, David A. Pierce, Richard, June 22. Pitcock, Charles G. Pitcock, Lee Reese, Thomas A. Ridenour, Charles E. Rumberger, W'illiam W. Shank, Charles M., June 22. Sharrar, Walter, June 22. Sigler, Henderson G., transferred to band Nov. i. Slaughter, James D. Small, Reuben K. Smith, Samuel J. Smith, John M. vSpielman, Thomas H. Sprecher, Thomas J. Tate, John C, June 29. Through, William M., July i. Turley, Thornton I"., June 22, discharged (disability) July 26. charged (disability) July 26. Turner, Harry M., June 22; died Jan. 15, 1899. Weller, Charles W. Williams, James W. COMPANY "C" OF CUHBERLAND. Mustered-in May j6th. Captain Charles T. Lowndes, (see Field and Staff). Captain J. Philip Roman, mustered-in as first lieutenant: promoted captain July 7th. moted captain July 7th. First Lieutenant Francis B. Whiting, mustered-in as first sergeant; piomoted first lieutenant July 7th. Second Lieutenant Hilnson Williamson, Jr., resigned July 3d. Second Lieutenant John G. Constable, mustered-in as battalion sergeant-major; promoted second lieutenant July 6th; discharged by order of Secretary of War, February 23d, 1S99. charged by order of Secretary of War, February 23d, 1S99. Second Lieutenant William \. Sands, mustered-in as second lieutenant of Company "B;" promoted first lieutenant Company tenant of Company "B;" promoted first lieutenant Company "B" July 6, 1898; mustered-in as second lieutenant Company "C" February 27th, 1899, by order of Secretary of War. spanish-a:merican war. 9 First Sergeant Chris Hiinmler, niustered-in as sergeant; promoted first sergeant, July 8th. Quartermaster-Sergeant Howard P. Hartsock. Sergeant George Peterson, mustered in as corporal; promoted sergeant August 1st; discharged September 4th. geant August 1st; discharged September 4th. Sergeant George J. Doerner, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant August ist; discharged September 29th. Sergeant Gabriel E. McKinley, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant October i6th; discharged February 2d, 1899. Sergeant George F. McDonald. Sergeant John C. Smith, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st; promoted sergeant October ist. poral August 1st; promoted sergeant October ist. Sergeant Charles E. Ross. Corporal Frank S. Martz. Corporal Martin E. Nelson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Corporal John H. Hoffman, mustered'in as private; promoted corporal September ist. poral September ist. Corporal Grier B. F'lynn, mustered-in June 21st as private; promoted corporal Octoljer ist. moted corporal Octoljer ist. Corporal Edward Dietz, mustered-in as sergeant; reduced to private July 20th; promoted to corporal October i6th. vate July 20th; promoted to corporal October i6th. Corporal Charles H. McFarland, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September ist. Corporal Alva L. Young. Corporal William Knapp, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October i6th. poral October i6th. Corporal Ray C. Friend. Corporal Benjamin Franklin, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August nth. Corporal Harry A. Hite, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Artificer Christian Pfister, mustered-in as private; appointed artificer June 1st. ficer June 1st. Wagoner Furman G. Seaman. Musician George E. Gordon, died June ?6th. Musician Harry Gerrwood, mustered-in August 2d; deserted September 23d. tember 23d. Musician Wilber H. Johnson. Musician Christopher T. Offman, mustered-in as private; appointed musician December ist. PRIVATES. Andrew, W'illiam R. Brenaman, Edgar M., June 17. Andrews Matthew Beamer, Clarence, June 18. Angel, James Z. Brown, Thomas E. Bailey, William Carney, Thomas E., June 17. Baldwin, Charles D. Condon, Patrick F., June 24. Barr, Henry F., mustered-in as pri- Cope, Jesse E., mustered in as artivale; appointed musician Oct. 10, ficer; reduced to private June i; vale; appointed musician Oct. 10, ficer; reduced to private June i; reduced to private same date. transferred to Hospital Corps Beck, Humphrey T. August i. Bell, Thomas H. Cranch, Henry L. Brant, George C, mustered-in as Daniels, George W., deserted Oct. 2. corporal; reduced to private July Dobbie, June 29. I, deserted September i. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Dorris, Winfield S., mustered-iii June 29. Dorsey, Frank Dougless, Everett N., June 17; discharged February 3, 1S99. charged February 3, 1S99. Evans, John W., June 20. Foley, Thomas :\L Frederick, Frank A. Giles, James E. Hackeit, William \V. Hebburn, George O. Holler, Ira E. Holtzman, Harry E, Hall, James E., June 17. Hale, Fxldie, June 18. Irons, Silas Johnson, Peter Kirschner. Adolph R. Kooken, Charles \V. Kean, Patrick E., June 18. Kirsop, Lionel, June 29. Keller, Ilarvev F., June 30. Lashbey, Arnold B. Leonarti, Harry Logue, Samuel T. Landis, Wilber S., June 17. Lowery, Albert J., June 19. McGee, James McLeod, Donald B. McKinley, Arthur F., June 17. McConnell, William F.., June 24. Marling, Jacob Morton, John Meyer William Murphy, William H. Morris, J. 8. W., June 17. Myers, Simon, June 17; discharged February 6, 1899. Nicodemus, John E., transferred to band November i. O'Hara, William A., June 17. Perdew, Jerome vS., June 17. Peterman, Lewis W., mustered -in as corporal, reduced to private. Readman, William A. Robinett, Hugh Rosecrans, Lewis H. Ross, Orvale Rowan, John A., June 20. Rizer, Harry J , June 30. Reynolds, Lewis, June 18. Shiver, George F. Shiver, John B. Shuckhart, Benj. F. Simpson, Walter Slider, Alonzo B. Sanner, Norman P.., transferred to Hospital Corps, December i. Smith, Lewis, deserted Jan. 26, 1899. Smith, Nelson A. Smith, Clarence H. Stephens, Joseph Stonestreet, Arnold Superzynski, Jacob Sullivan, John J., June 21. Toll, James R., June 29. Trench, James, June 20. Weisenmiller, Edward Zimerl}-, John A. COMPANY "D" OF BELAIR. Miisiered-in May ijtli. Captain Thomas G. Forwood. First Lieutenant Willard G. Rouse, resigned August 28tli. First Lieutenant Shirley C. Morgan, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted to first lieutenant September 23d. tenant; promoted to first lieutenant September 23d. Second Lieutenant Silas B. Smith, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted second lieutenant September 23d; resigned January 25th, 1899. ary 25th, 1899. First Sergeant W. Walter Lee, mustered-in as sergeant; designated first sergeant September 26th. nated first sergeant September 26th. Quartermaster-Sergeant Charles L. Calder, mustered-in as sergeant; designated tjuartermaster-sergeant November 2d; dis- geant; designated tjuartermaster-sergeant November 2d; discharged December 3d. charged December 3d. Quartermaster-Sergeant Thomas W. Hall, mustered in as sergeant; designated quartermaster-sergeant lulv iSlh; dis- geant; designated quartermaster-sergeant lulv iSlh; discharged October 31'. charged October 31'. Quartermaster-Sergeant Albert L. Prigg, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 31st; promoted sergeant December iSth; designated (|uartermastcr-sergeant December iSth. Sergeant Thomas R. (iough, discharged Sei)tember iSth. Sergeant B. Randol])h Reeil, mustered-in a<; jirivate; prDmoled corj)oral July 1st; promoted sergeant September 2hth; discharged November ilh. charged November ilh. Belair Belair SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. II Sergeant John T. Lingan, niustered-in as quartermaster-sergeant; designated duty sergeant July iStli. vSergeant Robert H. Lingan, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant vSeptember 26th. Sergeant James F. Devoe, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September 26th; promoted sergeant December iStb. poral September 26th; promoted sergeant December iStb. Sergeant John A. W. Richardson, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant December 18th. moted sergeant December 18th. Corporal William E. Penning, deserted February i6th. Corporal John W. Waters. Corporal Edwin C. W^ilson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 31st. poral July 31st. Corporal John Quarles, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 31st. poral July 31st. Corporal Charles H. Norris, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September 26th. Corporal Samuel J. Ivins, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal vSeptember 26th, 1898. poral vSeptember 26th, 1898. Corporal Douglass B. Gilbert, reduced to private July 21st; promoted corporal December i8th. moted corporal December i8th. Corporal James P. Gough, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December i8tli. poral December i8tli. Corporal Thomas H. C. Reed, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 31st. Corporal Stirling D. Rosan, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 31st; discharged November 14th. Musici'an George W^ Ferguson, discharged July 9th. Musician Walter S. Flowers mustered-in as private; appointed musician July 18th. Musician William Patterson, mustered-in as private June 29th; appointed musician January 2d, 1899. Artificer Joseph C. Akers, discharged September jtli. Artificer W^illiam H. Haughay, mustered in as private; appointed artificer September 7th. Wagoner Jamer E. Street. Cook Anderson E. Conn, mustered-in as private; appointed cook December 31st. PRIVATES. -Adams, James R. Fitzpatrick, William E. Alton, James E. Free, Charles F. Bratton, William A., June i8th. French, Edward L., mustered in as Burkins, Marshall, desertedNovem- corporal; reduced to private Ocber 9th. tober ist. ber 9th. tober ist. Butler, General S. Frizzell, George F., July 5th. Carman, John W. Fox, Weisel, discharged on account Chaten, 'George, Julv 5th. of disability October loth. Chenworth, Winfield S. Glenn, Robert N., June 29th. Clark, Thomas, June 2 ist. Gordon, Robert L., transferred to Cotter, John T., July ist. Hospital Corps December 4th. Cunningham, Guy Gover, Paca M. Cuthbertson, William M., June 20th. Hamburg, William E. Donn, Henry M. Hamby, Harry S., transferred to Dunnigan, John F. Company "B" November 2d. Blower, James Herbert, Frank, July 5th. Evans, Edgar D., discharged Oc- Herbert, William I., transferred to tober 20th. band, October 31st. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Hopkins, Arthur M. Hopkins, David R. Hubka, Joiin, July 5th. Harris Philip E., discharged June 8. Hughes, Morgan Keesey, Charles M. Keppler, Willie Kipe, Harry M. Lee, Gus F., June 19th. Lee, Stephen E. Lewis, Robert, June iSth. Loflin, Herbert E. Lorshbaugh, Harmon G., June 29th. Marsh, George O. Marsh, Reuben Marniaduke, William R. Martin, Walter L., June 30th. McAlpin, David, June 19th. McCrea, Mortimer B., died Oct. 24th. McGee, Richard, June i8th. McMillan, George B., June 20th. McNeill, Hugh, June 29th. Mergler, Lou'is R. Metzel, Charles A. Mitchell, Joseph B. Moore, Legore, June 17th. Nee, Bartley, June 17th, 1898. Nestor, Lawrence, June 30th. O'Rourke, Michael, June 29th. Poole, Frederick, July 5th. Poplar, Frank C, discharged October 7th. ber 7th. Pyle, William A. Ramsay, Hugh A., discharged on account of disability October 22d. Reynolds, Jerry H. F., June 17th; discharged September 71I1. Robinson, Harold B. Rollins, Vernon B., discharged November 5th. vember 5th. Rohrer, James E., deserted November 1st. ber 1st. Short, I^rnest L., June 20th. Smith, Charles O. Smith, George A., discharged January 24th, 1899. ary 24th, 1899. vSpangler, William Spencer, Harry Z., discharged January 24 til, 1S99. ary 24 til, 1S99. vStafford, Hugh, June 29th. Stirling, George '. Street, Charles H. vStrong, Edward A., June 17th. Sullivan, Thomas W. Thomas, George F. Trieber, Orren J., June 17th, deserted November 21st. serted November 21st. Virgin, Paul F., June 30th. Wagner, John M. COMPANY "E" OF ELKTON. l\Iiistered-in May ijth. Captain William A. Wright. First Lieutenant George T. King. Second Lieutenant Edward F. Taggert; resigned August 12th. Second Lieutenant John E. Wilson, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted second lieutenant August i3tli. First Sergeant Everett B. Wilson, mustered-in as quartermastersergeant; designated fir^t sergeant September ist; discharged sergeant; designated fir^t sergeant September ist; discharged December 13th. First vSergeant, William B. Miller, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant vSeptember ist; designated first sergeant De- moted sergeant vSeptember ist; designated first sergeant December 22nd. cember 22nd. Quartermaster-Sergeant William W. Kellow, mustered-in as private; promoted quartermaster-sergeant October ist. vate; promoted quartermaster-sergeant October ist. Sergeant Warren B. Hains, (see Company "B.") Sergeant Fred. T. Hains, (see Fiel.l and Staff.) Sergeant Joseph B. Pierson. Sergeant William E. l-'owler. vSergeant Fred. D. Cosner, miistered-in as private; promoted sergeant .Septeml)er ist. geant .Septeml)er ist. Sergeant Robt. Rudolph, mustered-in as private; promoted corl)oral September ist; promoted sergeant December 23d. l)oral September ist; promoted sergeant December 23d. Corporal John H. Dean, discharged November 17th. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. *Corporal Harry M. Biddle. Corporal Julian B. Chick. Corporal Frank L. Deal. Corporal William E. Fraser. Corporal Elmer E. Halfhill. Corporal Aldred H. Miller, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September ist. poral September ist. Corporal Harry Wilson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September ist. poral September ist. Corporal William P. Foster, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 23d. poral December 23d. Corporal John M. L;ynch, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 23d. poral December 23d. Corporal John W. Hasson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 23d. poral December 23d. Corporal Charles A. Wright, mustered-in as musician; returned to private December 7th; promoted corporal December 23d. Artificer Andrew A. Rambo. Musician John R. McCla)'. Musician Howard W. Johnson, mustered-in as private; appointed musician December 7th. Wagoner Jacob B. Wenzler, deserted September 24th. PRIVATES. Arbuckle, Samuel J. Barton, James P. Bennett, mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private Feb. iS, 1899. Biedeman, Howard, June 18. Bromeley, George H., June 27. Brown, Charles A., June 18. Brown, John W. Burns, Edward, June 25. Burns, Frank, July 5. Burns, George H. Carter, Charles W. Cheadle, John H. Collins, John, July 2, 1898; deserted September 28 Cross, William H., June 25, 1898; dishonorably discharged, Feb. 15, 1899. Crow, Alexander, June 25. Crowl, Amos Conner, Albert R. Culleney, Charles E. Daniels, Bernard S. Dean. Harry M., June 18. Donovan, Joseph S. Dick, George W., deserted Nov. 2. Fitzgerald, Thomas E. Fitzgerald, William, June 18; deserted September 24. ted September 24. Flounders, Clinton Ford, John W. Ford, Thomas D. Foster, Dorie Foster, Charles P., deserted Nov. 24. Fox, Walter H. Friday, John G., June 18; deserted October 18. Gerhart, Charles Gurney, Richard, Jr., July 4. Hammett, discharged (disability) June 20. Hasson, James J. Heifer, Adam Henderson, James S. H., Jul}- 4. Hitchins, J. G. Hitchins, John T. Hoffman, George S., July 9. Hydecker, William Kelley, John T. Kelley, William, June 25. Laws, Charles C. Lewis Herbert, June 18. Llo}'d, Joseph, June 25. Lusby, W. Parker Martin, Lawrence P. McCauley, John McDonnell, James C, discharged (disability) November 18. McGechin, Harry R. Meister, John S. Meredith, Lawrence P. Miller, J. Alfred Moore, George S., died Sept. 29. Nelson, Earnest F., July 9. Parker, Wade H. Reeder, Clinton 14 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Reeder, Harvey, June i8. Tasker, George \V., June i8. Robinson, Ehvell Tasker, Jacob A. Ryan, John, niustered-in as private; Taylor, William L. promoted corporal September i; Tomlinson, Frank, June i8; desertet? , reduced to private Nov. 22. October 24. Ross, Joseph W , June 27. Waters, Arthur E., discharged (disSaxton, Edwin C. ability) August 10. Saxton, Edwin C. ability) August 10. Schmitz, Peter, July 2. White, 'George C, mustered-in a& Sebold, Elwood R. private; promoted corporal SeptShaffer, Richard, June 25. i; reduced to private Nov. 22. Shaffer, Richard, June 25. i; reduced to private Nov. 22. Shivery, Frank Whittington, Harry E., July 9. Simmons, Thomas Woodroe, Thomas,' June 25. Sinclair, Matthew Wooton, Edgar, July 4. Stalcup, Tony, June 18. Wright, Clarence H., June 25. Streit, Arthur E., July 5. Yocuni, Frank COnPANY "F" OF EASTON. I\histered-in May i6th. Captain Charles W. Adams. First Lieutenant Owen Norris. Second Lieutenant Charles vS. Carrington. First Sergeant Joseph T. White. Quartermaster-Sergeant Howard Anderson. Sergeant John B. Robinson. Sergeant Oscar W. Saxton. Sergeant Leonidas M. Leonard. Sergeant Jes<^e ]\L Lednuni, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant January 24tli, 1899. Corporal Milton L. TuU. Corporal Jesse M. Shockley. Corporal David E. Parkerson. Corporal Ralph Buffett. Corporal Charles M. Collins. Corporal James F. Wallace. Corporal John H. Waller, mustered-in as private June 22d; promoted corporal August ist, 1898'"; discharged December 6th. moted corporal August ist, 1898'"; discharged December 6th. Corporal Edward B. Swift, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Corporal Charles vS. Sharp, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal Januar}- 24th, 1899. poral Januar}- 24th, 1899. Corporal Elbert Robinson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August ist. Corporal John R. Nelson, mustered-in as private; promoted corl)oral August ist. l)oral August ist. Corporal Benjamin II. Richardson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 7th. moted corporal December 7th. Corporal Julian Ivdmond, mustered-in as private June 28th; promoted corporal December 7th. moted corporal December 7th. Artificer Thomas J. Thompson. Wagoner James M. Auld. Musician John 11. Harper. Musician Ivdward T. vStraughn, mustered-in as private; appointed musician January 27th, 1899. Musician Harry J. Miller, discharged Noveml^er 14th. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. PRIVATES. Adams Robert S., June 22d. Allbrittain, John H. Allen, Joseph II., July ist; deserted vSepteniber 21st. Anderson, Henry M., June 20th. Andrews, David A. Andrews, Stephen K. Bayne, Charles H., niustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st; reduceil to private Nov. 7th. Beckwith, Kdwin B. Bennett, William H. Bensinger, William Berry, William J. Blades, James II. Brewington, Percy, June 28th. Brooks, George Buffetl, Walter, discharged (disability) September loth. bility) September loth. Cannon, Ira L. Chaplain, George M. Chaplain, Marian Collins, Charles E. Collins, George W. Collins, Thomas S. Cox, Edwin R., dishonorably discharged September 3d. charged September 3d. Cox, James A. Coleman, John, July 2d. Cohen, Harry, June 17th, discharged without honor July 1st. Denny Edward C, mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private June 13th. Dean, William C. Dunn, Edgar D. Elms, John T. .discharged Oct. 20th. Emory, Mitchell, July 4th. Farnsworth, Millard F. Ferguson, Malcolm Flynn, William L., June 22d Frederick, John O. Greenhawlk, Joseph H. Harris, John W. Higgins, William E. Hirst, John H. Hitch, Robert M., June 30th. Hoffman, Carl J., July 9th. Hughlett, Thomas C. R., JuneiSth. Hurlock, Charles M., discharged without honor August 5th. Hurlock, Walter W. Hynson, Olin T., June 22d. Jefferson, Frank H. Jefferson, Thomas Jones, Roger D., July 2d. Jump, Charles H. Keenan, Harry vS., June i8th. Kelly, Charles E. Kirby, Other F., June 20th. Kittell, Henry A. McGinn, Robert PI., mustered-in as sergeant; reduced to private, January i6th, 1899. Miller, George H. Miller, William H. H. Noble, Fulton, transferred to Hospital Corps December ist. pital Corps December ist. Pilch, Jacob, discharged February 3d, 1899. Porter, Wade T., June 24; discharged January 8th, 1899. charged January 8th, 1899. Popp, Martin Rathell, Charles H. Rawleigh, Robert W., June i8th. Robinson, Joseph M., June i8th. Ross, Clinton G., June i8th. Russell, Elijah J. Schuyler, Charles I). Shaw, Milton, dishonorably discharged September 3d. charged September 3d. Shaw, Walter R., June 23d. Singer, Max G. Sneed, Samuel J. Snyder, Dennis P., July 2d, transferred to Hospital Corps, Decem- ferred to Hospital Corps, December ist, 1898. ber ist, 1898. Spence, William S., July 2d. Spnrry, William E., June iSth. Startt, Martin J. S. Stater, Adolph, July 5th. Stewart, John T. Summers, Clarence A. Tschantre, I^eon E. Warrington, Samuel M. Wirz, Ernest White, George V., June 23d; discharged October 7th. charged October 7th. Wright, Harry A., discharged without honor June 5th. out honor June 5th. Wright, W. S., discharged (disability) August 27th. bility) August 27th. Wrightson Robert T., June 17th. Wyatt, Robert T., June 17th. COMPANY "G" OF ANNAPOLIS. Jfustered-in May ijth. Captain James C. Porter. First Lieutenant Philip E. Porter. Second Lieutenaut George R. Tydings. First Sergeant George T. Tydings. l6 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Quartermaster-Sergeant Joseph T. Geraci, iiiustered-in as private July loth; promoted to quartermaster-sergeant August loth. Sergeant John K. Scherger, niustered-in as first sergeant; returned to sergeant August ist; discharged November 8th. Sergeant Zachariah S. Cranford, Sergeant Edward B. Johnson. Sergeant Alexander Evans. Sergeant John L,. Kerr, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant February ist, 1899. geant February ist, 1899. Corporal George B. Beckley. Corporal Joseph P. Freeman. Corporal Richard H. Steward. Corporal James A. Hopkins. Corporal John H. Esmond. Corporal William V. Beall. Corporal Gustavus W. Rice. Corporal Frank Carroll, niustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Corporal George Reynolds, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. poral August 1st. Corporal Edward W. Meade, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August ist. Corporal John S. vShaw, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st. Corporal William h. Krueger, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal Februarj' ist, 1899. Artificer William H. Smith. Wagoner Richard A. Cranford. Musician Charles A. Ziegler. Musician Walter B. Smith, mustered in as private; appointed musician November 16. PRIVATES. Arrico, Ignacio Edwards, Walter, July 2; discharged Allen, Raymond, June 28; dis- (disability) August i. charged Dec. 23. Elliott, Robert C. Bailey, James V. Eppers, Charles P., July 5. Berry, Thomas FVy, David R. Bertraiid, George S. Fridley, Frederick L. Boyd, Charles Gardow, Herman R. Bland, William E., July 5. Gladden, Bernice W., discharged Blizzard, William 1\., June 28. vSeptember 4. Bowen, IClmer Gossard, INIartin I^. Brooks, James E., July 4. Haniiigau, John J., dischai-ged withBrowii, Basil V.., July 5. out honor December 23. Browii, Basil V.., July 5. out honor December 23. lUank, Andrew, July 2. Hopkins. Arthur W. Buchey, Charles Harris, John T. Cavanaugh, Edward P., July 4; dis- Hauley, Jerome, July 21. charged (disability) Feb. 19, 1899. Hickle, Charles, July 5. Carey, Howard B., June 30. Hoffman, Henry H., deserted SepCase, I'Vancis P. tember 23. Case, I'Vancis P. tember 23. Clark, Theodore .S., July I. Johnson, Henry, deserted Sep. 2^. Crist, Robert O. Johl, Henry Dowling, Patrick J. Jones, John M. Dixon, John Jones, Thomas li. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Joslyn, Eniniett S., discharged (disability) Aug. I. ability) Aug. I. Knadler, John T. King, Harry M. Lamar, George ]., discharged February s, I1599. ruary s, I1599. Leiboldt, William F. Leggett, Clarence Landon, Martin W., June 29. Myers, Fdvvin D. McNeill. Hugh P. Mace, William S. Martin, Thomas G., Martin, George E. Miller, Elmer B. Meeks, Walter R. McCready, Roy J., June 29. McQuay, Lewis O., June 27, Meek, Alexander, July 5. Minary, Joseph O., July 5. Nason, Henr}' C, discharged (disaljility) August i. aljility) August i. Orken, Jacob Powell Roy G. Price, Edward, July 5. Reinhart, George F., transferred to Hospital Corps December i. Sanders, James A., July 5. Schwinger, Charles O. Skelley, John A., July 2; deserted September 23. Sommers, Lawrence G., June 28. Salleys, Orlando T., July 5. Shannon, John W., July 5. Slant, James R., June 28; deserted September 7. Stehle, James J. .discharged Aug. 27. Tuers, Thomas F. Trader, Henry C. Travers, William L. Thomas, Albert Thompson, Robt. L., July 9. Trimble, Walter R., discharged December 10. Welch, Harry E. Wells, George B., discharged October 10. ber 10. Westphal, William H. Watson, Lawrence H. Wherry, Eray C. White, Arthur C, June 28. Wanselben, William G., July 4. Wilhelm, Irwin, June 25. COnPANY "'H" OF BALTinORE. Miistered-iji June 2gth. Captain George F. Haupt. Fii-st Lieutenant, Samuel J. Blight. Second Lieutenant, Charles L. Lyon. First Sergeant Charles W. Binnix. Quartermaster-Sergeant Thomas F. Hand, designated quartermaster-sergeant Jiily 17th. master-sergeant Jiily 17th. Sergeant Harry E. Frisch. Sergeant Herman C. Kassakatis. Sergeant George D. Rine. Sergeant Ernest Owens. Corporal Thomas C. Murry. Corporal William A. Renehan. Corporal Samuel F. Towson. Corporal William T. O'Meara. Corporal Carroll T. Shanahan. Corporal Clarence E. Murrill. Corporal W^illiam Schaefer. Corporal Edgar S. Willis. Corporal Howard L. Rayner. Corporal William Hofnagle, Corporal Henry C. Vansant, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal September ist, 1898. [8 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. Corporal Daniel Crinimins, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal November 2d. poral November 2d. Corporal Nathan Winslow, discharged October 21st. Artificer Albert Thompson. Wagoner Marcellus Hayes, discharged July 8th. Musician Bernard A. Gilchrist. Musician Charles E. Saunders. PRIVATES. Anderson, Lee H. Andrews, Bruce Barnes, William Barnett, Elisha Berber, Emil Beauchamp, Charles Blankner, Edward B. Bobee, John J. Bova, Antony Butler, Howard Byrnes, Michael J. Campbell, Charles M., discharged (disal)ility) August 26. Daley, Benjamin F. Daley, George E. Daniell, James F. Dempster, William W. Dellenger, Lewis L. Disharoon, Thomas M. Dix, Park C. Doering, Louis Delin, Charles T., discharged Aug. 22. Dulaney, Richard, discharged September 15. tember 15. Elbert, John G. Feig, Charles L. P'airall, Edward Fisher, Howard Fox, Edward B. Flaherty, Malcolm, died January 8, 1899. Gahan, John J. Gray, Clarence E. Greenwell, Charles Hahn George Hamburg, Henry C. Heinlein, George Heinz, Frederick F. Hewitt, John W. Hoffman, Lewis M. Hoffman, Frank, discharged Jan. 21, 1899. Holmes, George W., dishonorably discharged Feb. 3, 1S99. Hollyday, Alexander C, died November 22. vember 22. Hosmer, Horace O. Jeffres, Frank J., dishonorably discharged Feb. 24, 1899. charged Feb. 24, 1899. Kaufman, John H., transferred to band Jan. 21. Keenan, Owen Kilmer, Frank L., discharged December 14. cember 14. Larkin, John Leonard, William H. McDermott, Edward McNaney, Albert May, Paul, transferred to band Oct. 21. Matthews, Wm., transferred to band Oct. 31. Monthley, Edward Murphev, Augustus A. O'Kelly', John F. Peacock, James H. Penn, Thomas Phelan, Nicholas Pontier, Harry G. Posej', Edward W. Pasco, Edward, discharged Aug. 28. Saffell, Charles L. Schaaf, Henr}' Schoen, Abraham Sellman, John F. Solen, Joseph Staub, Frank Staisloff, Charles H. Stephens, William Stoll, George Smith, Hynson D. Vogelman, Louis, Vapalecky, Gieton Walker, George H. Walter, Edward S., discharged Aug. 18. Wicklein, John N., discharged October 31. tober 31. Wilson, illiam B., died Sept. 6. Wild, Arthur, deserted Nov. 19. Wilson, Rufus H. Weibe, Otto Weedon, John L. Wigley, Walter Willoughby, Howard H. SPANISH-AMERICAN AaR. I9 COMPANY "I" OF BALTIMORE. Mustered-in June 2gf/i. Captain Frederick I. Mosher. First Lieutenant Charles R. Evans. Second Lieutenant Orville H. Brown. First Sergeant John H. Baylies, mustered-in as sergeant; designated first sergeant September 20th. nated first sergeant September 20th. Quartermaster-Sergeant Charles M. Kemp. Sergeant Richard A. Farley. Sergeant Frank Woesteman. Sergeant Joseph Frittita. Sergeant Benj. Stine, mustered-in as private; promoted sergeant October ist. Corporal Willard B. Poisal, discharged November i8th. Corporal John T. Kilien, discharged January 21, 1899. Corporal John H. Bull, transferred to Hospital Corps December ist. Corporal John Leppert. Corporal John C. McConnell. Corporal Charles S. Duvall. Corporal Edward J. Burns. Corporal Frank H. Worley. Corporal Samuel D. Caskey. Corporal Charles F. Pleines. Corporal Frederick W. Riecke. Corporal Charles J. Earheart, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December ist. Corporal Charles Lorrant, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 7th. poral December 7th. Corporal John Groeller, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 7th. Corporal Harry A. Hann, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal February ist, 1899. poral February ist, 1899. Artificer Earnest R. Slomaker, mustered-in as private; appointed artificer October Wagoner Arthur L. Bronner. Musician William G. Marr, transferred to band October 21. Musician William H. Holtzman. Musician Thomas Humphreys, mustered-in as private; appointed musician January i6th, 1899. PRIVATES. Apps, William Brady, Ernest H. Appel, Conrad Brown, James E. Baldwin, John W. Birkholz, Harry H., mustered-in as Barton, Howard W. corporal; reduced to private Barton, Robert H. Nov. 25. Beatty, Charles W., Jr. Carrick. John W. Beehler, Charles W., discharged Chapell, Neal, Jr. Sept. 26. Clark, Frank J. Bennett, Frank, discharged (disClark, Albert B., mustered-in as Clark, Albert B., mustered-in as ability) Nov. 26. artificer; returned to private Oct. Bevan, John T. i; transferred to band February Boyd, Charles J. I, 1899. Booze, James H. Coffin, Frank K. Booze, William E. Connolly, Joseph W. