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The Due Diligence Survival Guide - wspruijt
http://www.jacquesmattheij.com/Due+Diligence+survival+guide
======
cek
In my time at Microsoft I drove technical due diligence for potential
acquisitions many times. This is a solid article but I'd like to add a few
points from my experience.
I have to admit that I view my track-record in engaging in M&A activity during
my career at Microsoft as almost perfect. Out of the dozen M&As I was involved
in only ONE actually closed with an acquisition; the rest Microsoft walked
away from. I view this as successful because I was never the biz-dev guy,
always the technical guy. I'm quite sure my biz-dev colleagues felt the
opposite about our "success rate" because, at large companies biz-dev people
involved in "corp dev" or "M&A" activities are typically measured, at least in
part, on how many deals they complete a deals a year. When I was doing this I
never actually had any written commitments/goals for M&A work. It was just
something I got roped into/volunteered to do. And I always took the principled
approach.
As a guy driving due diligence I viewed it as my job to find all the skeletons
in the closet _ahead of time_ that would make the deal impossible for
Microsoft to swallow. I'm not saying that all the deals MS didn't do that I
was involved in were due to _my_ work; they weren't. But a few were. I found
some serious skeletons.
The skeletons I found had to do with three things, which were also the things
I explicitly tried to uncover:
1) Horrific code quality.
2) Weak people.
3) Improperly licensed 3rd party code.
You can imagine how I uncovered details on each of these. In some cases #2 was
the hardest to accomplish because interviewing employees of an acquisition
target is actually very hard. The target often does not want employees to know
it is a target early on in the process. One reason is what would happen if the
deal did not go through: The employees would know (and probably leak) that a
major Co. had attempted the acquisition and turned away. This could be
devastating to the target company. When we did interview target company
engineers we often found shockingly bad engineers.
Reviewing the code (and often just as importantly the engineering system) was
always the most revealing (and damning). Engineering debt creeps up on a lot
of small companies and, in cases where the deal is to "buy code", is a deal
breaker.
The thing that we had the biggest allergic reaction, however, was #3 above:
Improperly licensed 3rd party code.
Many of the acquisitions I was involved in were associated with Windows in
some way. The risk to having Windows being contaminated by either commercial
code that was not clearly licensed or by open source code with a license like
GPLv2 was huge. And we found it all the time. Initially it was shocking to me
how these small companies were so cavalier about plagiarizing code with no
thought about the consequences; especially given these companies clearly had
long term strategies of being acquired at some point!
So add to this great article the following pieces of advice:
1) Set your hiring bar high and be hard-core about managing poor performers.
Remember the maxim that As hire As, Bs hire Cs, and Cs hire Ds.
2) Invest in reducing your engineering debt, particularly in the areas of your
code where a potential acquirer is going to find the most value.
3) If you use 3rd party code, or open source, take the time to ensure you are
using it in a way that is compatible with potential acquiring companies. DO
NOT BE SLOPPY.
~~~
babar
Can you give some more detail about what your process was for determining code
quality? Just getting people to get a checkout and read through it? Running
static analysis tools? Examining commit histories?
------
ajju
Since both sides bear their costs until the final contracts are signed, how do
you prevent an insincere large competitor from offering a term sheet, doing
due diligence to learn everything they can about the business, and then
backing off based on a contrived revelation?
If NDA you mentioned is the only thing preventing them from doing this, it
seems a bit iffy.
~~~
swombat
I'm not an expert, but I believe that the term sheet for M&A normally includes
breakage clauses, so that the acquirer has to pay the target a breakage fee if
they pull out of the deal without a really good and previously agreed reason.
If you don't have such a document in place, you should probably not agree to a
DD. DD happens after everything is negotiated, as a final formality, not as a
precursor to getting everything agreed.
------
chopsueyar
What is the cost, from the potential buyer's perspective, of the 'due-
diligence' process?
Also, how are you paid? Is it a flat-fee upfront? A percentage of the possible
'acquisition' amount?
~~~
chollida1
Well it depends on who does the due diligence.
Sometimes it can be people from the acquiring company, this can be relatively
cheap.
Sometimes it can be a 3rd party brought in, usually I-Bankers. This can be
expensive, up to 5% of the purchase price.
Another fee that can be expensive is the break fee. This is a fee paid to the
acquired company if the deal falls through. This is supposed to prevent the
acquirer from getting a thorough look at their competitors books and then
walking away. Typically a break up fee can be 10% of the acquiring price,
though in the Google-Motorola acquisition I heard that it's 20% of the
purchase price.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | HackerNews |
Q:
Passing a DataTable object in Javascript to controller
I have in an *.aspx page, a call to a javascript function (defined elsewhere) that takes in an object as as parameter...
myPage.aspx
<script type="text/javascript">
BuildTable("Results/TableList/", "TableTitle", {<%: Model.DataTable%>});
refreshTable(sortTable["tbl-div_id"]);
</script>
scripts.js
//global
var sortTable = {};
function BuildTable(url, title, args)
{
var myTable = new Object();
myTable.postBackUrl = url;
myTable.Title = title;
myTable.args = (args != undefined) ? args : new Object();
sortTable[<index>] = myTable;
}
function sortTable(selectedTable)
{
$.ajax({
url: selectedtable.postBackUrl,
data: selectedtable.args,
sucess: function.....
});
}
postBackUrl - in Controller
[Authorize]
public ActionResult TableList,<params>, DataTable values)
{
...
//`values` comes back a new object, there are no colmns defined,
}
I can see in myPage.aspx there are columns and rows defined for <%:Model.DataTable%> but as soon I go into javascript debuger, i can't recognize the object.
QUESTION
How Can I make sure the aspx page sends the entire DataTable object to the javascript and the javascript back to the server Controller so that I can then manipulate values?
UPDATE
If there's a way to go directly to the controller from the View, I'm open to that too
A:
I ended up using a Session[] variable.
myPage.aspx
<%
Session["myTable"] = Model.DataTable;
%>
postBackUrl - in Controller
DataTable table = (DataTable)HttpContext.Session["myTable"];
at this point, table now has the value of the Model and i din't have to deal with a complex data object in javascript
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Dan Goodsell Interview
December 19, 2007
There’s a great interview with Dan Goodsell, the tireless artist behind Mr. Toast and his “immersive world,” on Old Man Musings. I have admired Goodsell’s work for a while, and included him in a recent post on Z Recommends about artists to collect for young children. So I was pleased to have the chance to learn more about him. In the interview he cites his influences:
My childhood heroes were Dick Bruna (Miffy books), Ed Emberley (drawing books) and Bill Peet. Dick Bruna gave me my love of line. Ed Emberley taught me about the creation of worlds and populating them. Bill Peet taught about story and context. I didn’t know I was learning these things when I read their books as a kid but looking back as adult these are the things I strive to accomplish in my work.
All three have a ton of stuff online if you aren’t yet familiar with them:
Goodsell later cites Harry Nilsson’s film The Point as a major influence, which is a favorite of mine as well. The video segment from the film’s song “Think About Your Troubles” was featured in Z Recommends’ Toddler Arthouse Cinema last year in a set of music videos, along with videos for songs from Royksopp and Minilogue. You can watch them all here; the animation for the Nilsson film is brilliant. Who knew a decomposing whale could be so beautiful? | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Developer information
Description
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Weapon Skin Database.
Skins are a new feature in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, introduced in the Arms Deal update. They are weapons with different textures, and are completely cosmetic, holding no gameplay function. However, their different colours and textures can be used as a slight tactical advantage or disadvantage in some circumstances.
To acquire a skin, one must either:
Earn them through random drops by playing in online community and official servers. "Uncrate" them from opening weapon and promotional crates. Trading with other players. Buying skins from the Steam Market is considered a trade.
Also, some variants include a StatTrak device, a counter that shows the total amount of kills aquired with the weapon by the current owner.. Holding the [F] key (default) will allow the player to 'inspect' the gun in greater detail and allow you to gain a better view of your StatTrak counter.
Access to the inventory is unavailable when you are alive and after the warm-up in Competitive game modes for tactical imbalance reasons.
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Weapon Skin Database.
Skins are a new feature in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, introduced in the Arms Deal update. They are weapons with different textures, and are completely cosmetic, holding no gameplay function. However, their different colours and textures can be used as a slight tactical advantage or disadvantage in some circumstances.
To acquire a skin, one must either:
Earn them through random drops by playing in online community and official servers. "Uncrate" them from opening weapon and promotional crates. Trading with other players. Buying skins from the Steam Market is considered a trade.
Also, some variants include a StatTrak device, a counter that shows the total amount of kills aquired with the weapon by the current owner.. Holding the [F] key (default) will allow the player to 'inspect' the gun in greater detail and allow you to gain a better view of your StatTrak counter.
Access to the inventory is unavailable when you are alive and after the warm-up in Competitive game modes for tactical imbalance reasons. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Conclusion - Debugging
Course video 27 of 71
In week one you will be introduced to programming in python through lectures and the Runestone textbook - an interactive online textbook built for this course. By the end of the module, you will have run your first python program, and learned how to draw images by writing a program.
This course introduces the basics of Python 3, including conditional execution and iteration as control structures, and strings and lists as data structures. You'll program an on-screen Turtle to draw pretty pictures. You'll also learn to draw reference diagrams as a way to reason about program executions, which will help to build up your debugging skills. The course has no prerequisites. It will cover Chapters 1-9 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Python Programming," which is the accompanying text (optional and free) for this course.
The course is for you if you're a newcomer to Python programming, if you need a refresher on Python basics, or if you may have had some exposure to Python programming but want a more in-depth exposition and vocabulary for describing and reasoning about programs.
This is the first of five courses in the Python 3 Programming Specialization. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
NPS, NSAM Host WWII Veterans from CAG-11
Today@NPS_Title
Today@NPS
Asset Publisher
Lorenzo E Ascencio
Published 11/14/16
U.S. Navy photo by PO2 Victoria Ochoa
NPS, NSAM Host WWII Veterans from CAG-11
By PO2 Victoria Ochoa
The Naval Postgraduate School and Naval Support Activity Monterey (NSAM) hosted a screening of the documentary film, "Eleven" in Glasgow Hall, Nov. 10. The documentary tells the story of the heroes of Carrier Air Group 11 through the first-hand accounts of 11 Navy veterans recounting their combat tours in the South Pacific on board USS Hornet (CV-12).
"This project started off as just a curiosity, I didn't know what to expect from it. It was just one of those things that felt like the thing to do," said director and producer George Retelas. "I couldn't feel more fulfilled when I discovered, like many folks that will watch this film, that I felt more connected to veterans, and I hope that this film will do that for you."
Three of the 11 veterans featured in the film were present at the screening – Kermit "Tim" Enander, Robert W. J. "Jack" Cocks, and Verg Bloomquist. After receiving thundering applause from those in attendance at the conclusion of the film, the floor was opened up to anyone that had questions for the veterans.
"Was it hard flying planes?" asked a young boy in the audience.
"It's not too difficult flying airplanes because you get caught up in the thought of being part of the greater good," answered Cocks.
Another attendee asked the veterans if what they did in WWII was hard, and if life was better back then or now.
"I joined when I was young, only 17," noted Bloomquist in reply. "The things I had seen in World War II, I was only 18 or 19 … When we got relieved four and a half months later, I felt like I was 50, I had gotten so much older."
The veterans received several questions from the audience regarding their experiences on the ship and during the war. And their replies were met with smiles, approving nods, handshakes, and even a hug from a young boy that brought Bloomquist to tears.
"This is why I did this, so that young people like you can be here and succeed," said Bloomquist. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Peer victimization (PV; i.e., bully victimization, sexual harassment) is pervasive and has been associated with adverse outcomes including emotional distress and substance use among adolescents. Although there is clearly the potential for PV to cause harm, not all adolescents suffer serious effects from such experiences. Little is known about the conditions under which PV causes harm and for whom. There is a surprising lack of research to illuminate: (a) the individual, social and situational factors that influence an individual's response to victimization proximally and over time; and (b) the role of PV in the development of substance use. The proposed study will investigate the acute and long-term effects of PV on adolescent well-being and substance use. Two complimentary methods of data collection to be used: a longitudinal web-based survey comprised of multiple short-interval assessment over a two-year period and a daily diary study of PV experienced over an eight-week period. Adolescents ages 13 - 15 years, will be recruited via address based sampling to participate. The proposed research will advance current understandings of the conditions under which PV is deleterious and for whom, and will identify the processes through which PV affects the development of substance use. It is guided by the following Specific Aims: 1. what are the acute, proximal effects of PV on emotional distress (e.g., negative effect, anxiety) and on substance use among adolescents? 2. Are there individual or situational variables that moderate the association between PV and proximal outcomes? Do the effects of PV vary across three dimensions: victim characteristics (e.g., gender), the characteristics of the PV experience (e.g., chronicity), and potential buffers (e.g., parent, and peer support)? 3. What are the long-term effects of PV on emotional distress and substance use? The effects of PV on trajectories of emotional distress and substance use over time will be examined, as will potential mediators (e.g., depression) and moderators (e.g., alcohol coping expectancies) of PV to identify who is most at risk of developing a substance use problem following PV. The use of multiple methods to address these aims is highly novel and offers the potential to significantly advance understandings of PV. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | NIH ExPorter |
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for measuring a distance between two objects. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method of measuring a distance between two objects using RF techniques.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile telephones, pagers, and other wireless communication equipment are now commonplace. More recently, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs)—such as the Palm™ organizer—have been equipped with wireless communications capabilities. One of the primary benefits of wireless equipment is portability. We can carry our mobile phone with us wherever we go. These wireless devices are currently used for relatively limited purposes, such as making telephone calls, when they are capable of doing much more.
One potential use for wireless devices is in mobile commerce. Wireless devices can be used for buying or selling goods or services, making payments, gathering information, advertising and promotion, and the exchange of information for other commercial or non-commercial purposes. The success of mobile commerce and other wireless applications will depend on their acceptance by consumers at large. Accordingly, wireless applications must be easy to use and convenient. New platforms are being developed to enable mobile commerce and other applications for wireless devices. Bluetooth™ is such a technology. Bluetooth™ provides a wireless networking protocol for linking various wireless equipment, such as mobile computers, mobile phones, and PDAs. Bluetooth™ operates in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz region.
In addition to platforms such as Bluetooth™, wireless devices require additional enabling technologies to reach their full potential. One such technology involves distance measurement. The distance between two or more wireless devices may be needed in a variety of applications. In many cases, it may be undesirable to measure the distance between two wireless devices directly. Direct distance measurement may be impossible, impractical, intrusive, or simply inconvenient. Moreover, because one or more wireless devices may be moved, the distance between devices will not be fixed indefinitely and re-calculation may be needed.
In such situations, ‘wireless’ distance measurements are used. Some ‘wireless’ distance measurement systems require an infrastructure to be put in place such as GPS based systems, triangulation methods, and other positioning techniques. Other systems require line-of-sight conditions (e.g., infra red, laser, and optical methods). Radar as well as ultra sonic systems are bulky, complex, and consume significant amounts of power. New ultra wide band techniques are currently not approved by the authorities. Some less expensive systems offer solutions based on field strength measurements with the tradeoffs of reduced reliability and high environmental dependency. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
お供-ZO大宴祭長名阪！！！( ；∀；)
✨✨ みなさんからたくさんの愛をいただき、無事終えることができました！！心からありがともぞ〜う！！✨✨
自分のワンマンというすごい経験をさせてもらい、またひとつ成長できた気がします
もちろんまだまだなところばかり！ゴールは無いですが、これからも音楽と真剣に向きあっていきたいと改めて思えました！！🔥
まだまだ頑張りますよっ 追加公演も決まったのでまだまだ頑張りますよっ
そして今日は名古屋でGacharic Spinライブ!!😊🌈
The Winking Owlさんと一緒の3本の最後というのもあり熱い熱いライブになりました！！😆💫
参戦してくれたみなさん、パワー送ってくれたみなさんありがとう！( ´ ▽ ` )
THE MUSMUS ベースのKYOYAさんと！！^ - ^
ということでまた来週〜！！♪( ´▽｀)
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
A Career Cold Start Algorithm - zdw
http://boz.com/articles/career-cold-start.html
======
ghotli
Here's my programmer cold start algorithm for those interested:
1\. Go to indeed.com
2\. Type in 'software engineer' or 'data scientist' or something like that.
3\. Don't put in a city.
4\. Put the money slider all the way to the top.
5\. Open a few pages of job postings in tabs.
6\. Write down every word you don't know.
7\. Repeat the process by searching for each one of those words you don't know
and then write down additional words you don't know.
Now you have a list of what technologies are valuable in the zeitgeist and
your mission is to determine why each technology exists and what it's use case
is. You'll then be armed with a larger and more modern toolbox full of tools
to reach for when the time comes to solve that kind of problem.
Rinse, repeat every few years.
Hope that helps someone. :)
~~~
hliyan
A very effective, but somewhat utilitarian (dare I say, mercenary) approach.
It will get you the job, but I don't know how well it will help you keep it
(sometimes you might even end up with a mixed bag of buzzwords and hype). I
would prefer that candidates try to deeply understand the problems facing the
industry and try to develop the skills that solve them.
~~~
eldavido
I know this was half in jest but it speaks to a larger point, that of the
"implementation ghetto".
I'm going to get a lot of pushback for saying this, but there are basically
three roles in any company: (a) people who do the work, (b) people who make
sure the work gets done, and (c) people who decide what work to do.
If you follow the strategy outlined above, you will never rise beyond a pure
implementer of someone else's vision.
Empirically, understanding more about the business domain and industry seem to
be important if you want to do (b) or (c). If anyone has more tips, I'd love
to hear them.
EDIT: When I say "above", I'm talking about in the comment two levels up, not
the article.
~~~
aidenn0
You missed the step of "understand why each technology exists."
If you understand why a technology exists you are gaining an understanding of
problems, and after repeating a few times over a decade you may see patterns
in problems that are being solved.
It's easy to mock "AbstractSingletonProxyFactoryBean" but whoever created it
was not being wholly onanistic, and if you can't understand why it was
created, you are going to be in trouble if you ever create your own framework.
------
wccrawford
I don't think I agree with this.
We had a programmer that tried from the start to impress us. They were
constantly suggesting new tools, or changes to the system, or trying to
abstract some code.
What they _weren 't_ doing was what we asked them to do. They'd put a token
effort into that, do it wrong, and then call it done.
On the other hand, all my best newbie programmers came in, buried themselves
in their tickets until they understood them, fixed them, and went on to the
next ticket. There was very little attempt to change the system in their
_first year_.
I'm much happier with people who focus on doing their job instead of focusing
on trying to impress people.
~~~
arcticfox
The article is about how to make a positive impact as soon as possible,
impressing people is only a side effect of that.
It sounds like you're looking for ticket monkeys; the article is about how to
become more than that for the people that aspire to that.
The fact that you call your new hires "newbies" and don't expect them to make
suggestions for a year is a huge red flag for me. Either you didn't understand
that the article is targeted towards experienced professionals switching jobs
(first sentence), or you think that a professional will take an entire _year_
to understand your org and be more productive than work on tickets.
Most devs that I know worth their salt are comfortable switching jobs every 2
years or so (whether they choose to or not). The contrast between that and not
even being expected to think for a year is massive.
~~~
mercutio2
It sometimes seems like we software developers travel in really distinct
worlds.
People who have an established pattern of changing jobs every 2 years won’t
even get an interview in my org, and they definitely need at least a year
before they understand the problem space well enough for their offers of major
architecture changes to be welcome.
The idea is that coming in and working on the problems you’re assigned is good
because you can more deeply understand the problem space AND make things
better.
I expect this, better and faster and with more humility and wisdom, from
senior engineers. That doesn’t make anyone a ticket monkey in my book, it
makes them effective at their very highly paid job.
As an aside, I highly recommend the article’s strategy for appearing (and
hopefully actually being) wise and humble, _as long as you’re getting your
assigned, bare minimum work done_.
Anyway, it sounds like maybe we mutually wouldn’t want to work with one
another, which is why it seems like we live in different worlds to me.
~~~
JackFr
> they definitely need at least a year before they understand the problem
> space well enough for their offers of major architecture changes to be
> welcome.
I think there's a role for humility on both sides. In my current role, I was
an experienced hire. After a month on the job my manager and his manager
pulled me aside and said "What are we doing wrong?"
The interesting thing was that when I told them that I thought their module
system was seemed backwards, the response was "Yeah, we know. It's a quirk of
history that it ended up that way, and we've got a plan to fix it. Anything
else?"
They very much valued a fresh set of eyes to ensure that they weren't missing
something they had become house-blind to. At the same time, as a set of fresh
eyes your attitude should be one of questioning, "Why are we doing it that
way?" rather than "We're doing it wrong" or "This way is better".
~~~
kolpa
Remember Chesterton's Fence.
Here's the trick: Every weird architecture exists for a reason, good or bad.
If it looks wrong to a newbie, maybe the newbie misunderstands it, or maybe
the business can't afford to build something better (and it's good enough as
is), or maybe it really is wrong but the people who built it like it, so what
good will come of you you trying to change it? Your newbie ideas only help if
the veterans _want_ new ideas _and also_ your newbie ideas are better than
their veteran ideas. That's possible but rare.
------
hliyan
I have a different algorithm, which I have successfully used twice: assume the
duties of someone one level lower than your designation for at least a month.
If you're a tech lead, drop into the shoes of an engineer; if you're a
director/VP, drop into the shoes of an architect (provided you're in the
technical track). Get down to the weeds. You will not only build a better
mental picture of goings-on from first hand experience, the team will more
readily accept you as one of their own.
~~~
degenerate
I wish this is how all managers thought. Most love to stay on their level, and
know nothing of what is actually going on a step below them. They take pride
in pushing information up or down the chain without an inkling of how anything
actually runs/works.
~~~
hliyan
I forgot to mention how I learned to do this: apparently when Walter Chrysler
Jr. joined Chrysler, his father did not put him straight away in an executive
position like the other car company founders did. Instead, his first job was
to clean out the basement of the Chrysler building. From there, he had to work
his way up. It is said Chrysler Jr. became a proper manager as a result. I
heard this story while I was a teenager and never forgot it...
~~~
throwaway080383
I'm sure the promotion committee had a tough time making that call...
------
stareatgoats
Great advice, but be aware that there are circumstances where it might not
work too well:
\- disorganized workplaces run by a paranoid manager (all too common): The
tactic would probably be conceived as taking too much own initiative, and
'stealing' 30 minutes from an arbitrary number of employees would not go down
well (even if it was in your free time). You could try and get managerial
sign-off, but don't count on it. If you really need that job in the first
place (it's going to be a rough ride) better do over a beer or similar. It is
why 'after work' was invented in the first place after all.
\- as a very junior or entry-level employee it would seem like overkill in
most teams, and probably not work to your advantage. In that case, and if
you're ambitious and want to move quickly, try to get the same information but
in a less overt way.
~~~
malloci
This is an incredibly jaded view. Both cases should be encouraging to anyone
in a management position. Spending time to understand the lay of the land
shows that the new hire is motivated to learn the system they are working on
through the other experts on the team. It shows they care, which is a huge win
for any project. If a manager truly took issue with this they shouldn’t be
managing. It’s also a clear sign to find something else quickly!
~~~
stareatgoats
jaded : Bored or lacking enthusiasm, typically after having had too much of
something. [0] - hm?
Lacking in enthusiasm, perhaps. There is something to be said for people who
venture into every new setting with an optimistic mindset, and not caring if
they should tiptoe round, so agree inasmuch.
On the other hand (based on 40 years+ of professional experience), workplaces
are in reality on a spectrum regarding these things (not binary good or bad),
and peoples seniority as well as their need to take any job in the lower end
are on a spectrum as well (some need to take what is provided because of
location or other factors). In certain intersections of these factors I'd
still say be careful to follow the advice in the linked article very
literally.
In the appropriate cases I'd say it was excellent advice though, perhaps that
wasn't clear enough.
[0]
[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jaded](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jaded)
~~~
xkjkls
That's a pretty bad definition of jaded:
"made dull, apathetic, or cynical by experience or by having or seeing too
much of something" [1]
I would say that someone who feels that it's commonplace for managers to
refuse to allow new employees to schedule _30 minutes_ with other members of
their team while on-boarding would fit the definition of being overly cynical.
[1] [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jaded](https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/jaded)
~~~
stareatgoats
Not to be nitpicking, but I said 'there are circumstances' which is not the
same as 'it's commonplace' (it's actually implying edge cases).
That said, thanks for a better definition of 'jaded' even if not applicable!
:-)
------
dsacco
Could we maybe adjust the title to say something like, “A Career Cold Start
Algorithm _For Managers_ ”?
It’s somewhat applicable to individual contributors, but it’s intended more
for managers, which I didn’t realize until halfway through it. Might just add
some clarity for folks opening it up without any context.
~~~
mercutio2
You’re not alone in thinking this was advice for managers, many people have
said this. But the word manager doesn’t appear in the piece a single time, and
I think it’s great advice for individual contributors, so I hope no one
editorializes the title this way!
It’s not like only managers can propose slight shifts (desired by the existing
team, explicitly in this construction) in process. Unless you’ve got a real
jerk of a manager or aren’t doing your base line job well yet, such
suggestions, if broached carefully, ought to be welcome.
~~~
aidenn0
The world "leader" is used though. While there are certainly non-manager
leaders, most members on any given team are not leaders.
"...the natural instinct to push for early impact leads many incoming leaders
into challenging relationships..."
------
bertil
Boz has mainly changed position within Facebook where a lot of things go
right: people know what they are going and why; they get challenged over it
often enough to be able to explain themselves succinctly; power is held by
people who make things happen and can explain what is necessary.
I have applied the same method to several companies, and that didn’t lead to a
lot of goodwill in highly dysfunctional places. The crux of the issue is that
in many places, people can’t offer a consistent and exhaustive view of their
work in 25 minutes. Being about to do that well enough that no other meeting
is necessary it’s actually quite typical of Facebook where the pressure for
people’s time and meeting rooms is so high that most meetings are 30-minute
long; most people are smart and curious enough to be able to structure their
entire role and its context, and fit that in a cogent 25 minutes, including
questions. Elsewhere, you might get into trouble for trying to make sense of a
lot of frustration, under-optimal decisions and misunderstandings.
~~~
eldavido
You're right and I'd like to add, from firsthand accounts of friends who
workthere, facebook seems like an incredibly well-managed company. They have
good process, measure what matters, focus on impact, and seem to keep their
employees happy.
Most places aren't at their level of alignment or clarity; it's a huge jumble
of poorly-prioritized tasks and dysfunction.
~~~
bertil
I can directly confirm, and it comes down two three simple things:
\- a constance focus on _finding solutions_ : if you don’t know something,
that’s not your problem, you managers pivots that into why it wasn’t taught in
Bootcamp, why it wasn’t checked; you are never stuck or blamed: it’s always
about establishing a long list of things to do, many personal improvements,
and having the most important on top; “How can we fix this?” is the default
response and it works really well;
\- no hesitation to _replace managers_ : I did work with people who were not…
great at sharing their vision, and their responsibilities changed, often and
fast; there is a quarterly detailed review leveraging a very detailed poll of
all employees — outcomes are shared, decisions are public and debated at every
level; authority is never something you own, and nowhere else have I seen so
many senior people go back to the trenches because they though that would be
best; little surprise though: their ability to take and act on criticism meant
they generally get promoted very fast again;
\- no hesitation in _promoting unconventional people_ for management role and
allowing them to be themselves, because that role is not about being the best,
but the most able to give a team a direction. No where more than there have I
reacted “Your manager did _WHAT_?! No, that’s awesome, and brutally honest
but… Wow.” Sharing graphic details of pregnancy (to ask for specific team
support around length of meetings), alternative hobby (like, really — to
explain an issue with one use-case). No shame, just constructive direction.
------
mjevans
The only thing at all that's wrong about this is the title...
'Onboarding jumpstart' seems like a better title, maybe 'newhire jumpstart' as
an alternate.
This is really good advice that can probably actually be generalized, though
it doesn't really tell you how to do the actual hard things (like how to take
care of that meeting stuff).
(I'll make a different post about my own meetings rant)
~~~
masklinn
Yes this seems to be interesting advice about integrating into any non-trivial
project, whether at a new job, at an existing job (e.g. changing team or
starting on a client project) or starting to contribute to OSS stuff
------
pbalau
This was also posted internally and somebody else had a better way imho: after
every weekly sync, he would take the bullet point list of things everybody in
the team worked on/will work on and see if he can explain to an outsider what
every item means. If yes, then check that out. Take all the remaining items,
grouped by person and have 1:1 with said person to explain you the things you
don't understand. Then you can set up a goal, like after 6 months I want to be
able to strike out 70% of the items etc.
------
adbachman
I’ve been 100% remote for two years with a trip to the office every 5 months
or so and this is roughly the same strategy I use to stay connected during
those visits.
“What are you working on? What’s next? What do we need most?" 1-on-1, less
than 30 minutes, we're a pretty loosely structured org so it’s all self-
initiated. Works well, I’m more comfortable with my colleagues and they’re
more comfortable with me, we know roughly what each other are working on, and
bandwidth is so much higher in person than on video or text chat.
------
dagw
Starting a new job on Monday. Definitely going to be trying this.
------
mmikeff
Excellent advice.
This advice applies to managers hiring new positions as well, make your new
hires do this!
The position in my career where I had the most success started with my manager
on my first day pretty much setting this exact exercise as my objective for
the first week. He gave me a list of 3 people to talk to and told me to find
out who the other people were for myself.
------
jobu
This is really interesting, my self-onboarding process is completely
different, but seems to serve the same purpose.
1) Look at the bug backlog and pick one that's obvious and reproducible
2) Set up the environment(s) and start to debug (It's surprising how painful
this step can be in some organizations, but for any team it will showcase a
number of pain points for the developers and testers.)
3) Skim the related code history and make a list of people to talk to from the
commits.
4) Informal meetings with those people to ask questions about the product,
codebase, and what they see as major problems or bottlenecks.
Step three from the article ("ask who else you should talk to") is something I
hadn't thought of before:
_The third question will give you a valuable map of influence in the
organization. The more often names show up and the context in which they show
up tends to provide a very different map of the organization than the one in
the org chart._
In large organizations there are often a number of lynchpin-type people (often
in non-senior roles) scattered across teams that everyone respects and goes to
for information and advice. Finding these people early saves a lot of time and
frustration.
------
tudorw
It also taps into a bias that we are more likely to help people in the future
if we've helped them already, so asking for help from the start as long as
it's appropriate and respectful is win win :)
------
mathattack
Great advice from a very effective guy at Facebook. I do notice that he falls
for the Harvard/Goldman conceit in his about screen. They just have to let you
know in the first two minutes....
------
freyfogle
Related, here's a good post on strategies for quickly becoming familiar with a
new code base: [http://devblog.nestoria.com/post/96541221378/7-strategies-
to...](http://devblog.nestoria.com/post/96541221378/7-strategies-to-quickly-
become-productive-in-an)
------
Mikho
In every situation in a new environment, the best way is to just listen more
and talk less -- pretty fast you'd get the social dynamic without pretending
to be someone you are not or trying to wrongly impress people. And --
important -- keeping to yourself your weak spots during the timeframe when
people form their opinion about you.
Soon you will see what the main struggles are in the company, who opinion
leader is, and what the product development dynamic is. Only then, when you
figured out the playing field and all mines you may start talking more if you
really have something to say.
------
foobiekr
Quite a few comments here are saying this is for managers. I don't agree.
This is a perfectly sensible guide for engineers in the second half of their
career.
When you are young and fresh, it is the company's job to make use of you and
make you productive. Effectively, the first thing they should do is intro you,
give you a few learning projects, and help course correct to get you
productive. Managers invest time in this so that the manager effectiveness
amplification occurs.
When you get old, senior and soulless, once you start getting hired as a lead,
this algorithm is basically exactly what you should be doing in your first 30
days. At that point you're almost always being hired to fix something that's
broken and it's your job to make yourself productive for the company instead
of the other way around and then help make other people productive (or, more
often, make other people less unproductive). Putting aside the very rare
exception where you are your own brand name and can get vanity projects and
total control, the only real exceptions are when you start a fresh company or
project and have total control, but those opportunities are comparatively
rare. Most senior engineers hired into a new org who are in a leadership
position will find these steps quite sensible.
------
mjevans
(The meetings sub-rant)
The big issue I tend to have with normal corporate meetings is that everyone
seems to be a complete cargo cult amateur at it; even when they try.
I think I'd much prefer a "remote first" style of meeting, where everything is
designed as an asynchronous, clear deadlines for contribution, process. The
actual meetings should be broken up in to focus-groups tackling a specific
task, such as brain-storming the definition of a problem, or that problem's
solution.
~~~
gordon_freeman
you need another meeting to break up the tasks among focus-groups. This feels
like recursive ;)
~~~
AstralStorm
No you don't. Allow people to take on the tasks by themselves, (agile style)
distribute unwanted ones at random at a deadline.
~~~
Cthulhu_
But how do you determine what tasks to do and what the scope thereof is? When
they're done? That's what most our meetings are about, :p
~~~
mjevans
Ultimately there does have to be someone (or some small group) where 'the buck
stops'. That's who assigns the other tasks, or at least spawns them and sets
default ownership + deadline. (So that the tagged individual can either
produce a good alternative, or at least why they're not a good fit.)
------
inopinatus
I have applied this approach throughout my career. The recommendation with the
greatest long-term utility has turned out to be the last one (the network
building) since this provides an organizational map - and knowing where
leverage can be applied is powerful knowledge indeed. However the prior two
steps suggested are useful for building both rapport and context.
------
sytelus
These are the questions we call it the enumeration types. This means the
answer to these questions requires scanning large number of options, sort them
effectively and return top few choices. Ask someone what are your most
favorite 10 movies and you will know how hard it is to answer these
effectively and accurately.
Another thing is that much of the organizational memory these days is
available electronically. When I join new team, I go through recent documents,
slides, meeting notes, emails in internal discussions etc in first two days
that is available to everyone in the team. I also learn building source code,
looking at architecture/design docs, their evolution over time, release plans
etc. After doing all these for first few days, it makes sense to ask
_specific_ questions as opposed to _let me Google it for you_ questions and
you would look prepared and worth spending time to talk details beyond giving
elementary pointers.
------
misthop
I am in the process of interviewing for Engineering Manager/VP/CTO type roles.
This will require a new skill set of me beyond the tech lead work that I have
been doing. This article neatly sums up a good answer to my internal question
of how do I start?
Thank you for it
------
elthor89
Interesting post. I will start at a new job soon. I am going to try this piece
of advice.
------
erikb
For me this kind of micro optimization never worked but in the most advanced
skill areas I have (e.g. vim hotkeys).
For everything people related for me the very simple approach worked best: \-
find a topic where you can see the other person getting a profit for their
problems/career as well \- start discussing that topic with them \- if you hit
it off, stay in contact \- if you don't hit it off, try to reduce contact as
much as possible
And then work hard and try not to be a dick, but be a dick to people who want
to exploit you. If someone worthy gets a bad impression because you self-
defence he will come around when he sees you in action more.
------
drelihan
Most of the comments seem to read a lot more into this that what the author of
the article was proposing. The algorithm is sound. Talk to one person, get
some knowledge/opinions and a list of other people to talk to. Repeat until no
one is suggesting anyone new. The goal of the algorithm is to get a base
sample of the project or organization so you can figure out where to start
contributing and/or learning more. I have seen ( similar approach ) work in
both individual contributor, manager, _and investor_ role.
What the interviewer does with that information is another story ( likely
multiple other stories ).
------
more-entropy
From my point of ignorance, the best thing is just start working. Seriously!
Get a task and start solving it by your own. Even a simple task in a big
project gives you a bigger picture that tons of useless meetings.
------
juanmirocks
Excellent approach! Moreover, this approach helps you quickly build a
relationship with each individual person in the team and immediately gain
their respect. Everybody likes to be consulted as an expert.
------
djhaskin987
_The third question will give you a valuable map of influence in the
organization. The more often names show up and the context in which they show
up tends to provide a very different map of the organization than the one in
the org chart._
This hits me hard. I always go into a company and ask to see its org chart so
I can get a feel for where I'm at in the company. I have been frustrated
before because some companies don't have org charts or they are inaccurate. I
will be using this trick in the future.
------
joslin01
A career cold start algorithm from a guy who has changed companies twice in
his career (Facebook for the last 12 years and Microsoft for 1.5 years before
that). Ok.
~~~
enjoylife
I would agree if the person was only working on the exact same project each
time. However I would also find that hard to believe. I bet if we replaced
career with team, we could then all agree its relevant.
~~~
joslin01
I would agree that's relevant, it's true. Cold starting a career sounded like
"I never coded before, let me try to jump in" or at the very least, "I never
coded in X company before, let me try to jump in." His advice isn't bad, but
for him personally, it's all been sheltered at Facebook, a well managed
company, for more than a decade. Not exactly daring jumps into strange, new
lands.
------
untangle
I advise new team members to begin their tenure by improving one or two key
existing processes. Ideally, make life easier for a couple teammates. Right an
age-old wrong within the system.
This provides an efficient way to learn the team, garner respect, and create a
platform to do bigger things down the line.
I have seen far more accomplishment using this formula than the blunderbuss
"we have to make changes now" approach.
------
allenu
This is interesting advice, but the real world is messy and 30 minutes to boil
down everything you should know is not going to happen with most people. (And
3 _minutes_ to talk about the biggest challenges to the team?) Have you ever
tried to meet with people to discuss anything?
------
pulsarpietro
Absolutely amazing advice! If you get to the point where you think that asking
as a good idea .. oh gosh.
------
borncrusader
This is such valuable advice. I've tried cold starts in the past only to not
really progress as much as I had hoped to. I'm looking at another cold start
in the near future and I hope to use this.
------
darkstar_16
This is really great advice. As someone who has recently joined a new team, I
can put this to use immediately. Although the advice might differ a bit from
an engineer's point of view.
------
apabepa
Its good advice but I wouldn't spill my guts to someone taking notes. I would
try a more casual approach, talk with people over a coffee or similar
------
aj_nikhil
In India people don't explain much to team mates because their importance will
decrease. It's not so easy here, Politics is over the head.
------
known
Depends on the company's culture and its formal KT rules
------
asyncanup
this is so great. absolutely amazing advice
------
lilfatbitch
This article is what would happen if Ulillillia suddenly joined tech
------
jenkstom
This is weird... I just received a BOZ Cold Brew Coffee Maker, which I ordered
from Amazon. I had to read this several times to make sure it wasn't some sort
of pun.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | HackerNews |
Q:
PHP: replacement for DateTime object
The server that I have my sited hosted is on PHP5.12.14, and I have an error when I run the DateTime object from PHP5.3
# DateTime::add — Adds an amount of days, months, years, hours, minutes and seconds to a DateTime object
$date = new DateTime($item_user['mem_updated']);
# add a day to the object
$date -> add(new DateInterval('P1D'));
the error,
Fatal error: Call to undefined method DateTime::add() in /homepages/xxx.php on line xx
So, I have look for the other solutions rather than sticking to PHP5.3's DateTime object. How can I write the code to replace the code above?
basically I have this date and time data (for instance - 2011-01-21 02:08:39) from the mysql database, and I just need to add 1 day or 24 hours to that date/time, then passing it into a function below,
$time_togo = time_togo($date -> format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
thanks.
A:
strtotime would work
$timestamp = strtotime($item_user['mem_updated']);
$time_togo = date("Y-m=d H:i:s", strtotime("+1 Day", $timestamp));
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Håkansson Eklund J, Holmström IK, Ollén Lindqvist A, Sundler AJ, Hochwälder J, Marmstål Hammar L. Empathy levels among nursing students: A comparative cross‐sectional study. Nursing Open. 2019;6:983--989. 10.1002/nop2.280
**Funding information**
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not‐for‐profit sectors.
1. INTRODUCTION {#nop2280-sec-0005}
===============
1.1. Empathy {#nop2280-sec-0006}
------------
Located on the borders between self and other, cognition and emotion, science and practice, empathy is a core phenomenon in all human interactions, a crucial component of the nurse--patient relationship (Cunico, Sartori, Marognolli, & Meneghini, [2012](#nop2280-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}) that has been shown to improve patient satisfaction (Derksen, Bensing, & Lagro‐Janssen, [2013](#nop2280-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}). Still, patients perceive that empathy is frequently lacking in the nurse--patient relationship (Williams & Stickley, [2010](#nop2280-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}). However, empathy is something that can be taught (Cunico et al., [2012](#nop2280-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}). For example, one study showed that nursing students' empathy increased after practice encounters with professional actors playing roles as patients and relatives (Soderberg, Sundbaum, & Engstrom, [2017](#nop2280-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}).
American psychologist and therapist Carl Rogers introduced a new perspective on personality change and therapy, of which empathy was a core component (Rogers, [1957](#nop2280-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"},[1975](#nop2280-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). In fact, much of the popularity of empathy within today\'s psychology and nursing science can, in some way, be traced back to Rogers. Although researchers today agree on the importance of empathy, diverse opinions exist concerning whether and to what extent, for example, emotion, cognition, motivation, identification and self‐other differentiation should be part of its definition. For instance, Batson, Eklund, Chermok, Hoyt, and Ortiz ([2007](#nop2280-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}) define empathy in purely emotional terms, as an other‐oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of a person in need. Along with Hojat et al. ([2002](#nop2280-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}) who developed the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, we define empathy in patient‐care situations as an attribute involving an ability to understand each patient\'s inner experiences and perspectives, and the capability to communicate this understanding. This definition of empathy entails the ability to understand, rather than feel, combined with the capability to communicate this understanding (Hojat, [2007](#nop2280-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}).
1.2. Empathy in medicine and nursing {#nop2280-sec-0007}
------------------------------------
Empathy is a central aspect of the patient--nurse relationship (Derksen et al., [2017](#nop2280-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}; Haslam, [2007](#nop2280-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}; Richardson, Macleod, & Kent, [2012](#nop2280-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Ward et al., [2009](#nop2280-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}). Also, a brief encounter between a patient and an empathic nurse can be beneficial for the patient (Halpern, [2001](#nop2280-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}); that is, empathy can strengthen the relationship between nurse and patient, making the treatment work more efficiently (Haslam, [2007](#nop2280-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}). In a study, Derksen et al. ([2017](#nop2280-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}) found that empathy makes patients more relaxed, motivated and willing to cooperate. The patients in the study also revealed that a lack of empathy in health providers leaves them frustrated and unwilling to return to the healthcare facility.
The extant literature is mixed regarding whether empathy declines among medical and nursing students during their education. Ferri, Guerra, Marcheselli, Cunico, and Lorenzo ([2015](#nop2280-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}), as well as Nunes, Williams, Sa, and Stevenson ([2011](#nop2280-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}), found that empathy declined among students in healthcare professions throughout their education years. Hojat et al. ([2009](#nop2280-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}) using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy measured empathy in medical students upon entry into medical school and at the end of each academic year. Empathy levels did not change during the first two years, but at the end of the third year a decline was noted in empathy among men and women, in both technology‐oriented specialties and people‐oriented fields. This decline persisted until graduation. In a longitudinal study using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, Ward, Cody, Schaal, and Hojat ([2012](#nop2280-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}) found a decline in empathy during one year of an undergraduate nursing programme. The decline was greatest among those students who had the most clinical encounters and among those with prior work experience in health care. However, in an intervention study using standardized actors during the last year of a nursing programme, Ward ([2016](#nop2280-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}) found that the typical decline in empathy could be hindered. In a review of studies using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy‐student version, Roff ([2015](#nop2280-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}) found a lack of evidence of a decline in empathy over time among medical students.
Brunero, Lamont, and Coates ([2010](#nop2280-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) reviewed the evidence for the effectiveness of empathy training in undergraduate and postgraduate nursing programmes. Seventeen qualitative and quantitative studies met their inclusion criteria, and eleven of these showed statistically significant improvements in empathy. Brunero et al. ([2010](#nop2280-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) concluded that it is possible to improve nurses' empathic tendencies and that the education types that used experiential learning styles were the most promising. Examples of experiential learning included role play and case‐scenario‐based experiential work.
Petrucci, La Cerra, Aloisio, Montanari, and Lancia ([2016](#nop2280-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}) conducted a cross‐sectional study at an Italian university on health professional students, using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. Undergraduate nursing students showed significantly higher levels of empathy than students of other healthcare professions. Another Italian study tested whether a specific training course would enhance empathy in nursing students during a three‐year degree course. The study showed that the training was effective, especially on women\'s empathy, which increased over three years (Cunico et al., [2012](#nop2280-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}). Similarly, Lee, Yu, Hsieh, Li, and Chao ([2018](#nop2280-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}) noted an increase in empathy among nursing students as a result of a four‐month training programme that included role play, self‐reflection, situated learning and acting.
As empathy is crucial for nurse--patient encounters, and also for clinical outcomes, it should be a high priority in nursing education as well as in master\'s nursing programmes. In theories on nursing, empathy is of high importance, and the rapport with the patient is crucial in practicing high‐quality care. Whether empathy somehow increases or declines during nursing education is unclear, according to the aforementioned studies. Focusing on differences in empathy among undergraduate nursing students and among master\'s nursing students could provide indications of differences in these educational paths, which could be of interest to clinical practice and nurse‐education realms. To our knowledge, these kinds of studies are lacking in the extant literature.
2. OBJECTIVE {#nop2280-sec-0008}
============
To compare empathy levels at different stages of undergraduate nursing education and different master\'s nursing programmes. Specifically, the research question was the following: Are there differences in subjective empathy levels in nursing students when comparing (a) the second semester of an undergraduate nursing programme, (b) the sixth semester of the programme, and (c) master\'s nursing students programmes (anaesthesia, intensive‐care nurse, midwifery, psychiatry, public health)?
3. METHODS {#nop2280-sec-0009}
==========
3.1. Design {#nop2280-sec-0010}
-----------
The study was a quantitative, comparative study among undergraduate and master\'s‐level nursing students at a university in Sweden.
3.2. Participants and setting {#nop2280-sec-0011}
-----------------------------
A convenience sample of nursing students was drawn from undergraduates in the second and final (sixth) semesters of the undergraduate nursing programme and from five master\'s nursing programmes at a university in Sweden. The undergraduate nursing programme follows the regulations for nursing education established by the Swedish government. This three‐year programme comprises 180 credits in the European Credit Transfer System, resulting in a bachelor\'s degree. According to Sweden\'s higher‐education regulatory group, empathy is a skill that nursing students must possess. Specialized nursing programmes follow national guidelines, resulting in a master\'s degree.
During the second semester, 142 of 164 students, aged 21--67 years (*M* = 28.71, *SD* = 7.70), agreed to participate. Out of their ranks, 81.6% classified themselves as female, while the others did not provide gender information. In the sixth semester, 93 of 107 students, aged 24--56 years (*M* = 29.73, *SD* = 6.70), agreed to participate. Among them, 88.3% classified themselves as female and 1% as male, while the others did not provide gender information.
Among the master\'s nursing students, 94 of 98 agreed to participate. There were students in the sample from five master\'s programmes in nursing, ranging in duration from a year to a year and a half: anaesthesia \[*N* = 16\], intensive care \[*N* = 16\], midwifery \[*N* = 26\], psychiatry \[*N* = 22\] and public health \[*N* = 14\]. The master\'s nursing students ranged in age between 24--55 years (*M* = 33.96, *SD* = 7.58). Most (79.8%) classified themselves as female, and the others as male. The master\'s nursing students' experience working as registered nurses ranged from 1--21 years (*M* = 5.55, *SD* = 4.62).
3.3. Data collection {#nop2280-sec-0012}
--------------------
Data were collected in classroom settings. In previous research, empathy has been measured in a variety of ways, ranging from more subjective (eg self‐ratings) to more objective methods (eg fMRI). Among the most commonly used self‐rating scales are Davis' IRI (Davis, [1983](#nop2280-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}), Batson\'s ERS, (Batson et al., [2007](#nop2280-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}) and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (Hojat et al., [2001](#nop2280-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}). For the present study, we selected the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, since it is the most commonly used empathy scale in nursing. Developed at Jefferson Medical College, it is a 20‐item, self‐rating instrument in which each item is rated from 1 (strongly disagree)--7 (strongly agree). Since its creation, it has been translated into approximately 50 languages and applied to other areas, such as nursing. Several extant studies have provided support for its validity and reliability.
A questionnaire consisting of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (Hojat et al., [2001](#nop2280-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}) and background questions (gender, age, education, etc.) was distributed. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy consists of three dimensions: perspective taking, compassionate care and standing in the patient\'s shoes. In the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for health providers, nurses' understanding of the emotional status of their patients, as well as that of the patients' families, is an important component of the nurse--patient relationship, as is the notion that nurses should try to stand in their patients' shoes when providing care to them. Ten of the 20 items on the scale are negatively worded, thereby reversing the scoring. The sum score for the 20 items ranges from 20--140, with higher scores reflecting more empathy. The mean score for undergraduate nursing students in general is 114 (Ward et al., [2009](#nop2280-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}). In a study of Norwegian and Swedish third‐year undergraduate nursing students using this scale, the mean score was 115 (Sundling, Sundler, Holmstrom, Kristensen, & Eide, [2017](#nop2280-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}). Cronbach\'s alpha for the undergraduates in the present study was 0.80, and for the master\'s nursing students, it was 0.74. No compensation for participation was offered.
3.4. Data analysis {#nop2280-sec-0013}
------------------
Data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One‐way and two‐way ANOVAs were conducted with the significance level *p* \< 0.05 and were then followed up with post hoc tests (Bonferroni). There were too few men in the sample to conduct meaningful tests on gender effects, so we omitted gender as a factor and only reported results for the group as a whole. There was only a weak, insignificant correlation between age and empathy; therefore, we have not included age as a covariate in the ANOVAs.
3.5. Ethical considerations {#nop2280-sec-0014}
---------------------------
The university\'s local institutional ethical board and the students' union approved the study, which follows the ethical standards for research and conforms with the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2008) and with ethical regulations and guidelines according to Swedish law (Sweden, Ministry of Education and Research, 2003). Participants were given oral and written information about the research, their participation and their rights as participants, as well as how the data would be handled, stored and presented/published. All participants had to provide written and informed consent to participate. They were also made aware of their right to withdraw their participation at any time. All participants were anonymous.
4. RESULTS {#nop2280-sec-0015}
==========
The data were subjected to a two‐way ANOVA based on healthcare work experience prior to entering the programme (worked in health care/not worked in health care) and education level (second semester, sixth semester, master\'s student) as between‐subjects factors and empathy as dependent variable. There was a significant main effect of previous work experience: *F* (1, 327) = 4.46, *p* \< 0.05, *η* ^2^ = 0.014 (see Table [1](#nop2280-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). There was also a significant main effect of previous education level: *F* (2, 327) = 8.01, *p* \< 0.001, *η* ^2^ = 0.047. A post hoc test (Bonferroni) revealed that the students in their sixth semester (*M* = 117.29, *SD* = 11.32) expressed more empathy than those in their second semester (*M* = 111.58, *SD* = 11.37) (*p* \< 0.001) and the master\'s nursing students (*M* = 111.62, *SD* = 0.57) (*p* = 0.005). However, no reliable differences were detected between the students in their second semester and the master\'s nursing students (see Table [1](#nop2280-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"} and Figure [1](#nop2280-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). There was no interaction effect of previous work experience and education level.
######
Subjective empathy levels (and *SD*) at the second semester, sixth semester and master\'s programmes for students with and without healthcare working experience prior to entering the undergraduate nursing programme
Second semester Sixth semester Master\'s programme Total
-------------------- ----------------- ---------------- --------------------- --------------
Work experience 114.2 (12.3) 117.8 (11.5) 112.5 (11.0) 114.7 (11.8)
No work experience 109.2 (11.2) 116.7 (11.2) 110.3 (12.2) 111.6 (11.8)
Total 111.6 (12.0) 117.3 (11.3) 111.6 (11.4) 113.2 (11.9)
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
{#nop2280-fig-0001}
The data were subjected to a one‐way ANOVA with type of master\'s programme (anaesthesia, intensive‐care nurse, midwifery, psychiatry, public health) as a between‐subjects factor and empathy as a dependent variable. There was a significant main effect: *F* (4, 89) = 2.82, *p* \< 0.05, *η* ^2^ = 0.11. A post hoc test (Bonferroni) revealed that public‐health nursing students (*M* = 117.07 *SD* = 5.81) expressed significantly more empathy than did intensive‐care students (*M* = 105.38, *SD* = 10.50) (*p* \< 0.05). There were no other significant differences among the master\'s programmes (See Figure [2](#nop2280-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}).
{#nop2280-fig-0002}
5. DISCUSSION {#nop2280-sec-0016}
=============
In the present study, students in their sixth semester expressed more empathy than did those in their second semester and master\'s students. The mean score for the second and the sixth semesters combined is near the mean scores found in previous studies of undergraduate nursing students (Ward et al., [2009](#nop2280-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}). Among the five one‐year master\'s programmes, public‐health nursing students expressed the most empathy, followed by psychiatry, midwifery, anaesthesia and intensive‐care students.
There was also an effect on empathy of healthcare work experience prior to entering the undergraduate nursing programme. Students who had such work experience expressed more empathy than those who did not. The difference was greatest among the students in the second semester, which suggests that the undergraduate nursing programme can reduce differences by increasing non‐work‐experienced students' empathy more than work‐experienced students' empathy. While there seems to be a lack of research regarding the effects of previous work experience on nursing students' empathy, there is research on empathy in general that supports the idea that previous experience can increase empathy. For example, Eklund, Andersson‐Straberg, and Hansen ([2009](#nop2280-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}) found that participants with prior experience of grief or fear had more empathy for a person experiencing grief or fear than did participants without such experience. Hodges, Kiel, Kramer, Veach, and Villanueva ([2010](#nop2280-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}) found that having had a similar experience had an effect on empathic concern, empathic accuracy and the target\'s perceived empathy.
The finding that students in their sixth semester expressed more empathy than did those in their second semester was expected. As mentioned, one can imagine that studying nursing would increase empathy. While the students in our study did not receive any explicit empathy training in their education, empathy is implicitly a major part of their training, which could explain the higher empathy scores. Increased empathy also has been found among nursing students in programmes that explicitly include empathy training (Cunico et al., [2012](#nop2280-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}; Lee et al., [2018](#nop2280-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}). Conversely, Ward et al. ([2012](#nop2280-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}) found that empathy declined over the course of one year of an undergraduate nursing programme among those who had more contact with patients than others. However, a later study by Ward ([2016](#nop2280-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}) in which role play was part of empathy training for nursing students showed that the usual decline in empathy did not occur. Role play seems to be effective for empathy, as increased empathy was also found in studies by Soderberg et al. ([2017](#nop2280-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}) and Lee et al. ([2018](#nop2280-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}) in which role play was part of empathy training. Soderberg et al. ([2017](#nop2280-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}) suggested that role play might create empathy in nursing students because it involves eye contact and seeing the other\'s reactions when trying different things in encounters. This indicates that a successful part of empathy training might involve practicing with real encounters -- "human human‐to‐human" practice such as in role play. If role play with an explicit focus on empathy were to be included in the programmes, empathy levels might increase.
In the present study, the one‐year master\'s students expressed less empathy than did the undergraduate students in their sixth semester. One possible explanation for this is the fact that while the students in their sixth semester had spent the previous three years in an educational setting where empathy played a substantial part, the one‐year master\'s students had only recently returned to this kind of setting after having worked as nurses in clinical settings. In the undergraduate programme, reflective discussions are a crucial part of education related to caring, while such activities might not be prioritized to the same degree in clinical settings. Bas‐Sarmiento, Fernandez‐Gutierrez, Baena‐Banos, and Romero‐Sanchez ([2017](#nop2280-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) and Percy and Richardson ([2018](#nop2280-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}) specifically point to reflective discussions as a means of increasing nursing students' empathy, which might suggest a need for continuous educational activities, including reflective discussions, during clinical work as well. It is also possible that the master\'s nursing students, during their work as nurses, experienced stress, limited resources, compassion fatigue, and an inability to provide care on the level they wished. In previous studies, it was found that nurses encounter several stressful situations in their work (Purcell, Kutash, & Cobb, [2011](#nop2280-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}) and are at risk of compassion fatigue (Duarte & Pinto‐Gouveia, [2017](#nop2280-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}).
Our study also found that intensive‐care and anaesthesia students expressed lower levels of empathy than did public‐health nursing, midwifery and psychiatry students. However, we must be cautious when drawing conclusions from these differences, as the student groups from the five master\'s programmes were small. Still, one explanation for these differences might be the greater technical focus on intensive care and anaesthesia in these programmes than in the other three. Holm ([1985](#nop2280-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}) found that medical students' empathy was lower during the more technical parts of their education, when they focused on body parts rather than on patients as sentient human beings. Similarly, in a study on empathy antecedents, Håkansson Eklund ([2006](#nop2280-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}) showed that a negative relationship exists between empathy and objectifying someone. At the same time, as for the anaesthesia and intensive‐care students, their future work will be partly technical in nature, but they will also have contact with severely ill patients, for whom empathy is most needed. Thus, empathy training should be a high priority in their education.
Empathy is an essential part of the nurse--patient relationship. However, the present study found lower levels of empathy among master\'s students, who had spent a period of time working as nurses in clinical settings, unlike the undergraduates. According to Crawford, Brown, Kvangarsnes, and Gilbert ([2014](#nop2280-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) and Percy and Richardson ([2018](#nop2280-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}), mutual responsibility exists among educators and stakeholders in practical settings to cultivate and maintain nurses' empathy levels. It is important to prepare nurses for how to treat patients with complex illnesses as well as their relatives, and to keep practicing the essence of nursing, in which empathy and compassion are crucial. Less‐empathic healthcare professionals not only lead to unsatisfied patients and relatives but also, according to Halpern, (Halpern, [2001](#nop2280-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}) risk eliciting incorrect diagnoses, poor patient adherence to therapy, and decreased patient engagement. Rush and Cook ([2006](#nop2280-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}) have found that patients and their relatives highly value empathic attitudes among nurses. In their study, Haron and Tran ([2014](#nop2280-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}) found that what patients valued most was being respected as whole people rather than merely viewed and treated as illness cases, and receiving emotional support.
5.1. Limitations {#nop2280-sec-0017}
----------------
The present study has some limitations that may influence interpretations of the results. One limitation is the use of self‐ratings only. It is well‐known that in empathy studies using self‐ratings, people tend to overrate their empathy due to such processes as social desirability. Other limitations include the relatively small sample of master\'s nursing students and men in the participant sample. In addition, the cross‐sectional design has obvious disadvantages when compared with the longitudinal design. The comparisons we made were between different groups of students, so there is a risk that the groups differ in respects that might have influenced the results. It would be interesting to conduct a longitudinal study, with the same student group measured at various points over time. Another limitation is that we conducted the study at only one university.
6. CONCLUSIONS {#nop2280-sec-0018}
==============
The present study\'s results suggest that nursing students' empathic tendencies vary across stages of their education, as well as among different kinds of specializations on the master\'s level. These findings can offer teachers and others involved in the development of nursing programmes insights into students' empathic tendencies at different stages of their nursing education. More generally, clinicians and other relevant decision makers in the sector, as well as nurse educators, need to take seriously the present study\'s finding that students seem to be less empathic after a period of time working as nurses than when they left school. This indicates a need for continuous reflection and educational activities as part of their clinical work as nurses in order to preserve empathic attitudes.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST {#nop2280-sec-0019}
====================
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS {#nop2280-sec-0020}
====================
JHE, LMH, IKH, AOL, AJS: Study design. JHE, AOL, JH: Study analysis. JHE, LMH, IKH, AOL, JH, AJS: Drafting of the article.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
Q:
RFID Protocol Cryptanalysis
Assume we have the following scheme for RFID:
TAG & READER both have initially k keys.
Every session the TAG computes $k_i$=F($k_{i-1})$ where F is a function which computes XOR of previous key with randomly generated number, e.g. $k_i^R$=F($k_{i-1}^L$) $\oplus$ $r_i$ , $k_i^L$=F($k_{i-1}^R$) $\oplus$ $r_i$ where $r_i$ is a random number for session i. The READER receives ($k_i$, $r_i$) and performs same computation to verify $k_i$. If its correct replies with True either False. If READER replied True - they both add $r_i$ to the key set.
If reader replied FALSE or message didn't arrive - key set are not updated.
(if the message didn't arrive, READER does not respond at all).
I've read that one of the possible ways for analyzing this protocol is by creating a table of all possible keys which can be generated after obtaining $k_i$ and then looking for repeating rows.
What are other possible ways to analyze this scheme in order to find vulnerabilities ?
Thank you
Edit: I've clarified more the question for what I asked, are techniques for analyzing the protocol disregarding technical problems like lost messages.
A:
As fgrieu notes in the comments, the protocol might not even work reliably in the absence of adversaries: if the tag fails to receive the reader's reply of "True", the keys will get out of sync. (If that happens, the tag will just retry the next exchange with the old key, so this could be fixed by having the reader remember one more "subkey". But the current protocol, as described, does not have this feature. Also, note that this would have its own security implications, which would need to be analyzed.)
This protocol also has the inconvenient feature that each tag can only work for one reader, at least unless the readers communicate with each other to synchronize their state, or unless the tag actually holds multiple keysets, and uses some kind of a handshake with the reader to decide which key to send. (Again, neither of these features are part of the protocol as decribed, and so their security implications cannot be analyzed reliably.)
The fact that the protocol requires the tag to generate random numbers also worries me a bit. I'm not really familiar with the state of the art in RFID, but generally, securely generating unpredictable random numbers is not a trivial task. The protocol appears to be designed for tags that have very minimal computing capabilities, so I wouldn't fell comfortable automatically assuming that such a tag has a cryptographically secure RNG.
Also, obviously, 4-bit keys are trivially vulnerable to brute force attacks, but that's easy enough to fix. In the rest of this answer, I'll assume that the actual key length is at least 128 bits or so.
Even if all the issues mentioned above are addressed, though, the protocol as described has (at least) two obvious and serious security flaws:
An eavesdropper can impersonate the tag after observing four consecutive successful authentications. The random numbers generated by the tag are transmitted in the clear, and the keys depend only on the last four random numbers, so knowledge of those four numbers automatically lets an attacker compute the key.
When using the key thus obtained, a clever attacker could also perform four consecutive authentications, and recycle the random numbers so that the reader ends up in the same state it was in before. That way, the holder of the valid tag need not notice anything unusual, as their tag will still be in perfect sync with the reader.
(In fact, since the XORed key is also sent in plain, it's enough to observe the latest transaction and the fourth one before it. This is not enough to fully determine the state of the tag, but it does suffice for one fake authentication.)
The attacker doesn't even need to get near the reader to carry out this attacks, since it's trivial to impersonate the reader. The fake reader can just reply "true" to anything the tag sends it. This allows a number of attacks:
An attacker can impersonate the reader, and (possibly after some delay) relay the tag's key and random number to the real reader. This will allow the attacker to authenticate as if they had the tag, and any logs will show the tag being used normally.
Alternatively, an attacker with a fake reader can query the tag four times, replaying "true" every time, and thus steal the full state of the tag. At that point, the real tag will no longer work (until and unless the attacker deliberately sends the same sequence of four random numbers to the real reader to re-sync its state), but the attacker can now authenticate with the reader as many times as they like.
There are ways to address all of these issues, but honestly, by the time you've fixed them all, the result will no longer bear more than a passing resemblance to your original protocol. So, no, this is not a secure authentication protocol.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Surprises all the way as Harpic Conducts Mystery Home Rewards
It was surprise gifts galore for consumers of Nigeria’s foremost hygiene and home care brand Harpic from the stable of Reckitt Benckiser as they were rewarded in a strategic home visits the brand took to further bond with them.
The mystery home visits was aimed at reinforcing its triple-powered impact for toilet solution through the new campaign tagged “Harpic All in One Toilet Solution“. The visits were led by Helen Paul, the brand ambassador, who personally visited consumers’ homes at Abesan Estate Ipaja, Ogba/Ijaye Estate, Jakande Estate, Isolo, Amuwo-Odofin Estate, Mile 2 and Dolphin Estate with home appliances which include rice cooker, deep fryer and others.
“I was so surprised when I saw Helen Paul knocking at my door. Getting a gift from her is something I will never forget and I am still surprised this happened for real. I’m a user of Harpic and I want to thank the company for the gift“, said Ojo Faith, a resident of Amuwo-Odofin who was one of the lucky winners.
Another lucky winner, Ajibade Oluwafunke thanked Harpic for the exciting moment she had to spend with the brand ambassador. She also commended the brand for their consistency and frequent awareness on hygiene. “When it comes to issues of toilet cleanliness and hygiene, Harpic has been so educative and informative about this and I so much appreciate them. That is why I now use their product“, she revealed.
“Nobody likes to talk about toilet, but Harpic has made it so easy now that we can talk about it openly. That to me is the way to go because we have to take hygiene serious. The government was able to contain Ebola because the citizens were properly educated about hygiene which is top most in Harpic’s campaign“, says Esther Tella at Abesan Estate, Ipaja.
Osinaga Adedolapo, on her part also commended the brand, especially its choice of brand ambassador whom she described as being down to earth. She said she has been a regular user of Harpic over the years because “the company is serious about hygiene and takes public enlightenment serious“.
The main goal of the home visits, according to the Marketing Director of Reckitt Benckiser, West Africa, Oguzhan Silivrili was to further enlighten consumers on the superiority of Harpic over traditional toilet cleaning methods. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
[Kawasaki Disease and Henoch-Schönlein Purpura: Frequent Vasculitis in an Infrequent Association].
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) and Kawasaki disease (KD) are the most frequent systemic vasculitis in childhood. Both diseases are clearly distinct and easily distinguishable. Despite their high frequency, the coexistence of both diseases in the same patient is very rare. The diagnosis of these two diseases is based on clinical features, but sometimes it may be difficult, since signs and symptoms can be atypical and occasionally there are overlapping features among different forms of vasculitis. We present a 5 year-old boy who showed KD and three years later he developed HSP. We discuss similarities and differences between these two systemic vasculitic diseases and make a review of the literature of the few cases reported where KD and PHS have coexisted. Although rare, these two diseases can be present in the same patient and should be treated accordingly. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
We celebrate
Vancouver
Pride
Parade
2020 marks the 42nd Anniversary of Pride in Vancouver, the most diverse festivals and parade in the city!
Pride 2020 includes over 20 Official and partnered events throughout the summer. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Crossing the border with Blue Jays beat reporter Jordan Bastian.
Riding the pine
MILWAUKEE — It’s another sunny day here with the dome open at Miller Park, but boy is it chilly. Noticeably colder than yesterday, so good thing I brought the ol’ sweatshirt to the ballpark to help battle the open pressbox.
Anyways, the Jays’ lineup had a noticeable omission for tonight’s game. Right fielder Alex Rios is on the bench, though manager John Gibbons said it was simply a way to get more left-handed bats in the order to counter hard-throwing righty Ben Sheets.
Gibbons said Rios being out had zilch to do with his 0-for-4 showing with three strikeouts in last night’s 7-0 loss to the Brews. Still, it’s worth noting — as we’ve been doing all year — that Mr. Rios just isn’t producing the way Toronto had hoped he would.
Over his last 42 games, Rios has hit .237/.284/.305 with no home runs and 11 RBIs, moving between the leadoff spot and the No. 3 hole. Whether he’s in the middle of the order or at the top, Toronto can ill afford to have Rios continue to perform this poorly.
If you ask me, Rios is the key to Toronto’s offense. He came into the year as arguably the Jays’ most potent hitter and definitely with what we thought was the most upside. He could still turn it around, and for the Jays’ sake, here’s hoping he does.
If Rios were producing as the power threat we all thought he’d be, Toronto’s offense might not be in such sour shape. Now, he’s hardly the lone hitter at fault here. But, especially with Rios struggling, there’s just no hitter to fear within the Jays’ lineup.
Like this:
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4 Comments
A friend of mine said he felt the Jays should get paid each time they produce , that might light a fire under them . Of course he says that about every sport , no production no money . It works for the rest of us, maybe they need to give it a try …….lol…..
Have a great evening all and take care
Comming into this season, we had one of the best offensive teams in the game with everyone speculating what this lineup can do when healthy. I don’t even think that we are producing poorly, to me this is almost unbelievable. Even last year with all of our injuries we produced better.
I have not lost complete faith in the bluejays this year, but I will not be signing on here until after the allstar break. I am just so tired of commenting on something negative about this team besides their pitchers who are doing great and dont deserve to be losing games. But hey, maybe they will surprise us and are all just holding back until the time is right.
I will also bet that if the jays arent in contention by after the allstar break, we can say good bye to Gibbons.
I agree with Jordan about Rios being the key to this offense but i’d like to add Aaron Hill’s name into the conversation. He’s not healthy now but when he comes back i’d like to see more production out of him when he’s settled again.
Freedom, i’m also giving this team untill the all star break to show me that they can play better and provide some incentive for me to continue to watch. I’ll still continue to sign on here though.
Mike Wilner pointed out today that the Jays are something like 1 and 21 when they trail a game by 3 runs or more. That stat alone is enough to convince me to change the channel when they get down by 3. It’s sad but that’s the way things are going with this team right now.
Toronto has to start winning series and soon. There hitting is anemic. Amazing stat you provided Enigma. That doesn’t surprise me and I am sure it didn’t surprise you. Toronto has major problems scoring runs. For the Jays to win, there hitting doesn’t have to be great, just consisently good. Hitting with runners in scor. pos. and moving runners along will get the job done. Situational hitting is the key for the Jays. What happened to Wells and Overbay? They were very good hitters but not anymore. Wells should be hitting close to .300 and driving in runs. Overbay the same numbers but less power than Wells. Is Overbay’s hand still bothering him? It’s been a year since Overbay hurt his hand. I assume Wells’ shoulder is still an issue with him. Sometimes you just have to fight thru the injuries. The Jays were one of those teams when the season started, you wouldn’t be surprised if they won 93 games or 81 games. Something tells me it will be closer to 81 games.
Meta
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Myofibrillar myopathies.
The aim of this communication is to provide an up-to-date overview of myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs). The most important recent advance in the MFMs has been the identification of mutation in Bag3 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene-3) as a new cause of MFM. Although, the typical clinical manifestations of MFMs are slowly progressive weakness, the patients with Bag3opathy may have had a rapidly progressive and more severe phenotype. Several MFM disease genes have recently been recognized. The identified disease proteins (desmin, alphaB-crystallin, myotilin, Zasp, filamin C, and Bag3) interact with components or with chaperones of the Z-disk. In each case the molecular defect leads to a largely stereotyped cascade of structural perturbation of the muscle fiber architecture. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
First-order system least-squares (FOSLS) for modeling blood flow.
The modeling of blood flow through a compliant vessel requires solving a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Traditional methods for solving the system of PDEs do not scale optimally, i.e., doubling the discrete problem size results in a computational time increase of more than a factor of 2. However, the development of multigrid algorithms and, more recently, the first-order system least-squares (FOSLS) finite-element formulation has enabled optimal computational scalability for an ever increasing set of problems. Previous work has demonstrated, and in some cases proved, optimal computational scalability in solving Stokes, Navier-Stokes, elasticity, and elliptic grid generation problems separately. Additionally, coupled fluid-elastic systems have been solved in an optimal manner in 2D for some geometries. This paper presents a FOSLS approach for solving a 3D model of blood flow in a compliant vessel. Blood is modeled as a Newtonian fluid, and the vessel wall is modeled as a linear elastic material of finite thickness. The approach is demonstrated on three different geometries, and optimal scalability is shown to occur over a range of problem sizes. The FOSLS formulation has other benefits, including that the functional is a sharp, a posteriori error measure. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Baseball is stacked with stats. Old stats like average. New stats like barrels. Controversial stats like WAR. Funny-sounding stats like BABIP. There are rudimental stats like hits, environmental stats like wRC+, judgmental stats like errors and, to be sure, experimental stats being dreamed up by the savviest minds front offices have to offer.
With so many stats swirling around, it can be difficult to know which stats to hone in on, but, like all else in life, it comes down to a matter of personal preference. And because Major League players are judged by -- and ultimately paid because of -- their stats, we thought it would be interesting to see which numbers they value above all others.
So we posed the following question to a bunch of ballplayers from a variety of teams:
When you look at your stats at the end of a given year to evaluate yourself, what number do you gravitate toward and why?
We didn't get any Wins Above Replacement votes ("I still wish I understood WAR," Orioles center fielder Adam Jones said.), but we did get a handful of "team wins" votes, which we will strike from the record because they run counter to the emphasis here on the individual.
In some cases, we didn't get a vote at all.
"I hate 'em all," Brewers starter Jimmy Nelson said, "because there's always another stat that will make you look bad."
In the end, we got 70 usable responses -- 35 from position players, 35 from pitchers. As is always the case with our player polls, the results are unscientific, but they shed some light on what today's players pay attention to.
Position players (35 votes cast)
OPS (10 votes)
Overly analytic to those who still kneel at the temple of the Holy Trinity of batting average, home runs and RBIs, and overly simplistic to those who feel on-base percentage is too valuable on its own to be lumped together with slugging percentage, OPS seems to settle into a happy medium for a generation of players who grew up with it branded on Topps baseball cards and scoreboards.
"It tells you a lot about how much of a complete hitter you are," said Cardinals outfielder Tommy Pham, who had a .931 OPS in a breakout 2017.
Added Rockies center fielder Charlie Blackmon: "If you're an on-base guy, it accounts for that. If you're a slugging guy, it accounts for that. If you can do both, you get rewarded, big-time."
Sometimes literally.
"People get paid on OPS," Mets outfielder Brandon Nimmo said. "So that's a really big one."
On-base percentage (six votes)
The "Moneyball" mindset became so pervasive in baseball when today's players were growing up or coming of age that it's probably no surprise a handful of them proudly proclaimed to be down with OBP.
"The other numbers are cool," Rays utility man Daniel Robertson said, "but if you're getting on base, you can't go wrong."
Added Indians first baseman Yonder Alonso : "Anytime we're on base, that means the lineup is moving. For me, there's nothing better than being a tough out."
RBI (five votes)
"Money lies in RBIs" was a phrase once popular among players. It was even branded on some T-shirts in the 2000s. You don't hear that phrase much anymore, because analytical front offices have changed the scope of what gets you paid in free agency, and there is wider recognition of the failings of the RBI stat.
"Not everybody has the same opportunities in a year," Blue Jays catcher Russell Martin said. "I wish there was a better stat for the percentage of baserunners driven in."
Until then, some guys still subscribe to RBIs.
"The most important thing in baseball is run production," Brewers catcher Stephen Vogt said.
Which brings us to our next answer …
Runs scored (four votes)
As noted above, we didn't include the survey responses of the players who said "team wins" was their favorite stat. But this response was probably second on the "keeping it simple" scale. And for all the numbers -- advanced or otherwise -- that Michael Trout has led the Majors in at various points in his stellar career (including that 2012 season when he set off a national discussion about Wins Above Replacement), this, he said, was the stat that means most to him.
"That's big from an offensive side," he said.
Like we said, keeping it simple.
"You score runs to win games," Red Sox right fielder Mookie Betts said. "That's how you do it."
Simple.
Batting average (three votes)
If this isn't the outright most famous statistic in all of professional sports, it's got to be in the conversation. It's also famously flawed, ignoring non-hit-related means of getting on base and treating all hits equally. The difference in votes for OPS and batting average in our little poll is indicative of the evolution of thought that has occurred in the industry, and it would be interesting to check in on this in another 10 years and see if batting average gets any votes at all (and, for that matter, to see which stats might have superseded OPS by that point).
Until then, here are three votes for batting average, none of which came with any introspection beyond the vote, unless you count the shrug and the smile from Joc Pederson -- a career .222 hitter prior to 2018.
"It's not very high, but that's what I look at," the Dodgers outfielder said.
Games played (three votes)
Those who have missed significant time to injury attach an added value to what it means to simply suit up night after night.
"I couldn't do that last year because I broke my wrist," Braves first baseman Freddie Freeman said. "My goal every year is 158 games played. You want to play all 162, but there's always a few days off here and there."
Jones cast the same vote, along with a catchphrase that works both for baseball and the singles scene.
"Being available," he said, "is awesome."
