pkulium/ScienceQA · Datasets at Hugging Face

image image	question string	choices sequence	answer class label	hint string	task string	grade string	subject string	topic string	category string	skill string	lecture string	solution string
Not supported with pagination yet	What is the volume of a soda bottle cap?	[ "12 liters", "12 milliliters" ]	11	Select the better estimate.	closed choice	grade5	natural science	units-and-measurement	Units and measurement	Choose metric units of volume	Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.	The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 12 milliliters. 12 liters is too much.
Not supported with pagination yet	Based on this information, what is this cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?	[ "FF", "bumpy fruit" ]	00	In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for bumpy fruit, and the allele f is for smooth fruit. A certain cucumber plant from this group has bumpy fruit. This plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit.	closed choice	grade8	natural science	biology	Genes to traits	Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype	All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.	An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF.
Not supported with pagination yet	Select the vertebrate.	[ "giant octopus", "saturn butterfly", "earthworm", "robin" ]	33	Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.	closed choice	grade5	natural science	biology	Classification	Identify vertebrates and invertebrates	Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.	A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. An earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. Like other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. A robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which sentence states a fact?	[ "It is hard to understand Australian people's accents.", "Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere." ]	11		closed choice	grade8	social science	civics	Social studies skills	Identify facts and opinions	A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation. George Washington became president of the United States in 1789. This statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true. George Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a "better" president, so the statement cannot be proved.	The second sentence states a fact. Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere. It can be proved by finding Australia on a globe. The first sentence states an opinion. It is hard to understand Australian people's accents. Hard shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an accent hard to understand.
Not supported with pagination yet	Is picking apples a good or a service?	[ "a good", "a service" ]	11		closed choice	grade2	social science	economics	Economics	Goods and services	Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.	To decide whether picking apples is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is picking apples something you can touch? No. Is picking apples a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes. So, picking apples is a service.
	What is the name of the colony shown?	[ "Virginia", "Delaware", "Georgia", "West Virginia" ]	00		closed choice	grade8	social science	us-history	Colonial America	Identify the Thirteen Colonies		The colony is Virginia. The Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.
	What is the capital of Louisiana?	[ "Atlanta", "Frankfort", "New Orleans", "Baton Rouge" ]	33		closed choice	grade3	social science	geography	State capitals	Identify state capitals of the Southeast		Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.
	Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?	[ "the number of bacteria in a drop of tea", "the amount of time that the tea sat on the desk" ]	00	The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described. Every day at work, Valentina poured a large cup of tea that she drank throughout the morning. She wondered how much bacteria might be growing in her cup of tea as the morning went on. To find out, Valentina filled three identical cups with tea and placed them on her desk for three hours. After the first hour, she placed a drop of the tea from each cup on a separate microscope slide and counted the number of bacteria in the drop. Valentina repeated this with each cup of tea after the second hour, and again after the third hour. Hint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure. Figure: using a microscope to count bacteria on a slide.	closed choice	grade6	natural science	science-and-engineering-practices	Designing experiments	Identify independent and dependent variables	Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant. In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others. The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.
Not supported with pagination yet	Answer the riddle. I smell good. I can come in many colors. I grow in a garden. What am I?	[ "a flower", "a bird" ]	00		closed choice	grade1	language science	vocabulary	Comprehension strategies	What am I?		A flower smells good. A flower can come in many colors. A flower grows in a garden.
	Complete the sentence. The mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().	[ "KRT13 gene . . . keratin protein", "keratin protein . . . KRT13 gene" ]	00	The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Keratins are strong proteins that provide structure and protection for many tissues in the human body. For example, the tissue on the inside of the mouth, called epithelium (ep-i-THEEL-i-um), is protected by a tough layer made of many types of keratin proteins connected together. One type of keratin protein is encoded by the KRT13 gene. A certain person had a mutation in the KRT13 gene. Compared to the KRT13 gene without a mutation, the mutated KRT13 gene encoded a form of the keratin protein with a different structure. This different form of the keratin protein could not connect to other keratin proteins.The person with the mutation had mouth epithelium that was easily damaged by simple activities like eating and brushing teeth. Figure: strands of connected keratin proteins, seen through a high-powered microscope.	closed choice	grade6	natural science	biology	Genes to traits	Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms	An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins. A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene. The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function. An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.	A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes. So, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Most students who take the school's Advanced Computer Science class go on to major in computer science. Clearly, the course must be the reason why students major in computer science.	[ "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something", "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences", "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other" ]	22		closed choice	grade11	language science	writing-strategies	Developing and supporting arguments	Classify logical fallacies	A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy \| Description ad hominem \| an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature \| an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy \| an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning \| an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association \| an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy \| Description false causation \| the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy \| an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization \| a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy \| the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man \| a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against	The text argues that the school's Advanced Computer Science class is the reason students choose to major in computer science. The text states that most of the students who take that class continue on with the major. However, the class isn't necessarily the reason they do so. For example, the students who take the advanced class may already be interested in majoring in computer science. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.