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. Conn, Lee Corcoran, Henry J. Cooke, Arlington L. Desmond, William G. Dodson, Charles E. Downs, Robert S. Downej", Charles Duckett, Edward F. Duke, Benj. H. Divin, Edward T. Jr., discharged I disability) Feb. 8, 1899. Fink, George F. Forin, Timothy Givvins, William GriflSth, Mortimer C. Grimm, Joseph J., deserted Sept. 9. Foss, William M., discharged Feb. 3, 1899, Harris, Albert E. Hester, Howard Howells, Edward Hoffman, William Irvin, William J., discharged December 20. cember 20. Jacobs, Victor E. Kell, Henry W. Karr, Harr}' V. Karr, Charles M. King, Francis T., discharged Jan. 24, 1899. Korder, John H., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private Oct. i Krastell, Joseph H. Kissner, Joseph C. Lattimore, John H. Lampman, John Lewis, David C. LeFebre, Louis P. Lohman, George E., discharged, (disability) Feb. 8, 1899. McElroy, Leo J. ^lilhouse, Charles H. Morris, Alonzo Moore, Joseph A., transferred to band Nov. i. Meyer, John G. Mu'th, John Pettibone, Philip H. Purnell, Howard T. Pyle, Eugene C, discharged December 14. cember 14. Schieve, Joseph L. Sauers, Paul F. vSanks, Thomas H., discharged Dec. 5. Schrivener. Benj. Smith, Elliott Sowers, John H. Sylvester, William W. Stamper, John W., discharged Feb. 4, 1899. Twichell, Erwin Tischler, Philip Watts, Cardiff, T. Winchester, William T. White, Clinton A. Woog, Alfred Yealdhall, Erwin S., Jr. COMPANY "K" OF ROCKVILLE. Mustered-in May ijt/i. Captain Samuel Riggs of R. First Lieutenant William H. Lamar, discharged June 25th. First Lieutenant Otho H. W. Talbott, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted first lieutenant July 6th. tenant; promoted first lieutenant July 6th. Second Lieutenant Charles Alvey, mustered-in as corporal Company "B"; promoted second lieutenant July 6th. pany "B"; promoted second lieutenant July 6th. First Sergeant Lynn M. Campbell. Quartermaster-Sergeant Maurice J. Claggett, discharged September 2ISt. ber 2ISt. Quartermaster-Sergeant David Loughborough, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant October ist; designated quartermaster sergeant October ist. master sergeant October ist. Sergeant Benj. D. Chambers, discharged September nth. Sergeant Richard P. Wliiteley, discharged September ist. Sergeant P'rank C. Braddock. Sergeant William Reading. Sergeant Richard Lay, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st; promoted sergeant October ist. Sergeant Nathan C. Stiles, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August i; promoted sergeant October i. poral August i; promoted sergeant October i. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 21 Corporal Thomas J. Garrett, discharged June 4. Corporal Berry E. Clark, discharged September 17th. Corporal Edwin H. Eshleman, discharged January 24th, 1899. Corporal Milton J. Ernest, discharged September 22d. Corporal Preston B. Ray, discharged September nth. Corporal Hynson V. Clark, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st; discharged October 17th. poral August 1st; discharged October 17th. Corporal Augustus Lay, muslered-in as private; promoted corporal August 1st; discharged September nth. poral August 1st; discharged September nth. Corporal Calvin C. Swonnstedt, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August ist; discharged October 6th. Corporal James Benson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist; discharged October 17th. Corporal Hugh F. O'Donnell, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist; discharged November 6th. Corporal George E. Hicks. Corporal William R. Brewer, transferred to U. S. Signal Corps July Sth Corporal Guy Stonestreet, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist. poral October ist. Corporal Marion L. Appleby, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist. Corporal Richard Talbott, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist. poral October ist. Corporal Alex. C. McGilvey, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 19th. Corporal Richard F. Gleason, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal December 19th. Corporal Burt M. Rayback, mustered-in as private July 21st; promoted corporal December 19th. moted corporal December 19th. Artificer James E. Eckman. Wagoner John C. Finnety, dishonorably discharged January 2Sth, 1899. Musician Burton Garrett, transferred to band October 21st. Musician William O. Hugh. PRIVATES. Andrews, Edward B., transferred Dan, William to band Oct. 31. Darnley, Robert, June 17. Bacon, Richard D., discharged Jan. Davis, George H. 14, 1899. Delehant}-, Charles J. Beall, Jasper M., discharged Oct. 11. Deetor, June 25; discharged Aug. 15. Baughman, Frank C. Doucette, Thomas. Brady, Clarence L. Eckstorm, John Brooks, Edward Everett, William, June 17. Burger, Herbert B. Fergusson, Oscar A, Carter, George W., dishonorably Ferguson, Robert H;., July 6. discharged Aug. 4. Fergusson, William C, June 30. Clark, Harrj^ C, June 18. Fergusson, James, discharged AuCollins, Ernest M., discharged Jan. gust 15. Collins, Ernest M., discharged Jan. gust 15. 9, 1899. Fleck, William R., June 29. Conolly, John Griffith, Ulysses Cooley, Charles T. Holbrunner, Frank T. Conick, Pvdwin Holland, William, transferred to Curtiss, William W., discharged U. S. Hospital Corps, Dec. i. Oct. 27. Hollis, Perry B. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Hook, John C. Howard, Frank IM. Hershberger, Harry, June 17. Jacobs, Samuel J., June 20. Jeffries, Joseph K., July 6. Kinsler, Joseph J., June 29; deserted Oct. 13. Keech, Stephen, June 17. Kemp, George McFarlin, Archibald, June 18, died Sept. 28. Mackley, Harry F., June 29. McDonald, Robert C, June 20. McSweeney, Michael, June 29. Millican, Benj. F., mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 31; reduced to private Dec. 17; discharged Jan. 18, 1899. Morgan, John, June 17; discharged Nov. 30. Moore, William H., June 2t; deserted Sept. S. serted Sept. S. Meyers, Herbert W., discharged Sept. 3. Mott, William E., June 29. Morton, Andrew F., June 29. Mouldeu, -- July 22. Noughton, Joseph, June 17; deserted Nov. 8. serted Nov. 8. Neidhart, John F., June 18. Orniand, Richard B. Poss, William Powell, John R., June 21. Ross, R. Douglass, discharged Jan. 31, 1899. Reed, Milton Russell, Charles H. Stater, William L., discharged Oct. 14. Souder, Melvin H., deserted Dec. 2. Scherrer, Philip Smith, Alonzo M., July 6. Smith, Harrv Z. Smith, William H. Z. Soper, Lewis W. Stafford, James A., June 18. Stang, George W. Talbott, Thomas M., discharged Sept 5Teeter, June 21; discharged (dis Teeter, June 21; discharged (dis ability) Jan 2.5, 1899. Troy, Charles C, dishonorabh- discharged March 3, 1899. charged March 3, 1899. Troup, Harry Turner, Asa K., June 18. Vogel, William W^ard, George R. Wi throw, William J. W^olf, John L. Zeamen, Herman COMPANY "L" OF BALTIMORE. 3/ustered-in June 2gtli. Captain Andrew W. Feuss. First Lieutenant Charles Hahn, discharged August 3d, 1898. First Lieutenant Ernest W. Fetzer, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted first lieutenant September 23d. ant; promoted first lieutenant September 23d. Second Lieutenant H. Clay M. Supplee, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted second lieutenant September 23d. First Sergeant Wade H. Wheeley, mustered-in as sergeant; appointed first sergeant September 23d. pointed first sergeant September 23d. Quartermaster-Sergeant Lionel E. Bernstein. Sergeant vSamuel H. Lane. Sergeant Frank J. Totzauer. Sergeant George S. Meyer, sergeant September ist. Sergeant Thomas A. Kelly sergeant October ist. Corporal Henry E. Duckstcin, discharged November 3otli. Corporal George IL Hunimel, discharged December 4th. Corporal Joseph J. Struck, transferred to band November ist. Corporal Charles M. Albert, deserted September 14th. Corporal John W. Hessler. Corporal Charles \. Beachamp. Corjioral James F". Donohue. mustered-in as corporal, promoted mustered-in as cori)oral; promoted SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Corporal John A. Sinister, niustered-iii as private; promoted corporal September 1st. poral September 1st. Corporal John B. Frej-, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist. Corporal Otto E. Smith, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal November 2d. poral November 2d. Corporal August E. Lenz, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal November 2d. poral November 2d. Corporal Elbert Robosson, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal November 2d. poral November 2d. Corporal Charles L. Loomis, mustered-in as sergeant; reduced to private August 9th; promoted corporal January i, 1899. Corporal Jeremiah O'Donavan, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal January ist, 1899. Corporal Joseph Collier, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal January ist, 1899. poral January ist, 1899. Corporal David T. Small, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal January ist, 1899. poral January ist, 1899. Artificer George Youse. Wagoner James R. Hinkle. Musician Norris D. Sellman, transferred to band December 7th. Musician Joseph C. Steel. Musician Michael Krisman, mustered-in as private; appointed musician January 31st, 1899. PRIVATES. Airey, Elias W. Amos, William G. Anderson, Adam Anderson, John Barker, Benjamin A. Beale, George F. Black, George F". Blume, George, discharged (disability) Feb. 18, 1899 bility) Feb. 18, 1899 Buehner, Hugo G. Callender, George A., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private Oct. 17 Check, Joseph Clark, Walter C. Coneannon, James Connolle}', Thomas Cooksie, Charles W. Cromer, John H. Cunningham, Edward T. Dahl, William L.Jr. Daile}-, Louis E Donelson, Alexander Dreyer, deserted Sept. 23 Duvall, William W. Eder, Francis L.. dishonorably discharged Feb. 23, 1899 charged Feb. 23, 1899 Eslinger, George Gearhart, John K. Girvin, Robert L. Gunzelman, John Hancock, William A. Hartman, Edward Harvey, Warner H. Hay, Alexander G. Heiger, Charles H. Hellmeyer, Frederick C. Henderson, Ernest H., deserted Sept. 25 Hudson, William E. Hyland, George T. Jett, Augustus Jones, Joseph A., Jr. Kein, Joseph, deserted Nov. 11 Kilbourne, Alfred E. Kirchheimer, Soloman J. Kittron, Edward H. Knouff, William H. Lavy, George F. Law, Thomas Lee, William G., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private Jan. I. 1899 Legg, James H. Little, John T. Litz, George H. Long, Alfred A. Ludner, Morris Lumberson, Edward M. Merriken, Charles C. Moore, Frank R. B. Mulford, Enoch D. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Muller, John G. Pease George H. Peacock, Joseph, dishonorabl}' discharged Dec. 12 charged Dec. 12 Pilker, Thomas A. Pruitt, William B. Riemau, John T. Rinehardt, Michael Robb, Thomas E. Riipp, Henry Shook, Harry H. Shoeman, Benj., discharged (disability) Feb. 6, 1899 ability) Feb. 6, 1899 Strehleiu, John Stump, Charles H. Tierney, William Tipton, Joshua W. Wheatley, Thomas B. Wilson, James F. Wooden, George C. Woolsey, William A Wyant, William N. Whytne}-, John, deserted September 25. ber 25. COnPANY "M" OF BALTIMORE. Muster ed-in June 2gth. Captain Louis Schmidt. First Lieutenant Robert S. Chenoweth, discharged August 30th. First Lieutenant Harry E. Haynes, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted first lieutenant September2oth. tenant; promoted first lieutenant September2oth. Second Lieutenant Howard S. Bokee, mustered-in as first sergeant Company "I;" promoted second lieutenant; transferred geant Company "I;" promoted second lieutenant; transferred to Company "M" September 20th. First Sergeant John A. Bendevald. Quarter-master-Sergeant Edward C. Johnson. Sergeant Walter A. Raleigh, discharged August 28th. Sergeant Charles W. Smith, discharged October 7th. Sergeant Robert W. Bradley. Sergeant William H. McCabe. Sergeant George A. Frederick, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant October ist. moted sergeant October ist. Sergeant John T. Fairbank, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist; promoted sergeant October 31st. Corporal Charles B. Scholz, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal October ist; discharged (disability) February 7th, 1899. Corporal James J. Dougherty. Corporal William H. Moffett. Corporal Thomas B. Wood. Corporal George H Robinson. Corporal Harry G. Bunting. Corporal Harry L. Leighton. Corporal John J. Owens. Corporal Charles P. Dougherty, musteredcorporal October ist. corporal October ist. Corporal Frederick F. Dushane, musteredmoted corporal October ist. moted corporal October ist. Corporal William O. Hopson, mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private; promoted corporal October 31st. Corporal Robert J. Lyman; mustered-in as artificer; returned to private October ist; promoted corporal October 31st. Artificer Henry Rolirbach, mustered-in as private; appointed artificer October ist. lias private; promoted as private; proSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. transferred to band NovemWagoner George E. Horist. Wagoner George E. Horist. Musician Clarence E. Dougherty, ber 1st. Musician Albert Sorrell, mustered-in as private; appointed musician October 2d. cian October 2d. Musician Jacob Barman, mustered-in as private; appointed musician November ist. cian November ist. PRIVATES. Albright, J. Andrew Amos, James J. Andrews, William B. Bader, Charles A. Baum, Harry Bentz, John D. Bosley, William G., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private; dishonorably discharged Jan. 29, honorably discharged Jan. 29, 1S99. Boyd, Ennis Burgess, Harry Black, William J. Brooks, Charles H. Burkhead, W. B. Buttner, George Butz, Frederick J. Cassell. William H. Carey, Evan R., mustered-in as musician; returned to private Oct. 28. sician; returned to private Oct. 28. Clay, Fred C. Crawford, Grafton C. Culbertson, Samuel Davidson, Harvey Driver, Cyrus A., deserted Oct. 18. DeKubber, Charles H., deserted Oct. 18. Freburger, George A. Fuller, Harry I. Olazer, Herman Gregorius, William F. Greenhood, Louis Guerke, Charles F. Gwilliam, John W. Gardner, John R., discharged October 13. tober 13. Hagerty, Francis P. Hamberg, James E. Hartman, Casper C, deserted November 24. vember 24. Hedeman, Walter R. Helms, Frank V. Hendricks, F. M. Hilgerman, Henry Hopkins, William O. Hughes, Patrick F. Hull, John S. Jacob, John R. Jones, Louis C. Jones, Walter C, died Aug. 18. Kaiser, Harrj' Kinkaid, George F. Kline, Harry Kline, John Krager, Joseph Koppelman, Henry A., died Nov. 19. Low, Royden T. Malone, Edward, deserted Jan. 28, 1899. Miller, Abraham Miller, William Minor, Frank W. Mittnacht, Benjamin A. Montgomery, Louis F. McMahon, Thos., deserted Dec. 22. Noakes, Harvey C. Patterson, Charles Rayner, Edward Rohm, Fred A. Rout, Raymond Sauerwald, William T. vShober, Vance S., deserted Jan. 28, 1899. Sneideman, Morris, discharged without honor Aug. 28. Snyder, Wesley P. Stromer, Max Stiffler, Haves Talbott, William F. Thompson, James Tracey, Ernest C, deserted Nov. 24. LTpton, John A. Uhlenberg, William E. Vance, Edward Voigt, Henry Whalen, William, dishonorably discharged Feb. 25, 1899. charged Feb. 25, 1899. Walker, Charles C. Wilson, Frank Wohner, George Zerrlaut, Joseph Fifth Rkoi^vient. The Fifth Regiment assembled at Pimlico on April 25th, 1898. It was mustered into the United States service on May 14th, and left by rail for Chickamauga Park, Ga., on May 19th, arriving on the 21st. It left on June 2d for Tampa, Fla., which they reached June 5th. The Regiment camped on Tampa Heights from July 31st to August 1 8th, when it proceeded to Huntsville Ala., remaining there until September 5th, when it was ordered to Baltimore. It reached Baltimore on September 7th, and was furloughed for thirty days from September nth, at the end of which time it was mustered-out. The date of the muster-in of all soldiers who were not mustered-in with their companies follows their name immediately. tered-in with their companies follows their name immediately. All the dates occur in the year 1898. FIELD AND STAFF. Miistered-in May 14th. Colonel Robert D. Coale. Lieutenant-Colonel William D. Robinson. Major Clinton L. Riggs. Major Henry M. Warfield. Major Louis M. Rawlings. Major and Surgeon John G. Jay. Captain and Assistant-Surgeon Samuel G. Davis, Jr. Captain and Assistant-Surgeon Thaddeus W. Clark. Chaplain John W. Elliott. Adjutant and First Lieutenant Samuel J. Poe. Quartermaster and First Lieutenant Edward C. Johnson. Battalion Adjutant and First Lieutenant Mark A. Herbert. Battalion Adjutant and First Lieutenant Henry G. Riggs, mustered -in May 28th. tered -in May 28th. Surgeant-Major George D. Johnson. Quartermaster-Sergeant Watson B. Randall. Hospital Steward Robert L. Feltz. Hospital Steward James R. Allen. Hospital Steward Hall Caldwell. Chief Musician Ferdinand Czarnosky. Principal Musician Henry M. Brown, mustered-iu as musician Company "K;" appointed principal musician May 16. Principal Musician William E. Davis. Battalion Sergeant-Major George W. Kaesemeyer. 28 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Battalion Sergeant-Major Charles Carroll. Battalion Sergeant-Major William M. Fenton, musteredin as private Company "G;" promoted to battalion sergeant-major August 24. COMPANY A. ' Captain Robert B. Bowie. First Lieutenant Frank Campbell. Second Lieutenant Raphael S. Boone. First Sergeant Kirby Emory. Quartermaster Sergeant Robinson C. Watters. Sergeant Clarence R. Diffenderfer. Sergeant Philip W. Wroe. Sergeant Harry M. Hutton. Sergeant Charles A. Maclien. Corporal Bruce Robinson. Corporal Joseph C. Mullin. Corporal Claude M. Boggs. Corporal Carter L. Bowie. Corporal William H. Garner. Corporal Frank H. Phelps. Corporal Thomas M. Ward, discharged June ist, 1898. Corporal Martin G. Gill, Jr., mustered-in as private; promoted corporal May 14th. Corporal Fielder C. Slingluff, Jr., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private May 14th; promoted corporal July 2d. Artificer Robert P. McClelland. Wagoner Jarrett E. Hutchins. Musican Edward F. Bell. Musician William T. Morrison. PRIVATES. Arthur, Frank S. Butler, Percy W. Adams, Irving Bujac, John, June 21. Anderson, William E. Bauman, George O., June 22. Brady, Upton S. Boykin, William J., Jr., June 21. Baetjer, Charles H., mustered-out Chase, Walter W. Nov. II. Carter, William, discharged June i. Baker, Leonard P. Cushing, Francis C. Baker Harry J. Chesley, Warren G. Baker, Julian C. Combs, Benjamin Bonsall, James P. Chaney James S., June 22. Buchanan, Thomas G. Carroll, Thomas, M., June 24. Boykin, Thomas W., mustered-out Cavanaugh, James B., June 22. Nov. 7. Cockey, Randolph, June 21. Beaumont, Daniel A. Davis, William S. Bispham, William M., discharged Davis, Marion B. August 26. Dangerfield, Reverdy J. Blankcnship, William A. Dorsey, Ivzekial S. Baer, Artliur P. Dulaney, Grafton L. Barton, Jolm F. Donaldson, Louis N., mustered-out Ball, William !*;., mustered-out Nov. 5. Nov. 7. Fenwick, Harry M. l^rown, George, June 21. Farmer Frank L, June 21. Barry, Harry S., June 23. Gable, Joseph SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Groff, Guy B. Groot, Alfred J. Gale, John M., June 22. Hulse, Frank V. Hollander, Frank M. Hamilton, George A. Hurtt, Henry B. Hoffacker, Charles F., June 22. Hess, William vS. , June 22. Hudson, James M., June 23. Heideger, Jacob, June 22. Jarvis, Hamlet, Jr., Kapp, John B., mustered-out Nov. 5. Kennard, William 11. Kennard, Henry W., transferred to Hospital Corps July i. Kunkel, George R., June 22. King, Robert L, June 21. Kastner, James J., June 21; died August 22. Ivowry, John M., June 22. Liese, Edgar A., June 22. Lippincott, John, Jr. Miles, Richard T. Maddock, Richard C. Morrison, Charles R. W. Moore, Ignatius G., June 22, mustered-out Nov. 25. tered-out Nov. 25. McBee, Lee K., June 23. Nicholas, Harold G. Poe. William C, Jr. Parker, John D. Parker, Herbert J., June 22. Phillips, Joseph E., June 23. Ramsay, Charles R., mustered out Aug.^6. Robinson, John A., mustered-out Nov. 9. Robinson, William C, June 24. Rossiter, Horace L., June 22. Scott, James T. Slingluff, Thomas R. Symington, William W. Stratmeyer, Harry E., June 21. Trippe, Richard R. Thomas, Edward O. Tighe, Thomas, June 21. Valentine, Edward A. U., June i. Warner, Walter B. Wylie, Harry H. Whitman, Frank Williams, Roger, June 23. Wolfe, Thomas M., died Aug. 22. COMPANY "B." Captain Charles W.Jackson, mustered-out November 12th. First Lieutenant Henry T. Daly. Second Lieutenant Thomas S. Janney. First Sergeant Leo F. Dwyer. Quartermaster-Sergeant Walter T. Lucas. Sergeant Clement A. Bauers. Sergeant Edward T. Sheil, Jr. Sergeant James E. Gray. Sergeant Joseph F. Sherman. Corporal Denis P. L. Bergin. Corporal John B. T. Reed. Corporal Thomas H. Campbell. Corporal Lamar H. Stuart. Corporal Isaac Goldenberg. Corporal James C. ZoUinhofer. Corporal Gilbert P. Drew. Corporal Mortimor S. Lawrence, Jr. Artificer George W. Dolch. Wagoner James B. Cadogan. Musician John T. Bishop. Musician Milton W. Most. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS PRIVATES, Angel, Samuel R., June 21. Bishop, Loman Brown, Custer K., mustered-out Dec. I. Beall, Willia<ni F. Bafford, Edward C, June 21. Barnes Hugh A., June 22. Cathcart, William A. Cross, Philip N. Crawford, Fletcher O. Colbert, Robert J. Campbell, Leo T. Collins, John I., June 23. Chiswick, William, June 22. Cook, George, died Sept. 10, Dukehart, Mack J. Davis, Wilson Dove, James H. Dougherty, Charles M., June 21. Davis, Giles, June 22. Forrester, Charles G. Forrester, Frank Feldpush, George Fridinger, Racha J. A. Ferguson, Charles, June 21. Gauss, Gustav A. Greshani, Henry H. Gutt, Frederick Green, George W., June 22. Halper, Charles J., transferred to Hospital Corps July i. Herbert, John D. Ilarnjan, Harry K. Hubbard, William E., June 21. Hohman, Peter C, Jr., June 22. James, John H. Jorss, Charles, June 22; musteredout Nov. 14. out Nov. 14. Keyes, Alfred A. Keenan, John D. Keating, Michael Krichten, John Kurtz, Thomas J., June 23. Lewis, Arthur I\L Locker, George Lephardt, Henry A., June 22. Langhirt, Andrew W., June 22; died Sept. 10. COMPANY "C." Captain Elbert Thomsen. First Lieutenant Gustave W. Ridgely. Second Lieutenant Owen Norris, Jr. First Sergeant Reginald I. Tonrj^ mustered-in as sergeant; appointed first sergeant August ist. Mifflin, Edward E. Mauler, George Meyers, William F. Milbourne, Harr}- E. McLain, Isaac E., transferred to Hospital Corps, July 14. Xoonan, James A. Newberry, John G., June 22. Osterkamp, Frederick Osterkamp, Jerome, died June 19. Ormand, Michael F. Ott, John H., June 21; discharged without honor July 27. Ott, George Prell, Leonard H. Patterson, Daniel W., June 21. Rouse, Linn M. Ray, Robert Respess, Frank B. Richstein, William H. Ryan, William R., June 21. Roberts, Edgar A., June 21. Raum, Leonard, June 21. Rezek, James W., June 22. Stassfort, Louis Staley, Byron E. Simon, Rudolph W. Seicke, John H. Simmons, Robert F. Simmons, Richard T. Swartz, Andrew J. Spilker, William M. Shaffer, Frank B. Smith, James H., June 21. Shaw, George H., June 21. Thalheimer, William F. Vocke, Liidolph B., June 23. W^alker, John Wj-nn, Joseph M. Wyville, Frank B. Watts, John PL, June 24. W'ehrheim, Edward C. June 21. Wallace, Lewis B., June 22, Wells, Nathaniel B., June 21. Ziegler, Reginald R., June 22. Zulauff. Ivdward Quartermaster sergeant Gabriel F. Fox Sergeant Caris W. Richardson, musteredrcturncd to sergeant August ist. rcturncd to sergeant August ist. as first sergeant; SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Sergeant Oscar Morgauroth. Sergeant Frank Harris. Sergeant Stanley Sanders. Corporal John F. Moody. Corporal Paul Wilruer. Corporal James M. Fitzpatrick. Corporal Charles H. vSchultz. Corporal Alexander Warley, Jr. Corporal William H. Schad. Corporal William D. Feldmeyer. Corporal William H. Garing. Artificer Daniel A. Ford. Wagoner Henry A. Prosser, mustered-in as private; appointed wagoner May 30th. Musician Leonard V. Gordon, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal May 14th; reduced to private and appointed musican May 17th at his request. Musician Edwin J. Wyatt, mustered-in as private; appointed musician Ma}- 17th. PRIVATES. Ackers, Joseph, discharged June 13 Alexander, William W., June 21. Bowen, James H. Breed, Gaston P. Berganiini, Thomas L. Bean, James N., June 21. Brumble, Byron F., June 23 Boyer, Thomas H., June 21. Blosser, James M., June 22. Corrigan, George F. Carter, Robert G., June 22. Cole, Lewis W., June 22. Creighton, Vernon H. DeLuca, Joseph Dodd, Troylis Donaldson, Elmer H. Donnan, Andrew S. Dorney, Albert, June 22; discharged without honor Aug. 26. Ernst, William Fairchild, Harry C. Gable, William Gash, Charles F. June 21. Gewecke, Charles H. Gerbes, William Graham, James D., Jr. Henderson, Charles L., June 21. Higgiston, Thomas Hill, James A., June 21. Hoffman, William H. Hooper Joseph H., June 21. Hooper, William N., June 22. Hubbel, Joseph S., June 22. Hudgins, Charles J. Jack, James W. Jackson, Nicholas Johnson, William C, June 21. Kelly, Thomas Kelly, James W. Kelly, Edward Kelly, James R., June 21. Keefe, Frank Kilduff, Hubert M., June 21. Kohl, John J. Leister, Bradley A. Lockwood, Frank, June 22. McCurley, Harry C. Mass, William E., June 21. Madden, Martin J. Madden, James J. Martin, John E., June 21. Markley, George F. Mangold, William Mills, Thomas D. Mittendorf, Percy C, June 22. Mordecai, William Moore, Edward, June 22. Mulligan, Joseph S., June 21. Newberry, Milton W. O'Connor, Edward Owens, William Plumhoff, John H., discharged (disability) July 26. ability) July 26. Pearce, John B. Pelkey, Henry Rossa, Augustus, June 21. Ran, Ferdinand Reid, Howard N. 32 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Roberts, Arthur E. Truitt, John H. Rutter, Harry G. Waed, Hamlet vSauuders, John W., June 22. Walsh, James G. Samsell, John :M., discharged (dis- Warder, Eugene ability) Aug. 8. West, Rogers S., June 23. Scott, Frank H. Wylie, Frank, June 23. Snyder, Charles H. Williams, Walter R. Spitzer, Roy E. Wilhelm, John H. Smith, Ferdinand P., June 22. Wolfe, Frank B. Stearns, John D., June 24. Wright, Henry M. Thompson, Harry F. Wynn, Edward Thompson, Harry F. COMPANY "D." Captain Edward D. Warfield. First Lieutenant Lay Bryan. Second Lieutenant James E. Hancock. First Sergeant George Steinman. Quartermaster Sergeant Harry C. Livingston. Sergeant Alfred W. Wood. Sergeant Thomas J. Younger. Sergeant Thomas H. Gaskins. Sergeant Richard L. Bernard, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant July 15. moted sergeant July 15. Corporal Giles J. O'Brien. Corporal Trueman vSwain. Corporal Austin Deleckso. Corporal Leo J. Ritter. Corporal O.scar McNemar. Corporal Harrj^ N. Brown, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 15th. poral July 15th. Corporal William J. Vaughn, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal July 15th. Corporal John Gibbons, mustered-in as private; appointed corporal July 15th. poral July 15th. Artificer Andrew C. Hoffman. Wagoner John W. Eubank, Jr. Musician Harry H. Frazier. Musician Sanford H. Shaw, mustered-in as private Company "L"; transferred and appointed musician May rgth. PRIVATES. Armsworthy, William INIcE. Cocky, John T., June 24; musteredBarry, John J. out Nov. 14. Barry, John J. out Nov. 14. Birckhcad, C. Edgar Cann, George E., transferred to Brown, Leroy E., June 21. Hospital Corps July 8. Brownley, John Cox, Washington S., June 22. 15roi)hy, Joseph II., June 21. Craggs, Ross W. Boyle, Mich.'iel J., June 21. Dailey, Frank I)., June 22. Byrnes, Thomas Davidson, Charles L. Cashman, John J. Dill, Ro])ert H., June 21. Childs, Lawrence Diven, hrank S., June 21. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Dorsey, Charles K. Dougherty, Bernard Duchesney, William D. Egan, Michael Erler, George R. Farron, Patrick J. Fluhart, Charles E. Frey, James L., Jr. Fry, William \V. B., mustered-in as corporal; reduced to private July 15Gallagher, Joseph H. Gallagher, Joseph H. Gralley, Leouhard Granger, Wm. E. Happel, Lawrence A. Harrison, John E. Hax, Edward P., uiustered-in as corporal; reduced to private July 15Hartlove, Dwight D ,June 22. Hartlove, Dwight D ,June 22. Hewitt, Stephen D. Heimerdinger, Albert, June 22. Ing, William M. Kappen, George I*. Kibby, William King, Frank J. Knell, Joseph K. Knell, ^Michael, June 21. Loudenslager, Thos. E., June 21. Lich, Henry, June 21. Lotz, Philip C. L}'nch, Thomas C. Markwalder. Henrv M. Maydwell, Charles'G. Maxwell, Robert W., mustered-in as sergeant; reduced to private July 15Meisel, John Meisel, John Mettee, William H. Miller, George O., June 22. McCarthy, Joseph M., June 21. McConnell, James J. McCubbin, Wm. H., Juue 22. IMcGuigan, Roger, June 21. IMcKenzie, Walter T., June 21. McKenna, John F., June 21. Norman, John M. W. Norton, Wm. S., June 22. Palmer, John H., June 22. Pearson, 'm. Petzold, Charles P., died Aug. 21 Raymond, Theodore Rowland, Wm. Y=.. Robinson, Addison E. Rupp,John, discharged. vScates, J. DeFord Schultheis, John W. Seymour, John B. Seibert, Wm. Smith, Louis South, Howard D. Spann, Nicholas Stephenson, John J. Stephenson, James P. Storey, Norman H., Jr. Steiss, George Thompson, William F. Turner, Wm. F., June 22. Wagner, Frederick A. Warheld, :\Iilton W., Jr. Watts, Albert H., June 22. Ward, Andrew R., June 22. Wittgreffe, Wm., Jr. Whalen, James H., June 21. COMPANY "E.' Captain John Hinkley First Lieutenant William P. Holmes. Second Lieutenant Thomas R. Thomas. First Sergeant Eugene S. Miles. Quartermaster-Sergeant Frederick C. Philpitt, Jr., mustered-out November nth. Sergeant Louis Lottes. Sergeant Stuart Smith. Sergeant Edwin O. Wright. Sergeant James C. Landstreet, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant September 14th; mustered-out December i6th. Sergeant Maurice R. Hopkins, died September 12th. Corporal Walter C. Armacost, mustered-out November 8th. Corporal Charles G. Black. Corporal Charles W. Boteler. Corporal Frank M. Meisel. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Corporal James C. White. Corporal Harry A. Disbreaux. Corporal Robert W. Messenger. Corporal James S. McSherry. Artificer Louis D. Binnix, Jr. Wagoner James P. M. Crouch. Musician Daniel Kurz. Musician Harrv H. Short. PRIVATES. Allen John T., June 21. Barker, Milton L. Barroll, Frederick A., June 21. Bornschuer, John, June 21. Borrows, William H., Jr. Bowen, Harry W. Chrystal, Victor M. Clayton, Albert T., June 21. Clements, Embert V. Collier, Ellsworth B. Collier, Thomas H. Comerford, Thomas Davis, Charles C. DeGuise, Carroll, June 21. Donich, Frank Doyle, John J., transferred to Hospital Corps. pital Corps. Fairman, John A., June 21. Ford, John H., dishonorably discharged September 2. charged September 2. Foreman, Custer B. Gantriss, James E. Garlinger, Dixon N. Garrettson, Jerrald F. Garrettson, William H. Haney, Walker F. Harris, John W., Jr. Hecker, Meyer, June 22. Hickman, William A. Hill, William I. Jones, Tilden S. Joyce, Charles 1'., June 21. Kemphaus, Frederick, June 21. Kane, John Kimball, Daniel, June 21. Kraft, Harry J., June 22. Landon, Robert H. Lenger, Frank, June 22. Lertz, Charles A. Lewis, Jerome B., June 23. Lion, Bernard Lund, John A., June 22. Lyons, William Machin, Lorin O. Mallonee, Guy, June 21. Maloney, Benjamin C, June 22; mustered-out Nov. 5. Martin, Daniel M. Martin, William A. McLaughlin, Owen McKenna, John J., June 22. McKewen, William F., June 21. IMelber, Frederick, June 22; mustered-out Nov. 14. tered-out Nov. 14. Meyer, Frederick, June 22. Montague, Frank H. Neal, Nicholson R. Neilson, William E. O'Rourke, James W., June 22. Owings, Basil E. Patterson, Frederick B., lance corporal, Jul}- 10; mustered-out JSfo- poral, Jul}- 10; mustered-out JSfovomber i. vomber i. Parker, Joseph E. Parsons, John R. Phipps, Wilton L. Porter, Charles F. Pratt, William P., June 23. Richter, Augustus Roach, Charles H., mustered-out Nov. II. Rother, Lewis, June 21. Rush, William L., Jr. Shaeffer, Frank F., June 21. Schneider, Frederick, June 23. Scully, Thomas P., Jr. Smith, Norman J. Smith, Robert R. Stewart, George F. Sullivance, Vans M., lance corporal, July 10. Sutters, George W., June 22. Switz.er, Benjamin !#"., June 21. Torbet, John H. Turner, James R. Valentine, Harry M., June 23. Walton, Charles's., Aug. 7. Weems, Theophilus E. Whelan, James, June 22. White, Charles H., mustered-out Nov. II. Wiley, John, lance corporal, July 10 Wilson, Robert E. Wirth. I-rank J. Wood, Adam L., Jr. Ziegler, Horace T. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 35 COMPANY "F." Captain Charles D. Gaither. First Lieutenant Francis E. Riggs, June 29th. Second Lieutenant Samuel E. Conradt. First Sergeant Henry S. Barrett. Quartermaster-Sergeant Boyd G. Belt, died August 9th. Quartermaster-Sergeant George W. Harding, designated quartermaster-sergeant August 15th. master-sergeant August 15th. vSergeant Lewis Mahaffey. Sergeant Thomas C. Belt. Sergeant William F. Schepler. Sergeant John P. Pee, Jr. Corporal John A. Danzeglock. Corporal Albert A. White, Jr., died August 26tli. Corporal William A. McKnight. Corporal William S. Carr, Jr. Corporal Elmer C. Bullock. Corporal Thomas K. Owings. Corporal Daniel W. Cochran. Corporal William A. Stauf, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal August 15th. poral August 15th. Artificer Louis E. Bender, mustered-in as private; appointed artificer July 1st. ficer July 1st. Wagoner Allen P. Rogers. Musician Frederick W. Abbis. Musician Charles S. Ammel, June 2d. PRIVATES. Baden, Frank A. Dresler, John, June 22. Bart, August, June 21. * Dunn, Charles H. E. Beazley, William L., June 22. Dunn, Rudolph W. Boucher, Carlos Duvall. William F. mustered-out Boucher, Louis A., mustered-out Nov. 8. Nov. 14. Einwachter, William Bradyhouse, Henry J., June 2. Ford, William C, June 22. Brittingham, Granville W. Garber, Ira A. Buckler, James V. Gerard, Joseph, mustered-in as Burke, Charles E., Jr. artificer; returned to private July i Burke, Harry W. Gilbert, Reed C. Burton, Clifton S., June 21. Givan, James E. Burroughs, James R. Gorman, Bernard J. Bledsoe, Robert L. Greble, William H. Bobart, Charles, June 21; deserted Griffith, Guy H. Aug. II. Grevis, David W., transferred to Calver, Charles H., June 21. Hospital Corps July i. Causey, Randolph, R. Harmen, Frank L. Campbell, George B., June 22. Harkins, John N. Clark, John, June 21. Heaps, Jacob B. Cochran, Robert S., ' Heise, Rutherford B. Coffman, Bernie Henderson, George G. Crosby, Howard Heins, John B. Curtis, Clayton O., June 22. Hoffman, Eugene Dixon, Charles A., June 22. Heird, Andrew J. SOLDIEKS AND SAILORS Ireton, John F. Johnson, Frederick J. Johnson, Henry B. Johnson, Henry N., died Sept. 14. Johnson, George S. Keene, John V. Kelly, John F. Kelly, Peter F., June 21. Kennedy, Edward J. Kennedy John Kernan, David R., June 21. Laurent, Frank J., June 22. Leykeni, John A., June 21. Marshall, Louis B. McGlenn, John A., June 22. McK night, Harry P. Mears, William R. Mules, Charles F. O'Brien, Peter J. O'Brien, William Powers, James W. Pritchett, Orlando W. Renehan, Patrick, June 22. Ray, Guy Richardson, John X. Read, Lindley E., June 21. Rubl, Maurice Robinson, Howard, June 21. vShanaman, Zadock M. Sturgeon, George Schviltheis, William A. Thompson, Arthur B. Thompson, Wilbur S. Tracy, Michael, June 21. Treulieb, George M. Watts, Joseph E., June 22. Williamson, Alfred E., June 22. Williamson, William C. Williams, Jefferson F. Young, Charles W. Voting, George A., June 21. Zimmerman, John A., June 22. COMPANY "Q." Captain C. Baker Clotworthy. First Lieutenant Christopher Johnston, resigned June 28th. First Lieutenant William M. Boykin, mustered-in as second lieutenant June 30. tenant June 30. Second Lieutenant Frank Tinsley, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted second lieutenant June 30. First Sergeant William S. McDonald, mustered-in as sergeant; designated first sergeant August 23d. Quartermaster-Sergeant John Kohlerman. Sergent William W. Hardtner. Sergent Henry Nagle. Sergeant Nicholas A. Arrata. Corporal Samuel B. Wilson. Corporal Everett Dufor. Corporal Thomas J. Byrne. Corporal George H. Johnson. Corporal William E. Strauss. Corporal Isadore Blimline. Corporal Lewis, B.Wright. Corporal John Gerbig. Artificer Charles Daum. Wagoner John A. Way. Musician Henry N. Reuner. Musician William J. Eney. Anschnt/., John J., June 21 Allen, Albert, June 24. Hestor. Oden B. Bachman, Charles PRIVATES. Biles, William Bateman, Joseph L. Buckingliani, \Vm. W., June 24. Bodd}', Janu s, June 23. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Carter, Wm. C, dishonorably discharged July 6. charged July 6. Childs, William H. Chesterford, Clarke, discharged without honor July 9. Codd, Clarence J., mustered-out Nov. 9. Cassell, Thomas Curtain, William Callahan, John, Jr. Curet, Adrien, June 21. Deiiihardt, August Ehrman, Charles H., June 24. Forsyth, Louis V. Forsyth, Wni. H. Freburger, .Alexander B. Fordyce, Eddie M. Fowler, W^illiam H. Ford, Charles S., June 22. Fodor, John L., Jtine 24. Giluer, Harry J. Gerhardt, Edwin C. Gruss, Frederick A. Guertler, Herman, June 21. Grotjohann, Herman O. Hawkins, Jacob D., mustered-out Nov. 15. Hoff, August Householder, James E., died Aug. 26. Huff, Charles W. Hentz, Henry Hisley, George W. Hurley, Michael, June 24. Henning, Charles L. Ingman, Henry A. Jannusch, Christian C, June 22; mustered-out Nov. 15. Jubb, Wilbiir W. Katlan Louis, transferred to Hospital Corps July i. pital Corps July i. Kirwan, Owen J., June 21. Knauf, George J., June 21. Keyser, John B. Kearns, Timothy T. Kirschke, August . Lipscomb, John S. Lookingland, George R. Lear, Theodore E., June 21. Lowrey, Joseph T., June 22. Lawrence, Edward T., June 24. McGuire, John J., June 21. McClain, Thomas S., June 22. May, George J., June 24. Mitchell, Harry, June 21. Moore, Arthur K., June 21. Mitchell, William Mayer, John G. Moorehead, Winston O'Brien, William J., June 21; discharged (disability) July 25. charged (disability) July 25. Purdon, Harry T. Price, Albert W., June 21. Peed, William S., June 24; mustered-out Nov. 25. tered-out Nov. 25. Pugh, William M., discharged (disability) Aug. 22. ability) Aug. 22. Ratty, Charles Ryan, Robert J. Robinson, Arthur A. Rook, Joseph J. Reip, Edvvard H. Rost, Frank Roche, John, June 22. Short, Raymond Swithenbank, Jacob Salom, John H. Smith, Thomas, June 21. Soop, Frank M. Stratmeyer, Louis D., June 24; died Aug. 26. Thomas, Christian Weiser, Hugh B. Webb, Robert L. Weissner, Jacob W^heeler, Millard W. Wiley, William Whitney, Wilmer B. Younger, George C. Young, John H. Zittle, Samuel B. COMPANY "H." Captain Samuel W. Hoopes. First Lieutenant Edward A. Holmes. Second Lieutenant John S. Markoe. First Sergeant Richard T. Collins. Quartermaster-Sergeant Charles J. O'Brien. Sergeant Charles A. Roche. Sergeant John H. Parsons. Sergeant William S. W. Goldsborough. Sergeant William H. Ferris, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant September 5th; mustered out November 8th. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Corporal Robert J. Conway. Corporal Joseph P. Hughes. Corporal Edward L. Kloman. Corporal William Di;nlop. Corporal John G. Roberts. Corporal John B. Goodwin. Corporal Charles B. Foster. Corporal Robert W. Scott, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal May 26. poral May 26. Artificer George W. Barrett. Wagoner Henry Janson. Musician Charles H. Shriner. Musician Joseph Warmuth, mustered-in as private; appointed musician July i8th. PRIVATES. Ashby, Harry IVI., June 21. Arthur, Frank J, June 21. Barr, Joseph H., June 21. Bowen, Jesse M. Bowen, Howard H. Beck, E;imer Bash, Ernest E. Barrett, Allen G. Barrett, Benjamin F. Baldwin, William H. Brown, Daniel J. Burke, James H. Berwanger, William Bersterman. Henry, June 21. Bateman, Frank, June 21. Baker, Jacob, June 21. Burns, Fklward L., June 21. Casey, Matthew Chambers, William E. Clark, J. Lawrence Carlin, Raphael Cassiday, James E. Cargill, William L., June 21. Casby, Andrew, June 21. Costello, James T., mustered-out Nov. 5. Davis, Claude G. Dailey, Joseph Dolan, William Dorsey Tpton H. Eberwein, William Fitzpatrick, William V,. F'i.scher, Jolm G. A. Fleming, Samuel 1'. F'reedy, William D. Firrch, Edward W., June 21. F'riel, John, June 21. Fewster, James C. F'owlcr, Lemuel H.,June 21; died Sepl. 22. Gohagan, Jolin J. Grogan, William A. Giuther, Charles A., June 21. Grover, William B. Haines, Frank H. Hath, Henry Hamilton, James W., June 21; mustered out Nov. 5. tered out Nov. 5. Holtz, George G. , Jr., Kelly, Edward, June 21. Kline, Charles P. Kuhn, George C. Lachoff, Walter, discharged (disability ) July 22. bility ) July 22. Lachoff, Ernest Lewis, Charles H. Lyles, Thomas C. Martin, Thomas F. Morgan, Harry Mutschman, John G. McCabe, William M. McBabe, George ^ McCabe, Henry J. McCarthy, Henry J. McKinzie, Horace H., June 22. Maher, Daniel Newman, ]\Iarion Nicholson, F;dward Nottingham, Howard A, musteredin as musician; returned to pri- in as musician; returned to private July 18. vate July 18. O'Brien, Frank J., June 21. Quinn, Paul J., June 21. Roberts, George C, discharged June 30. Robinson, Clarence E., June 23. Russell, John J., June 22. Stuart, Charles W. Seddicum, Harry B. Smith, William Schnappinger, Charles vSchilling, I-'erdinand C. Sisselbcrgcr, Jose])h, June 23. Snnth, William IL, June 22. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Stevenson, John T. Stenian, Adolph, June 21. Schwartz, John W., transferred to Hospital Corps. Warmer, Charles G., Jr., White, James R. Watson, William H., June 23. Wood, Robert G., June 24. Weigle, Henry. June 21. Wolf, Jacob R., transferred to Hospital Corps. pital Corps. COnPANY ♦️'!." Captain Nicholas L. Goldsboroirgh. First Lieutenant Jesse Slingluff. Second Lieutenant Charles G. Stirling. First Sergeant Andrew A. Zobel. Quartermaster-Sergeant John E. Martin. Sergeant Albert Feldman. Sergeant Edward Wernsing. Sergeant William P. Curran. Sergeant Charles W. Strickler. Corporal Charles P. Fenner. Corporal George F. Neeb. Corporal Frank Buchsbaum. Corporal Michael Costello. Corporal Samuel A. Clickner. Corporal Frank Hitselberger. Corporal Joseph Stanley. Corporal Thomas J. Healy. Artificer William P. Gallagher. Wagoner Salvador Poligardo, mustered-in as private; appointed wagoner September ist. Musician Joseph Thornberg. Musician William E Riley. PRIVATES. Assmann, Frank A. Andrew, Harry C Beall, Lloyd T. Breivogel, Christian Bailey, Percy Bush, William A., June 24. Carpenter, Charles, discharged (disability), Aug 4. ability), Aug 4. Crafton, Elzy Claypoole, William Dignan, Peter Drexel, John L. Dean, Walter P. Dogge, Harry, mustered-in as wagoner; returned to private Aug. 31. Drewelle, Augustin L. Ehlers, James B. Elliott, Joseph Eccleston, Richard Flanagan, John F. Freeland, Percy R. Frissel, Frederick Goerke, James F. Gimpel, John C, June 21. Hardesty, Francis A. Holley, Benj. F. Hissey, Frank Houck, Charles Holmes, Charles L. Hooper, Samuel E. Hemphill, Alfred H., June 24, Haup, Jacob G , June 21. Inderrieder, William B. Jones, Felix R. Jones, John W., June 21. Jennings, Charles J., June 21. Jones, John M. James, William G., June 21. Jenkins, Albin, June 23. Kirby, Albert V. Klein, Christian Klinedisnt, Henry J. Klauenberg, John H. T., Jun SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Kell}', James E., June 21. Locker, Casper Lamon, Joseph H. Lang, Henry Lowry, James A. Lee, Thomas J. Loughlin, Robert B. Liedlich, Frederick, June 21; dishonorably discharged Aug. 13. honorably discharged Aug. 13. Maglidt, Howard N. Merrick, William T., transferred to Hospital Corps June 30. Miller, John A., discharged Nov. II. Murphy, Oscar K. Meiers, Joseph Mevers, Upton S., June 21. Mil'ey, Charles J. Murphy, Samuel N., June 21. Maxton, James, June 21. Nelson, Thomas F. Owens, James A. Parks, Harry A., June 23. Russell, John F. Reese, William T. Richman, Harry H., June 21. Robinson, Clarence D., June 21. Roche, Charles A., June 22. Smith, Theodore Smith, John Smith, Charles A. Stringer, Edward L. Shea, John T. Suter, Harry E. Stanley, Charles H., June 21. Stansbur}-, Gilbert S., June 21. Saumennig, Burtom M., musteredout Nov. 18. out Nov. 18. Summers, Edward H., mustered-iu June 21; died Sept. 23. Temple, John PTegler, Albert Trezise, Frank A. Tucker, William H., June 22. Von Kapff, Louis, June 21. Vink, William H. Weber, Christian Wilhelm, Charles Williams, Stephen R. Wilson, William D., dishonorably discharged July 16. Winchester, Sydney, June 21. Welirle, William, June 21. COMPANY "K." Captain Edmund A. Munoz. First Lieutenant Fitzhugh Tayloe. Second Lieutenant Joseph N. D. Danels. First Sergeant William R. Gaither. Quartermaster-Sergeant Leon Nackman. Sergeant Frederick R. Hall. Sergeant James Lockerman. Sergeant John Balzer. Sergeant Henry W. Dail. Corporal Henry C. Gaither. Corporal Charles Craig Corporal Otto Arnold. Corporal Michael J. Nelson. Corporal Edgar R. Hurst. Corporal Arthur F. Willis. Corporal William R. Smith. Corporal Dietrich F. Karl. Artificer George IL Carr. Wagoner Adam Ritchie. Musician John T. Mullan, transferred from non-commission staff, and appointed l)ugler May i6th. Musician Harry I\L Brown, transferred to non-commission staff May i6tli. Musician RoI)crl R. Harcourt, mustered-out November iSth. SPANISH-AM ERIC AX WAR. PRIVATES. Airey, William F. Aler, Ernest L. Brown, William J. Brutscher, Louis Barrow, Jacob E. Brady, Edwin Barclay, Thomas P. Bush, Edwin L., June 24. Chew, Louis N. Crum, George T. Crimniins, Fred. W. Crone, Joseph M., June 21. Carson, Robert B., June 21. Cassidy, Charles, June 22. Carrigan, Nelson J., died July 29. Dell, George E., Jr. Dean, James F. Dunn, George W., Jr. Disney, John Doud, Thomas Donohoe, Ed. P., June 22. Denz, Joseph E., June 22. Dalton, Ed. G., June 22. Echmendia, Lee Eccleston, Harry L., June 21. Eccleston, John J., June 21. Fugette, Leedom S. Fahey, William Farrar, Herbert N. Flannery, Charles S., June 22. <iahan. Michael Hamilton, Mahlon P. Harrison Samuel B., June 23. Hill, William S., June 24. Hill, Charles L., June 21. Hess, Frank W., June 22. Jackson, Ernest Junger Erwin Jones, Louis M., June 22. Kratz, William vS. Kirschiier, John Kane, Samuel J., June 22. JKirschenhofer, Louis, June 22. Xewin, Howard M. Lorber, Andrew Lowry, Corry I. Lavery, Daniel, June 21. Lindsay, Marion, St J., June 22. Mundt,' Otto McGinn, Joseph P., McGinn, Joseph A., June 21. McMillan, William R. McCaffrey, Edmond McGinly, John Moore, Herbert C. Malone, Robert Morrison, Robert F. Murray, Frank INIentzier, Joseph C. INIcLoughlin, Charles, June 22. Norwood, Richard J. Owens, Henr}' A. O'Boy, John J., June 22; musteredout Nov. 5. out Nov. 5. O'Sbaugnessy, William P., June 21. Page, Edward S. Patterson, John K. Parlett, Hiram, June 21. Rose, Clarence A. Ryan, William H. Rafferty, Harry J., June 22. Rennie, Andrew T., June 22. Sullivan, Jerry J. Sullivan, Eugene Shevlin, George F. Stafford, Welton S. Smith, Henry J. Simpson, Robert T. S. Tarr, Alan, transferred to .Signal Corps Sept. 2q. Taylor, Richard J. Taylor, Edwin R. Tighe, INIartin P., June 22. Vanhousen, Charles R. Vossler, Henry A., June 24. Winchester, John J. Wise, John O. Warren John Williams, Charles H. Weeks, Sanford B., June 24. COMPANY "L.' Captain Benjamin F. Boyden, resigned July Stli. Captain Washington Bowie, Jr., mustered-in as first lieutenant; promoted captain July 8th. First Lieutenant Robert E. L. Marshall, mustered-in as second lieutenant; promoted first lieutenant July 8; mustered-out Nov. 28th. Second Lieutenant William S. Brownley, mustered-in as first sergeant; promoted second lieutenant July Sth. geant; promoted second lieutenant July Sth. First Sergeant Carroll T. Bond, mustered-in as corporal; ])romoted first sergeant July 22d. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Quartermaster-Sergeant Arthur Thompson. Sergeant Charles P. Heineman. Sergeant Charles H. Taylor. Sergeant James R. Dunlop. vSergeant George J. Turner, mustered-in as corporal; promoted sergeant September ist. Sergeant Beverlj' R. Waugh, discharged (disability) August 24th. Corporal Benjamin F. Weishampel. Corporal Harry W. Hahn, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal .September ist. poral .September ist. Corporal David A. Gascoyne. Corporal Thomas C. Hopewell. Corporal Walter J. Tyson. Corporal Albert S. Tonry. Corporal John G. Geiglein. Corporal William B. Gilligan, mustered-in as private; promoted corporal July 22. Artificer Edward D. Madden. Wagoner Howard J Chenoweth. Musician James Kelly. INIusician Charles H. Peiple, Jr. PRIVATES. Adams, Ivdwin A. Ambach, Carl H., June 22. Ardeeser, Martin, June 21. Askins, William B. Barnes, Albert W., June 21. Barnwell, Pressly B., transferred from Company "D" Mav iq. Becker, James C. Bennett, Miron E. Blunt, George W., June 21. Brehm, Howard I'., mustered-out Nov. 5. Brooks, Quincy P. Bruce, James G., June 23. Burns, Henry F.,'june 22. Carroll, Charles A., June 21. Casev, Francis A., June 21. Chenoweth, William G. Coll, Charles J. Colton, John C. Conway, John F., June 22. Cooper, Frank A. Cosgrove, Michael J., June 22. Cottingham, Samuel H., June 2^. Coyle, Wilbur F. Donaldson, Frank C, Donnelly, Joseph C. Dorsey, Michael E., June 22. Dorsey, William P , June 22. Downs, Barnabv B. Duering, George Iv. Duffv, John J. Duffv, Thomas I'. Early, William I' , transferred toHospital Corps July i. Hospital Corps July i. Failer, Harr3' A. Finney, James M. Frebert, John A , June 23. (jardiner, William B. Garton, William G. Griffith, Lee A. Hall, James C, June 21. narrower, Gray, June 22. Harting, Otto K. Heany, Charles ]\L Plobbs, Harry W., June 21. Holtz, George W., June 23. Horsey, vSamuel IL Hutchinson, Charles R., June 22. Irwin, Harry C. Jay, Millard F., June 21. Kabernagle, Harry S. Knopf, Joseph J., June 21. Krastell, Albert N. Krumm, Louis P. Marchant, Roland R. IMcCaddin, Robert J. McGainey, Hugh P. McGninness, John J. McMechen, William T. Meyers, Hector H. Michelmann, Henry H., June 21. IMooney, William L. Morgan, George G., Jr. ISIurray, William Nelson, John S. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. O'Brien, Thomas J., June 23. Oler, Herbert D. Phillips, Charles E., June 22. Rittler, William F. Roche, Charles G. Rains, Ed^ar W. Riley, William F. , transferred to Hospital Corps July i. Sackenheim, Peter Sansbury, James S., June 21. Smart, Edward F. Smart, Henry T. Smith, Thomas B. Soper, Edward Shaw, Sanford H., transferred to Company "D." Tauljee, Frank J., June 21. Thomson, Elbert L., died June i. Walker, Charles H. Walters, James A. White, William H. Willinger, Michael, June 21. Wilson, John R. W'interode, Louis L., June 21. Wynn, Thomas F., June 21. Young, John H. B. Zell, Frederick COnPANY "M.' Captain George L. Deichman. First Lieutenant Ridgely Gaither. Second Lieutenant David W. Jenkins First Sergeant Mortimor T. Taylor. Sergeant Austin J. Bordley. Sergeant Gilbert F. Wilson. Sergeant Charles L. Boone. Sergeant Thomas D. Temple. Sergeant Stephen H. Curran. Corporal Frank LeG. Carlin. Corporal Carlton R. Bowie. Corporal Howard W. Hutchins. Corporal Edgar K. Young. Corporal Samuel J. Orendorf. Corporal James M. Coulter, Jr. Corporal John C. P. Winterson. Corporal John H. Wheeler, Jr. Artificer Thomas A. Stevens. Wagoner Kennedy C. Brown. Musician Harry V. Berry. Musician Leo A. Hess. PRIVATES. Bayles, George A., June 25. Barry, Alphonse M. Bartlett, George B. Berryman, Joseph M. A. Beall, Upton Bixler, August M. Billmire, Benjamin W., June 22. Brown, Enimett C. Brown, William H., June 21. Brashears, Sidney, June 22. Buck, Charles E., June 21. Burlingame, George Byerly, John L. Conel'l, Thomas G. Connolly, Frank H., discharged (disability) July 31. Cox, Morris C, June 21. Crane, William H., June 21. Crossley, James H., June 21. Cromwell, Charles G. Creighton, Millard R. Dorsey, Allen C. B. Da vies, John F., appointed lance corporal July 11. Dudley, Lewis P. Dugan, Charles R., June 22. Donahue, John F., June 21. Frank, Herbert S. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Franklin, Walter M. Fisher, Ronald E. Fawcett, Robert, June 22. Flautt, Edward V., June 23. Figg, John A., June 22. French, Albert A., June 21. Fairfax, John C, mustered-in as battalion sergeant-major; reduced to private and assigned to duced to private and assigned to Company -'M" Aug. 24. Godwin, James E. Goodpasture, James G. Hoffman, Eugene V. Hutchins, Robert W. Iverson, George D., transferred to Hospital Corps June 30. Kerr, Charles G Kirkness, Edward F. , June 21 ; mustered-out Nov. 5. tered-out Nov. 5. Kohly, Alfred . Knight, JamesJ Kraft, Robert O. Lyles, DeWitt C. Lay, Richard E. LeBarrer, John P. Leprohou, Herman Lemkul, Charles H. Littig, Ward P. Lodor, Benjamin C, June 23. Lyons, Philip I). Marden, Jesse, Jr. Morris, Casper W., June 21. Murray, James R. McMahon, Arthur J. McKewen, FVank H. Morris, William O. Mininger, Charles M. Owens, George C. Parvis, Joseph M. Pfister, Frederick J. Prevost, Louis J., June 22. Preston, Robert F., deserted July 14. Raitt, Frank W. Reynolds, Charles C. Rehberger, George E-, June 22. Reunie, James A., June 21. Rose, Wilbur E. Roseberry, James R. Ritter, Clarence W., June 24. Ringgold, Roland C. Raimbold, Edmond H. Schultz, Paul Schmidt, Charles W., June 23. Sharp, Thomas M., June 21. Skinner, Ferdinand vS. Simon, Harry T. Strain, Samuel G., June 21. Smith, Herbert A. Smith, Lee C. Sutton, John M. Taylor, Charles H. Townsend, Charles T. VanDoren, Francis J. Weenis, John D. Whittaker, Charles O. Walters, Harry R., June 24. Worthington, Ellicott H., June 22. Yakel, Otto, June 22. IS" AVAL IVllLITIA. On April 23d, 1898, eight officers and one hundred and sixty, seven enlisted men from the Maryland Naval Militia reported on the ship "Dale" for service on the United States Ship "Dixie"and joined the latter ship at Norfolk. During the following week the complement was increased to twelve officers and two hundred and sixty-five enlisted men. The remainder of the Naval dred and sixty-five enlisted men. The remainder of the Naval Militia at once reported on the "Dale" for instruction and drillBetween the 2 2d and 25th of May, thirteen officers and one hun- Between the 2 2d and 25th of May, thirteen officers and one hundred and sixty-three men were mustered into the United States dred and sixty-three men were mustered into the United States service and assigned to different cost defence vessels. The "Dixie," officered and manned by members of the Maryland Naval Reserve, rendered valuable service. Among these were the capturing of Spanish prizes, the landing of food, clothing and turing of Spanish prizes, the landing of food, clothing and munitions of war on the Spanish coast, and the part taken in the surrender of Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 27th, 1898. List of officers and men who entered the United States Auxiliary Naval Force (Fifth District) from the Maryland Naval iliary Naval Force (Fifth District) from the Maryland Naval Militia. OFFICERS. All officers were mustered into the United States service on May 25, 1898, unless another date is given. Isaac E. Emerson, L,ieutenant. Edwin Geer, Lieutenant. H. F. Harrison, Lieutenant. Joseph Bonn. Lieutenant. C. L. Birmingham, Lieutenant, (junior grade). William U. Beldin, Lieutenant, (junior grade). T. C. B. Howard, Lieulenant, (junior grade). Robert C. Hull, Lieutenant, (junior grade). John E. Reeside, Ensign. Dwight Mallory, Ensign. Charles McNewman, Ensign. R. P. Brown, Ensign. William E. Putts, Ensign, July 26th. F. E. Wagner, Assistant Surgeon. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS ENLISTED MEN. The date of the muster into the United States service was May 2, unless another date is given. Harry C. Codd, first-class machiuist. Francis B. Dennett, first-class machinist. William A. Lawrence, first-class machinist, May 17th. John C. Ott, first-class machinist, May 20th. John J. Bowen, first-class machinist. May 20th. John Cook, first-class machinist, Maj^ 20th. Theodore R. Lerp, apothecary. Ross M. Gill, second class machinist, May 17th. Owen F. Jones, Jr., second-class machinist. SEAMEN. Amos, Walter S. Burhman, Roy Briers, Bernard Carlos, William L. Cochran, Edward N. Duncan, F. K. Dressier, Emerson Dorney, George F. Ditzel, Charles Eaton, William J. Fitzgerald, John W. Galloway, James H. Gimper, Joseph B. Hart, Thomas P. Harvev, P. W. Hubbard, William T. Hudgins, James A., May 22. Ijams, W. T. Johnson, John N. Kelly, Thomas Kemp, Joseph H. Keppel, John KrausB, Sumuel Lampe, Benjamin M. Lane, Charles B. Lane, William B. Lauber, h'rank, Jr. Love, H. A. Manner, William, Marshall, Harry S. Meister, E. J. Myer, Herman F. Nicholis, George D. Osenburg, W. H., Jr. Primrose, W. M. Raymond John Ravnor, Charles B. Reinhardt, A. R. Rittenhouse, O. E. Ridgers, Thomas S. Sherwood, Richard Thomi^son, Charles F. Vance, Frank Wallace, Harry L. Williard, Edwin G. Willey, John Wilkerson, Thomas Winkler, Charles Wolf, Albert H. Wysham, C. H. FIRST CLASS FIREMEN. Doyle, Thomas A., May 20. Dougherty, Jno. M. Gilligan, Joseph R Hill, William H., May 17. Knight, Jacob A., May 17. Kearney, M. T., May 17. Pabst, C. M., May 20. Rose, Theodore Ryan, Fred Staylor, Philip Stumpter, Charles W. Sundstrum, R. C, May li Toole, John W., May 20. Whittier, John ORDINARY SEAMEN. Abel, Adam, Jr. Appleby, W. C. Berry, Harry W. Bishop, Ivdward Bittner, Caspar Branzell, James Brown, W. H. Burns, Samuel Burns, Edward H. Butts, Clarence Butts, Claude D. Deal, W. H. D. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Eble, William E. Fitzpatrick, M. E. Ford, Peter Grice, George W. Harding, Harry Howell, Lloyd H., Jr. Johnson, G. N. Keenan, Robert Langbein, Charles H. Lease, E. F. Legg, Sanuiel W. McCorniick, William T. McGee, Benjamin Merriken, C. W. Myers, William H. Rahberger, R. C. Rupprecht, William J. Soberer, J. W. Spandour, lulward Shook, H. r. Stapleford, Harry W. Sullivan, I'Mward M. Taylor, Charles W. Trimp, H. J. Turner, Charles T. Vogt, Jessie Wheeler, Charles E. Wilmer, Charles SECOND=CLASS FIREMEN. Ball, George W. Evans, John W. Emor}', George H., May 20. Kimmitt, Roger T. Merson, A. H. Armor, Charles Auer, H. J. E. Brown, Charles H. Colbert, B. N. Crabson, George W. Daven, John P. Dugent, Clifton Eshneger, John J. Evans, John E. Eader, Frank Hantske, Leo C. Jelks, Thomas, May 22. Knapman, Harry T. Kimball, Walter J. Lamerty, Bernard Lockard, Milton C. McAllister, R. K., May 22. McCabe. Benjamin P. Tighe, John Ward, G. A. Wright, William H. LANDSMEN. Mahon, Charles S. Mallonee, John T. Marrow, William H., May 24. Martini, John E. Mettle, Edward, May 22. Norris, Frank Pranke, August Price, Malilon S. Rockenbaugh, C. R., May 22. Shipley, Robert L. Teves, John. Thomas, John, Jr. Twamley, John Venderlinde, Adolph Werner, Albert Wright, Samuel Gable, Frank O. COAL PASSERS. MESSMEN. Glass, Leon X., fourth-class cook. McCanu, August, fourth-class cook. Hayes, Charles M., May 22, fourth- Thomas, Henry, fourth-class cook. class cook. Wormlej', William, fourth-class Medley, Cornelius, fourth-class cook. cook. Young, John, fourth-class cook. OFFICERS. Officers and men of the Marj'land Naval Militia who entered the United States Navy and were ordered to the U. S. S. "Dixie." S. M. Blount, Lieutenant, May 4th. L. F. Smith, Lieutenant, (junior grade), May 4th. 48 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS S. O. Heiskell, Passed Assistant Surgeon, May 4th. Parker Cook, Past Assistant Paymaster, May 12th. Davies Murdock, Lieutenant, (junior grade), Maj- 4th. R. S. Paul, Chief Engineer, May 25th. William M. Goodrich, Ensign, Maj' 4th. P T. Coyle, Ensign, May 4th. B. F. Jacobs, Ensign, May 24th. S. H. McKim, Assistant Surgeon, May i6th. H. T. Powell, Assistant Engineer, May 4th. R. P. Brown, Assistant Engineer, May 24th. WARRANT OFFICER. C. H. Fallon, Pay Clerk, May 4th. ENLISTED MEN. L. C. Swain, Chief Gunner's Mate, May nth. Jas. A. Rittenhouse, First-class Machinist, May 14th. Francis B. Voyle, First class Quartermaster, May nth. William E. Glenn, First-class Quartermaster, May nth. William R. Ittner, INIaster at-arms. May nth. C. M. Morfit, Chief Yeoman, May nth. F. B. Kesmodle, Chief Yoeman, May 14th. Charles S. McCullom, Chief Yoeman, May 14th. M. U. Boyd, Chief Machinist, May nth. George R. Lawrence, Chief Machinist, May nth. C. C. Constantine, Chief Machinist, May nth. C. F. A. vSchlutter, Chief Machinist, May nth. Jos. M. Austeu, Chief Master-at-arms, May loth. Frederick Sclierf, Apothecary, May nth. Harry Brunt, Boatswains Mate, May 14th. R. G. Ozman, Boatswains Mate, May 14th. John R. Howardy, Gunner's Mate, May nth. Thomas A. Henderson, Gunner's Mate, May nth. James K. Hatton, Gunner's Mate, May nth. James W. McNeil, Gunner's Mate, Maj^ nth. Joseph PC. Gallegher, Gunner's Mate, May 14th. A. J. Worsuch, Gunner's Mate, May 14th. L. Wilnier, Gunner's Mate, May 14th. Eugene R. Stagmar Gunner's Mate, May 14th. Ralph H. Robboson, Blacksmith, May 14th. Milton E. Horn, Coppersmith, May nth. F. A. Smith, Boilermaker, May 14th. Edward Castle, Second-class Quartermaster, May nth. J. G. McDonald, Sailmaker, May nth. P. H. McCall, Carpenter's ISIate, May 12th. Artemus Brown, Ship's Cook, May nth. Charles J. McNaughten, Water Tender, :May 14th. B. McMahon, Water Tender, May 14th. S. .\. McClean, Blacksmith, May 14th. Kmil Hansen, vSailmaker's Mate, Mav 14. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. H. R. Raymond, Chief Musician, May 14th. William Davis, Water Tender, May 14. George Dipple, Coxswain, May 14th. George B. Erick, Painter, May nth. William H. Wood, Coxswain, Maj- 14th. H. H. Caulk, Oiler, May nth. Thomas Frizzell, Oiler, May 14th. Charles E. Mullin, Oiler, May 14th. T. A. Congleton, Painter, May 12th. John Cronin, Oiler, May 14th. C. W. Owings, Third-class Yeoman, May nth. Charles W. Bowers, Coxswain, May 14th. R. D. Maldies, Third-class Quartermaster, Ma}' 14th. P. H. Lackey, Oiler, May 14. All enlisted men were mustered into the United States service unless another date is given. SEAMEN. Anzman, Charles L. Battenfield, Charles E. Blaney, Charles G. Boyd, Isaac D. Bowman, H. S. Bowman, Z. F. Bruen, J. N. Carter, W. L. Cary, George, May 10. Connolly, W. N. Courtney, H. S. Donohue, Charles E. Durst, George J. Farinholt, Benjamin A. Fox, Ellis Gatch, Joseph A. Goodrich, William E. Greenfield, Robert Grief, George W. Haase, George Herget, Charles D. Hudson, Curtis T. Jennings, Williaui B., May 11. Kappell, George W. G. Kirwan, E. H. , May 11. Kirwan, William H., May 11. Lewis, Charles L.. bugler. May 11. Leutbecker, William L. Lighthiser, T. J. Luers, Charles G., Jack-of-the-dust. Lund, John, May 11. Maldies, R. S. Martindale, W. A. McClure, N. E. Vannerson, H. E. Wahl, E. Wahl, George Ward, M. T. E. Wheeley, Charles H. FIRST=CLASS FIREflEN. Bradley, Charles J. Connors, Joseph Crane, F. P. Donohue, James Dunn, A. Fahey, John Fitzpatrick, William J. Flaherty, L. Gavin, John Griffin, John C. Meguinney, J. P. Medcalf, L. R. Myer, Harry J. Niquet, Charles R., May 11. O'Meara, John A., May 17. O'Neil, N. J. Pattison, A. S. Pendergast, John J. Potter, P. T. Reese, John Riley, P. F. Rausch, Herman A. Reinhardt, Charles C. Rooney, Peter F. Stowel'l, William N. Scherer, R. Schlabecker, John W. Schloer, Benjamin Scholtz, E. vSeibold, William N. Smith, Charles W. Sultzer, William F. Taylor, William T. White, Talbott Wise, L. SOLDIERS AND SAILORS ORDINARY SEAMEN. Allen, William G. Bauman, Otto B. Blank, Joseph, Jr. Butler, Thomas N. Carroll, Joseph F. Cherry, Charles W. Conrad, H. Costello, Edward T. Costello, M. A. Dehenoult, August Dorn, George J. Duvall, Thomas J., June 3. Flaherty, T. J. Fritz, Frederick Gaiert, James L. Germroth, Charles D., May Henlein, John G. Herbert, Charles Hubbard, W. L. Houlton, William A. Kaufman, Frederick K. Laughton, Lyman Lohmej-er, Frederick H. Lyons, John, Jr. Marks, George R., May 11. McGarrj', Thomas H. McLain, John W. McSweeney, Thomas Melvin, W. H. Myers, Fred Napfel, T. J. Nelson, Charles A. Poehler, William H. Politzer, M. Riemer, Walter L. Rivers, A., May 11. Roth, F. C. Ruby, Charles F. Scones, George T. Stagner, Robert R. Stahl, James T. Stephens, William P. Stevenson, George N. Stone, Charles Swindell, H. B. Townsend, Thomas L Trautwein, William J. Vollman, Walter Watson, Joseph E. Welch, Thomas C White, H. S. Young, William C. SECOND=CLASS FIREMEN. Chambers, Charles C. Conway, John Dolan, John F. Dougherty, Thomas J. Garrett, William N. Huth, F. R. Ittner, George E. Knapman, G. W. Nelson, C. O. Quill, Dennis T. Riley, John J. Rovston, PL W. Ryder, D. O. Whalen, James, J. LANDSMEN. M. S. Ashmore, C. W. Beck, Charles Beckenbaugh, G Bechtold, John Bentz, Joseph E. Besterman, C. Briggs, G. Broring, Joseph IL Chaillon, James A. Cugel, H. F. Davis, W. W. Derr, E. S. Dill, Edward Feldhaus, Charles T. Frederick, W. H. Gonderman, John H Haase, Lewis R. Hamill, S. W. Hamilton, George \V :\Iav Harbaugh, Edward R. Hapes, Charles D. Hefferan, Joseph Hewitt, E. W. Holton, John A. Howard, John T. Kratz, (Tcorge F. Lavender, John Lindsav, N. Lyttle,'G. W. Mashmever, H. Matter n,' H. C. Mauler, Joseph McClasky, William Mettee, M. D. Murray, R. S. Pontier, H. G., Mav 11. Richter, H. E. Russell, William SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Sauniet, M., May 11. Schlufter, H. Schroeder, John G. Scully, C. E., May n Scully, v.. May 11 Spaniol Louis Baker, Frederick Butler, J. Campbell, John W. Cosgrove, John Cotrill, H. Frank, E. Kemp, J. G. Litz, Frank Kimmett, William L. Schultz, George, J. Toogood, Robert Tragesser, John W Walker, W. W. Walther, L. Wilson, H. G. COAL PASSERS. Mauley, John S. Martindale, F. McCulley, E. C. McPyle, F. Pendergast, Thomas Schlutter, C. H. Schultz, F. J. Seidel George HOSPITAL APPRENTICE. MESSMEN. Harrod, Moses H., cabin cook. May 10. Hawkins, W. S., wardroom steward, May 24. Gaveghen, John J., wardroom steward. May ir. Pajaie, William C, cabin steward. May II. Hyman, William H., mess attendant, May II. ant, May II. Redden, Charles W., mess attendant, May II. ant, May II. Marshall, Alexander, mess attendant. tendant. Simpson, William J., mess attendant. May II. ant. May II. Birmingham, A., steerage cook. 1-^

mild gibberish

12021880

The Goffstown register, 1905

Weston, Roscoe A.

goffstownregiste00mitc_djvu.txt

Brunswick, Maine: MITCHELL AND WESTON Alexander Walker, the old town clerk, cleared and erected his cabin on the old Walker place, now owned by Geo. E. ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS EARLY SETTLEMENT Goffstown Register Waite. Samuel Blodgett made a laige clearing a mile or so from Amoskeag Falls, now in Manchester; he was regarded the wealthiest of the early settlers, and in many respects the most remarkable man. Robert McGregor settled in Goffstown in 1 777. Hetook an important part, under Gen. Stark, in the Revolutionary War, and was afterward an energetic merchant and business man in this town. He was the projector and proprietor of the first bridge across the Merrimac River on the site of the present Old Central bridge. Among the most distinguished, of the early settlers of this town may also be mentioned, Samuel Blodgett, Moses Keiiey, Colonel Goffe, Sam'l RichmSTOEICAL. 9 mSTOEICAL. 9 ards, Asa Pattee, John Butterfield, Thos. Shirley, James Karr, Mathew Kenuedv, Joshua Martio, Wm. McDoell, aud the Poors. There was a Mr. Worthley among: the first settlers, who lived near where David A. Parker afterward lived, tlers, who lived near where David A. Parker afterward lived, near the cove, so called, but was driven off by the Indians. He afterward returned and was again disturbed, and moved to Weare, where he settled near the Cold Spring. To these men, and others perhaps less proniiuect, is due the credit and honor of having been the men who here faced the dangers of pioneer life when this entire state was inhabited almost excusively by the hostile Indians and the less ited almost excusively by the hostile Indians and the less treacherous wild animals' of the forest; here they labored through heat and cold,throngh disappointment and discouragement, that they might make for themselves and their agement, that they might make for themselves and their numerous posterity, homes aiid names that should be valued and honored throughout succeeding generations. ued and honored throughout succeeding generations. INCORPORATION Goffstown was incorporated on June 16, 1761, by the Governor and Council of New Hampshire, to continue a corporate bodv until March 25, 1763. On April 5th, 1763, the porate bodv until March 25, 1763. On April 5th, 1763, the incorporation was revived "to continue until we shall please to approve or disallow the same." Previous to its incorporation this place had sometime been called "Shrove's-town." ation this place had sometime been called "Shrove's-town." 10 HISTOEICAL. It was given its present name in honor of Col. John Goffe, a prominent man in the settlement. A portion of this town was combined with parts of Dunbarton and Chester, to form the town of Hooksett, Jnly 2, barton and Chester, to form the town of Hooksett, Jnly 2, 1822. Some islaiids \u tlie Merrimac River were annexed to this town June 20, 1825. Isaac Parker's farm was severed from New Boston and annexed June 18, 1836. The line between Dunbarton and Goffstown was established Jan. 7, 1853. Up to this time, Goffstown extended to the Merrimac River, including what is now West Mancluster, but on July 1, 1853, that portion of Manchester west of the River was severed from this town and annexed to the city. The present area of Goffstown is 29,170 acres. The population in 1775 was 831. The United States census has ulation in 1775 was 831. The United States census has shown the population of this town for the successive decades, beginning 1790 to have been as follows: 1790, 1275; 1800, 1G12; 1810, 2000; 1820, 2173; 1830, 2213; 1840, 2370; 1850, 2270; 18G0, 1740; 1870, 1G5G; 1880, 1699; 1890, 1981; 1900, 2528; the last figures being the largest of any in the list. The present increase is due largely to the re-establish men t of the county fHrm in this town, which institution has an average membershi)) of Irom 425 to 450. Since the new electric railroad, connecting the town with Manchester, has been built, several from the city have purchased lots on the line of road, and established beautiful and chased lots on the line of road, and established beautiful and convenient homes within eas}^ access to the city. HISTORICAL. 11 TOWN OFFICIALS TOWN CLERKS, SINCE 1850 Alfred Poor, 1H50-1852; Ephraim B. Wells, March 18o3-Dec. 21, 1853; David S. Carr, Dec. 21, 1853-March 1854; Alfred Poor, 1854; David Pattee, 1855; Ctias. George, 1856-'58; Orren Moore, 1859-^61; George P. Hei)ry, 1862Oct. 20, 1868. John Steele, Oct. 20, 1868-March 1869; Oct. 20, 1868. John Steele, Oct. 20, 1868-March 1869; Frank F. Flint, 1869-70; F. B. Flanders, 1871-'75: Franklin Hadley, 1876-78; Geo. L. Hooper, 1879-'82; Ernest lin Hadley, 1876-78; Geo. L. Hooper, 1879-'82; Ernest Johnson, 1883-'85; L. S. Bidwell, 1886; Frank Johnson, 1887-'98; E. A. Blaisdell, 1899-1904. TOWN TUEASUREKS, SINCE 1850 Dr. A. F. Carr, 1850; Geo. Poor, 1851; Dr. A. F. Carr, 1852-'3; James Allison, 1854; A. Poor, 1855; Geo. Warren, 1856-7; Orrin Moore, 1858; Eliphalet Richards, 2nd, 1859'60; David S. Carr, 1861; Geo. P. Poor, 1862-'63; E. R. '60; David S. Carr, 1861; Geo. P. Poor, 1862-'63; E. R. Poor, 1864; Geo. P. Poor, 1865; Geo. B. Moore, 1866-'68; Henry W. Hadley, 18o9-70; Keudrick Kendall, 1871; David Belcher, 1872; Robinson Brown, 1873; W. H. Weeks, 1874; Robinson Brown, 1875. '85; 0. F. Su-niner, 1886; Robinson Brown, 1887-'92; F. W. Kendall, 1893; Robinson Brown, 1893-'96; Chas. F. White, 1897; H. H. Bowen, 1898; F. W. Kendall, 1899-1904. SELECTMEN 1850-- John Tewksbury, Gilman Robertson, Wm, P. Warren. 12 HISTOEICAL. 1851-- Wm. P. Warren, Luther Hadle^s J. B. Quimby. 1852-- L. Hadlev, J. B. Quimby, Samuel Dow, Jr. 1853-- Geo. P. Hadlev, Thos. R. Butterfield, Wm. Shirley ley 1854-- Geo. Poor, Luther Hadley, Enoch P. Sargent. 1855-- Philip F. Pattee, E. P. Sargent, John Green. 1856-- Gideon Flanders, Jr., Richard Pattee, Thos. R. Hoyt, Jr. 1857-- T. R. Butterfield, S. Dow, Jr., David H. Barr. 1858-- Alfred Story, Samuel Dow, Jr., David H. Barr. 1859-- Andrew McDougall, Lewis Sargent, Thos. R. Hoyt, Jr. 1860-- (leo. P. Hadley, J. A. Flanders, Geo. Warren. 1861-- Geo. Warien, J. A. Flanders, E. Richards. 1862-- Peter E. Hadley 2nd, Chas. AV. Cheney, L. Robertson. son. 1863-- W. P. Warren, L. Robertson, D. S. Ferson. 1864-'65-- D. S. Ferson, Jesse Nickols, Joseph Cram. 1866-"67-- L. D. Huukins, John Green, Rodney Johnson. 1868-- R. Johnson, N. E. Kimball, Chas. ^Morgrage. 1869-- Allred Poor, Chas. Morgrage, F. H. Phillips. 1870 -- Chas. Morgrage, Samuel Teel, S. D. Johnson. 1871-- Geo. Warren, H. J. Tirrell, B. F. Stevens. 1872-- D. M. Taggart, Calvin Wyman, F. G. Farley. 1873-- D. M. Taggart, Rodney Johnson, F. G. Farley. 1874-- Geo. Cox, J. A. Flanders, Irad Poor. 1875-- G. P. Hadley, G. P. Hadley, 2nd, S. L. Flanders. 1876-- G. P. Hadley, 2nd, S. L. Flanders. Alfred Poor. 1877-- Henry Moore, Chas. Morgrage, HISTOEICAL. 13 1878-- HeDry Moore, Chas. Mor^rage, J. W. Tirrell. 1879-- D. M. Tagg-art, Geo. Cox, Geo. Pattee. 1880-'81 -- Benj. Greer, Chas. Morgrage, Henry Moore. 1882 -- John Greer, Chas. Morgrage, Henry Moore. 1883-- Chas. Morgrage, W. S. Whipple, G. M. Eaton. 1884-'8o-- Geo. Pattee, W. S. Whipple, J. W. Hoitt. 1886-- H. H. Johnson, A. J. Morgrage, B. F. Stevens. 1887 -- Chas. Morgrage, Henry Ware, Gilman Woodbury. 1888 -- C. Morgrage, Henry Moore, G. Woodbury. 1889-- C. Morgrage, Chas. E. Pollard, Selwin Martin. 1890-- C. E. Pollard, S. iMartin, Geo. W. Colby. 1891-'92-- G. W. Colby, Jos. Cram, Peter Jones. 1893-- G. A. McQuesten, J. H. Bartlett, W. S. Whipple. 1894-- C. Morgrage, L. W. Bartlett, R. D. Shirley. 1896-'97-- C. Morgrage, R. L. Shirley, C. H. Martin. 1898-- R. L. Shirley, C. H. Martin, Geo. Pattee. 1899-- G. Pattee, G. L. Eaton, G. P^Hadley. 1900-- Geo. Pattee, A. H. Parker,^ G.L. Eaton. 1901--02-- Chas. Morgrage, G. L. Eaton, John B. Jones. 1903-- G. L. Eaton, J. B. Jones, Lewis H. Hoyt. 1904-- G. L. Eaton, Wm. H. Colby. Wra. P. Hadley. 14 HISTOEICAL. MILITARY MATTERS When the news of the battle of Lexington reached Goffstown, it was quickly spread throughout the settlement. town, it was quickly spread throughout the settlement. Almost to a man, the patriots left their implements of husbandry, and hurried to the place of rendezvous, where a com- bandry, and hurried to the place of rendezvous, where a company, under Capt. Joshua Martin, was speedily enrolled, and pany, under Capt. Joshua Martin, was speedily enrolled, and marched to the seat of war. The ladies oi the town also partook largely of the revolutionary spirit. They cast bullets and made cartridges, and were always distinguished for lets and made cartridges, and were always distinguished for habits of industry and skill, making all articles of clothing, for to use foreign goods was extravagant and unpatriotic. otic. Goffstown furnished its full quota of soldiers ot the Continental army. The following is a nearly complete list of tinental army. The following is a nearly complete list of these men. There may be a few omissions, but it is the best record that can be obtained, and probably the most accurate. Those marked with a star (*) were killed or died in the service. vice. Capt. Samuel Richards, Lieut. Moses Little, Lieut. Timothy Blake, Ensign Jesse Carr*, Antipos Dodge, Ichabod othy Blake, Ensign Jesse Carr*, Antipos Dodge, Ichabod Martin, Timothy Moshire, David McClure, David McClure, J r., Robert Spear, John Dinsmore, Alexander Gilchrist, Robert Gilchrist*, Robert Gilchrist, Jr., John Sessions*, and wife, Lieut. Phillip Ferrin, Alexander McDoell*, (also in the French and Indian war) died while returning from the War of the Revolution to his home; Wm. McDoell, Jr., James McPherson, John McPherson, John Todd*, Collins Eaton*, HISTORICAL. 