Stray votes (one apiece)
Jed Lowrie on hard-hit percentage: "Once you hit the ball, there's not a whole lot else you can do … It's something that's become more readily available and, honestly, more objective, too. In the past, you used to have a video guy determining whether you hit the ball hard. There was no exit velocity that was being tracked. So until Statcast™ came around, it was a little subjective. You could hit the ball hard, and the video guy didn't think you hit it hard and he would put, 'Well, that was a medium hit as opposed to a hard hit.'"
Tim Anderson on walk percentage, which holds special significance for him after drawing just 13 walks in 606 plate appearances last year: "I've been working on that. That's probably the only thing I care about is having good ABs and getting that walk ratio up."
James Dozier on runs created (times on base, multiplied by bases advanced, divided by opportunities): "It's what baseball is all about. I know people like to look at on-base percentage or OPS or nowadays WAR, but the runs created stat is the biggest one for me."
Austin Hedges on high-leverage offensive stats (he had a .901 OPS in high-leverage spots last year but a .525 mark in medium leverage and .642 in low leverage): "[The Padres] showed me a stat of how I performed in clutch situations. I thought that was cool. Anytime the situation was a little bit tougher, I seemed to rise to the occasion, so I was proud of that."
Pitchers (35 votes cast)
Innings and/or appearances (10 votes)
No, it isn't sexy. But with the pitcher attrition rate as high as it is, perhaps it should not be a surprise that workload itself (because the basic point of the vote was identical, we decided to count votes for "innings" and "appearances" as one and the same) was the "stat" our poll respondents valued above all others.
"Games started or innings pitched are the things you actually have control over," Indians ace Corey Kluber said. "I mean, innings you don't necessarily have full control over. But over the course of a full season, you probably do."
Starters and relievers alike cast this vote with the same rationale: If you're compiling innings and opportunities, that quite likely means you're not hurt and you're not routinely getting shelled. So what's not to like?
"If you can get over 70 appearances as a reliever, it usually means you've had a successful season," Astros reliever Will Harris said. "They're putting you out there over and over again because you're getting the job done."
Added Red Sox ace Chris Sale: "When you can make your starts and fill up innings, that's half the battle of being a starter. I don't think a lot of guys are throwing 200 innings anymore, so it just makes it all the more important to fill up innings and save your guys in the bullpen, too."
ERA (seven votes)
This is the ol' standby, and the increasing prevalence of context-driven stats that are less susceptible to the judgment of official scorers hasn't caught on enough with today's players to greatly influence our voters.
"The better I can limit the damage," said A's starter and part-time ERA advocate Sean Manaea , "the more I'm helping my team."
Manaea helped his team and ERA that night he no-hit the Red Sox, although perhaps that outing, which took place after he submitted this vote for our poll, has him looking more closely at opponents' average.
In any event, ERA still holds sway, even among those who acknowledge its limitations.
"It's hard not to look at ERA even though it's not as coveted as it used to be," Dodgers starter Alex Wood said. "End of the day, the reason people moved away from it a little are the factors you can't control. That's why I've also been learning about some categories, like ERA+, WHIP and WAR. But to pick just one, I'd start with ERA."
WHIP (seven votes)
What's the one thing pitchers hate more than the DH rule? Baserunners, of course. So they love it when the WHIP comes down. WHIP (walks and hits per inning pitched) was particularly popular among the relievers we surveyed.
"I love WHIP," Blue Jays reliever Dennis Tepera said. "I think ERA can kind of get blown up sometimes, especially in the bullpen. You have one bad outing, and it kind of messes your ERA up. And sometimes, you might leave one runner out there and you don't even give up that run. You're not given a chance to get out of the inning, somebody else gives it up. I think WHIP is a little bit more of a personal thing and a better gauge of how your year went."
Phillies reliever Pat Neshek appreciates the advanced metrics but said there's a pretty simple way to gauge how his season went.
"If you have a WHIP under 1," he said, "you're going to have the strikeouts and all that other stuff, too."
Inherited runs scored percentage (two votes)
Obviously, both of these votes came from relievers, who are often asked to clean up other people's messes.
"ERA as a reliever is hit or miss," Padres reliever Kirby Yates said. "Sometimes I could let in somebody else's runs, and that jacks up their ERA. So for relievers, ERA can be skewed. But if you combine it with inherited runners, it's huge."
Strikeout-to-walk ratio (three votes)
Coming off the first month in Major League history that featured more strikeouts than hits, it seems every pitcher in today's game has an inflated strikeout rate. So it's sometimes hard to know how much weight to put on stats like strikeout percentage or strikeouts per nine. But when considered in the context of walks allowed, that's a greater gauge.
"You want to be punching guys out, and you don't want to be giving guys free passes," Padres reliever Craig Stammen said. "So I'll kind of monitor that more than others. If you're not walking guys, that's the right recipe for success."
Holds (two votes)
Yep, two more relievers weighing in here. It was interesting to get two votes for holds and zero votes for saves. But in voting for holds, Nats reliever Ryan Madson came up with a new stat he'd like to see.
"SCAP, or scoreless appearance," he said. "You came into the game and you left the game and nobody touched home plate. That's a SCAP. And on top of that, you can have an inherited runners SCAP. SCAPIR or IRSCAP. I've been thinking about that one. Why not? There's a million stats already."
Stray votes (one apiece)
Brad Ziegler on opponents' hit probability: "I may think, 'I didn't think he hit that well, am I right?' Obviously, if you're getting hard contact, hard contact, hard contact, then you need to make an adjustment. But if you're getting soft contact and it just turns out that bad contact is turning into hits, you are really not doing a bad job as a pitcher. Hopefully you can turn it around quickly because the game has a tendency to even itself out. … I pitch to contact, but I'm trying to get bad contact."
Brewers starter Chase Anderson on ERA+: "The reason I like things like ERA+ is it plays into the parks you pitch at. Are they friendly or not friendly? That sort of thing."
Yankees starter Jordan Montgomery on strikeouts: "The more strikeouts you have, it shows your stuff is playing."
Paul Sewald on Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP): "Singles, they happen. Earned runs happen maybe when they shouldn't happen, or you maybe don't give one up when you should have. So I try to stay away from those. And I've heard that front offices are not looking at those quite as much. So [I'd rather look at] things I can control myself." | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
The Day Before You Die – Why Doing What Really Matters is So Important: Paddy Ney (Transcript)
Full transcript of British film-maker Patrick Ney’s TEDx Talk: The Day Before You Die – Why doing what really matters is so important at TEDxKazimierz conference.
Patrick Ney – British film-maker
What would you think about the day before you die? If you could look into the future and predict with absolute certainty how you’d feel about all of the life that you led, what would you do differently today?
Three years ago, I had my answer to that question answered in a brutal and a painful way. And it’s that story that I want to share today.
And I hope that, through my story, I’ll be able to help some or all of you answer that question before the day comes when you need to ask it of yourself.
My name is Patrick Ney. I grew up in the UK and I moved to Poland in 2010, to be with my then girlfriend Joanna. That relationship didn’t work out, but as we slowly fell out of love with each other, I fell in love with Poland.
The truth is I always felt that I didn’t choose Poland — Poland chose me. Something about this country, which has fought for freedom and against oppression and injustice for hundreds of years, just inspired me.
Something about the Polish people, who, in less than a quarter of a century, have rebuilt a crippled economy into one of the world’s biggest economies inspired me.
And from the moment that I set foot on Polish soil for the first time in 2007, I always had this feeling somewhere that I was going to be a little part of Poland’s future. You know, being an immigrant is tough.
When you come to a new country, you don’t speak the language, you haven’t got a job, you don’t have any friends, you’ve got no money, it’s a real challenge. And you find out who you really are, because you only can rely on yourself. And that’s why immigrants work so hard.
It’s simple: they have no choice.
So, living in Poland, I felt this deep need to communicate my story. And I started a blog, first of all in English, about my life in Poland, and then I started to blog in Polish, mainly as a way of testing my written Polish skills, which are still a bit ropy.
But luckily, we’re not checking that today.
And one day, on the 11th of November, 2014, I sat down to write a blog in Polish about Poland. I didn’t know what I was going to write. And instead of a blog, a poem just came out of me. I didn’t plan to write it. I know that I wrote it, but I can’t say that it was entirely written by me.
What is Poland?
Tradition, history, unity.
Respect for the elderly.
Hospitable, finagling, complaining, making things happen.
Pushing in line, registered residence, baking bread.
Where we celebrate, commemorate, argue, gossip.
Where we remember.”
And that poem, I then recorded a year later and put it up on Facebook and YouTube. I mean, in the space of about two weeks, that film had about a million views. And I had people writing to me from Poland and across the diaspora, telling me that it made them laugh, and then, later on, it made them cry.
And I had thousands of people telling me that it was amazing, that I was amazing! And that felt really, really good.
For the first time in a long time, I felt like, “Hey, maybe it wasn’t a stupid decision to come to this country. Maybe it makes sense.”
A few weeks later, I recorded this film about divisions in Polish society, asking the question, “Why is it that we are so divided as a nation?” And that film got 55 million views on Facebook and YouTube, and again, thousands of people writing to me, saying it was something that had really touched them.
So at that point in my life, I realized, you know, I’m pretty good at this. It’s nice, getting this feeling when people write to me. It’s amazing, being able to touch that many people’s lives, even if only for a moment. And maybe this is my purpose and my passion.
However, when you’re a video content creator — does anyone here create video content? Yeah, so you know and you know and you know that when you produce a video, you’re only really as good as your last video. And if it sucks, you kind of sit there thinking, “Damn! I’ve got to do another one.” And the likes go away, the comments go away, the shares go away and you feel a little bit empty inside and you’ve always got the hunger to do more. True? Am I right?
Yeah, I’m seeing nodding heads. The problem is that you end up doing anything basically just to keep the show going. And at a certain point in my video career, I started doing content like this… (Music, animal noises) It’s recently come to my attention that Polish animal noises are a bit strange… (Pig oinking) I own that pig, by the way. It’s called Percy. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
James D. Boys
James D. Boys (born 7 December 1970 in Royal Leamington Spa, England) is a British academic and media consultant who focuses on aspects of American history and political life in the late twentieth century. Born in Warwickshire, he read American Studies, History and Politics for his Honours Degree at the University of Northampton. He holds a master's degree from the University of London’s Institute of United States Studies gained under the guidance of Robert McGeehan. He completed his PhD in the Evolution and Execution of US Foreign Policy in the 1990s at the University of Birmingham under the tutelage of Scott Lucas, author of Freedom’s War. He is an associate professor of international political studies and at Richmond, The American International University in London, where he also serves as director of the International Relations Postgraduate Degree Program. He is a senior research fellow at the Global Policy Institute in London.
Career
Academic career
2002-2006 Visiting Lecturer, Birmingham University
2004-2004 Visiting Lecturer, University of Gloucestershire
2005-2005 Visiting Lecturer, Leicester University
2006-2006 Visiting Lecturer, De Montfort University
2006- 2011 Consulting Professor, Syracuse University
2006-2010 Assistant Professor of International Political Studies, Richmond, The American International University in London
2010–2011 Visiting Fellow, University of North Dakota
2010–present Associate Professor of International Political Studies, Richmond, The American International University in London
2010–present Director, International Relations Postgraduate Degree Program, Richmond, The American International University in London
2011–present Senior Research Fellow at the Global Policy Institute in London
Current research projects
Boys is working on a variety of projects, including an examination of the foreign policy of the Clinton Administration (1997–2001). He is developing material on the life of Robert S. McNamara and on the struggle against political violence throughout the twentieth century. His work on the subject of rendition appeared in the May 2011 edition of The International Journal of Human Rights.
The Clinton Presidency
Following his 1995 meeting with President Bill Clinton, James D. Boys researched the first term of Clinton’s administration in an effort to explain the evolution and execution of American foreign policy during that period. His research brought him into contact with leading members of the administration, including Robert Reich (US Labour Secretary), Sidney Blumenthal (Assistant to the President), Al Gore (Vice President), Tony Lake (National Security Advisor), Nancy Soderberg (Ambassador to the UN) and Morton Halperin (Director of the Policy Planning Staff).
North Dakota Project
In 2010, Boys was invited by Gregory S. Gordon to be a visiting fellow of the Centre for Human Rights and Genocide Studies of the University of North Dakota. Boys visited the university in May 2010, and initiated research into a series of papers for delivery in October 2010. These focused on the execution of foreign policy under the Clinton Administration in relation to Rwanda and Terrorism, and on the broader question of the role of human rights in the international arena.
Commentator
Boys has written on a variety of subjects and has been published repeatedly on the Nth Position and the 49th Parallel. Boys is openly supportive of the Special Relationship between Great Britain and the United States, and is eager to put an end to concepts of Anti-Americanism, which he sees as an expression of Anti-Administrationism.
Television and media work
Boys has made over one hundred media appearances since December 2007, working with Sky News, the BBC and Al Jazeera English.
Selected publications
James D. Boys, JFK: The Exceptional Ideal? in JFK: History, Memory, Legacy: An Interdisciplinary Inquiry, edited by John Williams, Robert G. Waite and Gregory Gordon, University of North Dakota Press, 2009
James D. Boys and Michael Keating, The Policy Brief: Building Practical Skills in International Relations and Political Science, in Politics, edited by Alasdair Young, October 2009
James D. Boys and Hind Zantout, E-Government: Big Brother of Athenian Democracy, in Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference e-society 2009: Volume II, edited by Piet Kommers and Pedro Isaías, Barcelona, Spain, 2009 pp 13–17.
An examination of the Clinton Administration efforts to deal with Iran and Iraq.
An examination of the Anglo-American relationship during the 1990s.
An examination of the Somali deployment and its impact upon the second Bush Administration.
References
Category:British historians
Category:Living people
Category:1970 births
Category:Alumni of the University of Northampton
Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
When the smoke all clears, we will be reviewing the vote counts from the Nevada Caucus as if it was a legitimate election. But the buzz on Twitter from people on the ground suggests that it is anything but.
For some background, Nevada politics is amazingly crooked, to the point that one might criticize The Godfather movies for having an unduly naive picture of the state’s political culture. Former GOP Governor Jim Gibbons lost in a primary in 2010 under a cloud of ethical and sexual improprieties. Democratic former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid – a major recipient of Donald Trump’s donations – made a fortune in public office due to his many corruptions. Even John Ensign, a Republican Senator with a distinguished record, left office under a cloud of sex scandal. The Nevada Caucus, a new creature since 2008, already has a significant history of shenanigans and mischief. The process is so subject to abuse that even the Democrats were warning of possible illegalities in advance of their caucus on Saturday.
Anyway, there were hopes that tonight might be a good night for Ted Cruz, as his famously effective grassroots organizing effort took flight in a caucus that featured the highest number of “very conservative” voters in the 2008 and 2012 primaries; or that it could be a good night for Marco Rubio, a onetime Nevada resident and youthful member for a few years of the influential Mormon church. But before we get any vote totals, those hopes are already dashed by reports of a chaotic caucus process apparently run by one of Las Vegas’ largest employers, Donald Trump.
I can’t vouch for any of these reports from the scene, but numerous people on the ground have been Tweeting accounts and photos of a process in which IDs are not being checked, people are voting multiple times, and the vote-counters are wearing Trump campaign gear:
wtf is going on in Nevada pic.twitter.com/U0KzR9gxM1 — Lachlan Markay (@lachlan) February 24, 2016
Here’s a screenshot of a photo from caucus-goer. Ballot collector wearing Trump cap and shirt: pic.twitter.com/7JaBljotv6 — Elaina Plott (@elainaplott) February 24, 2016
Trump supporter working the precinct in Sun Valley. #nvgopcaucus pic.twitter.com/xM4OPkGjZr — Anjeanette Damon (@AnjeanetteDamon) February 24, 2016
@MarcACaputo there are at least 7 at my location. pic.twitter.com/m0gQQCHrAe — Letty Burgin (@LettyBurgin) February 24, 2016
Not one but two ballot collectors wearing TRUMP t-shirts at this caucus site in Vegas. pic.twitter.com/DgwyL6eNpL — Richard Wolffe (@richardwolffedc) February 24, 2016
[I’m leaving this open for other RS Contributors to add to this below as more word comes in] | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Out at least a week The Rockets’ uncertain injury situation gained more clarity Tuesday, with forward Ron Artest ruled out for at least another seven to 10 days before his bone bruise in his right ankle will be re-evaluated. “There was a reason I was in some pain out there,” Artest said. “They showed some things when they took some bone scans and MRIs. Luckily, it’s nothing serious. I just need some rest. “Luckily, there is nothing torn, no surgery needed, nothing like that.” Artest has missed five of the past six games because of soreness related to his November ankle sprain. An MRI conducted Sunday revealed a bone bruise, but no stress fracture. Artest sprained his right ankle Nov. 16 but said he might have tweaked it again Jan. 2 in Toronto. Listed as day-to-day, he has played only one game since but developed the bone bruise on the other side of the ankle, possibly from compensating for the new pain. “I didn’t know what was wrong,” Artest said. “I was playing through it, but I was playing through it for so long. It didn’t get any better. I thought it was something worse. Luckily, it was something minor. I probably should have taken some time off when I first hurt it.” With Tracy McGrady and Artest out, the Rockets also lost Luther Head, who is listed as day-to-day with a sore right foot, leaving 10 healthy players. Prepare for a new chapter Vowing that when his season resumes it will “be a different story,” Rockets forward Tracy McGrady said Tuesday that his plan to go through his offseason conditioning regimen in the next two weeks would dramatically improve his play. “I think it’s a very important decision,” McGrady said. “It’s been a tough season, my toughest season. You anticipate the season coming off a disappointing playoffs, not having our big man, again exiting out of the first round. So you get those additions with Ron (Artest) and the other guys we added to this team. That anticipation builds up. “It wasn’t my normal offseason. It wasn’t my normal training camp. It’s been tough physically and mentally. I didn’t have the offseason I normally have to prepare for the season. “I tried to go out and play on one leg. This league is too good. Me trying to get our team off to a good start kind of hurt me a little bit and maybe put our team somewhat in a funk. “I’m going to bust my butt to try to get back.” Hurting, but not as much Though the Lakers played without Sasha Vujacic, Jordan Farmar and Luke Walton on Tuesday night, they could not lament their injury situation too much when considering the Rockets’. “It is amazing,” Kobe Bryant said. “To have so many injuries to key guys and still be in contention for the top spot in the West is pretty unbelievable.” Lakers coach Phil Jackson, however, said the Lakers would not feel any sympathy for the Rockets. “We came in last year during their streak and they were without Yao Ming and they gave us a licking,” Jackson said. “We’re aware of the fact they play hard and they are a good team. They play as a unit, and that’s real impressive.” | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Q:
Replace short-tags in Joomla custom module
In one custom module I write something like below. This module placed in the top of the page.
(650) 123-1232
950 Queen Dr Suite 110, Daly City CA, 94015
In another custom module I write the same thing with few changes as below. This module placed in the bottom of the page.
950 Queen Dr Suite 110, Daly City CA, 94015
(650) 123-1232
The problem is I repeat the same content over and over again in custom modules and mistakes are probable to happen. So what I want to do is to use short tags as below.
{phone}
{address}
If I write a short tag as above in a custom modules I want them to replaced with some specific values all over the site. {phone} with (650) 123-1232 and {address} with 950 Queen Dr Suite 110, Daly City CA, 94015. Assume that values are already in the database.
Can this be achieved by write a Joomla plugin? Or what should I do? How can this be done?
A:
ReReplacer - search and replace in your websites output. This gets the job done.
ReReplacer is a Joomla! component and system plugin that enables you
to replace anything in your Joomla! site’s output with whatever you
want.
ReReplacer will search the text (html) of your pages for your search
request and replace it with what you have told it to do. These
replacements are on the fly. That means they are not permanent. They
are done every time you request a web page in your site.
This gives you great possibilities and power to manipulate the output
of your site.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
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abstract: |
The 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter harbours two distinct groups of asteroids. The short-lived population is known to be a transient group sustained in steady state by the Yarkovsky semimajor axis drift. The long-lived asteroids, however, can exhibit dynamical lifetimes comparable to $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. They reside near two isolated islands of the phase space denoted A and B, with an uneven population ratio $B/A\simeq10$. The orbits of A-island asteroids are predominantly highly inclined, compared to island B. The size-frequency distribution is steep but the orbital distribution lacks any evidence of a collisional cluster. These observational constraints are somewhat puzzling and therefore the origin of the long-lived asteroids has not been explained so far.
With the aim to provide a viable explanation, we first update the resonant population and revisit its physical properties. Using an $N$-body model with seven planets and the Yarkovsky effect included, we demonstrate that the dynamical depletion of island A is faster, in comparison with island B. Then we investigate (i) the survivability of primordial resonant asteroids and (ii) capture of the population during planetary migration, following a recently described scenario with an escaping fifth giant planet and a jumping-Jupiter instability. We also model the collisional evolution of the resonant population over past $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. Our conclusion is that the long-lived group was created by resonant capture from a narrow part of hypothetical outer main-belt family during planetary migration. Primordial asteroids surviving the migration were probably not numerous enough to substantially contribute to the observed population.
author:
- |
O. Chrenko$^{1}$[^1], M. Brož$^{1}$, D. Nesvorný$^{2}$, K. Tsiganis$^{3}$, D. K. Skoulidou$^{3}$\
$^{1}$Institute of Astronomy, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ–18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic\
$^{2}$Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, C0–80302, USA\
$^{3}$Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR–54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
bibliography:
- 'references.bib'
date: 'Accepted 2015 May 12. Received 2015 May 12; in original form 2015 April 04'
---
\[firstpage\]
minor planets, asteroids: general – methods: numerical.
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
The 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter, hereinafter denoted as J2/1, is one of the major first-order Jovian resonances intersecting the main asteroid belt. It is associated with the Kirkwood gap known as the Hecuba gap [@Kirkwood_1867QB741.K59......; @Schweizer_1969AJ.....74..779S], which is commonly considered to be the borderline separating the outer main belt and the Cybele region. Its name is derived from (108) Hecuba which is an outer main-belt asteroid but technically does not exhibit the exact 2:1 commensurability [@Schubart_1964SAOSR.149.....S].
The 2:1 resonance, which was originally believed to be depleted of asteroids, harbours several small-sized bodies as it was realised by observations in the 20th century (the first resonant asteroid (1362) Griqua was recognized in 1943 [@Rabe_1959AJ.....64...53R]). The follow-up studies based on analytical and semi-analytical methods [e.g. @Murray_1986Icar...65...70M; @Moons_etal_1998Icar..135..458M], symplectic mapping and frequency analysis helped to get insight to the internal structure of the resonance and to investigate the character of various resonant orbits affected by a complicated interplay between the J2/1 and overlapping secular [@Morbidelli_Moons_1993Icar..102..316M] and secondary resonances [@Wisdom_1987Icar...72..241W; @Henrard_etal_1995Icar..115..336H]. In particular, it was discovered that while the regions of the overlap give rise to a strongly chaotic behaviour of the asteroidal orbits, there are two separate regions of quasi-regular motion located inside the resonant part of the phase space . These regions were designated as stable islands A and B .
However, it was also suggested by [-@Ferraz-Mello_etal_1998AJ....116.1491F] that the stability of the islands could have been weakened in the past. The mechanism responsible for this increase of chaos was introduced as 1:1 resonance of the J2/1 libration period with the period of Jupiter-Saturn great inequality (GI). Although the present value of the GI period is $880\,\mathrm{yr}$, it was probably smaller when configuration of planetary orbits was more compact [@Morbidelli_Crida_2007Icar..191..158M] and it slowly increased during Jupiter’s and Saturn’s divergent migration. If the value of the GI period was temporarily comparable with the libration period of the J2/1 asteroids (which is typically $\simeq420\,\mathrm{yr}$), the aforementioned resonance would have occurred.
With ongoing improvements of the observation techniques and sky surveys, there is now a population of asteroids inside the J2/1 which is large enough to be analyzed statistically with numerical methods. Long-term integrations in a simplified model with four giant planets were performed by [-@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R] who identified both short-lived and long-lived asteroids within the observed population, which consisted of 53 bodies by then. Investigating resident lifetimes of the resonant asteroids, [@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R] demonstrated that part of the population escapes from the resonance on time-scales $\sim$$10\,\mathrm{Myr}$, while other asteroids may have dynamical lifetimes comparable to the age of the Solar System. The orbits of these long-lived asteroids were embodied in island B and part of them was also present in its boundaries, being affected by chaotic diffusion. Surprisingly, the stable island A was empty.
In a series of papers focused on the 2:1 mean-motion resonance, [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B] and [@Broz_Vokrouhlicky_2008MNRAS.390..715B] identified significantly more bodies as resonant. The latter catalogue contained 92 short-lived and 182 long-lived asteroids. They also realised that nine of the long-lived asteroids were located in island A, while the rest was residing in the island B and its vicinity. They successfully explained the origin of the short-lived asteroids by a numerical steady-state model, in which the resonant population was replenished by an inflow of outer main-belt asteroids driven by the Yarkovsky semimajor axis drift. However, this model fails in the case of the long-lived population which was thought to be created by Yarkovsky induced injection of the nearby Themis family asteroids that exhibit similar inclinations as the B-island asteroids. [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B] showed that the objects transported from Themis are usually perturbed shortly after entering the resonance and rarely reach the islands.
[@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R] argued that the steep size-frequency distribution (SFD) of the long-lived asteroids, which was inconsistent with a steady state [@Dohnanyi_1969JGR....74.2531D], could imply recent collisional origin. On the contrary, there was no collisional cluster identified in the orbital distribution by [@Broz_Vokrouhlicky_2008MNRAS.390..715B], thus a collisional family would have to be older than $1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. Moreover, the presence of the highly inclined A-island asteroids would require unrealistic ejection velocities, assuming that the disruption occurred in the more populated island B.
As there is no self-consistent explanation, the main goal of this paper is to provide a reasonable model for the formation and evolution of the long-lived population, taking into account the paucity of bodies in island A, the differences in the inclination and the non-equilibrium size distribution.
The long dynamical lifetimes of the dynamically stable asteroids, together with the failure of the aforementioned hypotheses, strongly indicates that their origin may be traced back to the epoch of planetary migration. Recent advances in migration theories suggest that a primordial compact configuration of planetary orbits and subsequent violent planetary migration might have led to a destabilization of several regions that are otherwise stable under the current planetary configuration. The populations of Trojans and Hildas [@Nesvorny_etal_2013ApJ...768...45N; @Roig_Nesvorny_2014DPS....4640001R] may serve as examples of such a process: the primordial populations in the 1:1 and 3:2 resonances with Jupiter were totally dispersed and the observed populations were formed by resonant capture of bodies, originating either in the outer main belt or in the transneptunian disc of comets. It seems inevitable that the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter also undergoes significant changes of its location, inner secular structure and asteroid population, during the planetary migration.
The structure of the paper is as follows. We first use the latest observational data from the databases AstOrb, AstDyS, WISE and SDSS to update the observed population in Section \[sec:observed\_resonant\_pop\]. We also briefly review the characterization of resonant orbits and describe a method of dynamical mapping. In Section \[sec:effects\_of\_jj\_instability\], we study whether the planetary migration may cause depletion or repopulation of the long-lived J2/1 asteroids. The dynamical models we create are based on simulations with prescribed evolution of planets in context of the modern migration scenario with five giant planets and *jumping-Jupiter instability* [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N]. Section \[sec:GI\] is focused on dynamical simulations covering the late stage of planetary migration during which the GI period evolution might have influenced the stability of the long-lived asteroids. In Section \[sec:collisional\_models\], we examine the effects of collisions on the long-lived population. Finally, Section \[sec:conclusions\] is devoted to conclusions.
Observed resonant population {#sec:observed_resonant_pop}
============================
In this section, we first describe methods we use for identification and description of resonant orbits as well as for dynamical mapping of the resonance. Our approach is similar to the one used by [@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R]. We identify resonant orbits in a recent catalogue of osculating orbital elements and we study their dynamical lifetimes on the basis of long-term numerical integrations in a simplified model with four giant planets only. Our goal is also to survey available data for physical properties of the population, namely the absolute magnitudes, sizes and albedos. In the last subsection, we revisit results of Skoulidou et al. (in preparation) in order to compare the simplified four-giant-planet model with a more sophisticated framework including terrestrial planets and the Yarkovsky effect. Especially, we look for the differences in the dynamical decay rates in the stable islands A and B.
Characterization of resonant orbits {#sec:characterization_res_orbits}
-----------------------------------
The 2:1 resonance critical angle is defined as: $$\begin{aligned}
\sigma \equiv 2 \lambda_{\mathrm{J}} - \lambda - \varpi\, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda_{\mathrm{J}}$ and $\lambda$ are the mean longitudes of Jupiter and of an asteroid, respectively, $\varpi$ is the asteroid’s longitude of perihelion. The critical argument of any body trapped inside the J2/1 resonance librates (quasi-periodically changes on an interval $<2\pi$) with a typical period of about $420\,\mathrm{yr}$. On the other hand, the critical argument of the asteroids outside the resonance circulates. This provides us a useful tool for the identification of the resonant asteroids.
The libration of $\sigma$ is linked to periodic changes of the osculating semimajor axis $a$, the eccentricity $e$ and the inclination $I$. These changes are coupled together as described by the adiabatic invariant $N$ of the asteroid’s motion in the circular and planar restricted Sun–Jupiter–asteroid system $$\begin{aligned}
N = \sqrt{a}\left(2-\sqrt{1-e^{2}}\cos{I}\right)\, .
\label{eqn:adiab_inv}\end{aligned}$$ The presence of other planets and variable eccentricity of Jupiter’s orbit give rise to multiple perturbations in the J2/1 and prevent integrability of the orbits.
None the less, the $a,e,I$ coupling is preserved to a certain degree. Semimajor axis oscillates around the libration centre, which is positioned approximately at the exact resonance $a_{\mathrm{res}}\simeq3.27\,\mathrm{AU}$. The eccentricity and inclination attain their maximal values when the oscillation of $a$ is at its minimum and vice versa.
An inconvenient consequence of this behaviour is that the standard averaging methods for the computation of proper elements do not retain any information about the libration amplitude (i.e. the proper semimajor axes of all resonant asteroids approach the value of $a_{\mathrm{res}}$). Therefore the proper elements are not the appropriate choice when studying resonant orbits.
In order to properly characterize the libration amplitude, we use an alternative set of resonant (or pseudo-proper) elements [@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R]. The idea is to record the osculating orbital elements at the moment when they reach their extremal values during the libration cycle. These values can be found as the intersections with a suitably defined reference plane in the osculating elements space. A set of conditions determining this plane can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\sigma=0 \wedge \frac{\dif\sigma}{\dif t}>0 \wedge
\varpi-\varpi_{\mathrm{J}}=0 \wedge \Omega-\Omega_{\mathrm{J}}=0 \, ,
\label{reson}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Omega$ denotes the longitude of node and subscript $\mathrm{J}$ is used for Jupiter. The purpose of the conditions for $\varpi$ and $\Omega$ is to eliminate secular variations of the resonant elements. The whole set enables the resonant elements to be recorded when the osculating semimajor axis $a$ reaches its minimum, the eccentricity $e$ and the inclination $I$ attain maxima. Note that as a consequence, the J2/1 asteroids are always depicted on the left-hand side (closer to the Sun) of the libration centre in the resonant elements space (see e.g. Fig. \[fig:observed.orbdis\]).
Moreover, temporal evolution of resonant elements may serve as the first indicator of the stability. The reason is that stable orbits exhibit stable libration with only a small variation around the mean value. Therefore, successive intersections with the reference plane do not move significantly and the recorded resonant elements are nearly exact constants of motion. The situation for the unstable orbits is just the opposite and the intersections slowly disperse in time. This fact propagates numerically to the resulting resonant elements, if we compute their standard deviation as an error of the mean value obtained over a significant period of time ($\sim$$100$ kyr).
Nevertheless, due to higher order perturbations and secular effects, the above conditions are seldom satisfied exactly and one has to use less confined criteria in the following form when numerically integrating the orbits: $$\begin{aligned}
\left|\sigma\right|<5^{\circ} \wedge \frac{\Delta\sigma}{\Delta t}>0
\wedge \left|\varpi-\varpi_{\mathrm{J}}\right|<5^{\circ} \, .
\label{cond}\end{aligned}$$ We use the difference between successive numerical time steps (denoted as $\Delta\sigma$) rather then the time derivative. Note that we completely omit the condition for $\Omega$. This simplification can be compensated by verifying that the maximal value of the inclination is reached when recording the resonant elements.
Dynamical maps {#sec:dynmap}
--------------
In this section, we summarize our approach to dynamical mapping of the 2:1 resonance and its secular structure. Our method is verified by comparing the map computed for the present configuration of planets with the separatrices and locations of secular resonances derived by [@Moons_etal_1998Icar..135..458M]. An important outcome is our ability to record global changes inside the resonance when the planetary orbits are reconfigured and also to examine dynamical stability in various regions of the resonant phase space.
Our method employs the definition of the resonant elements. The respective values should change systematically in the case of unstable resonant orbits, whereas stable orbits should only oscillate with small variations. The same behaviour is exhibited by actions of a dynamical system; time series of their extremal or mean values are therefore often used for dynamical mapping .
We proceed as follows. First, we divide an investigated part of the phase space into the boxes of the same size. Let the central coordinates $(a,e,I)$ of each box represent a set of initial resonant elements (this is accomplished by setting the osculating angular elements so that condition (\[reson\]) is fulfilled). We integrate the initial orbits over several millions of years and track the evolution of the resonant elements. Finally, we determine the differences $\delta a_{\mathrm{r}}$, $\delta e_{\mathrm{r}}$ and $\delta\sin I_{\mathrm{r}}$ between the initial and final (or the last recorded) resonant elements. These values represent the dynamical stability of the initial orbit and we use them as a characteristics of the entire box.
For the purpose of expressing the total displacement in the phase space, we define the distance $$\begin{aligned}
d \equiv \sqrt{\left(\frac{\delta a_{\mathrm{r}}}{\bar{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)^2
+ \left(\delta e_{\mathrm{r}}\right)^2 + \left(\delta \sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)^2} \, ,
\label{metric}\end{aligned}$$ where $\bar{a}_{\mathrm{r}}$ denotes the arithmetic mean of the initial and final resonant semimajor axis. The distance $d$ is similar to the metric used in the Hierarchical Clustering Method [@Zappala_etal_1995Icar..116..291Z] for family identification.
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![A dynamical map of the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter computed in the present configuration of giant planets. Top panel: the map is plotted in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ plane and it is averaged over five sections in the resonant inclination $\sin I_{\mathrm{r}}$. The color coding of boxes represents the average distance in the phase space travelled by a test particle with initial orbital elements placed within the box. Additionally, separatrices and borders of the secular resonances, which were computed by [@Moons_etal_1998Icar..135..458M], are plotted over the map. The left solid line corresponds to the separatrix of the J2/1. The near-vertical solid line is the libration centre of the J2/1. The dotted lines indicate the $\nu_{16}$ and $\nu_{5}$ resonance, and the dashed line represents the Kozai resonance. We mark the stable islands denoted A and B and also the region of overlapping secondary resonances . Bottom panel: the map plotted in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$ plane. It was computed for test particles with the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}=0.25$.[]{data-label="fig:map.present"}](figs/diff.map.present.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![A dynamical map of the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter computed in the present configuration of giant planets. Top panel: the map is plotted in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ plane and it is averaged over five sections in the resonant inclination $\sin I_{\mathrm{r}}$. The color coding of boxes represents the average distance in the phase space travelled by a test particle with initial orbital elements placed within the box. Additionally, separatrices and borders of the secular resonances, which were computed by [@Moons_etal_1998Icar..135..458M], are plotted over the map. The left solid line corresponds to the separatrix of the J2/1. The near-vertical solid line is the libration centre of the J2/1. The dotted lines indicate the $\nu_{16}$ and $\nu_{5}$ resonance, and the dashed line represents the Kozai resonance. We mark the stable islands denoted A and B and also the region of overlapping secondary resonances . Bottom panel: the map plotted in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$ plane. It was computed for test particles with the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}=0.25$.[]{data-label="fig:map.present"}](figs/diff.map.present.ai.e0.25.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
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In order to verify our method, we constructed a dynamical map of the 2:1 resonance in the *present* configuration of planets. We investigated the phase space in the intervals $a\in(3.195,3.275)\,\mathrm{AU}$, $e\in(0.1,0.5)$, $I\in(0^{\circ},25^{\circ})$ and split them into a grid of $40\times40\times5$ boxes. With the aim to improve our statistics, we randomly generated two more test particles in the vicinity of each central particle (the dispersion of particles is not exceeding $20$ per cent of the box size). In this way we created the initial conditions for $24,000$ test particles.
In the next step, we integrated the orbits for $t_{\mathrm{span}}=10\,\mathrm{Myr}$. For all these simulations, we use the symplectic integrator <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">swift</span> [@Levison_Duncan_1994Icar..108...18L] with a built-in second-order symplectic scheme [@Laskar_Robutel_2001CeMDA..80...39L] and with an implementation of digital filters for the computation of the resonant elements based on criterion (\[cond\]) [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B]. This symplectic integrator enables us to use a time-step $\Delta t = 91.3125\,\mathrm{d}$. The simulations we perform are simplified: as we study the outer main-belt we take into account only the gravitational interactions with the Sun and the four giant planets. The terrestrial planets are neglected, except for a barycentric correction applied to the initial conditions. We use the Laplace plane to define our initial frame of reference. We do not consider any non-gravitational acceleration at this point.
The final step was to calculate the distance $d$ for each test particle. The average value $\bar{d}$ for the particles initially placed in the same box was taken as a measure of the dynamical instability in the box. Note that there is no temporal measure in this method, i.e. the map reflects the maximal displacement in each box during the integration timespan $t_{\mathrm{span}}$ but it does not say how fast did this displacement occur.
We plot the mean values $\bar{d}$ in the top panel of Figure \[fig:map.present\]. The map is an average projection of all sections in $\sin I_{\mathrm{r}}$ to the $\left(a_{\mathrm{r}},e_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$ plane. It can be compared with several separatrices derived by [@Moons_etal_1998Icar..135..458M]. It is clear that the map reflects the inner secular structure of the 2:1 resonance very well: we can locate both the stable islands A and B, separated by the $\nu_{16}$ secular resonance. The borderline at higher values of $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ is formed by the Kozai and $\nu_{5}$ separatrices. The low-eccentricity region near the libration centre is affected by presence of multiple secondary resonances .
The bottom panel of Fig. \[fig:map.present\] displays the projection of our map to the $\left(a_{\mathrm{r}},\sin I_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$ plane but this time for a small interval of $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ because the shape of the separatrices and stable islands strongly depends on $e_{\mathrm{r}}$. The map demonstrates how the shape of the stable islands changes with the resonant inclination $I_{\mathrm{r}}$.
Let us conclude that the suitability of the resonant elements for the dynamical mapping serves as an independent confirmation that they indeed reflect the regularity of resonant orbits and they retain important properties of the proper elements at the same time.
Lifetimes of asteroids in the 2:1 resonance {#sec:lifetimes}
-------------------------------------------
Let us now discuss our approach to the identification and classification of the resonant asteroids. We numerically propagated the orbits of known numbered and multi-opposition asteroids in the broad surroundings of the J2/1 to identify those trapped inside, using a time series of the critical argument $\sigma$. We extracted the osculating elements of the main-belt objects from the AstOrb database [@Bowell2012] as of 2012 November 15 to set-up the initial conditions for the first short-term integration. Our choice of the borders in the osculating $(a,e)$ plane was $e_{1}=0.45\left(a-3.24\right)/\left(3.1-3.24\right)$ and $e_{2}=0.5\left(a-3.24\right)/\left(3.46-3.24\right)$. We ended up with $11,469$ orbits. The corresponding planetary ephemeris were taken from JPL DE405 for the given Julian date. We numerically integrated the orbits for $10\,\mathrm{kyr}$ and we recorded the critical argument $\sigma$ for each asteroid during the simulation. We have found 374 librating asteroids.
The following long-term integration requires a different approach. Our goal is to determine the future orbital evolution of the resonant asteroids and estimate their dynamical lifetime. However, we are limited by strong chaotic diffusion in the J2/1 resonance. In other words, even a slight change of the initial conditions can significantly alter the orbital evolution. Because the orbital elements of each observed asteroid are only known with a finite accuracy, one should consider all values within the observational uncertainty as possible initial conditions to cover all alternatives of future orbital evolution.
To account for this chaotic behaviour, we first matched the AstOrb data for librating asteroids with corresponding AstDyS uncertainties . The matching failed in four cases[^2] only and hence we discarded these bodies from the J2/1 population. We then used a pseudo-random generator to create a bundle of 10 synthetic orbits for each asteroid which are close to its nominal orbit. The generated orbital elements fall within the Gaussian distribution (over $\pm3\sigma$ interval) in the nonsingular osculating element space. These synthetic test particles are called close clones. In this manner, we obtained $4,070$ orbits (1 nominal and 10 synthetic for each body) which we integrated over $1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. By this procedure, we can study several possible realisations of future orbital motion.
Following again [@Roig_etal_2002MNRAS.335..417R], we define the dynamical lifetime $\tau$ as the asteroid’s timespan of residence inside the resonance. Test particles leaving the resonance are usually discarded due to highly eccentric or inclined orbits, which lead to planetary crossing or fall into the Sun. We calculated the median dynamical lifetime $\bar{\tau}$ as the median value of the residence lifetimes of close clones.
We divided the J2/1 asteroids into three groups by virtue of their median dynamical lifetime $\bar{\tau}$ as follows:
- [$\bar{\tau}\le70$ Myr: short-lived/unstable/Zulus. Number of identified bodies: 140.]{}
- [$\bar{\tau}\in\left(70,1000\right)$ Myr: long-lived/marginally stable/Griquas. Number of identified bodies: 106.]{}
- [$\bar{\tau}\ge1$ Gyr: long-lived/stable/Zhongguos. Number of identified bodies: 124.]{}
For reference, the numbers of resonant asteroids identified in the previous paper [@Broz_Vokrouhlicky_2008MNRAS.390..715B] were 92 short-lived and 182 long-lived asteroids.
We used the same long-term integration of the resonant orbits to construct orbital distribution of asteroids in the J2/1. We calculated average values of the resonant elements for each asteroid and each close clone over the time interval of $1$ Myr; then we computed the arithmetic mean for the asteroid and its close clones together. We define the standard deviation of the resonant elements as the uncertainty of the arithmetic mean[^3].
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![Orbital distribution of the J2/1 asteroids in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ plane (top) and in $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$ plane (bottom). The symbols correspond to the dynamical lifetime of each body: filled circles denote dynamically stable Zhongguos, empty circles marginally stable Griquas, crosses unstable Zulus. The error bars indicate standard deviations of the computed orbits. We show the same borders and structures as in Fig. \[fig:map.present\]. Only a relatively small part of the unstable population is depicted.[]{data-label="fig:observed.orbdis"}](figs/ae.orb.dis.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![Orbital distribution of the J2/1 asteroids in the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ plane (top) and in $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$ plane (bottom). The symbols correspond to the dynamical lifetime of each body: filled circles denote dynamically stable Zhongguos, empty circles marginally stable Griquas, crosses unstable Zulus. The error bars indicate standard deviations of the computed orbits. We show the same borders and structures as in Fig. \[fig:map.present\]. Only a relatively small part of the unstable population is depicted.[]{data-label="fig:observed.orbdis"}](figs/ai.orb.dis.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
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We depict the resulting mean resonant elements as projections to the $\left(a_{\mathrm{r}},e_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$ and $\left(a_{\mathrm{r}},\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$ planes in Fig. \[fig:observed.orbdis\]. The orbital distribution exhibits similar properties as in the previous studies. Zhongguos reside at the very centre of the stable islands, $11$ Zhongguos in island A and $113$ in island B. The majority of B-island Zhongguos have low resonant inclinations while A-island Zhongguos are more inclined. Griquas partially overlap with the Zhongguo group, but they either reside on orbits with lower semimajor axis or higher inclination than Zhongguos. There is no clear separation between the orbits of Griquas and Zhongguos. It is therefore questionable whether the division of the long-lived population into these two groups has a solid physical foundation, apart from the dynamical lifetime. The orbital position of Griquas with respect to Zhongguos indicates that Griquas might be chaotically diffusing part of Zhongguos which have haphazardly entered the periphery regions of the stable islands.
Since we focus on the long-lived population, a great part of the short-lived bodies is not displayed in Fig. \[fig:observed.orbdis\] (they are located outside the range of the plot). The depicted short-lived asteroids are chaotically drifting towards the Kozai separatrix.
Albedo, colour and size-frequency distributions {#sec:distributions}
-----------------------------------------------
In order to study the basic physical properties of the J2/1 population, we first searched the WISE database. We were able to extract the visual geometric albedos $p_{\mathrm{V}}$ and the effective diameters $D$, inferred from NEATM thermal models by [@Masiero_etal_2011ApJ...741...68M], for 44 asteroids inside the J2/1 (out of 370).
The data obtained allow us to examine the albedo distribution in the resonance (Fig. \[albedo.histo\]). The lowest albedo is $\left(0.034\pm0.002\right)$ while the largest value is $\left(0.24\pm0.03\right)$. This relatively large value corresponds to asteroid 2001 RN2 and indicates that this object likely belongs to the S taxonomic type. The majority of the asteroids ($98$ per cent) have albedo lower or equal to $\left(0.136\pm0.004\right)$. The shape of the albedo distribution is typical for the outer main-belt region where C-types dominate [e.g. @Demeo_Carry-2013Icar..226..723D].
![A histogram of the albedo distribution among the J2/1 asteroids: the visual geometric albedo $p_{\mathrm{V}}$ vs the number of asteroids $N$. The data for 44 asteroids were available in [@Masiero_etal_2011ApJ...741...68M].[]{data-label="albedo.histo"}](figs/albedo.histo.eps){width="75mm"}
As the next step, we investigated the diameters of asteroids. For the 44 cases we simply use the value $D$ and its uncertainty. For the rest of the asteroids we calculate their approximate diameter using the following relation [@Harris_1998Icar..131..291H]: $$\begin{aligned}
D = \frac{1329}{\sqrt{p_{\mathrm{V}}}}10^{-\frac{H}{5}} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where we insert the absolute magnitude $H$ from the AstOrb catalogue and we use the mean albedo $\bar{p}_{\mathrm{V}} = \left(0.08 \pm 0.03\right)$. The standard deviation of $D$ is then computed as the propagated uncertainty of both $H$ and $\bar{p}_{\mathrm{V}}$.
We construct the cumulative size-frequency distributions (SFDs) of the resonant population and individual groups, as shown in Fig. \[fig:sfds\]. We fit the steep part of the distribution with a power-law function $N\left(>D\right) \propto D^{\gamma}$ to estimate the slope parameter $\gamma$ for further comparison. The value of $\gamma$ clearly depends on the chosen interval of diameters over which we approximate the SFDs with the power law. We set the nominal fitted interval as $D\in\left(7.5,18\right)\,\mathrm{km}$. The SFDs start to bend at the lower limit of this nominal interval except for SFD of Griquas which remains steep up to $D\simeq4\,\mathrm{km}$. We also record the variation of the slope $\gamma$ by slightly changing the fitted range of diameters. The results are summarized in Table \[tab:slopes\]. Unlike the results of [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B], the SFD of updated Griquas is not shallower than a Dohnanyi-like SFD with $\gamma=-2.5$ [@Dohnanyi_1969JGR....74.2531D]. In Section \[sec:collisional\_models\], we shall use the observed SFDs for comparison with the outcomes of our collisional models.
group nominal $\gamma$ variation of $\gamma$
------------- ------------------ --------------------------
short-lived $-3.2$ $\left(-2.5,-3.7\right)$
long-lived $-4.3$ $\left(-3.7,-5.1\right)$
Griquas $-3.0$ $\left(-3.0,-3.3\right)$
Zhongguos $-5.1$ $\left(-3.9,-5.1\right)$
: The slopes $\gamma$ resulting from the method of least squares which we applied to fit the SFDs of dynamical groups with a power law function $N\left(>D\right) \propto D^{\gamma}$. The middle column shows the result of the fit in the nominal interval of diameters $D\in\left(7.5,18\right)\,\mathrm{km}$, the third column reflects the variation of $\gamma$ if the limits of the interval are shifted.[]{data-label="tab:slopes"}
![Size-frequency distributions (SFDs) of individual dynamical groups residing inside the J2/1: the diameter $D$ vs the cumulative number $N\left(>D\right)$ of asteroids larger than $D$. A logarithmic scaling is used in the plot. The distributions correspond to the short-lived population (top left) and long-lived population (top right), which is then divided to marginally stable Griquas (bottom left) and stable Zhongguos (bottom right). The steep part of each distribution is approximated with a power-law $N\left(>D\right) \propto D^{\gamma}$. The nominal borders of the fitted regions (ranging from $7.5\,\mathrm{km}$ to $18\,\mathrm{km}$) are shown by vertical lines. The value of the slope $\gamma$ is also given. We also plot stationary Dohnanyi-like slope ($\gamma=-2.5$) for comparison. []{data-label="fig:sfds"}](figs/sfd.all.eps){width="84mm"}
Finally, we also searched the SDSS MOC catalogue [@Parker_etal_2008Icar..198..138P]. We found astrometric and photometric data for 81 resonant bodies for which we constructed a colour-colour diagram (see Fig. \[fig:colours\]). The principal component denoted as $a^{\star}$ is defined on the basis of measurements in filters $r$, $i$ and $g$ as $a^{\star}=0.89\left(g-r\right)+0.45(r-i)-0.57$ and it can be used to distinguish C-complex ($a^{\star}<0$) and S-complex ($a^{\star}>0$) asteroids. The distribution in the diagram is typical for outer main-belt C-type asteroids, but one can also see several outliers with $a^{\star}>0$. We did not found any significant relation between the colours and the orbital distribution.
![The optimized colour $a^{\star}$ vs the $i-z$ colour diagram of the J2/1 resonant asteroids found in the SDSS MOC catalogue. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the displayed quantities. The outliers with $a^{\star}>0$ are labeled with corresponding catalogue numbers. []{data-label="fig:colours"}](figs/J21_colors_albedos_astar_iz_LEGEND_LABELS_ERRS.eps){width="84mm"}
The long-term stability of the islands A and B {#sec:islands_decay}
----------------------------------------------
The observed resonant population has likely evolved over $\mathrm{Gyr}$-long time-scales. Hence, it is important to assess its dynamical stability over similarly long time-spans. This problem was recently revisited by [-@Skoulidou_etal_2014]. Here we will use the main results of this study that are relevant for our work; a complete dynamical study will be presented in a different paper (Skoulidou et al. in preparation).
When studying the outer asteroid belt, we typically ignore the weak perturbative effects of the terrestrial planets, as this speeds up the numerical propagation. [@Skoulidou_etal_2014] showed that this is not a safe option, when studying the 2:1 resonant population for time-spans longer than $1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$, as numerous weak encounters with Mars actually induce small-scale chaotic variations. These variations build-up slowly with time and eventually assist in breaking the phase-protection mechanism that would otherwise prevent asteroids on moderately eccentric orbits ($e\sim 0.4$) from encountering Jupiter on this time-span. Moreover, when the Yarkovsky effect is added, asteroids with $D<20\,\mathrm{km}$ can escape from the resonance more efficiently. This is because, as also shown in [@Broz_Vokrouhlicky_2008MNRAS.390..715B], the combined action of resonance and slow Yarkovsky drift forces the asteroid orbits to slowly develop higher eccentricities as a consequence of adiabatic invariance. The computations presented in [@Skoulidou_etal_2014] show that, in a physical model that takes into account the aforementioned phenomena, the 2:1 population would decay roughly exponentially in time, with an e-folding time of order $1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$.
In Fig. \[fig:longterm\_stability\] we present the results of a similar simulation that spanned $3\,\mathrm{Gyr}$, in a model that contained the seven major planets (Venus to Neptune; ‘7pl’ model). This simulation treated the 2:1 population, as was defined by [@Broz_Vokrouhlicky_2008MNRAS.390..715B]. Also, an approximate treatment of the Yarkovsky acceleration was included in the equations of motion, assuming a constant drift rate in semimajor axis equal to $2.7\times 10^{-4}D^{-1}\,\mathrm{AU}\,\mathrm{Myr}^{-1}$. For each object its diameter $D$ was estimated, using its catalogued $H$ value and assuming an albedo of $0.06$–$0.08$, and a value of either $0^{\circ}$ or $180^{\circ}$ obliquity was randomly assigned. The population was found to decay exponentially in time, according to what was described in the previous paragraph.
However, what is more interesting here is that the two sub-populations that are contained in the two quasi-stable resonant islands are not diffusing out at the same rate. Fig. \[fig:longterm\_stability\] shows two sets of curves (one for each island): clearly island A is depleted faster than island B. Fitting exponentials on the data, we get the corresponding e-folding times: $\tau_{\mathrm{A}}=\left(0.57\pm0.02\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ for island A and $\tau_{\mathrm{B}}=\left(0.94\pm0.02\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ for island B. This uneven depletion is an important dynamical property of the resonance and is likely one of the reasons behind the observed A/B asymmetry. The importance of this observation will become more evident in the following sections.
![Time evolution of the number of resonant objects, $\left(N\left(t\right)/N_{0}\right)$, normalized to the initial value. This is the result of a $3\,\mathrm{Gyr}$-long simulation, within the framework of the 7-planets model and including Yarkovsky-induced drift in $a$. The two curves refer to the two islands (A=open triangles and B=solid circles). Superimposed are the least-square fitted exponentials, yielding e-folding times of $\tau_{\mathrm{A}}=\left(0.57\pm 0.02\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ and $\tau_{\mathrm{B}}=\left(0.94\pm 0.02\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$, respectively.[]{data-label="fig:longterm_stability"}](figs/ABdepletion.eps){width="84mm"}
Effects of the jumping-Jupiter instability {#sec:effects_of_jj_instability}
==========================================
We investigate the role of the jumping-Jupiter instability on the depletion and eventual repopulation of the J2/1 in this section. We study survival of a hypothetical primordial population, and resonant capture from the outer main belt, both in the fifth giant planet scenario [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N]. Our simulations cover only the instability phase itself, demonstrating at first which process is plausible.
Simulations with prescribed migration {#sec:sims_with_prescribed_mig}
-------------------------------------
We adopt the technique suggested by [@Nesvorny_etal_2013ApJ...768...45N] for simulating the jumping-Jupiter instability. We modified the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">swift\_rmvs3</span> integrator [@Levison_Duncan_1994Icar..108...18L], so that the evolution of massive bodies is given by a prescribed input file and the evolution of test particles is computed by the standard symplectic algorithm. This method allows us to exclude the transneptunian disc of planetesimals from our integrations, because its damping and scattering effects are no longer needed; planets evolve ‘the way they are told’ by the input file. Moreover, the exact progress of the migration scenario is then exactly reproducible.
The evolution of migrating planets is prescribed by the fifth giant planet scenario, developed in [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N] (see Fig. \[fig:mig\_scenario\]). This scenario has already been proved reliable in terms of reproducing the orbital architecture of planetary orbits, the period ratios and secular frequencies, and several distributions of minor solar-system bodies. The prescribed input file is the result of a complete self-consistent simulation with five giant planets and a massive transneptunian disc of planetesimals ($M_{\mathrm{disc}}=20\,M_{\mathrm{Earth}}$). We use only a 10 Myr portion of the simulation, containing the jumping-Jupiter phase. The input data sampling is $\Delta t_{\mathrm{input}}=1\,\mathrm{yr}$ which is sufficient for our purpose.
Our integrator transforms the input data to the Cartesian coordinates (i.e. orbital elements to positions and velocities) and interpolates them according to the integration time step $\Delta t = 0.25\,\mathrm{yr}$. The interpolation is done by a forward/backward drift along Keplerian ellipses, starting at input data point preceding/forthcoming to required time value. The results of both drifts are averaged using the weighted mean, where the weight depends on temporal distance between the data points and the required time value.
![Orbital evolution of giant planets in the fifth giant planet scenario, adopted from [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N], during the jumping-Jupiter instability, as it was reproduced by our modified integrator. We plot the time $t$ vs the semimajor axis $a$, the pericentre $q$ and the apocentre $Q$. Each evolutionary track is labeled with the name of the corresponding giant planet.[]{data-label="fig:mig_scenario"}](figs/at.case3.eps){width="84mm"}
Capture from the outer main belt {#sec:capture}
--------------------------------
We investigated a possibility that the resonant asteroids were captured from outer main-belt orbits near the J2/1 during Jupiter’s jump. We present a simulation of the capture in this section.
#### Initial conditions. {#initial-conditions. .unnumbered}
Initially, we distributed $5,000$ test particles uniformly over the region which is about to be covered by the moving 2:1 resonance. This can be estimated easily by Kepler’s third law since we know the evolution of Jupiter’s semimajor axis a priori. Our choice of the semimajor axes distribution was $a\in(3.06,3.32)\,\mathrm{AU}$. The distribution of eccentricities and inclinations was also chosen as uniform and corresponds to the extent of a moderately excited main belt: $e\in(0,0.35)$, $I\in(0^{\circ},15^{\circ})$. The angular elements were randomly distributed over $(0^{\circ},360^{\circ})$ interval.
#### Evolution of test particles. {#evolution-of-test-particles. .unnumbered}
We recorded the time series of resonant elements of the test particles during the integration and processed them off-line using the Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter [@Press_etal_2007] with $0.1\,\mathrm{Myr}$ range of the running window and a second order smoothing polynomial.
The result of our simulation is shown in Fig. \[fig:capture\_evol\]. Note that for the sake of simplicity, we use the resonant elements for *all* particles, even for those not trapped inside the J2/1[^4]. Shortly after the onset of migration, the test particles still retain the uniform character of the initial distribution. A few minor mean-motion resonances can be identified. The apparent gap between the resonance centre and the synthetic population is intentional, because we do not want any of the test particles to be initially placed inside the resonance.
After 2 Myr, the relaxation processes start to take place. The 2:1 resonance changes its position with respect to the initial one and starts to perturb several eccentric orbits at the outskirts of the synthetic population. All of the perturbed asteroids fall into the short-lived unstable zone [discussed in @Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B]. The minor mean-motion resonances begin to pump the eccentricity of the test particles residing inside them.
{width="82.00000%"}\
At $6.26\,\mathrm{Myr}$, an instantaneous discontinuity, known as *Jupiter’s jump*, occurs. The 2:1 resonance, co-moving with jumping Jupiter, changes its location suddenly and a large number of test particles flow through the libration zone, while others are excited and ejected, or left behind in the emerging inner Cybele region.
Finally at $10\,\mathrm{Myr}$, a population between the left-hand separatrix and the libration centre is stabilised, as the result of the resonant capture. The bodies outside the left-hand separatrix are simply remnants of the initial population of test particles. A few bodies between the libration centre and the right-hand separatrix are in fact outside the 2:1 resonance, as well as the asteroids in the Cybele region.
#### Captured population. {#captured-population. .unnumbered}
Instead of another long-term integration, we use the rather efficient dynamical mapping introduced in Section \[sec:dynmap\] to check the stability of the captured population in the post-migration configuration of planets. This allows us to identify the counterparts of the stable islands A and B in the phase space for this planetary configuration. Hence, we can trace the long-lived candidates of our captured bodies simply by selecting particles with resonant elements falling within the range of the islands.
The dynamical map for the 2:1 resonance is shown in the Fig. \[fig:capture\_final\]. It covers the phase space in the intervals $a\in(3.115,3.195)\,\mathrm{AU}$, $e\in(0.1,0.5)$ and $I\in(0^{\circ},25^{\circ})$, which were divided into a grid of $40\times40\times5$ boxes (and we finally took an average over all sections in the inclination). We set up and followed three test particles per box for up to $10\,\mathrm{Myr}$.
Comparing the map with Fig. \[fig:map.present\], one can see very similar structures. The stable islands A and B are there, separated by the $\nu_{16}$ secular resonance. The Kozai resonance separatrix can also be easily identified. A major difference is the shape and size of the A island – the $\nu_{5}$ resonance is not present in the depicted part of the phase space, which effectively enlarges the A island with respect to the present state. The selected candidates for long-lived orbits are also shown in Fig. \[fig:capture\_final\]. Note that there are very few A-island bodies captured on highly eccentric orbits, therefore the aforementioned difference in shape of island A should not strongly affect the results. Using the dynamical mapping, we identified $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{synth}}=69$ candidates in island A and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{synth}}=254$ candidates in island B.
The next step is a rescaling of the initial population so its particle density would reach realistic values. We used the observed particle density in the main belt for bodies with diameters $D\ge5\,\mathrm{km}$ within the following region: $a\in(2.95,3.21)\,\mathrm{AU}$, $e\in(0,0.35)$, $I\in(0^{\circ},15^{\circ})$. The intervals of $e$ and $I$ correspond to those of our synthetic initial population. On the other hand, the interval of semimajor axes was shifted into the region which is currently not depleted by the presence of the J2/1. We further increased this particle density by a factor of three [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M] to account for the dynamical depletion of the main belt after the reconfiguration of planets during the last $\simeq3.85\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. If we increase the particle density throughout the initial population, the number of captured long-lived bodies larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$ would be $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{scaled}}=1552$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{scaled}}=5857$ in island A and B, respectively.
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![A final result of resonant capture from the outer main belt in the fifth giant planet scenario. Top: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$. The background of the plot is the dynamical map of the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter computed for the post-migration configuration of the giant planets. All white symbols indicate orbits of test particles captured during the simulation (they correspond to the final state in Fig. \[fig:capture\_evol\], but only a part of the phase space containing the stable islands is plotted). Test particles embedded in the dark regions of the dynamical map are candidates for a long-term stability and we distinguish them by circles. Other particles are marked by crosses. Bottom: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$. We plot only the particles captured inside the stable islands. Black circles indicate test particles captured in island B and gray open squares indicate those captured in A island. The horizontal dashed line is plotted for reference, because vast majority of the observed B-island Zhongguos reside on low inclinations $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\le0.1$ and all of the observed A-island Zhongguos have high inclinations $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\ge0.1$. []{data-label="fig:capture_final"}](figs/capture.stable.isls.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![A final result of resonant capture from the outer main belt in the fifth giant planet scenario. Top: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$. The background of the plot is the dynamical map of the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter computed for the post-migration configuration of the giant planets. All white symbols indicate orbits of test particles captured during the simulation (they correspond to the final state in Fig. \[fig:capture\_evol\], but only a part of the phase space containing the stable islands is plotted). Test particles embedded in the dark regions of the dynamical map are candidates for a long-term stability and we distinguish them by circles. Other particles are marked by crosses. Bottom: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$. We plot only the particles captured inside the stable islands. Black circles indicate test particles captured in island B and gray open squares indicate those captured in A island. The horizontal dashed line is plotted for reference, because vast majority of the observed B-island Zhongguos reside on low inclinations $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\le0.1$ and all of the observed A-island Zhongguos have high inclinations $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}\ge0.1$. []{data-label="fig:capture_final"}](figs/capture.stable.isls.ai.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
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Finally, we assume that the dynamical depletion rate due to chaotic diffusion is the same for the post-migration islands as for the islands in the observed configuration. Knowing the approximate number of captured long-lived asteroids, we employ an exponential decay law and the extremal values[^5] of the e-folding times in island A and B $\tau_{\mathrm{A}}=\left(0.57\pm0.05\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ and $\tau_{\mathrm{B}}=\left(0.94\pm0.05\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. We use $t=\left(3.9\pm0.1\right)\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ as a value of the decay time period. Combining the results together and identifying the limit values, our model predicts that we should observe $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=1$–$3$ long-lived bodies larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$ in island A and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=62$–$121$ asteroids in island B. The observed values are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=2$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=71$. The results of our model and the observed values are in good agreement, which supports the resonant capture scenario.
Turning our attention to the bottom panel in Fig. \[fig:capture\_final\], we can discuss whether the inclination distribution of captured synthetic bodies can evolve towards the observed one. It can be clearly seen that the number of low-$I$ asteroids in island A is lower than the number of high-$I$ asteroids. Assuming strong depletion of the whole island and considering that only $1$–$3$ objects larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$ may survive up to the present according to our model, the low-$I$ asteroids are more likely to be depleted completely. That is in agreement with the observations because the observed asteroids in island A reside exclusively on highly inclined orbits.
On the other hand, the population captured in island B stretches almost uniformly over a relatively large interval of inclinations. Considering the shape of the real island shown in Fig. \[fig:map.present\], which shrinks with increasing inclination, the long-term diffusion in the high-$I$ region will partially deplete this part of the captured population. But in order to reproduce the observed state in island B, it is necessary for the source population to contain low-$I$ asteroids predominantly.
Survival of the primordial population {#sec:survival_primpop}
-------------------------------------
Let us study hypothetical long-lived primordial orbits and their survival during the planetary migration. The procedure is similar to that in the previous section, the major difference is of course in the initial conditions setup. Here we aim to study only the bodies which reside inside the J2/1 when the instability simulation begins. Another important property that should be satisfied is the long-term stability of the initial orbits – otherwise one could unintentionally simulate different effects such as survival of the short-lived population, etc.
#### Initial conditions. {#initial-conditions.-1 .unnumbered}
How to create a set of test particles on the long-lived orbits at the beginning of the migration scenario? The only viable solution is to use the dynamical mapping once again. To this effect, we slightly modify the standard procedure described in Section \[sec:dynmap\]. First, the integration is not done in a stable unvarying configuration of planets. Is is instead carried out during the first $5\,\mathrm{Myr}$ of the prescribed migration scenario, starting in the pre-migration configuration of planets and evolving into a configuration closely preceding the instability.
Second, we use only the recorded changes of the resonant inclination $\delta\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$ when constructing the map (i.e. we omit $\delta{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$ and $\delta e_{\mathrm{r}}$ when evaluating the metric given by equation ($\ref{metric}$)). This is necessary because as Jupiter migrates inwards, the resonance follows and the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ of bodies residing inside decreases. This in turn changes the resonant eccentricity $e_{\mathrm{r}}$ because of the adiabatic invariance of resonant orbits. These changes are systematic and have different amplitudes for different orbits. Consequently, they should not be incorporated when calculating the distance $d$. On the other hand, our numerical runs suggest that the resonant inclination $I_{\mathrm{r}}$ of test particles does not undergo substantial systematic changes under the influence of migrating giant planets. If a large change in inclination is registered, it usually means that a secular resonance affected the orbit. The resulting dynamical map thus represents what we need – the location of regions crossed by secular resonances and the stable islands lying in between for the time period before Jupiter’s jump.
Our choice of boundaries in the phase space to construct the dynamical map was $a\in(3.32,3.45)\,\mathrm{AU}$ and $e\in(0,0.6)$. We created $40\times40$ grid in the $(a,e)$ plane and covered it uniformly with six particles per each cell, assigning a fixed value of $I=2.5^{\circ}$ to all of them. As already mentioned, the planetary migration is not able to strongly change the inclinations, that is why we map the region of low inclinations where the observed long-lived population dominates. The resulting pre-instability dynamical map is displayed in Fig. \[fig:premig.map\].
We randomly distributed a group of $2,000$ test particles over the identified stable islands (see Fig. \[fig:primor\_evol\]) with low inclinations $I<5^{\circ}$ to set up a synthetic primordial population for our simulation. The angular osculating elements were chosen in such a way that condition (\[reson\]) holds and the osculating elements are therefore identical to the resonant elements at $t=0$.
![A dynamical map of the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter computed during the pre-instability evolution of giant planets. The map is displayed in the resonant $\left(a_{\mathrm{r}},e_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$ plane corresponding to $I_{\mathrm{r}}=2.5^{\circ}$. Note that only the displacement in the resonant inclination $\delta I_{\mathrm{r}}$ is used to represent the dynamical stability. []{data-label="fig:premig.map"}](figs/premig.map.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}\
{width="82.00000%"}\
#### Evolution of test particles. {#evolution-of-test-particles.-1 .unnumbered}
$2\,\mathrm{Myr}$ after the onset of the migration, the orbits are not significantly dispersed which is in agreement with our aim to study only the dynamically stable resonant bodies. After $6.1\,\mathrm{Myr}$, the close encounters of giant planets begin to occur and start to perturb the islands inside the J2/1. Progression of Jupiter’s jump partially destabilizes the islands and enables significant number of bodies to leak out and also to populate other regions of the 2:1 resonance. At the end of migration, $85$ per cent of the initial population is lost and the rest is dispersed all over the resonant region, except for the low eccentricity region. This indicates that the only possible change in resonant eccentricity during the migration of Jupiter is to increase.
#### Surviving population. {#surviving-population. .unnumbered}
Following our procedure from Section \[sec:capture\], we used the same dynamical map to identify the long-lived asteroids (see Fig. \[fig:primor\_final\]) and we applied the rescaling and the long-term dynamical decay. Because the particle density in a hypothetical primordial population is not known, we varied the number of initial synthetic long-lived particles and calculated the expected number of asteroids in islands A and B surviving up to the present.
The selected results are listed in Table \[tab:primor.table\] and the comparison is made for asteroids with $D\ge5\,\mathrm{km}$ (we remind the reader that there are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=2$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=71$ larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$ in the observed population). If we assume the particle density from [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M], which we also used in Section \[sec:capture\], the contribution of the primordial asteroids to the observed population is negligible after long-term dynamical evolution.
In order to observe a substantial contribution, the particle density in the J2/1 would have to be considerably larger than in the neighbouring main belt (at least ten times larger). Such particle density gradient is not very probable, because the 2:1 resonance would have to be dynamically protected against depleting mechanisms and perturbations, arising e.g. from planetary embryos [@O'Brien_etal_2007Icar..191..434O] or due to the compact primordial configuration of planetary orbits [@Masset_Snellgrove_2001MNRAS.320L..55M; @Roig_Nesvorny_2014DPS....4640001R].
$N_{\mathrm{init}}(D\ge5\,\mathrm{km})$ $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}$ $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}$
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
2000 0 0 – 1
5000 0 1 – 2
10000 0 2 – 4
100000 1 – 3 18 – 35
: The numbers $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}$ of the asteroids surviving in the islands A and B up to the present as predicted by our model of the primordial population survival. The table represents how the resulting population changes with increasing number $N_{\mathrm{init}}$ of initial primordial asteroids. The bodies with $D\ge5\,\mathrm{km}$ are considered. First line roughly corresponds to the primordial population with particle density of the present outer main belt, the next two cases approximately consider the particle density proposed in [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M]. In the last line, we assume particle density of primordial main belt shortly after its creation, as suggested by [@Morbidelli_etal_2009Icar..204..558M]; we note that this case is not very probable.[]{data-label="tab:primor.table"}
We also investigated if A-island orbits can become B-island and vice versa. We found that $<1$ per cent of the asteroids initially placed inside island A survive there and $1$ per cent drift into B island during the migration. On the other hand, the primordial population of island B preserves $2$ per cent of the original bodies and $2$ per cent of them populate island A. Because the primordial B island is larger than the A island, it harbours more primordial asteroids under the assumption of homogeneous particle density. The contribution of island B to the surviving long-lived population therefore dominates. Also note that after the migration the ratio $N_{\mathrm{A}}/N_{\mathrm{B}}\simeq1$, thus the migration itself is not able to create an asymmetric population out of surviving primordial asteroids. Further orbital evolution is needed in this case.
The orbital distribution in the $(a_{\mathrm{r}},I_{\mathrm{r}})$ plane at the end of the planetary migration indeed resembles the initial interval of inclinations, as both islands are populated by low-$I$ orbits. To obtain high-$I$ orbits, which are observed in island A, we would have to assume the presence of their analogues in the pre-migration islands. But this problem is redundant since the primordial population probably do not survive up to the present, as we argued above.
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![Top: The same post-migration dynamical map as in Fig. \[fig:capture\_final\]. The primordial test particles surviving the jumping-Jupiter instability are plotted over the map. Circles represent candidates for long-lived orbits and crosses are the surrounding orbits. Bottom: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$. We plot only the particles identified above as long-lived. Black circles indicate those residing in the island B and gray open squares indicate those residing in the A island. []{data-label="fig:primor_final"}](figs/primor.stable.isls.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![Top: The same post-migration dynamical map as in Fig. \[fig:capture\_final\]. The primordial test particles surviving the jumping-Jupiter instability are plotted over the map. Circles represent candidates for long-lived orbits and crosses are the surrounding orbits. Bottom: the resonant semimajor axis $a_{\mathrm{r}}$ vs sine of the resonant inclination $\sin{I_{\mathrm{r}}}$. We plot only the particles identified above as long-lived. Black circles indicate those residing in the island B and gray open squares indicate those residing in the A island. []{data-label="fig:primor_final"}](figs/primor.stable.isls.ai.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
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Effects of Jupiter–Saturn great inequality {#sec:GI}
==========================================
In Section \[sec:effects\_of\_jj\_instability\], we investigated evolution of the resonant population during a major instability of the planetary system known as Jupiter’s jump. In the original migration experiments performed in [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N], the violent evolution of planetary orbits was usually followed by a residual smooth migration during which giant planets slowly approached their current orbits. We are in a similar situation, the planetary configuration at the end of our instability simulations slightly differs from the observed one. In principle, this fact does not affect our ability to locate and describe the long-lived resonant population of test particles because we employed fast and efficient method of dynamical mapping. The natural question then arises, whether the late migration stages can invoke perturbations that would affect the overall stability of the 2:1 resonance significantly.
In particular, we want to check whether the period $P_{\sigma}$ of libration of the resonant asteroids can be comparable with the Jupiter–Saturn great inequality period $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ (which is the period of circulation of the $2\lambda_{\mathrm{J}}-5\lambda_{\mathrm{S}}$ angle) and what effect would it have on the resonant population [@Ferraz-Mello_etal_1998AJ....116.1491F see also Section \[sec:intro\]].
In order to mimic the smooth late planetary migration and lead giant planets towards their current orbits, we used a modified version of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">swift\_rmvs3</span> integrator developed in [@Broz_etal_2011MNRAS.414.2716B]. The integrator introduces an ad hoc dissipation term which modifies planetary velocity vectors $\bm{v}$ in each time step $\Delta t$ according to the following relation: $$\begin{aligned}
\bm{v}\left(t+\Delta t\right) = \bm{v}\left(t\right)\left[1+\frac{\Delta v}{v}\frac{\Delta t}{\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}}\exp\left(-\frac{t-t_{0}}{\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}}\right)\right] \, ,
\label{eq:dissipation}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Delta v = \sqrt{GM/a_{\mathrm{init}}} - \sqrt{GM/a_{\mathrm{fin}}}$ is the total dissipation determined as the difference of the initial and final mean velocity, $\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}$ is the migration time-scale, $t$ is the time variable and $t_{0}$ is an arbitrary initial time. The eccentricity damping is also included and can be set independently for each planet by choosing the damping parameter denoted as $e_{\mathrm{damp}}$ [@Morbidelli_etal_2010AJ....140.1391M].
To set up the model, we used the final configuration of giant planets and test particles from our simulations of resonant capture[^6], but we only selected test particles located in broader surroundings of the stable islands to discard major part of short-lived asteroids. After this procedure, we launched a set of integrations with different values of $e_{\mathrm{damp}}$ and different migration time-scales, bearing in mind that the time-scale of the original experiments in [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N] was $\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}\simeq30\,\mathrm{Myr}$. When the integrations finished, we selected only the runs in which giant planets ended up with orbital parameters similar to the observed ones and we investigated the results at the time $t_{\mathrm{fin}}$ when $P_{\mathrm{GI}}=880\,\mathrm{yr}$ and the ratio of the Saturn’s and Jupiter’s orbital periods is approximately $P_{\mathrm{S}}/P_{\mathrm{J}}\simeq2.49$.
![Results of two simulations of smooth late migration and its effects on the resonant population. Two runs with $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq27\,\mathrm{Myr}$ (red and black curves and arrows) and $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq58\,\mathrm{Myr}$ (blue and gray curves and arrows) are presented (migration time-scales $\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}=30\,\mathrm{Myr}$ and $\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}=60\,\mathrm{Myr}$ were initially chosen but the integration is evaluated only until the GI period reaches $880\,\mathrm{yr}$). Top: temporal evolution of the number $N$ of test particles. Bottom: temporal evolution of the GI period $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ and the libration period $P_{\mathrm{\sigma}}$. The latter is plotted for two representative cases. The arrows in the top panel approximately mark the time period during which $P_{\mathrm{GI}}\simeq P_{\mathrm{\sigma}}$. We note that ‘real’ $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ evolves in an oscillatory manner but only with a small amplitude; a polynomial fit of the real $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ evolution is plotted here for clarity.[]{data-label="fig:ntp_gi_sigma"}](figs/ntp.gi.sigma.isls.broad.evol.eps){width="84mm"}
In the following, we will discuss results of two runs with $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq27\,\mathrm{Myr}$ and $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq58\,\mathrm{Myr}$. Fig. \[fig:ntp\_gi\_sigma\] shows the temporal evolution of the number $N$ of test particles in these two runs, the GI period $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ and the libration period $P_{\sigma}$ of two typical resonant asteroids. While $P_{\sigma}$ oscillates around a nearly constant value $\simeq420\,\mathrm{yr}$, $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ initially lies below this value and rises smoothly as Jupiter and Saturn undergo divergent migration, and their eccentricities are damped.