	Which country is highlighted?	[ "the Dominican Republic", "Saint Lucia", "Grenada", "Dominica" ]	33		closed choice	grade7	social science	geography	The Americas: geography	Identify and select countries of the Caribbean		This country is Dominica.
	What is the capital of Nevada?	[ "Carson City", "Reno", "Las Vegas", "Cheyenne" ]	00		closed choice	grade4	social science	geography	State capitals	Identify state capitals of the West		Carson City is the capital of Nevada.
	Which continent is highlighted?	[ "Europe", "Africa", "Asia", "North America" ]	11		closed choice	grade5	social science	geography	Oceans and continents	Identify oceans and continents	A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.	This continent is Africa.
	Select the fish below.	[ "goldfish", "European green toad" ]	00	Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is an example of a fish.	closed choice	grade3	natural science	biology	Classification	Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians	Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.	A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. Toads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. Goldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China.
Not supported with pagination yet	What kind of sentence is this? How does the new mayor intend to fulfill his campaign promise to bring new jobs to the city?	[ "declarative", "interrogative", "imperative" ]	11		closed choice	grade9	language science	punctuation	Sentences, fragments, and run-ons	Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?	There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!	The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.
	Which of these states is farthest east?	[ "Ohio", "New Jersey", "Kansas", "South Carolina" ]	11		closed choice	grade2	social science	geography	Geography	Read a map: cardinal directions	Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.	To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Jersey is farthest east.
	Which country is highlighted?	[ "Barbados", "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Jamaica", "Antigua and Barbuda" ]	33		closed choice	grade6	social science	geography	The Americas: geography	Identify and select countries of the Caribbean		This country is Antigua and Barbuda.
Not supported with pagination yet	What information supports the conclusion that Kaylee inherited this trait?	[ "Kaylee's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Kaylee.", "Kaylee and her mother both wear their hair in braids." ]	00	Read the description of a trait. Kaylee has red hair.	closed choice	grade3	natural science	biology	Heredity	Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement	Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.
	What is the capital of Washington?	[ "Orlando", "Spokane", "Seattle", "Olympia" ]	33		closed choice	grade3	social science	geography	State capitals	Identify state capitals of the West		Olympia is the capital of Washington.
Not supported with pagination yet	Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Where Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.	[ "weather", "climate" ]	11	Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.	closed choice	grade3	natural science	earth-science	Weather and climate	What's the difference between weather and climate?	The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.	Read the text carefully. Where Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year. This passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Nicole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.
	Is the helium in balloons a solid, a liquid, or a gas?	[ "a gas", "a liquid", "a solid" ]	00		closed choice	grade4	natural science	physics	States of matter	Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases	Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.	The helium in balloons is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The helium in balloons expands to fill all the space inside the balloons. If a balloon pops, the helium will expand to fill a much larger space.
Not supported with pagination yet	Assume all other forces on Kimi are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Kimi?	[ "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi.", "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Kimi." ]	00	Kimi is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Kimi with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Kimi with a force of 1,200N.	closed choice	grade7	natural science	physics	Velocity, acceleration, and forces	Balanced and unbalanced forces	A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.	To determine if there is a net force on Kimi, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Kimi down with a force of 600 N. The seat of the cart is pushing Kimi up with a force of 1,200 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi.
	Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?	[ "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.", "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.", "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs." ]	11	The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.	closed choice	grade6	natural science	physics	Velocity, acceleration, and forces	Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces	Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.	The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them. Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.
	What is the capital of Texas?	[ "Dallas", "Austin", "Houston", "Jefferson City" ]	11		closed choice	grade3	social science	geography	State capitals	Identify state capitals of the Southeast		Austin is the capital of Texas.
	Select the mammal below.	[ "rabbit", "red-eyed tree frog" ]	00	Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A kangaroo is an example of a mammal.	closed choice	grade2	natural science	biology	Classification	Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians	Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.	A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.
	Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?	[ "weather", "climate" ]	00	Figure: Croatia. It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast. Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.	closed choice	grade4	natural science	earth-science	Weather and climate	Weather and climate around the world	The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.	Read the passage carefully. It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast. This passage tells you about yesterday's cloud cover on the coast of Croatia. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.
Not supported with pagination yet	What do these two changes have in common? baking cookies rust forming on a metal gate	[ "Both are caused by cooling.", "Both are caused by heating.", "Both are only physical changes.", "Both are chemical changes." ]	33		closed choice	grade3	natural science	chemistry	Physical and chemical change	Compare physical and chemical changes	Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.	Step 1: Think about each change. Baking cookies is a chemical change. Cookies are made from cookie dough. Baking turns the cookie dough into cookies. The cookies are a different type of matter than the dough. Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Baking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I don't give tests to my students because good students will study the material regardless, and bad students won't study the material even for a test.	[ "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other", "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist", "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something" ]	11		closed choice	grade11	language science	writing-strategies	Developing and supporting arguments	Classify logical fallacies	A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy \| Description ad hominem \| an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature \| an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy \| an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning \| an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association \| an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy \| Description false causation \| the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy \| an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization \| a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy \| the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man \| a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against	The text argues that there are two types of students: good students who will study without the incentive of a test, and bad students who won't study even with the incentive of the test. However, this argument artificially restricts the types of students to just two extremes. For example, there may be some students who would study if they had a test, but who wouldn't study if they didn't have a test. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.
	Which state is highlighted?	[ "Ohio", "Indiana", "Michigan", "Iowa" ]	00		closed choice	grade5	social science	geography	States	Identify states of the Midwest		This state is Ohio.
Not supported with pagination yet	Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Dale.	[ "decreased", "stayed the same", "increased" ]	00	Read the text about an object in motion. Kimi dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Dale, who was standing below the balcony.	closed choice	grade6	natural science	physics	Kinetic and potential energy	Identify changes in gravitational potential energy	Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... \| Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases \| increases decreases \| decreases stays the same \| stays the same	Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed. Dale was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Dale, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Dale.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which type of sentence is this? Joel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.	[ "simple", "compound", "complex", "compound-complex" ]	00		closed choice	grade8	language science	grammar	Phrases and clauses	Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?	A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.	The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause. Joel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.
	Is chocolate syrup a solid, a liquid, or a gas?	[ "a gas", "a liquid", "a solid" ]	11		closed choice	grade3	natural science	physics	States of matter	Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas	Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.	Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.
	Which country is highlighted?	[ "Antigua and Barbuda", "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Grenada", "Saint Lucia" ]	11		closed choice	grade7	social science	geography	The Americas: geography	Identify and select countries of the Caribbean		This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.
	Which continent is highlighted?	[ "North America", "South America", "Antarctica", "Australia" ]	00		closed choice	grade3	social science	geography	Geography	Identify oceans and continents	A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.	This continent is North America.
	Which continent is highlighted?	[ "Africa", "South America", "North America", "Asia" ]	11		closed choice	grade5	social science	geography	Oceans and continents	Identify oceans and continents	A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.	This continent is South America.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? pad - poison	[ "president", "peach" ]	11		closed choice	grade2	language science	reference-skills	Reference skills	Use guide words	Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.	Put the words in alphabetical order. Since peach is between the guide words pad - poison, it would be found on that page.
	Which of these states is farthest west?	[ "Alabama", "Illinois", "South Carolina", "Connecticut" ]	11		closed choice	grade3	social science	geography	Geography	Read a map: cardinal directions	Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.	To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west.
	Which continent is highlighted?	[ "Asia", "Europe", "Australia", "North America" ]	11		closed choice	grade5	social science	geography	Oceans and continents	Identify oceans and continents	A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.	This continent is Europe.
	What is the direction of this push?	[ "away from the bulldozer", "toward the bulldozer" ]	00	A bulldozer clears a path for a new road. A force from the bulldozer pushes loose dirt out of the way.	closed choice	grade4	natural science	physics	Force and motion	Identify directions of forces	A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.	The bulldozer pushes the loose dirt. The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer.
Not supported with pagination yet	Which is a complete sentence?	[ "Amy is from Greenwood now she lives in Wildgrove.", "This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo." ]	11		closed choice	grade3	language science	writing-strategies	Sentences, fragments, and run-ons	Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?	A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.	This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo is a complete sentence. The subject is this book, and the verb is explains.

