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A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-0 | A Day at the Races is the fifth studio album by the British rock band Queen, released on 10 December 1976 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. Recorded at The Manor, Sarm East, and Wessex Sound Studios in England, it was the band's first completely self-produced album, and the first completed without the involvement of producer Roy Thomas Baker; engineering duties were handled by Mike Stone. It serves as a companion to Queen's previous album, A Night at the Opera, with both taking their names from Marx Brothers films and having similar packaging and eclectic musical themes.
The album reached the top of the charts in the UK, Japan, and the Netherlands. It reached number five on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart and was Queen's third album to ship gold in the US, subsequently reaching platinum status in the country. In 2006, a listener poll conducted by BBC Radio 2 saw A Day at the Races voted the 67th greatest album of all time.
Background
On 25 April 1976, the band settled back in London after a four-leg, six-month, and exhaustive tour of their highly successful album, A Night At The Opera, recorded during the oppressive summer of 1975. The band had decided to take a two-month hiatus. They only occasionally did business-related activities (like filming the promotional video for You're My Best Friend in late April). During June, the band was beginning to plan out the recording sessions for the album, visiting recording studios around Greater London to determine where they would produce the album. On 15 June, Roger Taylor and John Deacon visited Sweet Silence Studios in Denmark. The studio was completed only two months prior. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-1 | After Taylor and Deacon returned from Denmark, rehearsals began on 17 June at Ridge Farm Studio, where the band had rehearsed for their previous album in July 1975. Due to equipment issues during the first week, the band hired Pete Cornish on 25 June to assist in equipment maintenance. Cornish and the band had previous involvement, as his company had helped repair and construct new equipment for the band in January 1972.
Recording and production
Queen entered The Manor in Oxfordshire on 12 July to commence work on A Day At The Races. Absent was Roy Thomas Baker, who had helped the band produce their last four albums. This was because of a four-album contract he had signed with the band in 1972. This contract had expired after the release of the band's fourth album, and the band had decided to record the album by themselves, with the assistance of engineers Mike Stone and Gary Langan. Baker would travel to America to produce more material after signing a contract with CBS Records. On 19 July, May's 29th birthday, (according to a letter written for the fan club around this time) while the band were recording in The Manor, the band were mailed items related to penguins. A giant penguin ice maker was also shipped to the band. These items were mailed to the band because of May's interest in penguins. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-2 | On 21 July, Crystal Taylor, one of the band's roadies, who would later become Roger's personal assistant, arrived at The Manor to provide assistance with equipment and observe the session. He originally planned to stay a week, but on 28 July, the band asked him to stay another week. Around this date, work began to relax as the band had finished 6 songs. Those songs were "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "The Millionaire Waltz", "You Take My Breath Away", "White Man" (then titled "Simple Man"), "Drowse", and a shorter version of "Somebody To Love". As August entered, the band worked on the remaining songs of the album, and finished a longer version of "Somebody To Love". Work was still relaxed though, and the band would sometimes play billiards or card games during productive days. During a game of billiards on 8 August, between Roger and Crystal Taylor, Roger asked Crystal to be his personal roadie, to which Crystal accepted.
The band had booked to play two concerts on 20 and 21 August at the Playhouse Theatre in Edinburgh, and the band said to Melody Maker they would be debuting new material during those concerts. The band eventually cancelled those concerts since the songs they wanted to debut weren't finished, and instead did a mini-tour of the country during September. The band had at least the backing tracks of "Tie Your Mother Down" (likely the overdubbed product), "Long Away", "You And I," and "Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)" recorded by 24 August, including the previously recorded material, before the band began to rehearse for their summer mini-tour the following day. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-3 | The summer tour made its start in Edinburgh, where "Tie Your Mother Down", and "You Take My Breath Away" were debuted to the audience. During the summer tour, the band moved production into Sarm East Studios and worked there in between concerts sporadically (attending approximately nine sessions) between 5 and 16 September to overdub onto the recorded backing tracks. It was during this period that predominantly guitar overdubs would be added onto "The Millionaire Waltz", which still wouldn't be finished after the end of the stint. Most of the songs that were initially recorded in July were finished off during this time, and the rest of the songs recorded in August that weren't performed live were put off until work on the album properly resumed.
Work on the album resumed on 20 September at Sarm. During this period in the album's production, the band started overdubbing what was left, and rough mixing some of the finished tracks. On 23 September, the band published a thank you message in the music press to their fans regarding their warm response to their concert at Hyde Park on 18 September (the final date of the summer tour). "Tie Your Mother Down" is mostly mixed on 26 September, and a mix of "Long Away" is worked on during the same day. The band completed a preliminary mix of "Somebody To Love" on 29 September. Work continued to be relatively sporadic for the next few weeks though. The band attended a party held by Aerosmith in London on 6 October. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-4 | The band turned their attention to the lead single during mid-October, which was scheduled to be released in three weeks. They mixed the single from 18 to 24 October. "Somebody To Love", which was recorded in two separate parts, was mixed first. Parts 1 and 2 were fused together and completed on 22 October. They then turned their attention to "White Man", which was mostly mixed on 23 October and finished on 24 October. The band then moved to Wessex Sound Studios on 25 October to begin mixing the rest of the album. On 26 October, "Long Away" and "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy" were mixed. On 28 October, while mixing tracks off of the album, the band were taken into a different room at Wessex to partake in a photoshoot. The photos from this shoot would end up on the inner sleeve of the album.