The evolution of the $N(t)$ curves does not follow any simple decay law. This may serve as a proof that the level of chaotic diffusion inside the islands indeed evolves during the smooth late migration. The steepest slope of the $N(t)$ dependency is reached during the time interval when $P_{\mathrm{GI}}\simeq P_{\sigma}$. But one can also notice that the slope changes are smooth rather than sharp; the destabilization is not strictly bounded by the $P_{\mathrm{GI}}\simeq P_{\sigma}$ condition. This is in agreement with the results of [@Ferraz-Mello_etal_1998AJ....116.1491F] who argued that even a near-resonant state of $P_{\mathrm{GI}}$ and $P_{\sigma}$ can enhance the chaotic diffusion. However, it is clear that the number of asteroids surviving the smooth late migration depends mainly on the length of the time interval during which $P_{\mathrm{GI}}\simeq P_{\sigma}$; the population is more depleted in the run with $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq58\,\mathrm{Myr}$.
With the aim to evaluate the result of the models with residual migration included, we first identified test particles which were located inside the stable islands at the time $t_{\mathrm{fin}}$. At this time, the orbital architecture of giant planets approximately corresponds to the observed one and therefore the identification of long-lived asteroids can be achieved using the [*current*]{} dynamical map. Finally, we derived expected numbers $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}$ of asteroids that should be observable in the stable islands after $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ of orbital evolution. For this purpose, we rescaled the initial population of test particles and we applied simple exponential dynamical decay law, exactly as in Section \[sec:capture\].
We calculated following values for asteroids larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$: $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=0$–$1$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=40$–$78$ in case of $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq27\,\mathrm{Myr}$ and $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=0$–$1$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=22$–$42$ in case of $t_{\mathrm{fin}}\simeq58\,\mathrm{Myr}$ (while the observed values are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=2$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=71$). We can conclude that the hypothesis of resonant capture is still valid and explains the existence[^7] of the long-lived population, if the giant planets finished their late stage migration on a time-scale comparable to $\tau_{\mathrm{mig}}\simeq 30\,\mathrm{Myr}$. Larger time-scales lead to a slower passage of the GI period over the values of the J2/1 libration period and this in turn causes an enhanced depletion of the stable islands. Even in such a case, a significant part of the observed population should originate from the resonant capture.
Collisional models {#sec:collisional_models}
==================
Our results of Section \[sec:effects\_of\_jj\_instability\] and \[sec:GI\] imply that the long-lived J2/1 population was created by resonant capture during planetary migration. In this section, we further develop the framework of this hypothesis. We study collisional evolution of the J2/1 in order to confirm whether the size-frequency distribution of the long-lived resonant asteroids can survive a time period of $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ in a non-stationary state. We thus have to also account for the epoch of the late heavy bombardment (LHB) [@Gomes_etal_2005Natur.435..466G; @Levison_etal_2009Natur.460..364L] during which the transneptunian disc was destabilized and the flux of cometary projectiles through the solar system increased substantially.
In the following collisional models, three populations of minor solar-system bodies are included: main-belt asteroids, transneptunian comets and Zhongguos, i.e. we consider only a subset of the long-lived population. The reason for this simplification is that the observed SFDs of long-lived population and its dynamical subgroups share similar features (see Fig. \[fig:sfds\]), but Zhongguos have the steepest slope $\gamma=-5.1$. Solving an inverse problem, we aim to explain the formation of an initial SFD with an even steeper slope, which would evolve towards the observed one due to collisions over the $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ timespan. Because of certain level of parametric freedom in collisional models, the same process of formation should also apply to Griquas with shallower observed SFD.
Intrinsic probabilities and impact velocities {#sec:probas_impvels}
---------------------------------------------
As the first step in the construction of a collisional model, we compute the intrinsic probability $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ and the mean impact velocity $V_{i}$ of colliding main-belt and long-lived resonant asteroids. We adopt the method of [@Bottke_etal_1994Icar..107..255B] based on a geometrical formalism of orbital encounters introduced by [@Greenberg_1982AJ.....87..184G]. To make our samples of orbits large enough, we input all long-lived orbits and the first $50,000$ main-belt objects from the AstOrb catalogue.
We split the long-lived population into Zhongguos, Griquas with inclination $I\le8^{\circ}$ and Griquas with inclination $I>8^{\circ}$ and calculate the intrinsic probability $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ and weighted mean impact velocity $V_{\mathrm{i}}$ for them, separately. Using this separation, we want to check if the intrinsic probabilities for Griquas may differ from Zhongguos significantly.
The results are summarized in the Table \[tab:pivi\]. For reference, computed $P_{\mathrm{i}}= 3.1\times10^{-18}\,\mathrm{km}^{-2}\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ and $V_{\mathrm{i}} = 5.28 \, \mathrm{km}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ for collisions between main-belt asteroids. We can see that both Zhongguos and low-inclined Griquas have $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ and $V_{\mathrm{i}}$ only slightly higher than these reference values. This is caused by the moderate values of eccentricities in the J2/1 population. The orbits then more likely intersect with those in the main belt. The higher collisional velocity is also plausible because we are comparing an outer main-belt population with the rest of the main belt.
On the other hand, Griquas with high inclinations can avoid intersecting some of main-belt orbits, thus their intrinsic probability is lower by about a factor of two. Even at this point, we can conclude that the observed difference in slopes of SFDs (when Griquas and Zhongguos are separated) cannot be explained by the differences in $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ and $V_{\mathrm{i}}$ because the shallower SFD of Griquas would require higher $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ in order to collide more often.
-------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
colliding $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ $V_{\mathrm{i}}$
populations \[$10^{-18}\,\mathrm{km}^{-2}\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$\] \[$\mathrm{km}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$\]
Zhongguos vs MB $3.82$ $5.36$
Griquas $\left(I\le8^{\circ}\right)$ vs MB $3.65$ $5.52$
Griquas $\left(I>8^{\circ}\right)$ vs MB $1.81$ $7.57$
average $3.09$ $6.15$
-------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
: The intrinsic probability $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ and the mean impact velocity $V_{\mathrm{i}}$ for collisions of main-belt and long-lived J2/1 asteroids.[]{data-label="tab:pivi"}
![Temporal evolution of the intrinsic probability $P_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$ (bottom curve) and the mean impact velocity $V_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$ (top curve) for collisions between transneptunian comets and main-belt asteroids, as it was calculated in . We emphasize that we modify these dependences by numerical factors to allow for realistic lifetimes of comets. The values $P_{\mathrm{i}}/3$ and $V_{\mathrm{i}}/1.5$ serve as an input for our models.[]{data-label="fig:pivi_comets"}](figs/Broz_etal_2013_probat_impvel.eps){width="84mm"}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![Results of collisional models created with the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boulder</span> code, plotted as temporal evolution of the SFDs. Description of individual curves is given in the legend of each plot. The evolving curves are displayed in the time of the simulation $t$, which is also shown. Top: synthetic Zhongguos are created by capture from the main-belt background population affected by collisions with transneptunian comets (see also Section \[subsec:capture\_from\_MB\]). Middle: the situation from top left panel is reproduced, but a single $D\simeq100\,\mathrm{km}$ asteroid is added to Zhongguos and we study the possibility of its catastrophic breakup over $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ (see also Section \[subsec:disruption\_PB\_inside\]). Bottom: we demonstrate what parameters of the initial SFD of Zhongguos are needed in order to evolve it towards the observed one due to collisions (see Section \[subsec:cap\_from\_family\] for discussion). []{data-label="fig:col_models"}](figs/boulder_1_MB_comets_DYNDECAY_capture_from_steep_MB_sfd_0010.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![Results of collisional models created with the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boulder</span> code, plotted as temporal evolution of the SFDs. Description of individual curves is given in the legend of each plot. The evolving curves are displayed in the time of the simulation $t$, which is also shown. Top: synthetic Zhongguos are created by capture from the main-belt background population affected by collisions with transneptunian comets (see also Section \[subsec:capture\_from\_MB\]). Middle: the situation from top left panel is reproduced, but a single $D\simeq100\,\mathrm{km}$ asteroid is added to Zhongguos and we study the possibility of its catastrophic breakup over $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ (see also Section \[subsec:disruption\_PB\_inside\]). Bottom: we demonstrate what parameters of the initial SFD of Zhongguos are needed in order to evolve it towards the observed one due to collisions (see Section \[subsec:cap\_from\_family\] for discussion). []{data-label="fig:col_models"}](figs/boulder_2_MB_comets_DYNDECAY_QDISRUPT_disruption_in_J21_sfd_4000.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![Results of collisional models created with the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boulder</span> code, plotted as temporal evolution of the SFDs. Description of individual curves is given in the legend of each plot. The evolving curves are displayed in the time of the simulation $t$, which is also shown. Top: synthetic Zhongguos are created by capture from the main-belt background population affected by collisions with transneptunian comets (see also Section \[subsec:capture\_from\_MB\]). Middle: the situation from top left panel is reproduced, but a single $D\simeq100\,\mathrm{km}$ asteroid is added to Zhongguos and we study the possibility of its catastrophic breakup over $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ (see also Section \[subsec:disruption\_PB\_inside\]). Bottom: we demonstrate what parameters of the initial SFD of Zhongguos are needed in order to evolve it towards the observed one due to collisions (see Section \[subsec:cap\_from\_family\] for discussion). []{data-label="fig:col_models"}](figs/boulder_3_MB_comets_DYNDECAY_QDISRUPT_capture_part_of_Eunomia_sfd_4000.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
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Capture from the main-belt population {#subsec:capture_from_MB}
-------------------------------------
Let us ask a question whether the J2/1 SFD can originate from the main-belt SFD. We assume that the capture of the resonant population is [*not*]{} size dependent and thus the captured SFD resembles that of the main belt at the time of planetary migration, scaled down by a numerical factor. Our arbitrary choice of this factor is such that the number of the largest captured bodies is approximately the same as we observe in the J2/1 population. This allows us to immediately compare the slope of captured and observed SFD of Zhongguos.
The main belt itself was likely more populous $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ ago (by a factor of three according to [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M]) but has remained in a near-stationary collisional regime ever since [@Bottke_etal_2005Icar..175..111B]. The only possible stage of evolution, which could have temporarily increased the slope of the main belt SFD, was the late heavy bombardment. We therefore investigate this early period of collisions between the main belt and transneptunian comets. We focus on diameters $D<25\,\mathrm{km}$ to see whether the steepness in this interval can be instantaneously increased – if so, a population captured from such SFD would adopt that slope.
We use the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boulder</span> code [@Morbidelli_etal_2009Icar..204..558M] to construct a suitable collisional model. We setup initial SFDs by a piecewise power law function which is characterized by three differential slope indices $q_{\mathrm{a}}$, $q_{\mathrm{b}}$ and $q_{\mathrm{c}}$ in the intervals of diameters $D>D_{1}$, $\left(D_{2},D_{1}\right)$ and $D<D_{2}$, respectively. The SFD is normalized by setting the number $N_{\mathrm{norm}}$ of bodies larger than $D_{1}$. The following values are used in case of the main-belt SFD: $D_{1}=100\,\mathrm{km}$, $D_{2}=14\,\mathrm{km}$, $q_{\mathrm{a}}=-5.0$, $q_{\mathrm{b}}=-2.3$, $q_{\mathrm{c}}=-3.5$, $N_{\mathrm{norm}}=1110$. A few $D\sim1000\,\mathrm{km}$ asteroids are added in order to properly reproduce the present state. Using the same assumptions as , the cometary disc is characterized as: $D_{1}=100\,\mathrm{km}$, $q_{\mathrm{a}}=-5.0$, $q_{\mathrm{b}}=q_{\mathrm{c}}=-3.0$, $N_{\mathrm{norm}}=5\times10^{7}$.
Because the evolution of the transneptunian disc is dominated by its fast dynamical dispersion, the intrinsic probability $P_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$ and mean impact velocity $V_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$ of collisions with comets are time-dependent quantities. The temporal evolution of $P_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$ and $V_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$, which was derived in , is shown in Fig. \[fig:pivi\_comets\]. also argued that it is necessary to modify this dependence in order to mimic the effects of spontaneous cometary breakups due to various physical processes. Regarding these effects, they derived quantities $\tilde{P}_{\mathrm{i}}(t)=P_{\mathrm{i}}(t)/3$ and $\tilde{V}_{\mathrm{i}}(t)=V_{\mathrm{i}}(t)/1.5$ as a feasible modification.
The specific energy $Q_{\mathrm{D}}^{\star}$ required to disperse $50$ per cent of the shattered target is described by the polynomial scaling law [@Benz_Asphaug_1999Icar..142....5B] $$\begin{aligned}
Q_{\mathrm{D}}^{\star}\left(r\right)=\frac{1}{q_{\mathrm{fact}}}\left(Q_{0}r^{a}+B\rho r^{b}\right) \, ,
\label{eq:scaling_law}\end{aligned}$$ where $r$ denotes the target’s radius in $\mathrm{cm}$. Material parameters $\rho$, $Q_{0}$, $a$, $B$, $b$ and $q_{\mathrm{fact}}$ for basaltic rock (used for asteroids) and water ice (used for comets) are listed in Table \[tab:scaling\_params\].
-------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------- --------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
$\rho$ $Q_{0}$ $a$ $B$ $b$ $q_{\mathrm{fact}}$
$\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ $\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{g}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{g}^{-1}$
3.0 $7\times10^{7}$ $-0.45$ $2.1$ $1.19$ $1.0$
1.0 $1.6\times10^{7}$ $-0.39$ $1.2$ $1.26$ $3.0$
-------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------- --------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
: Material parameters $\rho$, $Q_{0}$, $a$, $B$, $b$ and $q_{\mathrm{fact}}$ of the polynomial scaling law (see equation (\[eq:scaling\_law\])) adopted from [@Benz_Asphaug_1999Icar..142....5B]. The first line is used in case of main-belt or resonant asteroids and the second line is used for comets.[]{data-label="tab:scaling_params"}
We simulated the collisional evolution for a time period of $10\,\mathrm{Myr}$ in which $P_{\mathrm{i}}\left(t\right)$ reaches its maximum (see Fig. \[fig:pivi\_comets\] and top panel of Fig. \[fig:col\_models\]). The flux of cometary projectiles induced by ongoing planetary migration reaches its climax and strongly affects the main-belt SFD. We performed 100 numerical realisations of the model with different seeds of the built-in random-number generator to account for stochasticity of the evolution and possible low-probability breakups. At the end of the simulation, we assume the resonant capture takes place with the efficiency factor $10^{-4}$. The steep part of the captured SFD can be characterized by the slope $\gamma = -3.0$. Although the region of the $\mathrm{km}$-sized bodies is steeper with respect to the initial state of the main-belt SFD, it is not steep enough to reach the slope of the SFD of observed Zhongguos. We thus consider this scenario unlikely.
Catastrophic disruption of a captured parent body {#subsec:disruption_PB_inside}
-------------------------------------------------
From the result of the previous section, it is obvious that a different explanation of the steep initial SFD is needed. Here we test the possibility that a large parent body was captured inside the 2:1 resonance by chance, it was subsequently disrupted and its fragments formed a family.
We first use a stationary model to investigate the probability of such a catastrophic breakup event. As a prerequisite, we estimated a lower limit of the parent body size $D_{\mathrm{PB}}$. To achieve that, we searched the outcomes of hydrodynamic disruption models in [@Durda_etal_2007Icar..186..498D] and [@Benavidez_etal_2012Icar..219...57B] for SFDs which have approximately the same slope as the observed SFD of Zhongguos. We rescaled the sizes of synthetic asteroids in these datasets so that the diameter of the largest remnant would correspond approximately to the size of (3789) Zhongguo. We selected all reasonable fits and derived range of admissible values $D_{\mathrm{PB}}\in\left(50,120\right)\,\mathrm{km}$ with the median value $\tilde{D}_{\mathrm{PB}}=70\,\mathrm{km}$.
We then use the following relation expressing the number $N_{\mathrm{col}}$ of catastrophic disruptions of parent bodies with the diameter $D_{\mathrm{PB}}$ due to collisions with a population of projectiles: $$\begin{aligned}
N_{\mathrm{col}} = P_{\mathrm{i}}N_{\mathrm{PB}}N_{\mathrm{project}}\frac{D_{\mathrm{PB}}^{2}}{4}\Delta t \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $P_{\mathrm{i}}$ denotes the intrinsic probability, $N_{\mathrm{PB}}$ is the number of parent bodies, $N_{\mathrm{project}}$ is the number of projectiles capable of disrupting the parent body and $\Delta t$ is the considered timespan.
Since there are [*no*]{} large bodies observed in the current J2/1 population, we assume $N_{\mathrm{PB}}=1$. To provide the lower limit on the diameter of the projectiles $d_{\mathrm{disrupt}}$, we use the model of [@Bottke_etal_2005Icar..179...63B] in combination with the scaling law given by equation (\[eq:scaling\_law\]) [@Benz_Asphaug_1999Icar..142....5B]. We then take $N_{\mathrm{project}}$ for different values of $d_{\mathrm{disrupt}}$ as the number of main-belt asteroids with diameters $D\ge d_{\mathrm{disrupt}}$. Several resulting values of $N_{\mathrm{col}}$ over $\Delta t=4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ timespan are given in Table \[ncol\]. It turns out that the probability of a catastrophic disruption is $\le18$ per cent when considering a single target only.
Note that a more realistic case should take into consideration that there is no observable evidence of a collisional cluster, thus the hypothetical breakup event must have occurred more than $1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ ago [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B]. Of course, one should also account for the influence of cometary flux during LHB which can temporarily increase the rate of collisions but also tends to speed up the evolution of SFDs.
----------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------
$D_{\mathrm{PB}}$ $d_{\mathrm{disrupt}}$ $N_{\mathrm{project}}$ $N_{\mathrm{col}}$
$\lbrack\mathrm{km}\rbrack$ $\lbrack\mathrm{km}\rbrack$
50 6 25821 0.18
70 9 7837 0.10
100 15 2589 0.07
120 19 1777 0.07
----------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------
: The results of a stationary collisional model: the number $N_{\mathrm{col}}$ of catastrophic breakups of a parent body with the diameter $D_{\mathrm{PB}}$ over $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ timespan. We also list the minimal size $d_{\mathrm{disrupt}}$ and the number $N_{\mathrm{project}}$ of suitable projectiles.[]{data-label="ncol"}
We therefore test the possibility of a catastrophic breakup once again in the more sophisticated framework of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boulder</span> code and we also check the influence of comets. The setup for main-belt asteroids and comets is the same as in Section \[subsec:capture\_from\_MB\], as well as the SFD of synthetic Zhongguos, which is only modified by adding a single $D\simeq100\,\mathrm{km}$ asteroid. The intrinsic probability and the mean impact velocity for MB vs. Zhongguos collisions are taken as the average of values from Table \[tab:pivi\]. We simulated $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ of collisional evolution.
The middle panel of Fig. \[fig:col\_models\] shows a set of 100 realisations of our model. At the beginning of the simulations, the synthetic population of Zhongguos is strongly affected by the cometary flux, which mostly causes cratering of the large body in the resonance. Moreover, a family-forming event takes place in a few runs. Simultaneously, the comets speed up the collisional evolution in and below the region of mid sized asteroids. As a result, families inside the J2/1 are comminutioned too fast and the steepness of their SFDs drops below the observed one.
When studying the family-forming events after the LHB, we focused only on cases with the size of the largest fragment (or remnant) $D_{\mathrm{LF}}\ge10\,\mathrm{km}$ to obtain a body similar to (3789) Zhongguo. In three such cases, which occurred at the time of simulation $t=2.1$, $2.8$ and $3.1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$, a parent body with the diameter $D_{\mathrm{PB}}\simeq85\,\mathrm{km}$ was shattered into a family with the largest fragment having $D_{\mathrm{LF}}\simeq18\,\mathrm{km}$ and the largest remnant having $D_{\mathrm{LR}}\simeq60\,\mathrm{km}$. Corresponding evolved SFDs match[^8] the observed one, except for the presence of the parent-body remnant.
We can conclude that a family-forming event inside the 2:1 resonance is a very unlikely process because a complex set of constraints has to be satisfied: A major collision would have to occur despite its low probability, which is typically $10$ per cent, as given by the stationary model, or $3$ per cent, as derived from the more sophisticated model. The created SFD would have to be very steep, preferably without presence of a parent-body remnant. If the remnant was present, one would have to rely on its subsequent elimination due to dynamical depletion because there is no large asteroid observed in the J2/1. Finally, the breakup would have to take place after the LHB, but early enough to allow for dispersion of the collisional cluster.
Capture from a family {#subsec:cap_from_family}
---------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Dependence of the absolute magnitude $H$ on the proper semi-major axis $a_{\mathrm{p}}$ for a synthetic family (top panel). The family is used in a simple Monte-Carlo test, in which we study how the shape of the SFD changes if we select only a part of the family. An example, for the part of the family bordered by the vertical lines, is given in the bottom panel. We compare cumulative size-frequency distributions of the entire synthetic family (dashed curve) and of its part (solid curve). The steep segments are approximated with a power law function and obtained slope indices are shown for reference. []{data-label="fig:cap_from_family"}](figs/Eunomia_synthetic_test_aH.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
![Dependence of the absolute magnitude $H$ on the proper semi-major axis $a_{\mathrm{p}}$ for a synthetic family (top panel). The family is used in a simple Monte-Carlo test, in which we study how the shape of the SFD changes if we select only a part of the family. An example, for the part of the family bordered by the vertical lines, is given in the bottom panel. We compare cumulative size-frequency distributions of the entire synthetic family (dashed curve) and of its part (solid curve). The steep segments are approximated with a power law function and obtained slope indices are shown for reference. []{data-label="fig:cap_from_family"}](figs/Eunomia_synthetic_test_size_distribution.eps "fig:"){width="84mm"}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Previous collisional models imply that it is difficult to explain the steep SFD of Zhongguos by standard processes (such as direct capture from the background main-belt population or family-forming event) that could have occurred during resonant capture or later on. We thus employ a sort of ‘reversed’ method in this section. We first try to discover what parameters of the initial SFD are needed in order to obtain the observed one after $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ of collisional evolution. Then we discuss possible process which could have led to formation of such an SFD.
Using trial and error, we established the following initial SFD as an appropriate one: $D_{1}=10\,\mathrm{km}$, $D_{2}=5\,\mathrm{km}$, $q_{\mathrm{a}}=-6.6$, $q_{\mathrm{b}}=-6.6$, $q_{\mathrm{c}}=-3.5$, $N_{\mathrm{norm}}=12$. The change of slope at $D_{2}$ is necessary to reasonably satisfy the mass conservation law. The main-belt and cometary SFDs are the same as in the previous models.
The result of 100 runs of the collisional code is displayed in bottom panel of Fig. \[fig:col\_models\]. The evolved SFD of the resonant population corresponds to the observed one very well. The steep parts have the same slope, the only difference can be seen in the region of small bodies where the synthetic SFD is abundant. But one has to realize that the observed SFD is probably biased in this region.
The mechanism responsible for creation of the high initial slope may be the following (and it is related to the effect described in [-@Carruba_etal_2014ApJ...792...46C]). Let us assume resonant capture from a hypothetical outer main-belt family instead of capture from the background main-belt population. The stable islands are able to capture only a fraction of this family because jump of the resonance is thought to be fast (it does not sweep through the resonance), the capture efficiency is limited (see Section \[sec:capture\]), and also the width of the islands in semimajor axis is relatively small (see e.g. Fig. \[fig:map.present\]). If the captured part of the family is located farther away from the original position of the parent body, its SFD will be very steep because smaller fragments have higher ejection velocities and therefore land at orbits that are more distant from the parent body.
We employed a simple Monte-Carlo test to investigate the described possibility. We generated a uniform distribution of $10,000$ test particles satisfying the bounds $2.52\le a \le 2.70 \,\mathrm{AU}$ and $\log\left({\left|a-a_{\mathrm{c}}\right|/2\times10^{-4}}\right)/0.2\le H \le 16$ in the $(a,H)$ plane where $a_{\mathrm{c}}\simeq2.64\,\mathrm{AU}$ is value of the central semimajor axis and $H$ is the absolute magnitude. Finally, we assigned diameters $D$ to the test particles on the basis of the $H$ distribution, assuming single value of the geometric albedo $p_{\mathrm{V}}=0.05$ throughout our sample. This way we created a synthetic family (similar e.g. to Eunomia family). Then we randomly moved a $\Delta a=0.02\,\mathrm{AU}$ window in the semimajor axis over the collisional cluster and we monitored the SFDs in the successively selected regions.
An example is given in Fig. \[fig:cap\_from\_family\]. Obviously, extremely high slope can be reached by this process. The resulting slope is well above the estimated lower limit which is needed for the initial SFD of Zhongguos. Note that this mechanism does not require the family [*itself*]{} to have steep SFD. The steepness is achieved afterwards by selective resonant capture from an appropriate region.
Finally, we remark that an interesting link can be found between the hypothesis of capture from a family and our dynamical simulations. In Section \[sec:capture\], we argued that a source population for resonant capture should contain greater number of asteroids with low inclination in order to explain the observed high concentration of low-$I$ B-island bodies. Thus we can conclude that if the hypothetical outer main-belt family was indeed captured, it probably must have been located on low inclinations.
Conclusions {#sec:conclusions}
===========
Let us briefly review the content of this paper. We updated the population of asteroids residing in the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter using recent observational data. The new list of resonant objects now contains 370 bodies, which can be divided on the basis of their mean dynamical lifetime to 140 short-lived and 230 long-lived asteroids. Our revision of physical properties of the resonant population is generally in agreement with the conclusions of previous studies; new result is our estimate of the mean albedo $\bar{p}_{\mathrm{V}}=(0.08\pm0.03)$, based on the data from the WISE database.
The long-term dynamics of the two quasi-stable islands A and B was studied, using the results of Skoulidou et al. (in preparation) who took into account also the perturbations induced by the terrestrial planets and the semimajor axis drift caused by the Yarkovsky effect. The population in the islands decays exponentially, but the escape rate is significantly faster in island A, the e-folding times being $0.57\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ for island A and $0.94\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ for island B. Hence, the dynamical evolution on $\mathrm{Gyr}$-long time-scales results into differential depletion of the islands, which is certainly one of the reasons for the observed asymmetric A/B population ratio.
The primary goal of this paper was to explain the formation of the long-lived population, satisfying the observational constraints. We tested two hypotheses:
1. capture from the outer main belt,
2. survival of primordial long-lived resonant asteroids,
both in the framework of the five giant planets migration scenario [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N] with a jumping-Jupiter instability.
Our simulations of the instability imply that both processes could have been at work. The capture itself, together with subsequent differential depletion due to long-term dynamical evolution, can explain the observed population in both islands, if we assume that the number of asteroids in the main belt $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ ago was [*three times larger*]{} than the current one, as suggested by [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M]. Namely, the numbers of asteroids with $D\ge5\,\mathrm{km}$, which should survive to this day, are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=1$–$3$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=62$–$121$, as predicted by our model. For comparison, the observed numbers are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=2$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{obs}}=71$.
We also modeled the late residual planetary migration to check on the effect of possible resonance between the libration period in the 2:1 commensurability and the raising period of Jupiter–Saturn great inequality. The impact of this effect on the long-lived population depends on the time-scale of the late migration. If the time-scale was $\simeq30\,\mathrm{Myr}$ (which corresponds with the scenarios in [@Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012AJ....144..117N]), the destabilization of the islands would be weak enough for the captured population to survive in a state similar to the observations. More specifically, if we account for the effect of great inequality in our model, the resulting values are $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=0$–$1$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=40$–$78$. If the time-scale was $\simeq60\,\mathrm{Myr}$, the chaos in the stable islands would be intensified for longer period of time and the depletion of the captured population would be more significant, leading to $N_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{model}}=0$–$1$ and $N_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{model}}=22$–$42$.
In case of primordial resonant objects, we discovered that approximately $1$ per cent of A-island and $4$ per cent of B-island asteroids survive Jupiter’s jump on long-lived orbits. However, we argued that the primordial asteroids probably do not contribute to the observed population at all. The reason is that the primordial population would have to exhibit particle density larger than the one proposed by [@Minton_Malhotra_2010Icar..207..744M] by a factor of ten, in order to survive $4\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ of post-migration dynamical evolution. Such particle density would create a gradient with respect to the neighbouring main belt which we assume dubious.
Finally, by creating several collisional models, we demonstrated that the observed steep SFD of the long-lived asteroids cannot be explained by capture from the background main-belt SFD, affected by the late heavy bombardment. We also proved that a family-forming catastrophic disruption inside the J2/1 is very unlikely.
Our main conclusion is that the long-lived J2/1 population was probably formed by capture from a hypothetical outer main-belt family during Jupiter’s jump. If this is the case, then the long-lived asteroids in the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter represent the oldest identifiable remnants of a main-belt asteroidal family.
There are several improvements that are needed to conclude the debate on the long-lived population in the 2:1 resonance and its origin. For example, it is appropriate to assess the possibility of the Themis family formation event as a contributor to the resonant population. Although we did not study this hypothesis in detail, we summarized several results of our preliminary tests in Appendix \[sec:themis\]. Our simulations suggest that this possibility is not viable and this in turn supports the hypothesis of resonant capture.
Other improvements of our work might include a development of a self-consistent model of both dynamical and collisional evolution of long-lived asteroids. Finally, we suggest to study the hypothetical primordial population in the epoch [*before*]{} the jumping-Jupiter instability in order to properly estimate primordial particle density inside the stable islands.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
The work of OC and MB has been supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant no. 13-01308S) and by Charles University in Prague (project GA UK no. 1062214; project SVV-260089). The work of DN was supported by NASA’s Solar System Workings program. We thank an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments, which improved the final version of the paper.
Contribution of the Themis family ejecta to the long-lived population {#sec:themis}
=====================================================================
We shall briefly discuss a possible role of neighbouring Themis family in creation of the long-lived resonant population. Although [@Broz_etal_2005MNRAS.359.1437B] demonstrated that the fragments from Themis family cannot be transported to the stable islands by the Yarkovsky semimajor axis drift, a possibility of direct injection during the Themis family formation event is still an open question. During the formation, fragments ejected at high velocities ($v_{\rm ej} \simeq 400\,\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, or more) may fall directly in the J2/1 resonance and thus contribute somehow to the stable population. There are several caveats, however.
(i) One has to assume that a substantial part of fragments ($\simeq 10$ per cent) have very large ejection velocities with respect to (24) Themis, or the respective parent body with $D_{\rm PB} \simeq 400\,{\rm km}$. We tried to use an ‘extreme’ size-independent velocity field prescribed by [-@Farinella_etal_1993Icar..101..174F] relation, with parameters $v_{\rm esc} = 170\,\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and $\alpha = 3.25$. Then up to $N(D > 5\,{\rm km}) = 10$–$30$ fragments land within island B, according to our tests. This number should be further decreased by a subsequent long-term orbital evolution, as Themis family is $(2.5\pm 1.0)\,{\rm Gyr}$ old . Let us also note that the collisional evolution of resonant bodies was accounted for automatically, as we did this simulation with the currently observed size-frequency distribution of Themis family.
(ii) At the same time, it is required that the breakup takes place when the true anomaly $f_{\rm imp} \simeq 0^\circ$ for this ejection scenario to work; otherwise, the number of objects landing in the islands decreases as well. But this particular impact geometry does [*not*]{} seem to be compatible with the observed shape of Themis family, namely with a large eccentricity dispersion of the family below the J11/5 resonance, at $a_{\rm p} = 3.03\,{\rm AU}$ (see Fig. \[fig:themis\]).
(iii) Starting with a more reasonable size-dependent velocity field – as used in [@Broz_Morbidelli_2013Icar..223..844B] for Eos family, which has a similar parent body size – makes the contribution to the long-lived population as low as $N(D > 5\,{\rm km}) = 2$.
(iv) There is no way to explain the existence of asteroids in island A by the ejection, both the eccentricities and inclinations of the observed A-island objects are too large. Therefore, the ejection from Themis is not a viable hypothesis in case of island A.
![A simulation of a synthetic Themis-like family formation event. The figure represents the state $100\,\mathrm{Myr}$ after the breakup. The orbital distribution of observed Themis family is displayed in the proper elements (black squares), while the orbital distribution of the synthetic family is displayed in the resonant elements (blue circles). This causes the mutual shift in eccentricity. Note the differences in extent of both families and the eccentricity dispersion beyond the 11:5 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. []{data-label="fig:themis"}](figs/themis-1_f0_ae_0100.eps){width="84mm"}
\[lastpage\]
[^1]: E-mail: chrenko@sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz
[^2]: These particular bodies have the following designations: 2003 EO31, 2003 HH4, 2006 SE403 and 2006 UF152. The reason for the databases mismatch might be in different methods used for orbit identification.
[^3]: Let us note that the standard deviations of the mean resonant elements will be slightly overestimated. The reason for this arises from our approach to the generation of initial conditions because the initial elements of the close clones are generated *randomly* thus resulting in uncorrelated sets of quantities even though they should be correlated, as described by the correlation matrices available in orbital elements databases.
[^4]: The resonant elements of the non-resonant asteroids do not have any special physical meaning, but they correspond to the extremal secular variations of osculating elements as given by equation (\[cond\]).
[^5]: These values were derived in Section \[sec:islands\_decay\] but we use a slightly higher standard deviation (0.05 instead of 0.02). The reason is that the e-folding times were obtained from a model with seven planets and the Yarkovsky drift included, with long-lived asteroids of [*all*]{} sizes. In this section, however, we focus on asteroids larger than $5\,\mathrm{km}$ and consequently, the e-folding times are rather upper limits for us. We thus artificially increase the original deviation to account for this difference.
[^6]: The results of simulations with primordial asteroids are not considered here, as these asteroids probably do not significantly contribute to the observed population.
[^7]: Although the values derived here do not overlap the observations in case of island A, the difference is only one asteroid. We think that this discrepancy is not significant as we are comparing small numbers and the evolution is definitely stochastic.
[^8]: In fact, the SFDs resulting from our simulations lie slightly below the observed case but this discrepancy can be easily removed assuming a bit larger parent body.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
Q:
Web service expects parameter to be long int but no long int support in PHP
I have to call a web service, which expects it's parameter to be of type long integer. I do not have access to the server logs, so I don't know why am I getting an error response from server. I am trying to send a parameter as string or float, but would a server automatically cast it in such a scenario? If not, how is it possible to call a web service needing long integer parameters with PHP?
I was told by the administrator, that my calls contain a different session identifier (the parameter we re talking about) and that it is probably due to overflow of the integer type.
Thanks!
A:
As it's a webservice, it receives the long integer as string anyway. Just send the number and it should just work.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
---
abstract: 'The analytic forms of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime is investigated by using the monodromy technique proposed by Motl and Neitzke. It is found that the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies depend not only on the structure parameters of the background spacetime, but also on the coupling between the scalar fields and gravitational field. Moreover, our results show that only in the minimal couple case, i.e., $\xi$ tends zero, the real parts of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies agrees with the Hod’s conjecture, $T_H\ln{3}$.'
author:
- Songbai Chen
- Jiliang Jing
title: '[**Asymptotic quasinormal modes of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime**]{}'
---
Introduction
============
It is well known that quasinormal modes possess a discrete spectra of complex characteristic frequencies which are entirely fixed by the structure of the background spacetime and are irrelevant of the initial perturbations[@Chandrasekhar]. Thus, one can directly identify a black hole existence through comparing the quasinormal modes with the gravitational waves observed in the universe. Meanwhile, it is generally believed that the study of the quasinormal modes may lead to a deeper understanding of black holes and quantum gravity because that the quasinormal frequency spectra is related to the AdS/CFT correspondence, string theory and loop quantum gravity[@Hod98]-[@Zerilli70]. Therefore, much attention has been devoted to the study of the quasinormal modes in the recent thirty years[@Detweiler]-[@Bachelot]. In the Schwarzschild spacetime, one found that the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies of high overtones are described by $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{ 2\pi\omega}{\kappa}=\ln{3}+i(2n+1)\pi,\ \ \ n\rightarrow \infty, \label{w1}
\end{aligned}$$ where $\kappa $ is the surface gravity constant of the black hole. Formula (\[w1\]) was derived numerically[@Nollert] and subsequently confirmed analytically[@Andersson][@Motl03].
Hod[@Hod98] first conjectured that the real parts of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies of a Schwarzschild black hole can be expressed as $\omega_R=T_H\ln{3}$. Together with Bohr’s correspondence principle, the first law of black hole thermodynamics and the asymptotic quasinormal modes, he also obtained some new information about the quantization of area at a black hole event horizon. Using of Hod’s conjecture, Dreyer[@Dreyer03] found that the quasinormal modes can entirely fixed the Barbero-Immirzi parameter[@Immirzi57], which was introduced as an indefinite factor by Immirzi to obtain the right form of the black hole entropy in the loop quantum gravity. Most significantly, the presence of $\ln{3}$ also means that the gauge group in the loop quantum gravity should be $SO(3)$ rather than $SU(2)$. Thus, one suggested that Hod’s conjecture maybe create a new way to probe the quantum properties of black hole.
However, the question whether Hod’s conjecture applies to more general black holes still remain open. Recently, we probed the asymptotic quasinormal modes of a massless scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime[@04] and find that the frequency spectra formula satisfies Hod’s conjecture. Cardoso and Abdalla [@Cardoso][@Abdalla] found the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies in the Schwarzschild de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter spacetimes depend on the cosmological constant. Only under the condition that the cosmological constant vanishes, the real parts of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies returns to $T_H\ln{3}$. For the Reissner-Nordström black hole, L. Motl and A.Neitzke[@Motl03] obtained the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies is relevant of the electric charge $Q$. It is unfortunately that the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies do not return returns $T_H\ln{3}$ as the black hole charge $Q$ tends to zero. Thus, some authors[@Berti] suggested that Hod’s conjecture should be modified in some way. However, how does the correct modification look like? It is an interesting subject need to be study more deeply in the future. At present, it is necessary and important to study the asymptotic quasinormal modes in the more general background spacetimes.
In this paper, our main purpose is to investigate the asymptotic quasinormal modes of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime. We find that besides dependence on the structure parameters of the background spacetime, the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies also are relevant of the couple constant $\xi$. The plan of the paper is as follows. In Sec.II, we derive analytically the asymptotic quasinormal frequency formula of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime by making use of the monodromy method[@Motl03]. At the last, a summary and some discussions are presented.
Asymptotic quasinormal frequencies formula of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime
===========================================================================================================================
In standard coordinates, the metric for the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton black hole spacetime can be expressed as [@Garfinkle91] $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2=-\left(1-\frac{2M}{r'}\right)dt^2+\left(1-\frac{2M}{r'}\right)^{-1}
dr^2+r'(r'-2a)d\Omega^2,\label{gem1}
\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
e^{-2\phi}&=&e^{-2\phi_0}\left(1-\frac{2a}{r'}\right),\nonumber
\end{aligned}$$ where $M$ represents the black hole mass and $a$ is a parameter related to dilaton field. The dilaton field is given by $e^{-2\phi}=e^{-2\phi_0}(1-\frac{Q^2}{Mr'})$, where $\phi_0$ is the dilaton value at $r'\rightarrow \infty$ and $Q$ is the electric charge carried by this black hole. The relationship among mass $M$, the charge $Q$ and $a$ is described as $a=\frac{Q^2}{2M}$. This black hole has an event horizon at $r'=2M$ and two singular points at $r'=0$ and $r'=2a$. The Hawking temperature $T_H=\frac{1}{8\pi M}$ is the same as that of the Schwarzschild spacetime.
In order to simplify the calculation, we introduce a coordinate change $$\begin{aligned}
r=\sqrt{r'(r'-2a)}.
\end{aligned}$$ Then the metric (\[gem1\]) can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2=-\left(1-\frac{2M}{a+\sqrt{a^2+r^2}}\right)dt^2+
\left(1-\frac{2M}{a+\sqrt{a^2+r^2}}\right)^{-1}\frac{r^2}
{r^2+a^2}dr^2+r^2d\Omega^2.\label{gem2}
\end{aligned}$$ The event horizon of the black hole is now located at $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$ and the Hawking temperature is still described by $T_H=\frac{1}{8\pi M}$. By means of the quantity $R_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}R^{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}$, we find that the point $r=0$ is a curvature singular point.
The general perturbation equation for a coupled massless scalar field in the dilaton spacetime is given by [@Frolov] $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}\partial_\mu(\sqrt{-g}g^{\mu\nu}
\partial_\nu)\psi-\xi R\psi=0,\label{eq1}
\end{aligned}$$ where $\psi$ is the scalar field and $R$ is the Ricci scalar curvature. The coupling between the scalar field and the gravitational field represented by the term $\xi R\psi$, where $\xi$ is a numerical couple factor.
After adopting WKB approximation $\psi=\frac{e^{-i\omega
t}\phi(r)}{r}Y(\theta,\varphi)$, introducing a tortoise coordinate $$\begin{aligned}
x=\sqrt{a^2+r^2}-a+2M \ln{\left[\frac{\sqrt{a^2+r^2}-(2M-a)}
{2(M-a)}\right]},\label{x2}
\end{aligned}$$ and substituting Eqs.(\[gem2\]) and (\[x2\]) into Eq.(\[eq1\]), we know that the radial perturbation equation for a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{d^2\phi}{dx^2}+(\omega^2-V[r(x)])\phi=0,\label{e3}
\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
V[r(x)]&=&\left(1-\frac{2M}{a+\sqrt{a^2+r^2}}\right)\times\nonumber\\ &&\left[\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}+
\frac{2M(a^2+r^2)^{3/2}-2\sqrt{a^2+r^2}a^3+2Ma^3-2a^4-r^2a^2}
{r^4(a+\sqrt{r^2+a^2})^2}+\xi R\right]\label{v},
\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
R=\frac{2a^2(r^2+2aM-2M\sqrt{a^2+r^2})}{r^6}.
\end{aligned}$$ It is well known that the quasinormal modes consist of the solutions of the perturbation equation (\[e3\]) with the boundary conditions appropriate for purely ingoing waves at the event horizon and purely outgoing waves at infinity, namely, $$\begin{aligned}
\phi &=& e^{+i\omega x},\ \ \ \ \ \ x\rightarrow -\infty, \nonumber\\
\phi &=& e^{-i\omega x},\ \ \ \ \ \ x\rightarrow +\infty.
\end{aligned}$$ In general, we just consider the perturbation equation (\[e3\]) in the physical region $r\geq 2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$ in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton black hole. However, in the monodromy method, it is fundamental to extend analytically Eq.(\[e3\]) to the whole complex $r$-plane. In the process of analytical extension, we find that both the tortoise coordinate $x(r)$ and the wave function $\phi(r)$ are multivalued around the singular points $r=0$ and $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$ . This multivaluedness plays an important and essential role in our analysis. As in Ref.[@Motl03], we can put branch cuts in the complex $r$-plane from $r=0$ to $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$ in order to avoid dealing with multivalued functions. The monodromy of $\phi(r)$ can be defined by the discontinuity across the cut. Finally, by comparing the local and global monodromy of $\phi(r)$ along the selected contour $L$ around the point $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$, we can obtain the asymptotic quasinormal frequency spectra in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton black hole spacetime.
From Eq.(\[x2\]), we find that $x$ is not uniquely defined as a function of $r$. However, it is very fortunate that we can determine the sign of $Re(x)$ in the complex $r$-plane. The regions for the different sign of $Re(x)$ are shown in the Figure 1.
{width="6cm"}
\[fig1\]
As in Ref.[@Motl03], in order to compute conveniently, we may introduce the variable $z=x-\frac{\pi i}{2\kappa}$. For $r=0$, we have $z=0$. To fix the angle of the variable $z$ at the point $r=0$, we define the branch $n=0$ for $\ln{(-1)}$.
Now, we must define the boundary condition at $r=\infty$. Similarly to Ref.[@Motl03], we can analytically continue $\phi(r)$ via “Wick rotation" to the line $Im(\omega x)=0$. For the highly damped modes, i.e., $\omega$ are almost purely imaginary, the line $Im(\omega x)=0$ is just slightly sloped off the line $Re(x)=0$. Assuming initially that $Re(\omega)>0$ and then making use of the condition $Im(\omega x)=0$, we can obtain $x=+\infty$ is rotated to $\omega x=+\infty$. Thus, on the line $Re(x)=0$, the boundary condition at $r=+\infty$ actually becomes $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(r)\sim e^{-i\omega x},\ \ \ \ \omega x\rightarrow +\infty. \label{b1}
\end{aligned}$$
Let us now compute the local monodromy around the singular point $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$. This can be done by matching the asymptotic along the line $Re(x)=0$, i.e., the contour $L$ shown in the Fig. 1. When we start at point $A$ and move along the contour $L$ towards interior, the $\phi(x)$ can be look as the plane waves because the term $\omega^2$ dominates the potential in Eq.(\[e3\]) away from the origin point. At the vicinity of the point $r=0$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
z\sim -\frac{r^2}{2(M-a)},
\end{aligned}$$ and the behaviors of the Ricci scalar curvature and the potential are $$\begin{aligned}
R\sim \frac{2a(a-M)}{r^4},
\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
V[r(z)]\sim-\frac{1-2\xi}{4z^2}.\label{v4}
\end{aligned}$$ We make the identification $j=\sqrt{2 \xi}$, and then the perturbation equation (\[e3\]) can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
(\frac{d^2}{dz^2}+\omega^2+\frac{1-j^2}{4z^2})\phi(z)=0.
\end{aligned}$$ From the Ref.[@handbook], we find it can be exactly solved in terms of the Bessel function and the general solution near the origin point can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(z)=A_+c_+\sqrt{\omega z}J_{+j/2}(\omega z)+
A_-c_-\sqrt{\omega z}J_{-j/2}(\omega z).\label{J1}
\end{aligned}$$ Now, let us look for the asymptotic forms of the solution (\[J1\]) away from the origin. After considering the asymptotic behavior of $J_{\pm j/2}(\omega z)$ as $\omega z\rightarrow \infty$, we can select the normalization factors $c_{\pm}$ in (\[J1\]) so that we can write the asymptotic forms as $$\begin{aligned}
c_{\pm}\sqrt{\omega z}J_{\pm \frac{j}{2}}(\omega z)\sim 2\cos{(\omega z-\alpha_{\pm})},
\label{J2}
\end{aligned}$$ as $\omega z\rightarrow \infty$ , where $\alpha_{\pm}=\frac{\pi}{4}(1\pm j)$. From Eqs.(\[J1\]), (\[J2\]) and the boundary condition (\[b1\]), we have $$\begin{aligned}
A_+e^{-i\alpha_+}+A_-e^{-i\alpha_-}=0,
\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(z)\sim (A_+e^{i\alpha_+}+A_-e^{i\alpha_-})e^{-i\omega z}.
\end{aligned}$$ To follow the contour $L$ and approach to the point $B$, we have to turn an angle $\frac{3\pi}{2}$ around the origin $r=0$, corresponding to $3\pi$ around $z=0$. From the Bessel function behavior near the origin point $$\begin{aligned}
J_{\pm \frac{j}{2}}(\omega z)=z^{\pm \frac{j}{2}}\varphi(z),
\end{aligned}$$ where $\varphi(z)$ is an even holomorphic function, we find that after the $3\pi$ rotation the asymptotic are $$\begin{aligned}
c_{\pm}\sqrt{\omega z}J_{\pm \frac{j}{2}}(\omega z)\sim e^{6i\alpha_{\pm}}
2\cos{(-\omega z-\alpha_{\pm})},
\label{J3}
\end{aligned}$$ as $\omega z\rightarrow -\infty$. Thus the asymptotic at the point $B$ $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(z)\sim (A_+e^{5i\alpha_+}+A_-e^{5i\alpha_-})e^{-i\omega z}+
(A_+e^{7i\alpha_+} +A_-e^{7i\alpha_{-}})e^{i\omega z},\ \ \ \ \omega z\rightarrow -\infty.
\label{J4}
\end{aligned}$$ Finally, we can come back from the point $B$ to the point $A$ along the large semicircle in the right half-plane. In this region, because the term $\omega^2 $ dominates the potential $V[r(x)]$, we can approximate the solutions of the perturbation equation as plane waves. When we return to the point $A$, the coefficient of $e^{-i\omega z}$ remains unchange. While the coefficient of $e^{i\omega z}$ makes only an exponentially small contribution to $\phi(z)$ in the right plane. Finally, we find that the monodromy around the contour $L$ must multiply the coefficient of $e^{-i\omega z}$ by a factor $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{A_+e^{5i\alpha_+}+A_-e^{5i\alpha_-}}{A_+e^{i\alpha_+} +A_-e^{i\alpha_{-}}}
=\frac{e^{6i\alpha_+}-e^{6i\alpha_-}}{e^{2i\alpha_+} -e^{2i\alpha_{-}}}=-(1+2\cos{\pi
j}).
\label{11}
\end{aligned}$$
Now, let us calculate the global monodromy around the contour $L$. Since the only singularity of $\phi(r)$ or $e^{-i\omega z}$ inside the contour occurs at the point $r=2\sqrt{M(M-a)}$, according to the boundary condition of the quasinormal modes, we can obtain the monodromy of $\phi(r)$ or $e^{-i\omega z}$ at this point. After a full clockwise round trip, $\phi(r)$ acquires a phase $e^{\frac{\pi\omega}{\kappa}}$, while $e^{-i\omega z}$ acquires a phase $e^{-\frac{\pi\omega}{\kappa}}$. So the coefficient of $e^{-i\omega z}$ in the asymptotic of $\phi(r)$ must be multiplied by $e^{\frac{2\pi\omega}{\kappa}}$. Substituting $j=\sqrt{2\xi}$ into Eq.(\[11\]) and comparing the local monodromy with the global one, we find the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies of a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton black hole spacetime satisfy $$\begin{aligned}
e^{\frac{2\pi\omega}{\kappa}}=-[1+2\cos{(\sqrt{2\xi} \pi)}]\label{22}.
\end{aligned}$$ Making a simple operation on Eq.(\[22\]), we obtain easily the formula $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{2\pi\omega}{\kappa}=\ln{[1+2\cos{(\sqrt{2\xi} \pi)}]}+i(2n+1)\pi,\ \ \ \
n \rightarrow \infty.\label{12}
\end{aligned}$$ It is interesting to note that the right-hand side of the formula (\[12\]) contains the couple factor $\xi$. This means that the asymptotic quasinormal modes depend not only on the structure parameters of the background spacetimes, but also on the coupling between the matter fields and gravitational field. Furthermore, we find only when $\xi=0$, namely, in the minimal couple case, the real part of the right-hand side of the formula (\[12\]) becomes $\ln{3}$, which is consistent with Hod’s conjecture.
Summary and discussion
======================
We have investigated the analytical forms of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies for a coupled scalar field in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime by adopting the monodromy technique. It is shown that the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies depend not only on the structure parameters of the background spacetime, but also on a couple constant $\xi$. The fact tells us that the interaction between the matter fields and gravitational field will affect the frequencies spectra formula of the asymptotic quasinormal modes. It is a novel property of the quasinormal modes in Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime. In the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström spacetimes, we find the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies do not possess this behavior because the curvature scalar $R$ in both the spacetimes is equal to zero and then the coupled term in Eq.(\[eq1\]) vanishes. Moreover, we find that Hod’s conjecture, the real parts of the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies equals to $T _H \ln{3}$, is valid only for the minimal couple case in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime, i.e., $\xi$ becomes zero. It implies that there maybe exist a more general form of the Hod’s conjecture.
It should be pointed out that although the formula (\[12\]) is not related to the dilaton field parameter $a$ obviously, it does not means that the quasinormal modes are independent of the dilaton. The reason is that we just consider the contribution of the leading term $r^{-4}$ in the potential $V$ to the local monodromy of the wave function $\phi(z)$. If we consider the contribution of the lower order terms in the potential $V(r)$, the corrected term to the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies will depend on the parameter $a$ of the dilaton field. For example, as $a$ is very small, the main corrected term is roughly in proportion to $\frac{(1-i)}{\sqrt{n+1/2}}[
l(l+1)+1-\frac{2M}{3(M+a)}]$, which shows that the quasinormal frequencies increase as $a$ increases in the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton spacetime.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10275024; the FANEDD under Grant No. 200317; and the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 04JJ3019.
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| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
An arrest has been made in the mysterious slaying of a Port Credit woman found dead on her own driveway a week after she disappeared.
Gil Dasilva, 64, of Mississauga, has been charged with second-degree murder in the death of Cheryl McVarish, 43. Blunt force trauma was a contributing factor in her death, Peel Regional Police homicide detectives have now revealed.
Dasilva is the father of McVarish’s live-in boyfriend. The accused was arrested Tuesday, May 2 at his home.
Police said they have received information that Dasilva had been convicted of "an incident" outside of Canada, but they are working to confirm that information. A friend of the family said he was released from jail just six months earlier, after serving time for an offence, possibly in Portugal.
McVarish, a mother and grandmother, had been reported missing after she left her Westmount Avenue home to go to the store around 11 a.m. Monday, March 13. She was last seen in the area of Lakeshore Road East and Cawthra Road, just a 10-minute walk from home, around 11:30 a.m. that same day.
Her body was found exactly one week later, just after 9 a.m. on Monday, March 20. A dog walker spotted her in her driveway, which is located on First Street, around the corner from the front of her home.
Police have revealed that blunt force trauma was a contributing factor in the cause of death, but the coroner’s office is still reviewing the case.
"The mechanism of death is currently under review by the coroner’s office," said a news release.
Police are not saying when they think McVarish was killed. Though Dasilva was arrested at his home, police haven't said if he lived with McVarish and her boyfriend or if he lived elsewhere in Mississauga. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Köçek
The köçek (plural köçekler in Turkish) was typically a very handsome young male rakkas, or dancer, who usually cross-dressed in feminine attire, and was employed as an entertainer.
Roots
The Turkish word is derived from the Persian word kuchak, meaning "little", "small", or "young", which itself is the Persian pronunciation of the Turkish word küçük, "little". In the Crimean Tatar language, the word köçek means "baby camel".
The culture of the köçek, which flourished from the 17th to the 19th century, had its origin in the customs in Ottoman palaces, and in particular in the harems. Its genres enriched both the music and the dance of the Ottomans.
The support of the Sultans was a key factor in its development, as the early stages of the art form was confined to palace circles. From there the practice dispersed throughout the Empire by means of independent troupes.
Culture
A köçek would begin training around the age of seven or eight and would be considered accomplished after about six years of study and practice. A dancer's career would last as long as he was beardless and retained his youthful appearance.
They were recruited from among the ranks of the non-Muslim subject nations of the empire, such as Jews, Romani, Greeks and Albanians. The dances, collectively known as köçek oyunu, blended Arab, Greek, Assyrian and Kurdish elements (Karsilamas dance and Kaşık Havası dance). They were performed to a particular genre of music known as köçekçe, which was performed in the form of suites in a given melody. It too was a mix of Sufi, Balkan and classical Anatolian influences, some of which survives in popular Turkish music today. The accompaniment included various percussion instruments, such as the davul-köçek, the davul being a large drum, one side covered with goat skin and the other in sheep skin, producing different tones. A köçeks skill would be judged not only on his dancing abilities but also on his proficiency with percussion instruments, especially a type of castagnette known as the çarpare. The dancers were accompanied by an orchestra, featuring four to five each kaba kemençe and laouto as principal instruments, used exclusively for köçek suites. There were also two singers. A köçek dance in the Ottoman seraglio (palace harem) involved one or two dozen köçeks and many musicians. The occasions of their performances were wedding or circumcision celebrations, feasts and festivals, as well as the pleasure of the sultans and the aristocracy.
The youths, often wearing heavy makeup, would curl their hair and wear it in long tresses under a small black or red velvet hat decorated with coins, jewels and gold. Their usual garb consisted of a tiny red embroidered velvet jacket with a gold-embroidered silk shirt, shalvar (baggy trousers), a long skirt and a gilt belt, knotted at the back. They were said to be "sensuous, attractive, effeminate", and their dancing "sexually provocative". Dancers minced and gyrated their hips in slow vertical and horizontal figure eights, rhythmically snapping their fingers and making suggestive gestures. Often acrobatics, tumbling and mock wrestling were part of the act. The köçeks were available sexually, often to the highest bidder, in the passive role.
Famous poets, such as Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni, wrote poems, and classical composers, such as the court musician Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi (1778–1846), composed köçekçes for celebrated köçeks. Many Istanbul meyhanes (nighttime taverns serving meze, rakı or wine) hired köçeks. Before starting their performance, the köçek danced among the spectators, to make them more excited. In the audience, competition for their attention often caused commotions and altercations. Men would go wild, breaking their glasses, shouting themselves voiceless, or fighting and sometimes killing each other vying for the boys' sexual favors. This resulted in suppression of the practice under Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I.
As of 1805, there were approximately 600 köçek dancers working in the taverns of the Turkish capital. They were outlawed in 1837 due to fighting among audience members over the dancers. With the suppression of harem culture under Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz (1861–1876) and Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1908), köçek dance and music lost the support of its imperial patrons and gradually disappeared.
Köçeks were much more sought after than the çengi ("belly dancers"), their female counterparts. Some youths were known to have been killed by the çengi, who were extremely jealous of men's attention toward the boys.
Modern offshoots
A modern interpretation is the movie Köçek (1975) by director Nejat Saydam. The movie follows the life of Caniko, an androgynous Gypsy, who struggles with his gender identity.
See also
Bacha bazi, Afghan equivalent
Khawal, Egyptian equivalent
Culture of the Ottoman Empire
Ghilman
Harem
LGBT topics and Islam
Ottoman Turkish language
Bülbül olsam kona da bilsem dallere
Notes
References
AYVERDİ, Sâmiha; Istanbul Geceleri The nights of Istanbul, ed. Baha, Istanbul, 1977.
ENDERUNLU Fazıl bey; Çenginame''', 1759
Erdoğan, Sema Nilgün: Sexual life in Ottoman Empire, ed. Dönence, Istanbul, 1996. p. 88–92
JANSSEN, Thijs: Transvestites and Transsexuals in Turkey, in Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, edited by Arno Schmidt and Jehoeda Sofer, ed. Harrington Park Press, New York, 1992
KOÇU, Reşad Ekrem, Eski İstanbul'da Meyhaneler ve Meyhane Köçekleri, İstanbul Ansiklopedisi Notları NoÖZTUNA, Yılmaz: Türk Musikisi Ansiklopedisi, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1976. p. 23
S.M. ÜSEINOV: Rusça-Qırımtatarca, Qırımtatarca-Rusça luğat'', Aqmescit, Tezis, 2007.
External links
Turkish Cultural Foundation: Court dance in the Ottoman Empire
Köçek (Dancing Boy) – Homosexual Art of Turkey
A Question of Köçek – Men in Skirts
Category:Turkish culture
Category:Transgender in Asia
Category:Middle Eastern culture
Category:Arab culture
Category:Belly dance
Category:Gender systems
Category:Turkish sex workers
Category:18th century in LGBT history
Category:19th century in LGBT history
Category:Turkish words and phrases
Category:Slaves of the Ottoman Empire
Category:LGBT in Turkey
Category:Cross-dressing
Category:Transgender in Europe
Category:History of pederasty
Category:Male erotic dancers | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Yum Yum (album)
Yum Yum is a 2004 album by The Twin. It was released as a limited CD edition of 5000 copies and was originally sold through some official websites. The album has since been made available on various digital sites.
Overview
The Twin was a musical project by singer Boy George which was influenced by the then current electro scene. The Twin was an alter ego created to produce edgier music, using lyrically aggressive themes. It was also inspired by Leigh Bowery, George's late friend and the role the singer was playing in the Taboo musical at the time.
The album contains thirteen tracks, some in heavily remixed form. Prior to the album, four limited 7" vinyl singles were issued as singles for "Here Come the Girls", "Electro Hetero", "Sanitised" and "Human Racing". "Sanitized" was then re-released as a limited 12" with different remixes. After the release of this album, no further singles were released to promote it.
After many delayed dates, this collection of tracks was released in December 2004 on two websites, on Boy George's independent label More Protein and on Boy George's clothing label, B-Rude. Further remixes and unreleased tracks were promised by Boy George to be included on a "The Twin" DVD called Straight to DVD, which was never published.
Track listing
All tracks composed by George O'Dowd (Boy George) and Kinky Roland; except where indicated
"Here Cum the Girls" – 6:39
"Yum Yum" – 6:23
"Electro Hetero" – 4:22
"Disco Ugly" – 4:28
"Size Queen" – 5:45
"Human Racing" – 3:58
"So Much Love" – 3:45
"Sanitised" – 7:05
"Fire-Desire" (Featuring Avenue D) – 3:47
"Garden of Eden" – 6:01
"Who Made U?" – 5:52
"Never Over U" – 6:15
"After Dark" – 6:18
Personnel
Boy George – lead vocals
Kinky Roland – keyboards, programming, mixing
Avenue D – guest rapping
Category:2004 albums
Category:Boy George albums | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
WASHINGTON -- The scandal-plagued Department of Veterans Affairs is systematically overpaying clerks, administrators and other support staff, according to internal audits, draining tens of millions of dollars that could be used instead to ease the VA's acute shortage of doctors and nurses.
The jobs of some 13,000 VA support staff have been flagged by auditors as potentially misclassified, in many cases resulting in inflated salaries that have gone uncorrected for as long as 14 years.
Rather than moving quickly to correct these costly errors, VA officials two years ago halted a broad internal review mandated by federal law. As a result, the overpayments continue.
Moreover, in the two years since thousands of misclassified jobs were identified, hundreds of additional positions have been filled at improperly high salaries. Internal VA documents obtained by The Huffington Post show that between September 2013 and May 2014, for instance, overpayments in annual salaries for the latter jobs alone came to $24.4 million, not counting benefits.
In May alone, senior VA classification specialists identified 284 probably misclassified positions newly posted on the federal jobs site, USAJobs. Once filled, those jobs would result in estimated overpayments of $3.3 million per year.
For that amount of money, the VA could instead hire five neurosurgeons, 10 psychiatrists and five suicide prevention case managers at the average salaries currently offered on USAJobs.
The pattern continued in June, with more than a quarter million dollars of overpayments involving jobs at the Veterans Health Administration headquarters, according to an internal VA report.
Perhaps the worst news is that the department's ability to quickly stop this financial outflow is limited. Even if the improper pay grades are eventually downgraded, VA officials said that employees will be able by law to keep their higher salaries, meaning the VA will be saddled with these excessive costs for years.
Almost all of the newly documented overpaid wages and salaries involve employees of the VHA, the section of the Department of Veterans Affairs that operates 150 major medical centers and 820 community health clinics on a budget this year of $55.2 billion. It was inside the VHA that the waiting-list scandal erupted this spring, after investigations revealed that VHA employees were systematically hiding the requests of some 57,000 veterans for medical appointments that couldn't be scheduled because of the shortage of medical staff. Scheduling clerks and other administrative staff have said they kept the lists secret for fear of reprisal by superiors.
The VA's medical professionals are hired and paid under a separate accounting and oversight system from the administrative staff, and there is no indication of systematic overpayments to doctors, nurses or other health care providers.
The widespread misclassification of jobs has created a deep and systemic problem at the VA that will require massive job and pay turbulence to resolve -- and will surely set off angry protests within the ranks. The General Schedule, or GS, sets pay grades and rates for all federal employees. Even if they keep their higher pay, the loss of a GS grade can affect employees' future promotions and retirement pay.
Evidently alarmed at that looming employee reaction, senior officials at VA headquarters in Washington ordered a halt two years ago to any review and correction of misclassified jobs that might lead to lowered pay grades and smaller salaries. Paula Molloy, the senior official at the VA's Office of Human Resources Management handling the issue, told HuffPost that once the VA begins to examine the misclassified jobs, it will be at least 15 months before any corrective action could be taken.
"We are not going to be able to do these reviews overnight," she said.
That means VA communications clerks, for instance, will keep receiving overpayments. These jobs were misclassified above the proper civil service grade in 2003. All such clerks across the VA have been overpaid since then, at a total cost of $33,715 for each clerk in the last decade. Checks will also continue to go out for air conditioning equipment operators who were improperly classified in 2000, resulting in overpayments for each of those jobs of $67,172 over the past 14 years.
The VA has not stopped advertising jobs at inflated grades, according to internal documents. In May, for instance, VHA managers at the Orlando, Florida, VA medical center advertised on USAJobs for two supply technician positions at a GS-7 level, which pays roughly $39,000 a year. But senior classification specialists found the actual work should have been classified at a GS-5 level, at roughly $31,000 a year. The recurring, annual overpayment for just those two employees: $15,048.
In another case in May, VHA managers at the regional administrative center in Albany, New York, offered a health systems specialist job at GS-14, which pays $96,948 a year in base salary. The classification specialists examined the job offer and determined that it described a GS-12 position paying $69,000. Annual overpayment: $27,679, according to an internal VA spreadsheet.
Altogether, senior VA classification specialists identified 284 probable misclassified jobs newly posted for hire during May alone, which would lead to estimated overpayments of $3.3 million per year.
Once people are hired into these jobs, federal law protects their inflated salaries. An employee whose position is downgraded to correct a GS misclassification will continue to receive the original, higher salary. "Their pay is protected," Molloy told HuffPost, because it is "no fault of the employee that the position was misclassified."
The problem of the thousands of current misclassified employees will be resolved through attrition, said Molloy.
AN UNACCOUNTABLE BUREAUCRACY
Sorting out this giant pay tangle will likely fall to the man President Barack Obama has nominated to fix the VA: Robert A. McDonald, former CEO of the consumer products giant Procter & Gamble. He is expected to replace Eric Shinseki, who resigned under fire as VA secretary in May. McDonald, who once served as a paratrooper with the 82nd Airborne Division, was himself forced to retire after 33 years at P&G because of slumping earnings and a failure to trim P&G's infrastructure.
Robert McDonald has been nominated to serve as the next VA secretary.
Among the difficult issues that will face McDonald is how to manage a VHA workforce of over 200,000 employees that is already suffering from sagging morale and now faces considerable job upheaval. And he has to do it with an entrenched bureaucracy reluctant to change.
The overpayment problem is surfacing just as the White House is absorbing a new report detailing a "corrosive culture" within the VA, a habit of deceit and mismanagement in its personnel practices. The June 27 report from Deputy White House Chief of Staff Rob Nabors describes a bureaucracy "that tends to minimize problems or refuse to acknowledge problems all together" and is "resistant to reforms."
Nabors, whom Obama had dispatched to the VA in May to probe the depth and scope of management problems, also found "a lack of accountability across all grade levels" and a "history of retaliation toward employees raising issues."
The misclassifications of VA jobs appear to violate strict federal guidelines at the heart of the civil service system. VA officials are required by law to adhere to standards issued by the overseer of the civil service, the Office of Personnel Management. VA and other federal officials must certify that the job descriptions they issue comply with OPM specifications. Those specifications are extremely detailed; the job description for an equal opportunity officer, for instance, can run to 60 pages.
Around the VA, some 300 local classifiers check the job descriptions proposed by managers to ensure compliance. The positions are then advertised on USAJobs and usually filled quickly.
Oversight of this process has been provided by eight senior classification specialists charged with monitoring job descriptions and requesting corrections of those that have been misclassified. These senior specialists, with decades of experience, also handle any appeals. Their examination of a complex job description might take a month or two, and their assessment often runs 50 pages long. OPM reviews cases and has final say over appeals.
It was during an OPM review more than two years ago that three VA job categories were identified as misclassified at a higher pay grade than warranted. Under federal law, the VA was then required to immediately examine all similar jobs to ensure they were not also misclassified and correct those that were overgraded.
As it began to sort out the mess, the VA identified 14 other job categories that were apparently misclassified. In all, the 17 misclassified job categories account for some 13,000 employees, including police officers, custodians, boiler plant operators, human resources assistants and clerks.
In June 2012, seeming to acknowledge the uproar that a potentially massive series of job downgrades would cause, senior VA officials in Washington took an unprecedented step: Rather than beginning the broader review immediately as mandated, the the department ordered a "temporary" halt to any reclassification that would lower salary grades. In a June 29, 2012, administrative letter, Tonya Deanes, then deputy chief human capital officer, said that the VA was working to figure out how to "balance classification standards and equal pay for equal work with the potential number of resulting changes to lower grade."
The classification specialists, who are required by law to certify the accuracy of job and pay grades, began to push back against Deanes' order, which, in effect, prohibited them from doing their jobs. In some cases, the classifiers insisted that VHA managers downgrade misclassified jobs despite the order to halt. Complaints from the managers rattled windows in Washington.
"I do not know what the answer to this issue is," Elias Hernandez, senior workforce management officer at the VHA, wrote in a June 2013 email to colleagues. "But we need to develop some sort of communication strategy ASAP before this is briefed to the USH [VA under secretary of health] and VA Secretary."
In February 2013, the union weighed in. The National Veterans Affairs Council, which is part of the American Federation of Government Employees, filed an unfair labor practices charge to prevent reclassification from going forward without its input. This May, Molloy -- who had replaced Deanes last year -- and the union reached an agreement enabling the VA to begin examining and correcting the misclassifications, but allowing the union to bargain over how the changes will be implemented.
In the meantime, Molloy had extended the halt order in October. In an Oct. 24, 2013, memo, she directed that any reclassification to a lower grade "should continue to be held in abeyance" until the order is rescinded.
As a result, none of these improper GS grades have been corrected. With the senior classification specialists blocked from carrying out reviews and corrections of new job descriptions, misclassified posts continue to be advertised and filled. "I've had nine misclassified job descriptions come in just in the last two days," said a senior classification specialist, who, like other VA employees who spoke with The Huffington Post, asked not to be named for fear of retaliation.
At the VA central office, meanwhile, the review of those 13,000 jobs has not yet begun, Molloy said. And the overpayments continue, leaving classification specialists fuming.
"There is no basis in law or reg that allows for the indefinite hold," one senior classifier wrote to colleagues in June 2013, adding disconsolately, "We have advised and Management has chosen a way forward."
'DO I FOLLOW THE LAW?'
Across the federal government, the GS classification system is set up for maximum oversight. But at the VA, it hardly ever worked that way, longtime department officials said. Misclassifications would be caught and corrections requested, but only sporadically would jobs actually be downgraded. The problem of inflated job descriptions goes way back -- "for as long as I've been here," said one official who has logged many years at the VA.
The result is a patchwork of misclassified jobs and wildly varying salaries. "There are whole organizations within the VA that are overgraded," said a senior classification specialist.
Why would managers deliberately inflate job descriptions and salary rates? A human resources assistant in Boston, say, might learn that her counterpart at the medical center in Dallas was paid more and push her boss to rewrite her job description to justify a raise. The system as it actually operated gave managers little incentive to resist such pressure.
One senior classification specialist described a manager struggling with underperforming assistants but anxious to avoid the delay and paperwork involved in firing one of them. Instead, the specialist told HuffPost, the manager inflated the job description for a new assistant to get a higher salary that might lure a better-qualified applicant.
Once misclassified jobs became commonplace, managers likely felt they had to go along with the inflated pay structure just to attract and keep qualified employees.
In the current situation, Molloy said, it was important that her classification specialists not examine questionable cases in order to maintain their appearance of neutrality. "I cannot afford to have the appearance that those individuals who will be providing classification oversight for these 17 occupational series have already made a foregone conclusion that these positions are misclassified," she said.
Asked if anyone had complained that the classifiers were biased, she said the union "had raised those concerns."
Indeed, the National Veterans Affairs Council is fighting to prevent the classifiers from examining misclassified jobs, according to Ibidun Roberts, staff attorney for the council. "We absolutely believe they [the classifiers] are not neutral. It's the classifiers who misclassified these positions, so you'd have the same people who made the mistakes correcting them," she told HuffPost.
Roberts said the union would insist in bargaining that a "different set of eyes" be responsible for reviewing job classifications. She declined to say who should be given that responsibility.
Nonetheless, Molloy insisted that oversight of jobs being filled at the VHA "has not been shut down."
VA classification experts bristle at accusations that they are not neutral.
"Our classification policy staff is attempting to fulfill the mandate of our positions and do the right thing -- be good stewards of taxpayer funds and correct the misclassifications present," wrote one furious classifier in an email to VHA headquarters with the subject line, "Intentional Misclassification of Engineering Positions in San Francisco."
"There is no other agenda for what we do," this official wrote, "other than guide, temper and shepherd the direction of classification in the VA, as OPM directs and as law requires."
The classifiers say they are being squeezed between their professional responsibilities -- to certify that job descriptions are accurate and legal -- and Molloy's refusal to allow them to adjudicate classifications. They cannot now provide the needed oversight, several senior classifiers said, leaving them in what they feel is legal limbo.
"Do I follow the law, or do I follow guidance?" a worried classifier asked in another email to colleagues.
Speaking to HuffPost, Molloy challenged the notion that her senior classification specialists could accurately identify misclassified jobs from the information posted on USAJobs. "They in fact have not done the review that allows them to say a job is misclassified," she said, without mentioning that on her order, they are forbidden to do such reviews.
Besides, she said, "Classification is an extraordinarily complex art. You can have two very, very experienced classifiers coming to different decisions."
Classifiers themselves say the difficulty lies elsewhere.
A local classifier told HuffPost that she is "constantly being put in situations where the managers want you to compromise your integrity. My director would call me into the office and say, 'You will make this position this particular grade, no matter what.'"
One supervisor insisted on making a secretarial job a GS-7. "I said no, that job isn't even a GS-6," this classifier recalled. "When I went on leave, my supervisor made my replacement make it happen. It's like a good ole boy system where they scratch each others' backs." Senior managers, she said, "get kudos from the higher directors, get the nice bonuses because they don't get any complaints and they'll do whatever it takes to keep the higher-level managers happy."
The official, who is in her early 40s, came to the VA from the military. "As a veteran, this is heartbreaking," she said. In her region, she said, "We have over 2,000 employees identified as overgraded. In the military, you follow the law. Everything is done by regulation. Crossing over to the VA, I was dumbfounded. How do they just blatantly ignore the law?
"Some days you go home in tears and you can't sleep because you have no recourse. Management does not support you," said the classifier.
Asked why she doesn't push her objections up the chain of command, she snorted. "When you have kids to put through college, you fear reprisal."
Acting VA Secretary Sloan Gibson has said whistleblowers will be protected.
Across the VHA, the fear of retaliation is pervasive.
The U.S. Office of Special Counsel, while investigating the waiting-list scandal at the VHA, found what it politely described as a "years-long pattern of disclosures from VA whistleblowers and their struggle to overcome a culture of non-responsiveness."
The independent agency -- which is charged with protecting all federal employees against unfair practices -- is looking into allegations of retaliation against 37 VA employees. The agency said it is currently blocking disciplinary action that the VA was poised to take against three of those workers after they disclosed wrongdoing. It noted that one-fourth of its whistleblower caseload comes from the VA.
Acting VA Secretary Sloan Gibson told employees in a June 13, 2014, memo that whistleblowers will be protected. "Intimidation or retaliation against whistleblowers -- or any employee who raises a hand to identify a legitimate problem, makes a suggestion or report[s] what may be a violation of law, policy, or our core values -- is absolutely unacceptable. I will not tolerate it," Gibson said.
But such assurances meet with disbelief out in the field. "We get a lot of pressure from supervisors and managers to be flexible and compliant to the desires of those we serve," a senior classification specialist said. "They either say it directly, or they'll hint that we need to make this or that person happy -- a lot of times meaning that we have to do something wrong."
"This is chronic," said the specialist.
Some have tried to warn senior VA officials. "Our team has brought to Senior VA HR Officials multiple instances of waste and abuse with the VA's current delegation classification authority," one frustrated classifier wrote in an email to a superior. "Our classification team is doing everything we possibly can to document the waste and abuse of taxpayer dollars."