Not supported with pagination yet

What is the volume of a soda bottle cap?

[ "12 liters", "12 milliliters" ]

11

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.

The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 12 milliliters. 12 liters is too much.

Not supported with pagination yet

Based on this information, what is this cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?

[ "FF", "bumpy fruit" ]

00

In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for bumpy fruit, and the allele f is for smooth fruit. A certain cucumber plant from this group has bumpy fruit. This plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.

An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF.

Not supported with pagination yet

Select the vertebrate.

[ "giant octopus", "saturn butterfly", "earthworm", "robin" ]

33

Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify vertebrates and invertebrates

Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.

A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. An earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. Like other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. A robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which sentence states a fact?

[ "It is hard to understand Australian people's accents.", "Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere." ]

11

closed choice

grade8

social science

civics

Social studies skills

Identify facts and opinions

A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation. George Washington became president of the United States in 1789. This statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true. George Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a "better" president, so the statement cannot be proved.

The second sentence states a fact. Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere. It can be proved by finding Australia on a globe. The first sentence states an opinion. It is hard to understand Australian people's accents. Hard shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an accent hard to understand.

Not supported with pagination yet

Is picking apples a good or a service?

[ "a good", "a service" ]

11

closed choice

grade2

social science

economics

Economics

Goods and services

Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.

To decide whether picking apples is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is picking apples something you can touch? No. Is picking apples a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes. So, picking apples is a service.

What is the name of the colony shown?

[ "Virginia", "Delaware", "Georgia", "West Virginia" ]

00

closed choice

grade8

social science

us-history

Colonial America

Identify the Thirteen Colonies

The colony is Virginia. The Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.

What is the capital of Louisiana?

[ "Atlanta", "Frankfort", "New Orleans", "Baton Rouge" ]

33

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.

Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?

[ "the number of bacteria in a drop of tea", "the amount of time that the tea sat on the desk" ]

00

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described. Every day at work, Valentina poured a large cup of tea that she drank throughout the morning. She wondered how much bacteria might be growing in her cup of tea as the morning went on. To find out, Valentina filled three identical cups with tea and placed them on her desk for three hours. After the first hour, she placed a drop of the tea from each cup on a separate microscope slide and counted the number of bacteria in the drop. Valentina repeated this with each cup of tea after the second hour, and again after the third hour. Hint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure. Figure: using a microscope to count bacteria on a slide.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify independent and dependent variables

Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant. In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others. The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.