Pressure to complete the album was becoming more apparent, as the due date was coming close. After a day off at the end of the month, work immediately resumed. On 1 November, "You Take My Breath Away" was mixed, and finished off the following day. A tape of the still unfinished album was created on 5 November, with a different track-list and a lot of chatter and studio noise clearly not mixed out of some songs yet. "Teo Torriatte" wasn't even completed at this point, with some crucial overdubs still in need of being added. On 9 November, "Long Away", "Drowse", and "Tie Your Mother Down" were fully mixed at Wessex. These songs had been worked on during the previous three days. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-5 | On 16 November, "The Millionaire Waltz" and "You And I" were mixed at Wessex. On 17 and 18 November, "Teo Torriatte" was mixed at Wessex, and the album was mastered on 19 November, officially completing it. A pressing of the album was played to fans and music press at Advision Studios on 26 November. The album took approximately 16 weeks in total to record, the longest time the band had spent recording an album as of the time of its release.
Songs
Side one
"Tie Your Mother Down"
"Tie Your Mother Down" was written by Brian May in Tenerife in early 1968, two years before the formation of Queen. At the time, he was working on his PhD in Astronomy. He wrote the song on Spanish guitar and thought he'd change the title and chorus later on, but when he brought it to the band for inclusion on this album, Freddie Mercury liked the original and it was kept the way it was written.
The song is preceded by an instrumental introduction consisting of a multi-tracked guitar part, reminiscent of the song "White Man", followed by a Shepard tone figure, which is reprised at the end of "Teo Torriatte" to create a "circle" in the album. The ascending scale of the second part of the intro was created by reversing a recording of a descending scale played on a harmonium.
The main bulk of the song can be described as heavy blues rock, featuring aggressive vocals by lead singer Mercury, as well as a slide guitar solo by May, who provided most of the backing vocals. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-6 | A music video was made for the song, directed by Bruce Gowers and based on a performance clip shot at Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, New York, in February 1977 during the band's US arena headlining tour. After its release in 1976, the song was played by Queen on every subsequent tour.
"You Take My Breath Away"
"You Take My Breath Away" was written by Mercury and based on the harmonic minor scale. He performed it by himself at Hyde Park before recording it, and all of the vocals in the version of the song on the album were performed by him, as was the piano part.
Unusual for Queen, Mercury's lead vocals were triple-tracked to achieve "a solo vocal that could hold its own against the chorus."
There is a vocal interlude between this song and the next in which a wash of vocals consisting of a loop of a multi-tracked Mercury repeating the words "take my breath" steadily increases in volume until it resolves into the echoed phrase "take my breath away" and fades out.
"Long Away"
"Long Away" was composed and sung by May. He used a Burns Double Six 12-string electric guitar for the rhythm parts, instead of his Red Special; he had wanted to use a Rickenbacker because he admired John Lennon, but did not get along well with the thin neck of the instrument. The song was released as a single in the US, Canada, and New Zealand, but failed to chart anywhere. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-7 | "The Millionaire Waltz" "The Millionaire Waltz" was written by Mercury about John Reid (Queen and Elton John's manager at the time). Like "Bohemian Rhapsody", it is a multi-key and multi-metre song and features abrupt arrangement changes and May doing multi-tracked guitar choirs. Partway through, this 3/4 waltz is interrupted by a short 12/8 hard rock segment. It is a noteworthy example of John Deacon's "lead bass" playing, which can be heard quite prominently early in the song, when only Deacon and Mercury are playing (bass guitar and piano/vocals, respectively).
"You and I"
"You and I" is the only song on the album written by Deacon. It is in the key of D major, is mainly piano-driven, and features Deacon on acoustic guitar. The song was featured as the B-side for "Tie Your Mother Down", but was never played live.
Side two
"Somebody to Love"
"Somebody to Love" was written by Mercury. The song was inspired by gospel music, especially that of Aretha Franklin, and Mercury, May and Taylor all multi-tracked their voices to achieve the impression of a 100-voice gospel choir. Mercury's vocal part features a wide range of notes, going from an A2 (in the last choral verse) to a falsetto A5 (at the peak of his melisma on "ooh" over the choir break). Staying true to Queen's guitar-driven style, the track was also filled with intricate harmony parts and a solo by May.
The song was the biggest hit single from the album. It went to number two on the UK charts (kept from the number one spot by "Under the Moon of Love" by Showaddywaddy) and number 13 on the US singles chart. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-8 | "White Man" "White Man" was written by May about the suffering of Native Americans at the hands of European immigrants during the colonial period, taking the viewpoint of native peoples. It is one of Queen's heaviest works, thematically and musically.