However, she added, "When these issues are presented to senior VA Leadership it is perceived we are communicating in a negative manner and offending VA officials. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Overlapping and distinct functions provided by fgf17, a new zebrafish member of the Fgf8/17/18 subgroup of Fgfs.
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family are important signaling molecules in several inductive and patterning processes, and act as brain organizer-derived signals during formation of the early vertebrate nervous system. We isolated a new member of the Fgf8/17/18 subgroup of Fgfs from the zebrafish, and studied its expression and function during somitogenesis, optic stalk and midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) development. In spite of a slightly higher aminoacid similarity to Fgf8, expression analysis and mapping to a chromosome stretch that is syntenic with mammalian chromosomes shows that this gene is orthologous to mammalian Fgf17. These data provide a further example of conserved chromosomal organization between zebrafish and mammalian genomes. Using an mRNA injection assay, we show that fgf17 can act similar to fgf8 during gastrulation, when fgf17 is not normally expressed. Direct comparison of the expression patterns of fgf17 and fgf8 suggest however a possible cooperation of these Fgfs at later stages in several tissues requiring Fgf signaling. Analysis of zebrafish MHB mutants demonstrates a gene-dosage dependent requirement of fgf17 expression for the no isthmus// pax2.1 gene, showing that no isthmus/pax2.1 functions upstream of fgf17 at the MHB in a haplo-insufficient manner, similar to what has been reported for mammalian pax2 mutants. In contrast, only maintenance of fgf17 expression is disturbed at the MHB of acerebellar/fgf8 mutants. Consistent with a requirement for fgf8 function, implantation of FGF8-soaked beads induces fgf17 expression, and expression is upregulated in aussicht mutants, which display upregulation of the Fgf8 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results argue that Fgf8 and Fgf17 act as hierarchically organized signaling molecules during development of the MHB organizer and possibly other organizers in the developing nervous system. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
DONWLOAD LAST PAGE !!!!
DETAIL
Description
At exactly 7:30 p.m., Walter Pettibone arrived home to over a hundred friends and
family shouting, "surprise!" It was his birthday. Although he had known about the
planned event for weeks, the real surprise was yet to come. At 8:45 p.m., a woman
with emerald eyes and red hair handed him a glass of champagne. One sip of
birthday bubbly, and he was dead. The woman s name is Julie Dockport. No one at
the party knew who she was. But Detective Eve Dallas remembers her all too well.
Eve was personally responsible for her incarceration nearly ten years ago. And now,
let out on good behavior, she still has nothing but bad intentions. It appears she
wants to meet Dallas again - in a reunion neither will forget... "Edgy [and] sexy."- | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Shattered Angels
is a Japanese manga created by Kaishaku which was first serialized in the Japanese shōnen manga magazine Monthly Dragon Age in May 2006. A 12-episode anime, adapted from the manga, aired in Japan from January 5 to March 23, 2007. The series refers to several of Kaishaku's past works: Kannazuki no Miko, Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto, UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie and Steel Angel Kurumi.
Plot
Shattered Angels revolves around Kū Shiratori, an apparently-normal high-school girl, who enjoys school life in the large city of Academia. Academia is one of the signs of recovery for humanity ten years after the greatest disaster humankind had ever seen. Kū has a recurring dream in which a prince meets her and takes her away. One day, while her schoolmates are preparing for the upcoming school festival, the prince from her dreams appears. Named Kyoshiro Ayanokoji, his request is the same as in Kū's dreams: "Let's go, together".
Most of the main characters are involved in romantic relationships, and Kū is uncertain of who is in love with whom. The Absolute Angels are superhuman, and to remain so they must draw energy from humans through their lips. The Angels materialize, controlling their mecha from without and using large, mechanized limbs. During a battle, the angels phase into and out of their angelic forms. As in Kannazuki no Miko, the names of the mecha are drawn from artifacts and figures of Japanese and European mythology.
Characters
Kū is a high school girl who feels as though she is drifting through existence and describes herself as "empty". She gives letters to a mysterious prince in her dreams, and talks to him in her thoughts. An introverted girl, she thinks she lacks good qualities and seems easily overwhelmed by situations which differ from her previous experiences and expectations. Her original name is (sky), and she is the original Absolute Angel researched by Kazuya and his grandfather. During the incident ten years before the main story, Cielo is split into four entities: Murakumo, Batraz, Claíomh Solais and Megingjord; Megingjord is also divided in two. Kū is the original body; Valteishia is her soul, which is why Kū feels that she lacks something inside. At the end of the series, her body crumbles and she is reincarnated as a younger version of herself. Before the end of the last episode, she dreams of the four Absolute Angels. After the credits of the last episode, Kyoshiro and Setsuna find her near the European Alps; when she sees Kyoshiro, she remembers her past life. Her personality and characteristics resemble Himeko Kurusugawa in Kannazuki no Miko.
Kyoshiro is identified by Kū as the prince of her dreams when he transfers to her school from Jōtō Academy. Refined and a good equestrian, he plays the violin when deep in thought. The youngest of four children, Kyoshiro supports the Central Student Government and intends to destroy the Absolute Angels in accordance with what he believes were the wishes of his late brother Kazuya. After he falls in love with Kū, he re-evaluates his beliefs about the Absolute Angels and the way he has been treating Setsuna. He admits to her that he loves Kū. Setsuna eventually understands and agrees to his plans after she goes with him to find Ku and say goodbye.
Setsuna (also known as "Setsuna of the Moment of Dreams") is the Absolute Angel Claíomh Solais and fights alongside Kyoshiro. She treasures a ribbon bow with bells, given to her by Kyoshiro and tied to the right side of her headdress. Rarely expressing emotion, she is beautiful and an excellent homemaker, causing Kū to call her a "princess". Setsuna acts only according to Kyoshiro's wishes, habitually asking "Would you prefer that, Kyoshiro?". Jealous of Kyoshiro and Kū's relationship, she represses her feelings to not trouble him. When Kyoshiro admits his love for Kū, however, Setsuna expresses her feelings for the first time. In special three of the anime, Setsuna began copying Kū's actions to please Kyoshiro. Later understanding Ku's feelings, she lets Kyoshiro love her. After cutting her hair, Setsuna accompanies Kyoshiro to find Kū and say goodbye. Her Absolute Angel symbol is on her right arm, the dominant arm of Claíomh Solais.
Mika is the head of the Higashigetsu Fūma Witch Academy, dominating the female students with her aide Kaon. She is jealous and possessive when she sees Himiko providing Kaon with energy, and punishes subordinates who fail her. The third-oldest child in the Ayanokoji family, her right eye is purple and her left orange. Mika was hospitalized with an injury during the "Seven Days of Hot Snow", and she is shown with a bandage on her left eye. She wants Murakamo to love no one but herself and is jealously contemptuous of Himiko, who is much higher in Kaon's affections than she is. Mika's flashbacks to her hospitalization indicate that Kaon reminds her of a nurse who had cared for her. Others she mistreats are her older brother Kazuya (whom she hates because of the events surrounding his "death") and her younger brother Kyoshiro; she considers him "the demon's tail" and Kazuya "the demon". Mika's hatred of Kazuya originated during her early teens, when he deliberately stole a girl she liked to hurt his sister's feelings.
Before her death, she entrusted Himiko (despite her hostility towards her) to rescue Kaon from Kazuya, giving her the key to a device she created based on plans drawn up by her grandfather (Reitarō). The device, a cello capable of creating a harmony to suppress Mana, causes pain to an Absolute Angel or Kazuya.
Kaon (also known as "Kaon of the Lunar Spiral") is the Absolute Angel Murakumo, a reference to Ame no Murakamo in Kannazuki no Miko. A student at the Higashigetsu Fūma Witch Academy, she attacks Kū and her friends as directed by Mika. Himiko usually appears with her, although she initially denies that their relationship is romantic.
is reminiscent of , her alter ego in Kannazuki no Miko. She wants to protect Himiko (even at a cost to herself), as Chikane did for Himeko. Kaon has her Absolute Angel mark on her left arm; at one point, Mika replaces Kaon's mark with her own so Kaon can only draw energy from Mika. Kaon's emotional bond with Himiko is interrupted, but her true nature resurfaces and her mark is restored when Himiko kisses her. In special two of the anime Kaon visits Himiko, who draws her nude with a blanket.
Himiko is close to Kaon and subordinate to Mika, saying that the latter "assigned" her name. Reminiscent of Himeko Kurusugawa in Kannazuki no Miko in her lack of self-confidence and emotional bond with Kaon, she develops determination and courage. Although she enjoys creating pictures, the only subject for her drawings and paintings seems to be Kaon.
Sōjirō, the second-oldest child in the Ayanokoji family, is a muscular, heavily-scarred man. Despite Tarlotte's abuse, he is concerned about her well-being and expresses pity for the Absolute Angels. Unlike his siblings, Sōjirō seems peaceful and thoughtful. Jin Ōgami reveals that before his association with Tarlotte, Sōjirō commanded the Morality Enforcement Squad. After Kazuya kidnaps Tarlotte, he enlists the squad to retrieve the Absolute Angels.
Tarlotte (also known as "Tarlotte of the Aligned Planets") is the Absolute Angel Batraz. She is temperamental, with a childish character and body. Frequently inarticulate, when she attacks the academy she absorbs the students' energy. Tarlotte has an odd relationship with Sōjirō; although she enjoys his food, is jealous of him and relies on him to care for her, she nevertheless abuses him. However, when Kazuya kidnaps her Tarlotte wants only to be with Sōjirō. Her Absolute Angel mark is on her right thigh, and her tail is attached to her underwear.
Valteishia, calling herself "Valteishia of the Sun and Solitude," commands the Absolute Angel Megingjord and has experienced death and reincarnation three times. She is Kazuya's loyal companion, suppressing Kū's memories of her time with Kyoshiro and stunning Setsuna so he can take her away. When Valteishia explains how the original Absolute Angel Cielo was split into four beings, she says that one of them subdivided into body and spirit; Kū is the angel's body, and Valteishia its spirit. The spirit was channeled into a Steel Angel body by Kazuya, and became Valteishia. She wants to be restored to her "vessel", Kū. Valteishia is adapted from Valkyrie of the anime and manga series UFO Princess Valkyrie.
The oldest Ayanokoji son, the genius Kazuya helped his grandfather with the experiments to create Absolute Angels. Although Kyoshiro thinks that Kazuya sacrificed himself to avoid the catastrophe ten years earlier, Sōjirō considers him a fool. Kazuya resembles the prince in Kū's dreams because her dreams are memories of her time in the lab being developed by him. He was presumed dead. Kazuya reappears after being missing for ten years.
Jin, leader of the Seventh Public Morality Enforcement Squad, resembles Sōma Ōgami in Kannazuki no Miko but has a less-forthright personality and seems more concerned with Academia than its inhabitants.
Kozue, Kū's best friend for many years, has her energy drained by Tarlotte when the latter attacks the school. Fascinated by Jin Ōgami, she tries to contact Kū after she disappears.
Absolute Angels
Media
Print
The manga, created by Kaishaku, was serialized in the Japanese magazine Monthly Dragon Age (published by Fujimi Shobo) from May 2006 to July 2007. Three tankōbon volumes were released in Japan, the last of which was published on August 9, 2007. A light novel, Kyoshiro and the Eternal Sky -Prelude-, was released in Japan on February 20, 2007.
Internet radio show
Kyoshiro to Towa no Sora had an Internet radio program, , which began in the i-revo TE-A room since August 30, 2006. The hosts are Noriko Shitaya (Himiko) and Junji Majima (Jin Ōgami), who hosted during the run of Kannazuki no Miko. Voice actors included Sayuri Yahagi (Kū) (episodes 5, 6, 11 and 12), Yuki Matsuoka (Setsuna) (episodes 7 and 8) and Hitomi Nabatame (episodes 13 and 14).
Anime
A 12-episode anime television series aired in Japan from January 5 to March 23, 2007. The series, originally licensed by ADV Films, was transferred to Funimation Entertainment (who released the series on February 24, 2009) in July 2008. The opening theme is by CooRie, and the closing theme is by Ceui.
Episode list
See also
Kannazuki no Miko
Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto
Steel Angel Kurumi
UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie
References
External links
Official manga website
Official anime website
Shattered Angels at Funimation
Category:2006 manga
Category:2007 Japanese novels
Category:2007 Japanese television series debuts
Category:2007 Japanese television series endings
Category:Fantasy anime and manga
Category:Films about reincarnation
Category:Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Category:Fujimi Shobo manga
Category:Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Category:Funimation
Category:Light novels
Category:Mecha anime and manga
Category:LGBT in anime and manga
Category:Romance anime and manga
Category:Shōnen manga
Category:TNK (company)
Category:Yuri (genre) anime and manga
Category:Yuri (genre) light novels
Category:Japanese LGBT-related television shows | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
look what i found in the glossary! The definition of penis!!!
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This Sunday, everyone will watch the Super Bowl differently, and almost nobody will care about all 53 hours of it. A Pats or Giants fan will care about the final score; a gambler will care about the spread. Civilians will just want to see the ads, or, if they happen to be old, the ads and Madonna. An investor who’s read about the “Super Bowl Indicator” might have no idea who’s playing, but will still tune in to see how the NFC is doing (in 80 percent of Super Bowls, the stock market has gone up after an NFC win and down after an AFC win).
But no one appreciates the Super Bowl as a whole — every nuance in its totality — the way a trivia buff does. After all, you never know which moment of the game will be remembered on bar trivia nights and quiz shows and board game cards 20 years hence. It might be the crucial play that decides the game, but it probably won’t be. It could happen in the fourth quarter with the game 35 points out of reach (Leon Lett’s premature celebration). It could happen at halftime (Janet Jackson’s nipple). It could even happen three days before the game (Joe Namath’s guarantee).
By the power vested in me by a six-month-long streak on Jeopardy!, I hereby present this official list of the 10 best Super Bowls in trivia history. They weren’t all great games, but each is a rich vein of pop-cultural factoids and NFL lore guaranteed to annoy your Super Bowl party guests.
10. Super Bowl XIX
In beating the Dolphins, the 49ers became the only team ever to win the Super Bowl at home (sort of — Stanford Stadium is less than 30 miles from Candlestick). But this game is mostly of note to fans of movie trivia, since a fictional San Francisco-Miami championship was a major plot point in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and Any Given Sunday. Oh, and Teri Hatcher was a 49ers cheerleader in 1985, and got almost as many ABC-TV close-ups during this game as she did during the third season of Desperate Housewives.
9. Super Bowl XLV
In 20 years, will anyone remember that the Packers won Super Bowl XLV? I doubt it. But will they remember Christina Aguilera mangling the national anthem by singing “What so proudly we watched, at the twilight’s last reaming”? Absolutely. Will they remember Lindsay Lohan’s $100 million lawsuit of E*Trade, for featuring a substance-abusing baby named Lindsay in one of their ads? I hope so. Will they remember Bryan Bulaga, the 21-year-old Green Bay lineman who became the youngest starter in Super Bowl history? Okay, probably not.
8. Super Bowl XXIX
This was the highest-scoring Super Bowl in history (49ers over Chargers 49-26) and a record fifth-straight Super Bowl for one player: backup Chargers QB Gale Gilbert, who had been signed from the Bills during the offseason. It’s also the game that Jerry was forced to attend with his nemesis Newman in the Seinfeld episode “The Label Maker.” But the highlight for me was the bizarre Disney synergy exercise of a halftime show, “Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye,” in which an Indy look-alike (Harrison Ford refused to participate) rescued the stolen Vince Lombardi Trophy from a jungle lair whose dangers included frenzied temple worshipers, the evil Eye of Mara, and Patti LaBelle singing “New Attitude.”
7. Super Bowl IV
The first Super Bowls weren’t quite ready for prime time. (Even literally! Super Bowl XII was the first evening game.) In the very first AFL-NFL championship, for example, the first touchdown was scored by a hastily suited-up (and hungover) Packers reserve named Max McGee, and the second-half kickoff had to be rekicked because the TV cameras had missed it. Super Bowl IV’s halftime show was the first one headlined by a big celebrity: Miss Carol Channing. The on-field accomplishments were just as dubious: This was the game that marked the beginning of the Minnesota Vikings’ 0-4 Super Bowl record that, amazingly, still doesn’t include a single first-half score.
6. Super Bowl XXXVIII
This Patriots-Panthers showdown been called the greatest Super Bowl of all time, and you probably remember it as a classic quarterback duel. Tom Brady’s 32 completions are still a Super Bowl record, as is Jake Delhomme’s 85-yard pass to Muhsin Muhammad. But only trivia fans remember the record scoreless 27 minutes that opened the first half. And the British streaker who tried to crash the second-half kickoff in a G-string but got clobbered by linebacker Matt Chatham. And a terrible Bud Light commercial about a farting horse. With all that going on, the “wardrobe malfunction” seems like almost an afterthought.
5. Super Bowl XXIII
The first Bud Bowl! And a halftime show that was a stadium-wide 3-D card trick performed by a magician named — I wish I were making this up — “Elvis Presto.” For me the trivia MVPs of the game were Mike Cofer, the 49ers kicker who made a 41-yard field goal only to miss a 19-yarder (!) on the next drive, and legendary Canadian comedian John Candy. As the story goes, with the 49ers down three with three minutes to go, Montana calmed down a nervous huddle by pointing into the crowd and asking, “Isn’t that John Candy?” Then he proceeded to march the team 92 yards downfield for the game-winning touchdown to John Taylor. Cool customer.
4. Super Bowl XLI
God is apparently a huge Prince fan. After the Minnesota legend’s 2007 halftime set ended with “Purple Rain,” there was the first and only downpour in Super Bowl history. (For those citing Super Bowl IX, that was just drizzle.) I suppose the Almighty could also have been celebrating the first Super Bowl win by an African-American coach (the Colts’ Tony Dungy) or the only score ever to come on the game’s first play (the Bears’ Devin Hester returning the opening kickoff for a touchdown just 14 seconds in). Or perhaps His divine wrath was kindled by two of the most tasteless commercials in Super Bowl history: a borderline-homophobic ad in which two men accidentally kiss over a Snickers, and a GM ad mining its laughs from the subject of suicide. This is what it sounds like when doves — and corporate marketing departments — cry.
3. Super Bowl XXI
The game itself wasn’t that memorable — a quintessential late-’80s Denver Broncos loss — but in hindsight, it was full of trivia milestones. It ended with Giants coach Bill Parcells getting a barrel of Gatorade dumped over him — a historic Super Bowl first! Then Phil Simms got a $75,000 check from Michael Eisner for telling a camera that he was “going to Disney World,” also a sports first. And Bud Light’s controversial spokes-terrier Spuds MacKenzie made his TV debut. The halftime show, sadly, wasn’t quite so memorable. It was a tribute to Hollywood headlined by a 91-year-old George Burns, making him the oldest Super Bowl halftime star until Roger Daltrey in 2010 (age: 116).
2. Super Bowl VII
A.k.a. “the one where the Dolphins didn’t score in the second half and still won.” Or “the one where the Redskins didn’t score except when a bald, mutton-chopped Armenian placekicker panicked and tried to throw the first forward pass of his life.” My favorite Super Bowl story happened after the game: Miami head coach Don Shula finished off his 17-0 season by getting his watch stolen in the post-Super Bowl hubbub, then hopped off his players’ shoulders, tracked down the kid responsible, and got his watch back. This was also the first Super Bowl to feature a splashy, high-profile halftime ad: Joe Namath and Farrah Fawcett suggestively hawking Noxzema shaving cream.
1. Super Bowl XX
Maybe I’m sentimental because this was the first Super Bowl I remember watching as a kid, but I don’t think so — this game had it all. Even if the 1985 Chicago Bears hadn’t notched a no. 41 Billboard hit rapping about their playoff exploits (and trying to convince us that “trouble” and “hustle” rhymed with “Super Bowl Shuffle”), they still might have been the most colorful team ever to make it to the big game, from the eccentric quarterback so tired of answering media questions about buttock acupuncture that he mooned a helicopter during the pregame warmup to the 335-pound appliance-nicknamed lineman getting a touchdown run call that, let’s face it, probably should have gone to Walter Payton. And hey, modern fans who only know the Patriots as godlike Super Bowl overlords: Let me introduce you to the 1985 Pats, who rushed for a grand total of seven yards all game and started a quarterback named Tony Eason, who managed to not complete a single pass. All this plus the first Super Bowl appearance of the Budweiser Clydesdales, Burger King’s disastrous “Where’s Herb?” ad campaign, the final halftime appearance of the white-bread proto-Glee-ers known as Up With People sigh. An embarrassment of riches. I hope to be dazzled by another Super Bowl like this during my lifetime, but until Willie Gault and Mike Singletary start rapping again, I’m not holding my breath.
Ken Jennings is a 74-time Jeopardy! champion and the author of the books Maphead, Brainiac, and Ken Jennings’s Trivia Almanac. Follow him at ken-jennings.com or on Twitter as @KenJennings.
To read the rest of Grantland’s Super Bowl coverage, click here. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
And that’s when we learned that B-towners aren’t the only ones supporting the King Khan this time around
In February 2012, Shahrukh Khan was appointed as the brand ambassador of West Bengal. And while SRK considers the state to be his second home, he also holds a special place in the heart of the chief minister of WB, Mamata Banerjee. And that’s ‘coz he is Banerjee’s favourite B-town star.
So when Mamtaji heard about the Baadshah of Bollywood being banned from the Wankhede stadium for five years, she wasn’t happy. And as the CM of a state she appealed to the Mumbai Cricket Association to reconsider the ban on her pet star.
But according to reports the MCA authorities are adamant. “If rules are violated, action will be taken. It does not depend who the individual is. It’s a message to everyone whosoever he or she may be that stern action will be taken if there is any misbehaviour,” MCA President, Vilasrao Deshmukh said.
And while it might sadden Mamata Banerjee a li’l, SRK isn’t really worried. “It won’t change my life if I am not allowed into the stadium,” he said. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Is this game even supported anymore? Looks like the stats are down? All the links to the original game website now redirects to the Activision home page. What a mess. I really liked this game at the beginning too.
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$91,380
1,387
KICKSTARTER + PAYPAL FUNDS = $94,500 TOTAL FUNDING!!!
Stretch the game a little further by upping your pledge!
Extra Add-On Items!
Purchase these items and help fund Wings Remastered Edition further!
We will be offering physical add-on items through the end of the Kickstarter campaign as well as afterwards on Wings' website at www.cinemawarewings.com. You will be able to acquire them with PayPal and other payment systems. So stay tuned as we send out updates with more exciting and exclusive items, many suggested by fans themselves! Keep the suggestions coming!
Important: Please note that after adding these items to your pledge, make sure to send us a note stating the extra item(s) you have pledged for. Alternatively, you can wait until we send the post-Kickstarter survey to ensure we have all items correctly identified. For US-backers, all shipping costs are included in the item price. For international backers, please add $5 extra per item for shipping & handling.
IMPORTANT UPDATES
Colonel Farrah advises: “Beware the Hun in the Sun” (Wings’ Legacy)
“Relive the action, glory and seat of the pants daring of a WWI Allied fighter pilot! You'll strafe Hun armies, bomb enemy aerodromes and match wits against deadly Aces in heart-stopping dogfights, the loser going down in flames...without a parachute! More than just a simulator, Wings features genuine arcade action and an emotion packed role-playing experience. Wings is the easy to play air combat simulation you've been waiting for... no complicated keyboard commands. Just fly and shoot!”
It was with these words that Cinemaware’s Wings entered the annals of the videogame industry and the hearts of gamers across the globe 23 years ago. Wings was more than just an action flight sim…it truly was a personal combat experience, reflecting all the drama, emotional involvement and brutality that WWI pilots went through in their (usually short) war experience. The emotional impact that Wings’ game playing experience had on gamers has never been quite replicated in the history of the industry...
1990: original Amiga screenshot
Wings is a World War I flying combat game, originally released by Cinemaware Corp. in 1990. It earned some of the highest reviews of all Amiga games and still has a loyal fan base around the world that have fond memories of this and other Cinemaware games, which had a unique atmosphere and style still unmatched to this day.
Now, Cinemaware and a team of games industry veterans are working at bringing this game back with all its original missions, storyline and gameplay intact, presented with new, up-to-date high definition graphics, music, sound and controls!
The game will be developed for the PC, Android and iOS, with the option of Mac, Linxus, AmigaOS, OUYA, and PSN/PS4 versions as stretch goals (we will also make the project available for porting to Linux and AmigaOS!). As the 100th anniversary of World War I approaches, we invite you to join the 56th, step into the cockpit and relive the missions and comradeship again!
Wings: Remastered Edition is being produced by some of the video game industry’s biggest and most experienced talents, including members of the team who brought you Cinemaware’s Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown remake in 2003. They have also got some other incredible game credits such as NBA Jam, Shadowman, Mega Man Anniversary Collection, Jackie Chan Adventures, Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo and many classic Amiga classics such as Spellbound Dizzy, Switchblade 2, and Pegasus. It is a team that has been together and working on game development for over 30 years.
Wings’ well-known score will be re-recorded in finest HD-quality by Sound of Games' - The #1 in Premium Game Music from Germany and collaborator in other successful Kickstarter campaigns!
"Before the Fight" - original 1990 score
"Before the Fight" - remastered score by Sound of Games!
Finally, Ken Melville, Cinemaware alumnus and co-writer/game designer of It Came From the Desert and the original Wingsmissions, is also collaborating with us on great new content and future story extensions if YOU help us reach our stretch goals! So keep pledging!
Wings features a mix of gameplay styles, including top-down view bombing runs, isometric strafing attacks and in-cockpit 3D dogfights, seamlessly blended with an engrossing and immersive storyline over the course of 230 missions.
Here's what critics had to say at the time of the original game's release:
• Wings was ranked #65 among the "150 Best Games of All Time" by Computer Gaming World Magazine (November 1996) • CU Amiga magazine (10/1990) said: “Wings is a brilliant game. It’s both atmospheric and easy to get into.” 94% • Computer & Video Games magazine (10/1990) said: “Wow! This is fun! In fact, it’s probably the most enjoyable Cinemaware game yet…” 94% • Australia’s Commodore & Amiga Review (11/1990) said: “Wings is a brilliant game. It’s got atmosphere, it’s got action and it’s got loads of style.” 93% • The One UK magazine said: “…for a more authentic experience of life in World War One you’d be hard pushed to top this.” 91% • Lemonamiga.com’s Fiery Phoenix (fan) review: “Wings. A classic.”…“ To round up I would have to say this is one of the top 5 Amiga games ever made.”
In-game Sopwith model
Cinemaware is planning to bring this unique, emotionally-charged, action-packed gaming experience back to life – in full, glorious HD graphics and sound!
This HD remake will feature ALL of the original missions, storyline and gameplay styles, brought in line with modern systems and graphics standards. Re-live the memories and missions on today’s technology with improved graphics, sounds and controls!
Cinemaware has assembled a world-class team and we’ve already made great progress in bringing Wings back to life since our first Kickstarter attempt. We listened to our backers' and fans' feedback and criticisms and have worked hard to address all of the major issues to make this project a reality. The focus has shifted to producing the main, core game and leaving any extra content and extensions to stretch goals - thus allowing for a lower minimum funding target which we hope our fans will help us achieve.
If we achieve the minimum funding goal, we will recreate the original game in all its glory – but this time, with full HD graphics & sound, enhanced animations, a revised UI and enhancements to the control interface. The game will be DRM-free and no additional content will be up for sale – you get the whole game in its entire, original glory!
To prove our commitment and dedication to Wings: Remastered Edition, a fully playable prototype demo for Windows PC and Android has been produced with five original levels reproduced in HD - but we can only go so far on our own! This demo is a limited sample of what the remastered missions, graphics and storyline which will form the basis for the full game can be like... if you support it with your pledges!
With enough backing and the support of all our fans and those who want to relive this classic game once more on modern platforms, we can complete full development of this great game! This will include all of the original 230 missions, and even some new “never seen before” content if we reach our stretch goals!
We've got a bunch of great (and exclusive) rewards to give you if you help us reach our funding goals. Original Wings merchandise, the original 1990 Amiga version, a ton of digital rewards, exclusive artwork plus copies of the game and a chance to visit the development studio and see Wings: Remastered Edition being created!
Next year marks the 100th anniversary of the start of World War I – the "war to end all wars". Let’s mark this with the launch of Wings: Remastered Edition to honor those pilots who fought on both sides of the Great War. Come and join the 56th... feel the rush of wind through your hair from an open-top cockpit as fighters rain bullets and bombs down on you, just like those real-life pilots did a century ago. Re-live the life of one of those pilots through the stories and battles and remember – Heroes Live Forever!
Wings: Remastered Edition is the first title in a new era for Cinemaware, and there’s much more to come including mobile/tablet titles and other remakes of our classics! By helping us get Wings: Remastered Edition off the ground, you will help re-ignite one of the most beloved and innovative gaming brands in history. We’d really love to hear your thoughts on what should come next!
Risks and challenges
It's not easy reinventing a game that was as good as the original Wings, but we think we've got the right team and heritage behind us to do it, with a long track record of developing world-class games.
We're also hoping to release Wings: Remastered Edition on Steam through Greenlight, so we could really do with your votes to get us on there!
It is no secret that this is our second attempt at raising funds for Wings after an initial failed campaign in 2012. We know we committed many mistakes and there were things to learn from the first campaign. and we listened closely to our fans and backers. We are so passionate about Wings that we believed that a second fundraising attempt, with an adjusted goal and humbler objectives would be a better way to serve our core fans, and let them decide how far we should go.
So, we hope we've got it right this time and look forward to your support. It is YOU who will decide how far this project can go and if Wings can reach new heights again!
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge US$ 45 or more
About US$ 45
GENEROUS PATRON OF THE 56th!
Get 3 downloadable copies of the game and share with friends as a gift! Receive credit under "Special Thanks to Kickstarter Backers" and Desktop Wallpapers • Free iOS/Android/PC download of original 1990 Wings (emulated Amiga version)
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge US$ 55 or more
About US$ 55
INTERNATIONAL WINGS PATRON OF THE 56TH (ALL DIGITAL REWARDS!):
• ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 pledge) PLUS •
Access to early art concepts and web chats • PDF of both the original Wings game manual and Aviator's Briefing booklet • Beta access to the game! (No physical rewards in this package)
Pledge US$ 55 or more
About US$ 55
THIS PLEDGE LEVEL HAS BEEN UPDATED WITH ADDITIONAL REWARDS! • It is still the same as the previous $55 pledge, but now includes PDF copies of:
• Wings Graphic Novel short story
• Wings 2014 Calendar
• Wings Journal (in-game diary)
Feel free to change to this level if you like - we will treat all $55 pledges the same!
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $75 or more
About $75
FLIGHT LIEUTENANT:
• ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS • 3 downloadable copies of the game • A custom USB stick in a limited-edition Amiga box replica • Access to early art concepts and web chats • PDF of the original Wings game manual and Aviator's Briefing booklet • Beta access to the game!
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge US$ 75 or more
About US$ 75
GENEROUS PATRON OF THE 56th!
Get 5 downloadable copies of the game and share with friends as a gift! Receive credit under "Special Thanks to Kickstarter Backers" and Desktop Wallpapers • Free iOS/Android/PC download of original 1990 Wings (emulated Amiga version)
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $500 or more
About $500
AIR VICE-MARSHALL:
• ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS ONE limited-edition Amiga replica box with original printed manuals and Aviator Briefing Booklet • 4 downloadable copies of the game • one collectible Wings hard-cover graphic novel • An exclusive Wings cap • Earn a special medal inside the game! • Your name assigned to the pilots list in the game under "Squadron Roster" and under "Special Thanks to Air Vice-Marshall Backers" in manual, website and game!
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $1,000 or more
About $1,000
AIR MARSHALL:
At this level you are making a huge difference - please help us develop this game! • ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS • 6 downloadable copies of the game • The name AND PHOTO of a loved one displayed under "In Memory Of" on the Honor Roll and credit under "Special Thanks to Air Marshall Backers" in manual, website and game!
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $2,500 or more
About $2,500
AIR CHIEF MARSHALL:
Your $2,500 pledge will really help bring this game to life! • ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS YOUR PICTURE IN A PHOTO IN THE GAME DIARY! • 8 downloadable copies of the game PLUS • Get a custom-made PURPLE aircraft to enhance your game experience! • Your name in the credits as "Special Thanks to Air Chief Marshall Backers" and the chance to interact monthly with the design team during development! Give your input on how the game is made! • (For backers at this level and higher we are offering a unique and special opportunity. Contact us via www.cinemawarewings.com for more information!)
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $5,000 or more
About $5,000
MARSHALL OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE:
This pledge can push us over the goal! • ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS: YOUR PICTURE ON THE WALL IN FARRAH'S OFFICE or SQUADRON ROSTER • 10 downloadable copies of the game • Earn a special medal inside the game! • Your name in the game credits as "Special Thanks to Marshall of the RAF Backers". Interact with the development team weekly and share your thoughts! PLUS • Fly with an awesome BLACK aircraft in the game! • An exclusive & unique piece of framed Wings art • All items signed by the development team! • (We also have a unique and special reward for backers at this level. Contact us via www.cinemawarewings.com for more information!)
Kickstarter is not a store.
Pledge $10,000
About $10,000
WINGS HERO!
HEROES LIVE FOREVER! • ALL OF THE ABOVE (EXCEPT for $45 & $75 Pledges) PLUS • 12 downloadable copies of the game • Earn a special medal inside the game! • Your name in the credits as "WINGS HERO". Interact with the development team weekly and share your thoughts! • An exclusive & unique piece of framed Wings art • All items signed by the development team! • Get a custom version of the game with YOUR LIKENESS as Colonel Farrah on the briefing screen! AND Custom Choice of Plane Color. PLUS • Come and visit our studio to see Wings Remastered Edition in production. We'll put you up in a great hotel and take you for a meal with the team! (airfare/transportation not included) • (For backers at this level and higher we are offering a unique and special opportunity. Contact us via www.cinemawarewings.com for more information!) | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Introduction {#S1}
============
Drawing is a behavior observed not only in humans but also in enculturated great apes ([@B7]), capuchin monkeys ([@B7]), and an Asian elephant ([@B3]). Although the elephant produced a drawing when it was rewarded, captive great apes are known to spontaneously produce "reward-free" drawings without special training or rewards ([@B9]; [@B7]; [@B1]). Therefore, drawing could be a form of enjoyable activity or self-gratifying play in great apes ([@B5]). However, to our knowledge, non-human primates have never produced representational drawings. Indeed, previous studies have examined drawing behavior as a means to investigate perceptual organization in primates ([@B9]; [@B8]), implying that such drawing behavior reflects only one mode of the cognitive function of non-human primates. Additionally, research on human children found that they select the colors used in their drawings based on their emotional state when they are drawing ([@B2]). Based on the foregoing, it is plausible that drawings reflect the internal state not only of human but also non-human primates. However, it has been difficult to analyze relationships between the drawings and the internal states of non-human primates because of the limited number of drawings produced by non-human primates, and opportunities to observe associations between the content of their drawings and their daily lives are rare. Fortunately, we had the opportunity to explore associations between the drawings and the daily life events of an orangutan, Molly, who produced an extraordinary number of drawings (over 1,037). By quantitatively analyzing her drawings using the semantic differential (SD) method and multiple regression analysis, we confirmed three episodes in which the content of her drawings seem to have changed as a function of daily events.
Case Report {#S2}
===========
Molly was a Bornean orangutan (*Pongo pygmaeus*) who was probably born in the wild in 1952. Until 1955, she was reared in Ueno Zoological Gardens, Tokyo, Japan, and she was moved to the Tama Zoological Park in 2005 (when she was approximately 53 years old). Molly was housed separately and rarely had direct contact with conspecifics. However, she regularly had the opportunity to see other individuals.
In 2002, when she was 50 years old and still housed at Ueno Zoological Gardens ([@B12]), Molly began to draw at random times. In 2005, at age 53 years, Molly was moved to the Tama Zoological Park. Beginning in July 2006, Molly had the opportunity to draw irregularly, and then in April 2007 she began to draw routinely as part of a behavioral enrichment program started by her keepers because she spent so much time alone; this program did not include food or water deprivation. Molly was housed in an outdoor or indoor enclosure in the morning, and then produced drawings after returning to the resting room in the afternoon.
The keeper provided Molly with a piece of high-quality paperboard and variously colored crayons in buckets, and she was allowed to draw freely at any time ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). On average, Molly spent 2 or 3 h drawing and produced one or two drawings each day. When Molly finished her drawings, she placed the drawing supplies on the floor. Molly created over 1,037 drawings over a period of 5 years. The enrichment program was non-invasive and was carried out in a resting room (1.8 m wide × 2.6 m deep × 2 m high) surrounded by a mesh fence (each hole in the mesh measured 5 × 5 cm). When Molly was drawing, the keeper stood nearby or cleaned another resting room near Molly's room.
{#F1}
The drawings produced by Molly seemed to reflect daily events in her life. For instance, on December 6, 2006, an unrelated female orangutan gave birth. Molly was resting in her room during the birth, which allowed her to figure out what was happening even though she could not directly view the birth. [Figure 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"} presents the drawings Molly produced on the days before, of, and after the delivery. The drawings produced on the days of the birth and after the birth contained copious amounts of red, suggesting that her drawing behavior may have been influenced by the smell of blood and the excited state of other individuals at the time of delivery. On November 23, 2010, Molly received a new set of crayons for drawing. [Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"} depicts the drawings she produced the day before she received the new crayons, on the day she received them, and on the day after she received them. The numbers of lines and colors were especially varied on the day she received the crayons. It is possible that the introduction of a novel drawing tool may have increased her motivation to draw. Furthermore, on July 22, 2010, elementary school students visited the zoo to learn about the job of an animal keeper. [Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"} presents the drawings produced by Molly on the day before their visit, the day of their visit, and the day after their visit. These drawings also reflect an especially variegated use of lines and colors. Thus, Molly may have been activated by the unusual presence of elementary school students.
{#F2}
These episodes imply that Molly's drawing behavior was affected by daily events. We used the semantic differential (SD) method to evaluate quantitatively the content of her drawings and to investigate the kinds of environmental changes that were related to such content. We then performed a multiple regression analysis to identify more precisely the factors that affected the content. Moreover, the drawings used for analysis were not selected based on whether they were produced during the occurrence of a particular environmental change or event; instead, they were pseudo-randomly selected from drawings produced during Molly's ordinary daily life.
Methods and Results {#S3}
===================
Study 1: Evaluation of Orangutan Drawings {#S3.SS1}
-----------------------------------------
Study 1 evaluated the orangutan drawings quantitatively using SD methods based on subjective evaluations by 61 humans (see the [Supplementary Material](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for the detailed methods).
Two factors were determined to be statistically significant ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Appendix 4](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Factor 1 (45.53%) was named activity (excited--calm, lively--sober, dynamic--static, and blunt--sharp), consisting of a variety of colors and sharp lines. Factor 2 (44.59%) was named favorability (pleasant--unpleasant, likable--repugnant, beautiful--ugly, soft--hard, and smooth--rough), consisting of warm colors and curved lines. Repeatability analysis (Cronbach's alpha) showed a sufficient level of reliability (activity: 0.95, favorability: 0.93). [Supplementary Appendix 2](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} shows the scores of the drawings resulting from factor analysis.
{#F3}
The activity factor was characterized by a variety of colors and sharp lines, indicating that the orangutan had repeatedly changed crayons and moved her hands up and down. Favorability was associated with warm colors and curved lines, which are thought to be more complex than straight lines ([@B11]).
Study 2: Influence of Keeper Presence on Orangutan Drawings {#S3.SS2}
-----------------------------------------------------------
Study 1 demonstrated that the orangutan drawings were composed of two evaluative factors. Based on these results, we attempted to determine whether these factors were affected by the presence of either of two familiar keepers using the same 18 drawings as in Study 1 (see the [Supplementary Material](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for the detailed methods).
The results of our multiple regression analysis showed that none of our candidate predictors was related to activity scores \[*F*~(3,17)~ = 0.87, *n. s.*\]. Conversely, the keeper was a significant predictor of the favorability score \[*F*~(3,17)~ = 3.51, *p* \< 0.05; [Supplementary Appendix 3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}\], implying that the presence of male keeper improved the evaluator reactions to the drawings. No other predictors were found to be significant for favorability scores. As a result, we were able to determine whether the identity of Molly's keeper affected the scores accorded to the drawings.
Discussion {#S4}
==========
Molly began drawing when she reached an advanced age, and she produced over 1,000 drawings in the 5 years before she died. Her drawings seemed to express daily changes in her environment. Moreover, the SD and multiple regression analyses revealed that her drawings changed according to the identity of her keeper. These results imply that her drawings were not merely *ad hoc* representations of circumstantial changes but might instead reflect the effects of such changes on Molly's internal state. These findings imply that, similar to humans, non-human primates may draw to express the impact of external changes on internal states.
Why did the identity of the keeper influence Molly's drawing behavior? Previous studies of human children and chimpanzees have reported that drawing behavior is promoted by the presence of a familiar person ([@B13]; [@B11]). In this case, an elderly male keeper had reared Molly for a period of 22 years in the two zoos. Moreover, when Molly met the keeper after 13 years at Tama Zoological Park, she responded to his call and moved close to him. This approach behavior was considered to reflect Molly's confidence in this keeper, suggesting a trusting relationship between them. In contrast, her other keeper was a young female with a much shorter history with Molly. [@B10] found that orangutans initiated more close-affiliative behaviors with familiar humans than with unfamiliar humans, indicating that their behavior changed according to familiarity. Therefore, the presence of a familiar human may explain certain characteristics of Molly's drawing behavior.
This study has several limitations. First, the sex of the keepers may have affected the drawing behavior of the orangutan. A previous study reported that female Japanese macaques had higher blood pressure and emitted more warning sounds in the presence of human males than in the presence of human females ([@B4]). It is possible that both familiarity with, and the sex of, the keeper influenced the drawing behavior in this study. Further research on orangutan drawing should control for the sex of the keeper who is present. Second, this study analyzed a small sample of drawings (*n* = 18 of 1037), which might not have reflected all of the characteristics of the drawings produced by the orangutan (Molly) and may limit the generalizability of our findings. Other sample sets should have been prepared to verify that the effect was consistent.
Molly was an extremely rare individual, as she spontaneously produced numerous drawings on a daily basis, creating 1,037 drawings in 5 years. Why did Molly produce so many drawings? Molly was the oldest known orangutan in the world. According to clinical neuroscience research on humans, some demented patients demonstrate painting skills after the onset of the disease ([@B6]). This suggests that Molly's prolific output may have been attributable to specific neurodegenerative changes. However, this interpretation does not contradict the possibility that both human and non-human primates express their internal states in their drawings. Indeed, drawing behaviors may offer a means for understanding not only the cognitive abilities but also the internal states of non-human primates.
Data Availability {#S5}
=================
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement {#S6}
================
The Tama Zoological Park Ethics Board approved this non-invasive behavioral study, which complied with the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Code of Ethics. This research also complied with the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Ethical Guidelines for the Conduct of Research on Animals by Zoos and Aquariums.
Author Contributions {#S7}
====================
YH and AM developed the study and wrote the manuscript. HK and MS provided the drawing tools to Molly and observed her drawing behavior. YH analyzed the data.
Conflict of Interest Statement {#conf1}
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
**Funding.** This work was supported by the Cooperation Research Program of the Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (A) (18H03663).
We are grateful to the staff of Tama Zoological Park, particularly Mr. N. Shimahara, Ms. Y. Tokuda, Ms. A. Okada, Mr. A. Taniguchi, Ms. T. Akikawa, and Ms. Y. Kiyono, for the permission to conduct our study. We would also like to thank Dr. M. Tanaka for helpful discussions regarding an earlier draft of this manuscript.
Supplementary Material {#S10}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02050/full#supplementary-material>
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: Edited by: Mariska Esther Kret, Leiden University, Netherlands
[^2]: Reviewed by: Irina M. Harris, University of Sydney, Australia; Delphine Oudiette, INSERM U1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), France
[^3]: This article was submitted to Cognition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
Citation
========
Baena-Bejarano N, Heads SW (2015) Three new species of the genus *Ripipteryx* from Colombia (Orthoptera, Ripipterygidae). ZooKeys 502: 129--143. doi: [10.3897/zookeys.502.8871](10.3897/zookeys.502.8871)
Introduction
============
*Ripipteryx* Newman, 1834, or mud crickets (Orthoptera: Tridactyloidea: Ripipterygidae), comprises some 45 species of small, dark-colored, cricket-like orthopterans usually found near rivers, in bare soil, and in the moist zones of gallery forests. Like many of their relatives in the larger cosmopolitan family Tridactylidae, the mud crickets are able to jump from the surface of water. The genus is readily distinguished from *Mirhipipteryx*, the only other genus in the family, by its comparatively larger size (body 5.5--14.0 mm long), interocular distance at least half the width of the compound eyes, metatarsus approximately equal in length to the metatibial spurs, and the distinctly sclerotized lateral valvulae of the phallus ([@B6]; [@B13]). Species of the genus are usually black or very dark brown, often with contrasting white, yellow and occasionally red markings ([@B13]). Some species are a dark metallic blue in life, though this coloration often fades to brown or black after death. While ripipterygids are common in many habitats throughout the Neotropics, they are often overlooked by collectors due both to their small size and their fast and very active movements making it difficult to secure specimens. In addition to the paucity of specimens in collections, chronic under-sampling and the difficulty in studying these insects in the field, means that very little is known of their distribution and basic biology ([@B14]; [@B1]).
The genus is distributed from Mexico to Argentina with their highest diversity found in Ecuador. Some species are very widely distributed (e.g. *Ripipteryx brunneri* Chopard, 1920, *Ripipteryx carbonaria* Saussure, 1896, *Ripipteryx hydrodroma* Saussure, 1896, *Ripipteryx rivularia* Saussure, 1896, etc.) and are found across large ranges in South and Central America ([@B6], [@B8], [@B9], [@B10], [@B11]), while others are more restricted in distribution. A number of endemic species are known from Peru (*Ripipteryx difformipes* Chopard, 1956, *Ripipteryx furcata* Günther, 1976, *Ripipteryx luteicornis* Chopard, 1920 and *Ripipteryx vicina* Chopard, 1956), Ecuador (*Ripipteryx paraprocessata* Günther, 1989, *Ripipteryx pasochoensis* Heads, 2010 and *Ripipteryx trimaculata* Günther, 1969), Brazil (*Ripipteryx brasiliensis* Günther, 1969, *Ripipteryx lawrencei* Günther, 1969 and *Ripipteryx saopauliensis* Günther, 1969) and Colombia (*Rhipipteryx capotensis* Günther, 1970 and *Ripipteryx sturmi* Günther, 1963) ([@B4], [@B5], [@B6], [@B7], [@B8], [@B10], [@B11]; [@B13]). Here, three new species from Colombia are described; namely *Ripipteryx diegoi* sp. n. and *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* sp. n. from Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guacharos in Huila, and *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* sp. n. from Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona in Cauca.
Material and methods
====================
The material studied here is deposited in the Instituto de Investigaciones Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva (IAvH-E) and the entomological museum of Universidad del Valle, Cali (MUSENUV). The male terminalia and the phallic complex were dissected and stored under glycerin in microvials mounted on the pin beneath the specimen. Some specimens were kept in alcohol. The description of morphological characters follows [@B13] and [@B14] (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Interocular distance was measured using a calibrated micrometer slide adapted to a stereomicroscope. Other measurements were made from photographs analyzed with a calibrated digital scale in the program tpsdig2 ([@B15]). Morphological characters were defined and documented in a Delta matrix and the description developed using Delta software ([@B2], [@B3]). Photographs were taken with a Leica digital camera attached to a stereomicroscope and focus-stacked in CombineZP ([@B12]). Scanning electron micrographs were produced using FEI Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope. Drawings were produced in Adobe Illustrator CS5 and Photoshop CS5.
{#F1}
Systematics
===========
Genus *Ripipteryx* Newman, 1834
-------------------------------
### Forceps Group *sensu* Heads, 2010
#### Ripipteryx diegoi
Animalia
Orthoptera
Ripipterygidae
Baena-Bejarano sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/9AA81DE2-96FB-463B-9B6A-7123BCCB4972
[Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}
##### Holotype.
♂ (no. IAvH-E 142877), Colombia, Huila, PNN Cueva de Los Guácharos, Cabaña Cedros, 1°37\'N, 76°6\'W, 2100 m, Malaise, 6-27.iv.2002, Col. J. Fonseca. Specimen dried and pinned; deposited at Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva.
##### Paratypes.
Five specimens from same locality as holotype: 1) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 137238), specimen preserved in alcohol; 2) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 137239), specimen preserved in alcohol; 3) ♀ (no. IAvH-E 137240), specimen preserved in alcohol; 4) ♀ (no. IAvH-E 137241), specimen preserved in alcohol; 5) ♀ (no. IAvH-E 142878), specimen dried and pinned. Specimens deposited at same institution as holotype.
##### Diagnosis.
The new species is almost cryptically similar to *Ripipteryx forceps* Saussure, 1896 in that the uncus is elongate and strongly recurved, and that the median ridge of the male subgenital plate is produced distally, forming a short and densely setose bilobed process. However, it can be readily distinguished from the latter species by \[1\] antennae with white spots on flagellomeres 3--4 and 6--7 with flagellomere 5 entirely white; \[2\] epiproct produced laterally near its base; \[3\] brachium curved along its entire length without prominent apical bulge; and \[4\] phallic complex with virga thickened distally and not reaching beyond the membrane.
##### Description.
*Male* (holotype). Body length including wings 8.1 mm, excluding wings 7.9 mm; pronotum length 1.6 mm, pronotum width 1.9 mm; tegmina length 3.1 mm; hind wings length 6.0 mm; interocular distance 0.39 mm. (n=1) (Fig. [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
Head. Interocular distance more than half the eye width. Median ocellus fully developed. Patch that circumscribes anterodorsal margin of compound eyes absent. Internal margin of compound eyes convergent dorsally. Maxillary palp black, five segmented, with second segment reduced. Labial palp black. Gena below the compound eye and antennae insertion black.
Antennae black and filiform. Number of antennae segments 10. Scape wider than pedicel. Pedicel as long as 1^st^flagellomere. White spot on scape absent. White spot on pedicel absent. White dorsal spot on flagellomere 1 and 2 absent. White dorsodistal spot on flagellomere 3 present. Flagellomere 4 white with a brownish slender anterior ring. Flagellomere 5 completely white. Flagellomere 6 white with a brownish slender distal ring extended ventrally to the segment half. Flagellomere 7 and 8 black.
Thorax. Pronotum black. Mesonotum black. Tegmina black. Hind wings with white, transverse groove. Procoxa black. Profemora black with an inner distal white spot. Protibiae black with three distal spines and an anterior external white rounded spot close to tibiae-femora articulation. Mesocoxa black. Mesotrochanter black. Mesofemora black. Mesotibiae black. Metafemora black. Semi-lunar process brown. Metatibia brown. Metatarsi brown and longer than metatibial posterior spurs.
Abdomen. Cerci unsegmented, black. Brachium black with a yellow-white distal spot, in lateral view curved along its entire length without prominent apical bulge. Brachium spine present. Epiproct produced laterally near its base. Epiproct lateral lobes narrow. Medial epiproct (distal section) tongue-like. Uncus not embedded in brachium lobe basis, 1-hooked (Fig. [2D, E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Male subgenital plate with a medial bifurcated ridge covered with setae at rounded end (Fig. [2F, G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
Basal plate heavily sclerotized, long, basally strongly widened and distally strongly split. Cingulum with apodemes elongate and well-sclerotized. Sclerotized region of cingulum discontinuous with a distal membranous region in-between. Virga very slender near base and distally thickened. Virga not extended beyond cingulum (Fig. [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
*Variations*. Body length including wings 7.9--8.3 mm, excluding wings 7.6--8.3 mm; pronotum length 1.6--1.7 mm, pronotum width 1.9--2.0 mm; tegmina length 3.1--3.2 mm; hind wings length 5.8--6.0 mm; interocular distance 0.39--0.44 mm. (n=3). Antennae: flagellomere 4 white with a brownish slender anterior ring extended ventrally to the segment half. Flagellomere 6 white with a brownish slender distal ring extended ventrally over the segment. Flagellomere 7 white dorsal spot on base.
*Female*. Body similar to male, except for antennal sexual dimorphism and abdominal sexual structures. White dorsodistal spot often present on flagellomere 2. Flagellomere 4 to 7 completely white. Subgenital plate smooth with two distal notches forming a rounded lobe in middle (Fig. [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The color is a lighter brown close to the notches.
*Females variation*. body length including wings 7.9--8.6 mm, excluding wings 7.2--8.6 mm; pronotum length 1.7--1.8 mm, pronotum width 2.1--2.2 mm; tegmina length 3.4--4.1 mm; hind wings length 5.5--6.1 mm; interocular distance 0.46--0.47 mm. (n=3). Antenna: White dorsal spot on flagellomere 3 sometimes begins from middle. Flagellomere 7 sometimes presents ventral black color.
##### Etymology.
The specific epithet is patronymic and honours Señor Diego Baena, father of the senior author, in thanks for his care and dedication.
##### Distribution.
This species is currently known from the type locality.
##### Sympatric species.
The new species was found in one of the malaise samples together with *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* and *Ripipteryx ecuadoriensis*, with which it is believed to live sympatrically.
##### Remarks.
*Ripipteryx diegoi* sp. n. is assigned to the Forceps group based on the predominately black coloration, the form of the subgenital plate, morphology of the phallic complex and the body size 7.2-8.7 mm. This species is similar to *Ripipteryx forceps* with which it shares the form of the subgenital plate presenting a median ridge forming a bilobed setose process in ventral view (Fig. [2G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This character allows differentiating it from the other species of the group. Moreover, it differs from *Ripipteryx forceps* by the shape of the terminalia (Fig. [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) where the epiproct is produced laterally near its base (Fig. [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), the brachium in lateral view distally curved without prominent apical bulge; (see [@B6]). Also, the new species differs in the color pattern of the male antennae with white spots on flagellomeres 3 to 7 of *Ripipteryx diegoi* while these are present on the flagelomeres 1, 2, 4 and 5 of *Ripipteryx forceps*.
### Marginipennis Group *sensu* Heads, 2010
#### Ripipteryx guacharoensis
Animalia
Orthoptera
Ripipterygidae
Baena-Bejarano & Heads sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/DC599EBF-E57F-4266-94C4-3E849483EB6D
[Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}
##### Holotype.
♂ (no. IAvH-E 113834), Colombia, Huila, PNN Cueva de Los Guácharos, Cabaña Cedros, 1°37\'N, 76°6\'W, 2100 m, Malaise 2, 28.xi--2.xii.2001, Col. D. Campos. Specimen dried and pinned; deposited at Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva.
##### Paratypes.
Two specimens from same locality as holotype: 1) ♂ (no IAvH-E 137236), 04--18.ii.2001, Col. D. Cortés, specimen preserved in alcohol; 2) ♀ (no. IAvH-E 137237), 27.iv--5.v.2002, Col. J. Fonseca, specimen preserved in alcohol. Specimens deposited at same institution as holotype.
##### Diagnosis.
The new species is distinguished from congeners by the following characters: \[1\] antennae with white dorsal spots on flagellomeres 1--4 and flagellomere 8 black with the distal half completely white; \[2\] epiproct lateral lobes narrow and posterior margin triangle-like (Fig. [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}); \[3\] ventral plate concave with a dorsal elevation in the middle extended to the virga; \[4\] virga basally with two slight tips.
{#F3}
##### Description.
*Male* (holotype). Body length including wings 7.55 mm; pronotum length 1.38 mm, pronotum width 1.64 mm; tegmina length 2.91 mm; hind wings length 5.84 mm; interocular distance 0.37 mm. (n=1) (Fig. [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
Head. Interocular distance more than half the eye width. Median ocellus fully developed. Internal margins of compound eyes convergent dorsally. Slight yellowish-white spot in the superior eyes corner. Gena below compound eye and antennae insertion black and below eye slightly yellowish. Maxillary palp black, distally slightly yellowish white, five segments with second reduced, fifth with strong setaes. Labial palp black.
Antennae thick and mainly black. Number of antennal segments 10. Scape wider than pedicel. Pedicel as long as 1^st^ flagellomere. Slight white distal spot on scape. White dorsal spot on pedicel. White dorsal spot on flagellomeres 1, 2 and 3. White dorsodistal spot on flagellomere 4. Flagellomeres 5, 6 and 7 black. Flagellomere 8 black with distal half completely white.
Thorax. Pronotum black with an anterior slender white line and an almost imperceptible yellowish at anterior corners. Tegmina black. Hind wing with white, transverse groove. Procoxa black. Protochanter black. Profemora black with a yellowish serrated distal inner lobe. Protibiae black with three distal spines. Mesocoxa black. Mesotrochanter black. Mesofemora black. Mesotibiae black distally brownish. Metafemora black; Semi-lunar process, metatibia and metatarsi brown.
Abdomen. Tergum 9 with a distal notch. Tergum 10 slightly concave, strongly sclerotized with erect vertical setae at edges (Fig. [3E](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Cerci unsegmented, black. Brachium brownish, dorsolateral flat and wide with an inner protrusion. Brachium spine present. Epiproct lateral lobes narrow, covering base of cerci but not covered by tergum. Medial epiproct membranous, narrow and triangle-like (Fig. [3G](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Uncus reduced without distal hook. Subgenital plate distally narrowed, constricted before end with conspicuous long and curved bristles (Fig. [3F](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
Basal plate heavily sclerotized, very short and widened basally. Cingulum distally serrated without apodemes. Lateral valves pointed and serrated. Virga thick, distally rounded and serrated, basally with two slight tips. Ventral plate concave with a dorsal elevation in middle extended to virga (Fig. [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
*Variations*. Body length including wings 8.9 mm, excluding wings 7.2 mm; pronotum length 1.6 mm, pronotum width 1.8 mm; tegmina length 3.3 mm; hind wings length 6.3 mm; interocular distance 0.40 mm. (n=1). Antennae Scape black.
*Female*. Body similar to male except for abdominal sexual structures. Subgenital plate obtuse (Fig. [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
*Female variation*. body length including wings 8.5 mm, excluding wings 7.4 mm; pronotum length 1.4 mm, pronotum width 1.9 mm; tegmina length 3.5 mm; hind wings length 6.7 mm; interocular distance 0.43 mm. (n=1). Antennae: scape black, white dorsodistal spot on pedicel. White dorsal small spot on flagellomeres 1, 2 and 3.
##### Etymology.
The specific epithet is derived from the name of the type locality, Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guácharos.
##### Distribution.
This species is currently known from the type locality.
##### Sympatric species.
This species was found in one of the malaise samples with the species *Ripipteryx diegoi* and *Ripipteryx ecuadoriensis*, which are believed to occur sympatrically.
##### Remarks.
*Ripipteryx guacharoensis* sp. n. is assigned to the Marginipennis group based on the characters of the phallic complex, such as the very short and broad basal plate, the cingulum without apodemes, the presence of lateral valves, and the thickened virga (Fig. [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
The new species is similar to *Ripipteryx femorata* in that both share a serrated distal inner lobe on the profemora, the shape of the male brachium in lateral view, the uncus reduced without distal hook and similar phallic complex (see [@B6]). Nevertheless, it differs in the form of the ventral plate, which is concave in *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* but is straight in *Ripipteryx femorata*. The basal shape of the virga presents two slight tips in *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* while in *Ripipteryx femorata* it presents two strong and elongate tips (see [@B6]). The most significant character separating both species is the posterior margin of the epiproct, which is triangular in *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* (Fig. [3G](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) but parabolic in *Ripipteryx femorata* (see [@B6]).
According with [@B6] *Ripipteryx femorata* is closely related to *Ripipteryx vicina* and *Ripipteryx difformipes*. *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* shares with these three species the form of the subgenital plate that in males is distally constricted with conspicuous long and curved bristles, supporting a probable relationship.
### Crassicornis Group *sensu* Heads, 2010
#### Ripipteryx gorgonaensis
Animalia
Orthoptera
Ripipterygidae
Baena-Bejarano & Heads sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/250F0723-AD54-4DCE-965F-71C5EA962171
[Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}
##### Holotype.
♂ (no. IAvH-E 113896), Colombia, Cauca, PNN Gorgona, Alto el Mirador, 2°58\'N, 78°11\'W, 180 m, Malaise, 6-20.ix.2000, Col. H. Torres. Specimen dried and pinned; deposited at Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva.
##### Paratypes.
5 specimens from same locality as holotype: 1) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 113898), 08--30.xi.2000, specimen dried and pinned; 2) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 113901), 01-04.iii.2000, Col. M. Sharkey, specimen dried and pinned; 3) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 113908), 18.i.2001, specimen dried and pinned; 4) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 113899), 30.x-18.xii.2000, specimen dried and pinned; 5) ♂ (no. IAvH-E 143179), 18.xii.2000-03.i.2001, specimen preserved in alcohol. Specimens deposited at same institution as holotype. 6) ♂ (no. GOR 3728-1), Colombia, Cauca, PNN Gorgona, Sendero cerro Trinidad, 2°58\'22\"N, 78°10\'43\"W, 90 m, Captura directa (manual), 21.x.2010, Col. F. Sarria. Specimen dried and pinned; deposited at Colección de insectos del PNN Gorgona - Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV), Cali.
##### Diagnosis.
The new species is almost cryptically similar to *Ripipteryx atra* Serville, 1838 sharing with it the coloration of the antennae (white spots on flagellomeres 1 and 4--7). However, it is readily separated from the latter species by \[1\] flagellomeres 1 and 2 free (not fused as in *Ripipteryx atra*); and \[2\] lateral lobes of epiproct with shallow lateral invagination.
##### Description.
*Male* (holotype). Body length including wings 6.80 mm, excluding wings 5.72 mm; pronotum length 1.34 mm, pronotum width 1.55 mm, tegmina length 2.84 mm, hind wings length 5.25 mm, interocular distance 0.41 mm (n=1) (Fig. [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F4}
Head. Interocular distance more than half the eye width. Median ocellus fully developed. Patch that circumscribes the anterodorsal margin of compound eyes absent. Internal margins of compound eyes convergent dorsally. Patch of setae at posteroventral border of eye present. Maxillary palp black. Four maxillary palps. Labial palp black.
Antennae black and filiform. Number of antennae segments 10. Scape wider than pedicel. Pedicel shorter than 1^st^flagellomere. Flagellomere 2 shorter than 1. White spots on scape and pedicel absent. White dorsal spot on flagellomere 1 present. White dorsal spot on flagellomere 2 and 3 absent. White dorsal spot on flagellomere 4--7 present. White dorsal spot on flagellomere 8 absent. Color of gena below compound eye and antennae insertion black.
Thorax. Pronotum, mesonotum and tegmen black. White transversal groove on hind wings present. Procoxa black. Profemora black with a distal white spot. Protibiae black. Mesocoxa black. Ventral Mesotrochanter black. Mesofemora black. Mesotibiae black. Metafemora black. Semi-lunar process brown. Metatarsi brown.
Abdomen. Cerci unsegmented, black, spots absent. Brachium black, in lateral view with parallel sides. Brachium spine present. Subgenital plate with medial ridge (Fig. [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Lateral lobes of epiproct narrow with shallow lateral invagination, not covered by tergum. Medial epiproct tongue-like with a middle lobe (Fig. [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Uncus not embedded in brachium basis, 1-hooked.
Basal plate heavily sclerotized, long and narrow; strongly widened distally. Virga very slender not extended beyond cingulum. Cingulum well-sclerotized, but discontinuous; apodemes of cingulum elongate, at base 2-hooked (Fig. [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
*Variations*. Body length including wings 6.56--7.74 mm, excluding wings 5.11--7.48 mm; pronotum length 1.24--1.43 mm, pronotum width 1.45--1.66 mm; tegmina length 2.65--3.31 mm; hind wings length 4.97--5.77 mm; interocular distance 0.40--0.44 mm. (n=7).
*Female* unknown.
##### Etymology.
The specific epithet is derived from the name of the type locality.
##### Distribution.
This species is currently known from the type locality.
##### Sympatric species.
*Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* was found in sympatry with the species *Ripipteryx atra* and *Ripipteryx nodicornis*.
##### Remarks.
The terminalia and the subgenital plate of the new species resemble those of *Ripipteryx atra*, *Ripipteryx laticornis* Günther, 1963 and *Ripipteryx antennata* Hebard, 1924 suggesting placement in the Crassicornis Group. It shares the presence of numerous sharp spiculae on the cingulum with *Ripipteryx antennata* and *Ripipteryx atra* and the antennal color pattern with *Ripipteryx atra*. However, *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* differs from the former species by the absence of modifications of the antennae. In other members of the Crassicornis Group, certain antennomeres are fused (e.g. in *Ripipteryx atra*) or otherwise modified (e.g. flattened and wide in *Ripipteryx laticornis* and *Ripipteryx antennata*); this is not the case in *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis*. The latter is easily distinguished from other species of the Crassicornis and Forceps groups by the form of the terminalia (Figs [4C, D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
A number of soft-bodied mites were found between the metanota and abdomina of some individuals. These are presumed to be ectoparasitic though further research is needed to clarify their biology and interaction with *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* (O. Combita pers. comm.).
Discussion
==========
Five species groups had been proposed in the genus *Ripipteryx* which are largely defined by the morphology of the male terminalia and the phallic complex ([@B6]; [@B13]). Of the species described herein, *Ripipteryx diegoi* sp. n. and *Ripipteryx guacharoensis* sp. n. can be confidently assigned to the Forceps and Marginipennis species groups respectively based on coloration, body size and the morphology of the male terminalia and internal genitalia. In contrast, the species group placement of *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* is problematic due to the presence of characters found in both the Crassicornis and Forceps groups such as modified subgenital plate and brachium, distal half of phallic complex weakly sclerotized, long apodemes of the cingulum, virga long and slender. *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis* was assigned to the Crassicornis group because it shares several characters of the terminalia with the species *Ripipteryx atra*, *Ripipteryx antennata* and *Ripipteryx laticornis* and possesses spines on the cingulum like other species in the group. However, it lacks antennal modifications (a diagnostic character of the Crassicornis group) with the antennae more similar to those of Forceps group species. In briefly reviewing [@B6] species group classification, [@B13] noted that the monophyly of some of the groups is questionable. Preliminary morphological phylogenetic analysis of the genus (Baena-Bejarano, unpublished) suggest that this is indeed the case, but more morphological and molecular data and a comprehensive phylogenetic treatment are required before a refined classification can be presented.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### XML Treatment for Ripipteryx diegoi
###### XML Treatment for Ripipteryx guacharoensis
###### XML Treatment for Ripipteryx gorgonaensis
We are grateful to Carlos Sarmiento, Jhon Jairo Ospina, and members of the laboratory of systematic and comparative biology of insects (UNAL) for helpful discussion and comments on the manuscript. Many thanks also go to M. Jared Thomas for assistance with photography and other illustrations, and Orlando Combita for opinions regarding the mites associated with *Ripipteryx gorgonaensis*. We thank Sigfrid Ingrisch, Fernando Montealegre, and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and critique of the manuscript, and Hugo Sánchez of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia for assistance with SEM. Partial financial support for this work was provided by Dirección de Investigación Sede Bogotá (DIB) grant 15221 entitled *Relaciones filogenéticas de los géneros y grupos de especies de Ripipterygidae (Orthoptera: Tridactyloidea) basadas en morfología*; and funding from the Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAVH) as part of Gestión de Información y Conocimiento (GIC) program. Further thanks are due to Sina Firmenich for assisting the senior author with English translation, and Ranulfo González for his collecting effort.
[^1]: Academic editor: A. Gorochov
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
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The 20 Thought-Provoking Facts, Statistics, and Figures of PayPal
Who doesn’t know PayPal? It’s one of the pioneer powerhouse in global virtual finance. In 1998, the organisation came into existence, and was known as Confinity Inc. The collaboration of software developers and fiscal administrators brought up the result in shape of PayPal by 2001. The company went public in 2002.
In the mid of 2002, eBay acquired PayPal. The fortune was bright and PayPal continued to develop and make progress. In 2005, VeriSign Payment Solution was merged into PayPal to increase the consumers over the e – commerce platform.
The more exquisite the partnership of PayPal with MasterCard in 2007, opened more ways on the expansion of the company. Today, PayPal is a separate entity, apart from eBay.
After a quick follow through of PayPal, let’s jump into some interesting facts, statistics and figures about the fiscal giant:
1) PayPal; a Worst Idea Considered
In 1999, the idea the company once had, is vastly different than the PayPal we know now. Confinity Inc. then, was working on the security solutions of handheld devices. In view of that, they launched a program that would support transferring of money using the Palm Pilot app designed for Palm OS. The idea didn’t get a breakthrough and failed.
2) Account Holders
PayPal is considered to be one of the largest online virtual money transfer company. To date, it has almost more than 192 million users around the globe. As compared to its competitors; Skrill, Alipay and others, it has the highest traffic per second. PayPal is certainly absent in a number of Far East Asia countries. As soon as it gets to these countries, it will be able to touch the figure of almost 700 million users.
3) PayPal Mobility
The world is going mobile day by day. The use of smartphones and tablets are increasing every now and then because of a number of interactive and useful apps. This has allow mobile phone users to switch their banking needs over to their smartphones. PayPal has reported that out of its total transactions, 25% – 30% of transactions take place using the PayPal Mobile app. Besides the app, 43% – 45% of the transactions are reported done using the PayPal Wallet. PayPal operates almost $50 billion through the mobile phone transactions annually.
4) Widely Accepted Payment Method
The international head quarter of PayPal is located in Singapore; size of retailer’s market is almost $1.1 billion in 2010 and it further hit to $4.4 billion in 2015 according to the survey done by the PayPal. Almost 8% retailers use PayPal methods in Singapore, numbers are increasing rapidly since the last 1 year, PayPal recent report revealed that. In a number of countries, after the Credit and Debit card options, the next option presented to the consumer is of PayPal.
5) Attrition Survivor
PayPal is famous for a number of online payment users. Because of its wide popularity, it supports 25 currencies. The figure tends to increase once it gets more members on its panel. Presently, it has 202 countries operating on its tabs. And it’s not just just the currencies, PayPal even supports a number of languages as well. The website have customised appearances in 20 different formats, depending upon the selected region.
6) Highest Payment Count
PayPal holds the record of highest payment count within an hour in 2012. It was the only company of the time, which maintained a balance of $4,420 per hour. While its competitors were almost 50% far from it.
7) Cyber Monday
During 2015, PayPal created another record for its competitors. On the Cyber Monday, the Monday which lies after Thanksgiving, the company had 450 transactions every second. On that day, each hour came up with 1.6 million transactions.
8) Merchandisers
When it comes to online transactions and payments, a number of merchants around the globe prefer a ‘safer’ route. They prefer not to deal with money online. But PayPal has changed the trend. The trust over the service brought 15 million merchants globally, who perform their online transactions.
9) Online Payments
Statistics reveal that in each quarter of the year, PayPal operates an estimation of $65 – $70 billion. This takes the annual figure to around $250 – $300 billion. The statistics further reveal that each account over PayPal makes around 23 payments per annum. While the calculations show that PayPal is operating almost $10 – $15 million of payment daily.
10) Income
PayPal is the sole online payment company which has the highest income annually. In 2015, PayPal earned $8 billion, which is the amount separated from the money they operate. During the present year, it has been assumed that PayPal will go above $10 billion.
11) PayPal Mafia
The initial days of a PayPal career were trembling. After the company was acquired by eBay, a number of its first employees left and joined other organisations. While there’re a few who started their own ventures, including LinkedIn, Tesla Motors, YouTube, and Yelp. Due to their success in the global market, those figures are known as PayPal Mafia.
12) Internet Awards
PayPal has earned close to 20 internet awards. The notable award among the rest is the Webby Award for Best Financial Service, which PayPal earned in 2006. It’s safe and excellent service is appreciated everywhere where it’s operating.
13) Markets
The popularity of PayPal can be judged through its market strengths. It has access to almost 205 markets around the globe. Besides the standard currency support, it even supports 100 currencies (conditional).
14) Drop the School
The former co – founder of PayPal lured high school students to leave their studies. In 2010, Peter Theil asked students to quit high school and join the business program of Peter Thiel Fellowship and present a business idea. In the event of a successful tenure of 2 years, the candidate will be paid $100,000.
15) Growth Rate
The growth rate of PayPal is far higher than any other online payment companies. The other companies grow at a rate of 2% – 3% per annum. While PayPal grows by 10% – 15% per annum; the figure is estimated to rise by 15% – 20% in 2020 when the boom in the online market is expected.
16) Traffic Rate
Alexa Site Ranking revealed that PayPal ranks 53 worldwide and is placed 60 for Singapore PayPal ranking. The site has been visited by 50 million people around the globe.
17) Website
According to Alexa, the site response time is very slow. It takes almost 3 seconds to load. The bounce rate on the site is around 17% which peaks at 28%.
18) Rules and Regulations
The onsite regulations of PayPal are quite strict. A number of sanctions of the state departments of finance and cyber technology are there. Every next online payment site follows the regulatory compliance set by the authorities. Violation of those regulations could result in the closure of the business either permanently or temporarily.
19) Wiki Leaks Donations
PayPal had been accepting the Wiki Leaks Donations for a long time. The time when Wiki Leaks was pronounced illegal, PayPal refused to accept the payment for Wiki Leaks. After that incident, PayPal suffered a number of hack attacks.
20) Venmo and Braintree
In 2013, PayPal acquired Braintree for $800 million. After the news breakout about this acquisition, some IT magazines revealed that PayPal acquired Braintree because of its subsidiary ‘Venom’ which had the best Peer – to – Peer payment system of the time.
Elizbeth is a writer and blogger at TheOneSpy cell phone spy software blog with exclusive skill in the digital world. She has proven skills in technology, digital parenting, and relationship writing. Currently, she is working with spy program for android.
Elizbeth is a writer and blogger at TheOneSpy cell phone spy software blog with exclusive skill in the digital world. She has proven skills in technology, digital parenting, and relationship writing. Currently, she is working with spy program for android. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Lhasa riot of 1750
The Lhasa riot of 1750 () took place in the Tibetan capital Lhasa, and lasted several days during the period of Qing rule of Tibet. The uprising began on November 11, 1750 after the expected new regent of Tibet, Gyurme Namgyal, was assassinated by two Manchu ambans.
During the uprising against Chinese authority both ambans were murdered by the mob, and 51 Qing soldiers and 77 Chinese citizens were killed. A year later the leader of the rebellion, Lobsang Trashi, and fourteen other rebels where executed.
Origins of the riot
Pholhanas, the regent of Tibet, died in February 1747, during his time in office the country had enjoyed a relatively tranquil period, still he had had discords with the Dalai Lama and news of them had reached Beijing after 1745. The ambans had mediated some of these conflicts, but the relations between them remained tense. In 1746 the Dalai Lama secretly sent a mission to Beijing to complain to the Emperor about Pholhanas treatment to him.
After Pholhanas death he was succeeded by his second son, Gyurme Namgyal, as regent. The new regent also maintained bad relations with the Dalai Lama, he even rejected the Dalai Lama's offer to sing sutras in the funerary ceremony in honor of his father. Fucine mediated and the prince later agreed to the Dalai Lama's offer. Relations with the Qing also soured, because the Manchus suspected that the Tibetan prince was working to isolate the Dalai Lama from his followers while also preparing to military prevent a Qing intervention. Gyurme Namgyal even killed his brother, Gyumey Tseten, who was more pro-Qing.
The Manchus believed that the prince had sent an envoy to the Dzungars, who rivaled the Qing control of Tibet.
Assassination of Gyurme Namgyal
The ambans Fucine and Labdon decided to act before the prince had a chance to rebel, the emperor's withdrawal of the garrison of Lhasa had deprived them of a physical means with which enforce their authority so they decided on a bold plan. In November 11 of 1750 the prince was back in Lhasa, and the ambans summoned him to a conference in their office, the house that had been the residence of Lha-bzang Khan the last Khoshut King of Tibet, to assassinate him.
When Gyurme Namgyal was killed, Lobsang Trashi, a chamberlain, was in a small separate room but heard what happened. After killing the regent, all the guards searched the place for the members of Gyurme Namgyal's entourage, but Lobsang Trashi managed to escape by jumping through a window.
Immediately after the murder, the ambans sent a messenger to Minister Gashi Pandita, asking him to take over as head of the Tibetan government. The minister looked bewildered but asked first the Dalai Lama for advice. While the Tibetan government deliberated the streets of Lhasa broke into a storm of riots.