Not supported with pagination yet

Answer the riddle. I smell good. I can come in many colors. I grow in a garden. What am I?

[ "a flower", "a bird" ]

00

closed choice

grade1

language science

vocabulary

Comprehension strategies

What am I?

A flower smells good. A flower can come in many colors. A flower grows in a garden.

Complete the sentence. The mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().

[ "KRT13 gene . . . keratin protein", "keratin protein . . . KRT13 gene" ]

00

The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Keratins are strong proteins that provide structure and protection for many tissues in the human body. For example, the tissue on the inside of the mouth, called epithelium (ep-i-THEEL-i-um), is protected by a tough layer made of many types of keratin proteins connected together. One type of keratin protein is encoded by the KRT13 gene. A certain person had a mutation in the KRT13 gene. Compared to the KRT13 gene without a mutation, the mutated KRT13 gene encoded a form of the keratin protein with a different structure. This different form of the keratin protein could not connect to other keratin proteins.The person with the mutation had mouth epithelium that was easily damaged by simple activities like eating and brushing teeth. Figure: strands of connected keratin proteins, seen through a high-powered microscope.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms

An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins. A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene. The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function. An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.

A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes. So, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Most students who take the school's Advanced Computer Science class go on to major in computer science. Clearly, the course must be the reason why students major in computer science.

[ "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something", "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences", "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other" ]

22

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Classify logical fallacies

A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against

The text argues that the school's Advanced Computer Science class is the reason students choose to major in computer science. The text states that most of the students who take that class continue on with the major. However, the class isn't necessarily the reason they do so. For example, the students who take the advanced class may already be interested in majoring in computer science. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.

Which country is highlighted?

[ "the Dominican Republic", "Saint Lucia", "Grenada", "Dominica" ]

33

closed choice

grade7

social science

geography

The Americas: geography

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

This country is Dominica.

What is the capital of Nevada?

[ "Carson City", "Reno", "Las Vegas", "Cheyenne" ]

00

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Carson City is the capital of Nevada.

Which continent is highlighted?

[ "Europe", "Africa", "Asia", "North America" ]

11

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Oceans and continents

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

This continent is Africa.

Select the fish below.

[ "goldfish", "European green toad" ]

00

Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is an example of a fish.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. Toads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. Goldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China.

Not supported with pagination yet

What kind of sentence is this? How does the new mayor intend to fulfill his campaign promise to bring new jobs to the city?

[ "declarative", "interrogative", "imperative" ]

11

closed choice

grade9

language science

punctuation

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?

There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!

The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.

Which of these states is farthest east?

[ "Ohio", "New Jersey", "Kansas", "South Carolina" ]

11

closed choice

grade2

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Jersey is farthest east.

Which country is highlighted?

[ "Barbados", "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Jamaica", "Antigua and Barbuda" ]

33

closed choice

grade6

social science

geography

The Americas: geography

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

This country is Antigua and Barbuda.

Not supported with pagination yet

What information supports the conclusion that Kaylee inherited this trait?

[ "Kaylee's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Kaylee.", "Kaylee and her mother both wear their hair in braids." ]

00

Read the description of a trait. Kaylee has red hair.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Heredity

Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement

Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.

What is the capital of Washington?

[ "Orlando", "Spokane", "Seattle", "Olympia" ]

33

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Olympia is the capital of Washington.

Not supported with pagination yet

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Where Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.

[ "weather", "climate" ]

11

Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

What's the difference between weather and climate?

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the text carefully. Where Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year. This passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Nicole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

Is the helium in balloons a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

[ "a gas", "a liquid", "a solid" ]

00

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

States of matter

Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.

The helium in balloons is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The helium in balloons expands to fill all the space inside the balloons. If a balloon pops, the helium will expand to fill a much larger space.

Not supported with pagination yet

Assume all other forces on Kimi are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Kimi?

[ "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi.", "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Kimi." ]

00

Kimi is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Kimi with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Kimi with a force of 1,200N.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Balanced and unbalanced forces

A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.