15 John Woods, John Little, John Gilmore, Matthew Kennedy, Andrew Newell* (killed at the evacuation of Ticonderoga), Eleazer Emerson, Seth Wyinan, Samuel Dunlap, Samuel Remick* (wounded at Bennington and brought home by Capt. E. Richards, with two other 3'pung men), Timothy Johnson, Samuel Barr, John Woods, Edward Woods, Sam'l Smith, David Stevens* (brought home sick, wounded, and died), Benj. Stevens, Jr., Ward Clark, Nathan Hawes, Amos Richards, Eliphalet Kemp, Robert McGregory, Wm. Houston, Jesse Dickey, Is;!cher King, John Butterfield, Jonathan Bell, John Bell, Nathaniel Stevens, Ezra Myrack*, athan Bell, John Bell, Nathaniel Stevens, Ezra Myrack*, Joshua Wilson, John McClintock, Joshua Bell, Benj. Cass, Augustus George, Joseph Hadley*, McAllister*; Wm. Wilson, John Brown, Daniel Andrews, James Kendrick, David Kichardson, James Walker, John George, Sam'l Eaton, Thomas ardson, James Walker, John George, Sam'l Eaton, Thomas Saltmarsh, Silas Wells, Wm. Kemp* (killed, together with Andrew Newall, while on a scouting party irom Fort Independeuce), Ebenezer Freeman, Thos. Shirley, Joshua Mar- pendeuce), Ebenezer Freeman, Thos. Shirley, Joshua Martin, Elijah Kidder, Jacob Sargent, Sam'l Orr*, (wounded in tin, Elijah Kidder, Jacob Sargent, Sam'l Orr*, (wounded in the leg, near the knee), and Stewart Mars, a colored man, -seventy -four in all. seventy -four in all. Of the record of these men the town is justly proud. Few towns of the State can show a longer list, or a list of men who performed better service in the American Army. Many of these were found at Bunker Hill, in the thickest of the fight; many of these were in Washington's army when CornwalHs surrendered at Yorktown; in the mean time they had walHs surrendered at Yorktown; in the mean time they had been found faithful and loyal Patriots. The military history of Goffsfown is a source of just 16 HISTORICAL. pride. If one thino; more than another is to be revered and commemorated, impressed upon the mind of the rising- generation, that thing: is the record of names and deeds of men eration, that thing: is the record of names and deeds of men who faced the dang-ers of the battlefield for the welfare and safety of the country. Time rolls on and we are apt to forget the vaule of the service rendered by the soldier in war. get the vaule of the service rendered by the soldier in war. Each succeeding generation is more forgetful of these things than is its predecessor, unless it is taught to revere and love the memory of the deeds of the soldier. It should be in the mind of each lather and each mother to instill into the mind of the youth the significance of the inscription, "Killed at Gettysburg," "Wounded at Vicksburg," "Died in Libby Prison," etc. No one should lose the opportunity to impress upon the generation to which he belongs and the one which follows, the responsibility which rests upon each man. MIDITARY LIST, 1861-1865 The following are the names of those who enlisted from this town during the late Rebellion, exclusive of the first three month's regiment: John L. Harriman, Sam'l A. Kidder, John Bartlett, Sam'l Stark, Wm. H. Farmer, Henry der, John Bartlett, Sam'l Stark, Wm. H. Farmer, Henry Page, Nathan H. Roberts, David A. Page, John L. Manning, Benj. F. Harriman, Lewis Merrill, Warren P. Elliott, Walter A. Lawrence, Aaron Elliott, Chas. Martin, Calvin Merrill, Andrew J. Roberts, Warren J. Richards, John M. Stark, Russel Stevens, Henry Rowell, Albert Q. George, Geo. W. Wells, sel Stevens, Henry Rowell, Albert Q. George, Geo. W. Wells, Horace W. Black, Isaac W. Martin, Thos. L. Rich, Rodney Hadley, Geo. N. Cutler, Henry Moore, R. W. Aiken, Nathan A.Govvin, Hiram A. Heath, Frederick Merrill, John A. Heath, HISTORIC AL. 17 Willard P. Thompson, Henry Stark, Solomon Smith, Benj. D. Belcher, Edwin Stark, Kimball F. Blaisdell, Henry Baker, Edward Barnard, Edwin G. Bowen, Chas. Willey, Albert Story, Isaac Willey, Frederick D. Moore, W. H. D. Cochran, Lewis J. Gillis, Wm. B. Hart, Jonathan Boyles, John Quick, Nelson Richards, Nathaniel F. Sweat, Robert Richards, John E. Richards, Oscar Perkins, Lewis R. Caley, John Brown, Wm. Sidney, W^m. O. Morgrage, Norton R. Moore, Jackson Willard, Geo. Hope, Lewis Saigell, Martin V. Wyman, Trophite Thebadia, Andrew J. Aiken, John B. Lucia n, James N. ite Thebadia, Andrew J. Aiken, John B. Lucia n, James N. Gault, Cyrus N. Sargent, Jerry Breene, Chas. H. Lancaster, Francis M. Simpson, Benj. Buckley, Henry M. Burrows, A, B. Merrell, David A. Worthley, Benj. Greer, Jr., Isaac B. Holt, Clifford K. Burns, John H. Kennedy, Wm. L. Otis, Geo. E. Tirrell, Albert P. Johonuett, John Tirrell, Henry Blaisdell, James Murrj^ Elbridge Barr, Timothy MTaithy, Royal H. Robie, Cornelius D. Duiinaho, Wayland F. Balch, W. H. H. Black, Sam'l A. Richards, Joseph Dow, Wm. Sargent, Isaiah L. Sweat, Wm. Provincia, Horatio O. Tidd, gent, Isaiah L. Sweat, Wm. Provincia, Horatio O. Tidd, Wm. B. Dodge, Thos. Baker, W. F. Stark, Thos. Howard, Herman J. Eaton, John Flauigan, Sylvester Godfrey, Patrick Farilee, Benj. F. Quimby, John O. Neil, Marselah A. rick Farilee, Benj. F. Quimby, John O. Neil, Marselah A. Merrill, Thos. 0. Grady, Henry C. Richards, Leonard N. George, Godfrey Johonnett, Horace Shirley, Jason Miller, Joseph Comfort. The following are the names of those who enlisted to go to Portsmouth in 1863 into the Heavy Battery: Frederick L. Swartz, Chas. J. Drew, Sam'l B. Weston, John S. Poor, James L. Hunkins, Frank Harriman, Geo. A. 18 mSTOKICAL. Gilchrist, Chas. Mor^rage, Malcolm McLane, Daniel Kidder, Joseph E. Stevens, f]dward J. Collins, Moses W. Woodbury, Geo. F. Bid well, Daniel L. Woodbuiy, Wni. H. D. Cochran, Geo. Whipple, Geo. A. Merrill, James F. Wyman, Edwin Flanders, Stephen Lawrence. Dar^vin ]\1. Poor, James R. Ferson, and John B. Jones. son, and John B. Jones. INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNT Many of the Pioneers of Goftstown were men who oa ve consideraVjle time to hunting, as well as to the cultivation of the fertile acres which they cleared of the primeval timber in order to raise the neccessary corn for their bread, and grain for theii- cattle. These men were well skilled in the use of the flint-lock gun, and as the f<u'ests abounded in wild game hunting was to them a vakiable pastime, but no doubt was often resorted to because of the pleasure it afforded. Not long after the arrival of these men they discovered theimmonse value locked up.in the extensive forests which everywliere covered the hills and valleys, except where dotted here and f here by the narrow clearings. Soon saw-mills ted here and f here by the narrow clearings. Soon saw-mills were erected, and the lumbei thus }>repared was U!"ed in the construction of more spacious and comfortable homes, and ffrist-mills added for the giinding of corn, wheat and barley. HISTOEICAL. 19 Saw-mills were constructed on the streams wherever power was to be had throughout different parts of the town, and for many years sawing and exporting lumber was one of the leading industries. Oa the site now occupied by Parker Bros.' gristmill, Beniah Richards, about 1825, erected the first woolen mill in town. This he operated until his death in 1840, having organized the (loffstown Manufacturing Co. Another mill was erected on the opposite side of the stream, on the site now occupied by the bobbin mill, and was operated by the same company as Mr. Richard's mill. To these mills, and especially to the first erected, the surrounding farmers brought their fleeces, and had the wool carded, spun and woven in to cloth for household use. After the death of Mr. Richards the business was discontinued, and the buildings used for the manufacture of sash and blinds. This mill site was given his son by Eliphalet Richards who owned a large section of land north of the river, in what is now the village. Thesiteof the second mill mentioned became the location of a sash and blind factory, then a factory for making mackerel kits, a match factory and a carriage shop, and a variety erel kits, a match factory and a carriage shop, and a variety of other industries. Hambleton Bros., manufacturers of spools and bobbins, succeeded Otis Allen & Sons, box manufacturers, in August, 1900. This business was removed from Merrimac, N. H.; it employs 60 hands who receive |450 weekly in wages. This is an independent company, which operates a branch in Warner, where 15 men are employed. The product is shipped to all parts of New England and the South, where the spools 20 HISTOEICAL. and bobbins manufactured are used in the cotton and worsted niills. The old sash and blind factory, now closed, was established by Hadley & Blaisdell. and was carried on by them lished by Hadley & Blaisdell. and was carried on by them until Mr. Blaisdell sold his interest to Oren Moore. Hadley & Moore operated the plant for about 20 years, after which it was carried on by Alviu Hadley & Co. until it was discontinued about 1900. This was an extensive business, employ- tinued about 1900. This was an extensive business, employing as many as 75 hands at one time, and adding much ing as many as 75 hands at one time, and adding much activity to the business of the place. Kendall, Hadley & Co.'s steam sash and blind factory was established in 1808, by Kendrick Kendall, Henry Hadley, and Lewis H. Stark, and active operations begun the ley, and Lewis H. Stark, and active operations begun the same year. When built Jesse Nichols occupied one-third of the mill, and was succeeded by other smaller manufacturers, but the entire building, together with the several additions that have been made, is now occupied bj' this company. Seventy-five men are given employment and are paid fortnightly, from .^plOOO to |1200 for their services. The nightly, from .^plOOO to |1200 for their services. The product consists of sashes, blinds, and window-frames, most of which are made of white pine. The entire product, amounting to from |1 00,000 to $125,000 worth annually, is shipped to the Boston markets. Ervin Moore's scythe-rifle business was established in 1854 by Oren and Samuel C. Moore and has never passed out of the family 200 gross of scythe-rifles are manufactured each season at thf shop located on East Union street. ured each season at thf shop located on East Union street. Here Mr. Moore also carries on a carriage repairing and paint shop. HISTOEICAL. 21 Parker Bros.' grist milK which occupies the site of the ori2;inal woolen factory, was erected by Kendrick Kendall, David Parker, and John F. Parker about 1881. The present owners have operated the mill since 1887, in connection with their general store on Main St. So far we have only mentioned the mechanical industries located within the limits of the village, and at present these are about all that are doing very much business outside of the several portable mills which are being operated in different sections of the town. ent sections of the town. At Goffstown Center, or Grasmere, on the site of the present j)ulpmill, have been located several different mills for the manufacture of different products, during the last century. The first mill on this privilege was a saw mill, which probably had a grist mill connected. Later a stocking mill was built here. This was burned, and the site ing mill was built here. This was burned, and the site bought by the P. C, Cheney Co. who erected a paper mill, which was operated under the name of the Excelsior Fibre Co. for a few years. This mill also was burned, afterwhich the original portion of the present pulp mill was erected by the P. C.Cheney Co. In 1884 or 1885 the new part was added to the mill, and for several years following that date the place was the scene of a good deal of activity and enterprise. From 50 to 60 men were employed regularly. The business was Glossed in 1901 on account of the company tailing in business, and during the last three years the mill has stood idle. ness, and during the last three years the mill has stood idle. Robertson's saw mill, situated on Black-brook, beside black-brook road was built about 43 years ago, on the site that had been occupied by a saw mill for sixty years previ22 HISTORICAL. 22 HISTORICAL. ouB. This site is 2% miles from Duubarton line, the same distance from Grasmere postoffice, and 6 miles from the city of tance from Grasmere postoffice, and 6 miles from the city of Manchester. The mill was built by David Wells, Frank Stevens, and Joseph Dunlap; and came into the hands ofG. T. vens, and Joseph Dunlap; and came into the hands ofG. T. Robertson about 1880. Up to five years ao'o this mill did a flourishing business, but much of the lumber in the section is beino- used up by the portable steam mills, with which the stationary mills are uuable to compete. From 300 to 400 thousand feet of lumber is now sawed annually at this mill, and employment is given to four men. SUMMER HOUSES. During recent years many citizens of Goffstown have been turning their attention to the entertainment of summer visitors. Few^ towns in the state can offer more beautiful or varied scenery, and few are in so easy access to a large commercial center. mercial center. The Shirley Hill. House, on Shirley Hill, has become a well-known resort. This accommodates 185 guests and is open during most of the summer when every provision is made for their pleasure and convenience. Shirley Johnson is proprietor. Mount Pleasant House, H. W. Merrill, Proprietor, accommodates 18 to 20 visitors. This is a beautiful scenic spot commodates 18 to 20 visitors. This is a beautiful scenic spot overlooking the valley of the Piscataquog, and is open about four months during the season. Many others in the town accommodate limited numbers of city folk, who have learned to appreciate the pure water, the fresh air, and the charming-scenery of the Uncanoonucs, ri.sin<i 1300 feet above the sea, from which can be seen the White Mountains, the Green Mountains, the Maine Coast and Boston Harbor. HISTORICAL. 23 CHURCH AFFAIRS FIRST PARISH, OH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH The men and women who settled this town, and, in fact, all New Eaoland towns duriu;j- the eighteenth century, were a church-going people. As soon as this town was chartered (June 17, 17G1) the people began to make preparations for settling a gospel minister. PS100 was voted foi' this purpose at the first annual town-meeting. It was also voted that "half thepreaching be at James Karr's and the other half at John Smith's," presumably in the barns belonging to these two gentlemen. Afterw^ards all services were held "at Thomas Karr's barn." The Congregational Church was organized Oct. 30, 1771; this was the "standing order" or parish church, remaining such until the dissolution of church and state. It is very probable that a Presbyterian society was organized in town the following May, but they never erected an}" meeting-house here. The town records show there were here at least 56 male members of this denomination in 1781. After two years discussion and contention as to which side of the river the church should be located on, it was raised, April 27, 1768, near the school house at the Center. This building stood until 1869, when it was taken down. It was not completed for several years after it was erected, but was occupied as a place of worship as soon as boarded and shingled. In August, 1769, the "pew-ground" was sold at a "vendue" and the avails used toward completing the house. 24 HISTORICAL. Appropriations were also made each year for tlie purpose. The names of the purchasers at that time were Samuel Blodgett, Wm. Gilchrist, Robert Gilmore, Capt. James Karr, Deacon Thomas Karr, Job Kidder, Joseph Little, Capt. John Mack, Daniel McFarland, Samuel McFarland, Asa Pattee, Samuel Richards, Benj. Stearns and Moses Wells. The second house ot worship in town was erected in 1815 and 1816, being- dedicated July 3, 1816. This was a large building with galleries on three sides and had a bell. It stood very near, or on the present site of Samuel M. Christie's house. Services were held in this house two-thirds of the time, the other thiid in the old house at theCeuter. The third house of worship erected for this society M^as built in 1838. This was the one occupied by the Methodists, and which was struck by lightning and burned. This was erected with the hope of encouraging more preaching at the Center village, or -of establishing a separate parish which should give them sanctuary privileges every Sabbath, but their desires were not realized, and in 1842 the house was sold for the use of the Methodists. During the pastorate of Rev. Isaac Willej^ and largelythrough his influence, the present church edifice was erected through his influence, the present church edifice was erected at a cost of about $2,500 besides time and labor rendered by members. It was dedicated in October, 1845, since which time all services ol this denomination have been held at this house. Twenty-fight pews were added in 1860. Stained glass memorial windows have since been put in, and the church extensiv^ely remodelled. The walls have also been recently frescoed. The organ is the gift of Miss Mary HadHISTORICAL. 25 HISTORICAL. 25 ley, in memory of her brother, Deacon Alvin Hadley, who tilled the office of deacon for 44 years. A parsonao^e, costing about |2,700 was built in 1870, and a chapel and vestry erected in 1875, at about the same cost. Rev. James Currier was the first settled preacher. He came in 1769 and was formally settled as pastor in 1771, being ordained Oct. 30, the day the church was organized. A tract of land was reserved by the proprietors for the use of the first settled minister who should remain; he was also to receive PS40 a year for the first five years, PS45 the next three, and PS50 a year after eight years; this salary to be paid one-half in corn and one-half in labor. Mr. Currier remained but three years, a short period for those days, and was then dismissed by the town and the society, probably because he was intemperate in his habits. For several years no regular pastor was settled over the church, but Dec. 27, 1781, Rev. Cornelius Waters was ordained and installed. He was a successful and true shepherd, but, unlike Mr. Currier, was thought by some to be too strict. He was granted rier, was thought by some to be too strict. He was granted dismission at his own request, May 4, 1795, after a ministry of fourteen years. The loose element of the church had caused R(v. Mr. Waters' resignation, but now the better members realized their loss. The leaders of the opposition withdrew all support and after three years were expelled. There had also port and after three years were expelled. There had also been much contention between the Congregational and the Presbyterian societies, but now the Christians of the two societies humbled themselves and observed a day of fasting 26 HISTOEICAL. and praj^er. The result was a "plan of union" between these two churches, adopted Dec. 29, 1801, when they became one organization under the name of the Presbyterian-Congregational Church of Goffstown. an-Congregational Church of Goffstown. Upon the adoption of this plan, a call was extended to Mr. David Lawrence Morrill "to settle with us in the work of the gospel ministry," and he was accordingly ordained March 3, 1802. Mr. Morrill's voice failed him and he resigned his charge and closed his labors Nov. 4, 1809, (see personal sketch of his life in another chapter). No other pastor was settled until 1820, although preaching was sometimes had and opportunities made by the town ing was sometimes had and opportunities made by the town and the society for that purpose. In 1816, an ecclesiastical society was organized for the support of Congregational worship, called the Religious Union Society, incorporated Dec. 11, 1816. In the spring and summer of 1819, the place was blessed with a very powerful revival under the preaching of Rev. Abel Manning. Sixty-eight were i-eceived into the church that year. Benjamin H. Pitman was ordained pastor October 18, 1820, for five years. His successor was Rev. Henry Wood. Mr. Wood was a total abstinence man, who found a wide field for labor here. Soon after his nrrival temperance principles were established by the chuich. Mr. Wood was also a ciples were established by the chuich. Mr. Wood was also a spiritual man and 162 members were added to the church during his pastorate, which lasted until Nov. 29, 1831. Rev. David Stowell, his successor, was ordained the day following, and the revival then in progress continued. He was fol- ing, and the revival then in progress continued. He was followed by Rev. Isaac Willej', who came herefrom the church lowed by Rev. Isaac Willej', who came herefrom the church HISTOEICAL. 27 in Rochester, and remained here nearly seventeen years, during which time he did excellent service for the church and ing which time he did excellent service for the church and society. Rev. Elias H. Richardson was settled in 1854, remaining about two and a half years. Rev. John W. Ray was acting pastor for ten years following 1857, but declined settlement. liev. Samuel F. Gerould was installed pastor Feb. 4, 1869, remaining several years. He has been succeeded by Rev. James E. Odlin, Rev. Mr. VVentworth, who ceeded by Rev. James E. Odlin, Rev. Mr. VVentworth, who had a very successful pastorate, and by Rev. H. B. McCartney, the present pastor, who came during the winter of ney, the present pastor, who came during the winter of 1903-'04. The present membership of this society is about 220. There is a strong Christian Endeavor Society which is an important auxiliarj^ to the effective work of the church. The church property is valued at $7,500, and the parsonage, at 12,200. BAPTIST CHURCH Previous to the year 1802, there had existed for several years in this town a branch of the Baptist Church at Hopkinton, but in that year an independent church was formed, kinton, but in that year an independent church was formed, including in its membership residents of Goffstown, Bow and Duubarton. This organization was maintained until March 18, 1820, when it was dissolved and upon the same day the present church was organized with a membership of thirtyfour, includiug several persons who presented letters from four, includiug several persons who presented letters from the church in Londonderry, in this State, and Haverhill and Gloucester in Mass. This church had no pastor until June 29, 1822, when a 28 HISTORICAL. call was extended to Elder Gibson, and his services secured. The present house of worship was dedicated July 2, 1834, previous to which time, the services had been held at the several houses ol the members, in school houses, or in the old eral houses ol the members, in school houses, or in the old East meeting-house when that was not occupied by the Congrej^ationalists. grej^ationalists. Several interesting revival seasons have been enjoyed, when large numbers were added to the church. This church maybe said to be the mother of first; the Dunbarton church, formed Nov. 27, 1828, when thirteen members were dismissed for that purpose; the Amherst church, formed May 28, 1829, when nine members were dismissed; the Amoskeag church (in Manchester), formed July 26, 1835, taking ten members of this society; and a second independent church, formed at the same place, for which forty members were dismissed Dec. 29, 1836. missed Dec. 29, 1836. A long list ol pastors has followed Rev. Mr. Gibson, remaining from one to five years. Since 1871, when Rev. James W. Poland succeeded Rev. John S. Haradon, April 1, the pastors have been as follows: Revs. J. VV. Poland, 1871'75; John H. Nichols, 1877-'83; Edward T. Lyford, 1883- '75; John H. Nichols, 1877-'83; Edward T. Lyford, 1883'89; Willard Packard, 1889-'92; J. A. Bailey, 1892-1901; '89; Willard Packard, 1889-'92; J. A. Bailey, 1892-1901; J. L. Peacock, 1901-'03; and Rev. Clias. T. Reekie, who has served the church since August 1, 1903. The present membership of this society numbers thirty-nine. bership of this society numbers thirty-nine. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES Grasmere Church-- In 1841, a Miss Parker began preaching at the old church at Goffstown Center and at school ing at the old church at Goffstown Center and at school HISTORICAL. 29 houses in various parts of the town. She made many conversions whom she advised to organize into a Methodist versions whom she advised to organize into a Methodist church. Accordingly arrangements for a Methodist meeting^ were made which was held in the new church at the Center in the fall of 1842. The meetings continued several days, a number of persons were baptized, and the society organized. The two men who had purchased the church editice, sold the pews to various individuals, and the services of Rev. Mr. Smart of Concord were secured until the next session of the New Hampshire Conference. Rev. Samuel S. Mathews was then appointed, remaining one 3'ear, during which time his services were attended with good success; at the end of the year he reported sixty-five members. Until 1850, regular pastors were appointed and the church prospered generally. From 1850 to 1858, Goffstown was supplied by students from the Biblical Institute, among whom were Edwin W. Parker and Stephen L. Baldwin, both of whom became prominent in mission fields. For two or three \'ears following 1858, no regular services were maintained, but beginning ing 1858, no regular services were maintained, but beginning 1861, students were again employed, through the efforts of Harvey Stearns, Thos. Sargent, Daniel G. Davis and others. Rev. J. H. Hillman, who preached in 1863, reported an increase from twenty-six to forty-six members. Under the charge of Elbridge Bradford, 1873 and 1874, the church was revived and strengthened. On August 18, 1877, during the pastorate of J. M. Bean, the church was struck by lightning and totally destroyed. Although there was no insurance, a new church costing .f2,500 was erected before the close of the vear, and dedi30 HISTORICAL. 30 HISTORICAL. cated March 26, 1878. In 1881, while Irad Tag-gart was in charge, a new pnrsonaofe was erected, costing about |1.500. The complete list of pastors w^ho have served this church since 1861, with the dates of their appointment, follows, each pastor serving; until the appointment of his successor. John J. Goodwin, 1861; H. W. Ackley, 1862; J.H.Hillman, 1863; Thomns Chipperfield, 1864; Geo. W. Ruland, 1865, no pastor during 1867; W. B. Osgood, 1868; Watson W. Smith, 1869; Eleazer Smith, 1871; Wm. E. Bennett, 1872; Elbridge Bradford, 1873; B. Dearborn, 1875; J. Morey Bean, 1876: D. W. Downs, 1878; Irad Taggart, 1881; J. L. Harrison, 1883; E. B. Perkins, 1884; L. R. Danforth: 1887; H.E. Allen, 1891; J. H. Vincent, 1895; J.D.Folsom. 1896; E. S. Coller, 1898; A. B. Rowell, 1901: and J. H. Trow, 1902, to the present time. The Second Methodist Episcopal Church-- Located at Goffstown village, was organized October 24, 1887, b\^ the following persons: J. E. Robbins, Presiding Elder; Rev. L. R. Danforth, Homer E. Grady, Mr. and Mrs. Dan'l G. Davis, Mr. and Mrs. James H. Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Martin, Mr. and Mrs. Isaac J. I'aige, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Whit- tin, Mr. and Mrs. Isaac J. I'aige, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Whittemore, Gilman Woodbury and Mrs. Philip D. Stark. temore, Gilman Woodbury and Mrs. Philip D. Stark. . The church edifice, situated on No. Mast street, was erected in 1889, and is valued at |3,000. This society has been served since its organization by the same pastors as the society at Grasmere. HISTORICAL. 