The uprising
Immediately after his escape from the residence of the ambans, Lobsang Trashi spread the news about the murder of the regent. In a short time, a crowd of over a thousand armed men of the city, gathered very excited outside the residence of the ambans. Gashi Pandita had no opportunity to intervene, because they were no regular Tibetan troops in Lhasa.
The Dalai Lama sent some of his secretaries at the crowd to urge them to calm themselves and avoid taking violent actions. The main official of the Gelug order, Reting Rinpoche Ngawang Chokden, personally tried in vain to hold back the crowd.
The crowd besieged and burned the residence of the ambans. Fucine, injured with multiple stab wounds, committed suicide. Labdon died while fighting with the rebels. The 49 Qing soldiers and two officers who defended the residence, were also killed. Next the crowd targeted the treasury of the Qing army where they captured 85,000 taels.
After that, the anger of the crowd was directed against the Chinese citizens living in Lhasa, and 77 of them lost their life to the angry mob. The remaining Chinese, approximately 200, fled to safety in the Potala Palace, where they were offered refuge and assistance.
End of the rebellion
The riot ended as suddenly as it broke out. The rebels found no support from the Tibetan nobility and members of the government. Both groups were opposed to the policies of Gyurme Namgyal, and believed that challenging the Manchu superpower could only end in a military catastrophe.
The Dalai Lama, who headed the Gelug order had continued to deal with the many Tibetan monasteries of his order in eastern Tibet and Mongolia. His concern was in first place for its religious institutions, and the powerful Manchu Emperors were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism.
Two days after the death of Gyurme Namgyal and ambans, on November 13, the Dalai Lama appointed his minister Gashi Pandita as provisional regent. He was asked the government to lead the entry of final orders of the emperor. At the same time he issued a proclamation in which he forbade all Tibetans Trashi Lobsang and his supporters to support.
Lobsang Trashi fled with his followers Lhasa in order to get hold of the money Dzjoengarije to settle. On November 21, 1750, Gashi Pandita did the Dalai Lama Lobsang Trashi and that fourteen of his followers were taken down. Likewise, much of the looted money secured. On November 22, the situation had become so quiet that the Chinese refugees in their homes could return to Lhasa.
Qianlong's Expedition to Lhasa
At the beginning of 1750, provincial officials in Sichuan had been in on alert and were considering a preemptive invasion before the prince made his move.
The news of the murder of the ambans outraged the Qing Qianlong Emperor, and he decided to take swift military action. The initial orders to the commandants in Shanxi and Sichuan was to lead a column of 8,000 men and 5,000 men respectively, but after the Emperor got news from the Dalai Lama that the rebellion was quelled he reduced the expeditionary force to 800 soldiers under General Cereng.
The Qing general, , entered the city on January 18, 1751, as the first representative of the Emperor to arrive to Lhasa after the riot and he came with a personal escort from Kokonor, where he had been the Imperial representative. Upon entering, he immediately demanded the surrender of the insurgents. Ban Di was greeted by Pandita and handed over the prisoners involved in the riot. After a brief interrogation through torture he sentenced Lobsang Trashi to be executed. The Dalai Lama request for a lenient sentence was in vain.
Luciano Petech described the end of the insurgents as follows:
See also
Tibet under Qing rule
Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
Notes
References
p58
p129
Category:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
Category:History of Tibet
Category:1750 in China
Category:History of Lhasa
Category:18th century in Tibet | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Q:
Why can I import a module from a path I removed?
tl;dr
I create a dummy module module in /tmp, insert its path do sys.path, import the dummy module, del it when it's not needed anymore, remove it sys.path and I am still able to import it. Why?
Full question
Consider this pytest fixture code and its comments:
def test_function(temp_dir):
with open(os.path.join(temp_dir, 'dum.py'), 'w') as f:
f.write("""
class A:
\"\"\"
test docstring
\"\"\"
test: int
test_2: str = "asdf"
class B(A):
pass
""")
import sys
sys.path.insert(1, temp_dir)
assert temp_dir in sys.path # assertion passes
# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
import dum # import successful
yield dum
# teardown executed after each usage of the fixture
del dum # deletion successful
sys.path.remove(temp_dir) # removing from path successful
assert temp_dir not in sys.path # assertion passes
with pytest.raises(ModuleNotFoundError): # fails - importing dum is successful
import dum
Why? How do I actually remove it? It happens even when I force sys.path to be empty by executing sys.path = []. There is no dum.py anywhere in the project directory. Am I missing something? Is Python caching the imported modules even after their deletion?
A:
After you import a module once, the next time you want to import it, Python first checks the collection of already imported modules, and uses the module that was already loaded. Therefore, the second time you import a module, sys.path is not even consulted.
This is essential, if you think of it: suppose you are directly importing some modules, and each of them uses, some other modules, and so on. If a module had to be retrieved from disk and parsed, every time an import statement was encountered, you would be spending and awful lot of time just waiting for modules to load.
It is also worth noting that the second time a module A imports a module B, nothing really happens. There are ways to explicitly reload an already-loaded module, but usually, you do not want to do that (web servers with live update are a notable exception).
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
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Amazon diva Alison Tyler and petite Heather Vahn share massive cock I dream of being that lucky motherfucker. He gets laid with dreamy...
Cute Asian girlfriend allows her BF fuck her in all holes This teen Asian chick with pigtails is ready to anything to please...
Cristi Ann caught her BF fucking her stepsis Lexi Luna and joined them A bald dude with a huge dick caught his girlfriend's stepsister...
Angry BF fucks his boo's lesbian side-chick Kendra Spade to explosive squirting Pale girlfriend Maya Kendrick is caught by her boyfriend cheating...
Peta Jensen revenges on her cheating BF fucking a random guy This guy has an appointment with Peta Jensen near some house. This...
Jenna Foxx gives head while talking to bf's mom and then rides the dick A guy was talking to his mom on the phone about upcoming dinner....
Cuckquean gf Valentina watches her Asian bf fucking PAWG chick Savannah Brunette girlfriend Valentina wants experience something new and...
Julia De Lucia and her BF fuck in a fitting room and a solarium This Spanish couple love fucking in public places and record it on...
Exotic bombshell Karissa Kane and her BF fuck curvy Keisha Grey in hot 3some Karissa Kane is a gorgeous Latina lady with a big ass and big...
BF fucks his magnificent girl Lily Adams and cums all over her neck Amazingly beautiful brunette babe, Lily Adams, goes down on her...
Charlotte Stokely having lesbian sex with two airport policewoman Brunette Alison Tyler and blonde MILF Julia Ann are naughty airport...
MILF Danica Dillon caught being ass fucked by daughter's boyfriend Curvy brunette MILF Danica Dillon has an affair with her daughter's...
Luxurious Genevieve Sinn gives sloppy BJ and gets her wet cunt fucked deep Hot as fuck brunette Latina teases a guy posing in front of him in...
A blonde and a brunette giving sexual pleasure to a lucky guy Leanna Sweet and Victoria Summers are two sex hungry MILFs who...
Cock addicted slut Megan Rain fucks married dude in bangbus Sexy as fuck brunette Megan Rain looks for dicks riding a bangbus...
Whitney Wright, fluffy brunette PAWG, in anal interracial BBC mauling Whitney Wright is happy to choke and gag on a huge black dick as...
Marley Brinx is toyed and fucked in bathroom - POV Marley Brinx gets naughty with her bf in a bathroom. Stud washes...
Stunning brunette Francys Belle takes shlong up her perfect ass Perfectly shaped beauty with raven hair named Francys Belle has a...
Filipino Keilani Kita shares bf with boss Janna Hicks to save her job Saucy MILF Janna Hicks moans in bed while getting her big ass...
Dillion Harper a horny secretary having sex with her boss in an office This naughty brunette secretary always talks on the phone a lot at...
Hot jailed hooker Sara Luvv fucks her way out of prison So here's the deal. Saucy Latina whore with prime perky ass Sara... | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Christopher
Debonair oddball B. K. Troop is delighted when Chris Ireland, a 25-year-old aspiring writer, moves into his apartment building in January 1984. The dark-haired, sexy Christopher (as B. K. insists on calling him) is still reeling from his divorce from an aspiring actress, but B. K. is convinced he can work his subtle charms on the younger man.
Like any entertaining seduction yarn, things don’t quite go according to the seducer’s plan. Christopher responds to B. K.’s overtures of friendship but nothing more. Under B. K.’s watchful (and frustrated) eye, Christopher first jumps into politics, and when that proves unsuccessful, he turns to a New Age guru who hosts a self-help seminar known as “The Weekend.” Though he’s jealous when Christopher falls for the wife of the owner of his favorite restaurant, and later when he sleeps with one of the students he tutors, B. K. never loses hope of seducing his young neighbor. He does, however, make a startling discovery about himself: somewhere along the way, he’s fallen in love with Christopher.
Burnett perfectly captures both the mid-1980s setting and the feelings of both his lovable, predatory narrator and B. K.’s elusive quarry. B. K. is both hilariously outlandish and utterly touching.
Editorial Reviews
“Either he’s channeling Truman Capote’s spirit, or Allison Burnett has created, all by himself, one of the more assured narrative voices in recent memory. His B.K. Troop is a pitch-perfect creation: bitchy-funny with a twist of rue.”–Louis Bayard, author of Fool’s Errand and Endangered Species
“Christopher is the literary equivalent of sparkling banter whose aftermath is trenchant poignancy. The deep, sad truths of this slyly funny novel continue to gather force long after you’ve finished reading.”–Kate Christensen, author of In the Drink and Jeremy Thrane | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Quantitative image reconstruction in PET from emission data only using cluster analysis.
Quantitative image reconstruction in positron emission tomography requires attenuation correction. In case the attenuation correction is not measured separately, under certain conditions this can be determined from the emission data alone. We present a method based on cluster analysis that assumes only 3 empirical attenuation coefficients, i.e., 0.095 cm-1 for soft tissue, 0.02 cm-1 for lung, and 0 cm-1 for air. The subsequent image reconstruction takes place in an iterative fashion, through maximization of image likelihood. For the mathematical thorax phantom used in the present study, the results are comparable to those obtained after separate measurement of the attenuation correction. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
11.12.2012
Have a Very Fawny Holiday! {Day 1}
Hello everyone! Welcome to our special inspiration week, "Have a Very Fawny Holiday"! This week is all about getting ideas for the upcoming Holidays! There are design team samples, giveaways and videos! (Make sure to comment for a chance to win these sets!)
We will feature every Lawn Fawn Holiday stamp set this week, and today we are focusing on Winter Bunny and Let it Snow! We have ideas for making a tag, a card set, and a snow globe!
Let's check out some awesome design team samples!
Chari's Winter Bunny and Let it Snow tag is gorgeous! I love the way she added polka dots to the scarf with a white gel pen. Let it Snow is great for creating scenes for critters! :)
Kim's Let it Snow card set is adorable! I love the way she used die cuts to frame her scene and the extra glitter around the edges. It definitely gives that snowy, magical feeling!
Make sure you click on each of the design team's names or pictures to go to their blogs and see the details of how they made their cards. You will walk away inspired for sure!
I hope you have enjoyed this fun look back at Winter Bunny and Let it Snow. Tomorrow we have another fun Fawny Holiday celebration!
For now, though, it's giveaway time! Leave us a comment telling us your favorite holiday memory by November 16th at 10:00pm EDT, and we will randomly pick one winner for both of the featured sets!
Make sure to come back tomorrow, Tuesday November 13th for our next Fawny Holiday post!
My favorite Holiday memory is when I was a little girl and woke up on Christmas morning to a completely changed home. It was so exciting to walk around the house and explore all the beautiful Christmas decorations that my parents spent all night putting up for us kids. Magical!
Love all the cute and glittery projects! My fav Holiday memory would have to be Christmas 3 years ago. It's usually just within family but that year, we had it with cousins and the rest of our relatives. It was a great bonding session.
Just love that snow globe. Ingenious. My favourite Christmas was a couple of years ago flying to the UK to spend with my son in below zero temperatures. We have over 40C degrees here usually and I just loved the cold and snow for a change.
My favorite holiday memory is when my brother and I were downstairs shaking presents before everyone else showed up. I had a really big box with my name on it....like huge, and flat. We flipped it over only to discover that my mom had cut corners and only wrapped the top/sides of the box, and there was a big photo of the dollhouse that was inside.
My favorite holiday memory is just being together as a family when my dad was still with us. For my son to have enjoyed having his granddad during Christmas and spending fun times together is just the most special memory!!!
Great projects today, adore the bunny. One of my favorite memories was going to get the my first real tree. The smell, the snow, the silence (even though it was next to a main street) it felt like we were miles away in a giant forest.
My favorite holiday memory is Christmas at my Grandmas when I was 6 or 7. She got me a plastic purple dollhouse and even at that age I could tell she was just as excited as I was. I lost her last year and treasure the memory more then ever. I love both of these sets and don't have either yet - thank you for the chance to win, LF! :)
Great projects! I'm looking forward to this week of inspiration! One of my favorite holiday memories come from my childhood. When me and my siblings were younger, we would get up sometime between 5am and 6am on Christmas morning. We would wake my parents up by singing Jingle Bells as loud as we could. Once they were up, my mom would start playing some Christmas music on the stereo in the living room where the tree was, she'd make cinnamon rolls, and we'd all sit together in our tiny living room, taking turns opening presents! What a great memory to recall! Thank you!
Great projects! So super cute. My favourite holiday memory is of me and my sister getting up suuuuuuper early Christmas morning when we were kids (like 4:00 - 5:00 am)and having to wait anxiously in my room playing with our toys because we weren't allowed to wake our parents up until 7:00 am to go downstairs and see what Santa brought.
Very cute projects today! I really love that snow bunny - he's adorable. One of my favourite Christmas memories (I have so-o-o many of them - it was hard to pick!) was the first Christmas that my husband and I spent together. My sweet, romantic husband wrapped up a beautiful silk scarf that his parents had brought back from a holiday in Bermuda. When I opened it, he asked if I would like to take it back. Under the scarf were 2 plane tickets to Bermuda! BIG surprise!!
This is amazing and so cool!!Looooove the snowglobe! Awesome idea!!Special inspiration week...this is gonna be great,love LF inspiration weeks!!Thanks for all the inspiration!!Fav holiday memory; celebrating X-mas with my godmother!!
My favorite holiday memory was the Christmas that "Santa's" sleigh left marks out in the snow, and there were snowy footprints in the house from him delivering the gifts! Oh and I heard jingle bells too! Not the song, real ones! :)
That snow globe is so adorable. Never would have thought of that using paper and some ink. What a pretty snowy scene. My favorite memory is my parents owned a purple Cheverolt station wagon and all 10 of us kids would pile in, (no seat belts back then), would attend Christmas Evening service then drive around looking at all the Christmas lights around my hometown. It was pure chaos but I wouldn't have changed anything in the world back then.
That tag is adorable, as Lawn fawn always is! My favorite Christmas memory is getting in the car with my grandfather on a cold mid-December night, getting hot chocolate for the ride, and driving to Wilmette (northern Illinois, on the Lake) and looking at all the holiday lights & decorations on the big, beautiful homes. It was like a magical fairy-tale land to me. Thank you for the memories, Gramps. And thank you Lawn Fawn for bringing to my mind again!
I love the cards they are gorgeous..... My favorite Christmas Memory is all the Christmas parties my Aunt used to have. The whole family would be there and she used to play Christmas Carols on the piano and we'd all sing along. Thanks for the inspiration.
My favorite holiday memory is going sledding with my sister at my grandparent's house. Their house was built on the side of a hill so it was the perfect spot. Every year my grandparent's would spoil us with new sleds. Whenever we would get to cold and call it a day, my grandmother would always have Christmas cookies and hot chocolate waiting for us. Kayla Foister
Such a cute bunny! My favorite holiday memory must be when my dad was off fighting the first Gulf War and I remember my mom worked extra hard to make that Christmas special for us. She worked full time, so she stayed up til the wee hours to wrap presents. We also recorded a video tape to send to my dad.
I have so MANY favorite holiday memory.... but here is a really funny one :) My little sister was at that age of almost growing out of believing in Santa Claus, but she still wanted to believe so bad! So on Christmas Eve she put out some after dinner mints for Santa (her favorite candy at the time). Well, the next morning we wake up to an empty dish, and none of us could figure out or explain what had happened to the mints. She was so excited, and kept telling us that Santa was real. Years later we found out that she had woken up in the middle of the night and ate all the mints haha :)
Oh wow now that is something very very different! I love playing with these snow globes in store! My favorite holiday memory was when I spent the Christmas at Tokyo. It was my first time in Japan and I just went crazy in the stores!
My FAVORITE Holiday memory is my husband purposing at 11:00 pm on Christmas Day!! We went to the pond to look at the stars and the lights of the city on our way home from the Holiday activities and he got down on one knee and purposed!! Shortly after we were serrinaded by cyotes howling!! It was the coolest thing that could have happened and I will NEVER forget how BEAUTIFUL the scenery was and the feeling that was in the air!! THANKS for the chance to win and have a FABULOUS WEEK!! =)
Your snowglobe is so cute! My daughter's Girl Scout troop made something like this, and it's a great craft for kids too.I have many favorite holiday memories, but I guess my favorite would have to be waking up on Christmas morning and hearing my kids whisper to each other excitedly. Best part was, when my husband and I finally got up, they'd sorted all the gifts and were ready to unwrap. :)
I sewed all of my clothes (this was when I was much younger) and then started sewing for the kids and my husband when they came out with knits and the systems for sewing on them. I had an old sewing machine and really wanted one that would do zig-zag and some other stitches because the knit material really needed those kinds of stitches. I knew we didn't have the money for what I wanted so I didn't push to get a new machine. Imagine my surprise when I came home from my in-laws on Christmas Eve and found the sewing machine of my dreams. I made so much on that machine (clothes, Barbie clothes, can't remember it all). It was the surprise of my life. Bob was a great guy and always tried to get me the things I wanted.
My favorite memory of Christmas is when I was little and my parents made us sleep early so that Santa Claus came and left us our gifts. That excitement to sleep and unable to sleep thinking about Santa Claus and then waling up. One of my favorite memories.
favourite holiday moment: we has teased our youngest for months that all she was getting for Christmas was garbage (she's 6 at the time)... so hence, on Christmas morning, when all she saw were the garbage bags (full of wrapped gifts) she promptly dragged them ALL to the garbage can to be thrown out! We ended up opening a bag to show her he gifts, then she calmed down and we had a great Christmas after that.. I still remember her angry, almost crying eyes when she saw those garbage bags..
I love that tutorial! I know it's messy, but it seems like fun to make a few snowglobes with friends. :)
Growing up, I didn't believe in Santa; I was happy knowing my parents were the ones putting gifts under the tree, and I knew how hard my dad worked to afford to buy gifts for my sister and me each year. We rarely got surprises; usually we'd pick out gifts at the store, and we'd watch our dad wrap everything and put them under the tree. In that sense, I don't have a "favorite" Christmas memory, but I always associate the scent of cinnamon with my childhood Christmases. My parents' cooking during the holidays made great use of cinnamon, so when I want a sense of nostalgia, I just drink cinnamon-infused coffee or tea and immediately feel like a kid again.
What a fun blog. Love the snow globe and the tutorial was fantastic. Lots of great holiday memories, but one of ours is when my younger siblings, would get up early (like 4 am), get their Christmas socks bring them back to the bedroom unwrap gifts in the sock, wrap it back up, re-hang their socks on the fireplace and when everyone got up at 6 am, would open their socks again, pretending it was the first time. They always got found out, as they ate the chocolate that was in their socks and never had any when the rest of us did.
My favorite memory is that every Christmas eve, we gathered together with my dad's family for dinner and gifts, then Christmas day, after opening Santa's gifts, we gathered with my mom's family for another big meal and more gifts. I have fond memories of seeing aunts and uncles and grandparents on those days.
My favorite holiday memory is the one and only year that my sister and I were allowed to open a gift BEFORE grandma and grandpa got to our house. We'd had a giant snowstorm on Christmas Eve, so they were really late getting there. Gee, it must have been at least 10AM. Ha! Thanks for the chance to win those stamps. I love that bunny.
Wow, a snow globe. I would never had thought of making a snow globe with my papercrafting supplies. One of my favorite holiday memories, was the year my husband managed to ring a little bell outside my daughter's bedroom window (she was 3 yrs. old) on Christmas eve, while I was reading her a bedtime story, and she shooed me out of the bed yelling, "Santa is almost here, I have to go to bed now." She thought she heard the sleigh bells. It was hysterical.
Oh my gosh - I love that snow globe! This will be my craft with the Grandkids on Thanksgiving day. And I love those tree stamps! Thanks for the ideas and inspiration. I am looking forward to this weeks posts!
Such cute projects! My favorite holiday memory is not being able to sleep Christmas Eve night, so my older brother and I would meet out in the hall and discuss whether or not it was too early to wake up our parents. Good times!
WOW Kelly this snow globe was AMAZING!!! I LOVE IT! I definitely need to make one of these... Oh lord the possibilities are endless! Thank you for sharing such a beautiful project with us and I have to say that I love the stamps used! Okay so my favorite Holiday memory is the same memory I have over and over again every year... and that is baking Christmas cookies every year with my little girl. I do the fancy stuff and she makes the sugar cookies from start to finish. She's a baking pro at the age of 9! Very good times!!
My favorite memory is sneaking out to see the Christmas tree late on Christmas Eve. I would just sit and stare at the presents and beautiful tree. Then I would tip toe back to bed. I loved the quiet and magic.
I {puffy} heart inspiration week! Gorgeous projects! I've been playing with Let It Snow and oh my! Talk about a versatile set! My favorite Holiday memory is one year when my siblings are I were little enough to still believe in Santa Claus-my mom whistled an entire book of Christmas songs while we were trying to go to sleep. I just remember wondering how long she could whistle and how she could whistle like she was singing. I feel asleep to that and I remember it every year :)
This is gonna be great, I love Christmas & love LF, so double win for me. The the snow globe idea is awesome. I have too may wonderful Christmas memories to try & pick any as a favorite, but thanks for bringing so many of them to mind.
wow, you made a snow globe! how creative is that?! I especially like your tag---so pretty. My favorite memory is of my younger sister and I decorating the tree with tinsel. I read someone else's post saying "do you remember tinsel" and I sure do! except we called them icicles and they were so pretty!
My favorite memory was Christmas when I was five years old. We lived in Alaska and went out on Christmas eve to look at Christmas lights. When we got back to the house, Santa had come. My parents said Santa had to start in Alaska early to make sure there was enough time for him to get everywhere. It was the most magical Christmas I've had.
i have many fond memories from Christmas - probably the fondest would be the Christmas mornings when everyone is in their matching pajamas and we have hot cocoa and open our gifts. By the way-love the snow globe idea.
My favorite memory is from the Christmas pagents in our tiny community church when I was a little kid. After the service as you walked out of the church the church elders would hand each child a brown paper sack filled with peanuts, an orange, ribbon candy, filled pillow candies and chocolates. None of it was individually wrapped and it would all tend to stick together and I do believe they were the best tasting things in the whole world!
I would swear that I had a visit from Santa Claus as a child of about 9 or 10. If you've ever heard the song by Harry Connick Jr., it's like that. I didn't ride in Santa's sleigh, but I got the distinct impression he visited me when I was a child. Magical!
My favorite Christmas memory takes me all the way back to the age of seven. I so wanted a bike and had asked for a new bicycle for Christmas. Christmas morning was wonderful with many presents and lots of fun. When the gifts were all unwrapped I was happy even without the bike I dreamed of having. Just then, in the midst of gathering up the torn wrapping paper, the drapes were pulled back and there it was, a shiny blue Schwinn, with a horn, in just my size. What a beautiful surprise it was. Since that very special day I have strived to make the holidays of kids just as special.
Your stamp sets (and papers) are just wonderful and I can't wait to see what else you are going to show us to inspire our holiday creativity.
Beautiful projects by the DT! Watched this video yesterday and LOVED it! I mean, who doesn't like snow globes?! And to make 'em yourself? Brilliant!!! Thanks for sharing this awesome video tutorial! (:
What a cute project!!! I can't wait to try this with my daughter - I knew the tiny mason jars I had would come in handy eventually!! My fave holiday memory is playing Christmas records on my family's giant record player that was actually the size of a dresser, and had a big heavy wooden lid. I was so proud when I was old enough to be able to change records by myself :)
very cute!my favorite holiday moments will be of opening presents with my dad. this year will be the first year without him, but he made christmas so fun! he always uniquely wrapped gifts and picked presents he knew we'd love.
Oh my gosh, I SO needed this right now! What an adorable idea and a great use for those stamps sets. I have had my eye on both of those, but haven't been able to order them. Thank you also for the chance to win them. I love this idea and the inspiration I find from Lawn Fawn everyday!
I'm sorry to post twice, I didn't leave my favorite holiday memory. I am still trying to get back to normal, we have struggling to recover from Hurricane Sandy here and I am behind on email after a 13 day power outage!
My favorite holiday memory is going Christmas caroling with my cousins. We would go around the neighborhood and collect money for charity. Being a natural ham, loved singing for all the people, although looking back on it, they might have paid us to shut up. . . LOl!
All these cards are gorgeous, the bunny is so cute and the trees are very cool. I haven't really got a favourite holiday memory, just lots of memories of the happy times spent at home with my son and daughter at Christmas when they were young - it was always so special xx
My favorite holiday memory is when I was a child, my brother and I would sneak out to the tree and peak at what Santa brought us early in the morning. We would look thru our stockings and try as hard as we could to put everything back just the way it was. We were busted every time! LOL
love how the glitter is around the frames, and snow globe and video are awesome. thank you for sharing. my favorite holiday memory is the family every year sitting all together Christmas morning around the tree opening gifts.
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Hello! My name is Kelly Marie Alvarez. I live in Orange County, and I own and operate Lawn Fawn with my sweet hubby, Mike, and my friend, Erica. I love fun and bright design that makes people smile and interacting with crafters all around the world. Thank you so much for visiting our blog. I hope I can put a smile on your face today! | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
José López Rega fue una de las figuras predominantes de la última etapa de Juan Domingo Perón. Ministro de Bienestar Social y organizador de la Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, “El Brujo” fue la persona más influyente tanto del último gobierno del General como el de su esposa Isabel, que lo sucedió tras su muerte y fue derrocada por la última dictadura militar. Odiado por vastos sectores del peronismo, su figura sigue generando polémica cuando se habla de los años violentos de la década del '70.
Después de 40 años de silencio, en un testimonio histórico, la viuda de López Rega, María Elena Cisneros, dio detalles de la vida del hombre que terminó sus días preso en 1989 por los crímenes cometidos por la Triple A.
“Yo contaré la verdad de mi matrimonio de 13 años con José López Rega, desde el 24 de diciembre de 1976 hasta el 9 de junio de 1989, cuando él murió en mis brazos. Yo cerré sus ojos, no había nadie presente. Vinieron unos minutos después gritando, vociferando y llorando algunos pero el ya no estaba, se había ido de este mundo”, comienza relatando la mujer en una extensa entrevista realizada por el periodista Luis Gasulla y publicada en el sitio Infobae.
José López Rega fue secretario privado y ministro de Bienestar Social de Perón y de Isabel Perón.
Según Cisneros, "la gente miente de una manera espantosa, han llegado a decir que él había hecho una iniciación de vudú, que había suspendido en el aire a un buey, que le abrieron el vientre del buey vivo y que las vísceras del buey cayeron sobre mi esposo que quedó cubierto en sangre durante siete días para tener poder. Ni en África pasa eso”.
Cisneros y López Rega se casaron en la Nochebuena de 1976 en Las Vegas. Ella tenía 25 años. El entonces ex superministro había cumplido 60. Un año antes renunció a su cargo en el Gobierno de Isabel tras las violentas reacciones populares al plan económico impuesto por uno de sus hombres, el ministro de Economía Celestino Rodrigo. Como salida elegante, fue nombrado embajador en España.
Maria Elena Cisneros ultima mujer de López Rega en una entrevista con infobae. / INFOBAE
“Yo fui la segunda esposa de José López Rega. Soy la viuda de López Rega, le gusta a quien le guste, le moleste a quien le moleste. Es para mí un blasón de nobleza, porque amé a un hombre siendo una mujer joven y lo sigo amando hasta el día de hoy. Cada día que amanece, lo recuerdo y me siento absolutamente realizada como persona, ser humano y profesional”, resalta Cisneros.
Actualmente, la mujer vive en la localidad de San Lorenzo, al sur de Asunción, en Paraguay. Allí, según afirma, vive de los ingresos que obtiene por dar clases en la Universidad. Además, se describe como “una persona con un coeficiente intelectual muy superior al normal” y asegura que su obra musical “ha sido comparada con la de Beethoven y se la puede escuchar en YouTube”.
López Rega mantuvo una relación durante años con Perón.
Cisneros rechaza las acusaciones históricas que cayeron sobre su marido, y hasta recurre a una cita de Jorge Luis Borges para reforzar sus afirmaciones: “Fue un hombre bueno al que hicieron demasiado daño gratuito. Lo acusaron, lo juzgaron, lo condenaron y lo mataron en prisión por mentiras. Si hubiera habido un ápice de verdad, un atisbo de verdad que hubiera deslumbrado en 13 años de matrimonio… Pero dormía sin problemas, ¡un asesino no puede dormir tranquilo! Una persona que manda a matar no puede dormir tranquila. Lo acusaron de ser templario, masón y de la Orden Rosacruz. No fue nada de eso. Fue un simple buscador de verdades. No perteneció a ninguna logia, era un simple trabajador. Jorge Luis Borges dijo la verdad sobre él: 'López Rega es el amanuense de Perón, en el más puro sentido medieval'.
En ese sentido, niega que López Rega sea odiado en la Argentina, y dice que “hay miles de personas que lo recuerdan con afecto”. “Lo vimos en su sepelio 30 años atrás. Quiero que usted pregunte por él en el Chaco, en Formosa, en Santiago del Estero. No se deje llevar por lo que dicen los porteños. Acá sabemos cómo son, todo eso viene de la guerra de la Triple A, o sea, de la Triple Alianza. Para una gente, López Rega era un obstáculo”.
Además, sube la apuesta en la defensa de la figura de uno de los personajes emblemáticas del último peronismo pre dictadura militar al asegurar que “si hoy estuviese en el gobierno, la gente no estaría pasando por lo que está pasando, no habría maltrato a la mujer, no habría la inseguridad que hay. Yo jamás tuve un solo altercado con él en 13 años”.
“No deberían menospreciar su figura por ser un pobre cabo de policía. Se burlan de su origen, de su nombre, de su forma de trabajo, de su canto, de sus libros. ¡No los leyeron! Se divierten a costa de sus libros. No cruzaron una palabra con él. Hay un fulano que dice que López Rega creó la Triple A. ¡Que me traigan ese papel! ¡Eso es mentira! Nadie le pidió que haga nada. También dijeron que el Ministerio de Bienestar Social era un arsenal. ¿Usted cree que iba a ser tan necio de tener un arsenal ahí? ¿Dónde se entrenaban para salir a matar? Usted no puede salir a matar así nomás. Esos hombres estaban entrenados. Se dijeron muchas ridiculeces. También dicen que tuvo que ver con la masacre de Ezeiza. ¡Si venía en el avión con Perón!”, añade.
La relación con Perón, magia negra e Isabelita
En otra parte de la charla, Cisneros detalla la estrecha relación que su marido tuvo con Juan Domingo Perón, a quién, según la mujer, sentía “como a su padre”.
“Mi esposo tuvo dos defectos: era demasiado peronista, a muerte. Perón estornudaba y él aplaudía. Segundo: era demasiado argentino, para él en todo éramos los mejores, las carnes, mujeres, paisajes. Pero yo se lo discutía. Somos buenos pero otros países también. Era demasiado patriota. Era un amor desmedido por su país”, aseveró.
López Rega (izq.) el día de la asunción de Isabel Perón en 1974.
La mujer también describió el vínculo que López Rega tuvo con Isabel Martínez, de quienes incluso se rumoreó en su momento que habían mantenido una relación sentimental.
“Decían que tenían una relación carnal. Pero él adoraba a Perón, jamás hubiese tocado algo que perteneciese al General, y la mujer era como un bien. Además, Isabelita era flaca y no era el tipo de mujer que le gustaba a mi marido, que deseaba chicas con cierto grado de redondez”, sostuvo.
Asimismo, describió a quien asumió el Poder Ejecutivo tras la muerte de Perón el 1 de julio de 1974 como “una mujer de carácter” que sin embargo “no tenía preparación para estar donde estaba”.
Según reveló, Lopez Rega le propuso a Perón que el dirigente radical Ricardo Balbín fuera su candidato a vicepresidente en las elecciones de 1973, pero aquel lo rechazó porque era “un traidor”. Por eso finalmente eligió a quien era su esposa como compañera de fórmula, algo que no le había permitido en su momento a Eva Perón.
Mirá también Mirá también Triple A: detuvieron al yerno de López Rega y a otros seis acusados
Cisneros negó también que su marido haya sido echado del Gobierno por Isabel. “Nadie lo echó. López Rega tuvo un altercado muy grande con la viuda. Ella había comenzado a manifestar ciertas debilidades que él no podía aceptar. Él siempre la comparaba con Evita e Isabelita no lo soportaba. Esa paparruchada de que López Rega quería pasarle el espíritu de Evita a la viuda es una ridiculez. Usted no puede pasar nada de una persona muerta a una viva, ni un vivo a otro vivo si no hay material genético para avalarlo. ‘Esa debilidad no la puede tener porque usted es Perón’, le decía. ‘Estoy harta que usted maneje mi vida" le respondía la viuda’, contó.
Otra de las historias que se cuentan sobre López Rega es que practicaba la magia negra. Eso también lo niega Cisneros.“¡Ni la negra ni la blanca! Salíamos a comprar libros en viejas librerías, por eso tengo toda esta cantidad de material. Eso es lo que nos preocupaba, el conocimiento. Los dos siempre fuimos igual. Tampoco fue masón. Yo sí. Yo soy Maestro Rosacruz. Yo soy una alquimista. Puedo convertirlo en un sapo… pero no lo hago porque [usted] es demasiado amable. Hice mis iniciaciones en Ginebra y Francia. Cantaba en la Logia. Cuando me hice cristiana, en el 2004, dejé todo. Era miembro activo de la Logia. Mi esposo no sabía tirar el tarot. Yo lo hacía sin problemas”.
El encuentro con Galimberti, Cristina Kirchner y el final
Tras negar que haya heredado millones de López Rega (“¡Cómo me gustaría! ¡Cómo quisiera! ¡Cómo desearía tener ese dinero bien o malhabido! ¡Cómo quisiera que fuera verdad lo del dinero! Me gustaría que me muestren esa herencia así me voy a vivir a Cannes”), Cisneros cuenta el día que se cruzaron con Rodolfo Galimberti, uno de los dirigentes de Montoneros y con quien mantuvo una fuerte disputa política. El encuentro se dio en una calle de Montreux, Suiza. La mujer detalla cómo fue el diálogo entre los dos hombres.
"’Ese que viene con boina es Galimberti’, me dice. Galimberti había dicho públicamente que lo mataría a López Rega si se lo cruzaba…. Seguimos caminando, hasta que él se detiene y Galimberti también. Mi esposo abre los brazos y le dice: ‘Acá estoy… ¿no era que me ibas a matar? Acá me tenés’. Galimberti se saca la boina, agacha la cabeza, y le dice: ‘Perdoname, Lopecito’.‘¿Perdoname? Son unos desvergonzados. Decir que mandé a matar a (Carlos) Mugica, a (José Ignacio) Rucci, ¿qué tenían en la cabeza, por qué esa maldad, por qué decir eso?’. Galimberti se agarró de la baranda y le dijo: ‘Vos sabés como son los muchachos, sabés cómo hinchaban las pelotas desde Puerta de Hierro porque no les dejaste hacer lo que querían. Te buscaron para joderte la vida, te la junaron’. ‘Claro que me jodieron la vida, soy un paria, soy considerado un maldito’, le contestó López Rega a Galimberti, que le replicó: ‘Pero viste que ellos querían manejar al Viejo y vos no los dejabas…’”.
Perón, Isabel y López Rega en Madrid, durante el exilio del fallecido Presidente.
Consultada sobre la actualidad política, Cisneros se declara admiradora de la ex presidenta Cristina Kirchner.“Tengo una gran admiración por Cristina, aunque eso me provocará muchos problemas con mi familia. La admiro porque es mujer, les hizo bailar a ustedes al son de su tambor. Chasqueaba los dedos y bailaban a su ritmo. Eso no tiene precio. Ni Evita consiguió eso. Ella es una gran actriz. Perdió su tiempo haciendo política. Presentaba las cosas de una manera que todo el mundo caía rendido a sus pies. Les decía las cosas de frente a todos. Me encanta eso de Cristina. La admiro”, subraya.
Pero también tiene palabras para resaltar a dos figuras antagónicas, en términos políticos, de la ex presidenta: Elisa Carrió y María Eugenia Vidal. “(Carrió) Es una genia. Solamente que los genios a veces tienen que volverse a la lámpara y quedarse guardaditos y esperar el momento necesario para salir y hacer otro encanto. Me encanta Vidal porque es una magnolia de acero”, afirma.
Por último, contó cómo fue el final del superministro que tuvo el peronismo hasta 1976. “Sus últimas palabras fueron en la prisión Unidad 22. Agarró los barrotes con sus manos y me dijo: 'Yo me voy. Solo te pido que me sigas queriendo'. Lo sigo queriendo, lo amo, honro su nombre cada día que amanece, pero no siempre se puede estar contenta. Hago lo mejor que puedo. Escucho nuestras músicas, lo veo en YouTube. Cada día interpreto su música en el piano. Le sigo hablando, siempre está conmigo, nunca me dejó, está ahora presente con nosotros en este momento”, concluyó. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
---
author:
- |
Kyu Jung Bae$^{a}$, Howard Baer$^{a}$ and Eung Jin Chun$^{b}$\
$^a$Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA\
$^b$Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 130-722, Korea\
E-mail: , ,
title: |
Mixed axion/neutralino dark matter\
in the SUSY DFSZ axion model
---
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
The recent discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHC seemingly completes the discovery program for all matter states predicted by the Standard Model (SM). And yet the SM in the present form is beset by two problems – the strong CP problem in the QCD sector and the instability of scalar fields under quantum corrections (the infamous quadratic divergences) in the electroweak sector. The first of these can be solved by introducing a Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry [@pq] and a concomitant [*axion*]{} field $a$ [@ww]. The PQ symmetry is broken at a scale $f_a$ typically taken to be in the range $f_a/N_{\rm DW}\sim 10^9-10^{12}$ GeV [@ksvz; @dfsz]. Here $N_{\rm DW}$ is the domain wall number, which is 6 for the DFSZ model. By introducing the new PQ scale $f_a$ into the model, one might then expect the new scalar mass $m_h$ to blow up to at least the PQ scale. The Higgs mass can be stabilized by introducing softly broken supersymmetry (SUSY), where the soft SUSY breaking (SSB) terms are expected to be of order the gravitino mass $m_{3/2}$ in gravity-mediated SUSY breaking models [@nilles]. In this case, the axion is but one element of an axion chiral superfield $A$ which necessarily also includes an $R$-parity-even spin-zero saxion $s$ and an $R$-parity-odd spin-$1/2$ axino $\ta$. In gravity-mediation, the saxion is expected to obtain a SSB mass $m_s\sim m_{3/2}$. The axino is also expected to obtain a mass $m_{\ta}\sim m_{3/2}$ unless special circumstances arise [@gy; @ckn; @cl].[^1] For $R$-parity conserving SUSY models – as motivated by the need for proton stability – the dark matter is then expected to consist of both an axion and the lightest SUSY particle (LSP), [*i.e. two dark matter particles*]{}. The LSP in gravity-mediation, which is assumed here, is typically the lightest neutralino $\tz_1$, a WIMP candidate. Thus, in this class of models, it is conceivable that both a WIMP and an axion might be detected in dark matter search experiments.
To assess dark matter detection prospects, one must calculate the ultimate abundance of both axions and WIMPs. The calculation is considerably more involved than in the axion-only [@vacmis; @vg1] or the WIMP-only case [@gjk]. In the PQ augmented Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (PQMSSM), one may produce WIMPs thermally, but also non-thermally via production and subsequent decay of both axinos and saxions. In addition, late decay of saxions and axinos into SM particles after WIMP freeze-out but before onset of Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) can inject entropy and thus dilute all relics present at the time of decay. Thus, the ultimate axion/WIMP abundance also depends on the production and decay of both saxions and axinos in the early universe.
The axion-axino-saxion kinetic terms and self-couplings (in four component notation) are of the form =(1+s) where $\xi =\sum_i q_i^3v_i^2/v_{PQ}^2$. Here $q_i$ and $v_i$ denote PQ charges and vacuum expectation values of PQ fields $S_i$, and the PQ scale $v_{PQ} = f_a/\sqrt{2}$ is given by $v_{PQ}=\sqrt{\sum_i q_i^2v_i^2}$. In the above interaction, $\xi$ is typically $\sim 1$, but in some cases can be as small as $\sim 0$ [@cl].
The axino/saxion production/decay rates are model-dependent. In the SUSY KSVZ case, where heavy quark superfields $Q$ and $Q^c$ are introduced to implement the PQ symmetry, the axion supermultiplet couples to QCD gauge fields via a high-dimensional interaction which leads to thermal production rates [@axino] depending on the reheat temperature $T_R$. Mixed axion/neutralino dark matter production in the SUSY KSVZ model has been computed in Ref’s [@ckls; @blrs; @bls] for the case of suppressed saxion coupling to axions, and in Ref. [@bbl] for unsuppressed couplings which lead to production of dark radiation from $s\to aa$ decay.[^2]
In the SUSY DFSZ model, no exotic quark superfields are needed as the Higgs doublet superfields, $H_u$ and $H_d$, are assumed to carry PQ charges. An attractive feature of the DFSZ model is that it provides a simple resolution of the so-called SUSY $\mu$ problem [@kn]: why is the superpotential $\mu$ term at the $m_{3/2}$ scale (as required by phenomenology) instead of as high as the (reduced) Planck scale $M_P\simeq 2\times 10^{18}$ GeV, as expected for SUSY preserving terms? In the SUSY DFSZ model, the $\mu$ term is forbidden at tree-level by the PQ symmetry. However, a superpotential term such as W\_u[H]{}\_d can be allowed. After the PQ symmetry breaking by a vacuum expectation value of the scalar component of $S$, $\langle S\rangle\sim f_a$, a mu term \~f\_a\^2/M\_P will be induced. The mu term is then at or around the weak scale for $f_a\sim 10^{10}-10^{11}$ GeV assuming $\lambda\sim 1$.
The axion supermultiplet in DFSZ model couples directly to the Higgs fields with an interaction given by \_[[DFSZ]{}]{}=d\^2(1+B\^2)e\^[c\_H A/v\_[PQ]{}]{} H\_u H\_d, \[eq:superptl\] where $1+B \theta^2$ is a SUSY breaking spurion field and $c_H$ is the PQ charge of the Higgs bilinear operator $H_u H_d$.
The production and decay channels of saxions and axinos are very different in the SUSY DFSZ case as compared to SUSY KSVZ. Due to the renormalizable DFSZ interactions, thermal production rates for axinos/saxions are independent of $T_R$. In addition, for given $v_{PQ}$, saxion and axino decay rates are larger and there are many more decay final states as compared to SUSY KSVZ. As a result, for comparable values of masses and $f_a$, the DFSZ saxion and axino are expected to be much shorter lived as compared to the KSVZ case.
Dark matter production in the SUSY DFSZ model has been considered previously. In Ref. [@chun; @bci11], the overall WIMP production scenario for SUSY DFSZ was portrayed. In Ref. [@bci], detailed calculations of axino production and decay were included. In the present work, we augment these previous studies by including further axino decay modes along with detailed computations of saxion decay rates. We examine not only thermal production of axinos but also thermal and non-thermal production of saxions. Finally, we account for production of axions as well, which are necessarily present and add to the predicted dark matter abundance.
Our results also depend on which particular SUSY model spectrum is assumed. We introduce in Sec. \[sec:bm\] two SUSY benchmark models (the same points as in Ref. [@bbl] for ease of comparison with the KSVZ case): one with a bino-like LSP and a standard overabundance of WIMP dark matter (SOA) and one with a Higgsino-like LSP (as motivated by recent naturalness studies [@rns]), which contains a standard underabundance of Higgsino-like WIMP dark matter (SUA). A concise summary of our results for the SUA case has been presented earlier in Ref. [@prl]; in the present work, we provide detailed discussion and formulae, and also consider the SOA case. In Sec. \[sec:sdecay\], we present simplified formulae for the saxion decay widths and exact leading order branching fractions and decay temperatures $T_D^s$. In Sec. \[sec:axdecay\] we present similar results for axino decays. In Sec. \[sec:prod\], we briefly discuss axion production and thermal axino and thermal/non-thermal saxion production rates. We evaluate under which conditions axinos or saxions can temporarily dominate the matter density of the universe. In Sec. \[sec:cosmo\], we examine several cosmological scenarios for the SUA and SOA benchmarks: 1. low $(f_a\sim 10^{10}-10^{12}$ GeV), 2. medium ($f_a\sim 10^{12}-10^{14}$ GeV), and 3. high ($f_a\sim 10^{14}-10^{16}$ GeV) ranges of the PQ scale. While our SUA benchmark point easily lives in the low $f_a$ regime, it can with trouble also be accommodated at medium and high $f_a$ values. In contrast, the SOA benchmark fails to be viable at low or medium $f_a$, but can be viable at very high $f_a\gtrsim 10^{15}$ GeV under certain restrictions such as a low enough $m_s$ value such that saxion decays to sparticles are kinematically disallowed. This latter point is especially important in that far higher $f_a$ values can be accommodated in SUSY axion models than are usually considered from non-SUSY models: this is possible due to the capacity for large entropy dilution along with the usual possibility of a small initial axion misalignment angle [@bl]. In an Appendix, we list exact leading order saxion and axino decay formulae for the DFSZ SUSY axion model.
Two benchmark models for DFSZ SUSY study {#sec:bm}
========================================
In this Section, we summarize two SUSY model benchmark points which are useful for illustrating the dark matter production in the SUSY DFSZ axion model: one (labeled as SUA) has a standard thermal [*underabundance*]{} of neutralino cold dark matter (CDM) while the other (labeled as SOA) has a standard thermal [*overabundance*]{} of neutralinos.
The first point– listed as SUA– comes from [*radiatively-driven natural SUSY*]{} [@rns] with parameters from the 2-parameter non-universal Higgs model with input parameters $(\mu,\ m_A)=(150,\ 1000)$ GeV. We generate the SUSY model spectra with Isajet 7.83 [@isajet]. As shown in Table \[tab:bm\], with $m_{\tg}=1.56$ TeV and $m_{\tq}\simeq 7$ TeV, it is safe from LHC searches. It has $m_h=125$ GeV and a Higgsino-like neutralino with mass $m_{\tz_1}=135.4$ GeV and standard thermal abundance from IsaReD [@isared] of $\Omega_{\tz_1}^{MSSM}h^2=0.01$, low by a factor $\sim 10$ from the measured dark matter density. Some relevant parameters, masses and direct detection cross sections are listed in Table \[tab:bm\]. It has very low electroweak finetuning.
For the SOA case, we adopt the mSUGRA/CMSSM model with parameters The SOA point has $m_{\tg}=1.3$ TeV and $m_{\tq}\simeq 3.6$ TeV, so it is just beyond current LHC sparticle search constraints. It is also consistent with the LHC Higgs discovery since $m_h=125$ GeV. The lightest neutralino is mainly bino-like with $m_{\tz_1}=224.1$ GeV, and the standard neutralino thermal abundance is found to be $\Omega_{\tz_1}^{\rm MSSM}h^2=6.8$, a factor of $\sim 60$ above the measured value [@wmap9]. Due to its heavy 3rd generation squark masses and large $\mu$ parameter, this point has very high electroweak finetuning [@sug_ft].
SUA (RNS2) SOA (mSUGRA)
-------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
$m_0$ 7025 3500
$m_{1/2}$ 568.3 500
$A_0$ -11426.6 -7000
$\tan\beta$ 8.55 10
$\mu $ 150 2598.1
$m_A$ 1000 4284.2
$m_h$ 125.0 125.0
$m_{\tg}$ 1562 1312
$m_{\tu}$ 7021 3612
$m_{\tst_1}$ 1860 669
$m_{\tz_1}$ 135.4 224.1
$\Omega^{\rm std}_{\tz_1} h^2$ 0.01 6.8
$\sigma^{\rm SI}(\tz_1 p)$ pb $1.7\times 10^{-8}$ $1.6\times 10^{-12}$
: Masses and parameters in GeV units for two benchmark points computed with 7.83 and using $m_t=173.2$ GeV. []{data-label="tab:bm"}
Decay of saxion {#sec:sdecay}
===============
In this section, we present simplified formulae for the partial decay widths of saxions. These widths play an essential role in determining the cosmic densities of mixed axion/neutralino cold dark matter. Since the saxion mixes with the CP-even Higgs bosons $h$ and $H$, it has similar decay channels via a tiny mixing coupling proportional to $\sim \mu/f_a$. The couplings can be extracted by integrating Eq. (\[eq:superptl\]). We list all the possible saxion decay channels in the following.
- $s\to hh~/~HH~/~hH~/~AA~/~H^+H^-$.
The saxion decays to pairs of Higgs states arise from the saxion trilinear interaction as well as its mixing in Eq. (\[eq:superptl\]). For a very heavy saxion, the mixing effect can be safely neglected and the partial decay widths, neglecting phase space factors (these are included in the Appendix and also in all the numerical results) are approximately given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to hh)&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\frac{\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}
\left(1-\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{\mu^2}\right)^2\frac{1}{m_s},
\label{eq:approx_shh}\\
\Gamma(s\to HH)&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\frac{\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}
\left(1+\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{\mu^2}\right)^2\frac{1}{m_s},
\label{eq:approx_sHH}\\
\Gamma(s\to hH)&\approx&
\frac{c_H^2}{32\pi}\left(\frac{m_A^2\cos\beta}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2\frac{1}{m_s},
\label{eq:approx_shH}\\
\Gamma(s\to H^+H^-)&\simeq& 2\times\Gamma(s\to AA)\approx
\frac{c_H^2}{8\pi}\frac{\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}
\left(1+\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{\mu^2}\right)^2\frac{1}{m_s}.
\label{eq:approx_sAA}\end{aligned}$$ Note that we take the limit of decoupling– $m_A^2\gg m_h^2$ and large $\tan\beta\gg1$– unless otherwise stated.
- $s\to ZZ~/~W^+W^-~/~ZA~/~W^+H^-$.
These decay modes arise from the mixing between the saxion and Higgs states. For a heavy saxion, its decays into gauge boson states are dominated by the decays into Goldstone states and thus we can obtain similar approximate formulae as for the Higgs final states: $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to W^+W^-)&\simeq&2\times\Gamma(s\to ZZ)=
\frac{c_H^2}{8\pi}\frac{\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}
\left(1-\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{\mu^2}\right)^2\frac{1}{m_s},\\
\Gamma(s\to W^+H^-)&=&\Gamma(s\to W^-H^+)\simeq\Gamma(s\to ZA)\approx
\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\frac{m_A^4\cos^2\beta}{v_{PQ}^2}\frac{1}{m_s}.
\label{eq:approx_sVphi}\end{aligned}$$
- $s\to f\bar{f}$.
These modes are obvious due to the saxion mixing with Higgs states and their couplings contain a suppression factor of $m_f/v_{PQ}$. Thus, the decay rate is expected to be very small compared to the above decay modes for generic parameter values with $m_f \ll \mu, m_A$. For the case of $s \to t \bar t$ decay, the decay rate is given by $$\Gamma(s \to t \bar t) \approx {N_c \over 4 \pi} {c_H^2m_t^2 \over v_{PQ}^2}
\frac{\mu^4}{m_s^3}\left(1-\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{2\mu^2}\right)^2.$$
- $s\to \widetilde{Z}_i\widetilde{Z}_j~/~\widetilde{W}_i\widetilde{W}_j$.
In the heavy saxion limit, $m_s \gg \mu$, the saxion decays dominantly to Higgsino-like neutralinos and charginos whose partial decay widths are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to\mbox{all neutralinos})&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{64\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_s,
\label{eq:approx_sneutneut}\\
\Gamma(s\to\mbox{all charginos})&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{64\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_s.
\label{eq:approx_scharchar}\end{aligned}$$
- $s\to \tilde{f}\tilde{f}$.
Similarly to fermion modes, these decay rates are also expected to be very small due to the Yukawa suppression. For the case of $s\to \tilde{t}_1\tilde{t}_1$, $$\Gamma(s\to\tilde{t}_1\tilde{t}_1)\approx
\frac{N_c}{2\pi}\frac{c_H^2\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}\frac{m_t^4}{m_s^5}
\left(1-\frac{m_A^2\cos^2\beta}{2\mu^2}\right)^2.$$ Note that we neglect the squark mixing effect which is not very large for our benchmark points.
- $s\to aa~/~\ta\ta$.
Finally, the saxion has generic trilinear couplings to axions and axinos which depend on the details of PQ symmetry breaking sector. The partial decay widths are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to aa)&=&\frac{\xi^2m_s^3}{64\pi v_{PQ}^2},\\
\Gamma(s\to\ta\ta)&=&\frac{\xi^2}{8\pi}\frac{m_{\ta}^2m_s}{v_{PQ}^2}\left(1-4\frac{m_{\ta}^2}{m_s^2}\right)^{3/2}.\end{aligned}$$ Here the model dependent parameter $\xi \lesssim 1$ quantifies the axion superfield trilinear coupling.
In the following, we will show explicit numerical examples of saxion decays into the aforementioned final states. We can see the relative ratios of such decay modes for the SUA and SOA benchmark points and for $\xi =0$ or 1.
Saxion branching fractions
--------------------------
Fig. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=0\] shows saxion branching ratios (BR) versus $m_s$ for the case of $\xi=0$ (for which there are no decays into axion or axino pairs) for [*a*]{}) the SUA case and [*b*]{}) the SOA case. We take $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV. For $\xi =0$ and a large saxion mass in the SUA case, the most important decays are into SUSY particles: charginos and neutralinos (the curves nearly overlap). Decays into gauge and Higgs particles are subdominant– about one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the neutralino and chargino modes for multi-TeV values of $m_s$. This behavior can be understood from the approximate formulae, Eqs. (\[eq:approx\_shh\])-(\[eq:approx\_scharchar\]). The partial decay widths are proportional to $m_s$ for the decay to neutralinos and charginos while they are inversely proportional to $m_s$ for the decays into gauge and Higgs states. For smaller saxion mass, [*e.g.*]{} $m_s\lesssim 1.5$ TeV, the decay into top quark pairs also becomes sizable. Note that the decays into gauge and Higgs states are strongly suppressed for the saxion mass around 1 TeV for which the saxion-Higgs mixing is maximized so that the saxion coupling to gauge and Higgs particles become very small due to cancellation.
![Saxion decay branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=0$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=0\]](saxion_SUA_xi=0_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Saxion decay branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=0$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=0\]](saxion_SOA_xi=0_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
In frame [*b*]{}) we show the case for the SOA benchmark. Here, the dominant decay modes are instead into gauge boson and Higgs final states. This behavior arises because for the SOA case $\mu\simeq 2.6$ TeV which is quite large. From Eq’s (\[eq:approx\_shh\])-(\[eq:approx\_sVphi\]), we can see that these partial widths are proportional to $\mu^4$ instead of $\mu^2$ as per the decay to -inos.
In Fig. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=1\], we show the saxion BRs for $\xi=1$, assuming $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV. In the case of SUA, the most important mode is $s\to aa$ where the BR is a few orders of magnitude larger than other MSSM modes including those to sparticles and SM particles for a large saxion mass. This can be understood since the decay into axion pairs is proportional to $m_s^3$ while the others are proportional to $m_s$ or $1/m_s$. When the saxion mass is much larger than the SUSY particle masses– [*i.e.*]{} for saxion mass around 10 TeV– $BR(s\to\mbox{SM})$ is smaller than $10^{-3}$ and thus the constraint from dark radiation becomes stronger if saxions dominate the energy density of the universe. Also, if $s\to\ta\ta$ is allowed, then it might become the dominant source of neutralino dark matter via the axino decay.
![Saxion branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=1$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. Here we take $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV to show saxion decay into axino pair. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=1\]](saxion_SUA_xi=1_maxino=2000_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Saxion branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=1$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. Here we take $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV to show saxion decay into axino pair. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=1\]](saxion_SOA_xi=1_maxino=2000_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
For smaller saxion mass, $m_s\lesssim 1$ TeV, the BRs of the MSSM channels become larger so that the constraint from dark radiation becomes relieved. The saxion mass around 1 TeV shows an interesting behavior in that the neutralino/chargino modes become sizable and thus the amount of dark radiation from saxion decay can be drastically reduced.
In frame [*b*]{}), we show the $\xi=1$ case for the SOA benchmark. For large $m_s\gtrsim 7$ TeV, the $s\to aa$ mode is again dominant. It is worth noting that the decay widths to neutralinos and charginos never becomes larger than the Higgs and gauge boson modes for $m_s\lesssim 10$ TeV in contrast to the SUA case. Thus, augmentation of neutralino dark matter via late decay of saxions can not be very large, which will be discussed in detail in Sec. \[sec:prod\]. For $m_s\lesssim 7$ TeV, the dominant final state is into SM particles; thus, in this case, low rates of dark radiation occur even when saxions dominate the universe. We will discuss this in Section \[sec:cosmo\]. For $m_s\simeq m_A$, mixing between saxions and Higgses becomes very large so that the sfermion final states become the dominant decay modes.
Saxion decay temperature
------------------------
In this subsection, we show saxion decay temperature values expected from the SUA and SOA benchmarks for $\xi =0$ and $1$. The temperature at which saxions decay is related to the total decay width via T\_D =/(\^2g\_\*(T\_D)/90)\^[1/4]{} where $M_P$ is the reduced Planck mass and $g_*$ is the effective number of degrees of freedom at temperature $T_D$. Note that we assume a radiation-dominated universe in the temperature plots. The case of a saxion-dominated universe will be discussed in Sec. \[sec:prod\].
In Fig. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=0\], we show the saxion decay temperature for $f_a=10^{10}$, $10^{12}$ and $10^{14}$ GeV. For the $\xi=0$ case shown in frame [*a*]{}), $T_D^s\sim 10$ MeV for $f_a\sim 10^{14}$ GeV so that even for these large values of $f_a$, the saxion decays before the onset of BBN. For $f_a\sim 10^{10}$ GeV, the decay temperature typically ranges up to 100 GeV. This is typically well above WIMP freezeout temperature, given approximately by $T_{fr}\sim m_{\tz_1}/25$. Thus, for low $f_a$, saxions in the DFSZ model tend to decay before freezeout, and so the standard thermal WIMP abundance calculation may remain valid.
![Saxion decay temperature for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=0$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=0\]](TD_sax_SUA_xi=0 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Saxion decay temperature for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and $\xi=0$ for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=0\]](TD_sax_SOA_xi=0 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
In the SOA case shown in frame [*b*]{}), $T_D^s$ varies from $1-10^4$ GeV as $f_a$ ranges from $10^{14}-10^{10}$ GeV. Thus, saxions tend to decay well before WIMP freezeout unless $f_a$ is as large as $10^{14}$ GeV, in which case saxion decays are suppressed.
In Fig. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=1\], we show the saxion decay temperature for $\xi =1$. In frame [*a*]{}) for the SUA case, and with $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV, the presence of the $s\to aa,\ta\ta$ modes increases even further the saxion decay temperature compared to the $\xi =0$ case. For $m_s=10$ TeV, we see that $T_D^s$ ranges from $1-10^4$ GeV as $f_a\sim 10^{14}-10^{10}$ GeV. In frame [*b*]{}), we find a similar decay temperature for SOA as compared to SUA since $T_D^s$ is dominated by the $s\to aa,\ \ta\ta$ widths which are the same for both cases.
![Decay temperature for saxion with $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV, $\xi=1$ and $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=1\]](TD_sax_SUA_xi=1 "fig:"){width="14cm"} ![Decay temperature for saxion with $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV, $\xi=1$ and $m_{\ta}=2$ TeV for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=1\]](TD_sax_SOA_xi=1 "fig:"){width="14cm"}
The upshot of this section is that in the DFSZ model, direct coupling of saxions to Higgs and Higgsinos increases the saxion decay widths compared to the KSVZ model, typically causing saxions to decay before the BBN onset even for $f_a$ as large as $10^{14}$ GeV, and for smaller $f_a$ values, saxions tend to decay even before neutralino freezeout, thus leading to no augmentation of neutralino relic density via late-time reannihilation.
Axino decays {#sec:axdecay}
============
Similar to the saxion case, the axino trilinear couplings arise directly or indirectly through the axino-Higgsino mixing from the superpotental (\[eq:superptl\]). The possible decay modes include the following.
- $\ta \to \widetilde{Z}_i h~/~\widetilde{Z}_iH~/~\widetilde{Z}_iA$.
The decays into neutralinos and Higgs bosons come from the axino-Higgsino-Higgs interaction, so the dominant decay modes are into Higgsino-like neutralino states in the limit of heavy axino. In the heavy axino limit ([*i.e.*]{} $m_{\ta}\gg\mu$), the partial decay width is given by $$\Gamma (\ta\to\widetilde{Z}_i\phi ) \approx 2 \times 3\times \frac{c_H^2}{64\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_{\tilde{a}}.$$ where $\phi=h,\ H$ and $A$.
- $\ta\to\widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}H^{\mp}$.
These decay modes arise similarly to the previous ones. For the heavy axino limit, the partial width is determined by $$\Gamma (\ta\to\widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}H^{\mp}) \approx
\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_{\tilde{a}}.$$
- $\ta\to\widetilde{Z}_iZ~/~\widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}W^{\mp}$.
The axino decays to gauge bosons arise from the axino-neutralino mixing. In the limit of heavy axino, the corresponding decay rates can be obtained by considering the decays into the Goldstone modes as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma (\ta\to\widetilde{Z}_iZ~)&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{32\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_{\tilde{a}},\\
\Gamma (\ta\to\widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}W^{\mp})&\approx&\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_{\tilde{a}}.\end{aligned}$$
- $\ta\to\tilde{f}f$.
These modes also arise from axino-neutralino mixing. In most cases, they are suppressed by $m_f/v_{PQ}$ as in the saxion case, and kinematically disallowed in most of parameter space with heavy matter scalars. For the case of $\ta\to \tilde{t}_1\bar{t}+{\rm c.c.}$, $$\Gamma(\ta\to\tilde{t}_1\bar{t}+\bar{\tilde{t}}_1 t)\approx
\frac{N_c}{32\pi}\frac{c_H^2\mu^4}{v_{PQ}^2}\frac{m_t^2}{m_{\ta}^3}
\left(1+\frac{m_{\ta}}{\mu\tan\beta}\right)^2.$$ Note that we neglect the mixing effect of stop as in the case of $s\to\tilde{t}_1\tilde{t}_1$.
Axino branching fractions
-------------------------
In the Fig. \[fig:axno\_BR\], we show the axino branching fractions as a function of $m_{\ta}$ for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmark points. In most of parameter space, the branching fractions for decay to neutralino+neutral Higgs, chargino+charged Higgs, neutralino+$Z$ and chargino$+W$ are all comparable, in the tens of percent, while decays to fermion+sfermion are suppressed. This is consistent with the above discussion and approximate formulae except for the region of $m_{\ta}\sim m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}$ for which axino-neutralino mixing is enhanced. For the SOA case, the qualitative features for large $m_{\ta}$ are almost the same as SUA case. The differences come only from the different particle mass spectrum. For $m_A\simeq\mu=2.6$ TeV, we can see the effect of maximized axino-Higgsino mixing leading to the domination of the sfermion plus fermion mode.
![Axino branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:axno\_BR\]](axino_SUA_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Axino branching ratios for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:axno\_BR\]](axino_SOA_BR "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
Axino decay temperature
-----------------------
In Fig. \[fig:axno\_TD\], we show the axino decay temperature $T_D^{\ta}$ versus $m_{\ta}$ for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmarks, for $f_a=10^{10}$, $10^{12}$ and $10^{14}$ GeV. In SUA case, we see that $T_D^{\ta}$ varies from ${\cal O}(10)$ MeV to ${\cal O}(1)$ TeV depending on the $f_a$ and $m_{\ta}$ values. Since the axino always decays to SUSY particles, it should always augment the neutralino abundance unless $T_D^{\ta}>T_{fr}$, in which case the usual thermal abundance applies, unless affected by saxion decays. One typically has $T_D^{\ta}>T_{fr}$ as long as $f_a\lesssim 10^{11}$ GeV. For the SOA case with a large $\mu =2.6$ GeV, $T_D^{\ta}$ is about an order of magnitude higher than for the SUA case.
![Axino decay temperature for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:axno\_TD\]](TD_axn_SUA "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Axino decay temperature for $f_a=10^{12}$ GeV and for [*a*]{}) SUA and [*b*]{}) SOA benchmark points. \[fig:axno\_TD\]](TD_axn_SOA "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
Axion, axino and saxion production in the SUSY DFSZ model {#sec:prod}
=========================================================
In this section, we will present formulae for the axion, axino and saxion production, and discuss the possibility of saxion or axino domination in the early universe.
Axion production
----------------
Here we will assume the scenario where the PQ symmetry breaks before the end of inflation, so that a nearly uniform value of the axion field $\theta_i\equiv a(x)/f_a$ is expected throughout the universe. From the axion equation of motion, the axion field stays relatively constant until temperatures approach the QCD scale $T_{\rm QCD}\sim 1$ GeV. At this point, a temperature-dependent axion mass term turns on, and a potential is induced for the axion field. At temperature $T_a$ the axion field begins to oscillate, filling the universe with low energy (cold) axions. The standard axion relic density (via this vacuum misalignment mechanism) is derived assuming that coherent oscillations begin in a radiation-dominated universe and is given by [@vacmis; @vg1] \_a\^[std]{} h\^20.23 f(\_i)\_i\^2 ()\^[7/6]{} \[eq:Oh2axionstd\] where $0< \theta_i<\pi$ and $f(\theta_i)$ is the anharmonicity factor. Visinelli and Gondolo [@vg1] parameterize the latter as $f(\theta_i)=\left[\ln\left(\frac{e}{1-\theta_i^2/\pi^2}\right)\right]^{7/6}$. The uncertainty in $\Omega_a h^2$ from vacuum misalignment is estimated as plus-or-minus a factor of three. If the axion field starts to oscillate during the matter dominated (MD) or the decaying particle dominated (DD) phase ($T_D < T_a < T_e$), the axion relic density will no longer be given by Eq. (\[eq:Oh2axionstd\]). The appropriate expressions for each of these cases are given in the Appendix of Ref. [@blrs].
Axino and saxion production
---------------------------
In the case of the KSVZ models, thermal production of saxions and axinos is due to the anomaly interaction of dimension 5: $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal L}_{{\rm anomaly}}&=&-\frac{\sqrt{2}\alpha_s}{8\pi f_a/N_{\rm DW}}\int d^2\theta AW^aW^a+\mbox{h.c.}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\alpha_s}{8\pi f_a/N_{\rm DW}}\left(sG^a_{\mu\nu}G^{a\mu\nu}-i\bar{\ta}\frac{[\gamma^{\mu},\gamma^{\nu}]}{2}\gamma_5\tilde{g}^aG_{\mu\nu}^a+\cdots\right).\end{aligned}$$ This higher dimensional couplings lead to thermally produced saxion and axino densities which are proportional to the reheat temperature $T_R$.
In contrast, the axion supermultiplet in the SUSY DFSZ model has Yukawa-type (dimension 4) interactions as shown in Eq. (\[eq:superptl\]). As a consequence, the most important contributions for the saxion and axino production arise near the kinematic thresholds of scattering processes leading to thermal production densities which are independent of $T_R$ so long as $T_R$ is larger than the kinematic threshold for the specific process. As was studied in Ref’s [@chun; @bci11; @bci], the saxion and axino abundances from thermal production are given by $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{s}^{{\rm TP}}&=&10^{-7}\zeta_s\left(\frac{B\mu/\mu\mbox{ or }\mu}{\mbox{TeV}}\right)^2\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)^2,\\
Y_{\ta}^{{\rm TP}}&=&10^{-7}\zeta_{\ta}\left(\frac{\mu}{\mbox{TeV}}\right)^2\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $\zeta_s$ and $\zeta_{\ta}$ are model-dependent constants of order unity. [^3] Barring a specific model-dependence on $\zeta_s$ and $\zeta_{\ta}$, we will now examine the possibility of having a cosmological era dominated by thermally produced saxions or axinos. For this, we need to compare two important quantities; the decay temperature $T_D$ and the saxion/axino-radiation equality temperature $T_e$.
Let us first discuss the saxion case. The saxion-radiation equality temperature is given by $$T_e^s=\frac43m_sY^{{\rm TP}}_s=\frac43 \times 10^{-7}\zeta_s\left(\frac{B\mu/\mu\mbox{ or }\mu}{\mbox{TeV}}\right)^2\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)^2m_s,$$ and the decay temperature is $$T_D^s=\sqrt{\Gamma_sM_p}\left(\frac{90}{\pi^2g_*}\right)^{1/4}.$$ The saxion decay width is approximately given by $$\Gamma_s\approx \frac{c_H^2}{32\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{v_{PQ}}\right)^2m_s=\frac{c_H^2}{16\pi}\left(\frac{\mu}{f_a}\right)^2m_s.$$ Here we only consider the decay width for $\xi=0$ and the dominant decays into neutralinos and charginos for the SUA scenario. For the case of SOA, the situation does not significantly change. The condition for the saxion domination, $T_e^s>T_D^s$, leads to $$\frac{(B\mu/\mu\mbox{ or }\mu)^2/\mu}{f_a}\gtrsim 3\times10^{-5}
\left(\frac{c_H}{\zeta_s}\right)
\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{\rm TeV}{m_s}\right)^{1/2}.
\label{eq:TP_sax_dom}$$ This condition is hardly achieved for $f_a\gtrsim10^9$ GeV unless $B\mu/\mu$ or $\mu$ is as large as 100 TeV. Thus, we conclude that the saxion domination is unlikely to occur in the case of thermal production. If $\xi\neq 0$, the saxion decay temperature becomes larger, and thus the saxion domination is even less probable. The same conclusion can be drawn for the axino case where the axino domination requires $$\frac{\mu}{f_a}\gtrsim 8\times10^{-5}
\left(\frac{c_H}{\zeta_{\ta}}\right)
\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{\rm TeV}{m_{\ta}}\right)^{1/2}$$ which is also hard to meet.
Next we consider saxion coherent oscillations. In this case, the saxion abundance is given by $$Y_s^{\rm CO}=1.9\times10^{-6}\left(\frac{\rm GeV}{m_s}\right)
\left(\frac{{\rm min}[T_R,T_s]}{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^2$$ assuming an initial saxion field amplitude of $s_0=f_a$. From this, one finds that the saxion domination occurs for $$f_a\gtrsim 8\times 10^{13}\mbox{ GeV}\times c_H^{1/3}
\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/12}
\left(\frac{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}{{\rm min}[T_R,T_s]}\right)^{1/3}
\left(\frac{\mu}{150\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^{1/3}
\left(\frac{m_s}{\rm 5 TeV}\right)^{1/6}.
\label{eq:sax_dom_cond}$$ Note that the lower limit on $f_a$ becomes larger for smaller $T_R$ or $T_s$.
For illustration, the various temperatures are shown as a function of $f_a$ for $\xi=0$ in Fig. \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\] for [*a*]{}) the SUA benchmark and in [*b*]{}) for the SOA benchmark. We take $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for SUA and $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for SOA. For low $f_a\lesssim 10^{12-13}$ GeV, saxions and axinos decay before the neutralino freeze-out when the universe is radiation-dominated in which case the neutralino dark matter density is determined by the usual freeze-out mechanism. For $10^{12}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ GeV, saxions and axinos decay after neutralino freeze-out so that the neutralino re-annihilation process becomes important to determine the WIMP portion of the dark matter density. For $f_a\gtrsim10^{14}$ GeV, saxion coherent oscillation can dominate over radiation and the saxion decay occurs after neutralino freeze-out. In this case, the WIMP abundance may be depleted by late-time entropy injection, or augmented if saxions decay at a large rate into SUSY particles.
![Saxion (blue) and axino (purple) decay temperature along with saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) are shown for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmark point for $\xi =0$. The neutralino freeze-out temperature is also shown. We use $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*a*]{}) and $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*b*]{}). \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\]](sax_dom_SUA_xi=0_ms=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Saxion (blue) and axino (purple) decay temperature along with saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) are shown for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmark point for $\xi =0$. The neutralino freeze-out temperature is also shown. We use $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*a*]{}) and $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*b*]{}). \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\]](sax_dom_SOA_xi=0_ms=450_ma=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
The case for $\xi =1$ is shown in Fig. \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\]. For $\xi=1$, the decay $s\to aa$ (and possibly $s\to\ta\ta$) is allowed, which leads to an even earlier saxion decay, but also to the possible production of dark radiation. Since the saxion decay temperature is even higher than the $\xi=0$ case, the equality occurs when $f_a$ is a few times larger than the $\xi=0$ case.
![Saxion (blue) and axino (purple) decay temperature along with saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) are shown for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmark point for $\xi =1$. The neutralino freeze-out temperature is also shown. We use $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*a*]{}) and $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*b*]{}). \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\]](sax_dom_SUA_xi=1_ms=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Saxion (blue) and axino (purple) decay temperature along with saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) are shown for [*a*]{}) the SUA and [*b*]{}) the SOA benchmark point for $\xi =1$. The neutralino freeze-out temperature is also shown. We use $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*a*]{}) and $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for [*b*]{}). \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\]](sax_dom_SOA_xi=1_ms=450_ma=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
We are now ready to make a detailed study of several cosmological scenarios of the SUSY DSFZ model.
Cosmological scenarios depending on $f_a$ {#sec:cosmo}
=========================================
In this section, we will discuss various cosmological scenarios which have different characteristics depending on the PQ scale $f_a$ ($=\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}$). Our analysis will be presented separately for SUA and SOA.
SUA
---
As was discussed previously with Figs. \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\][*a*]{}) and \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\][*a*]{}), there are three regions of $f_a$ having different cosmological properties in terms of the dark matter abundance: 1. $f_a\lesssim10^{12}$ GeV, 2. $10^{12}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ GeV and 3. $f_a\gtrsim 10^{14}$ GeV for which saxions (axinos) decay 1. before dark matter freeze-out 2. after freeze-out and 3.dominate the universe before their decay.
### $f_a\lesssim10^{12}$ GeV
In this region, axinos and saxions are produced mainly by thermal scattering and thus they do not dominate the universe. Furthermore, they decay before neutralino freeze-out so that the standard thermal relic density $\Omega^{\rm std}_{\tilde Z_1} h^2 = 0.01$ remains valid. In this region, then, the main component of dark matter would come from misalignment-produced cold axions. The initial misalignment angle $\theta_i$ can always be adjusted so that $\Omega_ah^2 =0.12-\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$. Thus, for $f_a\alt 10^{12}$ GeV, we would expect in the SUA benchmark case a universe with dark matter at $\sim 10\%$ Higgsino-like WIMPs along with 90% cold axions [@prl].