To determine if there is a net force on Kimi, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Kimi down with a force of 600 N. The seat of the cart is pushing Kimi up with a force of 1,200 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

[ "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.", "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.", "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs." ]

11

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.

The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them. Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

What is the capital of Texas?

[ "Dallas", "Austin", "Houston", "Jefferson City" ]

11

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Austin is the capital of Texas.

Select the mammal below.

[ "rabbit", "red-eyed tree frog" ]

00

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A kangaroo is an example of a mammal.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

[ "weather", "climate" ]

00

Figure: Croatia. It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast. Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

Weather and climate around the world

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the passage carefully. It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast. This passage tells you about yesterday's cloud cover on the coast of Croatia. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.

Not supported with pagination yet

What do these two changes have in common? baking cookies rust forming on a metal gate

[ "Both are caused by cooling.", "Both are caused by heating.", "Both are only physical changes.", "Both are chemical changes." ]

33

closed choice

grade3

natural science

chemistry

Physical and chemical change

Compare physical and chemical changes

Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.

Step 1: Think about each change. Baking cookies is a chemical change. Cookies are made from cookie dough. Baking turns the cookie dough into cookies. The cookies are a different type of matter than the dough. Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Baking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I don't give tests to my students because good students will study the material regardless, and bad students won't study the material even for a test.

[ "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other", "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist", "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something" ]

11

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Classify logical fallacies

A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against

The text argues that there are two types of students: good students who will study without the incentive of a test, and bad students who won't study even with the incentive of the test. However, this argument artificially restricts the types of students to just two extremes. For example, there may be some students who would study if they had a test, but who wouldn't study if they didn't have a test. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

Which state is highlighted?

[ "Ohio", "Indiana", "Michigan", "Iowa" ]

00

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

States

Identify states of the Midwest

This state is Ohio.

Not supported with pagination yet

Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Dale.

[ "decreased", "stayed the same", "increased" ]

00

Read the text about an object in motion. Kimi dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Dale, who was standing below the balcony.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

physics

Kinetic and potential energy

Identify changes in gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases | increases decreases | decreases stays the same | stays the same

Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed. Dale was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Dale, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Dale.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which type of sentence is this? Joel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.

[ "simple", "compound", "complex", "compound-complex" ]

00

closed choice

grade8

language science

grammar

Phrases and clauses

Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?

A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.

The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause. Joel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.

Is chocolate syrup a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

[ "a gas", "a liquid", "a solid" ]

11

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

States of matter

Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.

Which country is highlighted?

[ "Antigua and Barbuda", "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Grenada", "Saint Lucia" ]

11

closed choice

grade7

social science

geography

The Americas: geography

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Which continent is highlighted?

[ "North America", "South America", "Antarctica", "Australia" ]

00

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.

This continent is North America.

Which continent is highlighted?

[ "Africa", "South America", "North America", "Asia" ]

11

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Oceans and continents

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

This continent is South America.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? pad - poison

[ "president", "peach" ]

11

closed choice

grade2

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since peach is between the guide words pad - poison, it would be found on that page.

Which of these states is farthest west?

[ "Alabama", "Illinois", "South Carolina", "Connecticut" ]

11

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west.

Which continent is highlighted?

[ "Asia", "Europe", "Australia", "North America" ]

11

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Oceans and continents

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

This continent is Europe.

What is the direction of this push?

[ "away from the bulldozer", "toward the bulldozer" ]

00

A bulldozer clears a path for a new road. A force from the bulldozer pushes loose dirt out of the way.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Force and motion

Identify directions of forces

A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.

The bulldozer pushes the loose dirt. The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer.

Not supported with pagination yet

Which is a complete sentence?

[ "Amy is from Greenwood now she lives in Wildgrove.", "This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo." ]

11

closed choice

grade3

language science

writing-strategies

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?

A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.

This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo is a complete sentence. The subject is this book, and the verb is explains.