31 ST. MATTHEWS CHURCH An Episcopal Church was in existence in this town durino; the 19th century, but the date of its oroanization is ino; the 19th century, but the date of its oroanization is unknown. It was always small, and had become extinct before the organization of the present parish, which was in 1866. Rev. vS. Y. Compton was the first rector, services being held in a public hall. The corner-stone of the present church edifice was laid in the spring of 1868, by the late Rev. James H. Eames, D. D., of Concord, at the residence of Bishop Chase. During the same year, regular divine services were discontinued. The church building was erected mainly through the liberalit}^ of friends in the diocese and in Boston and New York. Services were first held in the new church in January, 1870. In the year 1874, the parish became a mission in charge of Rev. G. Brinley Morgan, from which time services have been held without interruption, under the successful ministrations of Rev. W. S. Whitcomb, Rev. H. A. Remick, etc. St. Matthew's Church edifice was erected in 1866 but was not wholly completed until somewhat later. The first clergyman in residence was the Rev. George Brinley Morgan, who began his labors here July 12th, 1874, and continued in charge a little over two years. The Rev. Walter Scott Whitcomb was the next in(?umbent, he being in charge about five years; the Rev. Wm. H. Cutler who was in charge about a year. He was followed by Rev. Herbert A Remick, who remained four years; and Rev. John Henry Sellers, who began mained four years; and Rev. John Henry Sellers, who began 32 HISTOKICAL. to officiate in 1888 and continued work for about one year. Mr. Sellers was the last resident clergyman. Since 1889 the services have been carried on by clergvmen from Manchester, first by the rector of Grace Church. The Rev. Henry E. ter, first by the rector of Grace Church. The Rev. Henry E. Cooke and his curates, the Rev. F. M. Garland, and Rev. E. Jay Cooke, the Rev. Wm. N. Bailey, and by the Rev. A. A. V. Binnington, and later, beginning in the year 1898, by the Rev. W. Northey Jones, also rector of Grace Church and his curate, the Rev. Charles R. Bailey. Beginning January 1st, 1903, the Rev. Charles R. Baile}' ceased to have any connection with Grace Church, Manchester, and became on that date, rector of St. Andrew's Church of the same city, with the charge of St. Matthew's, Goffstown. This arrangement is being continued at the present time (1905). St. ment is being continued at the present time (1905). St. Matthews Church has a fine location on North Mast street. The organization is entirely free from debt and is in a prosperous condition. Among recent improvements may be perous condition. Among recent improvements may be mentioned the installation of electric lights, cushions for the pews, a C(nnplete set of Altar furniture in brass and a fine pipe organ. This last is a gift in menjoryof a former communicant, Frank Johnson, presented by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Rodney Johnson. HISTORICAL. 33 EDUCATIONAL ITEMS The early inhabitants of Goffstown were not distinguished for their attachments to educational interests, among uished for their attachments to educational interests, among themselves, or in the community at large. It can show a much larger list of graduates from the bloody battle-fields of the Revolution, and subsequent wars, than from early institutions of learning. stitutions of learning. The first money designed to be appropriated to the employment of a school-teacher was used for the purchase of ployment of a school-teacher was used for the purchase of gunpowder and lead. The early settlers in carrying on their lumbering operations, needed all the help available, and when hunting in the fall they must take the boys with them, so the latter seldom saw the inside of a school-room, and Dillingsworth's spelling-book looked more formidable to them than the black bear or the tawny catamount. These boys became strong, practical men yet not fully realizing the advantages of education, they considered they were ing the advantages of education, they considered they were discharging their whole duty to the succeeding generation by giving them a little better opportunity for education than they themselves enjoyed. Yet, notwithstanding these disadvantages, the generations of which we are speaking present some examples of a tions of which we are speaking present some examples of a most extraordinary business talent. In fact for enterprise and business, the men of Goffstown have always occupied a front rank. They looked always to the main chance, and theshortest cut to reach it. Pretension, show and charlanting never prevailed here. This distrust of the utility of new ing never prevailed here. This distrust of the utility of new 34 HISTORICAL. thiDo-s, though mainly a praiseworthy trait, has sometimes afforded considerable amusement. The story is told of those who were opposed to having the meeting house warmed by astove, how they perspired on the hist Sabbath after it was put up, and how rapidly they cooled off when they discovered there had been no fire kindled in it during the day, and ered there had been no fire kindled in it during the day, and the stove had never been connected with the funnel. Before this fact was known they became so heated and were so sleepy that the preaching did them no good. The epidemic of the Salem witchcraft barely entered the town. There were arrests made of two women for bewitching two men. One was tried before Esq. McGregor, and the ing two men. One was tried before Esq. McGregor, and the other before Dr. Gove and Esq. Dow, but both, to the honor of the intelligent magistrates, were acquittfd. The condition of the schools in town at the present time compare favorably with other towns under similar conditions. The village maintains an independent school district, tions. The village maintains an independent school district, and supports a successful high school. The town schools number eleven, with a combined attendance ol around 180 scholars. The names of the several schools now in operation, outside of the village, are: the Mountain School, the tion, outside of the village, are: the Mountain School, the Shirley Hill School, Kennedy Hill School, Mast Road School, in the East Part, Tebbetts Hill School, Grasmere Primary, Grasmere Grammar, Pattee Hill School. Parker's School and Paige Hill School. INDEPENDENT S(^HOOL DISTRICT. This district has approximately the same area as the Goffstown Village Precinct, and operates its schools entirely HISTORICAL. 35 independent of the surroundincr portion of the town. The schools consist of a High school, Grammar school, and Intermediate, Higher Primary, and Lower Primary grades. termediate, Higher Primary, and Lower Primary grades. These are all held in the village school building which was erected in 1874, and enlarged in 1888, at an expense of $3500. This building contains five large rooms, with a library, and other smaller rooms. The library contains about brary, and other smaller rooms. The library contains about 300 volumes, valued at |350 ; the valuation of the school building is $12,000. The high school, under the care of efficient principals has made steady and rapid advances in its courses and scholarship. This is not a college preparatory school since it does ship. This is not a college preparatory school since it does not teach Greek, but it is a "credited school." The following is nearly a complete list of the principals of this school since it has been in operation : Mr, Mclutire, James Woodbury, Chas. H. Jones, Frank McHutchins, Herbert Remick, Miss Bessie Brackett, J. L. Kenestou, E. R. Pearse, James Currau, J. A. McDougall, Clarence Crooks, H. H. Stark, Henry B. Stearns, Ralph M. Barton, and Walter B. Pierce, the present principal. Last year the school was enlarged, and a second assistant added. At present about fifty students are in attend- tant added. At present about fifty students are in attendance. Mr. Pierce is assisted by Miss Amanda Seymore, of ance. Mr. Pierce is assisted by Miss Amanda Seymore, of Salem, Mass., and Miss Edith Seeton, of Goffstown. Mrs. Mae C. Poore is the teacher of Music in the different grades of the independent district school. The Grammar school, under the instruction of Miss Laura Blood, of New Boston, is attended by 35 or 40 pupils. The Intermediate grade is taught by Miss Nina L. Kendall, 36 HISTORICAL. of So. Strafford, Vt., with about the same attendance. Miss Mary A. Warren has charge of the Higher Primary, and Miss Ina L. Tuttle, of Manchester, teaches the Lower Primary grade. These two grades have a combined average mary grade. These two grades have a combined average attendance of about 75 pupils. ST. ANSELM'S COLLEGE In 1887, the Benedictines of St. Mary's Abbey, Newark, N. J., purchased in Goffetow'n, on the VVorthley road, what was known as the Worthley Farm, a property of about 70 acres. They immediately began the building of a college that was destroyed by fire before it had been opened to receive students. The present edifice, built of brick, with handsome granite trimmings, is 184 feet in length, and 60 feet in depth, with a front main projection of 40x20 feet. Situated on a plateau, about 300 feet above the city of Manchester, N. H., the college commands a magnificent view in every direction. To the east, is Rock Rimmon, cent view in every direction. To the east, is Rock Rimmon, of legendary lore. To the west, are the (Incanoonac Mountains with Shirley Hill, a well known summer resort. tains with Shirley Hill, a well known summer resort. Towards the north, within sight, run the Piscatognog and Merrimac rivers, botii of Indian name and fame. In the course of time, adjacent property has been acquired, notably mSTOEICAL. 37 in 1904, the Emerson Worthly farm, on which were erected several minor buildings, the chief one being the studio, a structure 55x35 feet. There are on the premises, two artesian wells dug, one at the depth of 160, the other of 182 feet, both yielding a supply of the purest water. The number of instructors at present is 18; the average number of students is about 100. The course of studies comprises a preparatory, commercial and classical department. The students are divided into minims, juniors and ment. The students are divided into minims, juniors and seniors, each section having special study and recreation halls. For the last four years, the Director has been Rt. Rev. Abbott Hilary Pfraeugle, 0. S. B. D. D., and the disciplinarian for many years Rev. P. Joseph, O. S. B. M. A. rian for many years Rev. P. Joseph, O. S. B. M. A. Aug. 30, 1889, the Benedictine Fathers were incorporated by an act of the N. H. legislature to be known as ated by an act of the N. H. legislature to be known as "The Order of St. Benedict of New Hampshire." By an act of legislature, approved February 28th, 1895, St. Anselm's College was empowered to confer the usual college degrees. Following are the members of the Faculty, all residents and enrolled voters: In the collegiate department, Rev. P. Anselm, Prefect of Studies; the Fathers Aloysius, Frederick and Vincent, O. S. B. In the academic department, the Fathers Boniface, William, Fidelis and Dominic. In the commercial department, liam, Fidelis and Dominic. In the commercial department, the Fathers Joseph, Robert and Francis. In the preparatory department, the Fathers Lawrence, Anthony, Thomas tory department, the Fathers Lawrence, Anthony, Thomas and Ignatius. 38 HISTORICAL. In the art department, drawino^, painting and music, Rev. P. Bonananture and others. The house and farm work is done by a dozen ol Brothers, all members of the Order and most of them voters, the Brothers John, Leander, Alphonse, Dominic and Robert. There were in 1904, 22 voters. COUNTY FARM The Hillsborough County Farm occupies a beautiful location near Grasmere Junction, on the line of both the Boston and Maine, and the electric railroad. Previous to 1867, this location was occupied by this same institution, but was burned in Nov. 18GG. A building that had been erected lor a Soldier's Hospital, in Manchester, was then moved to this site and occupied until the following summer, or fall, when the institution was removed to Wilton, where it remained until October, 1895. This site was repurchased in 1893, the buildings erected in 1894 and 1895, being completed the latter year before being occupied. There are to this institution three entirely distinct branches, occupying separate buildings. These are the House of Correction, the Alms House and the Insane Hospital. There are also eight other buildings, including the pital. There are also eight other buildings, including the HISTORICAL. 3^ superintendent's house, with accommodations for attendants; a contagious hospital, laundry and boiler-house, and ants; a contagious hospital, laundry and boiler-house, and general farm buildings, together with a general repair shop, including a blacksmith's shop, shoe-shop, carpenter's shop, and paiut shop. The original cost of this institution was $175,000; additions to the value of |25,000 have been made, making its present valuation |200,000. A complete and independent system of water works is maintained for supplying the farm for domestic purposes and for protection. The supply is brought from springs and is forced to a reservoir 263 feet above them by a pump, having a capacity of voir 263 feet above them by a pump, having a capacity of 500 to 600 gallons per minute. The reservoir is 175 feet above the farm buildings, which gives sufficient hydrant pressure for ample fire protection. The average number of inmates here during the year 1904 (not including attendants, nurses or paid help), was in the almshouse, incurable insane, feeble minded, idiotic and epileptics, 368; and of prisoners at the house of correction, 45; making a total of 413. The institution is under the supervision of Horatio K. Libby. 40 HISTORICAL. PROFESSIONAL MEN LAWYERS. We ^ive below a list of lawyers who have practiced law in this town. Previous to the arrival of the first regular practitioner most of the legal writiugs were done by "Esquires" who filled important places in the early towns. quires" who filled important places in the early towns. John Gove graduated at Dartmouth College in 1792, after which he read law with William Gordon, and practiced in this town until 1803. Thomas Jameson, Dartmouth, 1797, read law with John Harris and practiced law here until 1813. Josiah Forsaith, also a Dartmouth graduate, read law with J. B. Upham and Caleb Ellis, and practiced here until 1823. Jonathan Aiken, Dartmouth 1813, was a student of Lawyer Forsaith, whom he succeeded nntil 1838. David Steele was the next to locate in this town, having graduated from Dartmouth in 1818. He remained here until his death. Others who were here lor short periods prior to 1840 were John H. Slack, Chas. F. Gove, Samuel Butterfield, and Geo. W. Morrison; the latter removed to Manches- field, and Geo. W. Morrison; the latter removed to Manchester in 1839. Most of these men were Dartmouth College ter in 1839. Most of these men were Dartmouth College graduates. John Steele read law with his father, David, and commenced practice here with him, in 18G1. Two ^-ears later he menced practice here with him, in 18G1. Two ^-ears later he entered the N. H. cavalry and served until the close of the war as a first lieutenant. He returned to Goffstown and died in 1869. Samuel Upton, the last practicing lawyer in town, was HISTORICAL. 41 very successful at the bar, and filled many prominent public positions. He obtained an education through his own untiring exertions, being dependent upon his own recourses. tiring exertions, being dependent upon his own recourses. He read law with Butterfield & Hamlin at Andover, and later with the Clarks, in Manchester, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He took an active interest in politics, and during the Civil War was appointed by President Lincoln a Commissioner of the Board of Eurolement for the Second Congressional District. In 1875 Mr, Upton removed to Iowa on account of his wife's health. In 1888 he returned to New Hampshire, and settled in Goffstown where he opened an office, as well as in Manchester. He remained in practice here lor many years during which time he took a prominent part in the affairs of the Congregational Church, and died in November, 1902, after a long life of influence and usefulness. PHYSICIANS Dr. Jonathan Gove is considered to have been the first practicing physician in Goffstown, or in this section of the state. Dr. David L. Morrill was, for many years, an able practitioner here. Other physicians have been: Dr. Webster, Dr. Cushing, John and Ebenezer Stearns, Dr. Walker, Dr. Wrights, Dr. Reynolds, Dr. Crosby, Dr. Ziba Adams, Daniel and John Little, Dr. Flanders, Dr. A. F. Carr,and Dr. Henry E. Newhall. Those now in practice here are: Drs. Cbas. F. George, Frank Blaisdell, E. B. Sweatt, located at Grasmcre, and Maurice Stark. 42 HISTORICAL. DAVID LAWRENCE MORRILL EX-GOVERNOR OF NEW HAMPSHIRE David Lawrence Morrill wbb born in Eppinp^, June 10, 1772. He never attended college but studied theology with Rev. Jesse Remington of Candia. He accepted a call to settle over the Union Presbyterian-Congregational Church in this town, where he was ordained and installed March 3, 1802, remaining pastor until 1811, when his voice failed for the time and he resigned. In 1808 he received the degrees of A. M. and M. D.. from Dartmouth College, and in 1825 the degree LL. D. from the University of Vermont. He continued to reside in the town for many years after his dismissal, living at his old homestead, which is still standing, on Mast Road, at Grasraere. stead, which is still standing, on Mast Road, at Grasraere. He practiced medicine, for which he had prepared early. He remained moderater and clerk of the church until a pastor was chosen to succeed him, which was after an interval of about eleven years. He represented the town in the Legislature from 1810 to 1816, inclusive, the latter year being chosen Speaker of the House. The same year he was elected to the United States Senate for six years from March 4, 1817. He was elected Governor of the state, serving during 1824 and 1825. Dr. Morrill removed to Concord in the autumn of 1831, where he engaged in the book trade, and where he died January 27, 1849, a much loved and respected man. uary 27, 1849, a much loved and respected man. HISTORICAL. 43 GOFFSTOWN VILLAGE WATER WORKS. The necessity of better protection against fire, and the need of pure water for domestic purposes were both felt for several years before any legal action was taken toward establishing the present system. At the annual meeting of the tablishing the present system. At the annual meeting of the Precinct in April, 1890, the sum of |250 was raised to defray the expense of a preliminary survey to ascertain the most available means of supply, and the probable expense of erecting and maintaining the neccessary system. Geo. P. Hadley, who was employed to make the investigation, examined several systems and locations with special gation, examined several systems and locations with special reference to the purity of water, distance from the village, quantity of supply, and elevation. His report favored the gravity system, and recommended constructing a reservoir on Whittle Brook, between the Uncanoonucs, about 8,100 feet away from and 200 feet above the village. A charter was obtained from the Legislature in 1891, and work was begun on May 6th. The gate was closed the 4th of the following November, and in 31 days thereservoir, having a capacity of 2,250,000 gallons, was filled. The pipes were connected seventeen days later. Forty hydrants are connected with the system, and are located in all parts of the village, giving to the same, with the aid of efficient fire apparatus, excellent fire protection. The entire cost of installing the system was |41,978.67. The present board of water commissioners consists of Geo. W. Colby, Samuel Upton, Chas. G. Barnard, Otis F. Sumner, and John G. Dodge. Otis F. Sumner is Treasurer. 44 HISTOEICAL. THE ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. The electric lip;hting power statiou of the MaDchester Traction Electric Light and Power Company, located on the Plscataquog River, at the falls between Goffwtown village and Grasmere, was started here about six years ago. The power has 50-feet head, and 2200 horse-power is available. The current produced supplies lights for Goffstown village, Grasmere and the County Farm, and the balance goes to the city. L. J. Verrell is superintendent of the Company : Joseph Griffin is now in charge of this plant. ROGERS FREE LIBRARY. The Rogers Free Public Library was founded in 1888 by Miss Lucy S. Rogers, of Boston, upon the donation of about 700 volumes. It was then established in the town house, which was extensively remodeled the following year and the present rooms fitted up by making an addition to the building. The number ot volumes has increased until there are ing. The number ot volumes has increased until there are now 3300 volumes, which constitute a very wide assortment of books, covering the latest fiction, historical works, works of science and art, and practical books of reference. About 7000 loans are made from its stacks each year to citizens of HISTORICAL. 45 the town who find here much practical information and entertainment. tertainment. The library is governed by a board of trustees. Miss Isadore Johnson is librarian, having filled that position since it was first opened. The library is open Saturday afternoon, and Saturday and Wednesday evenings. ternoon, and Saturday and Wednesday evenings. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. UncanooDuc Grange -- No. 40, was organized at Goffstown village in the Fall of 1874, with thirty charter mem- town village in the Fall of 1874, with thirty charter members, and has never missed a meeting since its organization. bers, and has never missed a meeting since its organization. Its meetings are held in Blaisdell's Hall on Church street. This order has won several literary prizes during the last four years, it has made a remarkable increase in membership and attendance, and is now one of the most successful ship and attendance, and is now one of the most successful branches in the state. The present membership numbers 178, of which 100 are ladies and 78 gentlemen. The principal oflScers now in charge are J. Henry Stiles, Master; B. F. Davis, Overseer; Mrs. Annie Stevens, Lecturer; Mrs. Georgia F. Martin, Secretary; Henry Moore, Treasurer; and Carl Pattee, Steward. retary; Henry Moore, Treasurer; and Carl Pattee, Steward. Thefollowingis a complete list of masters of thisgrange, beginning with its organization, in 1874: Joseph J. Poore, 15 months; J. K. Richardson, 2 years: Geo. Pattee, 3 ys.; 46 HISTOEICAL. Calvin Martin, 2 ys.; A. M. Davis, 1 y.; A. J. Hazen, 1 y.; Henry Moore, 1 y.; Albert Whittemore, 1 y.; J. G. Taggart, 1 y.; Gilman Woodbury, 1 y.; S. B. Gilchrist, 1 y.; Wm. N. CarletoD, 2 ys. ; Geo. B. Stevens, 1 y.; I8aac J. Paige, 1 y.; Geo. Pattee, 2 ys.; J. H. Stiles, 1 y.; S. B. Gilchrist, 1 y.; A. H. Parker, 2 ys.; F, A. Whipple, 1 y.; Chas. A. Davis, 2 ys.; W. P. Hadley, 2 ys.; and J. H. Stiles. -- By courtesy of the Secretary. Junior Grange-- ^o. 150, was organized at Crasmere, March 24, 1890. There were forty-nine charter members. Gilman Farley was chosen first master and has been succeeded in that office by D. G. Roberts, C. H. Martin, Wm. H. ceeded in that office by D. G. Roberts, C. H. Martin, Wm. H. Poor, A. S. Tirrell, F. P. Stevens, G. E. Whitney, B. D. Paige, E. B. Swett, and L. H. Putnam, now serving. The present membership is 144. This order is increasing in activity and influence, and is in a very flourishing condition. The other principal offices are filled as follows: Burt tion. The other principal offices are filled as follows: Burt Tirrell, Overseer; Mrs. Isadore Tirrell, Lecturer; H. M. Beard, Secretary; Geo. E. Whitney, Treasurer; andC. H. Martin, Chaplain. -- Account furnished by the Secretary. Census of Goffstown"1903 The populatiou ot the town of Goffstown has been arranged in families where that arrangement has been possible. In these families, in addition to the resident liviog members, the names of the non-resident members are included. It should be borne in mind that this plan does not include the names of all former residents of this town, as the names of the non-residents appear only when one or both of the parents are still living in the town. After the name of each non-resident will be found the present address, when such address has been given to us. Non-residents are indicated by the (*). dents are indicated by the (*). When a daughter in a family has married, her name taken in marriage appears after her giv^en name in parenthesis, the name preceded by a small m, thus: (m ). sis, the name preceded by a small m, thus: (m ). Following the names of the population is the occupation, postofRce address, or rural free delivery route. To pation, postofRce address, or rural free delivery route. To designate the occupations we have used the more common abbreviations and contractions, as follows: P'armer -- far; carpenter-- car; railroad service -- R R ser; student, a member of an advanced institution of learning -- stu; pupil, a member of a lower grade of schools (including all who have reached the age of five years)-- pi; housework-- ho; laborer-- lab; physician and surgeon-- phy & sur; clergyman-- clerg; merchant -- mer; teacher -- tr; blacksmith -- blk; clerk -- cl; book- chant -- mer; teacher -- tr; blacksmith -- blk; clerk -- cl; bookkeeper -- bk kpr; lawyer -- law; mechanic-mech; machinist- keeper -- bk kpr; lawyer -- law; mechanic-mech; machinistmach; engineer-eng; maker -- mkr; worker -- wkr; work -- wk; mach; engineer-eng; maker -- mkr; worker -- wkr; work -- wk; shoe shop work -- shoe op; cotton or woolen mill operatives -- mill op; weaver -- weav; spinner -- spin; electrician -- elec; painter -- ptr; carriage work -- car wk; dress maker-- dr mkr; insurance -- ins; traveliug salesman, or commercial traveler -sales, or coml trav; music teacher -- mus tr; teamster -- team; sales, or coml trav; music teacher -- mus tr; teamster -- team; lumberman -- lumb; attendant -- atten. This Census was taken expressly for this work during January and February, 1905, by Roscoe A. Weston, of Readfield, Maine. GOFFSTOWN POSTOFFICE. When no address is given, GOFFSTOWN P. O. is understood. For other addresses we have used the follov\ing ab- stood. For other addresses we have used the follov\ing abbreviations:-- Grasmere postofflce, Gras; Manchester, Manch; breviations:-- Grasmere postofflce, Gras; Manchester, Manch; Rural Free Delivery routes, the number of the route. Streets in town, and in the city of Manchester are abbreviated as follows:-- Church, Ch; Cottage, Cot; East Union. viated as follows:-- Church, Ch; Cottage, Cot; East Union. E Un; North Mast, No Mast; Prospect, Pros; Pleasant, Pleas; Spring, Spr; Summer, Sum; South Mast, So Mast; West Union, W Un. Abbott, Annie ( nurse Parker *Leonard N lab Manch Abbott, Geo car Parker Abbott, Jos lab Gras, No 1 Phoebe ( ho Melvina ho *Ph(]Rbe (m Norville Worcester, Mass *Jane (m Given Watertown, Mass *Rose (m Pratt Manch Lawrence team Addison, Sarah J Manch, No 2 Addison, Aseneth ho Ahmuty, Jas poultry Gras, No 1 *Mabel E (m Dodge Pembroke *James W supt mill Lawrence, Mass Aiken, Sam'lO car Pros Mary (Houston ho Frank A stu Aiken, Sylvester E shoe op Nellie (Peaslee ho Jennie M pi Verna B pi Clara S Andrews, Geo E pool room Parker Annis,P^dwS mech No Mast Delia (Greenwood ho Mabel A ho Guy F Mech Susie E pi CENSUS. Mary B Edward Annis, A H car & far / Manch, No 3 Etta (m Parker ho Annis, N W far No 1 Applebee, Ellen retd No 1 ♦️Albert retd Pittsfield, Me Alice (ra Saunders ho Arthur, Minnie M waitress Manch, No 2 Austin, Dan'l B mech Elm Zibiah J (Christie ho Annie M (m Story *Maurice C shoe mer 931 Elm, Manch Mabel (m Pattee Ayer, Warren far Gras, No 1 Hattie (Hart ho *Mary L tr Erie, Manch *Franci8 P typewriter Boston, Mass *Josephine nurse Erie, Manch *Thos P stu Erie, Manch Ayer, Clara I ho Gras, No 1 B Bachelder,Leroy far Gras, No 1 Bailey, Jacob R far No 1 Eva R ho Chas far Ray mech Bailey, Hannah (ho ho *Angie (m Parrott