It remains to check how sizable is the relativistic axion production from the saxion decay or thermal scattering. The effective number of neutrinos from relativistic axions is given by $$\Delta N_{\rm eff}\simeq\Delta N_{\rm eff}^{\rm TP}+\frac{18}{r}BR(s\to aa)g_{*S}(T_D)^{-1/3}
\frac{m_s\left(Y_s^{\rm CO}+Y_s^{\rm TP}\right)}{T_D^s}$$ where $r$ is the factor of entropy dilution. In this region there is no entropy dilution ($r=1$). In most cases, thermal production of axions is negligible and thus it is enough to only take the saxion decay into account. The most important quantity is $BR(s\to aa)$ which was discussed in Sec. \[sec:sdecay\]. For $m_s\gtrsim 4$ TeV, the dominant decay mode of the saxion is its decay to neutralinos and charginos. Thus, we get to a good approximation, $$\begin{aligned}
BR(s\to aa)&\approx& \frac{\Gamma(s\to aa)}{\Gamma\left(s\to \widetilde{Z}\widetilde{Z}\right)+\Gamma\left(s\to \widetilde{W}\widetilde{W}\right)+\Gamma(s\to aa)}\nonumber\\
&\approx&\frac{\xi^2m_s^3/(32\pi f_a^2)}{c_H^2\mu^2m_s/(16\pi f_a^2)+\xi^2m_s^2/(32\pi f_a^2)}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\xi^2m_s^2}{2c_H^2\mu^2+\xi^2m_s^2}\end{aligned}$$ which leads to $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta N_{\rm eff}&\simeq& 18\times g_{*S}(T_D)^{-1/3}\frac{\xi^2m_s^2}{2c_H^2\mu^2+\xi^2m_s^2}\frac{m_sY_s^{\rm TP}}{T_D^s}\nonumber\\
&\approx&6.6\times10^{-5}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{-3/2}
\left(\frac{\zeta_s}{\xi}\right)
\left(\frac{g_{*S}}{90}\right)^{-1/3}
\left(\frac{g_*}{90}\right)^{1/4}\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_s}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{B\mu/\mu\mbox{ or }\mu}{\rm TeV}\right)^2
\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right).
\label{eq:DNeff_low_fa}\end{aligned}$$ In the range of $10^{10}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim 10^{12}$ GeV, one finds $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ typically between $10^{-3}$ and $10^{-5}$ even with $\xi =1$ as can be seen clearly from Fig. \[fig:DNeff\_SUA\_ms=5000\].
![Plot for $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ and $r$ in SUA, $\xi=1$ and $m_s=5$ TeV. \[fig:DNeff\_SUA\_ms=5000\]](DNeff_SUA_ms=5000){height="6.9cm"}
Note also that the saxion density approaches its equilibrium value for $f_a\lesssim 10^{10}$ GeV so that $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ does not exceed $10^{-3}$ even for smaller $f_a$. Therefore, we can conclude that the relativistic axion abundance is far below the current limit on dark radiation from PLANCK [@planck].
### $10^{12}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ GeV
In this region, saxions and axinos do not dominate the universe, but they do decay after neutralino freeze-out. In addition, saxion production from coherent oscillation becomes larger than thermal production as shown in Figs. \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\][*a*]{}) and \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\][*a*]{}). Such late decays of saxions and axinos can produce an overabundance of neutralino dark matter particles which then re-annihilate to deplete their initial density. To discuss the neutralino dark matter density in this region, let us consider the saxion decay temperature: $$T_D^s\simeq 3.1\mbox{ GeV}\times \xi\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}\left(\frac{m_s}{5\mbox{ TeV}}\right)^{3/2}
\left(\frac{10^{13}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right).$$ Note that the standard neutralino freeze-out temperature $T_{\rm fr}$ is around 5 GeV. Thus, the saxion decay temperature gets smaller than $T_{\rm fr}$ when $f_a\gtrsim 10^{13}$ GeV for $\xi\sim1$, or when $f_a\gtrsim10^{12}$ GeV for $\xi\lesssim0.1$. The axino decay temperature is $$T_D^{\ta}\simeq 3.7\mbox{ GeV}\times c_H\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{\mu}{150\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)
\left(\frac{m_{\ta}}{5\mbox{ TeV}}\right)^{1/2},$$ which can be smaller $T_{\rm fr}$ when $f_a\gtrsim 10^{12}$ GeV. The neutralino density determined from the re-annihilation process is given by $$\begin{aligned}
Y^{-1}_{\widetilde{Z}_1}(T<T_D)&\simeq& Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{-1}(T_D)+
\left(Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm re-an}\right)^{-1}\nonumber\\
&=&Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{-1}(T_D)+
\frac{4\langle \sigma v\rangle M_pT_D}{\left(90/\pi^2g_*(T_D)\right)^{1/2}}
\label{eq:neut_rean}\end{aligned}$$ where $Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}(T_D)=Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm fr}+Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}$ and $T_D$ can be either $T_D^s$ or $T_D^{\ta}$. For $10^{12}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ GeV, neutralino production due to axino/saxion decay is then much larger than that from the standard neutralino freeze-out, [*i.e.*]{} $Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}(T_D) \simeq Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}$. The neutralino abundance dominated by the re-annihilation term $Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm re-an}$ of Eq. (\[eq:neut\_rean\]) is approximated by $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}(T<T_D) &\approx&
4.1\times10^{-13}\frac{1}{c_H}\left(\frac{g_*}{90}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{2.57\times10^{-25}\mbox{ cm}^3/\mbox{s}}{\langle \sigma v\rangle}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{150\mbox{ GeV}}{\mu}\right)
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_{\ta}}\right)^{1/2}.
\label{eq:neut_after_rean}\end{aligned}$$ The schematic behavior of the neutralino yield from standard freeze-out, axino decay, saxion decay and re-annihilation is shown in Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_ms=5000\].
![Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. We use [*a*]{}) $\xi=0$ and [*b*]{}) $\xi=1$. $Y_{\ta}^{\rm re-an}$ ($Y_{s}^{\rm re-an}$) is the re-annihilation contribution for neutralino density from axino (saxion) decay. $Y_{\rm neut}$ is the final neutralino yield. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_ms=5000\]](neut_rean_SUA_xi=0_ms=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. We use [*a*]{}) $\xi=0$ and [*b*]{}) $\xi=1$. $Y_{\ta}^{\rm re-an}$ ($Y_{s}^{\rm re-an}$) is the re-annihilation contribution for neutralino density from axino (saxion) decay. $Y_{\rm neut}$ is the final neutralino yield. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_ms=5000\]](neut_rean_SUA_xi=1_ms=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
One of the most important features is that the neutralino density can be larger than the standard density for $f_a\gtrsim 10^{12}$ GeV. This can cause a conflict with the direct detection bound from XENON100 since Higgsino-like WIMPs have a large spin-independent nucleon scattering cross-section. From the neutralino yield via re-annihilation, Eq. (\[eq:neut\_after\_rean\]), we get the neutralino dark matter density $$\begin{aligned}
\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}h^2&\simeq& \frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_1} Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}}{3.6\, \mbox{eV}}
\nonumber\\
&=&0.015\times{c_H}\left(\frac{g_*}{90}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{2.57\times10^{-25}\mbox{ cm}^3/\mbox{s}}{\langle \sigma v\rangle}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{150\mbox{ GeV}}{\mu}\right)
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_{\ta}}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_1}}{135\mbox{ GeV}}\right).\end{aligned}$$ This has to be compared with the neutralino density bound from the XENON100 experiment [@xenon] for the SUA benchmark point which is $$\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{Xe}h^2<0.026.$$ Therefore, we get the bound: $f_a/c_H \lesssim 2 \times 10^{12}$ GeV, which again requires the cold axion as a major component of dark matter. Of course, this constraint can be avoided for the case of a more purely Higgsino-like dark matter scenario (with larger bino/wino mass) to saturate the dark matter density ($\Omega_{\tilde Z_1} h^2=0.11$) by the re-annihilation process. That is, we can open the possibility for Higgsino-like dark matter which is more abundant than in the standard cosmology in this region of $f_a$.
Concerning the constraint from dark radiation, the situation is not much different from the case of $f\lesssim10^{12}$ GeV. Although saxion and axino decay after neutralino freeze-out, there is no matter domination era in this region, and thus the produced axion abundance from saxion decay is described again by Eq. (\[eq:DNeff\_low\_fa\]) which gives an even smaller amount of dark radiation for larger $f_a$.
### $f_a\gtrsim10^{14}$ GeV
Although thermally produced saxions and axinos do not dominate the universe at large $f_a$, oscillation production of saxions can dominate for large enough $f_a$ as discussed in the previous section. We rewrite the condition for coherent oscillations of saxions to dominate the universe: $$f_a\gtrsim 2.7\times10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}\times \xi^{1/3}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{1/6}
\left(\frac{10}{g_*}\right)^{1/12}
\left(\frac{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}{{\rm min}[T_R,T_s]}\right)^{1/3}
\left(\frac{m_s}{\rm 5 TeV}\right)^{1/2}.$$ In this region, cosmology becomes more interesting. As the saxion coherent oscillation dominates the universe, the neutralino dark matter density, radiation and dark radiation are all determined by branching ratios of the saxion decays into sparticles, SM particles and axions.
Under the sudden decay approximation, we can obtain the number of effective neutrinos [@choi97]: $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta N_{\rm eff}&=&18\times\frac34g_*(T_D^s)^{-1/3}
\left[\frac{BR(s\to aa)}{1-BR(s\to aa)}\right]\nonumber\\
&\simeq&14\times g_*(T_D^s)^{-1/3}\frac{\xi^2m_s^2}{2c_H^2\mu^2}\nonumber\\
&=&3.5\times10^3~
\frac{\xi^2}{c_H^2}\left(\frac{10}{g_*(T_D^s)}\right)^{1/3}
\left(\frac{m_s}{5\mbox{ TeV}}\right)^2
\left(\frac{150\mbox{ GeV}}{\mu}\right)^2.
\label{eq:DNeff_SUA}\end{aligned}$$ Note that we assume that most of the neutralinos produced by saxion decay re-annihilate into SM particles which eventually contribute to radiation. The formula shows that the dark radiation constraint is very severe in this region of large $f_a$. This arises from the fact that saxion decay into axion pairs is the dominant mode for large $m_s$. If the saxion mass is around $\mu=150$ GeV, it is possible to obtain $\Delta N_{\rm eff}\lesssim1$ (see an example in Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\][*c*]{})). Otherwise, $\xi$ should be suppressed to be ${\cal O}(0.01)$. Note that a smaller saxion mass makes the saxion decay temperature smaller down to ${\cal O}(1)$ MeV for $f_a\gtrsim10^{14}$ GeV (see Eq. (\[eq:sax\_TD\_high\_fa\])) so that such a region is now constrained by BBN (see Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\][*a*]{})).
In Fig. \[fig:DNeff\_SUA\_ms=5000\], we show the $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ for $m_s=5$ TeV. As discussed before, $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ is well below the current limit for $f_a\lesssim 10^{14}$ GeV. For $f_a\gtrsim 10^{14}$ GeV, $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ become larger than the current limit of $1.6$, so this parameter region of $f_a$ becomes excluded. Let us note that a terminal value of $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ described by Eq. (\[eq:DNeff\_SUA\]) is reached for $f_a\gtrsim 10^{15}$ GeV. This is due to the fact that [*only part of saxion decay contributes to the radiation energy so that the entropy dilution takes place for rather larger value of $f_a$ than that of saxion domination.*]{} The saxion domination and entropy dilution will be discussed in the following paragraphs.
After the period of the saxion domination, its decay overproduces neutralinos and their relic density is again determined by re-annihilation, $$Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{-1}\simeq
\left(Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm fr}+Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}\right)^{-1}\times r
+\frac{4\langle \sigma v\rangle M_pT^s_D}{\left(90/\pi^2g_*(T^s_D)\right)^{1/2}},
\label{eq:neut_den_sax_dom}$$ where $r$ is the entropy dilution factor which is given by $$r=\mbox{max}\left[1,\frac43\left[1-BR(s\to aa)\right]\frac{Y_sm_s}{T_D^s}\right].$$ The decay temperature of the saxion is determined by the visible energy density from the saxion decay and is given by [@Jeong12] $$\begin{aligned}
T_D^s&=&\left[\left\{1-BR(s\to aa)\right\}\frac{90}{\pi^2g_*}\right]^{1/4}\sqrt{\Gamma_s M_p}\nonumber\\
&\simeq&0.11\mbox{ GeV}\sqrt{\xi c_H}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{10}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}\nonumber\\
&&\times
\left(\frac{\mu}{150\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{m_s}{5\mbox{ TeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right).
\label{eq:sax_TD_high_fa}\end{aligned}$$ In this parameter region, neutralinos are produced mostly by saxion decay, and thus the first term of Eq. (\[eq:neut\_den\_sax\_dom\]) is simply given by $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}&\simeq& Y_s^{\rm CO}\times 2 BR(s\to\mbox{sparticles})\nonumber\\
&\simeq&6.8\times 10^{-5}~\frac{c_H^2}{\xi^2}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{-1}
\left(\frac{\mbox{min}[T_R,T_s]}{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^2
\left(\frac{\mu}{150\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^2
\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_s}\right)^3\end{aligned}$$ if there is no dilution, or $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}\times\frac1r\simeq
\frac{3Y_s\times 2BR(s\to\mbox{sparticles})T_D^s}{4\left[1-BR(s\to aa)\right]Y_sm_s}\end{aligned}$$ if the dilution factor $r$ is larger than unity. For large enough $m_s$, we have $1-BR(s\to aa)\simeq BR(s\to\mbox{sparticles})$ leading to $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}\times\frac1r\simeq
\frac{3T_D^s}{2m_s}&=&3.3\times10^{-5}\sqrt{\xi c_H}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{1/4}
\left(\frac{10}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}\nonumber\\
&&\times
\left(\frac{\mu}{150\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Now, the re-annihilation part becomes $$\begin{aligned}
Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm re-an}&\equiv&
\frac{\left(90/\pi^2g_*(T^s_D)\right)^{1/2}}{4\langle \sigma v\rangle M_pT^s_D}\nonumber\\
&\simeq&4.1\times10^{-11}~\frac{1}{\sqrt{\xi c_H}}
\left(\frac{10}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{-1/4}
\left(\frac{2.57\times10^{-25}\mbox{ cm}^3/\mbox{s}}{\langle \sigma v\rangle}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{150\mbox{ GeV}}{\mu}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_s}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Comparing $Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm decay}/r$ and $Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1}^{\rm re-an}$, we find that the re-annihilation dominantly determines the neutralino density for $f_a\lesssim 10^{17}$ GeV. Therefore, the abundance of neutralinos is $$\begin{aligned}
\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}h^2&=&
\left(\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_1} Y_{\widetilde{Z}_1} }{ 3.6\, \rm eV}\right)
\nonumber\\
&\simeq& 1.5~\frac{1}{\sqrt{\xi c_H}}
\left(\frac{10}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(1+\frac{2c_H^2\mu^2}{\xi^2m_s^2}\right)^{-1/4}
\left(\frac{2.57\times10^{-25}\mbox{ cm}^3/\mbox{s}}{\langle \sigma v\rangle}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times
\left(\frac{150\mbox{ GeV}}{\mu}\right)^{1/2}
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{14}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{5\mbox{ TeV}}{m_s}\right)
\left(\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_1}}{135\,\rm GeV}\right).\end{aligned}$$ The schematic plots for neutralino yield are shown in Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_ms=5000\]. The neutralino abundance is much larger than the observed value for $f_a=10^{14}$ GeV. This provides a serious constraint for the model together with $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$.
To avoid the problem of overclosure density of neutralinos, we may consider a case with a light enough saxion such that decay to neutralinos is forbidden; then saxion decay produces only axion pairs and entropy. The various temperatures, yields and $\Delta N_{eff}$ are shown in frames [*a*]{}), [*b*]{}) and [*c*]{}) of Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\]. In this case, the existing relic particles are diluted away as shown in frame [*b*]{}). Even in this case, however, BBN strongly constrains the large $f_a$ region as discussed previously.
![Plots for the SUA case with $\xi=1$, $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=250$ GeV. [*a*]{}) Saxion decay temperature (blue), saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) and neutralino freeze-out temperature in the standard cosmology (green) are shown. [*b*]{}) Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. [*c*]{}) $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ and $r$. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\]](sax_dom_SUA_xi=1_ms=250 "fig:"){height="5.9cm"} \
![Plots for the SUA case with $\xi=1$, $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=250$ GeV. [*a*]{}) Saxion decay temperature (blue), saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) and neutralino freeze-out temperature in the standard cosmology (green) are shown. [*b*]{}) Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. [*c*]{}) $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ and $r$. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\]](neut_rean_SUA_xi=1_ms=250 "fig:"){height="5.9cm"} ![Plots for the SUA case with $\xi=1$, $T_R=10^7$ GeV and $m_s=250$ GeV. [*a*]{}) Saxion decay temperature (blue), saxion-radiation equality temperature (yellow) and neutralino freeze-out temperature in the standard cosmology (green) are shown. [*b*]{}) Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. [*c*]{}) $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ and $r$. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SUA\_xi=1\_ms=250\]](DNeff_SUA_ms=250 "fig:"){height="5.9cm"}
SOA
---
Similarly to the SUA case, we divide the region of $f_a$ into three parts: $f_a\lesssim 10^{13}$ GeV, $10^{13}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ and $f_a\gtrsim 10^{14}$ GeV, which correspond to the regions of the saxion/axino decay before the neutralino freeze-out, after the freeze-out, and the saxion domination before its decay, respectively. One crucial difference arises due to the fact that $\mu$ is very large for SOA compared to the SUA case. Such a large $\mu$ makes the saxion decay temperature (for $m_s\lesssim 5$ TeV) one or two orders of magnitude larger than the SUA case as shown in Figs. \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=0\][*a*]{}) and \[fig:sax\_TD\_xi=1\][*b*]{}). As discussed in the SUA case, large $f_a$ might cause overproduction of neutralinos and relativistic axions from the saxion decay. Such problems can be avoided by considering a light saxion that does not decay into sparticle pairs, and a small $\xi$ to suppress $BR(s\to aa)$. However, the conflict with BBN coming from the saxion decay temperature close to ${\cal O}(1)$ MeV is hardly circumvented as shown in Eq. (\[eq:sax\_TD\_high\_fa\]). In the SOA case, this tension is relieved as the saxion decay temperature is enhanced by large $\mu$ even for lighter saxion masses. Thus, we will take a smaller saxion mass to discuss cosmological implications for the SOA benchmark point.
![Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. We use [*a*]{}) $\xi=0$ and [*b*]{}) $\xi=1$. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SOA\]](neut_rean_SOA_xi=0_ms=450_ma=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} ![Neutralino yield from standard freeze-out and decay. We use [*a*]{}) $\xi=0$ and [*b*]{}) $\xi=1$. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SOA\]](neut_rean_SOA_xi=1_ms=450_ma=5000 "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
### $f_a\lesssim 10^{13}$ GeV
This region is basically ruled out by overproduction of the neutralino dark matter: since saxions and axinos decay before neutralino freeze-out (see Figs. \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=0\][*b*]{}) and \[fig:sax\_temp\_xi=1\][*b*]{})), the standard relic overabundance is unaltered: $\Omega_{\tilde Z_1} h^2=6.8$.
For the effective number of neutrinos, we can rewrite Eq. (\[eq:DNeff\_low\_fa\]) inserting the SOA benchmark parameters: $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta N_{\rm eff}&\approx&1.6\times10^{-10}~\frac{\xi^2\zeta_s}{c_H}
\left(1+\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\right)^{-3/2}
\left(\frac{g_{*s}}{90}\right)^{-1/3}
\left(\frac{g_*}{90}\right)^{1/4}\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{2.6\mbox{ TeV}}{\mu}\right)^6
\left(\frac{B\mu/\mu\mbox{ or }\mu}{\rm TeV}\right)^2
\left(\frac{10^{12}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)
\left(\frac{m_s}{500\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^{11/2}.\end{aligned}$$ Here we used the fact that the only relevant decay modes of the saxion are $s\to hh$, $W^+W^-$, $ZZ$ and $aa$, which leads to the approximate expressions of $T_D^s$ and $BR(s\to aa)$ for $m_s\sim450$ GeV as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
T_D^s&\approx&\left(\frac{c_H^2\mu^4}{4\pi v_{PQ}^2m_s}\right)^{1/2}
\left(1+\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\right)^{1/2}
M_p^{1/2}\left(\frac{90}{\pi^2g_*}\right)^{1/4},\\
BR(s\to aa)&\approx&
\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}
\left(1+\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\right)^{-1}.\end{aligned}$$ Again $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ is negligibly small (see Fig. \[fig:DNeff\_SOA\]).
![Plot for $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ and $r$ in SOA, $\xi=1$ and $m_s=450$ GeV. \[fig:DNeff\_SOA\]](DNeff_SOA_ms=450){height="6.9cm"}
### $10^{13}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim10^{14}$ GeV
In this region, saxions and axinos decay after the neutralino freeze-out but still decay before matter domination can take place. The neutralino density can thus be augmented by saxion or axino decay while there is no entropy dilution. Therefore, this region is also excluded by dark matter overproduction.
### $f_a\gtrsim 10^{14}$ GeV
In this region, the saxion coherent oscillation can dominate the universe and thus the saxion decays into SM particles, sparticles and axions determine the important cosmological quantities, [*i.e.*]{}, the amounts of entropy dilution, neutralino density and dark radiation.
As in the SUA case (with $r>1$), the number of effective neutrinos is determined by $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta N_{\rm eff}
&\simeq&14\times g_*(T_D^s)^{-1/3}\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\nonumber\\
&=&3.7\times10^{-4}~
\frac{\xi^2}{c_H^2}\left(\frac{10}{g_*(T_D^s)}\right)^{1/3}
\left(\frac{m_s}{450\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^4
\left(\frac{2.6\mbox{ TeV}}{\mu}\right)^4.
\label{eq:DNeff_SOA}\end{aligned}$$ Thus, $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ is negligible for the case of the SOA parameters.
The most important feature resides in the neutralino density. The neutralino production from the saxion and axino decay is not very large as shown in Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SOA\], but there is a huge amount of entropy produced since the saxion dominantly decays into Higgs and gauge boson states as can be seen in Figs. \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=0\][*b*]{}) and \[fig:sax\_BR\_xi=1\][*b*]{}). The dilution factor $r$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
r=\frac{T_e^s}{T_D^s}&\approx&
23\times c_H^{-1}\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{-1/4}
\left(1+\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\right)^{-1/2}\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{2.6\mbox{ TeV}}{\mu}\right)^2
\left(\frac{{\rm min}[T_R,T_s]}{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{15}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^3
\left(\frac{m_s}{450\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^{1/2} .\end{aligned}$$ Here we used the saxion decay temperature given by $$\begin{aligned}
T_D^s
&\approx&0.12\mbox{ GeV}\times c_H\left(\frac{90}{g_*}\right)^{1/4}
\left(1+\frac{\xi^2m_s^4}{16c_H^2\mu^4}\right)^{1/2}\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(\frac{\mu}{2.6\mbox{ TeV}}\right)^2
\left(\frac{10^{15}\mbox{ GeV}}{f_a}\right)
\left(\frac{450\mbox{ GeV}}{m_s}\right)^{1/2},\end{aligned}$$ and radiation-saxion equality temperature, $$\begin{aligned}
T_e^s=\frac43m_sY_s^{\rm CO}=2.5\mbox{ GeV}
\left(\frac{{\rm min}[T_R,T_s]}{10^7\mbox{ GeV}}\right)
\left(\frac{f_a}{10^{15}\mbox{ GeV}}\right)^2.\end{aligned}$$ Notice that $r$ can be as large as ${\cal O}(1000)$ for $f_a\sim 10^{16}$ GeV as shown in Fig. \[fig:DNeff\_SOA\]. Therefore, the neutralino density can be ${\cal O}(1/1000)$ times smaller than the standard density as shown in Fig. \[fig:neut\_rean\_SOA\] and so the overproduction constraint can be avoided. The saxion decay temperature is around 10 MeV even for $f_a\sim 10^{16}$ GeV leaving unchanged the standard BBN prediction.
Conclusion
==========
The supersymmetric DFSZ axion model is highly motivated in that it provides 1. the SUSY solution to the gauge hierarchy problem, 2. the Peccei-Quinn-Weinberg-Wilczek solution to the strong $CP$ problem and 3. the Kim-Nilles solution to the SUSY $\mu$ problem. We examined production rates for mixed axion/neutralino dark matter within the SUSY DFSZ model for a standard underabundance model (SUA) and a standard overabundance model (SOA). Much of the cosmology depends on the axino and saxion decay modes which are very different than those expected from the SUSY KSVZ model. In SUSY DFSZ, the direct coupling of axinos and saxions to the Higgs supermultiplets allows for rapid decays into various Higgs-Higgs, Higgs-Higgsino and diboson final states which do not occur in the SUSY KSVZ model.
For the SUA case (which has low $\mu\sim 150$ GeV as required by naturalness), the dark matter scenarios broke up into three main cases. For the lower range of $f_a\alt 10^{12}$ GeV, axinos and saxions can be thermally produced, but decay before the neutralino freeze-out, so that the standard relic neutralino abundance holds true. In this case of underabundant neutralinos, the remaining dark matter is composed of axions. For SUA, Higgsino-like WIMPs comprise $\sim 10\%$ of the CDM while axions comprise $\sim 90\%$. Dark radiation from $s\to aa$ decay is scant. For $f_a\sim 10^{12}-10^{14}$ GeV, saxions and axinos do not dominate the universe, but do decay after the neutralino freeze-out, augmenting the standard abundance. The remaining axion abundance can always be adjusted using the initial misalignment $\theta_i$ so that the total mixed axion/neutralino abundance saturates $\Omega_{a\tz_1}h^2\sim 0.12$ as long as neutralinos are not overproduced. For $f_a\agt 10^{14}$ GeV, oscillation-produced saxions may dominate the universe and can overproduce both neutralino dark matter and dark radiation. However, in cases where $m_s$ is light enough to forbid saxion decays to SUSY particles, and where $\xi$ is small enough to suppress dark radiation, saxion decay to SM particles can lead to large entropy dilution of neutralinos and axions so that the measured CDM abundance can be obtained.
Our summary plots for the SUA case are given in Figs. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\], \[fig:SUA\_10tev\] and \[fig:SUA\_20tev\] where the panels [*a*]{}) show the values of $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_a h^2$ versus $f_a$ for $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV, 10 TeV and 20 TeV, respectively. Dashed curves are for $\xi =0$ while solid curves are for $\xi =1$. In panels [*b*]{}), we show the required value of the axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ with which the total neutralino plus axion abundance saturates the measured value. From Fig. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\][*a*]{}), we see– over the large range of $f_a\sim 10^9-10^{12}$ GeV– that Higgsino-like WIMPs comprise just $\sim 10\%$ of the total dark matter abundance, while the remaining 90% is comprised of axions. This region of mainly axion CDM from natural SUSY models has been emphasized in Ref. [@prl].
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\]](SUA_DM_5TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} \
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=5$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\]](SUA_axion_needed_5TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=10$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_10tev\]](SUA_DM_10TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} \
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=10$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_10tev\]](SUA_axion_needed_10TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=20$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_20tev\]](SUA_DM_20TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} \
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SUA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=20$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. \[fig:SUA\_20tev\]](SUA_axion_needed_20TeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
For SUA, the spin-independent (SI) neutralino-proton scattering cross section is $\sigma^{\rm SI}(\tz_1p)\simeq 1.7\times 10^{-8}$ pb as shown in Table \[tab:bm\], whilst the limit from 225 live days of Xe-100 data taking [@xenon] is $\sigma^{\rm SI}(\tz_1p)\alt 4\times 10^{-9}$ pb for a 135 GeV WIMP. This apparent conflict is easily reconciled within the SUA benchmark as the relic Higgsino-like WIMPs comprise only a fraction of the local relic density, and so the Xe-100 limits have to be rescaled downward by a factor $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2/0.12$. For SUA with $f_a\alt 10^{12}$ GeV, the rescaling factor is $\sim 0.1$. The rescaled SI Higgsino-like WIMP detection rates compared against limits have been shown in Ref. [@bbm] for a variety of radiatively-driven natural SUSY models. In Figs. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\], \[fig:SUA\_10tev\] and \[fig:SUA\_20tev\], also shown are the lines for $\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}h^2 =0.026$ below which the Xe-100 bound is evaded.
For the $\xi=0$ case of Fig. \[fig:SUA\_5tev\][*a*]{}), the $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ curve rises steadily with large $f_a\agt 10^{12}$ GeV due to increasing production of saxions from coherent oscillations and their dominant decays to SUSY particles. This leads to subsequent neutralino re-annihilation at decreasing temperatures $T_D^s$. For $\xi =1$, the dominant saxion decay mode is $s\to aa$, and decay-produced neutralinos come mainly from thermal axino production which decreases as $f_a$ increases. One sees that $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ turns over and briefly reaches $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2\simeq 0.1$ at $f_a\sim 3\times 10^{13}$ GeV before beginning again a rise due to increasing non-thermal saxion production. It is important to note that for $\xi \sim 1$ and $f_a\agt 10^{14}$ GeV, too much dark radiation is produced ($\Delta N_{eff}>1.6$, see Fig. \[fig:DNeff\_SUA\_ms=5000\]) and thus very large $f_a$ is excluded by overproduction of both dark radiation and WIMPs.
In all cases shown, axino and saxion decay widths become suppressed and they decay after neutralino freeze-out leading to an augmented neutralino abundance as $f_a$ increases beyond $10^{12}$ GeV. In this region, WIMP dark matter becomes overproduced and the model becomes excluded. The excluded region occurs at higher $f_a$ for $\xi=1$ models since these cases allow for $s\to aa$ decay which tends to be the dominant saxion decay mode when it is fully allowed; in such cases, the $f_a$ value at which $T_D$ drops below $T_{fr}$ increases.
The axion misalignment angle shown in panels [*b*]{}) is required to be nearly $\theta_i\sim \pi$ for low $f_a\alt 10^{11}$ GeV but more natural values of $\theta_i$ occur for $f_a\sim 10^{11}-10^{13}$ GeV. [^4] As $m_{\ta}=m_s$ is increased to 10 (20) TeV, the upper bound on $f_a$ moves to $6\times 10^{12}$ ($8\times 10^{12}$) GeV for $\xi=0$ as shown in Figs. \[fig:SUA\_10tev\] and \[fig:SUA\_20tev\]. In the case of $\xi=1$, there is a window of $\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}h^2<0.12$ in the region of $10^{13}$ GeV$\lesssim f_a\lesssim 10^{14}$ GeV for $m_{\ta}=m_s\sim10-20$ TeV. But, it is still above the Xe-100 limit, [*i.e.*]{} $\Omega_{\widetilde{Z}_1}h^2>0.026$, and thus this region is excluded within the SUA benchmark scenario.
For the SOA case with low $f_a\alt 10^{13}$ GeV, the standard neutralino abundance remains unchanged, and thus the model is excluded by the overabundance. As $f_a$ is raised to $10^{14}$ GeV, saxions and axinos decay after the freeze-out, augmenting the neutralino overabundance even further. For $f_a\agt 10^{14}$ GeV, as in the SUA case, the universe is dominated by oscillation-produced saxions leading to injection of even more neutralino dark matter as well as dark radiation. Thus, a large range of $f_a$ is excluded in SOA by overproduction of dark matter, and also possibly by overproduction of dark radiation. An exception occurs for small $m_s$ and low $\xi$ where saxion decays to SUSY particles and axions are suppressed, and large entropy injection can bring the combined neutralino and axion abundance into accord with measured values. This is the case for $f_a\sim 3\times 10^{15}$ GeV shown in Fig. \[fig:SOA\] where $m_s=450$ GeV, $m_{\ta}=5$ TeV is selected to close most of the lucrative saxion decay modes to SUSY particles. The axion abundance is suppressed appropriately by both entropy dilution and a small value of $\theta_i$ as shown in panel [*b*]{}).
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SOA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=0.5$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. Plots of $\xi=1,0$ cases are overlapped since $BR(s\to aa)$ is very tiny for small $m_s$ region. \[fig:SOA\]](SOA_DM_450GeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"} \
![Plot of [*a*]{}) $\Omega_{\tz_1}h^2$ and $\Omega_ah^2$ vs. $f_a$ for the SOA benchmark with $m_s=m_{\ta}=0.5$ TeV for $\xi= 0$ (dashed) and $\xi=1$ (solid). In [*b*]{}), we show the required axion misalignment angle $\theta_i$ required to saturate the mixed axion/neutralino abundance to match the measured value. Plots of $\xi=1,0$ cases are overlapped since $BR(s\to aa)$ is very tiny for small $m_s$ region. \[fig:SOA\]](SOA_axion_needed_450GeV "fig:"){height="6.9cm"}
[*Summary:*]{} We have considered $R$-parity conserving SUSY models with a standard under- and over-abundance of dark matter which invoke the PQWW solution to the strong CP problem via the SUSY DFSZ model, wherein Higgs superfields carry PQ charge, and which also provides a solution to the SUSY $\mu$ problem. For standard underabundant models, over a large range of PQ scale $f_a\sim 10^9-10^{12}$ GeV, saxions and axinos typically decay before neutralino freeze-out so that the WIMP portion of dark matter is expected to lie at its standard predicted value from thermal freeze-out, while axions would comprise the remainder. The relic neutralinos stand a good chance to be detectable at next generation WIMP direct detection experiments even with a depleted local abundance. Prospects for WIMP indirect detection should be more limited since expected rates go as the depleted abundance squared [@bbm]. Prospects for microwave cavity detection of axions are good for the range of $f_a$ where mainly axion dark matter is expected; in such cases, axions should be accessible to experimental searches [@axsearch]. For standard overabundant models, on the other hand, overabundant neutralino dark matter density can be appropriately depleted by a large entropy production from the oscillation-produced saxion decay. In this case, prospects for detecting both WIMP and axion dark matter are not promising.
We thank A. Lessa for ongoing collaboration on these topics.
Appendix: partial decay widths of saxion and axino
==================================================
We show the exact partial decay widths of saxion and axino at the tree-level. All the conventions are as in Ref. [@BaerTata].
- $s\to \phi_i\phi_j$ $$\Gamma(s\to\phi_i\phi_j)=\frac{\lambda_{s\phi_i\phi_j}^2}{16\pi m_s}
\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\phi_i}^2}{m_s^2},\frac{m_{\phi_j}^2}{m_s^2}\right)
\left(1-\frac12\delta_{ij}\right),
\label{dec_sphiphi}$$ where $\phi_i=h,H,A,H^+,H^-$. Trilinear couplings are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{shh}&=&\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}c_H\mu^2}{v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{1-\frac14\left(\frac{m_A^2}{\mu^2}\right)\sin2\beta\sin2\alpha\right\}\nonumber\\
&&+\left(\frac{M_Z^2}{\sqrt{2}v}\right)\cos2\alpha\sin(\beta-\alpha)\left[3\epsilon_h-\epsilon_H\left\{2\tan2\alpha+\cot(\beta-\alpha)\right\}\right],
\label{int_shh}\\
\lambda_{sHH}&=&\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}c_H\mu^2}{v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{1+\frac14\left(\frac{m_A^2}{\mu^2}\right)\sin2\beta\sin2\alpha\right\}\nonumber\\
&&+\left(\frac{M_Z^2}{\sqrt{2}v}\right)\cos2\alpha\sin(\beta-\alpha)\left[3\epsilon_H\cot(\beta-\alpha)
\right.\nonumber\\
&&
\left.+\epsilon_h\left\{2\tan2\alpha\cot(\beta-\alpha)-1\right\}\right],
\label{int_sHH}\\
\lambda_{shH}&=&-\left(\frac{c_Hm_A^2}{2\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}}\right)\sin2\beta\cos2\alpha\nonumber\\
&&+\left(\frac{M_Z^2}{\sqrt{2}v}\right)\cos2\alpha\sin(\beta-\alpha)
\left[
-\epsilon_h\left\{2\tan2\alpha+\cot(\beta-\alpha)\right\}\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+\epsilon_H\left\{2\tan2\alpha\cot(\beta-\alpha)-1\right\}
\right],
\label{int_shH}\\
\lambda_{sAA}&=&\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}c_H\mu^2}{v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{1+\frac14\left(\frac{m_A^2}{\mu^2}\right)\sin^22\beta\right\}\nonumber\\
&&+\left(\frac{M_Z^2}{\sqrt{2}v}\right)\cos2\beta\sin(\beta-\alpha)
\left\{
\epsilon_h-\epsilon_H\cot(\beta-\alpha)
\right\},
\label{int_sAA}\\
\lambda_{sH^+H^-}&=&\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}c_H\mu^2}{v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{1+\frac14\left(\frac{m_A^2}{\mu^2}\right)\sin^22\beta\right\}\nonumber\\
&&+\left(\frac{M_Z^2}{\sqrt{2}v}\right)
\left[
\cos2\beta\sin(\beta-\alpha)\left\{\epsilon_h-\epsilon_H\cot(\beta-\alpha)\right\}\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+2\cos^2\theta_W\sin(\beta+\alpha)\left\{\epsilon_h+\epsilon_H\cot(\beta+\alpha)\right\}
\right].
\label{int_sH+H-}\end{aligned}$$
- $s\to VV$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to VV)&=&\frac{g_V^2g_{sVV}^2}{16\pi}m_s\left\{3\frac{M_V^2}{m_s^2}+\frac{m_s^2}{4M_V^2}
\left(1-\frac{4M_V^2}{m_s^2}\right)\right\}
\nonumber\\
&&\times\left(1-\frac{4M_V^2}{m_s^2}\right)^{1/2}\left(1-\frac12\delta_{VZ}\right)\end{aligned}$$
with $$g_{sVV}=\epsilon_hg_{hVV}+\epsilon_Hg_{HVV}=\epsilon_h\sin(\beta+\alpha)+\epsilon_H\cos(\beta+\alpha),$$ where $\delta_{VZ}=1,0$ for $V=Z,W$ and $g_W=g$ and $g_Z=g/\cos\theta_W$. $\epsilon_h$ and $\epsilon_H$ are the saxion-Higgs mixing components, which are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\epsilon_h&=&
\left(\frac{1}{m_h^2-m_s^2}\right)\left(\frac{v\sin2\beta}{2v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{
m_A^2\cos(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{4\mu^2\sin(\alpha+\beta)}{\sin2\beta}
\right\},
\label{sh_mixing1}\\
\epsilon_H&=&
\left(\frac{1}{m_H^2-m_s^2}\right)\left(\frac{v\sin2\beta}{2v_{PQ}}\right)
\left\{
m_A^2\sin(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{4\mu^2\cos(\alpha+\beta)}{\sin2\beta}
\right\}.\label{sh_mixing2}\end{aligned}$$
- $s\to f\bar{f}$ $$\Gamma(s\to f\bar{f})=\frac{N_c}{16\pi}\frac{m_f^2}{v^2}g_{sff}^2m_s\left(1-\frac{4m_f^2}{m_s^2}\right)^{3/2}$$ with $$\begin{aligned}
g_{sff}&=&\epsilon_hg_{hff}+\epsilon_Hg_{Hff}\nonumber\\
&=&
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\frac{1}{\sin\beta}\left(-\epsilon_h\cos\alpha+\epsilon_H\sin\alpha\right), &\mbox{for up-type fermions},\\
\frac{1}{\cos\beta}\left(-\epsilon_h\sin\alpha-\epsilon_H\cos\alpha\right), & \mbox{for down-type fermions}.
\end{array}
\right.\end{aligned}$$
- $s\to\widetilde{Z}_i\widetilde{Z}_j~/~\widetilde{W}_i\widetilde{W}_j$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(s\to\widetilde{W}_i^+\widetilde{W}_i^-)
&=&\frac{g^2}{4\pi}\left|\Sigma_i^s\right|^2m_s
\left(1-\frac{4m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_s^2}\right)^{3/2},\\
\label{dec_scharii}
\Gamma(s\to\widetilde{W}_1^+\widetilde{W}_2^-)
&=&
\Gamma(s\to\widetilde{W}_1^-\widetilde{W}_2^+)\nonumber\\
&=&
\frac{g^2}{16\pi}m_s
\lambda^{1/2}\left(
1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_1}^2}{m_s^2},\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_2}^2}{m_s^2}
\right)\\
&&\times\left[
\left|\Sigma^s\right|^2\left\{1-
\left(\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_2}+m_{\widetilde{W}_1}}{m_s}\right)^2
\right\}\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+\left|\Pi^s\right|^2\left\{1-
\left(\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_2}-m_{\widetilde{W}_1}}{m_s}\right)^2
\right\}\right].\label{dec_schar12}\\
\Gamma(s\to\widetilde{Z}_i\widetilde{Z}_j)&=
&\frac{1}{8\pi}m_s\left(\Xi^s_{ij}+\Xi^s_{ji}\right)^2
\left[
1-\left\{\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}+(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_j}m_{\widetilde{Z}_j}}{m_s}\right\}^2
\right]\nonumber\\
&&\times\lambda^{1/2}\left(
1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_s^2},\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_j}^2}{m_s^2}\right)
\left(1-\frac12\delta_{ij}\right),\label{dec_sneut}\end{aligned}$$
where $\theta_i$ is 1(0) if $i$-th eigenvalue of neutralino mass matrix is negative (positive) and $m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}$ is always positive. $\theta_{\widetilde{W}_i}$ is 1(0) if $i$-th eigenvalue of chargino mass matrix is negative (positive) and $m_{\widetilde{W}_i}$ is always positive. The neutralino couplings are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Sigma^s_1&=&\epsilon_hS_1^h+\epsilon_HS_1^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{4gv_{PQ}}S^s_1,\\
\Sigma^s_2&=&\epsilon_hS_2^h+\epsilon_HS_2^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{4gv_{PQ}}S^s_2,\\
\Sigma^s&=&\epsilon_hS^h+\epsilon_HS^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{2gv_{PQ}}S^s,\\
\Pi^s&=&\epsilon_hP^h+\epsilon_HP^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{2gv_{PQ}}P^s,\\
\Xi^s_{ij}&=&\epsilon_hX_{ij}^h+\epsilon_HX_{ij}^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{2\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}}X^s_{ij},\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
X^s_{ij}&=&(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_j}v_1^{(i)}v_2^{(j)},\\
S_1^s&=&(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\cos\gamma_L\cos\gamma_R,
\\
S_2^s&=&-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_x\theta_y\sin\gamma_L\sin\gamma_R,
\\
S^s&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_y\cos\gamma_L\sin\gamma_R
-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_x\sin\gamma_L\cos\gamma_R
\right\},
\\
P^s&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_y\cos\gamma_L\sin\gamma_R
+(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_x\sin\gamma_L\cos\gamma_R
\right\},\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
S_1^h&=&\frac12(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}
\left[\sin\alpha\sin\gamma_R\cos\gamma_L+\cos\alpha\sin\gamma_L\cos\gamma_R\right],\\
S_2^h&=&\frac12(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}+1}\theta_x\theta_y
\left[\sin\alpha\cos\gamma_R\sin\gamma_L+\cos\alpha\cos\gamma_L\sin\gamma_R\right],\\
S^h&=&\frac12\left[
-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_x\sin\gamma_R\sin\gamma_L\sin\alpha
+(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_x\cos\gamma_R\cos\gamma_L\cos\alpha
\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\sin\gamma_R\sin\gamma_L\cos\alpha
+(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\cos\gamma_R\cos\gamma_L\sin\alpha
\right],\\
P^h&=&\frac12\left[
+(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_x\sin\gamma_R\sin\gamma_L\sin\alpha
-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\theta_x\cos\gamma_R\cos\gamma_L\cos\alpha
\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\sin\gamma_R\sin\gamma_L\cos\alpha
+(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\cos\gamma_R\cos\gamma_L\sin\alpha
\right],\\
X_{ij}^h&=&-\frac12(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_j}
\left(v_2^{(i)}\sin\alpha-v_1^{(i)}\cos\alpha\right)
\left(gv_3^{(j)}-g'v_4^{(j)}\right).
\label{eq:Xhij}\end{aligned}$$ The couplings of the heavy scalar $H$ can be obtained from those of $h$ by replacing $\cos\alpha\to-\sin\alpha$ and $\sin\alpha\to\cos\alpha$. $v_i^{(j)}$ is the neutralino mixing component and $\gamma_{L,R}$ is chargino mixing angle. They are defined in Ref. [@BaerTata].
- $s\to\tilde{f}_i\tilde{f}_j$
$$\Gamma(s\to\tilde{f}_i\tilde{f}_j)=\frac{\left|\epsilon_h{\cal A}^h_{\tilde{f}_i\tilde{f}_j}+\epsilon_H{\cal A}^H_{\tilde{f}_i\tilde{f}_j}\right|^2}{16\pi m_s}N_c(f)
\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\tilde{f}_i}^2}{m_s^2},\frac{m_{\tilde{f}_j}^2}{m_s^2}\right),$$
where $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_1\tilde{f}_1}^{h,H}&=&
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_L}^{h,H}\cos^2\theta_f
+{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_R\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\sin^2\theta_f
-2{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\cos\theta_f\sin\theta_f,\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_2\tilde{f}_2}^{h,H}&=&
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_L}^{h,H}\sin^2\theta_f
+{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_R\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\cos^2\theta_f
+2{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\cos\theta_f\sin\theta_f,\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_1\tilde{f}_2}^{h,H}&=&
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_L}^{h,H}\cos\theta_f\sin\theta_f
-{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_R\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\cos\theta_f\sin\theta_f
+2{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_L\tilde{f}_R}^{h,H}\cos2\theta_f,\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_2\tilde{f}_1}^{h,H}&=&{\cal A}_{\tilde{f}_1\tilde{f}_2}^{h,H}\end{aligned}$$ with $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_L\tilde{u}_L}^h&=&
g\left[
M_W\left(\frac12-\frac16\tan^2\theta_W\right)\sin(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_u^2\cos\alpha}{M_W\sin\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_R\tilde{u}_R}^h&=&
g\left[
\frac23M_W\tan^2\theta_W\sin(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_u^2\cos\alpha}{M_W\sin\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_L\tilde{u}_R}^h&=&
\frac{gm_u}{2M_W\sin\beta}\left(-\mu\sin\alpha+A_u\cos\alpha\right),\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_L\tilde{u}_L}^H&=&
g\left[
-M_W\left(\frac12-\frac16\tan^2\theta_W\right)\cos(\beta-\alpha)+\frac{m_u^2\sin\alpha}{M_W\sin\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_R\tilde{u}_R}^H&=&
g\left[
-\frac23M_W\tan^2\theta_W\cos(\beta-\alpha)+\frac{m_u^2\sin\alpha}{M_W\sin\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{u}_L\tilde{u}_R}^H&=&
\frac{gm_u}{2M_W\sin\beta}\left(-\mu\cos\alpha-A_u\sin\alpha\right),\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_L\tilde{d}_L}^h&=&
g\left[
M_W\left(-\frac12-\frac16\tan^2\theta_W\right)\sin(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_d^2\sin\alpha}{M_W\cos\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_R\tilde{d}_R}^h&=&
g\left[
-\frac13M_W\tan^2\theta_W\sin(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_d^2\sin\alpha}{M_W\cos\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_L\tilde{d}_R}^h&=&
\frac{gm_d}{2M_W\cos\beta}\left(-\mu\cos\alpha+A_d\sin\alpha\right),\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_L\tilde{d}_L}^H&=&
g\left[
M_W\left(\frac12+\frac16\tan^2\theta_W\right)\cos(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_d^2\cos\alpha}{M_W\cos\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_R\tilde{d}_R}^H&=&
g\left[
\frac13M_W\tan^2\theta_W\cos(\beta-\alpha)-\frac{m_d^2\cos\alpha}{M_W\cos\beta}
\right],\\
{\cal A}_{\tilde{d}_L\tilde{d}_R}^H&=&
\frac{gm_d}{2M_W\cos\beta}\left(\mu\sin\alpha+A_d\cos\alpha\right).\end{aligned}$$ $\theta_f$ is sfermion mixing angle, which is defined by Ref. [@BaerTata].
- $\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{Z}_i\phi$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{Z}_i\phi)&=&\frac{1}{16\pi}
\left(\Lambda_{\tilde{a}\widetilde{Z}\phi}^i\right)^2
m_{\tilde{a}}
\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2},\frac{m_{\phi}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left[
\left(1+\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}-\frac{m_{\phi}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)
+2(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\left(1-2\delta_{A\phi}\right)\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}}{m_{\tilde{a}}}
\right],
\label{dec_aZphi}\end{aligned}$$
for $\phi=h,H,A$. The couplings are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\Lambda_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}h}^i&=&X_{i0}^h+X_{0i}^h-\frac{c_H\mu}{\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}}T_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}h}^i,\\
\Lambda_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}H}^i&=&X_{i0}^H+X_{0i}^H-\frac{c_H\mu}{\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}}T_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}H}^i,\\
\Lambda_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}A}^i&=&X_{i0}^A+X_{0i}^A-\frac{c_H\mu}{\sqrt{2}v_{PQ}}T_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}A}^i,\end{aligned}$$ where $X_{i0}^{h,H}$ is given in Eq. (\[eq:Xhij\]), $X^A_{ij}$ is given by $$X^A_{ij}=\frac12(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_j}\left(v_2^{(i)}\sin\beta-v_1^{(i)}\cos\beta\right)
\left(gv_3^{(j)}-g'v_4^{(j)}\right),$$ and $T^i_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}\phi}$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
T^{i}_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}h}&=&(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\left(v_1^{(i)}\sin\alpha+v_2^{(i)}\cos\alpha\right),\\
T^{i}_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}H}&=&(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\left(v_1^{(i)}\cos\alpha-v_2^{(i)}\sin\alpha\right),\\
T^{i}_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}G^0}&=&(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}+1}\left(v_1^{(i)}\cos\beta-v_2^{(i)}\sin\beta\right),\\
T^{i}_{\tilde{a}\tilde{Z}A}&=&(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}+1}\left(-v_1^{(i)}\sin\beta+v_2^{(i)}\cos\beta\right).\end{aligned}$$ $v_0^{(i)}$ and $v_i^{(0)}$ are axino-neutalino mixing components, which are given by $$\begin{aligned}
v_0^{(0)}&=&1,\\
v_0^{(i)}&=&-\frac{c_H\mu v}{v_{PQ}}\frac{v_1^{(i)}\cos\beta+v_2^{(i)}\sin\beta}{m_{\tilde{a}}-m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}(-1)^{\theta_i}},\\
v_i^{(0)}&=&
\sum_{j=1}^4\frac{c_H\mu v}{v_{PQ}}\frac{v_i^{(j)}\left( v_1^{(j)}\cos\beta+ v_2^{(j)}\sin\beta\right)}{m_{\tilde{a}}-m_{\widetilde{Z}_j}(-1)^{\theta_j}},\end{aligned}$$ for $i=1,\cdots,4$.
- $\ta\to\widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}H^{\mp}$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{W}_i^-H^+)&=&
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{W}_i^+H^-)\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{16\pi}m_{\tilde{a}}\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2},\frac{m_{H^+}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\\
&&\times\left[
\left(a_i^2+b_i^2\right)\left(1+\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}-\frac{m_{H^+}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)
+2\left(a_i^2-b_i^2\right)\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}}{m_{\tilde{a}}}
\right].
\label{dec_aWH}\end{aligned}$$
The couplings are given by $$\begin{aligned}
a_1&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\cos\beta\Lambda_2^{(0)}
-(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\sin\beta\Lambda_4^{(0)}
\right\},\\
b_1&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}}\cos\beta\Lambda_2^{(0)}
+(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\sin\beta\Lambda_4^{(0)}
\right\},\\
a_2&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\cos\beta\Lambda_1^{(0)}
-(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\theta_x\sin\beta\Lambda_3^{(0)}
\right\},\\
b_2&=&\frac12\left\{
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}}\theta_y\cos\beta\Lambda_1^{(0)}
+(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\theta_x\sin\beta\Lambda_3^{(0)}
\right\},\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\Lambda_1^{(0)}&=&A_1^{(0)}+\frac{c_H\mu}{v_{PQ}}(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\tan\beta\sin\gamma_R,\\
\Lambda_2^{(0)}&=&A_2^{(0)}-\frac{c_H\mu}{v_{PQ}}(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\tan\beta\cos\gamma_R,\\
\Lambda_3^{(0)}&=&A_3^{(0)}-\frac{c_H\mu}{v_{PQ}}(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\cot\beta\sin\gamma_L,\\
\Lambda_4^{(0)}&=&A_4^{(0)}+\frac{c_H\mu}{v_{PQ}}(-1)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\cot\beta\cos\gamma_L,\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
A_1^{(0)}&=&-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\left(gv_3^{(0)}+g'v_4^{(0)}\right)\sin\gamma_R-gv_1^{(0)}\cos\gamma_R,\\
A_2^{(0)}&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\left(gv_3^{(0)}+g'v_4^{(0)}\right)\cos\gamma_R-gv_1^{(0)}\sin\gamma_R,\\
A_3^{(0)}&=&-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\left(gv_3^{(0)}+g'v_4^{(0)}\right)\sin\gamma_L+gv_2^{(0)}\cos\gamma_L,\\
A_4^{(0)}&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\left(gv_3^{(0)}+g'v_4^{(0)}\right)\cos\gamma_L+gv_2^{(0)}\sin\gamma_L.\end{aligned}$$ $\theta_{\ta}$ is 1(0) if axino mass term is negative (positive).
- $\ta\to \widetilde{Z}_iZ$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{Z}_iZ)&=&
\frac{1}{4\pi}|W_{i0}|^2m_{\tilde{a}}\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2},\frac{M_{Z}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\left[
\left(1+\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}-2\frac{M_{Z}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+\left(\frac{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}{M_{Z}^2}\right)
\left(1-\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)^2
+6(-1)^{\theta_i+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\frac{m_{\widetilde{Z}_i}}{m_{\tilde{a}}}
\right],
\label{dec_aZZ}\end{aligned}$$
where $$W_{i0}=\frac14\sqrt{g^2+g'^2}(-i)^{\theta_i}(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}
\left(v_1^{(i)}v_1^{(0)}-v_2^{(i)}v_2^{(0)}\right).$$
- $\ta\to \widetilde{W}_i^{\pm}W^{\mp}$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{W}_i^-W^+)&=&
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to\widetilde{W}_i^+W^-)\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{g^2}{16\pi}m_{\tilde{a}}\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2},\frac{M_{W}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times\Biggl[
\left({X_i^0}^2+{Y_i^0}^2\right)
\left\{
\left(1+\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}-2\frac{M_{W}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)
\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+\left(\frac{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}{M_{W}^2}\right)
\left(1-\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)^2
\right\}-6\left({X_i^0}^2-{Y_i^0}^2\right)\frac{m_{\widetilde{W}_i}}{m_{\tilde{a}}}
\Biggr].
\label{dec_aWW}\end{aligned}$$
The couplings are given by $$\begin{aligned}
X_1^0&=&\frac12\left[
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}
\left(\frac{\cos\gamma_R}{\sqrt{2}}v_1^{(0)}+\sin\gamma_Rv_3^{(0)}\right)\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.
-\frac{\cos\gamma_L}{\sqrt{2}}v_2^{(0)}+\sin\gamma_Lv_3^{(0)}
\right],\\
X_2^0&=&\frac12\left[
(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\theta_y
\left(\frac{-\sin\gamma_R}{\sqrt{2}}v_1^{(0)}+\cos\gamma_Rv_3^{(0)}\right)\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+\theta_x\left(\frac{\sin\gamma_L}{\sqrt{2}}v_2^{(0)}+\cos\gamma_Lv_3^{(0)}\right)
\right],\\
Y_1^0&=&\frac12\left[
-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_1}+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}
\left(\frac{\cos\gamma_R}{\sqrt{2}}v_1^{(0)}+\sin\gamma_Rv_3^{(0)}\right)\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.
-\frac{\cos\gamma_L}{\sqrt{2}}v_2^{(0)}+\sin\gamma_Lv_3^{(0)}
\right],\\
Y_2^0&=&\frac12\left[
-(-1)^{\theta_{\widetilde{W}_2}+\theta_{\tilde{a}}}\theta_y
\left(\frac{-\sin\gamma_R}{\sqrt{2}}v_1^{(0)}+\cos\gamma_Rv_3^{(0)}\right)\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.
+\theta_x\left(\frac{\sin\gamma_L}{\sqrt{2}}v_2^{(0)}+\cos\gamma_Lv_3^{(0)}\right)
\right].\end{aligned}$$
- $\ta\to f\tilde{f}_k$
$$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma(\tilde{a}\to f \tilde{f}_k)&=&\frac{N_c m_{\tilde{a}}}{16\pi}\lambda^{1/2}\left(1,\frac{m_{\tilde{f}_k}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2},\frac{m_f^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right)\nonumber\\
&&\times
\left[
|a_f^k|^2\left\{\left(1+\frac{m_f}{m_{\tilde{a}}}\right)^2-\frac{m_{\tilde{f}_k}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right\}
\right.\nonumber\\
&&\left.+|b_f^k|^2\left\{\left(1-\frac{m_f}{m_{\tilde{a}}}\right)^2-\frac{m_{\tilde{f}_k}^2}{m_{\tilde{a}}^2}\right\}
\right],\end{aligned}$$
where $$\begin{aligned}
a_u^1&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{iA_{\tilde{a}}^u-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_u
-\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^u-(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_u
\right],\\
b_u^1&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{-iA_{\tilde{a}}^u-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_u
-\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^u+(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_u
\right],\\
a_d^1&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{iA_{\tilde{a}}^d-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_d
-\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^d-(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_d
\right],\\
b_d^1&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{-iA_{\tilde{a}}^d-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_d
-\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^d+(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_d
\right],\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
a_u^2&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{iA_{\tilde{a}}^u-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_u
+\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^u-(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_u
\right],\\
b_u^2&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{-iA_{\tilde{a}}^u-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_u
+\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^u+(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_uv_1^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_u
\right],\\
a_d^2&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{iA_{\tilde{a}}^d-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_d
+\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^d-(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_d
\right],\\
b_d^2&=&\frac12\left[
\left\{-iA_{\tilde{a}}^d-(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\sin\theta_d
+\left\{iB_{\tilde{a}}^d+(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}}f_dv_2^{(0)}\right\}\cos\theta_d
\right],\end{aligned}$$ with $$\begin{aligned}
A_{\tilde{a}}^u&=&\frac{(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}-1}}{\sqrt{2}}
\left[gv_3^{(0)}+\frac{g'}{3}v_4^{(0)}\right],\\
A_{\tilde{a}}^d&=&\frac{(-i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}-1}}{\sqrt{2}}
\left[-gv_3^{(0)}+\frac{g'}{3}v_4^{(0)}\right],\\
B_{\tilde{a}}^u&=&\frac{4}{3\sqrt{2}}g'(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}-1}v_4^{(0)},\\
B_{\tilde{a}}^d&=&-\frac{2}{3\sqrt{2}}g'(i)^{\theta_{\tilde{a}}-1}v_4^{(0)}.\end{aligned}$$ Here $f_{u,d}$ is the Yukawa coupling constant.
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[^1]: Such a heavy axino cannot be a dark matter candidate as it is overproduced by thermal scattering as will be discussed later.
[^2]: Further references for dark radiation from SUSY axion models include [@gs2; @gs3; @conlon; @hasenkamp].
[^3]: For numerical discussion in Sec. \[sec:cosmo\], we take $\xi_s=\xi_{\ta}=1$ and max$[B\mu/\mu,\mu]$.
[^4]: Here we discuss with $f_a$ not with $f_a/N_{\rm DW}$. Since the axion CO density is determined by $f_a/N_{\rm DW}$, so the natural range of $f_a$ is about an order of magnitude larger than that in the KSVZ model.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
My real Big Fat Greek Wedding
Updated
In the city which claims the world's largest Greek population outside of the country itself, one bride shares her own My Big Fat Greek Wedding story.
For several years now, Eleni Kallianiotis has been fielding questions from her parents Bill and Soula about when she will get married.
She's their only daughter, and that day has finally arrived.
Bill left Greece in 1957, after his father was killed while serving in the army. As a young man he settled in Melbourne where he owned the Village Oyster Bar in North Balwyn and married Eleni's mother, Soula.
At their family home in Lower Templestowe, north-east of Melbourne, Bill and Soula perform Orthodox blessing rituals as they prepare to give away the nifi (bride).
"My parents are extremely traditional, but also modern in many ways," she says.
"They are as stereotypical as you can get. They grow their own vegetables in their huge garden, they make their own sauce using home-grown tomatoes, my mum is always cooking and cleaning.
"Eat", Bill says as he points to their celebratory spread, including overflowing platters of baklava and spanakopita.
"You can't come to my parents house and leave without eating and drinking," Eleni says.
"They do everything for their family, they will die for you. That's what they take pride in."
Eleni and her partner Chris met seven years ago through mutual friends.
At first their relationship came as a bit of a surprise to Bill and Soula, who had always imagined their daughter marrying a Greek man.
"I have one brother who is married to an Aussie girl, so my parents had an even greater expectation of me bringing home 'a good Greek boy' as I was their last chance," she says.
"Like most Greeks they want to carry on their traditions and their culture, they want to keep it alive.
"When I went home and told them I was in love with a Mauritian boy... there was major shock at first, but as soon as they met him they fell in love with him, and love him like they love their own son now."
After being together for a couple of years, then came the pressure to wed.
More than anything, Bill and Soula wanted to see Eleni get married and start a family.
"Seven years together is a long time for most Greek parents to be OK with their daughter dating, and in the last few years they were really pushing us to get married," Eleni says.
"Two years ago my mum went to Cyprus on a holiday, and came back with the white gold crowns. Amazing, except we weren't even engaged yet.
"They would ask me on weekly basis 'Why you no get married?'"
Eleni and Chris live a modern Melbourne lifestyle and that is reflected in their wedding.
And while they may have opted against buying a house in the same street as her parents, Eleni says the 2002 cult classic film My Big Fat Greek Wedding, which has been followed by a sequel released in cinemas this month, is very close to home.
It is not uncommon for Eleni's family and friends to mimic spitting on the newlyweds by making the sound 'ftou, ftou', a gesture believed to ward off the evil eye.
Like the film's mother, Soula has been known to whip out some sex advice when it's least expected.
Similar to the dad in the movie whose solution to all health problems — including getting rid of pimples — is "put some Windex", Eleni's own father has his own one-stop cure.
"Methylated spirits, he puts it on everything. If you've got a headache, if you've got any pains or aches, he'll put it on a face washer and slap it on."
And just like the movie, there's nothing like the chant of 'opa' above the sound of joyous Greek music to bring everyone together and carry the celebration on into the night.
Topics: marriage, multiculturalism, south-melbourne-3205, melbourne-3000
First posted | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Q:
Difference between MemoryPool and ArrayPool
What is the difference between MemoryPool and ArrayPool as far as i can tell, they both do the same thing (rent out buffers to reduce garbage collection pressure).
Is there a pool that should be be preferred in read calls to use NetworkStream or WebSocket?
A:
The ArrayPool<T> class rents out Arrays. In otherwords the Rent method returns a T[]. The Shared property returns a default implementation of an ArrayPool<T>, TlsOverPerCoreLockedStacksArrayPool which caches the backing arrays in a combination of a ThreadStatic array of buckets and local per-core "stacks". It is optimized for the char and byte cases. The ConfigurableArrayPool returned from the Create method stores the underlying arrays in an array of Buckets (each with its own array of arrays). Additionally you may write your own implementation.
On the other hand, MemoryPool<T> is a bit more generic in that it deals ultimately with Memory<T> objects. The Rent method hands out IMemoryOwner<T> implementations, which are responsible for, well, owning a Memory<T>. Memory Owners can be backed by various sources, arrays being one of them. The MemoryPool<T>.Shared singleton is actually an ArrayMemoryPool<T> which is backed by, you guessed it, ArrayPool<T>.Shared. But memory pools may be backed by different sources, for example by unmanaged memory/memory pointed to by a SafeHandle.
Which one to use really depends on your requirements:
If the API you are using requires a T[] or you simply want a no-allocation array, then ArrayPool<T> is what you want to use.
If you are working with Memory<T> instances, then you want to use a MemoryPool<T>
If you are using an API that can take either, there's not necessarily a benefit to using one pool over the other. The API itself may work better with raw T[] than it does with Memory<T> (or vice versa), but the API should only care about the memory itself and has no knowledge of the pool from which it came.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
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Q:
Select Grouped Rows Having a certain Property
I'm trying to select only certain rows containing a certain property. Here's a sample of the data I'm working with:
src_id cand_source
------ -----------
201609-004d7bgNDFXuIrQPXwsXrOptt2PdTdeXsjV5RJ6_mEQ mcp
201609-004d7bgNDFXuIrQPXwsXrOptt2PdTdeXsjV5RJ6_mEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-00WmbmuIp3cwAcTNTbrgb9tTVR0AKNf-RvjXcHWPEEQ mc2
201609-01My_orS795Hmomry3-JiCiBVimarRzRGQ9Cnornp8Q mcp
201609-01My_orS795Hmomry3-JiCiBVimarRzRGQ9Cnornp8Q mcp
201609-01My_orS795Hmomry3-JiCiBVimarRzRGQ9Cnornp8Q mc2
201609-01My_orS795Hmomry3-JiCiBVimarRzRGQ9Cnornp8Q mcp
201609-01My_orS795Hmomry3-JiCiBVimarRzRGQ9Cnornp8Q mc2
201609-01noPFGBCqbH9jUB9MHNqPynjqW8cr24LJY917vSGTs mc2
201609-01noPFGBCqbH9jUB9MHNqPynjqW8cr24LJY917vSGTs mc2
201609-02ISoPEX0VVkQ0ogot49Q-e7K39Zyk2vdN1rB4Q-kl0 mc2
201609-02ISoPEX0VVkQ0ogot49Q-e7K39Zyk2vdN1rB4Q-kl0 mc2
201609-02LVZ8UqAaz7JCp3RAOTiIE7zH2mveiSQPBo6I6dHDc mc2
201609-02LVZ8UqAaz7JCp3RAOTiIE7zH2mveiSQPBo6I6dHDc mc2
201609-03dLH32kaKYVwIj4HiT1tZjCNgqgXiG-fvezX3S9QI4 mc2
201609-03dLH32kaKYVwIj4HiT1tZjCNgqgXiG-fvezX3S9QI4 mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-0421Jatpsk9T8GOD1M_GvDrnyV4dA41IL5tDeuTxGwU mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mcp
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04HzM6NBIx_6QN91xzF9_p0RGfAQcRMeEhVFEPFZ8p4 mc2
201609-04JzR3AMxsfQvAeq1MAgjCtMhcaqt2Z_WNmuUlYLrLM mc2
201609-04JzR3AMxsfQvAeq1MAgjCtMhcaqt2Z_WNmuUlYLrLM mcp
What I want to do is select only the src_ids having at least one cand_source equaling mcp. Here's what I've tried:
SELECT *
FROM schema.table
WHERE src_id IN (
SELECT src_id
FROM schema.table
WHERE batch_id = ?
GROUP BY src_id
HAVING count(cand_source = 'mcp') > 1
)
ORDER BY src_id,
match_score DESC
That, however, keeps giving me back clusters of src_ids that have no cand_sources equaling mcp.
It was pointed out that I'm simply overcomplicating matters. Here's the solution:
SELECT *
FROM schema.table
WHERE src_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT src_id
FROM schema.table
WHERE batch_id = ?
AND cand_source = 'mcp'
)
ORDER BY src_id,
match_score DESC
A:
If you simply want the src_id that has mcp then a straight query with a WHERE clause is enough no need for conditional aggregation or anything.
SELECT DISTINCT
src_id
FROM
Table
WHERE
cand_source = 'mcp'
AND batch_id = ?
If you want all of the records for each src_id that has at least 1 cand_source you can then join that back to the table to receive all of the records.
SELECT t.*
FROM
Table t
INNER JOIN
(SELECT DISTINCT src_id
FROM Table
WHERE cand_source = 'mcp'
AND batch_id = ? ) d ON t.src_id = d.src_id
AND t.batch_id = ?
Or you can use a Common Table Expression with the awesome window functions to do it.
WITH cte AS
(
SELECT *, COUNT(CASE WHEN cand_source = 'mcp' THEN cand_source END) OVER (PARTITION BY src_id) as McpCount
FROM
Table
WHERE
batch_id = ?
)
SELECT *
FROM
cte
WHERE
McpCount > 0;
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
1. Field
The present invention relates to wireless communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for providing multiple levels of quality of service in a wireless packet data network between a mobile station and a wireless network.
2. Background
The use of code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques is one of several techniques for facilitating communications in which a large number of system users are present. Other multiple access communication system techniques, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and AM modulation schemes such as amplitude companded single sideband (ACSSB) are known in the art. These techniques have been standardized to facilitate interoperation between equipment manufactured by different companies. Code division multiple access communication systems have been standardized in the United States in Telecommunications Industry Association TIA/EIA/IS-95-B, entitled “MOBILE STATION-BASE STATION COMPATIBILITY STANDARD FOR DUAL-MODE WIDEBAND SPREAD SPECTRUM CELLULAR SYSTEMS”, and referred to herein as IS-95. In addition, a new standard for CDMA communication systems has been proposed in the United States in Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), entitled “Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems, Release A—Addendum 1”, dated Oct. 27, 2000, and referred to herein as “cdma2000.”
The International Telecommunications Union recently requested the submission of proposed methods for providing high rate data and high-quality speech services over wireless communication channels. A first of these proposals was issued by the Telecommunications Industry Association, entitled “The IS-2000 ITU-R RTT Candidate Submission.” A second of these proposals was issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), entitled “The ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) ITU-R RTT Candidate Submission”, also known as “wideband CDMA” and hereinafter referred to as “W-CDMA.” A third proposal was submitted by U.S. TG 8/1 entitled “The UWC-136 Candidate Subrmssion”, hereinafter referred to as “EDGE.” The contents of these submissions is public record and is well known in the art.
IS-95 was originally optimized for transmission of variable-rate voice frames. Subsequent standards have built on the standard to support a variety of additional non-voice services including packet data services. One such set of packet data services was standardized in the United States in Telecommunications Industry Association TIA/EIA/IS-707-A, entitled “Data Service Options for Spread Spectrum Systems”, incorporated by reference herein, and hereafter referred to as “IS-707.”
IS-707 describes techniques used to provide support for sending Internet Protocol (IP) packets through an IS-95 wireless network. Packets are encapsulated into a featureless byte stream using a protocol called Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Using PPP, IP packets can be transported over a wireless network in segments of arbitrary size. The wireless network maintains PPP state information for the duration of the PPP session, or as long as additional bytes may be sent in the continuous byte stream between the PPP end points.
Such a continuous byte stream is subsequently encapsulated into a series of IS-95 frames using a protocol called Radio Link Protocol (RLP). RLP includes an error control protocol that uses negative acknowledgments (NAKs) by which the receiver prompts the sender to retransmit lost RLP frames. Because the RLP error control protocol uses retransmissions, RLP data transmission generally exhibits a variable transmission delay from sender to receiver. A modified form of RLP called Synchronous RLP (SRLP), in which no NAKs and no retransmissions are sent by sender or receiver, is well known in the art. The frame error rate in SRLP is greater than that of RLP, but the transmission delay is kept to a minimal constant.
A remote network node such as a personal or laptop computer (PC) connected to a packet-data-capable wireless mobile station (MS) may access the Internet through a wireless network in accordance with the IS-707 standard. Alternatively, the remote network node such as a web browser may be built-in to the MS, making the PC optional. An MS may be any of a number of types of devices including, but not limited to PC card, personal data assistant (PDA), external or internal modem, or wireless phone or terminal. The MS sends data through the wireless network, where it is processed by a packet data serving node (PDSN). The PPP state for a connection between an MS and the wireless network is typically maintained within the PDSN. The PDSN is connected to an IP network such as the Internet, and transports data between the wireless network and other entities and agents connected to the IP network. In this way, the MS can send and receive data to another entity on the IP network through the wireless data connection. The target entity on the IP network is also called a correspondent node. The interaction between a MS and the PDSN have been standardized in EIA/TIA/IS-835, entitled “Wireless IP Network Standard,” dated June, 2000, and referred to herein as “IS-835.” One skilled in the art will recognize that, in some networks, the PDSN is replaced with an Interworking Function (IWF).
In order to provide more complex wireless network services, there is an increasing desire and need to provide different types of services simultaneously through a single wireless device. Examples include simultaneous voice and packet data services. Examples also include multiple types of packet data services, such as simultaneous web browsing and video conferencing. At the same time, technological advances are increasing the bandwidth available through a single wireless channel between a wireless device and the wireless network.
However, modern networks are not yet capable of supporting simultaneous packet data services having substantially different grades of service. For example, delay sensitive applications like video conferencing and voice over IP are optimally sent without RLP retransmissions in order to reduce the magnitude and variability of packet delay through the network. On the other hand, applications such as FTP, e-mail, and web browsing are less delay-sensitive, so are optimally sent using RLP retransmissions. Current wireless standards adequately support a wireless application that requires any one of several grades of service, but not multiple applications in a single MS, where the applications require different grades of service. There is therefore a need in the art for a way of supporting multiple applications in a single MS, where the multiple applications use different grades of service. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
“Congratulations Kim & Kanye, enjoy this beautiful moment together,” she posted with a black and white photo of the loving couple starring into each other’s eyes.
But Kim and Kanye aren’t the only ones experiencing a moment. Jay-Z’s big announcement during the halftime of Game 5 of the NBA Finals – a commercial for his 12th studio album, Magna Carta Holy Grail -has also caught the world’s attention. With Kanye’s Yeezus dropping tomorrow it feels like there has definitely been some friendly competition between the two artists, even though their work is miles apart.
In the end, Beyoncé’s post confirms that no matter where these monstrous stars are in their careers, their two families truly support each other. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Donald Trump has revealed that his landmark summit with Kim Jong Un could take place in the demilitarised zone straddling the Korean border.
Having touted the idea on Twitter on Monday morning, the US President told reporters at the White House that he liked the idea because of the potential for a "great celebration" to be had "if things work out".
Mr Kim became the first North Korean leader to step over the military demarcation line that divides the peninsula since the end of the Korean War in 1953 when he met South Korean Moon Jae-in last week, and Mr Trump is keen to head to the DMZ himself.
:: Trump 'deserves the Nobel Peace Prize'
Kim: A new history starts now
"There's something that I like about it because you're there, you're actually there, where, if things work out, there's a great celebration to be had on the site, not in a third-party country," he said.
"It has the chance to be a big event."
Mr Trump added that Singapore was also being considered, but said he was confident the historic meeting would be a "great success" no matter where it took place.
He tried to make a visit to the DMZ during his tour of Asia in November, but was thwarted by fog.
:: North Korea resets clocks to match time zone in the South
CIA chief 'got on well' with Kim Jong Un
Last week, Mr Trump told Fox News he was weighing up "three or four dates" and "five locations" for the meeting with his North Korean counterpart.
He previously confirmed that he will meet him by the end of May, with some speculation that the summit could take place in Sweden.
His latest comments came as he held a press conference with Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari, during which he also addressed claims from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that Iran was "brazenly lying" when it said it never had a nuclear weapons programme.
But Mr Trump offered no comment on the news that Stormy Daniels - the porn star who alleges she had an affair with him - was suing him for defamation. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Search for Almost Anything! 1200+ Pages of Contents Written by Experts
Melvin J Voigt
Melvin J Voigt in in the Book "Scientists' Approaches to Information" (1961) identified three different "approaches to information" - The current approach, or "keeping up with the literature;" the everyday approach, or the search for specific facts in the course of the researcher's daily work; and the exhaustive approach, in which all pertinent information on a topic is desired. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Böhmermann case likely to backfire on Erdoğan The offensive poem by German comedian Jan Böhmermann about President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is puerile and asinine. There is a thin line between biting even scathing political humor and downright insults.
Turkey is no stranger to political humor with a sharp edge. The late Levent Kırca – who is a household name in this country - was famous for his stinging parodies of politicians. They can still be watched on YouTube.
Some of his funniest gags - and he had many about Erdoğan going back to when Erdoğan was mayor of Istanbul - hit below the belt.
Kırca’s parodies often contained sexual innuendoes too, which Turks also enjoy. Kırca was not unique by any means. This tradition of political lampooning goes back to Ottoman times and includes such famous names as Şair Eşref (The Poet Eşref), the bane of Sultan Abdulhamid and corrupt Ottoman officials.
Accusing a politician of being a zoophile or sodomite, however, without any subtle political punch line, and with no aim in mind other than causing shock, seems to cross a line and can hardly count as political humor of a higher standard. One has to also question the intellectual capacity of anyone who finds Böhmermann’s poem funny.
I don’t know if any European leader would have disregarded Böhmermann’s poem if he or she was its target. At any rate, whether they personally would want to go down that path or not, it is clear they would have the right to initiate a slander case.
The most likely scenario would be that they would shrug it off because they know sensible people are capable of discerning between good and bad taste. It’s not in Erdoğan’s character to do so, of course. Not when he has hundreds and thousands of Turkish followers in Germany alone, let alone the rest of Europe.
He has, after all, built his political career on populism. But by pursuing this matter he has also ensured that it became international news. The main reason for that happening, however, is not his case against Böhmermann, but his own appalling record with regard to freedom of expression and a press freedom.
He is known today in the West as the enemy of both. This has ensured that few are concerned with the contents of Böhmermann’s poem. Most are concerned with what they see as Erdoğan’s attempt to carry his restrictive policies to the heart of Europe.
One has to also recall that the Böhmermann case comes on the heels of Ankara’s diplomatic demarche to have a video on German television, which parodied Erdoğan as a basher of journalists who likes to build big palaces for himself, banned.
Unlike Böhmermann’s poem, that parody was close to the sort of gag Kırca would have done and which Turks are familiar with. Many Turks also found the “Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdoğan” video funny, even if Erdoğan did not.
The point is that Erdoğan’s total lack of tolerance for such parodies and for caricatures of him is what has ensured that the overwhelming bulk of the European media, not to mention press watchdog groups, are on Böhmermann’s side.
Few observers believe the German legal establishment will allow him to enjoy the benefit of the verdict he expects from this case. In other words, he is unlikely to win this case against Böhmermann because both official and public opinion are stacked against him.
No one in Europe is willing to provide Erdoğan with any advantage that would give him added justification to pursue his authoritarian ways in Turkey. In fact, many believe that this case will backfire and turn from being a case against Böhmermann into becoming a case against Erdoğan, who will have provided a platform in Europe for his critics to rail against him.
Put another way, Erdoğan could have managed this case more sensibly, but expecting that from him at this stage is simply not realistic.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Q:
How can I populate the New E-mail Window (Subject and Body fields) using a Userform in MS Outlook?
I regularly issue Purchase Orders to vendors for my job, and either;
Write the email like a normal person or;
Use a macro to open a template that I have generated
Sub New_Email_from_PO_Template()
Dim myOlApp As Outlook.Application
Dim MyItem As Outlook.MailItem
Set myOlApp = CreateObject("Outlook.Application")
Set MyItem = myOlApp.CreateItemFromTemplate("C:\Blah\template.oft")
MyItem.Display
End Sub
My aim is to eliminate the possibility of error by creating a userform, which will then populate a New E-mail window, allowing me to make any desired changes, and add attachments, before manually clicking [Send].
Included here is a Userform I have created.
The textboxes in the Userform that I have created are as follows;
RecipientName
PurchaseOrderNumber
PurchaseOrderDescription
Location
ProjectNumber
DateRequired
Following [SubmitButton], the data would then be populated into the Subject and Body fields in the New E-mail window.
Subject Line:
"PO# [PurchaseOrderNumber] - [PurchaseOrderDescription] - [Location]"
Body:
"To [Recipient_Name],
Please find attached Purchase Order (PO# [PurchaseOrderNumber]) pertaining to [PurchaseOrderDescription] for [Location]. Date Required: [DateRequired]
Thanks and Kind Regards, [User's Outlook Signature]"
The code I have developed is below;
Sub ShowPOSubmissionUserform()
POSubmissionEmailGenerator.Show
End Sub
Sub InitialisePOSubmissionUserform()
'Empty ProjectNumberTextbox
ProjectNumberTextbox.Value = ""
'Empty ProjectNameTextbox
ProjectNameTextbox.Value = ""
'Empty PONumberTextbox
PONumberTextbox.Value = ""
'Empty RecipientNameTextbox
RecipientNameTextbox.Value = ""
'Empty DateRequiredTextbox
DateRequiredTextbox.Value = ""
End Sub
Private Sub CloseButton_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub SubmitButton_Click()
'Creates a new e-mail item and modifies its properties
Dim OutlookApp As Object
Dim MItem As Object
Dim email_ As String
Dim subject_ As String
Dim body_ As String
Dim attach_ As String
Set OutlookApp = CreateObject("Outlook.Application")
email_ = POSubmissionEmailGenerator.ProjectNumberTextbox.Value
subject_ = "Hello this is the subject"
body_ = "Line 1" & vbNewLine & vbNewLine & "Line 3"
'create Mail Item and send it
Set MItem = OutlookApp.CreateItem(0)
With MItem
.To = email_
.Subject = subject_
.Body = body_
End With
End Sub
At the moment, when pressing submit, NOTHING happens.
What needs to be added to make it at least open the New E-mail window?
A:
With MItem
.To = email_
.Subject = subject_
.Body = body_
.Display '<<
End With
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Essays
In a hateful political climate, it’s easy to feel defeat. However, Daniel 7 teaches us that God is present in the midst of oppression and intervenes as a liberator God. We must join in this liberation to defy feelings of defeat.
We have been led astray by those who invoke religion to undergird their own social, political, and economic power. When we find ourselves enthralled to their apparent grandeur, we, too, will find the world beginning to crumble around us.
The vocation of the public theologian is to testify to their faith and in doing so to further the good news of Jesus in all our publics. At the same time, the aim of this public theological discourse ought not be to colonize other publics for Christianity.
To be a public theologian does not mean to do theology for everybody. It is not a matter of speaking from the particular to the universal, but of dwelling within multiple, overlapping particularities and finding theological meaning there.
President Donald Trump has engaged in false rhetoric about the migrant caravan making its way through Mexico, appealing to the narratives many Americans hold about foreigners and migrants. Christians must appeal to a counter-narrative of welcoming and hospitality that better accounts for the facts.
The Mentoring Initiative aims to bring together students and scholars engaged in different research methods but who are addressing a shared set of questions. Our hope is that the Political Theology Network Mentoring Initiative might even create a space where new research questions and methods will emerge.
If we want to focus on stopping sexual violence we need to ask much more disruptive questions about the conserving influence within Christian political theologies that accompanies their radical critiques. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Q:
Is Batman in "The Dark Knight Returns" acting out of character compared to the "canon Batman"?
Me and my friend recently had an argument regarding Miller's The Dark Knight Returns story. Namely, my friend (who is far more familiar with Batman comics and DC comics in general) claims that its portrayal of Batman is so vastly different from "canon Batman" in order to make the story, work which makes the whole DKR look silly and unrealistic.
Namely, he is referring to the fact Batman retired 10 years prior to the comic's beginning (and not to Batman's actions in the comics itself) and these are the things he names that make no sense for "canon Batman" to do:
Generally, Batman would never give up on being a vigilante, as long as there's still crime to fight (which, as it seems, DKR universe is full of).
Robin's death would not cause Batman to simply give up (as seen in "A Death in the Family").
Batman would not allow pressure from the government to affect him, even with Superman being part of it.
Is there any indication in "canon" comics that, given the circumstances presented in DKR, Batman would act the way he did (completely retiring and giving up the life of a vigilante) or was this noticeably out-of-character for Batman to do?
A:
Frank Miller is a prolific writer and avid Batman fan, but his stance of how this Bruce would be at that age is not in line with "Canon" Batman. By that, he does have the intense, solitary nature, disdain for crime and sparkling anti-social personality... but they are turned up to 11, added with some old-man bitterness/disillusionment, and grounded in the grim/dark "gritty" so-called "Realism" that the mid-to-late 80s, Post-Rambo world had come to expect from its "heroes". This, essentially, was a bit of a counter to the 1960s "campy" Adam West Batman, and the early 80s "white bread" cartoon version of super heroes [including the "Super Friends" Batman].
Now, originally [as in his 1939 debut] Batman was darker in tone and a bit more liberal with killing, but that was due to his connection to the pulp-heroes at the time. This didn't even last 3 years; the no-killing was instituted fairly early on, most firearms were removed, and by the 40s, while a vigilante, his reasoning was for the protection of human life. These elements became fixtures [especially post the game changing Seduction of the Innocent ] as the funny-book 40s, the Norman Rockwell-eque 50s, and the campy 60s went on. Batman's tone got slightly darker in the anti-establishment 70s, but by the optimistic 80s, he was still a firmly "Good guy" hero. Due to the impact of various social conditions in America, the whole "grim dark" aesthetic and muscular, attitude carrying, brutal heroes became the norm.... and Batman (with his already darker origins) was a natural fit for these changes. This is one reason why Miller's TDKR resonated as it did, especially as mainstream comics were becoming more mature in their stories at that time.
Due to the impact of Miller's work and the aforementioned social changes, his version of Batman--- a brooding, sullen, something of an anti-hero, grim Dark Knight--- became somewhat of a "Default," and began influencing almost every version of the character that came after it. Even the 1989 Tim Burton version of the hero, which was arguably more balanced portrayal in some ways, took some inspiration from Miller's dark tone and grittiness; note the guns in the Batmobile, and Bruce's tendency to silent violence in the first film. To mention nothing of the number of people the Joker killed in that movie...and this was [mostly] a kid's film in the 80s!
So while not "canon" in itself, Miller's version has, to a degree, help shape the future canon of Batman. Most versions of Bruce still hold darkness and intensity, but not to the grim-dark, anti-humanity level that Miller's pessimistic, nearly hopeless and pitiless Batman takes it. The DCAU version probably struck the best overall balance in this regard:
That Batman---voiced for 20+ years by Kevin Conroy, and which many look to as the definitive version--- is intense, controlling, has issues and can be brutal... but he is no killer, has obvious compassion, despises guns [even with rubber bullets], and does what he does not to punish criminals alone, but to prevent the tragedy that happened to him from happening to anyone else, where he is able to. Oddly enough, Amanda Waller, a hard-nosed often antagonist and well-intentioned extremist in the DCAU probably said it best in the Justice League Unlimited episode Epilogue :
I've known Bruce Wayne for over fifty years, and I've been keeping an eye on you your whole life. You're not Bruce's clone, you're his son. There are similarities, mind you, but more than a few differences too. You don't quite have his magnificent brain, for instance; you do have his heart though, and for all that fierce exterior I've never met anyone who cared as deeply about his fellow man as Bruce Wayne, except maybe you...
So no, Miller's version Was not canon before, and in many ways still isn't totally canon, but it does fall "in line" with current canon to some extent.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 10 2020
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT J. LUMPKIN, No. 19-35416
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:18-cv-00330-RSM
v.
MEMORANDUM*
JASON SALT, Deputy; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Ricardo S. Martinez, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 2, 2020**
Before: LEAVY, PAEZ, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Robert J. Lumpkin appeals pro se from the district court’s summary
judgment in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging constitutional claims arising out
of his booking at Snohomish County Jail. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291. We review de novo. JL Beverage Co., LLC v. Jim Beam Brands Co., 828
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
F.3d 1098, 1104 (9th Cir. 2016). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
The district court properly granted summary judgment because Lumpkin
failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether defendants
committed any constitutional violation when they removed some of his clothing
during a strip search for contraband in the public area of the jail. See Bearchild v.
Cobban, 947 F.3d 1130, 1144-45 (9th Cir. 2020) (requirements of Eighth
Amendment sexual harassment claim); Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d
1060, 1067-69 (9th Cir. 2016) (requirements of Fourteenth Amendment deliberate
indifference claim); Byrd v. Maricopa Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 629 F.3d 1135, 1141
(9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (requirements of Fourth Amendment privacy claim).
Contrary to Lumpkin’s contentions, the district court did not err in declining
to address his excessive force claim which was raised for the first time in his
opposition to summary judgment. See Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 F.3d
1271, 1292 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that allowing the plaintiffs to proceed with a
new theory of liability at summary judgment after the close of discovery would
prejudice the defendants).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Lumpkin’s motion
to amend his complaint to add excessive force and due process claims because
Lumpkin’s request for leave to amend was untimely under the district court’s
pretrial scheduling order, and thus Lumpkin could only modify the schedule for
2 19-35416
“good cause and with the judge’s consent.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4); Johnson
v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607-08 (9th Cir. 1992).
However, the district court improperly assessed a strike for purposes of 28
U.S.C. § 1915(g), because the district court had concluded that Lumpkin failed to
raise a genuine dispute of material fact on any of his claims, and thus defendants
were entitled to summary judgment. See El-Shaddai v. Zamora, 833 F.3d 1036,
1044 (9th Cir. 2016). We reverse the judgment as to the district court’s assessment
of a strike only, and remand for the district court remove the language counting the
case as a strike.
We do not consider matters not specifically and distinctly raised and argued
in the opening brief, or arguments and allegations raised for the first time on
appeal. See Padgett v. Wright, 587 F.3d 983, 985 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009).
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
3 19-35416
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | FreeLaw |
The Michigan House of Representatives on Wednesday passed a bill that would allow commercial casino licensees and their employees to make political donations in the state.
The practice is prohibited under the Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act, which legalized commercial gaming and was approved by voters in a public referendum in 1996.
The bill would also allow individuals with criminal convictions to be eligible for licenses after a certain time period — ten years for felonies and five years for misdemeanors — and remove the need for some background checks for certain licensees.
The new legislation is sponsored by Representative Brandt Iden (R-Oshtemo Township) and is part of a wider gambling expansion package that would also legalize sports betting, online gaming, and daily fantasy sports, which was approved by the House in October.
Iden separated this bill from the wider package because repealing the voter-sanctioned ban on campaign donations requires approval by three-quarters of legislature.
Mob Rule
Laws related to corporate campaign donations differ from state to state, but most either limit or prohibit the practice to guard against corruption or the perception of corruption.
In Nevada, where the casino industry and its interests are part of the socio-political fabric, they’re legal. But other significant US casino jurisdictions, like New Jersey and Pennsylvania, have sought to limit the industry’s influence — in New Jersey’s case, partly because of its historical connections to organized crime.
Some suggest this is outdated, since the Mob has long been driven out of US casino operations. But Michigan State Rep. Bill Sowerby believes the decision to increase the casinos’ political influence in his state, while simultaneously opening the door to ex-felons and decreasing background checks, was an odd one.
“Millionaire and billionaire casino owners will now be allowed to give money to state legislators,” Sowerby said in a statement to The Detroit News.
Even worse, casino owners will no longer have to disclose to the public their past felony crime convictions, their financial failures — including bankruptcies — or their failures to pay their taxes.
“Michiganders expect and deserve more transparency and accountability from those who have such incredible responsibility, and this legislation severely diminishes that standard,” he added.
Corporate Megadonor
Corporate contributions to federal election campaigns are illegal, although companies are permitted to sponsor political action campaigns (PACs) to provide support for administration and fundraising.
After 2010’s US Supreme Court’s Citizens United decision, the cap on donations to PACs was removed. leading to the rise of the super PAC.
The world’s wealthiest casino owner, Sheldon Adelson, has contributed hundred of millions of dollars to the Republican Party via the super PACs. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Development of a comprehensive survey of sexuality issues including a self-report version of the International Spinal Cord Injury sexual function basic data sets.
Questionnaire development, validation and completion. Develop comprehensive survey of sexuality issues including validated self-report versions of the International Spinal Cord Injury male sexual function and female sexual and reproductive function basic data sets (SR-iSCI-sexual function). People with spinal cord damage (SCD) living in the community, Australia from August 2013 to June 2014. An iterative process involving rehabilitation medicine clinicians, a nurse specialising in sexuality issues in SCD and people with SCD who developed a comprehensive survey that included the SR-iSCI-sexual function. Participants recruitment through spinal rehabilitation review clinic and community organisations that support people with SCD. Surveys completed by 154 people. Most were male (n=101, 65.6%). Respondents' median age was 50 years (interquartile range (IQR) 38-58), and they were a median of 10 years (IQR 4-20) after the onset of SCD. Sexual problems unrelated to SCD were reported by 12 (8%) respondents, and 114 (n=75.5%) reported sexual problems because of SCD. Orgasms were much less likely (χ(2)=13.1, P=0.006) to be normal in males (n=5, 5%) compared with females (n=11, 22%). Males had significantly worse (χ(2)=26.0, P=0.001) psychogenic genital functioning (normal n=9, 9%) than females (normal n=13, 26%) and worse (χ(2)=10.8, P=0.013) reflex genital functioning. Normal ejaculation was reported in only three (3%) men. Most (n=26, 52%) women reported reduced or absent menstruation pattern since SCD. The SR-iSCI-sexual function provides a useful tool for researchers and clinicians to collect information regarding patient-reported sexual functioning after SCD and to facilitate comparative studies. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Guide to outcomes measurement for patients with low back pain syndromes.
The Guide for Physical Therapist Practice states that the physical therapist determines the expected outcomes for each intervention and engages in outcomes data collection and analysis. Outcomes tracking provides a systematic way for therapists to monitor treatment effectiveness and efficiency. A familiarity with outcome measures for the patient with low back pain is indispensable for therapists in the outpatient orthopaedic setting, where patients with lumbar pain often comprise the majority of the caseload. The therapist must be able to evaluate and choose appropriate measurement tools and understand the clinical meaning of measurements to successfully employ these instruments. The purpose of this article is to review measurement instruments for patients with low back pain and to offer practical guidelines for selection and use of outcome measures for this population. The reliability, validity, sensitivity to change, and utility of common outcome measures are discussed. An overview of generic, disease-specific, and patient-specific tools is provided with specific commentary on the use of the SF-36, SF-12, Oswestry Questionnaire, Roland-Morris Questionnaire, and patient-specific tools. Practical guidelines for utilizing outcome measures in clinical practice and the overall benefits of outcomes tracking are highlighted. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Molecular genotyping of Salmonella enterica Abortusovis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Genotyping of Salmonella strains is an important tool to discriminate among isolates and to improve epidemiological studies when an outbreak occurs. No phagetyping scheme is available for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abortusovis (SAO) and molecular methods previously used were not standardized and were time consuming. Among the DNA-based methods of genotyping, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is currently in use to subtype Salmonella isolates. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of genotyping of SAO by XbaI and BlnI restrictions. Separation of restricted fragments was performed by PFGE. To test the possibility to apply this methodology to epidemiological investigation, a collection of 38 SAO strains isolated in different regions of Italy were analyzed. Eighteen and 29 different PFGE profiles were defined for XbaI and BlnI digestions, respectively. The method demonstrated an adequate typing ability and an excellent discriminatory power. Results from this study show that PFGE may represent a powerful tool to discriminate within the SAO serovar, and provide useful information in support of traditional epidemiological investigations. In particular, this method could be used to identify the origin of infection during outbreaks within a single flock or in different herds. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Q:
Hide status bar after calling imagePickerController
No matter what I do, status bar keeps coming when i open image picker and won't go away after it is dismissed. I tried various swift solutions I was able to read on this site that are supposed to be fix the problem, but it won't help at all.
Here is what I do. I subclass the picker controller:
class MyImagePickerController: UIImagePickerController {
override func viewWillAppear(animated: Bool) {
super.viewWillAppear(animated)
self.setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate()
}
override func viewDidAppear(animated: Bool) {
super.viewDidAppear(animated)
self.setNavBar()
}
override func prefersStatusBarHidden() -> Bool {
self.setNavBar()
return true
}
override func childViewControllerForStatusBarHidden() -> UIViewController? {
return nil;
}
func setNavBar() -> Void {
self.setNavBar(65)
}
func setNavBar(height: CGFloat) -> Void {
var frame = self.navigationBar.frame;
frame.size.height = height;
self.navigationBar.frame = frame;
}
}
then I to call it from an IBoutled action:
func chooseImageFromGallery() {
var image = MyImagePickerController()
image.delegate = self
image.sourceType = UIImagePickerControllerSourceType.PhotoLibrary
image.allowsEditing = false
self.presentViewController(image, animated: true, completion: nil)
}
Also, of course, I set the bar hidden in the Plist file. Problem is specifically when calling the picker controller.
Please answer in Swift.
A:
Use below code to do this
import Foundation
extension UIImagePickerController {
override public func prefersStatusBarHidden() -> Bool {
return true
}
}
this is an extention(category) of UIImagePickerController and works for me.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Quiet Zone
Wednesday, January 14, 2015
….been hacking away at this film with karl lemieux for a few years now…..finally finished it…….all of it shot in the mountains of west virginia……if anyone is interested, it’s premiering on January 22nd at the Rotterdam International Film Festival…… | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
U.S. Pat. No. 2,922,738 relates to organotin salts containing 2 or 3 organo groups directly attached to tin and to fungicidal compositions characterized by an essential lack of phytotoxicity. British Pat. No. 1,232,691 relates to certain unsymmetrical organotin halides and teaches that they may find use as fungicides or as catalysts for polyurethanes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,471,539 and Japanese Patent Appln. No. 13261/65 teach methods for making substituted triorganotin halides. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
SHEER TERROR - Pall In The Family
Reference: LPSTERR
Condition: New product
The bulldogs of New York Hardcore are back! Four years after their last full-length album – “Standing Up For Falling Down” – and two years after their most recent work, a split single with Lars Frederiksen’s The Old Firm Casuals, the ugly and proud (also known as SHEER TERROR) have returned with four brand new stormers! | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Han Solo's bluff falls flat in latest Solo: A Star Wars Story clip
Han Solo (Alden Ehrenreich) is one charming son of a bitch, and there's not a lot that he can't get away with, but every so often, his reach exceeds his grasp. In the latest clip from the upcoming SOLO: A STAR WARS STORY, Han, along with Tobias Beckett (Woody Harrelson), Qi'ra (Emilia Clarke), and Chewbacca (Joonas Suotamo), encounters Enfys Nest, an infamous pirate who leads the Cloud-Riders. Clearly outnumbered, Solo attempts to sway the scales in their favour by claiming that the nearby Millennium Falcon contains about thirty hired guns, only for the Falcon to fly off into the distance. Ruh oh.
The release of SOLO: A STAR WARS STORY is nearly here, and although there has been much anxiety in regards to the quality of the film (understandable, given the troubled production), if the first reactions are to be believed, we're in for one hell of a fun ride. Critics who caught the film during the screening praised it as action-packed delight and noted that Donald Glover stole the show as Lando Calrissian. Surprise, surprise. I'm still keeping my expectations in check, but I'm more than willing to give the Ron Howard film a chance.
The official synopsis for SOLO: A STAR WARS STORY:
Board the Millennium Falcon and journey to a galaxy far, far away in “Solo: A Star Wars Story,” an all-new adventure with the most beloved scoundrel in the galaxy. Through a series of daring escapades deep within a dark and dangerous criminal underworld, Han Solo befriends his mighty future copilot Chewbacca and meets the notorious gambler Lando Calrissian, in a journey that will set the course of one of the Star Wars saga’s most unlikely heroes. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
1. Introduction {#sec1-animals-08-00030}
===============
Since their self-domestication some 10,000 years ago \[[@B1-animals-08-00030]\], cats have undergone numerous genotypic \[[@B2-animals-08-00030]\] and phenotypic \[[@B3-animals-08-00030],[@B4-animals-08-00030]\] changes as a result of selective breeding. Despite the relatively recent proliferation of fancy cat breeds, the genotypic changes that underlie breed-specific features are now able to be distinguished \[[@B5-animals-08-00030]\], suggesting substantial segregation of genotypes at the breed level. Historically, the proportion of the owned cat population in the United Kingdom reported as pedigree or purebred is between 8% \[[@B6-animals-08-00030]\] and 11% \[[@B7-animals-08-00030]\], with around 3% of cats registered with a veterinarian being Persian \[[@B6-animals-08-00030]\]. Demographics of the cat population will, in part, be driven by human preferences for specific conformational traits and the intrinsic value placed upon them \[[@B8-animals-08-00030],[@B9-animals-08-00030]\].
Numerous factors may influence an owner's choice of a companion animal. During adoption, evidence suggests that problem behaviors in cats and dogs significantly reduce their likelihood of rehoming \[[@B10-animals-08-00030],[@B11-animals-08-00030]\]. Older cats have a longer duration of stay within the shelter environment \[[@B11-animals-08-00030]\] and dark coat coloration both reduces adoption likelihood \[[@B10-animals-08-00030]\] and increases length of stay \[[@B11-animals-08-00030]\]. With the advent of social media, the opportunity to assess animals through static photographs, and without direct interaction has increased, despite evidence that a cat's human directed behaviors (e.g., rubbing) may play a greater role in speed of adoption than more subtle facial characteristics and movements \[[@B12-animals-08-00030]\].
Studies suggest that the popularity of different dog breeds is influenced by media exposure, even though some of today's most commonly used breeds experience health problems associated with their appearance \[[@B13-animals-08-00030],[@B14-animals-08-00030]\]. Recent research indicates that the choice to own a brachycephalic (BC) dog breed is driven by its appearance, which is often prioritized above breed health \[[@B15-animals-08-00030]\]. This effect may also apply to cats, with BC breeds (Exotic Shorthair; British Shorthair; Persian; Scottish Fold) and dolichocephalic breeds (DC) (Sphynx; Abyssinian) now comprising six of the top 10 breed registrations in the United States of America \[[@B16-animals-08-00030]\]. Much of the recent literature concerning owner reports of, and attitudes towards, the impacts of changes in skull morphology focuses on BC dog breeds \[[@B17-animals-08-00030],[@B18-animals-08-00030]\], with limited evidence on the health implications of skull shape in cats and attitudes towards them. However, there is growing evidence that brachycephalism in cats is directly associated with disorders that impact respiratory \[[@B19-animals-08-00030],[@B20-animals-08-00030],[@B21-animals-08-00030]\], ophthalmic \[[@B22-animals-08-00030],[@B23-animals-08-00030]\], endocrine \[[@B24-animals-08-00030]\] and neurological \[[@B25-animals-08-00030],[@B26-animals-08-00030]\] health. Many of these issues require corrective surgical intervention to improve the welfare of the individuals affected \[[@B27-animals-08-00030],[@B28-animals-08-00030],[@B29-animals-08-00030],[@B30-animals-08-00030]\]. Those conditions that cannot be alleviated may result in a reduced quality of life. However, such conditions do not necessarily affect longevity equally, skull shape is only once a genotypic component of any given breed, and longevity will be determined by a number of heritable and environmental factors. For example, Persian cats generally experience lives of equal or greater length to crossbreeds (median 14.1 years and 14 years respectively), whilst British Shorthairs' lifespans are comparatively reduced (median 11.8 years) \[[@B31-animals-08-00030]\]. The growing body of evidence concerning the impacts of brachycephalism has prompted debate within the scientific literature as to whether the breeding of BC cats should be reconsidered \[[@B32-animals-08-00030],[@B33-animals-08-00030]\]. In contrast, dolichocephaly has remained relatively underexplored in terms of direct consequences arising from craniofacial morphology. In DC cats, evidence of breed-related issues appear to be largely associated with characteristics other than skull shape \[[@B34-animals-08-00030]\]. There is some evidence of degenerative ocular disorders in DC cats that are related to breeding rather than skull conformation \[[@B35-animals-08-00030]\]. Similar to BC cats, the impacts of breed selection on longevity of DC cats are equivocal, with Siamese cats living longer (median 14.2 years), and Abyssinians substantially shorter lives (median 10 years) as compared to crossbreeds (median 14 years) \[[@B31-animals-08-00030]\].
How preferences for cat breeds are formed, especially those cats with extreme skull shape, is little understood. The objectives of this research were to explore:
\(i\) The relative popularity of phenotypic features in static images of cats
\(ii\) How respondent-related factors impacted their preference for cats' phenotypic features, with particular focus on skull shape.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-animals-08-00030}
========================
2.1. Recruitment of Participants and Questions Asked {#sec2dot1-animals-08-00030}
----------------------------------------------------
Participants were recruited on two occasions, as part of a wider survey of the health and lifestyle of the respondent's cat, using an all-available sampling methodology. The surveys targeted the general public and professionals in animal-careers as well as owners of pedigree cats. All respondents were cat owners and aged 18 years or over. Both iterations of the questionnaire were ethically approved by the Human Ethics Research Committee of Edinburgh University. Surveys were disseminated twice based on the target audience and language. Survey two also contained additional questions about eye health, which were not considered in this manuscript. The first iteration of the survey was disseminated within the UK and Asia (primarily China) between February and July 2015, and the second primarily within the UK and South America (Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador) between February and July 2016. The English questionnaire was translated into Mandarin and Spanish depending on the primary language of the target countries. Surveys were disseminated via a link to an external site that was promoted by the Vet Professionals website ([www.vetprofessionals.com](www.vetprofessionals.com)), a Chinese survey website ([www.wenjuan.com](www.wenjuan.com)), International Cat Care (<http://icatcare.org/>) and Cats Protection (<http://www.cats.org.uk/>). A number of social media sites concerning cats within the target countries were also used for recruitment. The first survey asked respondents to rate photographs of nine cats on the scale 0 ("I don't like this cat at all")--5 (neutral)--10 ("this is my favourite type of cat"). This study was extended in a second survey, which included the original nine photographs and provided an additional six, totaling 15 photographs overall (see [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}). Responses for the survey data used for this manuscript addressed the respondent's gender; country of residence; breed and registration status of cat owned; and profession. No repeat responses were identified based on exploration of IP addresses.
2.2. Establishing Cephalic Rating for Analyses {#sec2dot2-animals-08-00030}
----------------------------------------------
As the 15 photographs were not standardized (e.g., angle of the cat to the camera), it was not possible to use a cephalic index based on morphological landmarks as in Farnworth et al. \[[@B19-animals-08-00030]\]. A veterinary panel was used to establish consensus of cephalic rating, and the images were disseminated to members of the International Society for Feline Medicine via their online forum. Respondents were asked to provide a cephalic rating for the 15 cat photographs used in the surveys. Ratings were based on the following numerical scale: 1 = extreme BC (having the shortest muzzle possible); 2 = moderate BC; 3 = mild BC; 4 = mesocephalic; 5 = mild DC; 6 = moderate DC; 7 = extreme DC (having the longest muzzle possible). The median rating for each cat was used in the analyses.
2.3. Assigning Coat Color for Analyses {#sec2dot3-animals-08-00030}
--------------------------------------
Coat color was ascribed to broad categories based on author consensus (for images, see [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}. Blue/grey: cats 7--10; Ginger: cats 1--3; Tabby: cats 14 & 15; White/Pale/Point: cats 4--6 and 11--13). White and "Point" types were combined as only a single white cat was included in the pictures. This process was performed because coat color can be considered an important confounding factor in the rating decision. Coat color was not controlled for during data collection and therefore the distribution of coat color types and shades was not evenly distributed amongst skull types. Therefore, the outcomes of the subsequent analyses, as they relate to coat color, should be considered with caution.
2.4. Statistical Analyses {#sec2dot4-animals-08-00030}
-------------------------
Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate associations between physical traits of the cats studied and their ratings by the surveyed cat owners, taking account of owner and cat ID as repeated measures. Univariate associations between phenotypic features (coat length, coat color, eye color and skull shape) and rating scores were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Factors with liberal associations in univariable testing (*p* \< 0.2) were taken forward for multivariable evaluation. Model development used backwards stepwise elimination.
Sub-analyses were conducted to identify respondent-related factors associated with BC and DC preference. The effects of respondent-related variables (veterinary/animal related profession, geographical location, and skull morphology of the oldest currently owned cat) upon their ratings of either BC or DC cats were analyzed within the overall sample using either Mann-Whitney (two categories) or Kruskal-Wallis tests (over two categories). Before all analyses, variables were visually inspected for normality of distribution using histograms, and all results where *p* \< 0.05 were considered significant.
3. Results {#sec3-animals-08-00030}
==========
3.1. Response Rates and Descriptive Statistics {#sec3dot1-animals-08-00030}
----------------------------------------------
The sample totaled 1239 respondents (*n* = 411 survey one; *n* = 828 survey two). Of the total sample, 92.4% of respondents (1145/1239) were female. Given the targeted nature of the survey dissemination, 18.7% (244/1239) of respondents had worked in a veterinary or animal care related profession. In terms of geographical location, 47.1% (584/1239) were from Europe; 33.2% (412/1239) were from Asia; 11.8% from North America; 6.5% (80/1239) from South America; and 1.4% (14/1239) from Australasia.
All respondents were cat owners and, based on the target demographic of this survey, 35.6% (441/1239) reported the eldest cat they owned to be purebred. Of these 52.2% (230/441) were reported as a mesocephalic breed; 35.6% (157/441) a BC breed; and 12.2% (54/441) a DC breed. Non-pedigree crossbreed 'moggies' represented 64.4% (798/1239) of the population. The skull morphology of the respondent's cat was based on the reported breed and the associated breed standard. Crossbred cats were classified unknown, due to an inability to ascribe a breed standard.
3.2. Cephalic Rating Consensus {#sec3dot2-animals-08-00030}
------------------------------
The request for veterinarian opinion yielded 50 responses, of which 45 were complete. Partial responses were retained and used for those cats that had been scored, and non-responses were excluded from the data. For all cats in the sample, the median and mode were the same (see [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}), whilst the means rating lay within the range of ± 0.4 of the median or mode with the exception of cat 7 (+ 0.6). These ratings suggest substantial consensus amongst those veterinarians that responded, outliers notwithstanding. The median rating for each cat was used in the analyses.
3.3. Associations between Phenotypic Features and Rating Score {#sec3dot3-animals-08-00030}
--------------------------------------------------------------
Cephalic group was associated with rating score (Kruskal-Wallis statistic (KW) = 4021.9, Degrees of Freedom (df) = 6, *p* \< 0.001) with the highest ratings in the mesocephalic group and lowest in the extreme brachycephalic group ([Figure 1](#animals-08-00030-f001){ref-type="fig"}, [Table 2](#animals-08-00030-t002){ref-type="table"}). In univariate analyses, all four phenotypic features considered from the photographs were associated with rating scores ([Table 2](#animals-08-00030-t002){ref-type="table"}). The most highly rated phenotypic varieties from each feature were: medium coat length, ginger coat color, green eye color, and mesocephalic skull shape. As there were repeated measures of both cat and owner ID in this dataset that may influence the median scores reported in [Table 2](#animals-08-00030-t002){ref-type="table"}, a generalized estimating equation was constructed accounting for these effects and elucidating the underlying preferences.
The generalized estimating equation ([Table 3](#animals-08-00030-t003){ref-type="table"}) indicated that four factors were significantly associated with rating score: cephalic grouping, coat length, eye color, and coat color. Cats who exhibited any degree of brachycephaly (extreme, moderate, mild) were rated significantly lower than mesocephalic cats. Similarly, both mild and extreme DC cats were rated significantly lower than mesocephalic cats; however, no difference was found between mesocephalic and moderate DC cats. Cats with medium or long length coats were rated more highly than cats with shorthaired coats and cats with blue-grey, ginger or tabby coats were rated more highly than cats with white/pale/point coats. Finally, cats with blue or green eyes were rated more highly than cats with orange or brown eyes.
3.4. Factors Associated with BC Cat Ratings {#sec3dot4-animals-08-00030}
-------------------------------------------
When considering the sub-population of BC cats presented to owners (those cats with a median consensus rating of 1--3, [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}), several factors were associated with the level of preference of these faces. Those owners who worked in the veterinary or animal care professions rated BC cats significantly lower than those that did not (KW = 277.9, df = 2, *p* \< 0.001) ([Figure 2](#animals-08-00030-f002){ref-type="fig"}). There were significant differences in ratings of BC cats geographically, with respondents living in Asia rating BC cats most highly (KW = 1310.0, df = 4, *p* \< 0.001) ([Figure 3](#animals-08-00030-f003){ref-type="fig"}). Respondents who currently owned BC cats rated BC cats most highly 5 (2--9) (median rating (25th--75th percentiles) as compared with DC owners 2 (0--5); Mesocephalic cat owners: 3 (0--5); and Non-pedigree owners: 3 (0--5); KW = 429.70, *p* \< 0.001) ([Figure 4](#animals-08-00030-f004){ref-type="fig"}). When modelled in a generalized estimating equation with owner and cat picture ID incorporated as random effects, all three variables remained significant ([Table 4](#animals-08-00030-t004){ref-type="table"}).
3.5. Factors Associated with DC Cat Ratings {#sec3dot5-animals-08-00030}
-------------------------------------------
When considering the sub-population of DC cat images presented to raters (those cats with a median consensus rating of 5--7, [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}), several factors were associated with the level of preference of these faces. There was no significant difference in the rating of DC cats between respondents who worked in veterinary or animal care professions, as compared to those that did not (MW = 1296765.0, df = 1, *p* = 0.430). There were significant differences in the ratings of DC cat images based on geographical location, with owners who lived in Asia rating DC cats most highly (KW = 48.44, df = 4, *p* \< 0.001) ([Figure 5](#animals-08-00030-f005){ref-type="fig"}). Respondents who owned DC cats rated DC cats most highly 8 (5--8) (median rating (25th--75th percentiles) when compared to other owners: BC owner: 5 (4--8); mesocephalic cat owner: 6 (4--8); non-pedigree owner: 6 (4--8); (KW = 70.62, *p* \< 0.001) ([Figure 6](#animals-08-00030-f006){ref-type="fig"}).
When modelled in a generalized estimating equation with owner and cat ID incorporated as random effects, two variables remained significant, continent and type of cat previously owned ([Table 5](#animals-08-00030-t005){ref-type="table"}).
4. Discussion {#sec4-animals-08-00030}
=============
There is a relative paucity of information surrounding preferences for phenotypic features in cats. Research in this area tends to focus on direct acquisition of individuals from shelters \[[@B10-animals-08-00030],[@B11-animals-08-00030],[@B12-animals-08-00030]\]. The current study focused on direct assessments of preference based only on appearance in a static image. It therefore excludes wider factors that may influence preference. These include temperament, human directed behaviors \[[@B12-animals-08-00030]\], the individual cat's sex and age \[[@B11-animals-08-00030]\], and more unusual effects such as providing the individual with a name \[[@B10-animals-08-00030]\]. Clear differences in preference ratings for skull morphology were observed in this study, with deviations from moderate conformation (mesocephaly) receiving lower preference ratings, which further declined as conformation became more extreme. Mild deviations from mesocephaly were not substantially less preferred in either category (DC or BC), and this may present a mechanism by which more extreme deviations begin to be selected for. The decline in preference appears more marked for BC cats as opposed to DC cats. Previous research suggests that "exotic" cats may be adopted more rapidly from a shelter environment \[[@B11-animals-08-00030]\]; however, the amalgamated category used in that research included both BC (Persian) and non-BC (ragdoll and Russian blue) breeds. Another study demonstrated that Persian cats had greater odds of adoption from a shelter environment, possibly indicating increased adopter preferences, although only with comparison to domestic short, long and medium coated individuals \[[@B10-animals-08-00030]\]. Our findings indicate that preferences scored from a static image may differ from broader adopter preferences when direct interaction and ownership intent are involved. The decline in preference for BC cats was greater than that for DC cats, even though the proportion of BC cat owners was larger within the overall sample. This suggests that changes in preference across the spectrum of skull shapes are not simply driven by the proportion of BC/DC owners within the sample.
Brachycephalic cats were given a significantly lower preference rating by veterinary or animal care professionals as opposed to other respondents, an association not seen for DC cats. This reduction in preference rating for extreme BC conformation is more marked within the animal care subsample than within the sample overall. It is likely driven by exposure to the management of medical issues directly associated with brachycephaly in cats \[[@B25-animals-08-00030],[@B29-animals-08-00030]\] and knowledge of the general literature surrounding the implications of brachycephaly for breed health e.g., respiratory \[[@B19-animals-08-00030],[@B20-animals-08-00030],[@B21-animals-08-00030]\] and ophthalmic health \[[@B23-animals-08-00030]\]. Several clinical case reports \[[@B30-animals-08-00030]\] indicate that brachycephaly has a substantial negative impact on the health of affected cat breeds. The general paucity of studies citing similar health impairments directly associated with dolichocephaly in cats may explain the differences between preferences for extreme DC and BC individuals. Research around breed issues in dogs identifies substantial negative perceptions of BC dogs amongst veterinary professionals, which may be mirrored in this result \[[@B36-animals-08-00030]\]. Further research is warranted to explore public and professional knowledge and attitudes concerning the impact of brachycephaly and dolichocephaly on cats.
This research is one of the first reports to explore preferences for feline appearance based on geographical location. Respondents residing in Asia were significantly more likely to provide a higher score for both BC and DC cats when compared to respondents from other countries or regions. These preferences were not driven by a greater representation of BC and DC breeds within the Asian sample; of the Asian respondents, none owned a DC breed whilst BC breed ownership was in line with the wider sample. This indicates that preferences for altered skull morphology within Asia may be driven by other, more culturally embedded, factors. Breeding for brachycephaly has a long history, with dog breeds such as the Pug and Pekingese originating from China \[[@B37-animals-08-00030]\], and BC and DC cat breeds such as the Persian and Siamese originating, or perceived as originating, from the near east \[[@B38-animals-08-00030]\]. Proximity of breed origin may have an impact on cultural preference and further research is required to explore this dynamic.
Ownership of a particular type of cat was strongly associated with expressed preferences. Respondents whose eldest cat was either BC or DC showed significantly greater preferences for cats that display similar skull morphologies. This was also linked to a substantially diminished preference for cats in the opposite skull shape category (i.e., DC vs. BC and vice versa). The literature suggests that positive "brand" preferences are strongly influenced by prior experiences and knowledge \[[@B39-animals-08-00030]\]. Likewise, reduced preference for a specific object or idea may be driven by its deviation from something with which the rater has had positive prior experience. It is reasonable to postulate that these effects may apply to specific companion cat breeds. Respondents familiar with, and attached to, a cat of one type (e.g., one with extreme BC) rate similar attributes in other individuals more highly. Conversely, they may also provide a lower rating for individuals with the opposing attribute (e.g., extreme DC). The current study did not explore other issues that may guide preference ratings, such as the ownership of other animals (e.g., dogs) or other cats (both living or deceased) with BC and DC profiles.
As well as general variation around preferences for BC and DC cats, there were also significant differences around coat length, eye color and coat color, although these had a lesser effect as compared to skull shape. These parameters were not assessed relative to the currently or previously owned cat, so they were unable to be linked with prior experience. They were also not evenly represented across the photographs included but were considered important confounding variables and so were included in the analyses. In our study, the reduced preference for white/pale/point cats is not supported by other studies \[[@B11-animals-08-00030]\], where pale pelages were associated with more rapid adoption. It is also difficult to extricate these preferences from wider perception-based discrimination without more in-depth exploration of respondent's beliefs---for example, the tendency for people to assign positive or negative traits to orange and white cats, respectively \[[@B40-animals-08-00030]\]. Similarly, breed characteristics as they are often linked (i.e., extreme DC cats and BC cats are limited to a few breeds such as Siamese and Oriental \[DC\] or exotic and Persian \[BC\], which have characteristic features associated with coat color and coat length), making it hard to differentiate the effects from one another. As such, we suggest that the results and conclusions around these variables be treated with caution. Further research is required, using a controlled sample, to explore exactly how and why these phenotypic variations influence preference.
This study is not without its limitations. The number of images was relatively small, and the distribution of BC and DC individuals within the sample was not equivalent. Likewise, the images had a number of poses and backgrounds that likely affected upon the rating. Finally, it is important to acknowledge that the survey content comprised a number of questions about the health of BC cats, which may have negatively affected preference scores for BC images in the immediate term. This said, the authors consider the findings, and their novelty, important in guiding future research and ideas concerning preferences for cats with varying characteristics, including skull shape. This may be especially important considering the current increase in the use of images of cats in social media.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-animals-08-00030}
==============
This work provides novel preliminary data for an, as yet, underexplored phenomenon in the selection of cat breeds by owners. It provides evidence that cranial conformation has a substantial impact when considered alongside other normal variations in a cat's features, such as eye color and coat color and length, and affects owner preference. There is evidence that both country of residence, profession and ownership experience have a significant impact upon cat owner preference ratings. These parameters may prove useful for future research into the sharing of static images of cats in social networks and the impact this has on decision-making. It may also allow for the development of targeted education regarding breed-associated issues, particularly those linked to skull shape.
The authors would like to thank members of the International Society of Feline Medicine list serve who participated in the rating of the cat images and those individuals who consented to the use of their cat's image for this research. Thanks also go to the web sites that hosted the studies, including International Cat Care and Cats Protection websites, and the many people who answered the surveys.
The following are available online at <http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/8/2/30/s1>, Cat Life Style and Face Shape Survey.
######
Click here for additional data file.
Mark J. Farnworth, Rowena M. A. Packer, Lorena Sordo, Ruoning Chen, Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore and Sarah M. A. Caney conceived and designed the experiments; Lorena Sordo and Ruoning Chen performed the experiments; Mark J. Farnworth, Lorena Sordo, Ruoning Chen and Rowena M. A. Packer analyzed the data; Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore and Sarah M. A. Caney contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Mark J. Farnworth, Rowena M. A. Packer, and Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{ref-type="table"}). Cephalic groupings range from extreme brachycephaly through to extreme dolichocephaly.](animals-08-00030-g001){#animals-08-00030-f001}
{ref-type="table"}) between respondents that identified as veterinary or animal care professionals (*n* = 244) as opposed to those that did not (*n* = 995).](animals-08-00030-g002){#animals-08-00030-f002}
{ref-type="table"}). Ratings were provided by respondents (*n* = 1239) to two questionnaires. Comparisons are between different continental regions.](animals-08-00030-g003){#animals-08-00030-f003}
{ref-type="table"}). Ratings were provided by *n* = 1239 respondents. Comparisons are relative to skull morphology of the eldest cat currently owned, as based on reported breed and associated pedigree breed standards.](animals-08-00030-g004){#animals-08-00030-f004}
{ref-type="table"}). Ratings were provided by respondents (*n* = 1239) to two questionnaires. Comparisons are between different continental regions.](animals-08-00030-g005){#animals-08-00030-f005}
{ref-type="table"}). Ratings were provided by respondents (*n* = 1239) to two questionnaires. Comparisons are relative to skull morphology of the oldest cat currently owned, as based on reported breed of oldest owned cat and the associated breed standard.](animals-08-00030-g006){#animals-08-00030-f006}
animals-08-00030-t001_Table 1
######
Cephalic rating provided for 15 cat images by veterinarian members of the International Society for Feline Medicine list serve (*n* = 45--50). Ratings were based on the following numerical scale: 1 = extreme brachycephaly (BC) (having the shortest muzzle possible); 2 = moderate BC; 3 = mild BC; 4 = mesocephalic; 5 = mild dolichocephaly (DC); 6 = moderate DC; 7 = extreme DC (having the longest muzzle possible).
Cat Number Number of Responses Mean Rating (1--7) Median Rating (1--7) Modal Rating (1--7) Max Rating (1--7) Min Rating (1--7)
---------------------------------- --------------------- -------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ------------------- -------------------
 50 1.6 2 2 2 1
 50 4.3 4 4 6 4
 50 4.8 5 5 7 3
 50 3.8 4 4 6 3
 50 5.7 6 6 7 5
 50 1.3 1 1 2 1
 50 4.6 4 4 7 3
 50 1.1 1 1 2 1
 50 3.0 3 3 4 2
\* 47 1.9 2 2 3 1
\* 47 6.6 7 7 7 5
\* 47 1.4 1 1 2 1
\* 46 6.2 6 6 7 4
\* 46 4.1 4 4 6 3
\* 45 1.0 1 1 2 1
\* These cats were used only in survey two. Those not marked were used in both survey one and two.
animals-08-00030-t002_Table 2
######
Results of univariate analyses of associations between physical characteristics of 15 cats presented within two questionnaires as photographs (as per [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}) and owner (*n* = 1239) preference ratings (0 = "I don't like this cat at all"; 5 = neutral; 10 = "this is my favorite type of cat").
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Sub-Category Median Rating 25th--75th Percentile Rating Kruskal-Wallis Statistic Kruskal-Wallis Statistic
---------------- ------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------- --------------------------
Coat length Long 5 2--7 506.8 \<0.001
Medium 7 5--9
Short 6 3--8
Coat colour Blue grey 6 3--8 256.7 \<0.001
Ginger 6 4--9
Tabby 5 2--9
White/Pale/Point 4 1--7
Eye colour Blue 5 1--8 348.4 \<0.001
Green 6 4--9
Orange or Brown 5 2--8
Cephalic group Extreme brachycephaly 3 1--6 4021.9 \<0.001
Moderate brachycephaly 4 1--8
Mild brachycephaly 7 5--9
Mesocephaly 8 6--10
Mild dolichocephaly 8 5--9
Moderate\ 6 4--8
dolichocephaly
Extreme\ 5 2--7
dolichocephaly
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
animals-08-00030-t003_Table 3
######
Generalized estimating equation of variables that predict respondent's (*n* = 1239) ratings of cat images (*n* = 15; as per [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}) based on physical appearance, taking owner and cat identification into account as random effects. BC = Brachycephaly; DC = Dolichocephaly. "Reference" is the sub-category against which those within the same variable were compared.
Variable Sub-Category Regression Statistic (B) Standard Error (SE) 95% Confidence interval (CI) Wald *p*
---------------- ------------------ -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------
Intercept \- 1.93 0.44 1.05--2.80 18.89 \<0.001
Cephalic group Extreme BC −2.99 0.12 −3.22--−2.76 649.47 \<0.001
Moderate BC −4.59 0.12 −4.82--−4.37 1541.88 \<0.001
Mild BC −1.03 0.09 −1.22--−0.83 106.36 \<0.001
Mesocephalic Reference
Mild DC −4.63 0.39 −5.39--−3.87 143.60 \<0.001
Moderate DC 0.31 0.21 −0.10--0.72 2.15 0.142
Extreme DC −0.87 0.23 −1.32--−0.44 15.18 \<0.001
Coat length Long 3.48 0.21 3.07--3.89 272.03 \<0.001
Medium 1.63 0.16 1.31--1.95 101.25 \<0.001
Short Reference
Eye color Blue 3.63 0.36 2.94--4.33 104.17 \<0.001
Green 1.85 0.17 1.52--2.18 123.12 \<0.001
Orange or Brown Reference
Coat color Blue grey 3.76 0.31 3.14--4.37 143.59 \<0.001
Ginger 6.34 0.46 5.43--7.24 188.33 \<0.001
Tabby 4.61 0.38 3.89--5.33 157.10 \<0.001
White/pale/point Reference
animals-08-00030-t004_Table 4
######
Generalized estimating equation of variables that predict the ratings of cats considered to be brachycephalic (*n* = 7/15 cat images as per [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}). The group included cats considered to be mildly, moderately or extremely brachycephalic as scored by a panel of veterinarians (*n* = 50; see [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}). Analyses were conducted taking owner and cat photograph identification (1--15) into account as repeated measures. "Reference" is the sub-category against which those within the same variable were compared. Currently reported cat-type was designated to one of four categories (brachycephalic (BC), mesocephalic, dolichocephalic (DC) or non-pedigree) based on the reported breed of the respondent's oldest cat.
Variable Sub-Category Regression Statistic (B) Standard Error (SE) 95% Confidence Interval (CI) Wald *p*
----------------------------- --------------- -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------
Intercept \- 5.81 0.61 5.69--5.93 9072.47 \<0.001
Animal care profession No 0.70 0.08 0.54--0.87 71.33 \<0.001
Yes Reference
Continent Asia 0.86 0.15 0.57--1.43 34.02 \<0.001
Australasia −2.31 0.29 −2.88--−1.74 62.50 \<0.001
North America −0.89 0.17 −1.22--−0.56 27.79 \<0.001
Europe −1.73 0.14 −2.01--−1.45 144.74 \<0.001
South America Reference
Currently reported cat type BC 1.18 0.11 0.97--1.40 112.72 \<0.001
DC −0.56 0.16 −0.89--−0.23 11.31 0.001
Mesocephalic −0.19 0.78 −0.35--−0.41 6.18 0.013
Non-pedigree Reference
animals-08-00030-t005_Table 5
######
Generalized estimating equation of variables that predict the ratings of cats considered to be brachycephalic (*n* = 4/15 cat images as per [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}). The group included cats considered to be mildly, moderately or extremely dolichocephalic as scored by a panel of veterinarians (*n* = 50; see [Table 1](#animals-08-00030-t001){ref-type="table"}). Analyses were conducted taking owner and cat identification into account as repeated measures. "Reference" is the sub-category against which those within the same variable were compared. Currently reported cat type was designated to one of four categories (brachycephalic (BC), mesocephalic, dolichocephalic (DC) or non-pedigree) based on reported breed of the respondent's oldest owned cat.
Variable Sub-Category Regression Statistic (B) Standard Error (SE) 95% Confidence Interval (CI) Wald *p*
----------------------------- --------------- -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------
Intercept \- 5.69 0.17 5.35--6.02 1104.30 \<0.001
Continent Asia 1.01 0.20 0.61--1.41 24.63 \<0.001
Australasia 0.03 0.33 −0.61--0.68 0.009 0.924
North America 0.28 0.21 −0.12--0.69 1.87 0.172
Europe −0.11 0.20 0.61--1.41 24.63 \<0.001
South America *Reference*
Currently reported cat type BC −0.15 0.15 −0.44--0.15 0.98 0.323
DC 1.75 0.21 1.34--2.16 69.87 \<0.001
Mesocephalic 0.15 0.11 −0.06--0.36 1.89 0.169
Non-pedigree *Reference*
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
AdvancePierre Foods, Inc. Key Developments
Barber Foods' Sale Reportedly Put On Hold
Jul 23 15
Sale of AdvancePierre Foods, Inc.'s subsidiary Barber Foods, LLC has reportedly been postponed following the July 12, 2015 Department of Agriculture recall of 1.7 million pounds of raw stuffed-chicken products from its Barber division. Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., owner of AdvancePierre Foods, Inc., which hired Morgan Stanley and Rothschild to handle the auction, has delayed the auction. "No sale is going to happen this month," a source said, "perhaps not this summer." Oaktree declined comment.
AdvancePierre’s Sale On Hold
Jul 22 15
Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. was ready to take final bids for the business last week before AdvancePierre Foods, Inc.’s Barber Foods, LLC was forced to recall 1.7 million pounds of raw stuffed-chicken products. On July 12, 2015 the day before final bids were due, the Department of Agriculture announced the recall after several people fell ill from Barber products because of salmonella contamination. Bidders were caught by surprise, according to sources. Oaktree, which hired Morgan Stanley and Rothschild to handle the auction, has delayed the sale while the company and potential buyers get a better grip on the cause of the outbreak. “No sale is going to happen this month,” a source said, “perhaps not this summer.” Oaktree declined comment, reported New York Post.
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at bwwebmaster@businessweek.com. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem. Its estimated prevalence is two billion people worldwide, with associated subclinical and clinical manifestations. Among those who are infected, around 240 million are chronically infected and have a higher risk of incurring serious hepatitis-related complications, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma \[[@CR1]\].
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted in two ways: vertically (mother-child transmission) and horizontally, through exposure to contaminated blood or other body fluids, especially through unprotected sexual relations, which is the most common form of exposure \[[@CR2]\]. Among the population groups considered highly vulnerable to HBV, men who have sex with men (MSM) stand out for their high prevalence of hepatitis B (15.4%), according to a population survey conducted with this group in Brazil \[[@CR3]\].
The vulnerability of MSM to the virus is associated with a higher frequency of several factors, such as engaging in unprotected anal sex, multiple partners, a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), stigma, violence, and difficulty accessing health services \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\].
In Brazil, the primary method for prevention is vaccination, which has been provided since the end of the 1990s for children and higher-vulnerability groups. At present, it is universal, through a vaccination series based on three doses. All the vaccination programs focus on the administration of the complete series of doses. However, protective antibody levels are developed after one dose of the vaccine in 30 to 50% of those who are vaccinated, and in 75% after two doses \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\].
Although free protection against the virus is ensured at the primary health level, difficulties accessing health services may contribute to low or even incomplete vaccination coverage, especially among vulnerable populations \[[@CR7]\]. Based on this scenario, and also in view of the scarcity of Brazilian studies that address HBV immunization in the MSM population, the aim of the present study was to analyze the factors associated with non-completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series among men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps in Brazil.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
This study is part of a multicenter study entitled "Behaviors, practices, and vulnerabilities among men who have sex with men and use geolocation (geosocial) dating apps in Brazil." It encompassed all of Brazil's regions and sought to examine the behaviors and practices of men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps, and their vulnerability to HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis.
This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, survey-based, analytical study, since it involved a large contingent of MSM from various states in Brazil, which enabled obtaining primary information on the health status of this group. The study was conducted among MSM who use geosocial dating apps for sexual encounters. The data was collected exclusively online, which promoted the participation of MSM from cities of different sizes and those further away from large urban centers, unlike large epidemiological studies that have previously been carried out with MSM in Brazil, but which have focused on large urban centers and state capitals \[[@CR8]\].
Sample {#Sec3}
------
The sample was calculated based on the estimated MSM population (3.5% of the overall population of men in Brazil \[[@CR9]\]) -- an estimate widely used in surveys with this population. The sample size calculation took into consideration a maximum permissible error of 5% and a significance level of 5% in the event of a decision to reject the main hypotheses of the analysis \[[@CR10]\], and the final sample was fixed in 1855 participants.
Study protocol {#Sec4}
--------------
The data was collected between November 2016 and February 2017, using only the Facebook social networking website to publicize the survey. A fixed post was written on a Facebook page *(*<https://www.facebook.com/taafimdeque/>), which was administered by the two researchers responsible for the data collection and provided not only information on the research but also information related to STDs. Only this fixed post with a link to the study was boosted by the researchers. The post also had an invitation for people to participate and it was continually boosted (weekly) to have access to all of Brazil's regions, which made it possible to reach the necessary sample size to meet the study objectives. The use of the boost feature is a valuable tool for reaching difficult-to-access populations, since it enables highlighting online content or pages. This type of approach attracts the attention of users and increases the number of views.
The post was accompanied by a hyperlink that provided access to the survey questionnaire, with obligatory and optional questions, which was subdivided into four sections in order to obtain social, demographic and health information on the participants: (1) Personal characteristics; (2) Sociocultural characteristics; (3) Health issues; and (4) Sexual practices. The system was designed so that it would only be possible to move to a new section only if all the obligatory question, selected by the researchers, had been answered; this way, the questionnaire would only be tallied at the end if all the conditions had been satisfied. Therefore, incomplete questionnaires were not saved. To respond to the questionnaire, the participants needed to provide their email, to avoid duplication of responses. The inclusion criteria were: identifying oneself as a cisgender man; being 18 years of age or older; having sexual relation with another man in the last 12 months; and having used apps for sexual encounters at least once in the last 30 days. Users not residing in Brazil were excluded.
The description of the outcome (hepatitis B vaccine history) was self-reported by the participants, since the researchers did not have access to vaccine dose records through immunization booklets; however, the participants were instructed to check their booklets before answering. A person was considered vaccinated if the series (three doses) had been completed and recorded in the immunization booklet; not completely vaccinated if they had received "one or two doses"; and not vaccinated in the case of "zero doses" or the "I don't know" response option, as per recommendations from the Brazilian Ministry of Health \[[@CR11]\].
For analyses in the logistical model, the information was regrouped into a) complete series - participants who reported receiving three vaccine doses; and b) those who had received less than three doses (one or two doses) or did not know how many doses they had received, defined as an incomplete series, according to the definitions established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health \[[@CR11]\].
Data analysis {#Sec5}
-------------
The data was entered on a Microsoft Excel for Windows worksheet and imported afterward into the data analysis program. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality distribution of the numerical variables (age, income, and length of time of relationship). To describe the factors of interest, descriptive analyses were performed for both the numerical variables and the categories.
For univariate analysis and analysis of the association between immunization status and categorized vulnerability factors, the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used, with a significance level of 0.05. To build the confidence intervals, a confidence of 95% was used, with the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM® Version 23.0.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression generated the Odds Ratio (OR) and adjusted OR, indicating the odds of non-completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series. The reference categories were: elementary education for education; heterosexual for sexual orientation; HIV positive for serological status; seeking information from health professionals; seeking information online; and higher frequency of use of health services. This made it possible to verify the odds of negative events such as risk factors and, as protectors, the factors that lead to better care and, thus, less likelihood of not completing the hepatitis B vaccine series.
Ethical aspects {#Sec6}
---------------
The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Opinion No. 1523003) and strictly complied with all the ethical precepts in Resolution 466/12, with guidelines for research with human subjects in Brazil. The participants read the free and informed consent form online and then signed it, thereby indicating their agreement with the proposed objectives and willingness to participate in the study. This consent was applied and obtained online.
Results {#Sec7}
=======
Among the participants (*n* = 1855), 4.7% reported having received one dose, 12.5% two doses and 19.4% three doses, thus, 36,6% of participants report some type of protection. Another 17.6% reported not having been vaccinated (zero doses), and 45.8% did not know how many doses they had received, as shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Sociodemographic characteristics of men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps in Brazil. (*n* = 1855)Factor of interest/vulnerabilityN%MeanSDCI (95%)Min-MaxAge (in years)25.747.76(21.0--21.8)18--90 18 to 2052223.2 21 to 2583637.1 26 to 3048821.7 Over 3037616.7Education Elementary Education572.5 Secondary Education44519.7 University130357.8 Postgraduate44519.7Region of residence North1084.8 Northeast33614.9 Center-West2029 Southeast113350.3 South42418.8Marital Status Single169675.2 Living as married51622.9 Separated/divorced/widowed381.7
The average age of the participants was 25.7 years old, with a standard deviation of 7.8 years. The majority had completed their higher education (57.8%); did not practice any religion (63.9%); lived with their parents (55.5%); were single (75.2%); and engaged in casual sexual relationships (49.3%). Majority of the participants lived in the southeast region of Brazil (50.3%) (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).
Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} presents the bivariate analysis of the factors associated with completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series among the study participants. In this analysis, association with the study outcome was statistically significant for the following factors: education (*p* \< 0.001); Brazilian region of residence (*p* = 0.023); sexual orientation (*p* \< 0.001); marital status (*p* = 0.011); presence of STDs (*p* = 0.003); HIV status (*p* \< 0.001); use of alcohol during sex (*p* = 0.003); and frequency of use of health services (*p* \< 0.001).Table 2Bivariate analysis of factors associated with completion of the vaccine series for men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps in Brazil (*n* = 1855)VariablesComplete SeriesYesNoTotal*p*-value\*n(%)n(%)n(%)Education\< 0.001\* Secondary Education4613.230386.8349100 University23121.385678.71087100 Postgraduate15259.021941.0371100Region of residence†0.023\* North1214.57185.583100 Northeast5921.921178.1270100 Center-West5631.512268.5178100 Southeast20722.471777.6924100 South9526.426573.6360100Sexual Orientation†\< 0.001\*\* Heterosexual2514.314885.7173100 Homosexual36826.0104774.01415100 Bisexual4316.521783.4260100Marital Status0.005\* Single32022.8108477.21404100 Stable relationship11725.933474.1451100Had an STD in the last 12 months0.003\* Yes6629.615770.4223100 No35223.5114376.51495100 I don't know1913.911886.1137100HIV status\< 0.001\* HIV+7147.77852.3149100 HIV-30424.991875.11222100 I don't know6212.842287.2484100Prevention via condom\*\*\*0.097 Yes40523.5131576.51720100 No3223.710376.3135100Use of alcohol during sex\*\*\*†0.003\* Yes20524.064876.0853100 No22923.076677.0995100Use of illicit drugs during sex\*\*\*†0.338 Yes9422.831877.2412100 No31877.2110076.21418100Frequency of visits to health services\< 0.001\* Monthly6831.814668.2214100 2 months6827.917672.1244100 6 months16326.944273.1605100 Annually8724.327175.7358100 Rarely5111.838388.2434100Health information sourceHealth professional\< 0.001\* Yes30928.677071.41079100 No12816.564883.5776100Family member0.515 Yes2421.19078.9114100 No41323.7132876.31741100Television0.032\* Yes1915.610384.4122100 No41824.1131575.91733100Internet\< 0.001\* Yes33979.0127279.01611100 No9840.214659.8244100Testing and counseling center\< 0.001\* Yes11730.926269.1379100 No32021.7115678.31476100Testing location0.006\* Yes6131.413368.6194100 No37622.6128577.41661100*\*Statistical significance was set at 0.05; \*\*Fisher's exact test*; *\*\*\*30 days prior to the survey†Value of n differs due to it not being required to answer the question*
Multivariate analysis (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}) indicated that the odds of non-completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series were high among those with less than university level education: those with secondary education (OR = 3.8; CI 95% = 2.6--5.7), or less (OR = 3.2; CI 95% = 1.4--7.4), had the worst outcomes. In relation to HIV serological status, being HIV negative (OR = 2.3; CI 95% = 1.6--3.3) and not knowing one's status (OR = 3.7; CI 95% = 2.3--5.8) increased the likelihood of an incomplete vaccine series. In terms of access to health information and services, not seeking information from health professionals increased the probability of an incomplete vaccine series (OR = 1.5: CI 95% = 1.1--1.9), while searching for another source of information other than the internet proved to be a protection factor for the occurrence of an incomplete vaccine series (OR = 0.4; CI 95% = 0.3--0.6). Another result worth noting was related to seeking health services; the lower the frequency, the higher the odds of an incomplete vaccine series; the worst scenario was those who rarely seek health services (OR = 2.38; CI 95% = 1.53--3.72). Sexual identity was retained in the model, even though it had no statistical significance, since it improved adjustment quality in the presence of other factors, and also indicated higher protection in the bisexual category (OR = 0.6; CI 95% = 0.4--1.0) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}).Table 3Multivariate analysis of factors associated with completion of the vaccine series for men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps in Brazil (*n* = 1855)Factor analyzedCrude ORCI (95%)\*Adjusted ORCI (95%)\*Education Postgraduate1.01.0 University2.6(2.0--3.3)2.4(1.9--3.2) Secondary Education4.6(3.2--6.6)3.8(2.6--5.7) Elementary Education3.5(1.6--7.6)3.2(1.4--7.4)Sexual Orientation Heterosexual1.01.0 Homosexual0.8(0.5--1.5)0.8(0.5--1.5) Bisexual0.6(4.1--9.4)0.6(0.3--0.9)HIV status HIV+1.01.0 HIV-2.7(1.9--3.9)2.3(1.6--3.3) I don't know6.2(4.1--9.4)3.7(2.3--5.8)Health information source Health professional Yes1.01.0 No2.0(1.6--2.6)1.5(1.1--1.9) Internet Yes1.01.0 No0.4(0.3--0.5)0.4(0.3--0.6) Frequency of visits to health services Monthly1.01.0 2 months1.2(0.8--1.8)1.4(0.9--2.2) 6 months1.3(0.9--1.8)1.4(1.0--2.0) Annually1.5(1.0--2.1)1.3(0.9--1.9) Rarely3.5(2.3--5.3)2.4(1.5--3.7)*\*Confidence Interval (95%)*
Discussion {#Sec8}
==========
Self-reported completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series was low among MSM who participated in the study (19.4%), compared to the number of third doses accumulated in the Brazilian adult population, which was 49.3% according to recent official data \[[@CR12]\]. These low rates are cause for concern because they occurred in a population with higher exposure to risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection \[[@CR12]\]. Thus, this situation seems to worsen in the case of vulnerable populations, such as MSM. The findings of our study indicated that most were not fully vaccinated, were unable to prove vaccination or were unaware of their vaccination status. These percentages were also lower than the vaccination rates reported in other studies conducted exclusively with MSM, which varied between 50.7% \[[@CR13]\] and 77.4% \[[@CR14]\], even with self-reporting \[[@CR13]\] as the data collection method.
However, our results should be interpreted considering the Brazilian context that, unlike other countries, offers the hepatitis B vaccine free of charges to children and adolescents since the beginning of the 2000s \[[@CR15]\]. Thus, part of our sample, aged between 18 and 19 years, may have been vaccinated (or started the vaccination scheme) by their parents and do not have this information.
The introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine in the Brazilian context has been considered decisive in reducing HBV infection rates, even in the presence of risky sexual behaviors \[[@CR16]\], although its universal implementation is recent. Nevertheless, the task of discussing growth or reduction in hepatitis B vaccine coverage is still difficult in the Brazilian context, since there are no studies that define the country's situation in relation to infection and/or vaccination status among MSM.
A number of intrinsic factors may be associated with increased vulnerability of MSM to hepatitis B virus infection, such as sociocultural characteristics and sexual behavior, as well as external factors related to difficulty accessing health services, denial of basic LGBT health rights and institutionalized homophobia \[[@CR17]\].
As an example, low proportions of hepatitis B vaccination were reported by younger MSM, even though this population has more access to information than the adult population \[[@CR18]\]. In contrast, those who were over 40 had a higher proportion of hepatitis B vaccination, a finding also noted in other studies involving MSM \[[@CR3], [@CR18], [@CR19]\].
The predominance of individuals with higher education levels and a higher rate of complete vaccine series (57.8%) corroborates the higher odds of non-completion in participants with only secondary or elementary education. This would indicate that level of education is related to the search for protection and has a direct impact on the percentage of new cases of hepatitis B \[[@CR3]\].
HIV-seropositive individuals and those with a history of other STDs presented a higher vaccination percentage (16.2 and 15.1%, respectively), a result complemented by multivariate analysis, which demonstrated that individuals who were unaware of their HIV status were four times more likely to present an incomplete vaccine series. This finding was also reported by other studies that have investigated this population \[[@CR20], [@CR21]\].
The association between completion of the vaccine series and a previous STD diagnosis suggests that in the presence of infection, MSM seek to be vaccinated, since during their visit to a specialized health service, screening refers them for further testing and vaccination \[[@CR20]\].
The participants who reported going to health units more frequently had a better vaccination history, compared to those who went occasionally (or rarely), which increases the odds of an incomplete vaccine series. This finding demonstrates the importance of health units being prepared to receive LGBT individuals, particularly at the primary care level, since it is the main gateway to the Unified Health System \[[@CR22]\]. This result is further supported by evidence that not seeking information from health professionals increases the odds of non-completion of the vaccine series. This reinforces the argument that a structure that drives away the LGBT community worsens their access to the health system and, consequently, vaccination coverage \[[@CR23]\].
Because of the growth of STDs among vulnerable populations \[[@CR24]\], initiatives and interventions must be reformulated to reduce these populations' exposure to these infections. As this population does not usually attend health services, tailored strategies implemented in places frequented by MSM could significantly improve vaccination rates. The use of technologies, especially geosocial apps, could serve as a channel to access the MSM population and disseminate information and health services for their use \[[@CR25], [@CR26]\].
Our study shows that the factors associated with completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series included social, individual, and programmatic (healthcare) vulnerabilities \[[@CR27]\]. Thus, our study provides unprecedented results among MSM, more specifically among users of geosocial dating apps, in relation to vaccination status.
Limitations {#Sec9}
===========
The findings of this study are subject to limitations. The main limitation of this study stands on the fact that it was based on self-reported information by the participants. This information is subject to memory bias, in the absence of vaccination records for verification. To mitigate this limitation, the participants were instructed to consult their vaccination records.
Additionally, the three-dose schedule of the anti-hepatitis B vaccine over a period of months may make it more difficult to remember than other single dose vaccines \[[@CR28]\].
Last, it is not possible to generalize these findings to the entire Brazilian MSM population, since the interviewees represented a sample of individuals who used a specific technology for finding sexual partners.
Conclusion {#Sec10}
==========
Completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series was low among men who have sex with men and use geosocial dating apps in Brazil. The factors associated with non-completion were level of education, identification as bisexual, HIV serological status, use of the Internet and health professionals as sources of health information, and frequency of use of health services.
The MSM population is classified as vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, since they are more exposed to these infections, including HBV infection. This underscores the need for studies at the national level that address this problem and are able to help provide a clearer overview of the health status (physical and mental) of this population. It is recommended that future studies focus on the use of mobile apps as an environment for campaigns, carrying out interventions through the application itself.
CI
: Confidence interval
HBV
: Hepatitis B virus
HIV
: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
LGBT
: Lesbian, gay, bi and/or trans
MSM
: Men who have sex with men
OR
: Odds Ratio
STDs
: Sexually transmitted diseases
We would like to thank Dr. Miyeko Hayashida of the University of São Paulo for her support for this project.
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
Availability of data and materials {#FPar2}
==================================
All data and materials are available upon request.
AAFLNQ and AFLS contributed to the conception and design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing of the article and successive reviews. TMEA and SB contributed to the conception and design of the study, data interpretation, writing of the article and successive reviews. MCBM, RKR, EG and MEBM contributed to the conception of the study, data analysis and interpretation, writing of the article and successive reviews. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3}
==========================================
The development of this study complied with national and international standards of ethics in research involving human subjects, and was approved by the human research ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of nursing, as per report 1,523,003
The participants read the free and informed consent form online and then signed it, thereby indicating their agreement with the proposed objectives and willingness to participate in the study. This consent was applied and obtained online, according to national laws regarding research with human participants.
Consent for publication {#FPar4}
=======================
Not applicable.
Competing interests {#FPar5}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher's Note {#FPar6}
================
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
As liberals go, Julie Roginsky on Fox News is better than most. She is usually reasonable, sometimes persuasive and always appealing – exactly what a right-leaning outlet ought to seek in a left-leaning personality.
This past week on “Outnumbered,” she was impressive during a segment on the House Democrats again selecting the hard-left Nancy Pelosi as their minority leader. The conservatives around her understandably emphasized Pelosi’s obvious distance from the median voter of an electorate that just chose Donald Trump for president. Instead of dismissing them, or mounting a defense of Pelosi and the caucus that selected her, Roginsky began with a frank admission that she was going to “eat crow,” and then expressed frustration that her party was still trying to fight a culture war in a country of people more interested in economic growth and national security concerns.
A couple of segments later, the panel turned to flag burning and what its consequences might or should be. One should note here that the sole reason this is a subject for national attention of late is a single tweet on the topic posted by President-elect Trump, suggesting that a year in jail or loss of citizenship might be appropriate for flag burners. The conservatives split on this question, some regarding the First Amendment as protecting the act, others approving of a penalty for it. Roginsky took another tack.
She asked why Trump would tweet about this, asserting that it is a “settled issue” that was answered, apparently once and for all time, in the 1980s.
This response is, among Democrats, far more common than her take on the tin ear act of retaining Pelosi in leadership. In fact, it follows something of a tradition on the left. Whenever that side secures a win, no matter how contentious or close-run the victory was, its apologists and their media chorus immediately assert that the outcome be cast in stone for perpetuity. Recall that the misnamed Affordable Care Act, the first large-scale entitlement program to ever be passed without broad bipartisan support and for which not a single Republican voted in either chamber of Congress, was asserted to be “settled law” even as multiple court cases calling that into question were working their way toward the Supreme Court. As a law, it was apparently quite unsettled, as it only passed constitutional review of that body by redefining the individual mandate as a tax, which its framers and proponents loudly and often insisted it manifestly was not.
But regardless of context, the assertion that anything whatsoever is ever really settled law is absurd, a fact that so-called liberals should appreciate. It was once settled law that women could not vote. It was once settled law that senators were chosen by state legislatures. Perhaps more to the point, it was for some time settled law that alcohol consumption was permissible, then that it was not, and then that it was again. Even the most exalted of our laws, the Constitution, has been amended 17 times, not counting the original 10 prior to ratification. Laws at all levels can be changed, which is right and proper: In fact, it is hard to imagine, in absence of that fact, what the concept of “self-government” might mean.
But that is not the real point one can glean from the facts above. The real point is this: As with many larger-than-life personalities, Donald Trump’s greatest strengths and weaknesses are flip sides of the same coin. It has long been commonplace to observe that he is incapable of letting any perceived slight go. That is indeed a political weakness. But it is also a very large part of why he won.
This quirk of his personality extends beyond his own nose. He refuses to let go slights perceived to the nation that he so obviously loves, as well. That is why he tweeted about flag burning. And despite the fact that any change in policy on that question is unlikely, the fact that it rankles Trump is appreciated by a nation weary of leaders who clearly regard America, especially the nearly all of it that is not coastal or urban, with indifference, condescension, or outright contempt. This appreciation of willingness to fight for every inch is augmented by frustration with other recent standard-bearers, who forbade their message shops to bring up the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, or described their own alleged conservatism as “severe.”
If the members of the House Democratic Caucus had begun to grasp any of this, their new minority leader would be Tim Ryan, the young, smart, appealing Ohioan whose district’s largest cities are Akron and Youngstown.
As a life-long Republican, I do not expect Democrats to take my advice – so I will not tell them to abandon the septuagenarians who lead them, move back to the center, and listen to the voices among them that counsel message development that resonates beyond their own echo chambers. Instead, I will suggest to America that until they do, keep them on their recent steady diet, apart from Barack Obama’s re-election, of disappointing election nights. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Operation: REEEEEEEEEElocation
Alright folks, it's been rough trying to keep this hush-hush until things could get setup properly, but the wait is over. This is the situation and how we're going to handle it.