Manch Badger, Melvin atten Gras, No 1 Bancroft, Philena (Manter ho *Erama (m Moody Elm Manch Manora (m Raynor ho Barnes, Lucy (Jones No Mast Jennie (m Whitney ho Barnard, Chas G livery stable ice, coal & lumber dlr May M (eTenks ho Mertie D ho Mabel C ho Barnard, LT far Gras,Nol Nellie (Kilton ho Ernest K pi Verna A pi Bartlett, G F pattei'n mkr No Mast Belle M (Hoit ho Celia H pi Sherman W pi Mary E pi Bartlett, LS far Manch, No 2 Sarah J (Mann ho Bartlett, E B retd No Mast Mary E (Jones ho *John meat cutter New Boston Eben B stu Bartlett, Geo H far Mary A (Harris ho CENSUS. Euth H stu Bartlett, Lucian Gras, No 1 far & milk dlr Olive (Powers ho Frank milk dlr Mabel stu Bartlett, Jas H far Manch, No 2 Sabrina M (Cannon ho Walter H far Bartlett, WH far Manch, No 2 Gertrude (French ho Kalph A Carl H Bartlett, Henry far Manch, No 2 Helen A (Russell ho Arthur F stu Basha, John mach Sum Mary (Daniels ho J Lewis pi Elsie M pi Beals, Wm H car High EllaT (Butterfield ho Ramon a M pi Gladys E Bean, Chan mech Proa Ellen (Hamilton ho Winona ho Archie stu Sydney pi Lorenzo pi Bean, Francis R watchman Maria (Huckins Nellie (m Daurer ho Beard, L M far Gras, No 1 Henry M far Beard, Henry M far Gras, No 1 Josephine (Colby ho Benj H stu Lucy E pi Rolla C pi Nellie R pi Fannie S pi Bell, Geo A far HattieP (Kidder ho *Lottie M (m Arnold cor Manch & Hall, Manch *Eva B (m Perkins 40G Manch, Manch *Blanche M (m Nichols 201 Middlesex, Lowell, Mass Bell, I B barber cor Main & No Mast Jennie C (Morgan ho Eva M stu Bell, Ira L mech Elm Jennie M (Webster ho Frances N dress mkr Bellmere, Joseph mech Mary (Blais ho Iva Flora Belisle, G N carpet layer Manch, No 3 Velary (Walcom ho Victoria el CENSUS. *Edward upholsterer New York City Harry far *Philip macb Avery, Manch *Arthur shoe op Lowell, Manch Eva ho Gastoney far Blaiisdell, Frank phy & sur No Mast Anna I (White ho *Arthur G ins agt 398 Broadway, New York City Perry N far Willie E bk kpr Blaisdell, Edwin A mer Elm Armena J (Dustin ho Herbert R mech "^Harry S sales 58 Liberty, Springfield, Mass *Frank H store man'g Boston, Mass Blaisdell, Henry far No 1 Eldora (Sargent ho Lewis H far Eva B (m Davis Maurice E sta agt Ethel M Dora M Blaisdell, M E sta agt Parkers, No 1 Nettie (Kidder ho Dorothy F Verna W Marion J Blaisdell, Mary A (Merrill *Albert far New Boston Sarah J (ra Rogers ho *David far New Boston Blaisdell, Jennie ho Cot Blaisdell, H R mech E Un Lilla (Windham ho Robert M pi Ruth pi Blaisdell, W J mason Manch, No 3 Mary I (Richards ho Blaisdell, Gilman far Manch, No 3 *Arthur mach 15 Harrison, Manch Blaisdell, Elizabeth (Blaisdell Manch, No 3 Gilman far Wm mason *Josephine shoe op Derry *Lizzie (m Y^uill ho 47 W Merrimac, Manch Blood, Laura tr Main Blanchette, Joseph lab Depot Mary (Wolgor ho Arra ho Lovina ho Clara (m Clement Harry pi Delina pi Emma pi CENSUS. Alice pi Philip pi Frank Delia Heorj^ I Mary V Blount, F far Gras, No 1 *Helen L (m Hurries 509 Columbus Ave Boston, Mass * Bertha W sales 71(S Beach, Mancli *FrederickA 2931 Liberty New York Cit.y Alice M (Bullard ho Boardman A P retd soldier Gras, No 1 Olive M (Lane ho *Carlotta (m Randlett Laconia Leslie p] far *Ella (m Dearborn Pittsfield Olive ho Boardman, L K far Gras, No 1 Olive I Gladys M Bonney, Laura ho Boone, Maria M nurse Gras, No 1 Boyce, R L mech Parker Annie F (Flanders ho Robert P stu Boynton, Wm far Maneh, No 2 Roxana J (Bartlett ho *Emma (m Hicks Fitch bur ":, Mass *Geo far Bedford *Brown, Geo mill op 142 Parker, Manch Marion E (Miller ho Brown, Ethel ho No 1 Brown, J W far Manch, No 2 Alice (Carter ho Harold C pi John A Richard W Mildred A Brown, John far Manch, No 2 *Enuna F (m Palmer Auburn *Ella ho Manch *Mabel (m Wilkie Auburn John W far Brown, G W far Manch, No 2 Mary E (Anthony ho *Burton A far Omaha, Neb Martha J (m Nelson Geo H pi Daisy M pi Brown, Moses elec Gras, No 1 Annie (Gage ho Brown, Eli N car No 1 May A (Magoon ho Chester A pi Ella M pi CENSUS. Brown, Elsie pi cor High & No Mast Brown, Almira C(Minard Gras *ClarrieE (m Hurlbut 1373 Elm, Manch Brown, F W far So Mast Annie E (Gage ho Brown, John H car High Christie A (Talbot ho Ernest R pi Geo S pi Willie H pi Chester T Brown, James C car Ch Susan C (Kimball ho *Carrie A Brookline, Mass Laura C stu Elizabeth tr Clarence R stu Susan C stu H Allan pi Daniel pi Brown, Geo H fireman Florence (Heselton ho Brown, Eliza J (Clark Ch *Mary J (m Campbell Manch Isabell T (m Dow ho *Emma F (m Davis Groton, Mass * Albert R sta agt New Boston *Lizzie F (m Sweeney Whitman, Mass Brown, E A janitor cor Main & No Mast Lillian E (Fales ho Ernest C mech Archie L poultry Brown, G W far Frank A far John F far Brooks, Corrine pi Bo wen, E G stone mason Ch Emily (Kidder ho *Alice (m Colby Los Minos, Cuba *Minnie (m Jones W Summerville, Mass *Inez (m Abel Manch 517 Lake Ave *Geo H car mkr Amesbury, Mass "Carrie (m Davis New Boston Bunton, Robert cl Main Edith V (Tenney ho Geo A Mildred Burgeon, Antonia shoe op Excenia ( ho Leo Arthur Wilfred Burke, Harry millman Manch Mary (Sinstcys ho Lena CENSUS. Cora Burnham, Chas lab Parker Butler, Dairl T far So Mast *Ella M (m Moore 874 Broadway New York City *Edna (m Sherburne 21 3d, W Mancb Hannah (ai Story Buttrick, Lillian (Emery dress mkr E Un Ledora D pi Berniee F pi Butterfield, Esther F W Un *Buxton, H B drug- Winchester Caroline A (Perley Main Perley H ])1 Buxton, W C mech So Mast Annie (Paige ho Berniee G pi Frank C pi Campbell, AM lumb W Un Mary A (Cochrane ho Annie R (m Jones Jessie M ho Campbell, II M lumb So Mast Hattie C (Andrews ho *Emma E tr Westfield, Mass David mech Caraway, Joseph far Sum Nora (Bashe ho John B mer Fred A mech Nora (m Wyman Joseph T cl Dolpheus P pi Caraway, John meat market So Mast Minnie (Morgan ho Alice pi Helen pi Esther pi Caraway, F A fore S & B shop Lula M (Merrill ho Caraway, Jos T cl Main Gertrude (Richards ho Vernice pi Arliue Carleton, A M High real estate broker 36 Hanover, Manch Esther (Kendall ho Reuben W stu Marion S stu Winifred E pi Roscoe A pi Carleton, Wm N cont & build Ch Josephine E (Pattee ho Maude G tr Carleton, Emeline L (Stinson High Frank J stu CENSUS. Percy S Alden L Caron, Napoleon pl Pl loom fixer Manch Beatrice (Busbire ho *Joseph loom fixer Avery, Manch Louise (ra Kin^ *Melevese (m La Sart Manch *Cha8 lab Manch Sam'l weav Alsed lab Carr, S Frances (Parker So Mast Edward P far Chas B far Helen B tr Carroll, C H far Manch, No 3 Mary (Conner ho Alice M Chas H Jr Carter, Amelia (Gubois ho Alice (m Brown Carter, Joseph G lab Sum Carter, Henry far *& lumb Manch, No 3 Carter, Joseph T ptr Depot *Theodore C shoe op No Weare Effie E ho Henry L pl Chapman, Jennie ho Cheney, Stephen retd Sum Mary A (Angler ho Bertha (m Frachuer ho Cheney, Edwin ptr & paper hgr *Flora B (m Bowers Fitchburg, Mass Harriet H (Lyman ho Chester, Sarah A ho No 1 Chinaman laundry So Mast Choate, Sarah E (Flanders Main Albert R pl Chri8tie, Martha M So Mast Christium, Eugene section boss Depot Clara (Nalley ho Julia pl Francis Eugene Cilley, Frank mech High & No Mast *Georgia A (Emery Hillsboro, Br *EdgarA far Francistown *Elgin J lab Nashua *Freda (m Irving W Manch Florence E weav Clay, John lab Manch Clement, Fred lab Depot Clara (Blanchette ho Florence M Cleveland, Louisa (Harris Gras, No 1 CENSUS. *Fred mach & car Penacook *Eveljm (ra Charles lOG Boynton, Manch *Mertie (m Kidder 247 Concord, Manch *Geo ptr Penacook *Hattie (ni Baker Suncook *i\lattie (m Baker Deerfield Mabel nurse Henrj' far *I]lmer team Suncook *Beulah (m Beard Reed's Ferry Ethel pi Cloujrh, T far Manch, No 3 Sarah E (Colby ho Clou^h, Eliza C (James ho May E (m Poore ^Elizabeth (m Mudgett 85 Blodgett, Manch Cochrane, Ann C (Clark No Mast Mary A (m Campbell ho Aonie C (m Moore Coffin, I S lab No 1 Laura E (Lawton ho *Omer G bk kpr 22 Granite, Manch Colburn,LH far Manch, No 3 Colby, Octavia (Teague Ch Belle F (ni Merrill *Elsie M (m Perrigo W Manch Marion ho Colby, Geo W No Mast ins agt & Deputy Sheriff Mellisa (Cilley ho *Elvira J (m Morse 401 Central, Manch Lucy A (m Dodge ho Colby, Alfred far No 1 Adeline (Colby ho Walter team Fred H mech Colby, Augusta B (Spaulding Manch, No 3 Colby, Henry E far No 1 Mattie A (Brown ho Bessie E (m Harvey ho Colby, Roberta (Kennedy Sum Clara B ho Colby, Carrie (Farley ho Cot Colby, Walter team Gras Colby, Elizabeth (Clement Pleas *Cha8 H R R car Church, Keene *Saplironia (m Barton Piermont Etta dr mkr *Milton marble cutter Pleas, Concord Martha L dr mkr Sarah (m Hammond *Belle (m Childs 692 Massabesit, E Manch Colby, Mrs Jerome ho Gras CENSUS. *Fred Lawrence, Mass *Addie (m Russell Ljnu, Mass Collins, Nettie (Hammond Nol Bern ice May Colston, Fred L fireman E Un Ljdia M (Warswick ho Mary R stu Colter, Jennette (Campbell Nol *Geo mach Minneapolis, Minn *Wm T eng Toledo, Chas E cook Comfort, Joseph far No 1 Mary F (Quimby ho Connor, Jas retd Main and Cot Mary E (Richards ho Condon, Frederick hotel prop Main Flora (Valley ho Connor, Mary (McKechnie Manch Thos G pi James E pi Agnes E pi Corey, Abbie (Tucker No Mast Corliss, G E poultryman So Mast Vesta P (Osborne ho Copp, Anna R ho Gras Copp, Etta B ho Gras Coulter, Cora (Rand Gras,No 1 Cram, Susan E ( ho Orrin W car Chas A coachman Abbie M (ra Ordway ho Cram, Henrietta (Teunant ho *Heleu M (m Charles Ward Hill, Haverhill, Mass Hattie D ho Georgia E milliner Cram, Orrin W car So Mast Nina (Mansur ho Lottie R pi Linnie E pi Fay Cram, Chas A coachman E Un Caroline G (Evans ho Lucena E Ardena M Crouse, Jas W sawyer Depot Ellen, (Bowers ho Laura M ho Garrie C pi Nellie pi Currier, F I lab Manch, No 3 Cushing, A H ptr High and No Mast Eliza E (Wilson ho Arthur A lab *Robt drug Greenville *MandaC (m Palmer New Boston *Harold F ptr Lisbon Wallace W mill op Oscar R lab CENSUS. Inez M ho Budy E pi Willie C pi Ola A pi Gushing, Arthur mech Depot Esther (Marston ho Ralph Gushing, Charlie ptr Mamie (Thompson ho Cutter, Laura E ho Elm Gutter, Cynthia (Pierce Cot GuUings, Walter pi D Dallas, Robt lab Manch, No 3 Dallas, Mary ho Manch, No 3 Danforth, Geo Gras, No 1 far &, poultryman Daniels, Sarah D ( cook Gras, No 1 *Sadie (m Balch Manch *Frank butcher Manch Davis, Sarah J (Hodge ho *Lillian M (m Arthur shoe op 428 E Spruce, Manch Ella M ho Imogene Davis, Chas car No Mast Abbie (Clark ho Davis, Phdibe E (Wiggins Nol *Fred R civil eng New York City Chas far B Frank ins cl Davis, Chas far No 1 Eva B (Blaisdell ho Davis, Nancy (Colby High *Rosvvell A meat cutter 64 Rock, Lowell, Mass Marion B (m Whipple ho Lena M (m McCobby Dean, Emma A nursery atten Gras, No 1 Dearborn, Jason P far M. Louise (Hadley ho *Arthur S stu 3342 Dearborn, Chicago, 111 Dearborn, Luther G ret'd Nol Eliza J (Toomoth ho * Luther G Jr phy Portland, Me Dearborn, F S harness mk'r Elm Sabra J (Mudge ho Alice M Degremier, Jos far Gras, No 1 Sophie ( ho Derbyshire, S F watchman Gras, No 1 Hattie A (Farrar cook S Emma stu Dodge, Chas L mer Ch Alice L (Dow ho Theodore L stu Helen M stu Geo H pi CENSUS. Mary L pi Arlene Dodge, JohD G lumb Pleas Lucy A (Colby ho Dorothy, Wm lab Mauch Dow, Bertram S far Manch, No 3 Margaret T (Straw ho Dow, Albert J car Ch Lydia C (Merrill ho Herbert L mech *Edith M (m Traver E Manch Dow, Wm H mech Ch Isabelle T (Brown ho *Ray G shoe op Manch Mildred ho Ralph pi Esther B pi Dow, Wm H ptr & paper hgr Spr Nettie M (Daniels ho Ina M stu Dow, James E mech Elm Lottie P (Paige ho Elmer C pi Harlon F pi Duke, Elmer mer Ch Mary F (Ross ho Jessie H stu Chas O pi Dunbar, Melvin S ptr Gras Ella (Boardman ho Duncklee, Sarah E (Merrill Gras Dunn, James lab Gras, No 1 Sarah (Barron ho Dupois, Fred E cl Jennie B (Flanders ho Beatrice DuPont, Theodore F lab Sum Dustin, Emily A (Bartlett Elm Armena J (m Blaisdell Dwinnells, Stephen mason Manch, No 3 Nancy (Richards ho *Emma (m McQueston 329 Laurel, Manch *Ella (m Young 120 Myrtle, Manch *Walter furniture dlr Manch Dyke, H N Hotel man S Mast Carrie J (Johnson ho *Herbert I cook hotel Lenox, Concord *Fred E el Brattleboro, Vt Benj S hotel cl *Bessie N (m Burchsted Concord Elizabeth B milliner Florence stu CENSUS. EatoD, Geo L mason Nettie J (Robertson ho Wm U pi Eaton, Richard lab Manch, No 2 Eaton, Sarah L (Sargent No Mast Eaton, Geo M far Gras Nellie (m Whitney ho Geo L mason *Elizabeth M tr Auburndale, Mass Ellingwood, Minnie E tr Emerson, Hattie M Manch, No 2 Emerson, B Frank far No 1 Mary L (Story ho F Maude (m Paige Walter section hand W^illie pi Chas pi Lizzie pi Geo pi Emerson, E C far Manch, Mo 2 Harriet (Hutchinson ho Anna B tr Farmer, Delia B (Butler So Mast Farrar, Lydia E (Spaulding Hattie A (m Derbyshire *Geo F expert mach 91 Putman, Buffalo, N Y Ferson, C F barber So Mast Person, John R far Nettie A (Pierce ho Alice M pi Ralph M pi Lee D pi Ferson, James ret'd Fellows, Ijouise (Wyman Gras, No 1 Fellows, Fred L printer Clara M ( Regner sales Nelson E pi Fife, W H far Gras, No 1 Susan C (Curtis ho Fish (Elizabeth ho Flanders, Edwin far Gras Mary A (Emerson ho *Annie R (m Paige Dublin Flanders, Sarah ho Gras Flanders, Sarah A (Stevens Elm Flanders, Emma G tr Manch, No 3 Flanders, Helen M ho Manch, No 3 Flanders, Ethel (Bartlett Main Chester W' stu Shirley L pi Dorothy E CENSUS. Flanders, Frank B ret'd Main Flanders, Geo E restaurant Elm Lydia A (Merrill ho Jennie B (ra DuPois ho Flanders, Maude A pi Gras Flanders, Mary J (Mills Elm Geo E restaurant Fletcher Lizzie (Sargent ho *Mary F (m Baker 857 Laurel, S Manch Fletcher Grace (Hills Ch Ethel ho *Frauk bk kpr Laurel & Wilson, Manch Flint Martha E (Merrill Elm *Lizzie (m White 76 Riddle, W Manch Foote, Alonzo cl Elm *Arthur civil eog 15 Buffam, Lynn, Mass *01ive stu 15 Buffam, Lynn, Mass Anna (Manning ho Lottie B pi Foote Walter C mech No 1 *Eugene W far E Weare lab ho ho Gras, Nol Foss, Joseph O mech Gh *GeoC Edna (Coburn IdaM Ford, Blanche atten Fannie (m Nichols Etta (m Seeton Chas teamster Sarah J (Boyce ho Foss, Chas H teams Ch Estella R (Paige ho Sarah M ho Foster, Ann ho Gras Foster, Frank car Pros Nellie M (Jones ho Hazel M pl Doris A Robert J Frachuer, Rebecca (Raymond Shoe op WUn Geo mech Frachuer, Geo mech Sum Bertha (Cheney ho Freeman L J far Eliza M(0'Neil ho Fuller, Sarah M ho No Mast Fuller, Frank lab Gras Mary (Lockhead ho Frank Jr shoe op Margaret mill op Fullerton, Nettie M Manch, No 2 Furcotte, Ludger lab Gras, Nol Lumina (Lutros ho Armaine Lulice Corine CENSUS. Obeline Autorirelle Gadz, Edw far Manch, No 2 Hel(^na (Myer ho *Felli8sa (ra Pruena Manch *Oscar car Manch *Clara ho Newport, Me *Arnold mech Nashua Emma pi Alvin pi Gap:e, Augustus mech Main Gage, Scott far Margaret W (McAllister *Clara box mkr Manch Elmer car * Walter printer 197 Cedar, Mauch *ChavS F milkman Manch *Maggie M (m Lillis Duubarton Joseph B lab Gage, Elmer car McCullam Ave Mary A (Flatley ho Margaret John Gage, Clara box mkr McCullam Ave Gagnon, Robert ptr Gras,Nol Jennie (Pro vencher ho Eva Orna Grace Louis Garland, Alice (Tibbetts Gras John H car *Augu8ta (m Foster 4 Pleas, Manch Gauthier, Napoleon cigar mkr Alice (Champagne ho Earle H pi Blanche P Gay, Ann B ho So Mast George, Albert H sta agt Gras Sarah R (Merrill ho Abbie I (m Taggart *Arthur loc eng Concord George, James eng Gras No 1 Ellen S (Snow bk kpr George, C F phy & 8ur E Un & So Mast Rebecca P (Green ho Emma L (m Spencer George, C Otis R R ser Pleas Martha A (Marshall ho CRal|)h cl George, Almira (Brown Gras *Carrie I (m Bailey Minneapolis, Minn *Frank A transfer mngr Manch *Leroy far Springfield George, L N far Manch, No 3 Annette M (m Langley James M fireman May E (Poore ho Mary F ho Lizzie M pi CENSUS. Giddings, May J (Kidder *Ida librarian Lawrence, Mass *Perlej far New Boston Gilchrist, S B far Gras, Nol Gilchrist, Emma ho Gras, Nol Gleason, Mabel table girl Gras, No 1 Glines, Humphrey M retd Elm Ella F (Purcell ho *Ophelia A ins agt 12 Hemenway, Boston, Mass *Anna B bk kpr 12 Hemenway, Boston, Mass Goodwin, Edw express So Mast Emily J (Rattray ho Goodhue, Walter S mech So Mast Mary G (Aiken ho Beulah M stu Goodwin, Ralph bk kpr Main Gordon, Chas P far No 1 May J (St John ho *Melviua (m Ducklo Suncook Edna M (m Hebert *Mary J (m Gilman Suncook Lena pi Perley pi Gordon, Robt M spool mfg Spr Lizzie E (French ho Howard F Gould, Lewis C far Gras, No 1 Josephine A (Whipple ho Adelbert E milkman Bertha A milliner Clifton E pi Gould, John W far So Mast Nettie E (Wheeler ho Ethel M tr Arthur J shoe op Gouyer, Clemensie ( Gras, No 1 Gove, Geo I far Gras Harriet E (Emerson ho Grant, Clinton D car So Mast Emma B (Burnham ho ♦️Edith tr Troy Wm B stu Mary E stu Margaret stu Grant, Lydia P ( So Mast Harry mech Greer, Susan (George Gras Leslie C plumber *Agnes M (m Mount cor 3rd and Blaine, W Manch Eunice M pi Greer, Elizabeth M (Fuller Gras Ben] F P M & lumber dlr Greer, BenjF PM& lumber dlr Florence A (Chappie bk kpr CENSUS. Benj F Jr pi Raymond C pi Greer, John E mech Gras Minnie ((Jhapple plater Greer, L B retd Manch,No4 Clara A (Woodson ho Greer, Henry E mason Gras Lizzie J (Harriman ho Nettie M milliner * Harry S cl 87 Waltham, Boston, Mass Katherine H pi Greer, Albert G far Gras Allie M mech Greer, iVllie M mech Gras Ida(Burnes pianist Albert S Greenwood, W F watchman Ida F (Spencer ho Florence M ho Maurice L mech Leon a P pi Grace M Grepfg, Chas H mach Ch Clara M (Mills ho Louis R sta ap;t *Arthur E stu Bangor, Me Alzira E bk kpr Ellen silk mill op Harry M cl GriflSn, J P fore elec plant Gras, No 1 Maude S (Thomas ho Vivian B pi Gertrude E Muriel R H pl pl Hadley, Geo P civil eng No 1 Edna Y (Carr ho Hadley, Frank retd E Un Sabra B (Hadley ho Mary E mus tr Hadley, Mary P ho So Mast Hadley, Chas C far Mary E (Leah ho *Josephine C New Boston Wm P far Mary E stu Hadley, Sarah M ho Hall, Elizabeth F (Morse So Mast *Wm P mech 39 So Elm Manch GeoH Hall, Geo H car So Mast Evice R (Smith ho Herman G pl Ralph W Hall, R Frances ho Hamal, Wilfred mer Gras, No 1 Delana ( ho Hambleton, Geo Ch spool & bobbin mfg Annie (Law ho Maurice W stu CENSUS. Ariel L pi A Kenneth Hambleton, Frederick High spool & bobbin mfg Annie (Smith ho Gertrude L pi Herbert L Sarita G Hamilton, Geo far Manch, No 2 Hammond, Cyrus far No 1 Mary (Heselton ho Ella (m Lavelle Nettie (m Collins Hammond, Mary A (Heseltine Gras Willie M grocer Hammond, W M grocer Gras, No 1 Sarah E (Colby ho Hanley, Wm lab Manch, No 2 Annie (Scruton ho Rodney J Wm Jr Hake, Flora E (Dustin Spr *Yernie L (m Nickerson Charleston, Mass *Bertha M (m Howard Lynn, Mass *Annie E shoe op Lynn, Mass Hanley, Peter far Manch, No 2 Annie (Martin ho Fred far Wm lab *Bert shoe op Manch Peter Jr lurab Harper, Jerry lumb Gras, No 1 Harriman, B F mech So Mast Clara B (Gaines ho *Gertrude shoe op Manch t)86 Elm *Sarah J (m Pritchard 18 Hospital Ave, Manch Hairinui!!. Verona (Banfill Gras Lizzie (m Greer ho *K;'.tic F dr mkr 41 8 Ruggle, Back Bay Boston, Mass Harrington, Edwin Z retd Sum Evelyn ho Luther lab Wm S eng *Jame8 H car Santa Paula, Cal *Mary E (m Brown ho Belmont, Manch Harrington, Wm S eng Sum Lois L (Mclntire ho Emma E ho Annie R stu Johnson W pi Hart, W H H cont & build Elizabeth (Dodge ho *Horace bar tender ^S% Green, Boston, Maes CENSUS. *JohD hotel prop Sarasota, Fla Harry P cont & build *Edward M elee Green sburg, Tnd Hart, Harry J* cont & build W Uu Etta (French ho Harvey, J Geo mason No 1 Bessie E (Colby ho Hawthorne, Frances (Gilman Elm Jessie (m Johnson ho Hay ford, Geo A mech Ch Octavia (Colby ho Clarence pi V Arline Hay ford, Jane (Scruton So Mast *Mar3^ (m Mudg:ett Ho])kintou Geo A mech Hazen, Betsy (Stevens No 1 Benj F far *John far Mt Vernon * Albert B cl Laurel and Belmont, Manch *M Lizzie (m Debiiqne Atkinson Chas H far Hazen, Chas H far Xo 1 Alberta H (Jones ho Helen W WmH Hazen, Benj F far No 1 M Ella (Parker ho *Eva (m Hilchey Bedford Mary E (m Stevens Hazen, Mary J (Kennedy Manch, No 2 *Fred K express cl 281 Central, Manch Grace (m Richards J Roscoe far Hebert, Wm far No 1 Edna M (Gordon ho Chas W Dorothy M Herbert, Jos lab Gras, No 1 Octavia ( ho Pierre D Hezelton, James lab Hills, Albert retd Gras, No 1 Nellie A (m Da<i'<2,ett Mary J (Giddings ho Hills, Mary ho Ch Hills, Maria ho Ch Hills, Susie ho (Jh H oi t , Z i bra A cl X o M a st Mary S (Moore ho *Martha A (m (Jove Riverdale Belle M (m Bartlett Hoitt. Daniel W faiCeliaH (Hadley ho CeliaH (Hadley ho Hoitt, Estella (Moore No 1 Ralph stu H olden, James E far CENSUS. 67 S Colista (Davis lio Ida M pi Lewis E pi Velina pi Holt, W A far Alice pi ^Lillian (m Terrill Elm P>nest ' pi Manch Fred *Arthur car 105 Carroll Elsie Manch Hoyt, Mary (Frost nurse *Mary (m Conner So Mast City Bakery, Manch Mary A (m Richards Holt, Chas M blk Elm Carrie G (m Nichols Dora (Whipple ho *Maude L (m Thorp Eveljn G Exeter Holt, John M car So Mast *Edith L bk kpr 26 Ash *AbbieE(m Clark Lowell, Mass 3 Forest, Medford, Mass Hoyt, G Henry mail car *John C far E Weare No Ma.st Hood, Frank P liveryman Ch Olivia (Bagley ho Edith I (Ames ho Lewis H poultry bus Harold W Carrie E tr Herbert S Hoyt, L H poultry bus Hopkins, W D lumb mf">- Gras No Mast *Geo H ptr & paper hojr Etta B (Jones ho Nashua Hoyt, Henry J far *Emma E (ra Straw Manch, No 3 E Weare Huard, Jos soap bus *Anna B ho Manch, No 3 97 Pillsbury, Concord Rose A (Boisvert ho Jane P (Jones ho *Amedee meat cutter *Mary B (m Nute 326 Buport, Manch 36 Kimball, Concord *Euj?onie weav 326 Buport Lora E (m Race ho Manch Hould, Joseph lab Francis far Mary (Richards ho Oscar lab Edward mech Andre pi CENSUS. Stephen pi Rose pi Evine pi Joseph George Humphrey, Howard car Gras, No 1 Rebecca (Brown ho *Royden ins ao't Mauch 123 Orange *Violet(ni French Concord James car *Sam'l shoe op Manch Bernice Hunkins, Geo W far Manch No 3 Caroline H (Walton ho Hunter, James lab Gras, No 1 Hurlburt, Lois C Manch, No 2 Hutchinson, C H mach Hi^h A bbie J (Waterman ho ♦️Helen L (m Mills 48 Cambridge, Lawrence, Mass Charlotte H (m Wears Hyde, Wallace niech So Mast I Ireland, Lucinda (Fladley No Mast Lucv M dr mkr J Jameson, Sydney far Manch, No 3 Jenks, Albert M plumb School EttaM (Ross ho *Geo C elec 3 Hanover. Nashua Yerna L music tr Calvin L stu Jenks, Lucy A (l^ressy E Un Edith ] ' tr Johnson, Harriet (Shirley Manch, No 2 Shirley M far cV: hotel prop Johnson, Shirley M far & hotel prop Manch, No 2 Maude (Cannon ho Maurice H pi Earle E pi Johnson, Ernest far No Mast Carrie (Eastman ho Howard E stu Rodney A stu Frances H Johnson, Rodney ret'd No Mast Harriet F (Adams ret'd Isadore librarian Ernest far Johnson , Jessie H ( H awthorne Elm CENSUS. Rachel H pi *JohnBton, J, D cook Gras, No 1 City Hotel, Manch Almeeda (Blanchard ho Johnston, Jas D far Gras, Nol Johonnett, Emerson L mech Nol Jennett (Colter ho *Lewis A architect Head & Dowst Co Manch J Belle dress mkr Johonnett, Edward E mech May (Betters nurse Johonnett, Irene Brown Ave Jones, Horace A far Gras Lizzie E (Sanborn ho Mildred F pi Deane S pi Horace A Jr pi Jones, A E mason and far Manch, No 3 Helen A (Johnson ho Alberta H (m Hazen Scott C far Henry B team Mabel E pi Bernice C pi Jones, Jane P (Poore Gras Horace A far and lumb Jones, John B far Manch, No 3 Jones, Mary E: seamstress Gras, No 1 Jones, Abbie A ho So Mast Jones, Wardner J team So Mast Jones, Abbie S Manch, No 3 Jones, Peter far Pleas Annie M (Campbell ho Ray C pi Wardner A pi Clark P pi Jones, Sabra (Moore So Mast Junkins, Maria (Gay So Mast Nellie (m Seaves milliner K Kelley, Frank lab Manch, No 3 Agnes (McKechnie ho Kelley, Maggie ( Fly nn No 1 Thomas pi Kendall, Kendrick sash and blind mfg Rebecca J (Warren ho Frank W mfg Louis B Photog Annie Photog Kendall, F W sash&blind mfg Pleas Nellie S (Smith ho Dorothy S pi Helen R pi CENSUS. Kidder, Edwin far No 1 Frank far Svlvanus far *r)ella (ra Quimby E Manch Kid dor, Sylvanus far No 1 Janet (Main ho Kidder, Bradley lar No 1 Kidder, Geo w' far No 1 Janet (Patterson ho Nettie (m Blaisdell Maude S pi Kidder, Josephine (Jvoshy (jras *Alonzo W mill insp 247 Concord, Manch *Maraie L (ni Condon 525 Wilson, Manch Nora (m !Sini])son *Albert 13 cl 28 Bee, Manch Harry S nappino; Kidder, Louise (Robbins ret'd Geo W far Kidder, Prudence ho High Kidder, Sam'l far High Kimball, H L far Manch, No 2 Sarah F (Welch ho Harry H mech Edwin C far *Ethel K (m Roberts Wiustead, Conn Kimball, E C H far Manch, No 2 Lena (Arnold ho Kimball, Minnie ( Manch, No 2 Kimball, H H mech Manch, No 2 Richard H pi Kimball, Alva team Gras, Nol Mina B (Brown atten King:, Richard lab Gras, Nol ( ho Lucius foundry Peter foundry Henry foundry King, Fred lumb Gras, Nol Louise (Caron ho Annie mill op Napoleon shoe op Joseph pi Louise pi Jennie pi King, John harness mk'r Gras, No 1 Angeliue (Gauthier ho Georgianna shoe op Pheobe pi Lora pi Rose A pi Arthur pi Ida Ray Henry CENSUS. Ladd, Mary E (York ho Lan^ell, Emma J cook Manch, No 2 Langnard, Mary F atten Gras, No 1 Langley, W E lab Gras Annette (George ho Ray W pi Leonard J pi Elmer A pi Albert F Lavell, Fred raech Ella (Hammond ho Gladys E Lawrence, Frank A mech EUn Clara (Wing ho Verna pi Leeds, M S lab So Mast Ada J (Rowe ho Libby, H K Supt Co farm Gras, No 1 Menta ho Bessie (m Porritt matron Lincoln, O B lab Manch, No 3 Martha A(Stevens ho *Laura J (m Pike Hooksett Little, Edw D far Manch, No 3 Hattie M (Richards ho Little, Dan'l far Gras, No 1 Anna M (Eaton ho Little, Sarah J (Gilchrist Gras Bertha M ho Livingstone, Lucinda (Mills Lothrop, Stilman ret'd vet McCullam Ave Marinda L (Lindsey ho *Mina (m Elkins Schenectady, N Y Fred millman Lothrop, Mary E (Bo wen McCullam Ave Maude F pi Lockhead, Jas ret'd Gras, Nol Katherine (Pattie ho *Robert loom fixer Manch *Mary (m Fuller Manch *Annie (m Henry Erie, Pa *Jas car New Jersey *Belle (m Venard Manch *Hughuria (m Tibbetts McGregorville *Wm moulder McGregorville *John moulder Salem, Mass Loud, Willie R shoe op Gras Effie ( Megin ho Lowell, Helena (Hodgman Manch, No 2 CENSUS. I Lucian, John B mason Spr Addie M (Hutchins ho Lucha, Mary (Basha ho Ch Joseph lurab *Sarah (m Smith Bedford Nora (m Merrill Luscombe, Fred B sales High Mary L (Moore ho Sarah B tr Florence S stu Mabel H stu Lutt, Arthur C far Gras, Nol Hattie (Follensbee ho Lewis C Lyman, Harriet H (Jones ho *Alice M (m Garland Brockton. Mass *Bertha S (m Lippard Marlboro, Mass *HattieS Brockton, Mass *Fannie E Brockton, Mass Chester pi M Mack, Rufus S far Ch Mary (Basha ho Manning, Ranson far Gras Lizzie (Reed ho Marden, John F watchman W Un Hattie A (Gove ho Edith ho *Harry shipping cl cor Concord and Un, Manch Florence stu John B pi Marden, Willie mach So Mast Lelia ( ho Hector pi Emon pi Sarah pi Elbina Charlie Marshall. Ha3^es atten Gras, No 1 Maude E (French laund Marshall, Abbie E (Osborn So Mast *Edith E ho 560 Beach Manch Everett A mech Marshall, Geo sales W Un Alice (Foster ho Mildred pi Marshall, Mary (Jameson ho cor Cot and Mill *Wm J shoe op 134 Cathedral, Montreal, Can Warren H miller Paul R miller Marshall, Herbert shoe op Manch Martin, Myra (Worthley Ch asst P M Bertha P M Willis coal dlr CENSUS. Martin, Frederick J raach High Martin, Henry F far No 1 Georgia F (Austin ho *C]ara M stenog & type-writer Manch cor Elm and Hanover *Jennie B bk kpr Elm, Manch Martin, Clarinda H (Hadley Nol Henry F far Martin, Mary E (Bucklin No 1 Abbie (m Corey James F far *Herbert far Arizona Martin, Marshall