As we all know, v0lta has been camping our pipe with logoff cyno campers and picking apart our Rorquals and various other capitals as they see fit. Test has been trying to organize a response beyond just reverse camping them (you may have noticed some new names in the intel channel announcing v0lta fleet formations recently) but with their war on Tri still ongoing, they haven't been able to dedicate a substantial defense fleet to protect us. The simple fact is that our formerly quiet little corner of the universe is just too far away from proper Test space for them to quickly respond. v0lta knows that, and has been taking advantage of that fact to camp us on their own schedule. Well, as with most schoolyard bullies, they took it too far. Dran Arcana (head Test diplo and Test second-in-command) tried to be diplomatic with them and even offered to pay them to go fuck with someone else and leave us alone. v0lta spit in his face and instead demanded that he pay them ransom money on a per-constellation basis to leave us alone. Daddy Dran don't play that. While I won't bore you with the entire conversation, I will leave you with a few choice quotes from Dran to the heads of the Test super and blops fleets. "I want you to skullfuck his dreams," was a personal favorite of mine, followed by "I want full autism. Working orders are volt has no fun. I don't want Fair fights, I don't want fun fights, I want dead t3s."
Unfortunately, Test is still at war with Tri (who isn't quite dead yet) so Test can't deploy the entirety of their super fleet down here to keep us warm at night. So instead, we're going to them. We will be TEMPORARILY relocating ratting and mining operations to a new area of space not too far from here. Temporarily. As in: not permanently. I know we're going to get a lot of questions about this, so I want to make that part perfectly clear. You don't need to pack up all your shit. You don't need to move every single isk worth of assets down to the new area. This is just a temporary thing to put us within Test's jump range. If we get attacked, they want to be able to respond at a moment's notice to come drop billions and billions of tons of shit, pain, and hate on top of these assholes. If they drop 20 T3Cs, Test wants to drop 40 supers. They want to respond quickly and decisively with an overwhelming force to come and break their toys and take away their fun. This isn't meant to be a "fight," in the traditional sense of the word. This is more akin to pouring molten metal down an anthill.
The new section of space will recieve the same IHUB upgrades that we're used to down here, although it will be up to us to get the military and industry indexes up to level 5. Knowing how we've all been cooped up lately, I'm sure this won't take longer than a day or two. It also will have Fortizars, Sotiyos, Azbels, and Raitarus, so all the usual amenities we're used to. We will be getting buyback set up and shifting the jump freighter service destination accordingly, so that after we arrive on the scene there should be as little change in your daily operation as possible.
With that being said, there are a few things we need from all of you during this TEMPORARY relocation. Most significantly, during this TEMPORARY relocation, there is to be ZERO ratting or mining in the current pipe. All mining and ratting needs to take place in the new location. We absolutely cannot afford to keep feeding them easy kills, or we'll never see the end of them. If they want to fuck with us, it's going to be on OUR terms. We also need as many people as possible present for the actual move. This will almost certainly take multiple trips, so you will have multiple opportunities to move ships into place if you can't make the first move. For caps, we'll have a cyno chain (so stock up on isotopes now!) and for sub-caps we'll have coordinated move ops en masse. If you are a Rorqual pilot, and your Rorq is set up with the EXACT bling fit with zero deviations, and you would like to continue to use it here, please contact Neverodd Oreven or Boaty McBoaten about remaining in place here.
I'm sure you all have questions, and I'll do my best to answer them as I can. Please do keep in mind though that some things have been intentionally omitted from this letter for OPSEC purposes. Please don't be upset if your questions simply cannot be answered at this time, but I'll do my best to address issues as the come up as well as some questions I'm sure you're already thinking about.
Q: Where is the new location?
A: It is not too far from here, and it is closer to D-P than our current location. Beyond that, I cannot say yet.
Q: When is this happening?
A: Within the next few days. Certainly within a week. Again, I can't give exact times and dates until everything is in place.
Q: How will I use the buyback? How will I use the jump freighter service?
A: All of that will be in place in the new location. Don't worry your pretty little head.
Q: How will I utilize my PI chain?
A: The same way you've been doing it. Our current pipe is not off limits for PI, exploration, production, etc... Only mining and ratting are off limits. You may want a Yacht or Travelceptor to get from place to place, or just jumpclone.
Q: Where will I park my super? My POS is still down here.
A: You can dock in the Keepstar in D-PNP9. I would recommend moving a cyno alt down there, but if you cannot do that many of us will have cyno alts in place, and you can always try your luck with the Friendship Cyno Fleet. They do tend to keep a cyno burning at the Keepstar most of the time.
Q: But I don't wanna!
A: That is not a question and also fuck you. Seriously though, none of us want to. Many, many, MANY less annoying solutions were tried but fell through for one reason or another. If there was a simpler way, we'd have done it. Just bear with us for the first few days of shitty belt ratting and mining and we'll all come out of this with a fun story about the time a tiny little carebear renter alliance caused the big scary wormholers to dock up in fear.
Q: How long will this last?
A: Not a day longer than is absolutely necessary. If Test can wrap up the war with Tri soon, we'll come home and they'll stage from here. That appears to be the most likely scenario, but wars can be weird like that. If the war drags on, we'll continue to krab it up in the new area and Daddy Dran and Uncle Seiku will standby to mob on any idiots stupid enough to interfere.
That's it for now folks. Take care, and fly safe!
o7 | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Muslim charity to feed London homeless people throughout Ramadan and 20,000 hot meals for UK rough sleepers in Manchester
Human Appeal, a Muslim faith-based charity, are celebrating the start of Ramadan today (Thursday 17th May) by sharing Ramadan with homeless people. Human Appeal will be funding Streets Kitchen, who feed homeless people on the streets of London for the entirety of the holiest month in the Islamic calendar.
To announce this initiative Muslim staff and volunteers from Human Appeal set up a kitchen on the pavement outside Camden Town underground station, with Streets Kitchen, and fed hundreds of rough sleepers throughout the night of Wednesday 16th May.
It is part of Human Appeal’s campaign to share Ramadan with the most vulnerable people in the UK. As well as funding Streets Kitchen throughout Ramadan they will be:
· Introducing an innovative new scheme to issue prepaid gift cards from the Co-op to homeless people and households with food insecurity, they are hoping to raise enough funds to issue the prepaid gift cards for 500 people across Greater Manchester· They will be providing of up to £80 per person to destitute people across Greater Manchester to pay for essential items to pay for their health and well being · Provide 20,000 hot meals for homeless people in Greater Manchester a partnership with Street Support
Samra Said, the UK Domestic Programmes Manager for Human Appeal said:
“For Muslims, Ramadan is about sharing and that is what we want to do with the people most in need in the UK this year. We are sharing Ramadan. We might be a Muslim faith-based charity, and most of our staff will be fasting throughout Ramadan, but that won’t stop us feeding those who aren’t fasting, feeding those who need food the most. Human Appeal are here for every human, regardless of religion, race, gender or sexuality. We don’t discriminate. We want to spread the joy of our blessed month with everyone and bring people together, in a world that is becoming increasingly divisive.”
Human Appeal launched their Ramadan campaign in Manchester on Monday 14th May in their home city of Manchester. In attendance were local community leaders from the Christian, Jewish and other faith groups, as well as the Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham. At the event they fed 80 people who were homeless, had lived experience of homelessness or who were staff and volunteers for homeless charities.
Every winter Human Appeal also run their Wrap Up Manchester campaign, which in 2016 collected over 1,500 coats and items of clothing for rough sleepers and other vulnerable groups in Greater Manchester and in 2017 it collected nearly 2,600 plus an extra 23,000 in Glasgow, Birmingham and London. Human Appeal also raised nearly £28,000 for the victims of the Manchester Arena terror attacks last Ramadan through their Muslims for Manchester campaign and gave over £90,000 in aid to the victims of the Grenfell fire.
Ramadan is the busiest time of year for Muslim charities, where they expect to take 50% of their annual income in donations in the month of Ramadan alone. The event displayed how the different communities across Manchester can work together and how they can help achieve The Mayor’s pledge of ending roughing sleeping in the city. Human Appeal are a key member of The Mayor’s homelessness task force.
In Ramadan 2017, Human Appeal gave over £170,000 in aid to vulnerable people in the UK. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Dance Dance Revolution
Available on:
PlayStation Network
Game buzz
Dance Dance Revolution
This game is seriously pissing me off XD this club mode is just.... the worst thing i have ever played. I never go off begginer and i can handle myself on expert. I never miss until i get to difficult ...[+]This game is seriously pissing me off XD this club mode is just.... the worst thing i have ever played. I never go off begginer and i can handle myself on expert. I never miss until i get to difficult but it never puts me up there. ive played 3 sets of 20 songs and only unlocked 2 bars. i just want the freakin songs then ill never play this piece of *expletive deleted* mode ever again
This game would be a least halfway decent if it weren't for Club Mode... seriously, Konami, forcing me to play this godawful mode for 50+ hours just for one stupid SILVER trophy (maxing all Song status). It should have been a Gold for the annoyance factor alone. Not even gonna bother with the DLC, since I can play all those songs on the much better PS2 games (and the DLC screws up your grind in Club Mode anyway). | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
A language in 20 minutes - diggan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqhL-BDT8lg
======
diggan
A very interesting talk from James Coglan about building a Lisp-like language
in 20 minutes by using JavaScript.
From the video description:
"Sometimes, the answer to an engineering problem is not a new library, or a
new platform feature, but a new language. We often gripe about the warts and
limitations of HTML, CSS and JavaScript and there are dozens if not hundreds
of new languages vying to replace them. But if the future of JavaScript is,
well, not JavaScript, how can everyday users shape this future?
JavaScript, so the legend goes, was built in 10 days. I'd like go one better
and show you how easy it is to get started with language hacking, by building
a working Lisp engine from scratch in just 20 minutes. It'll have arithmetic,
conditional logic, variables, user-defined functions, recursion and lexical
closures: a minimal useful feature set that you can use to understand how
languages work and explore your own ideas."
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | HackerNews |
LONDON—The youngest of the London Bridge attackers pleaded with his mother to settle with him in Syria but instead moved to Britain where his extremist views hardened and he fell into the company of a bloodthirsty gang that launched the latest attack on British streets, his mother said Wednesday.
Valeria Khadija Collina last spoke with her 22-year-old son, Youssef Zaghba, by telephone just two days before he and two other men plowed a van into a crowd near London Bridge and went on a stabbing rampage. Eight people were killed and dozens wounded. All three of the assailants were shot dead.
Zaghba, an Italian national of Moroccan descent, initially told his mother that he wanted to go to Syria to start a family in a religious Islamic climate — not to fight. But he changed, she said, when he went to Britain about a year ago and was seduced by radical views propagated on the internet.
“Last year ... when I went to England, he was ... more rigid,” Collina, an Italian convert to Islam, told reporters in a series of interviews at her home in Bologna, Italy. “From his face, from his look, I could see there was a radicalization, as you say. And this happened in England, absolutely.”
The other two attackers were identified as Khurum Butt, a 27-year-old whose extremist views had been reported to police, and 30-year-old Rachid Redouane, also known as Rachid Elkhdar, a pastry chef who claimed to have dual Moroccan-Libyan citizenship.
It was not immediately clear how the three knew each other, but Collina said one of her son’s friends recognized one of the other attackers, though it wasn’t clear which one that was.
Butt, who was born in Pakistan and moved to Britain as a child, had worked in 2015 in the office at Auriga Holdings Ltd, which manages some Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises in Britain. Company officials said they had no evidence that either of the other attackers worked at any of the franchises.
Both Butt and Zaghba were known to British law enforcement, raising questions about whether anything could have been done to prevent the assault.
Italian authorities said Zaghba was stopped at the Bologna airport in March 2016 and questioned, but never charged with a crime. Italian officials said suspicions about him were shared with British authorities and his name was listed in the Europe-wide intelligence-sharing system. He was also stopped at London’s Stansted airport in January, but let go.
Read more:
U.K. police identify third London Bridge attacker, who told authorities he ‘wanted to be a terrorist’
The dangerous theatre of the London Bridge terror attacks: Walkom
After London attack, Theresa May’s record on terrorism scrutinized
Collina said police called her after her son was stopped at Bologna airport and asked if she knew he was going to Turkey. Collina said she urged them to detain her son and prevent him from going.
“When they asked him what he was going to do in Istanbul, rather than saying ‘tourist’ he said ‘terrorist,’” Collina told The Associated Press and other media, calling that a “mental lapse” and not a sign of intent. However, she said she and the police assumed he wanted to eventually go to Syria, given he only had a one-way ticket to Istanbul and a small backpack.
His passport and cellphone were seized, but he got them back after a court determined there wasn’t enough evidence to arrest him.
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Collina said Zaghba was monitored by Italian intelligence agents each time he came to Italy to visit her after that initial run-in with authorities. She said she told her son to be careful about anything he did after that, including surfing the internet, adding that she didn’t approve of his London friends and never felt comfortable in his London neighbourhood.
Although news of her son’s death came as a shock, she said she could only share the pain of the victims’ families. “It’s something that has no sense, for any religion, or any ideology,” she said, choking back tears and calling her son’s actions a “deviation of terror.”
Seated cross-legged on cushions on the floor of her modest Bologna home, her head veiled, Collina said her last phone conversation with her son was “sweet.”
“He had gone to live in an outside building in the garden and was happy because he said it was bigger and when he opened the door there were trees,” she said. “And after I thought that these images of a garden were similar to the images of paradise.”
British security and law enforcement officials are investigating Butt as the potential ringleader of the cell, according to a security official who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to discuss the ongoing details.
Several people had alerted police to Butt’s extremist views and he also appeared last year in a documentary, The Jihadis Next Door, in which he is shown unfurling a black-and-white flag associated with Daesh, also known as ISIS.
Butt’s family said Wednesday they were “shocked and appalled” by his actions. “Now, more than ever, we need to work together to stop the actions of the mindless few who claim to be acting in the name of Islam,” they said.
Both British authorities and Ireland’s Police Commissioner Noirin O’Sullivan have said they had no evidence Redouane was involved in any terror cell during his time in both countries. Two people believed to have documents linked to Redouane were arrested in Ireland, though only one remained in custody Wednesday.
Redouane had previously been refused asylum in the UK in 2009. However, his 2012 marriage to Charisse O’Leary, a British citizen, allowed him a European Union identity card that granted him easy travel between Britain and Ireland. British officials declined to comment on why his asylum request was denied.
O’Leary said Wednesday she broke up with Redouane six months ago. They had a young daughter.
“I am deeply shocked, saddened and numbed by the actions of my ex-partner who has killed and injured so many innocent people,” O’Leary said in a statement. “My thoughts and efforts now are with trying to bring up my daughter with the knowledge that someday I will have to try and explain to her why her father did what he did.”
Although Redouane was born in Fez, Morocco, his father was Libyan. In 2011, the younger man allegedly went to fight Moammar Gadhafi and joined a militia that sent fighters on to Syria, according to British media reports that could not be immediately confirmed with Libyan or British authorities.
Salman Abedi, the man behind the Manchester bombing last month, also had Libyan connections. His family had sought asylum in Britain but later returned to Libya, where authorities say his father belonged to a militant group backed by Al Qaeda. Abedi’s younger brother was being held for questioning in Libya.
Saturday’s attack — the third in three months in which suspects had been on the radar of security officials — has prompted Prime Minister Theresa May to call for tougher counterterrorism laws even if it means changing human rights protections.
Reaction to the attack has dominated the final days of campaigning before Thursday’s general election in Britain. Opposition Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn and others have criticized May for cutting police numbers by roughly 20,000 during her tenure as home secretary.
Since the attack, the number of racist incidents has spiked, according to London’s Mayor Sadiq Khan. Police have made 25 arrests for hate crime offences since the attack.
“I’m calling on all Londoners to pull together, and send a clear message around the world that our city will never be divided by these hideous individuals who seek to harm us and destroy our way of life,” Khan said.
Read more about: | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
LOS ANGELES — With 1.9 seconds remaining in the game, the Los Angeles Clippers were close to going up 2-0 in the season series with the in-town rival Lakers. Clippers forward Paul George was at the free-throw line, and teammate Patrick Beverley was near the bench mocking LeBron James.
Beverley pretended to hold the ball above his head in a flimsy offensive stance and then he reversed roles, playing aggressively and pretending to slap the ball out of the hands of the four-time MVP. He was physically mocking the sequence that took place the possession before. His demonstration, which drew laughter from the Clippers’ bench, derided the way James tried to set up his shot with the Lakers needing a 3-pointer to tie the game.
Instead, the Clippers prevailed, overcoming a 15-point third-quarter deficit to snatch a 111-106 victory on the Lakers’ home court Wednesday.
For Lakers star Anthony Davis, it was tough watching Beverley — a fellow Chicagoan — celebrating on national television at the expense of his team, but this was the stage Davis had craved.
The 6-foot-11 forward, who was showered with MVP chants throughout the game, has helped the Lakers to the top of the Western Conference standings (24-7) despite the marquee Christmas Day loss.
What a difference a year makes.
The Lakers' Anthony Davis keeps the ball in play during the first half against the Clippers on Wednesday. (AP Photo/Ringo H.W. Chiu) More
This time last year, Davis was the New Orleans Pelicans' franchise player and the team was 15-19.
The Pelicans were not on the Christmas Day slate last year, but Davis remembers vividly that it was around that time when he seriously started contemplating a relocation.
“I think it was just the wins weren’t adding up, and it seemed like we weren’t making the playoffs," Davis told Yahoo Sports after posting 24 points, six rebounds, two steals and two blocks. "Everyone around me and everyone who knows me knows that I want to win. And I didn’t feel like we were going to be able to do that last year. I want to be able to win. We got off to a great start. We were 4-0. Then guys got hurt and little things started to go south. But my mindset at the time was to keep trying to lead my team.”
The losses continued to pile up, and in early January, Davis knew he wanted to go to a more attractive situation. But the NBA wasn't turned upside down until he requested a trade on Jan. 28.
Davis explained his decision-making process.
"You don’t have a lot of time in this league. It goes by very fast," he told Yahoo Sports. "So for me, it was about putting myself in position where I can win before this career is over. And hopefully win several championships and have several winning seasons. That’s what was going through my head at that time. I’m not sure what the record was, but I felt like it was time for me to at least let the organization know where my head was at.”
The Lakers were always his preferred destination, and it initially seemed as if he wouldn't get his wish because of the bad blood that was brewing from those in the Pelicans' organization who felt agent Rich Paul and James were attempting to force Davis to Los Angeles.
“There were several teams in mind," Davis told Yahoo Sports. "My agent [Paul] was doing a good job talking to the front office and management over there. He was the one communicating back and forth with them, and I was just trying to continue being a leader over there and still playing when they allowed me to. I’m not sure what was really being talked about, but the Pelicans didn’t do anything. So I still tried to lead that team, and when I got a chance to play, I played my heart out. It’s basketball. I’m still going to be a professional, and any time I’m on the floor with four other guys, I’m going to go out there and compete.”
Six months later and with a new Pelicans regime led by David Griffin, Davis' dream scenario occurred. He was traded to the Lakers.
Story continues | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
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Over Christmas vacation in 2011, Ashlyn Melton hosted one of her son Noah’s best friends for a sleepover. Noah was 13, in the eighth grade, the kind of kid who got into trouble sometimes at school because he was so friendly—“a social butterfly,” his mother says, a kid who “just adored everyone.” She got on her husband that night for leaving Noah and his friend alone in a room where they’d been playing darts. “You can’t leave those boys in there with darts!” she told him.
Later in the holiday break, Noah went to sleep over at the friend’s house. Sometime after midnight, he and his friend were chatting online with some girls they knew. “I’m assuming that the friend was showing off in front of the girls,” Ashlyn says. He picked up one of the four guns “just laying on the floor of his room,” she goes on, “leaned it against my son’s cheek, expecting to hear it click, were his words. But it killed my child instantly.”
A phone call awakened Ashlyn and her husband around 1:30 a.m. “We drive down the road and there’s caution tape everywhere,” she says. It was then she learned what happened. “I sent my child there and expected him back in the same condition. He was invited to this child’s house and he never came home.” Ashlyn calls what happened to Noah “a freak, irresponsible, senseless, did-not-have-to-happen accident.”
Ann Nichols Bloye’s son Tyler was 13 when he shot himself at school in 2013, using a gun he had taken from his father’s bedside table. Like Noah, Tyler was a sweet boy, “one of those kids who was always really concerned about everyone else,” his mother says. He was a good student, a smart boy who loved the History Channel and “could remember everything, spout off statistics about things nobody else would ever remember,” his mother says. “I have three kids, and out of the three he was my angel. He never got into trouble. I don’t even remember having to reprimand him or ground him or anything.”
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He hadn’t been depressed, Ann says, although he had been upset about some of the social dynamics going on at school. But the availability of a loaded, unsecured handgun provided “an easy way out,” she thinks. “It was something he was familiar with. He’d gone to the shooting range with his dad; it was just something that was easy and readily available. I just can’t see him doing it with someone else. But I guess we’ll never know.”
In the aftermath of their sons’ deaths, both women have struggled with the lack of legal closure. It feels as if nobody has been held responsible for the families’ enormous losses. “I don’t want to see him prosecuted,” says Ann of her ex-husband, whose loaded Glock was so easy for Tyler to take, “but at first I did want there to be repercussions. I just wish that he had used better judgment.” The friend who shot Noah was given probation, Ashlyn says, “but you can’t bring up charges in Louisiana against a parent. This is negligence. This is not only on him but on them.” She later found out that four loaded guns were “just laying on the floor” of the room where her son died.
The statistics on shooting deaths of young people in this country are notoriously difficult to obtain, in part because of lobbying efforts by the NRA and others to prevent government agencies such as the CDC from compiling it. “What we do know,” says Shannon Watts, founder of Moms Demand Action, an advocacy group, “is that the majority of these shootings are avoidable.” According to Everytown for Gun Safety, another advocacy group, around 100 children a year die in unintended shootings each year. In addition, easy access to loaded, unsecured guns is often the determining factor in suicides and school shootings. Not surprisingly, the NRA disputes these numbers, often claiming that more children die in car accidents and drowning (which is true, but nobody is actively preventing the government from tracking those deaths or actively seeking to quash discussion of their prevention, as in the case with firearms).
“What this comes down to is laws,” says Watts, who became a gun-safety advocate after the 2012 massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. At the moment, only 28 states and D.C. have laws on the books that would hold adults legally liable when children gain access to their unsecured guns. Yet, she says, most gun owners actually support this type of legislation: “77 percent of gun owners agree that parents should be required to keep their guns locked and unloaded.”
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It’s not anti-gun, in other words, to be pro-safety.
Neither Ann nor Ashlyn describes herself as anti-gun. “We don’t have any handguns,” says Ashlyn, “but we do have guns, and they are locked up. My child got his first gun at three years old, and he knew everything about guns: knew not to point them at anyone, knew to keep them unloaded.” Ann knew her ex-husband kept a gun, “but I assumed that it was kept locked up or secured.” She goes on, “I’m not a gun owner, but I’m not opposed to it, not at all. I just feel like people need to use common sense.”
Common sense was once a hallmark of the National Rifle Association’s approach to gun safety, believe it or not. The older version of the NRA supported background checks and was a leader in firearm safety instruction for kids (I still have my NRA riflery medals from summer camp!). But the organization, founded to represent gun owners when most Americans owned guns primarily for hunting and sport shooting, has morphed into a lobbying wing for the powerful gun manufacturers. While NRA head Wayne LaPierre railed against guns in schools after the 1999 Columbine school shooting, his response to Sandy Hook was a rabid defense of guns everywhere, including in the hands of teachers. “The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun,” he yelled, “is a good guy with a gun!”
That’s crazy enough. But if you look deeper you see an even more demented mind-set—rantings about “a national nightmare of violence and victimization”—a paranoid worldview that sees bad guys everywhere, and perceives guns as the only guarantee against chaos. This isn’t an accident, Shannon Watts points out. “If you look at the propaganda of the gun lobby, it’s basically telling Americans that you should be terrified at all times, that you’re always in danger—because it profits them for everyone, anywhere, anytime, to have a gun. It’s constant fear-mongering.”
This potent blend of fear and desire—because the gun manufacturers’ other emotional hook is that guns are beautiful, sexy, and affirming—has spawned a society in which adults’ relationship with guns is almost magical. The NRA used to represent people who used their rifles to hunt; now it kowtows to fetishists and wannabe soldiers, the kind of people who would take a 9-year-old to a gun range to shoot an Uzi. Is it any wonder that our kids find them so tempting?
“We’re seeing these unintentional gun deaths over and over,” Watts says. “There’s a Harvard study that showed that 70 percent of kids under 10 know where their parents store their guns, even if their parents think they’re hidden.”
Maybe it’s time for us to see guns as a parenting issue. After all, we spend hours researching video monitors and safety gates. Car seat installation and usage has become a veritable moral battleground. “It’s a good thing for parents who have been affected by unsecured guns to tell their story,” Ann Nichols Bloye says. “Maybe it’ll make parents think.”
Ashlyn Melton says it gives her strength “to keep telling Noah’s story.” She doesn’t want it to happen to anyone else’s kid, and yet she knows how easily it could. There should be laws in place, she says, to hold the adults accountable. “As a responsible parent, we shouldn’t do any less, we shouldn’t expect any less. They’re children, they’re in our care.”
“I think there’s an emotional pull and credibility and clarity to the cry of a mother,” Watts says. “The gun lobby has made a very vocal minority of Americans afraid that their guns are being taken away, which is not the case. But now a majority of mothers are afraid they’re going to lose their children.”
Here again is the link to Everytown’s resource page for both personal gun safety tips and legislative action toward child access protection laws. It’s time. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
967 F.2d 596
NOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel.UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Blaine YOAKAM, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 91-50651.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Submitted May 26, 1992.*Decided June 3, 1992.
Before FARRIS, DAVID R. THOMPSON and FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judges.
1
MEMORANDUM**
2
Blaine Yoakam appeals the district court's upward departure from the prescribed sentencing range under the Sentencing Guidelines, imposing a 57-month sentence for unarmed bank robbery. This court vacated Yoakam's first sentence and remanded for resentencing on the ground that in departing upward based on the inadequacy of his criminal history category, the district court failed to consider whether Yoakam's prior convictions were similar to the bank robbery. See United States v. Yoakam, No. 90-50202, unpublished memorandum disposition (9th Cir. Feb. 7, 1991). In this second appeal, Yoakam contends that in resentencing him, the district court erred by departing upward based on the finding that three prior convictions imposed outside the applicable Guidelines time period were similar to the bank robbery. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
3
Yoakam pleaded guilty to a bank robbery committed on April 13, 1989. From an adjusted offense level of 17 and a criminal history category of II, the district court calculated Yoakam's sentencing range at between 27 and 33 months. Yoakam also had the following three prior convictions for which no criminal history points were assessed: lewd or lascivious acts with a minor and rape with force and violence in Ventura County, California, in April 1965; assault with intent to commit rape while armed with a deadly weapon in Yolo County, California, in January 1972; and petty larceny and assault in Reno, Nevada, in August 1978. Based on the finding that these three convictions were similar to the bank robbery, the district court departed upward to the equivalent of criminal history category V and imposed a term of 57 months.
4
We review the district court's interpretation of the Guidelines de novo, and we review its fact findings for clear error. United States v. Helmy, 951 F.2d 988, 994 (9th Cir.1991).
5
The Guidelines provide that in computing the criminal history score, only the following types of prior sentences are counted: a prior sentence of imprisonment that exceeded one year and one month and was imposed or resulted in incarceration within fifteen years of the offense of conviction, or a prior sentence that was imposed within ten years of the offense of conviction. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(e)(1) and (2). "Any prior sentence not within the time periods specified above is not counted." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(e)(3).
6
Commentary to the Guidelines provides that "[i]f the government is able to show that a sentence imposed outside this time period is evidence of similar misconduct ..., the court may consider this information in determining whether to depart and sentence above the applicable guidelines range." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2, comment. (n. 8); see United States v. Fine, 946 F.2d 650, 653 (9th Cir.1991) (courts cannot disregard, but rather must apply commentary, unless commentary and Guidelines cannot be construed consistently), en banc reh'g granted, 1992 WL 95780 (9th Cir. May 6, 1992). Yoakam contends that this commentary must be ignored because it is inconsistent with section 4A1.2(e)(3).
7
This contention lacks merit because section 4A1.2(e)(3) governs only the computation of the criminal history score; it does not address departures. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 (district court may depart if "reliable information indicates that the criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant's past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes"); United States v. Notrangelo, 909 F.2d 363, 367 (9th Cir.1990) (proper for district court to look to defendant's remote prior sentences as "reliable information" indicating that criminal history category did not reflect seriousness of defendant's past conduct).
8
Yoakam also contends that the district court erred by finding that the three prior convictions were similar to the bank robbery within the meaning of Application Note 8.
9
In determining whether a prior offense is similar to the offense of conviction within the meaning of Application Note 8, the district court may consider whether both offenses "show a propensity toward violence and a willingness to use force." United States v. Cota-Guerrero, 907 F.2d 87, 89 (9th Cir.1990) (district court did not err by finding that prior convictions for assault with a deadly weapon and assault and battery were similar to possession of a firearm by a felon); see also United States v. Leake, 908 F.2d 550, 554 (9th Cir.1990) (remote fraud convictions were similar to passing forged checks, but remote assault and battery convictions were not). This court has not previously decided, and we need not now decide, whether when departing pursuant to section 4A1.3 the district court may consider only the elements of prior offenses, or also may inquire into the conduct underlying prior offenses. See Leake, 908 F.2d at 554 (considering only elements of prior offenses); Cota-Guerrero, 907 F.2d at 89 (same); cf. United States v. Sherman, 928 F.2d 324, 327 (9th Cir.) (in determining whether a prior conviction is a "crime of violence" for purposes of the career offender provisions of the Guidelines, this court does not look to the specific conduct underlying the conviction, but only to the statutory definition of the crime), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 133 (1991).
10
Here, the district court found that the three prior convictions were similar to the bank robbery under either type of analysis because all of the offenses involved danger to others or force and violence, and all of the offenses involved taking, whether of money or of another person's body.
11
Yoakam contends because he was convicted of unarmed rather than armed bank robbery, and threatened the bank teller only with a note, the district court erred by finding that the offense of conviction involved force and violence. This contention lacks merit whether we consider only the statutory definition of the offense or also consider the particular facts underlying Yoakam's conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) (defining unarmed bank robbery as "taking by force and violence, or by intimidation"); United States v. Selfa, 918 F.2d 749, 751 (9th Cir.) (holding that unarmed bank robbery is a crime of violence for purposes of the career offender provisions of the Guidelines), cert. denied, 111 S.Ct. 521 (1990).
12
Yoakam contends that the Ventura County rape did not involve force and violence because the government did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the victim was conscious and able to consent. The government introduced the complaint charging the rape and a probation report for a later offense stating that in Ventura County, Yoakam pleaded guilty to "sexual intercourse with [a woman] who was not his wife and who resisted but was overcome by force or violence or whose resistance was prevented by threats of great and immediate bodily harm accompanied by apparent power of execution," in violation of California Penal Code § 261(3)(4). This uncontroverted evidence established that Yoakam was convicted of forcible rape, a crime of violence. See Cota-Guerrero, 907 F.2d at 89.
13
Yoakam contends that the Yolo County sex offense did not involve force and violence because the government did not prove that he used a knife in the commission of the offense. Evidence introduced by the government showed that he pleaded guilty to two crimes, (1) assault with intent to commit rape and (2) use of a deadly weapon, in violation of California Penal Code § 12022. Accordingly, Yoakam's contention lacks merit. See id.
14
Finally, Yoakam contends that the Reno assault did not involve force and violence because under Nevada law he could have received a misdemeanor sentence for resisting a law enforcement officer. The conviction that Yoakam could have received is irrelevant; uncontroverted evidence showed that he pleaded guilty to assault. Moreover, at the sentencing hearing Yoakam testified that after he stole shoe cushions from a store, a security guard threw him to the ground. He also admitted, however, that he resisted the guard. The district court did not err by finding that the Reno assault involved force and violence. See id.
15
We conclude that the district court did not err by finding that all four offenses were similar becasue they involved danger to others or force and violence. See id.
16
AFFIRMED.
*
The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 9th Cir.R. 34-4. We therefore deny appellant's request for oral argument
**
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by 9th Cir.R. 36-3
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | FreeLaw |
Q:
PowerShell: Import-csv and output values to log file (formatting)
I'm using the following to import users from a csv file and output them to the console:
$(Import-csv $SelectedFile | Select -ExpandProperty EmailAddress)
This displays each EmailAddress on a separate line in the console but I want to output this to a log file too.
Using the following will do this but not a separate line for each EmailAddress like the above. Instead it just shows them on one line with no separator:
"$(Import-csv $SelectedFile | Select -ExpandProperty EmailAddress)" | Tee-Object $UserMigrationLog -Append
Is it possible to do what I ask within this one command?
A:
You interpolate the result of Import-CSV into a single string. Just remove the subexpression "$()" and it will work:
Import-csv $SelectedFile | Select -ExpandProperty EmailAddress | Tee-Object $UserMigrationLog -Append
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
A new method to determine active enzyme distribution, effective diffusivity, rate constant for main reaction and rate constant for deactivation.
A new method is presented to determine (1) the rate constant for the main reaction, (2) the rate constant for deactivation, (3) the effective diffusivity, and (4) the active enzyme distribution within a porous solid support by utilizing data of bulk substrate concentration versus time in a continuous stirred basket reactor. The method relies on an assumption of parallel deactivation mechanism with strong pore diffusional resistance with respect to substrate species. The data of hydrogen peroxide-immobilized catalase published in the literature are used to demonstrate the theory. A parameter determination procedure is also presented. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
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Photos Order Photo book Loading... first time dildo Nov 6, 2019 Shared | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The rapid development of research on the preparation of ordered mesoporous materials began in the early 1990s \[[@CR1]\], when the Mobil Corporation has reported new method of materials designated as M41S synthesis. Such materials are characterized by high specific surface area and well developed porous structure with ordered framework and narrow pore size distribution. The structure of mesoporous materials allows using them as host materials, catalyst for reactions of large molecules \[[@CR2]\] and chromatographic materials. They can be modified by incorporation of different metals in the form of elements, ions or oxides which can create or enlarge the activity inside the pores. The incorporation of ions of transition metals into the framework of such materials (especially titanium) gives additional special catalytic properties \[[@CR3]--[@CR11]\].
Silica-titania materials (STM) possessing different compositions and physico-chemical characteristics are widely used as fillers, pigments, catalysts, catalyst supports, etc. \[[@CR3], [@CR12]--[@CR14]\] They also demonstrate photocatalytic and oxidative activity \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]. Mesoporous titania-silica materials can be prepared by three methods \[[@CR17]\]: (1) one-pot synthesis (the metal precursor is added directly to a silicon source and metal becomes part of the wall structure) \[[@CR6], [@CR18]\], (2) template ion-exchange (the ion template in as-prepared material is exchanged with other metal ions from the solution) \[[@CR19]\] as well as (3) post-synthesis modification (numerous Si--OH groups react with the organometallic complex or another source of metal) \[[@CR20], [@CR21]\]. It is known that the synthesis techniques used for preparation (sol--gel, high-temperature hydrolysis, chemical vapor deposition CVD) strongly affect the structure and properties of STM. Titania-silicas can possess (a) complex structure both in the bulk and at the surface layer, as it is in the fumed ST or (b) separated phases of TiO~2~ and SiO~2~ with a clear-cut phase boundary when one of these oxides is formed on another, which is a substrate (e.g., using the CVD technique). Naturally, the activity of solids in various adsorption and catalytic processes is affected by many factors, i.e., porous structure, chemical nature of surface functional groups and their natural distribution and concentration \[[@CR22]--[@CR24]\]. The surface and sorption properties of such materials depend strongly on the degree of hydration, i.e., the amount of bound and physically adsorbed water. Many studies suggest that the water contained in pores of such materials changes its physicochemical properties because of interactions with the solid surface \[[@CR25]--[@CR27]\]. Thus, studying the phase transitions of water bound to the surface of such materials we obtain additional information about their porous structure and the nature of the surface.
The aim of this article was to investigate the effect of chemical compositions (SiO~2~/TiO~2~) and the porosity of a series of silica-titania adsorbents on the structure of adsorbed water layers.
Experimental {#Sec2}
============
Titania-silica samples (containing from 1 to 70 mol % of TiO~2~) were prepared by using the templating approach to synthesize mesoporous silica-based molecular sieves partly substituted with titanium-large-pore analogs of titanium silicalite. The reaction of TEOS and Ti(i-OC~3~H~7~)~4~, as SiO~2~ and TiO~2~ precursors, with octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (ODTMA) as a template was performed. The ratio of ODTMA: (SiO~2~ + TiO~2~) was equal to 0.27. The details of the preparation procedure were described in \[[@CR14]\].
The characterization of synthesized samples was performed by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms measured at 77 K using the ASAP 2405 Micromeritics apparatus. The specific surface area (*S*~BET~, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}) was calculated using the BET equation \[[@CR28]\] at *p*/*p*~o~ between 0.06 and 0.2 (where *p* and *p*~o~ denote the equilibrium and saturation pressure of nitrogen, respectively). The pore volume *V*~p~ was determined at *p*/*p*~o~ ≈ 1. The average pore radius (*R*~ave~) was calculated using a cylindrical pore model *R*~p~ = 2*V*~p~/*S*~BET~. Pore volume distributions in the function of their radius were calculated according to the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method \[[@CR29]\]. On the basis of this dependence the dominant pore radius (*R*~dom~) was determined. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed using the automated diffractometer DRON-3M, Cu--K~α~ radiation.Table 1Structural parameters of silica-titania adsorbentsSampleTiO~2~ content/mol %*S* ~BET~/m^2^/g*V* ~p~/cm^3^/g*R* ~ave~/nm*R* ~dom~/nmST~1~19240.471.01.04ST~15~158050.451.11.04; 2.13ST~30~307020.521.51.14; 2.02ST~50~505290.592.31.89ST~70~703530.452.62.43
Thermodesorption of water from the surface of investigated samples was carried out under quasi-isothermal conditions (Q-TG) in the range of 293--573 K using a Derivatograph C (Paulik, Paulik and Erdey, MOM, Hungary). Before the Q-TG measurements the water vapor was adsorbed on the surface of studied samples at room temperature (293 K) for 72 h. Then the weighed portions (about 50 mg) of adsorbents were placed in the special spherical platinum crucible of the derivatograph. The experimental data of quasi-thermogravimetric measurements correspond to water mass loss in accordance with temperature changes. When measurements are performed over a temperature range without any chemical reactions leading to changes in the sample mass then the Δ*m* = *f*(*T*) dependence reflects changes in concentration of the substance present on the adsorbent surface under equilibrium. These data were used as initial ones for calculation of energetic characteristics of the tested samples. This method was described precisely in \[[@CR30], [@CR31]\]. On the basis of the obtained data, total concentrations of water adsorbed on the surface of studied adsorbents (mg/g) were calculated. The number of statistical monolayers \"*n*\" of water was determined from the formula:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ n = \frac{{TG_{\max } N_{\omega } }}{{S_{\text{BET}} M}} $$\end{document}$$where ω---the surface occupied by one adsorbed water molecule (assumed 0.09 nm^2^, *N*---the Avogadro number, *S*~BET~---the specific surface area of the tested adsorbents (m^2^/g), *TG*~max~---the maximum mass loss at 573 K (mg/g), *M*---molar mass of water (18 g/mol).
Thermal properties of the silica-titania adsorbents were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC PYRIS Diamond Perkin Elmer, USA). The DSC method was used to indicate the energetic effects of the interfacial phenomena, which takes place during freezing of strongly and weakly bound water connected with the surface of tested adsorbents.
Results and discussion {#Sec3}
======================
Low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen and pore volume distribution functions in respect to their radius for the silica-titania adsorbents are presented in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}. As follows from the course of the curves of adsorption--desorption isotherms (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a), the smaller is the TiO~2~ content in the sample mass, the larger is contribution of micropores. The ST~1~ adsorbent is microporous, the adsorption isotherm reaches plateau at higher values of pressure and does not exhibit a hysteresis loop. With the TiO~2~ increase in the sample mass, drop in the micropore volume is observed. For the adsorbents ST~15~ and ST~30~ the structure becomes bimodal, i.e., we can observe two peaks corresponding to narrower pores on the curve of pore volume distribution with respect to their average radius (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). These values are: *R* = 1.04 nm and 2.13 nm for ST~15~, as well as *R* = 1.14 and 2.02 nm for ST~30~ samples, respectively. The isotherms of the samples ST~50~ and ST~70~ are characterized by much lower adsorption in the range of low relative pressures and distinct hysteresis loops in that of high relative pressure*.* This gives a reflection in the course of the pore volume distribution functions on which we observe single peaks with the values of dominant radius *R*~dom~ equal to 1.89 and 2.43 nm for ST~50~ and ST~70~, respectively. The XRD analysis reveals that TiO~2~ is in the form of anatase. The structural parameters of these adsorbents are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}.Fig. 1Low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen (**a**) and pore volume distribution functions in respect to their radius (**b**) for the silica-titania adsorbents
Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the experimental curves of water thermodesorption from the surface of the studied adsorbents as well as the DTG curves indicating the process rate depending on temperature. As can be seen larger the TiO~2~ content is, the less complex is the thermodesorption of water from the pores. Three stages of this process are observed for the adsorbents ST~1~, ST~15~, and ST~30~ but only two for ST~50~ and ST~70~. Thermodesorption of weakly bound water from the ST~50~ and ST~70~ samples proceeds at lower temperatures and the inflection point occurs at 110 °C (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The other part of the water desorbs monotonically without visible stages pointing to a quick process. However, in the case of ST~1~ and ST~15~ the amount of weakly bound water is significantly smaller than that of strongly bound water desorbing at higher temperatures (above 110 °C). The intermediate properties with respect to the proportion of weakly and strongly bound water are exhibited by ST~30~. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the distinct differences in the course of vertical parts of the curves (desorption at different temperatures) as well as in the horizontal parts corresponding to differentiated sorption capacities of these adsorbents for water molecules. A good illustration is the summary picture presenting the curves of the water thermodesorption course in the temperature function (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2The Q-TG and Q-DTG curves of water thermodesorption from the tested adsorbentsFig. 3The course of water mass loss curve as a function of the temperature increase
The shape of water thermodesorption curves correlates well with the courses of pore distribution functions with respect to their effective radius (Fig [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). As can be seen the adsorbents ST~1~ and ST~15~ possessing mainly pores of narrow dimensions retain water molecules more strongly than the adsorbents ST~50~ and ST~70~ which exhibit porosity in the area of wider pores. However, the intermediate adsorbent ST~30~ is characterized by the balanced proportion between narrow pores and wide pores as evidenced by the TG curve course (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}).
Two boundary phases exist on the adsorbent surface, when water is adsorbed on it, i.e., the adsorbent/water and water/air interfaces. Thus, different reasons for a decrease in the Gibbs free energy of water at the adsorbent/water interface can be distinguished. These changes are caused by the strong adsorption of water molecules on the adsorbent surface centers (Δ*G*^s^), capillary condensation in the pores (Δ*G*^por^), and the presence of water/air interface (Δ*G*^air^) \[[@CR31]\]. When the Gibbs free energy of adsorbed water is equal to that of water in the gas phase (this process depends on the temperature and this is the condition for evaporation of adsorbed water), water begins to desorb from the surface when its Gibbs free energy becomes equal to that of water vapor at a given temperature (enabling possibility the phase transition). The thermodynamic function of the water vapor can be calculated using the equation:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G = G - G_{\text{o}} = 0.197(T - T_{\text{o}} ) $$\end{document}$$where *T*~o~ is the standard temperature 293 K. On the basis of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G = f({\text{C}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} ) $$\end{document}$.
Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} presents the dependences of change of water free energy in the function of its concentration on the surface of the studied silica-titania adsorbents. The marked areas under these dependences were used to calculate the values of total surface free energy at the adsorbent/water interface (Δ*G*~Σ~). However, the parts of these areas (corresponding to low concentrations of adsorbed water) were used to calculate the surface free energy at the adsorbent/strongly bound water interface (Δ*G*~Σ~^s^). The corresponding data are given in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. As follows from the data in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} the maximal concentration of the adsorbed water ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\text{C}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}}^{ \max } $$\end{document}$) increases in the transition from the adsorbent ST~1~ to the adsorbent ST~30~ (with the increasing amount of TiO~2~ in the adsorbent), and then decreases in the case of ST~50~ and ST~70~. This is connected with both the structure of complex porous adsorbents and their chemical composition. The above mentioned parameters are expressed in the values of the total surface free energy at the adsorbent/water interface (Δ*G*~Σ~) and the surface free energy at the adsorbent/strongly bound water interface (Δ*G*~Σ~^s^). As can be seen with the increasing content of TiO~2~ in the studied adsorbents, the values of total surface free energy (Δ*G*~Σ~) increase. In the case of the parameter (Δ*G*~Σ~^s^), a similar tendency can be observed except to the adsorbent ST~30~ which is characterized by the highest value surface free energy at the adsorbent/strongly bound water interface (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 4The dependence of water free energy changes on the function of its concentration on the surface of the studied silica-titania adsorbentsTable 2Characterization of water adsorbed on the silica-titania adsorbents surfaceSample*S* ~BET~/m^2^/g$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\text{C}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}}^{ \max } $$\end{document}$ mg/g*n*$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G_{\Upsigma }^{\text{s}} $$\end{document}$/kJ/m^2^$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G_{\Upsigma }^{{}} $$\end{document}$/kJ/m^2^ST~1~924352.41.1535.418.647261ST~15~805362.61.3637.716.586291ST~30~702529.82.2739.015.0145438ST~50~529478.32.7637.716.392506ST~70~353436.23.7237.316.7122710$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\text{C}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}}^{ \max } $$\end{document}$ is the maximal concentration of adsorbed water, *n*---the number of statistical adsorbed water layers, $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G^{\text{s}} $$\end{document}$ is a maximal value of changes in free energy for strongly adsorbed water, $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G^{\text{b}} $$\end{document}$ is the change in free energy of water during its evaporation from filled pores, $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \Updelta G_{\Upsigma }^{{}} $$\end{document}$ is the total surface free energy at the adsorbent/water interfaceFig. 5The surface free energy at the adsorbent/water interface (Δ*G* ~Σ~) and the number of statistical water monolayers (*n*) in the dependences from the TiO~2~ content
Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"} shows the dG/dM dependences as the function of statistical water monolayers, under the conditions of low coverage of adsorbent surface with water, where dG/dM is change in free energy of system with water mass changes. The value of the d*G*/d*M* derivative can be used as the analog of chemical potential in the description of isobaric process of thermodesorption. On the presented dependences one or two maxima can be observed, which indicate the formation of various types of water molecule clusters on the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbents under investigation. For the adsorbents of the smallest content of TiO~2~ (ST~1~ and ST~15~ samples), there occurs a smaller number of maxima compared to other adsorbents (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, with the increasing amount of TiO~2~ the observed maxima occur at thicker and thicker layers of adsorbed water, from 0.01 for ST~1~ up to 0.25 for the ST~70~ sample (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 6The d*G*/d*M* dependences as a function of statistical monolayers of water clusters for the silica-titania adsorbents
Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"} shows the influence of the adsorbed water concentration on the effective radius of evaporated drops of water for the studied adsorbents. Comparing the obtained results with the data in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, one can assume that the average radius of the evaporating drop has the size close to *R*~ave~ of the adsorbent. The numerical values of calculated radii should be treated with caution. The reason is that the basic assumption was the spherical shape of the drop and that the surface tension on the partition boundary is equal to that tension at the water/air interface. Actually a large part of the drop outline is limited by the adsorbent surface. For this surface there should be chosen a different value of interface tension from that of surface tension.Fig. 7The dependence of the effective radius of an evaporating drop on the concentration of adsorbed water
The curves reflecting the energetic effects connected with water freezing inside the pores of investigated samples are presented in Fig. [8](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}. Water contained in the pores of materials of strong adsorption properties is characterized by quite different physicochemical properties from those of volumetric water. In the case of the adsorbents possessing a well developed structure of micropores (ST~1~, ST~15~, and ST~30~), the peaks of water freezing with the maximum at −42 °C are observed. This is caused by large impact of adsorbents surface (mainly micropores) on water molecules. In the case of the adsorbent with the intermediate content of TiO~2~ (ST~30~) there is observed the additional, distinctly formed peak of water freezing at −13 °C corresponding to that in the wider pores. This confirms the bimodal structure of this adsorbent. The peaks of water freezing for the ST~50~ and ST~70~ samples appear at about −22 °C, and their shapes indicate a large content of wide pores confirming the conclusion about their porous structure (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}; Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) and observations that water affected by the interactions with the surface of studied materials changes their physicochemical properties.Fig. 8DCS curves of water freezing in the pores of adsorbents containing the increasing amount of TiO~2~
Conclusions {#Sec4}
===========
From the results of low-temperature adsorption--desorption of nitrogen measurements it was stated that the surface area of the obtained adsorbents varies from 924.1 m^2^/g (1% TiO~2~) to 353.4 m^2^/g (70% TiO~2~). The increase of the TiO~2~ content in the silica-titania adsorbents results in the decrease of both its specific surface area and contribution of pores to its structure. The process of water thermodesorption from the surface of studied materials proceeds in two or three stages because of the pore distribution and TiO~2~ content. With the increase of TiO~2~ content in the studied adsorbents the values of total surface free energy (Δ*G*~Σ~) increase. The largest value of the free surface energy at the adsorbent/strongly bound water interface is exhibited by the adsorbent of intermediate content (30%) of TiO~2~. Different types of adsorbed water clusters occur with a larger extent of pores filling along with the increasing content of TiO~2~ in the sample. Freezing temperature of water contained in the pores of studied materials depends largely on their porous structure. Water freezing in micropores of the tested materials proceed at about −42 °C, whereas, the water contained in wider pores freezes already at −22 °C. Due to the well developed porous structure, the water freezing process is a multi-stage one.
This article was supported by the European Community FP7 under the Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme (IRSES). Project No 230790.
Open Access {#d30e1417}
===========
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
Guerrilla of the Year
January 2, 2002
Greg Palast
Editor’s Pick
It was a big year for muckraker Greg Palast. He broke shocking stories about the Bush Administration’s spiking of intelligence probes into bin Laden and Jeb Bush’s role in the Florida election theft. The Nobel Prize winner in Economics and former World Bank Chief Economist told him the bank, “condemned people to death.” A gold mining company sued him for his story about their alleged connections to a homicidal regime in Africa.
If you live in America, or don’t read GuerrillaNews, you may not have heard about any of this. Palast, an American, works in exile in London – unable to find work in what he calls the ‘gutless’ North American media. His special investigations regularly lead the BBC’s Newsnight program. His bi-weekly column for London’s Observer newspaper has earned him numerous awards.
We honored Palast twice this year as Guerrilla of the Week, so selecting him as Guerrilla of the Year was not hard. In our much-noted CounterIntelligence interview, he offered some insight into why what he does is so unique:
No one has ever advanced their career in the last thirty years by coming up with a great investigative piece. That is a way to get unemployed. Anyone who thinks it’s all ‘Murphy Brown’ and ‘All the President’s Men’ out there is wrong. That’s the fantasy. That’s all television and the movies. It’s not in the newsrooms. If you say what I want to do is expensive and difficult and involves getting inside documents, and upsetting the established order, you are not going to get anywhere.
Here’s to not getting anywhere.
We’ll leave you with an excerpt from another of Palast’s hard-hitting and timely stories from 2001 . . .
And news this week in South America is that Argentina died, or at least its economy. One in six workers were unemployed even before the beginning of this grim austral winter. Millions more have lost work as industrial production, already down 25% for the year, fell into a coma induced by interest rates which, by one measure, have jumped to over 90% on dollar-denominated borrowings.
This is an easy case to crack. Next to the still warm corpse of Argentina’s economy, the killer had left a smoking gun with his fingerprints all over it.
The murder weapon is called, “Technical Memorandum of Understanding,” dated September 5, 2000. It signed by Pedro Pou, President of the Central Bank of Argentina for transmission to Horst Kohler, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund.
‘Inside Corporate America’ received a complete copy of the ‘Understanding’ along with attachments and a companion letter from the Argentine Economics Ministry to the IMF from … well, let’s just say the envelope had no return address.
Close inspection leaves no doubt that this ‘Understanding’ fired fatal bullets into Argentina’s defenseless body.
To begin with, the Understanding requires Argentina cut the government budget deficit from US$5.3 billion in 2000 to $4.1 billion in 2001. Think about that. Last September, Argentina was already on the cliff-edge of a deep recession. Even the half-baked economists at the IMF should know that holding back government spending in a contracting economy is like turning off the engines on an airplane in stall. Cut the deficit? As my 4-year old daughter would say, “That’s stooopid.”
The vampire ain’t dead till there’s a stake through his heart. We are hugely proud of what we’ve accomplished, but we’ve got miles to go before we can rest. Help us #StopCrossCheck and #StopTheSteal by making a tax-deductible donation: https://t.co/e289Wh8vvZ
Yes, we are beating back #Crosscheck. But winning some battles is not winning the war. As my co-plaintiff @RevJJackson says, “Don’t stop marching, don’t stop fighting.” https://t.co/TZ6oRbLl0V #StopTheSteal | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Regardless how history comes to look Nick Cave's The Death of Bunny Munro, in the context of Cave’s career, it stands alone as the purest distillation of his artistry -- a poetic novel with Cave’s inimitable brand of the grotesque, absurd and often comic nature of humanity. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
It’s no secret that Nintendo struggled in 2013. Despite the continued success of 3DS, Wii U sales were significantly lower than expected and profits are down. Instead of trying to cover it up by selling buildings and firing 10,000 employees, Iwata has come clean and said he needs to do better. The Blame Game has now become front-runner for GOTY 2014 with everyone becoming an expert on how the company should be run. Blah Blah Blah marketing. Hurp Durp Burp profits and IPs. Luigi should step down. There’s too much Mario. Pikmin is too weird. Iwata should be fired. The bottom line is; the world has changed and Nintendo should adapt.
So what should they turn into, this?
Should they make mobile games? They love new IP’s right? Here’s Super Morio!
Adopt a new business model?
OR… HOW ABOUT…
… THEY MAKE
THIS?
That looks like a great fucking game doesn’t it? Imagine if they released something like THAT? It would take some kind of dedicated custom hardware to pull off something like this. Well I have good news, the console and game both exist; and we should all be VERY GRATEFUL for it. In this embarrassing industry of mobile clones, swag reviews, microtransactions, Dorito dealings, tweet fights, AAA budgets, 30 minute end-credits sequences, comparison articles and armchair experts; Super Mario 3D World is the solution. This is the very core essence of gaming and has miraculously remained untainted for 3 decades. The only tragedy is websites who are too busy talking about somebody else’s business to talk about how wonderful this is.
Why is it that Super Mario 3D World is the problem and not other companies games? Why should Nintendo be like everyone else?
Why is THIS the solution? I don’t see any articles telling EA or Microsoft how to run their business when they are shitting on the very fundamentals of game design. Microsoft has gutted every single game on Xbox One and shoved micro-transactions into the very core of the games structure. What’s the result of that? 9/10 reviews for Forza 5, a game that is fundamentally broken and shat on an entire legacy of games. Why doesn’t the director of Turn 10 need to be fired? Because nobody has fucking heard of him.
A big point I see about Nintendo is they don’t advertise enough, and there’s one thing everybody complaining about this has in common. YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THE GAME that nobody knows about. Nintendo’s marketing isn’t the greatest, and it’s significantly worse than Microsoft and Sonys. It always will be. That’s a shame, but marketing is not our problem and whether Casual Joe plays Pikmin 3 or not is not our concern. We know Pikmin 3 and The Wonderful 101 exist, but we don’t talk about them enough. Instead of bitching about how your friends don’t know about Pikmin 3, invite them over to play co-op.
If gaming journalists did their job, people would know which games are great. Everybody would know about The Wonderful 101 if it got great reviews and won 80 GOTY awards. Which it fully deserved by the way, it’s the most action packed game ever made by a ridiculous margin. Appearing in an “overlooked games” feature in 10 years time is not good enough. If journalists stopped tugging their dicks and enjoyed the fact they play videogames for a living, they wouldn’t be so concerned about what they aren’t playing. Wii U was trending on Twitter for the first time in ages when Nintendo released their bad financial report. Why are we even talking about that? It doesn’t affect our gaming experience in the slightest.
Nintendo has problems, but the trend with Nintendo’s mistakes is simply incompetence. The VC is empty because they are too slow and don’t have enough people working on it. HD development took longer than they expected. They have to localise Square-Enix’s games for them because Square-Enix forgot how to do anything. They don’t know how to make a new F-Zero because the SEGA team from F-Zero GX is dead. They can’t bribe third parties because they give them too much credit to make decisions. Their online system is very conservative because people have their mouths wide open on the sidelines ready to sue them. Mario Kart 8 and Donkey Kong didn’t arrive last holiday season to “Save the Wii U” because Nintendo wanted to finish the games properly, games that will be cherished for decades. They will catch up to all these problems and continue delivering the greatest games ever made. What’s that you say, LTTP is in 50hz on Europe’s Virtual Console? Throw the bastards in jail. Sony has the exact same problem with PS1 games on the PSN Store, at least Nintendo is kind enough to create a social network for you to directly complain about it. Be careful with that or Nintendo will shut it down like SwapNote.
Nintendo’s games are still as strong and fresh as they’ve ever been. People are playing them less because the landscape has changed, with mobile apps rotting people’s brains and a flood of misinformation, bad journalism and viral marketing taking over the media. Nintendo’s even smart enough to know this, the entire reason Nintendo Direct exists is because they don’t trust the media to do their jobs. It’s not just gaming, the entire world is suffering an identity crisis. But you know what?
I have a Wii U and 3DS and I don’t give a shit who doesn’t. It’s not my problem. Pikmin 3 is outstanding and possibly my favourite Nintendo game ever. A Link Between Worlds is a phenomenal new approach to Zelda games and plays like buttered tits. Pokemon, Animal Crossing, Mario all received excellent new games last year; the franchises are at their very peak. Luigi’s Mansion 2 was a huge effort by Next Level Games and towers over the first game. Super Luigi U has some of the best level design in 2D platforming history. Fire Emblem is the strongest it’s ever been, it’s finally successful outside Japan and has a bright future. Nintendo funded and helped develop their first open-world game in Lego City Undercover and it’s amazing. We got Super Metroid for 30 cents. We got the brand new ridiculous IP everyone asked for in The Wonderful 101. EarthBound has finally been re-released, and officially released in PAL countries with thousands of people (including myself) playing it for the first time. If you talked about 2013 a decade ago people would be frothing at the mouth. It’s fucking real and you need to wake up, stop whining and enjoy NINTENDO games for what they are. Just games. Not marketing plans, not business decisions, not threats to your identity. JUST games. That’s all they are. That’s all Nintendo will ever be, a videogame company. Absolute pure, unfiltered joy. Year after year after year. Games. Games. Games. And you know what? That’s enough. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Q:
Is it possible to make an .exe out of a Windows 10 Store App?
What I want to achieve is to install in a Linux (Ubuntu based) machine Microsoft Solitaire Collection. And as this application is a Window 10 Store App, my question is: is this really possible? If so, how?
A:
Windows "Apps" are already executable by default but to answer your question, no you can't take a Windows program and install it in a Linux operating system.
The closest thing to doing something like this would be to install wine and have it work through wine, assuming the application is compatible which is most likely not the case for "Microsoft Solitaire Collection".
You can look at the following related question: https://askubuntu.com/questions/675260/is-there-an-ubuntu-solitaire-that-works-like-the-windows-7-game
You can also install games that resemble what you were looking and were created for your operating system or even get the "vanilla" version of Windows solitaire and run it through wine.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Battle of Cape Girardeau
The Battle of Cape Girardeau was a military demonstration of the American Civil War, occurring on April 26, 1863 in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The conflict was part of the pursuit of US Brigadier General John McNeil through Southeast Missouri by Confederate Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke. Though the conflict to this day is known as a battle, it was a relatively small engagement whose primary importance was as the turning point that brought General Marmaduke's second Missouri raid to an end.
Background
General Marmaduke began his second raid into Missouri from Northeast Arkansas on April 18, 1863. During the raid, he intended to obtain much-needed supplies for his troops, several hundred of whom were unarmed and un-mounted. The General feared that if left behind his unarmed troops might desert, but if taken along they may be supplied with arms and horses as captured during the raid.
Marmaduke organized his division of about 5,000 men into two columns, each made up of two brigades. Colonel George W. Carter led one of the columns, which consisted of a brigade led by Colonel Colton Greene and the other by Carter himself. The second column was led by Colonel Joseph O. Shelby and consisted of Shelby's famous "Iron Brigade," commanded by Colonel George W. Thompson, and another brigade commanded by Colonel John Q. Burbridge. In all, the division had between eight and ten pieces of artillery.
General Marmaduke ordered Colonel Carter's column to advance toward Bloomfield, Missouri and attempt to capture the Federal garrison there under the command of US Brigadier General John McNeil. If McNeil had been able to escape, the Confederates thought that he would head north to Pilot Knob, the Union headquarters of the region. Thus Marmaduke accompanied Colonel Shelby's column north to Fredericktown to intercept such an attempt. Shelby's column arrived at Fredericktown on April 22, 1863, but Carter's column did not reach Bloomfield until April 23 because of difficulty crossing the Mingo swamps. Carter arrived at Bloomfield to find that McNeil had left it in ruins two days earlier. Having learned of Marmaduke's position on the road to Pilot Knob, McNeil disobeyed his orders to retreat to Pilot Knob and instead fled northeast to heavily fortified Cape Girardeau, arriving on the evening of April 24.
Carter had been instructed not to pursue McNeil if he fled in any direction other than the road to Fredericktown and Pilot Knob. However, Carter also disobeyed orders and indeed pursued McNeil to within four miles of Cape Girardeau, arriving mid-day on April 25. Carter then sent a letter to McNeil demanding the garrison's surrender and a reply within 30 minutes. The letter was signed by Confederate Major General Sterling Price with the hope that his name would instill fear in McNeil that General Price was nearby. However, McNeil was confident in the strength of his defense and refused to surrender. Fearing an attack, Carter sent word of the situation to General Marmaduke, who then proceeded with Colonel Shelby's column to reinforce Carter's troops in any possible actions at Cape Girardeau.
Fortifications
In 1861 General Ulysses S. Grant approved the construction of four forts at strategic locations around the city of Cape Girardeau. They were named Forts A, B, C, and D. Fort A was positioned on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River at the north edge of town and was meant to defend the city against Confederate gunboats on the river. Fort B was located on a hill now occupied by Southeast Missouri State University and was built to protect the city from enemy approaches on the Perryville Road and Jackson Road (now Broadway Avenue). Fort C was near the present intersection of South Ellis Street and Good Hope Street and guarded approaches on the Bloomfield Road, Gordonville Road (now Independence Street), and Commerce Road (now Sprigg Street).
Fort D was located on a river bluff south of the city, and like Fort A, it was primarily a river defense. It was the largest and most important garrison in the region and is the only fort remaining in Cape Girardeau today. However, Fort D did not play an important role in the Battle of Cape Girardeau.
Action
On the night of April 25, in anticipation of the attack, General McNeil ordered the evacuation of women and children via steamboat to a safe location upriver. Also during the night two gunboats and a steamer arrived with additional troops to support McNeil's forces. With the gunboats in place McNeil did not foresee any threat from the Mississippi River side of the city, so he had cannons moved from Forts A and D along the river to Forts B and C on the western side of the city. In all, McNeil's forces totaled about 4,000 men, including supporting regiments from Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Illinois, though some of these regiments may have arrived after the action had ended.
Shelby's column arrived at Cape Girardeau early on April 26. With General Marmaduke's full division then on the western edge of the city, it assumed a formation that consisted of Colonel Burbridge's brigade in the center, Shelby's on the left, and Carter's on the right. The line extended from just east of St. Mary's Cemetery on the north (near the present intersection of Missouri Ave and Mississippi St) to Gordonville Road on the south. Its center was on the Jackson Road.
The attack began around 10:00 am on April 26. Unsuccessful charges were made by cavalry units from both sides, the Federal troops being driven back by Colonel Shelby's superior cavalry forces and the Confederates being met with heavy fire from field artillery and the guns of Forts B and C. The artillery fire between the forts and Shelby's Brigade made up the bulk of the action. The fighting lasted approximately four to five hours, ceasing sometime after 2:00 pm when General Marmaduke ordered his forces to withdraw.
Aftermath
No reliable reports were made of the numbers killed and wounded during the action, as "official" figures tended to be exaggerated and unfounded. The number of confirmed dead was no more than ten on either side, though some reports claim that the total number killed was close to a hundred, plus over three hundred wounded.
Following the conflict, General Marmaduke retreated to Jackson and then led his troops back to Arkansas, bringing to an end his second Missouri raid. Marmaduke was followed by Federal forces, but no contact was made before crossing the Arkansas border. Possibly as punishment for disobeying orders and instigating the needless conflict at Cape Girardeau, Colonel Carter was demoted to commanding a brigade rather than his entire column.
Though neither side had a clear victory at the closing of the day's fighting, the battle was a strategic Union victory that forced the Confederate forces to retreat to Arkansas.
Historian Henry Phillips concluded, "while it was not of sufficient magnitude to be termed a battle in technical military parlance, all of the potentials were present for a sanguinary battle, and the reason a battle did not occur was because the commanders of the two hostile forces each had reasons that he deemed sufficient for not forcing the issue."
Notes
References
"Anniversary Observed of Battle of Cape Girardeau in Civil War." Source unknown. May, 1939. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
"April 26th was Anniversary of Cape Girardeau Battle." The Community. April, 1930. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Bartels, Carolyn M. The Civil War in Missouri Day by Day 1861-1865. Shawnee Mission, KS: Two Trails Publishing. 1992.
"Civil War Battle at Cape Occurred 89 Years Ago." Source Unknown. April 25, 1952. Condensed version of article from book Authentic Accounts of the Great Civil War by John Laird Wilson. Glenn House Collection, Box 3079, Folder 10, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Dickerson, J.D. "The Civil War in Cape Girardeau: Marmaduke Heads North." Southeast Missourian. Sep. 23, 1961. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Dittlinger, Ann. "Battle of Cape Girardeau (A Missourian Bicentennial Feature)." Southeast Missourian. April 18 and April 25, 1976. Glenn House Collection, Box 3079, Folder 10, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Guilbert. "Marmaduke-McNeil Fight for Cape Girardeau." Southeast Missourian. April 25, 1963. Reprint of New York Tribune article dated May 1, 1863. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Hill, Dr. Robert R. "Fort D Old Stronghold (A Missourian Bicentennial Feature)." Southeast Missourian. Sep. 7, 1975. Glenn House Collection, Box 3079, Folder 11, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Hinchey, Allan. "Battle of Cape Girardeau in Civil War was Fought 69 Years Ago Today." Source unknown. April 26, 1932. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
"Historical Points: Civil War Forts". Southeast Missourian. July 9, 1951. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Maple, Rev. J.C. "Markaduke's Attack on Cape Girardeau." The Republican. April 26, 1913. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
"Marmaduke Shell Found in Well Near the Fair Ground." The Republican. Date unknown. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
McNeil, Brigadier General John. "Boats to go for troops." April 26, 1863. St. Louis Civil War Roundtable Collection, Box 1663, Folder 4, Item 9, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
McNeil, Brigadier General John. "Funds Removed." General Order No. 9. April 26, 1863. St. Louis Civil War Roundtable Collection, Box 1663, Folder 4, Item 10, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
McNeil, Brigadier General John. "Women to Leave." General Orders No. [blank]. April 25, 1863. St. Louis Civil War Roundtable Collection, Box 1663, Folder 4, Item 8, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Murdoch, Lindsey W. Lindsey W. Murdoch Reminiscences. Date unknown. p 158. Lindsey W. Murdoch Reminiscences, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Oates, Stephen B. "Union Artillery Routs Southern Attack on Cape Girardeau.", Southeast Missourian. April 27, 1963. Reprint of article from Missouri Historical Review. Glenn House Collection, Box 3079, Folder 10, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
"Old Letters Found in Belfast", Southeast Missourian. June 3, 1950. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Phillips, Henry M. "The Battle of Cape Girardeau: A Civil War Encounter." Southeast Missourian. April 26–30, 1956. Clippings Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Kent Library, Southeast Missouri State University.
Ponder, Jerry. The Battle of Chalk Bluff: An Account of General John S. Marmaduke's Second Missouri Raid. Doniphan, MO: Ponder Books. 1994.
Snider, Felix E. & Earl Augustus Collins. Cape Girardeau: Biography of a City. Cape Girardeau, MO: Ramfre Press. 1956.
Webb, William L. Battles and Biographies of Missourians; or, The Civil War Period of Our State. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly. 1900.
National Park Service Battle Summary
CWSAC Report Update
Collections
Category:1863 in Missouri
Category:1863 in the United States
Cape Girardeau
Category:Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Battle of Cape Girardeau
Cape Girardeau
Cape Girardeau
Cape Girardeau
Cape Girardeau
Category:April 1863 events | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
An air guide device of the general type in question is known from, for example, EP 0 226 778 A2, which comprises an air guide element and a plate-shaped closure part, designed as an underflow guard. The closure part is designed as an integral part of the air guide element and is thus adjusted together with the guide element between a rest position and an operating position.
Another air guide device, which is arranged in a rear area of a motor vehicle, is known from DE 44 27 196 A1. This device can be moved by an adjusting device from a retracted rest position into an extended operating position. To create a highly effective air guide device which takes up a minimum of space in its rest position, it is provided that the air guide device can be retracted and extended in the height direction of the vehicle and that, when in the operating position, it is connected over its entire transverse dimension to the underlying structure in a manner which prevents the passage of air and also projects above this structure.
Finally, an air guide device for guiding the air flow along a motor vehicle is known from DE 10 2004 043 544 A1. To prevent the air from flowing underneath a spoiler blade and at the same time to be able to carry away intruding water effectively, an underflow guard, which prevents air from flowing underneath the spoiler blade, and a water guide device, which carries away the water coming from the spoiler blade or present in its environment, are provided as integral parts of the spoiler blade. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
Ask HN: How do you manage your passwords? - Pfhreak
Perhaps I'm just more aware of it, or perhaps it's happening more frequently, but it seems like every couple of weeks a major service demonstrates that they have exposed some user data or passwords.<p>Intellectually, I know I <i>should</i> be using a different password for every service, game, and application I use. Practically, I reuse a handful of long, strong passwords.<p>I'd like to change that practice. I'd like to use a different password on every service, but that's probably a few dozen passwords. Too many to remember practically, in any case. There's a lot of misinformation out there about how to do this correctly, and I'm looking for examples on how to do it right.
======
sjtgraham
After shitting the proverbial brick last week re the Apple ID/iCloud debacle,
I downloaded 1Password and methodically changed the password to everything I
cared about with a randomly generated string that included non-alphanumeric
chars. Sometimes I find this inconvenient as the integration on the iOS app is
not great (unless I'm missing something), and will never improve unless Apple
exposes APIs allowing deeper integration; but my current thinking is the extra
security is worth it. Previously all my passwords were the same thing modulo a
changing non-alphanumeric char, which I understand is dumb, but I was too lazy
to change them. The aforementioned Apple incident provided the final impetus
for change. Obviously, it later transpired that the breach was down to social
engineering and weaknesses in human security rather than compromised
passwords, so all this is moot as the best security precautions are only as
strong as the weakest link in the chain.
Something else I found interesting is Apple allows a max of 32 chars in their
passwords. I discovered this as the password I was trying to set was
significantly longer than this. Does this not suggest that the passwords are
not hashed? If they were the length of password would not matter as the hash
outputs are identical lengths and Apple could set the db column size
accordingly.
~~~
dbecker
I also switched to 1password after that debacle (though I should have done it
before). 1password is great on a mac, but accessing passwords (via dropbox)
from a linux machine is a pain in the ass.
Password management still seems like an unsolved problem.
------
bblough
All of my passwords are randomly generated and kept in a password database.
The database is then auto-sync'd to a cloud storage service. This keeps my
passwords secure, but easily accessible.
Specifically, I use Password Gorilla (since it's psafe compatible and cross-
platform) and SpiderOak (since it's encrypted and cross-platform).
------
k_s
I wrote a bit about this awhile back here ([http://software-and-
algorithms.blogspot.com/2012/06/password...](http://software-and-
algorithms.blogspot.com/2012/06/password-management.html)). Basically, I use
HMAC to generate passwords based upon a single strong password and an account-
specific phrase.
------
bdfh42
PasswordSafe is good <http://pwsafe.org/> and helps me keep a different
password for every site. You can also save some ancillary information as well
- useful for developers with data keys for api access.
Simple and quick to use which helps maintain the discipline.
------
runjake
LastPass Premium -- it runs on everything. I am happy with it, but I'll
probably take a look at 1Password soonish.
~~~
pavel_lishin
The price of 1Password turned me off. (There was also some UI glitch I didn't
like, but I don't remember what it was, and Lastpass is no beauty itself.)
------
brudgers
One of the ways I manage my passwords is by not sharing meaningful information
about how I manage them in public.
------
koopajah
There was a discussion right about this 4 days ago :
<http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4343097>
------
israelyc
I've been using RoboForm, not well designed (it seems like they are improving
though) but works great on both Mac and PC (sucks on iOS).
------
lexbryan
We are using LastPass. There are risk still though.
------
aayala
keepasx
------
hboon
1password.
------
eswangren
KeyPass has always treated me well, is free, and runs on multiple platforms.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | HackerNews |
Mucosal proctectomy and ileoanal pull-through technique and functional results in 23 consecutive patients.
Mucosal proctectomy with ileoanal pull-through in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis provides a technique for the preservation of the anal sphincters and relatively normal mechanisms of continence. Five patients had straight ileoanal anastomosis while 18 had the construction of a J-pouch. A two-team approach was used for simultaneous abdominal and perineal procedures to facilitate a shortened operating time. A loop ileostomy was routinely used in the postoperative period and was closed an average of 4.5 months (range: 2-16 months) later without complication. Prolonged preoperative hospitalization was rarely necessary and outpatient steroid enema preparation was routinely used. There were no deaths. Nineteen patients with functioning pull-through procedures have been followed an average of 23 months (range: 3-42 months). Two other patients have not had ileostomy closure because of complications. The two remaining patients had intractable diarrhea and have since undergone conversion to a permanent ileostomy. The 19 patients are continent, having three to nine bowel movements each day. Nearly all wear a perineal sanitary pad because of rare, unpredictable leakage of small amounts of fluid, especially at night. Complications were significant in this group of patients. Intestinal obstruction was a frequent problem, occurring in 52 per cent of the entire series and necessitating reoperation in 22 per cent. Anal stricture was a problem in another five patients. A variety of other minor problems occurred and most were treated nonoperatively. In spite of moderate diarrhea and occasional leakage of stool, all patients with functioning pull-through procedures prefer their current status to life with an ileostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
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Game of Thrones Onesie – Winter is Coming
Game of Thrones fans will love this black fleece adult onesie. Embroidered on the pocket is “Winter is Coming”. Made from polar fleece, its hooded but without integral feet. Our “Winter is Coming” adult onesie is plain black with black ribbing on the cuffs and ankles.
Sizing is simple, check the size guide below or just base it on the height of the wearer
We created this Game of Thrones Onesie after the first series from HBO aired on Sky Atlantic. In case there is anyone not familiar with Game of Thrones, its a TV series based on the books by George Martin “A Song of Ice and Fire”. The book series isn’t finished yet so the writers of teh TV show have had to make up their own ending, presumably after discussions with George Martin who still contributes to the scripts. Lots of violence, sex, intrigue – whats not to like? Great sets in places like Iceland, N.Ireland, Seville, and Croatia: great cast including Charles Dance, Diana Rigg, Emilia Clarke. All of this means that Game of Thrones regularly takes the crown for the most pirated TV-show on the Internet. Our Game of Thrones Onesie is in all black fleece but has “Winter is Coming” embroidered on the breast pocket, this being the motto of House Stark. This design is hooded and unfooted and has handy front pockets to keep your hands warm. This will keep you very warm while you lounge in front of the TV and watch all the scenes “beyond the wall” where the white walkers are on the march. Like most of our designs, Game of Thrones Onesie comes in seven adult sizes so we have the right size for most adult body shapes – just choose the size based on the height of the wearer. You don’t need to pirate this Game of Thrones Onesie as its such good value you may as well buy a couple for friends too. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
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