shoe cutter So Mast Laura (Hackett ho Martin, C H far & milk dlr Manch, No 3 Angie M (Richardson ho Martin, Mary A ho Gras Martin, Annie D (Chandler Gras *John F shoe op Brookville, Mass Frank D shoe op Martin, FD shoe op Gras Helen L (Greer ho Martin, Angie D (Barrett McCalvy, Eugene far No 1 Lena (Davis ho Harrv E McCartney, Henry R clerg Pleas Agnes V (Orcutt ho Arthur Pl Howard R pl Robert I pl Alice J pl Mary E pl McColIom, Chas R far Nol Louise C (Ruudlette ho Sarah L (ra Whipple Marion S (m Paige *Mary E waitress Hanover, Manch McCrillis, Lizzie Manch, No 3 McCrillis, E J drug No Mast Dora ( Whitney - ho Ernestine McDougall, Wm far Manch, No 2 Emma (Robinson McDougall, Elizabeth J (Dunlap Manch, No 2 Wm far *Amandy (m Burns Milford Isabelle ho *Andrew mer Manch Mames millman Bonville, Vt *Ira millman Bonville, Vt *McDougall, Ira millman Bonville, Vt CENSUS. Olive (Duulap John Robert McDonald, Gove D McP^adden, J A blk Clara (Hicks Donald H ho Pl far Parker ho pl Mclutire, J C janitor Sum Louise L (m Harrington McLain, A B far No 1 Florence H (Bean ho Dorothy F Katherine J McLain, Salina (Goss No 1 A B far *C F car ptr Spokane, Wash McLane, Eliza J (Mills ho Main and No Mast McLane, Chas retd Elm #=TieoB cl New York City *John W mecli 20 Williams, Fitchburg, Mass Sarah E (m Smith ho May E (m Paige McLane, Philena C (Kenyon *Maria (m (iregg Lowell, Mass Elizabeth dr mkr McLean, Marion B (Davis High Jennie JJ ho McKechnie, Agnes (Cooper Manch, No 1 *John ptr Scotland Mary ho McQuesten, Hannah P (Gage No Mast Geo A mech *Wm P sawyer Merrimae * Bertha S (ra Parker 20 Prescott, Lowell, Mass *Mary J (m Veino Bennington McQuesten, G A mech NoMast Carrie A (Richards ho Ruth E pl Megiu, Frances I (Martin Gras Efhe (m Loud ho Merrill, AVm \V far No 1 M Del ana (Morse ho Wm E Merrill, Mar}^ N (Nichols Gras "Geo A sta agt Farmington *Ella J (m Whittemore ;i27 E Spruce, Manch *F]dwin C bk kpr Auburndale, Mass Merrill, Forest lab Manch, No 4 Merrill, Peter far No 1 Merrill, Merzellah mason Depot Maurice A mech Flora (m Parker Ttlverett far Nora A (Richards CENSUS. Arthur F pi Louis E pi John M Merrill, Maurice A mech Elm Belle (Colby ho Kenneth A Merrill, Amos H cl Elm Mary E (Sargent ho xMerrill, H W far prop Mt Pleas House Esther C (Seeton ho Wei by mech Annie bk kpr Archie mech Merrill, Sarah (Paige (iras *Ida (m Woodbury 312 Prospect, Manch Estelle (m Wheeler 112 Maple, Manch Ten a (m Dow Merrill, J ohn L mech Gras Emma J (Bl^^ ho Lula M (m Caraway *Ned L cl hotel Manch Western Fitts Building *MinaJ waitress Manch Western Fitts Building * Alfred A US Army *ldaB Hanover and Beech Manch *InaE waitress Hanover and Beech, Manch Eva M pi Merrill, Julia A ho So Mast Miller, W F mech Parker and Cot Catherine (Otis ho *Byron F cement dlr 20 Ellis, Lynn, Mass Carlos D mech Marian E (m Brown Leon mech Otis mech Louise pi Miller, Eliza P ho Cot Miller, Maria C ho Cot Miller, N Jane mill op Cot Miller, Geo E mech Cot Mills, Lucinda (Brown ho Frank P far Edgar far Mills, F B police Elm & High AbbieB(Hoyt ho Edward J musician Albert F baker Janet F (m Moore ho Morgan, Edw P jeweler E Un Mary R (Kingsbury ho *Gerry A draftsman 93 Blackstone, Woonsocket, RI Morgan, Wm far So Mast Helen B (Holt ho Minnie B (m Caraway Wm E asst sta agt Morgan, Gary far Gras AlmiraC (Minard ho CENSUS. Morgrage, Chas ret'd So Mast Mandana C (Holt ho Morgrage, Frank E mech Minnie (Moore ho Ethelyn M Morgrage, Ann J (Simons Elm *Wm B cl 4 Smith, Lynn, Mass Carrie L mus tr Morgrage, D V mech High and No Mast Orinda (Huntoon ho *Lizzie (m Coburn No Union, Manch Frank E mech Moore, Frank T blk No Mast Annie C (Cochran ho WmC cl ♦️Frank C tr 82 School, Concord Addie M ho Moore, Wm C cl E Un Janet F (Mills ho Moore, Henry far No 1 Mary A (Tewksbury ho Alice E (m Koyce M Elsie ^ tr Moore, C B far Manch No 2 Moore, W H mech No Mast *Sadie (Woodbury Manch Earle F pi Levi A pi Newell pi Moore, Wm lab No Mast Nancy (Sanborn ho Willie H mech Chas C mech John E mech F^red L mech Arthur F mech Frank E mech Minnie M (m Morgrage Moore, Chas C mech High E Gertrude (Shearer dress mkr Moore, Fred mech Gras Bertha (Poore ho Hermon L Moore, Ervin ptr So Mast and W Un Frances M (Little ho Moore, Mary p] ho E Un Moore, Eliza A (Simons So Mast M Etta (m Luscombe Helen (m Sargent ho Morse, E J milk dlr Manch, No 3 Grace E (Poore ho Clayton H pi Erma E pi Morrill, H section boss Gras, No 1 Mary (Dowsey ho Henry O Jr stu Leo J stu CENSUS. Dora A Moses, Matilda (Albert ret'd So Mast Geo R R ser *Ella (ra Pine Westford, Mass *Mary (m Faley Warren Josie (ni Woodbury Moguen, Peter lab Gabria (Segrist el JohnB Emile Mudrock, Julius far Pauline (Felmont Mudge, Sarah E (Kittridge Ch *Emma (m Dearborn Concord Sabra J (m Dearborn Chas K team Mudge, Ira L clerg Ch Mudge, Chas K team Ch Laura F (Paige ho Clara B stu Leonard L pl Lester F pl Chester L Muir, Alexander far Gras Agnes (Kelley ho Grace Muir, Geanie (Donnelly Gras Manet (m Brown Scotland Geanie weav Agnes (m Seiberlish weav *Wm mach Boston, Mass Alexander far Murphy, John far Mary (Ryan ho *Daniel B mach 559 Granite, Manch *Jerry W blk Merrimac Hotel, Manch *Timothy W lab John J mech *Denuis B mach 559 Granite, Manch Katherine (m Stewart ho Murphy, Chas A retd W Un Ellen W (Ashby ho Mary E tr Jennie invalid *David plumb Groton, Mass Murphy, Geo bridge build So Mast Muzzey, Geo W mech Cot Edna (Shirley ho N Nay, Frank far Manch, No 2 Isabelle ( ho Carl pl Ralph Alice Neal, James pop corn dlr Elm CENSUS. Vashti (Annis ho Amos A mech Nelson, Wm J far Manch,No2 Martha J (Brown ho Nesmith, Jane H (Smith Main John W mech * Walter stu Hanover Newton, N G far Manch, No 3 Rebecca C (Hall ho Walter H milkman *Arthur S shoe op Main and Goff, W Manch *Nathan L druggist Myrtle, Manch Rachel G pi Newton, W" H milkman Manch, No 3 Ethel (Cooper ho Nichols, H R lumb So Mast Emma (Shedd ho Arthur sawyer *James P jeweler 646 Merrimac, Lowell, Mass Nichols, Arthur sawyer So Mast Carrie G (Hoyt ho Helen M pi Nichols, Fannie (Foss Elm *Ethel M (m Verno Bennington Chas F pi Norris, W F atten Gras, No 1 Noseworthy, Nora ho High Noyes, J R ptr & paper hgr Manch, No 3 Jennie C (McCrillis ho Eli N pi *Nute, L A mer 760 Elm Manch Mabel E (Cunningham ho Panic O Oicle, Annie M ho High Oliver, John G sta agt Gras *Francis sales Loomingboro, Mass John I poultryman Ida M (m Tibbetts Mary B (Sawyer ho Oliver, John I poultryman Charlotte F (Wiggin ho Olson, Reed mech Parker Mary (Calson ho Clara O'Neil, Eliza M ( Manch, No 2 *Nellie (m Dolloff Manch W^m lab *Mollie (m Woodbury Manch Ordwaj'^, Moses lab No 1 Geo mech Ordway, Geo E mech No Mast Abbie M (Cram ho Osborn, Lillian M shoe op So Mast CENSUS. Osgood, J F blk Elm Etta M (Wright dr mkr *Emma (m Wilkins Milford E Frank ptr *Nina I (m Burbauk E Weare Percy E ptr Paige, G W foreS&Bshop Ch Hattie A (Simonds ho *Nat I mach 205 Lincoln, Boston, Mass Will A mech Lena A stenog Paige, Isaac J far Elm Jane R (Curtis ho Geo W fore S c\c B shop Frank E far Will P express & wood Lottie P (m Dow Paige, W P express & wood Elm Mary E (McLane ho Zetta M tr Chas P p] Paige, David A far No 1 Ella F (Harrington ho *E Josephine tr Watertown, Mass *David E far Dublin * Jennie M (m Hall 23 Brett Brockton, Mass *Flora A (m Spaulding 51 High, Manch Floreuce E tr Bertha R stu Paige, Geo A mech W Un Marion (McCollon ho Emma A Marion L Paige, James W far Fannie M (Emerson ho Frank S Paige, Frank E printer & far Josie M (Perkins ho Laura pi Palmer, Levi far Mary (Hoyt ho Parker, Letitia C (Stinson Nol Chas S mer * Henry W wholesale mer Granite, Manch Frank A mer Parker, Chas S mer High Bessie B (Brackett ho John E stu Wm F stu Harry S stu Mary S pi Parker, Frank A mer High Annie S (Stark ho Clara L pi Marion pi CENSUS. Parker, A H undertaker Pros Emma A (Hill ho *Lora H (m Sweetsir 386 Levanon, Melrose, Mass Mabel L tr Lena E tr Parker, Albert E lab Parker, Granville far No 1 Florence A (Burditt ho ♦️Nettie E (m Chandler Amherst C Anna (m Flaog 100 Fairmont, Maiden, Mass Parker, Mary A (Woodbury Main *David W phy & sur 961 Elm, Manch Olive A Parker, Geo H car Sum Etta M (Annis ho Henry A Parker, Olive A (Hall No 1 Parker, Wm far Gras, No 1 Flora (Merrill ho Pattee, Eliza A (Kidder WUn Arthur E mer Pattee, Arthur E mer W Un Mable W (Austin mus tr Beatrice Pattee, Elizabeth (Little High Walter P mech Pattee, Walter P mech High Josie (Schmander Pattee, Geo far Bertha M Carl V Julina A (Rowe ho Nol tr stu ho *Pattee, Letitia J (Jones ho Riverdale *Georgiette (m Mudgett Riverdale Peter W mech Pattee, Peter W mech No Mast Belle L (Smith ho Wardner R pi *Patten, Sam'l belt repairer Manch ( ho *Sumner mill op Manch Weston far *Mary (m Newton Manch *Maude Manch Sam'l Jr mill op Perley, John Q far No 1 Sylvia (Hadley ho Natt H mech Geo H shoe op Fannie (m R3'der ho *Hannah M (m ^Merrill Manch & Lincoln, Manch Carrie (m Buxton John A far Perley, Natt H mech Ch Jennie (Stinson ho Geo A 8tu CENSUS. Perley, Geo H shoe op No Mast Perkins, Sophronia (Little ret'd Gras Perkins, Louise J (Pike Elm *J Melvin shoe op 406 Manch, Manch *Alonzo I shoe op Manch Perkins, Berton mech Ch May (Newell ho Eva M pi Emma E Perkins, Geo A watchman Gras *Melvin shoe op Manch, E Manch *I Alonzo shoe op W Manch Phelps, H A stone cutter Elm MyraZ (Pierce ho *Lizzie (m Colby Nashua *Geo lumb Belmont *Eugene real est broker Los Angeles, Cal *Josie G (m Grace Chicopee Falls, Mass Phelps C E butcher Sum Mabel (Smith ho Harold stu Philbrick, Mary A(Philbrick So Mast Philbrick, Lorenzo far So Mast Nellie A shoe op Herman L stu Phillips, F H far No 1 Mary A (Brown ho *Edw sales 28 DeGraaf Bl'd'g Albany N Y Emma J ho Pierce, Cynthia (Collins Cot Walter B prin High School Pierce, Sarah E (Wells Ch Maurice C far David A shoe op Leon E cl Pierce, Andrew J mech So Mast Alice J (Wells ho *Mabel A bk kpr W Central, Manch Edith M tr *Ernest stu Harvard Col Lewis H stu Pierce, O B far and mech So Mast Evelyn G (Wheeler ho Lottie E ho Pierce, Addie E (Adams Manch, No 2 Walter A far Lydia A (m Person E Helen ho CENSUS. Plant, Louise (Bourgsour Manch, No 2 *Napoleon fireman Valley and Elm, Manch Wm far *James bartender 6 2nd, Manch Matilda ho F Adolph far Pollard, C E far Manch, No 8 Ella E (Poor ho Herman L pi Pollard, 9arah F Manch, No 4 Poor, Irad far Manch, No 3 Fannie W (George ho Emma J (m Richards Filon M far *Flora (ra Austin Hooksett Stella (m Pollard Cora M ho Poore, Wm H far Manch, No 3 Lorenda (Webster ho Nellie M ho *Frank laundry Franklin, Manch Willis S lumb Fred E far Poore, \V C retd Manch Manch, No 3 Grace E (m Morse ho Poore, Herbert E Main Hattie J (Colby ho Marguerite Pl Poore, Fred H grocer Manch Mary E (Clough ho Harold M pl Poore, A G lab Gras Maria J (Poore ho Bertha (m Moore Arthur A lab Lena M pl Poore, Mary (Whitne}' Gras *Darwin M coal & wood Webster, Manch *David M car Hastings, Minn *Poore, E W coal deal Manch Victoria G (Greer Gras * Wallace E cl Manch Alfred W stu Porritt, W W mer Bessie L (Libby ho Powers, Stella A ho Gras Powers, Olive (Pierce retd Gras, No 1 Olive (m Bartlett ho Pratt, Amelia (Carter ho Winifred (m Shirley ho *Sidney W cutlery wk Antrim Pratt, Anson lab Manch, No 2 , Antona lab Manch, No 2 Pritchard, Paul E pl Mill Pritchard, Geo W retd .Alill Clara A (Sweatt ho CENSUS. *Geo D shoe op No Somerville, Mass *DellaM (m Morse Lowden *Wm J Monte Key, Cal Provencher, Eli milkman Gras, No 1 Pumey, Carl shoe op So Mast R lab ho Race, Yernon E Lora E (Hopkins Dorothy J Edith F Rand, E L plumb No Mast Ada F (Knights ho Randall, Vina M atten Gras, No 1 Randall, L T ptr & paper hgr Nol Annie E (Taylor ho Rayner, A B far Gras, No 1 Manora (Manter ho Reagan, Ch as W team So Mast Reed, Sadie M stu So Mast Reekie, ChasT clerg Gras, Nol Jennie H (Hastings ho Norman W Regner, Delia M (Friend retd Clara (m Fulleros ho John W brakeman Remington, Wm P far Gras Julia (Merrill drmkr Arthur M far *Blanche (m Andrews 23 Ames, Somerville, Mass * Alice bk kpr 380 W'minster, Providence, R I Remington, Arthur M far Grai Lovinia (Norris ho Wm A Reynolds, far No 1 Richards, Mary A (Merrill ho *EIiphalet far New Boston Richards, Warren B far Ellen M (Mahoney ho Herbert J plumb Richards, Nelson far Gertrude (m Carawny ho *Percy U S army Fort Brady, Mich Ward shoe op Jennie ho Alice pi Richards, Chas lab Manch, No 2 Richards, Fred L raech Elm Tinie (Stevens ho Lewis S pi Richards, Ward shoe op Grace (Tarr ho Richards, Mary A (Sargent Main Cora M (m Rowell ho Richards, H J plumb So Mast Henrietta (Milnes ho Ethel M Richards, Herbert mech E Un CENSUS. ho Pl Pl T>1 mill man ho pl pl pl Lena G (Jenks Etta M Leslie N Mahlon Osman B Verna L Richards, Curtis T Alice M (Hoyt Paul C Mabel S Harold E Lillian A Richards, Norman L mer Elm Mary F (Warren ho Richards, Eliphalet far So Mast Adelia A (Richards ho Curtis T millman Willis far Richards, Josephine (Abbott No Mast Carrie A (m McQueston Richards, J A far & cattle dlr Nol Grace M (Hazen ho Gladys M pl Ruth E ])1 Richards, Mary E (Buxton Nol James A far & cattle dlr Richards, May I (Garman Nol *Fred E saloon kpr 806 Union, Manch Richards, Geo K retd Manch, No 8 *Alonzo D retd Beech, Manch Richards, A F far Manch, No 3 Emma J (Poore ho *L Ertelle R R ser 41 Manch, Manch Lena M ho Richards, Mary (Holmes Manch, No 3 *Mary J (m Hammett ho Amoskea^ Herbert mech PVed L mech *Sophronia (m Stevens Coopersville, N Y Richards, Chas H mech Elm Emma B (Pierce ho *Gertrude A cl Greenfield, Mass *Minnie R (m Palmer Concord Grace L ho Albert E pl Richardson, Doris No Mast Richardson, Cora pl Ch Richardson, James far *Luela F (m Gould Hillsboro Angle M (m Martin Riley, Jennie (Drew Manch, No 3 CENSUS. Riley, Addie (Baker Manch, No 3 *Hiram Btu Hanover Roberts, W L far Manch, No 3 Harriet (Heald ho *Mary J (m Wilkinson Antrim Susan M milliner *Wm L tr 653 Main Niagara Falls, N Y H Lillian ho *Geo E milkman Manch Fogg Ave Alice stu Horace stu Shirley far Helen' P pl Roberts, John G far Manch, No 3 Elmer W far J Wesley far Nettie B ho Robertson, Leonard far Manch, No 2 Nettie J (m Eaton Emma L (m McDougall Lydia S (Shirley ho Robertson, G F millman Manch, No 3 Judith A (George ho Rogers, Sarah J (Blaisdell ho James pl Herbert W pl Rowell, Wm S sta agt Main Cora M (Richards ho Margery A stu Rowell, H S invalid No 1 Elizabeth (Green ho Russell, F W Gras, No 1 asst supt Co Farm Alice W (Wentworth ho Harrison W pl Dorothy A Russell, H W mus Ch Amelia (Basha ho Russell, Rebecca (Ober Ch Rhoda (m Moore ho *Nellie (m Andrews 1 Mason, Nashua Herbert W mus Russell, Mary L Gras, No 1 Royce, W I lab No 1 Alice (Moon ho Bertha A pl Pearl A Ryan, Horatio lab Manch, No 3 Ryder, Willis D mech Ch Fannie P (Perley ho Sargent, Geo G No Mast far, lumb & grain dlr Araminta (Clement ho *Geo M gen agt Kansas City Southern R R CENSUS. *Stella M (m Duncklee Francistown *David C far DaiiielsoD, Conn *Dora M S (m Coolidge W Granville, Mass Saroeut, Hannah ho No Mast Saroent^ Francis P retd Elm *Geo F cl 217 Ash, Manch Sargent, John W cl So Mast Helen (Moore ho Saulpaugh, E Curtis ptr Elm Eucy E (Bothwell ho *Benj C fore foundry E Braiutree, Mass *Mary E (m Mills 99 Lowell, Manch Saunders, Alice (Applebee Nol Mildred (m Streveno ho *Gleun W packer 58 Granite, Manch Sawyer, Mary B (Chad bourne *Abbie M (m Grittin ho Greenwood, Mass Sawyer, Clement far Gras, No 1 Fannie A (Roberts ho Saxton, James mech Ch Mary (Kissock ho Seaver, Hattie (Glines Gras Seaver, Edgar mill op So Mast *Nellie (Junkins milliner Elm, Manch 1 Seeton, Alvin P plumb No Mast Etta M (Foss ho Gertrude E ho *Ross V sta agt Greenland Vil Edith M tr Segrist, Emile far Josephine ( ho Gabrial (m Moquen Seiberlish, Nath lab Gras Agnes (Muir ho Geanie pi Lorenz pi Selig, Ellen (Bowers Depot *Lina R (m Stevens Fitchburg, Mass John A mech *Blossom M seamstress Leominster, Mass *Cipporah ho Seymour, Ernest millman McCollom Mary E (Lothrop ho ShephardjChas far Manch, No 3 Shirley, E C retd Manch, No 2 Amanda M (Baldwin ho *Mary (m Griffin 195 Pleas, Maiden, Mass Robert far ^Florence (m Marden Lowell, Mass Shirley, Robt far Manch, No 2 CENSUS. Bertha (Sheiles ho Thomas pi Mary Elizabeth Shirley, Margaret (Shirley Manch, No 2 Moses Gage author Lydia D (m Robertson ho Win far Annie (m Hill Shirley, James far Manch, No 2 Winnifred (Pratt ho. Horace L pi Elsie D Simmons, Katie (Mann Manch, No 2 *John E R R ser Portland, Ore Mary ho Simonds, Asenath B (Elliott Ch Hattie A (m Paige *Mary A (m Paige Hopkinton Simonds, Amandy I tr No Mast Simpson, Horace D car Gras Nora (Kidder ho Harry B pi Eunice M pi Gerald D Sinttyr, Jos far Manch, No 3 Mary ( ho Joseph Jr far Mary (m Burke "^Poland roofer Manch Duffill lab Smith, Solomon M retd So Mast Dessie ho *Harry mech New York City Smith, Herbert mech High Smith, Abbie B cl Elm Smith, Henry H tea dlr W Un Sarah E (McLane ho *Grace M stenog Fremont *EdithB tr East Weare Smith, Sarah M( Whipple Nol *Josephine M (m Remick Montreal, Canada Wm P K druggist Smith, Herbert mech So Mast Snow, Edmund S mech So Mast Mary (Richardson ho *Edmund S Jr ptr & paper hgr Wilder, Lowell, Mass *Bessie (m Robinson 1 Walker, Lowell, Mass *Arthur mech Maplewood, Mass *Eva (m Robinson Augusta, Ga *Ada (m Brown Bloomfield, Ont CENSUS. Ernest H mill op *Clifford shoe op 488 Pine, Mancli FloreDce mus tr Harold pi Somers, Elijah sawyer W Un Eva (Badger ho Arthur mech *\Villie cl Windsor, Vt Somers, Arthur mech W Un Bessie (Brown ho Harold Spaulding, Asa far Gras,No 1 Sarah H (Gibbins ho *Fred A bank cl 51 High, Manch *Spaulding, Fred A bank cl 51 High, Mancb Flora A (Paige ho Spencer, Chas far Gras Lucy E (Whitney ho Ida F (m Greenwood Arthur C car Spencer, Arthur C car Gras Emma L (George ho Percy G pi Chas F Evelyn R St Abin, John barber Main Clementine (Byron ho Vivian pi Stanyan, A W butcher Manch, No 3 Edith D (McCrillis ho J Evron pi Leland pi Lisle pi Stark, Clara A (Abbott High Annie J (m Parker Frank A rafg Henry H mfg Fred L cl Stark, Frank A mfg No Mast Mildred (Soule ho Stark, M A phy tV: sur Main Welthea (Ford ho Stevens, Chas P retd Spr * Jesse S far New Hampton *Nettie C (m Torsey New Hampton Flora E (Hake ho Stevens, Darius far Gras, No 1 Laura E (Bradshaw ho Stevens, Benj F far *Geo B mech Santa Cruz, Cal Frank P far Stevens, Frank P far Manch, No 3 Mary E (Hazen ho Mildred E Stevens, Frank E E Un Anna W (Goodhue ho *Eva A (m Hartford Bow *Richard E piano tr N E conservatory of music Boston, Mass CENSUS. *Jennie M (m Bartlett New Boston Annie E stu Flora M pi Stevens, Elinor M (Major No Mast Stevens, Sara A(Hunt Elm Tina (m Richards ho Stewart, Wm J shoe op 559 Granite, Manch Katherine (Murphy Mary A WmF Stinson, Wm H real est brok So Mast and Pleas Ellen F (Conant ho Daniel C stu Wm C stu Grace I pi Cecil R p] Dorothy M pi Stinson, B P lab So Mast Elvira M( Wilkinson ho Geo E eng Stinson, Ernest lab Stinson, Herman J lab Stiles, James H far No 1 Loella P (Pattee ho Geo H pi Stokes, Edw ornamental ptr WUn Annie C (Carswell ho Jessica M shoe op Doris Story, Geo M lumb dlr No Mast Hannah E (Butler ho Story, Mardie ho Stowell, C C far Maria J (Barnard ho *Chas E ins agt Melrose Highlands, Mass Straw, Mary L ho No 1 Straw, Grace ho No 1 Straw, Wm H far Manch, No 3 Margaret (McNeilly ho Irene F Streveno, Mildred (Saunders Nol Rondel pi Strong, Edith L ho No 1 Sumner, O F drug So Mast May F (Merrill mus tr Merrill G pi Eunice Mae Sumner, Chas H jeweler Mill Swett, Esther (Fosseth retd Swett, E B phy & sur Gras Addie E (Ballard ho Lauretta L pi Donald B pi Dorothy B Margaret A Swett, James hostler W Un Sarah L (Buzzell ho Lulu A ho CENSUS. *Tao:gart,TR block mkr Navy-Yard, Portsmouth Abbie I (George Gras Hazel B pi James Albert Tappin, \Vm far Manch, No 3 Tarr, Jobu W cl freight depot Gras Nettie M (Burns ho Leon P pi Fred H Carl A Taylor, Jas far Manch, No2 Margaret (Brown ho Annie Taylor, Katherine (Batten Elm ]Mar\' A ho * Richard B far & lumb New Boston *Wm B far & lumb New Boston Teunant, Aura A(Ferson So Mast *Fred M milk el Derr^' * Joseph C atten No Hampton, Mass Aimie stenog Tenney, Ella (Hood No 1 Frank W far Etta M ho Edith (m Bunton Teele, Mary (Poore ho Gras Terrill, Sarah J (Boynton Manch, No 2 Lewis far Berton G far Terrill J W far ]\Ianch, No 2 *Irving cl and bk kpr 54 Cross, Lawrence, Mass *Mary B (m Todd Woonsocket, R I Thompson, Almon R teams Mill Mary E (George ho Tibbetts, Ruth (Clark ho Chas H far John far Tibbetts, Chas H far No 1 Martha A (Jenkins ho *Lizzie S (m Jewett Laconia Ned A mech *Tibbetts, John E shoe manf Brockton, Mass Ida H (Oliver ho Bertha B stu Tibbetts, Chas H far Gras Hannah J (George ho Tibbetts, John lab Gras Clara (Dauforth Ruth pi Frank pi CENSUS. George pi Tilton, Wm far Manch, No a *Wm Jr Bow Tirrell, Laura A(Putman Manch, No 2 Carrie A tr Albert S far Tirrell, Albert S far Manch, No 2 Isadore (Robie ho Lester Tirrell, Rodney far Gras *Frank A watchman 169 Debuke, Manch *Carrie E ( m Welch 99 Orange, Manch Tolford, D C shoe mkr Brown Ave Katherine (Brown ho Lillian E (m Brown *Ruth A (m Stone Northboro, Mass *Anna B (m Hadley 43 Worcester, Boston, Mass Towle, Sam'l lab Gras, Nol Towne, Geo ^Y ret'd Nol Towne, Sarah (B rown Gras, Nol Geo lab Eddie Pl Trow, J H clerg Gras Hattie G (Harriman ho Henry G p Trumbel, Byron W far Eva L (Freeman ho Tuttle, Alice ( So Mast Ina tr U Underhill, Wm B roofer So Mast Helen J (Gilmore ho Upham, Chas A far Laura A (Smith ho Upton, Fannie S ho Main V Vig-neault, Victor ptr Gras Olivine (Grenier ho Vinning, Florence E pl Gras W Waite, Geo E far No 1 Mary E (Merrill ho Irn M stu Edwin stu Mildred R pl Walker, James D far Nol Mary M (Sunbury ho *Nellie M (m Brown New Boston *Geo H el 771 Union, Manch CENSUS. Warren, Jane retd Warren, Josiali retd So Mast Eliza (McClure ho Warren, Julia ho So Mast Warren, L Abbie (Buruham Hio-h Mary A tr Warren, Julia A ho High Watkins, Elbridge far E Un Nancy (Moore ho Watt, Fred mech So Mast Watson, Willard lab Gras, No 1 Watson,Capt J W blk Ann M (Heath ho *Fred W agt for Union 82 Parker, W Manch *Lucy (in Fernal Boston, Mass Willard F far *Lovina (ui Potter Laconia "Heath T milkman Manchester Parker Wears, Charlotte H (Hutchins High Frederick H Webster, John S retired Grass, No 1 Webster, Edson H mech Ch Nellie L (lilakely ho Webster, John S retired Gras, No 1 Weeks, Wm H far Pleas & So Mast Martha B (Warren ho *Geo W sales 26 Staniford, Boston, Mass Wells, S J far Manch, No 4 Sophronia (Pollard ho Wells, Arthur mech So Mast Wells, David lumb Mauch, No 3 Stephen far Sarah (m Pierce ho *Herbert piper Alice (m Pierce Elizabeth (Blaisdell ho Weutworth, Mary (Osgood Gras No 1 Alice W (m Wentwork lio John L atten *Weston W eng Nashua Jennie L bk kpr Wheeler, Etta (Wyman ho *Maurice elec con Attleboro, Mass Mark lab Bessie ho Wheeler, Julia A (Kingsbury EUn Wheeler, Sarah E (Elliott So Mast *Kobert E meat cutter Manch *Richard G ptr Manch CENSUS. *Annie J (m Bailey Kalamazoo, Mich GeoE Evelyn (m Pierce Nettie E (m Gould *Mary (m Fisher Everett, Mass Wheeler, Mark C lab Pleas Whipple, Benj F retd No 1 * Annie S ( Smith 78 Broadway, Haverhill, Mass *Ella (m Brown Boston, Mass Frank A ins agt *Elmer E capt fire dept 13 Webster, Haverhill, Mass *Fannie E (m Hudson 3 Lindel, Haverhill, Mass Whipple, Frank A ins a^t No 1 Clara A (Kidder ho *Lewis F La Gloria, Cuba Percy A pi Whipple, Lydia (Mclntyre Gras, No 1 Melissa (m Smith ho Otis E far Willard M far *Eu^ene far Dunbarton Josephine (m Gould ho Edwin far Whipple, Willard M far No 1 Hattie (Blaisdell *Everett el Daniels & Cornell Co, Manch * Jessie (m Leeds Riverdale Whipple, Edwin team No 1 Ida A (Green nurse Whipple, Amos far No 1 Olive (Kidder ho Geo H far *Emma L (m Corey 497 Maple, Manch Bertie A far Whipple, Geo H far No 1 Geuieve M (Cass ho Earle C pi Stanley pi Olive Whipple, E far &road com No Mast Aromisa (Haselton ho *Gertrude (m Phelps Belmont *ArthurE far Dumbarton Maurice far A Mary sta Whipple, John L far & ptr * Blanche B (Roberts Monroe Whipple, Mary L (Merrill ho Myra F ho Roy A pi Whipple, John L cl Elm Alma B pi Whipple, Myra T ho IMain Whipple, Wm S far Gras No 1 CENSUS. Lydia S (Richards ho Willie E far Chas H mech Warren lab Dora E (m Holt ho Herman H lab Whii)ple, Warren H team High Marion B (McLean ho Roger W pi Whipple, Herman lab No Mast Sarah (McCollom ho Whipple, Chas mech High & No Mast Elba (Brown ho White, Chas T mech So Mast EllaM (Lufkin ho White, Ralph mech Ch Ida (Richardson ho Florence C pi Whittemore, Albert mech So Mast & E Un Cyrene (Richards Whittemore, Jos mech So Mast Lydia J (Morgan ho Whitney, Jennie (Barnes No Mast Whitney, Sylena (Henry ho *Mary F (m Hazen 28 Central, Manch Geo E far Whitney, Geo E far Manch, No 3 Adonelle (Eaton ho Mary S pi Whitman Frank harness mkr No 1 Mary L (Warren ho *Eva stu Beverly, Mass Ethel ho Warren pi Angle pi Paul M Wilkins, Mary A ho Gras Wills, John mech Main Williams, Granville far Gras Etta S (Merrill ho Lewis G pi Geo E pi Williams, L H car Manch No 3 Nancy (Dallis ho Williams, Margaret (Stabert Nol W^ilson, G H cl Gras Sadie (Sanford ho Gertrude O Wilson, Gertrude ho No 1 Winham, Jennie So Mast Wood burn, J R mill op So Mast Myrtle M (True ho Glenda L Woodbury, Levi mech Cot Cora (m Chase Henniker CENSUS. Pauline (Whitcomb ho *Sadie (m Moore shoe op 525 Wilson, Manch *Woodbury, Geo stk cutter Somerville Junct, Mass Josie( Moses ho So Mast Woodbury, Augustus far Gras No 1 Mary J (Davis ho Alice J ho *Mary E (m Ellis Hanover & Gertrude, Manch Woodbury, Gilman Gras, No 1 far and mail car Jennie (Riley ho Woodman, Frank H Cb Sarah A (Day *Abbie M (m Jones 8 Bowery Ave, Concord *Harry A wood & lumb Weare Leic^h F mech Woodson, W R far Manch, No 4 Clara A (Greer ho Woodson, Sydney R R ser Manch, No 3 Hattie W (Jones ho Worden, John mech Etta (Wyman ho Ethel M pi Ralph M pi Worden, Wm baker Ch Myrtie I(Wyman ho Alice R pi Worthley, Clementine A (Roberts Gras Arthur M far Worthley, Arthur M far Gras Blanch (Ainsworth ho Agnes C Wm A Worthley, Sarah (Hutchinson Manch, No 2 Wyatt, Geo lab Gras Etta (Wheeler ho Wyman, Martin V B far No 1 Emily J (Holt ho Mary E (m Wyatt *Ida J (m Magee 26 Welch Ave, So Manch *Minnie E (m Fowler 28 Allison, Concord *Fred E loc fireman *Chas G shoe op E Whitman, Mass Leon W mech Wyman, James I basket mk'r Ch *Chas F shoe op Brockton, Mass *Lindly upholsterer Milford *Geo lab Weare Myrtie I (m Worden ^Austin lab Wyman, Nora (Caraway Sum CENSUS. *Otis pi Lebanon Wesley pi Mildred pi Wyman, Byron far Gras, Nol Wyman, Frances Gras, No 1 Wyman, Amanda Gras, No 1 Young, Chas E far Manch, No 3 Wealthy A (Clark ho Chas E Jr far Young, Chas E Jr far Manch, No 3 Mary (Hastings ho Mabel pi Walter pi Alice pi Hiram pi Grace ChasL C. H. LINDSEY Pbotognapby in all its bnanches SATISFACTION GUARANTEED STUDIO, 987 ELn STREET, HANCHESTER, N. H. TELEPHONE CONNECTION GEO. E. PEARSON JEWELER Jllso dealer in IDusical Instruments 877 ELM STREET, MANCHESTER, N. H. Next Door to Amoskeag Bank LPSja'l3 a i II i|iffltlli<f)fMflnii"iniillifi(lfl!ilwf!ffi??TnTiy^^ iiiiiidiittiG ipiiiil iKilfflltmililfi itl'S""""!: l(|!|IH|t|lli MM m ii|fi;;Hiii ^ MITCHELL ^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 996 987 A

mild gibberish