The song featured a notable vocal solo by Mercury on the A Day at the Races Tour, and both a vocal solo by Mercury and a guitar solo by May on the 1977–78 News of the World tour. On the later Return of the Champions (2005) and Rock The Cosmos (2008) Tours, the riff to "White Man" was used as an introduction to "Fat Bottomed Girls".
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy" was written by Mercury. It starts with a piano and vocal introduction by Mercury, and the bass and drums join in at the start of the chorus. Part of the bridge of the song is sung by Mike Stone (the lines: "Hey boy where'd you get it from? Hey boy where did you go?"). The recording is enhanced by multi-tracked vocals, as well as May's guitar choirs.
The song was performed live on Top of the Pops in June 1977, with Taylor singing Stone's part. Most of the track was a concert staple on the band's A Day at the Races Tour and News of the World Tour. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-9 | "Drowse" "Drowse" is the only song on the album written by Roger Taylor, who, in addition to playing the drums, did all of the vocals and played rhythm guitar; May played the slide guitar. Like "I'm In Love With My Car", Taylor's song on the previous album, "Drowse" is in 6/8.
The song has never been performed live, but it was rehearsed by Queen + Adam Lambert before their Rock Big Ben Live concert. It made an appearance on both the standard and deluxe editions of Queen Forever.
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)" was May's tribute to the band's Japanese fans, and was performed live in Tokyo during the Jazz Tour in 1979, and again when the band visited Japan during The Game and Hot Space tours in 1981 and 1982, respectively. It has two choruses sung in Japanese, making it one of only three Queen songs in which an entire verse or chorus is sung in a language other than English (the others being "Mustapha", from Jazz and "Las Palabras de Amor" from Hot Space). The song features a piano, a plastic piano, and a harmonium, all of which are played by May.
The harmonium melody that ends the song is a longer reprise of the second part of the introduction to "Tie Your Mother Down", the first track on the album. May described it as "a never-ending staircase", otherwise commonly known, especially in music, as a Shepard tone. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-10 | Singles In the UK, the first track from the album to be released as a single was "Somebody to Love", on 12 November 1976 (EMI 2565); it reached number two. "Tie Your Mother Down" followed on 4 March 1977 (EMI 2593), reaching number 31, and "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy" on 20 May 1977, reaching number 17.
In the US, "Somebody to Love" was released on 10 December 1976 (Elektra E45362) and reached number 13. It was followed by "Tie Your Mother Down" (Elektra E45385) in March 1977, which reached number 49. Both of these were released in Japan, as was "Teo Torriatte", which was not released as a single in any other territory.
Tour
Reception and legacy
The album garnered mixed reviews from contemporary critics. The Washington Post described it as "a judicious blend of heavy metal rockers and classically influenced, almost operatic, torch songs." The Winnipeg Free Press was also appreciative, writing: "Races is a reconfirmation of Queen's position as the best of the third wave of English rock groups." Circus gave the album a mixed review, writing: "With A Day at the Races, they've deserted art-rock entirely. They're silly now. And wondrously shameless."
However, retrospective reviews have been positive and more appreciative of the album. Greg Kot, reviewing for Chicago Tribune gave the album a very positive rating that matched the exact rating of the previous album, and commented how he considers this album as a part of the band's artistic peak alongside A Night At The Opera. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-11 | In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited "Tie Your Mother Down" and "Somebody to Love", along with ballad "You Take My Breath Away", as the best tracks on the album, and said the album marked a point where Queen "entered a new phase, where they're globe-conquering titans instead of underdogs on the make". Q magazine wrote that "the breadth of its ambition remains ever impressive, as do tracks such as May's stomping 'Tie Your Mother Down' and Mercury's baroque one-two, 'Somebody To Love' and 'Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy'." Ben Sisario, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), found the album "a little too predictable" and called it "a quickie sequel to Opera." Similarly, AJ Ramirez, writing for PopMatters, described the album as "a comparative comedown" and "a good but not stupendous record", while acknowledging the band were "now firmly in command of the mechanics of pop songcraft", which had yielded them more singles than any previous album.
In 2006, a listener poll conducted by BBC Radio 2 saw A Day at the Races voted the 67th greatest album of all time. The same year, in a worldwide Guinness and NME poll to find the "Greatest 100 Albums of All Time", the album was voted number 87. It was also featured in Classic Rock and Metal Hammer's "The 200 Greatest Albums of the 70s", being listed as one of the 20 greatest albums of 1976. Out ranked it No. 20 of 100 in a poll of "more than 100 actors, comedians, musicians, writers, critics, performance artists, label reps, and DJs, asking each to list the 10 albums that left the most indelible impressions on their lives." In the 1987 edition of The World Critics List, the BBC's Peter Powell ranked A Day at the Races the 6th greatest album of all time, and Jim DeRogatis of the Chicago Sun-Times included the record in his "The Great Albums" in 2006. |
A Day at the Races (album) | 718823-12 | Reissues The album was reissued as part of the Hollywood Records remasters in 1991. It was also reissued by Parlophone in various European countries in 1993, remastered and sometimes with an altered track listing and timings (due to the placement of the beginning of "Tie Your Mother Down" in its own track, titled "Intro"). In 1996, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab issued a remaster of the album in the United States on both CD (numbered UDCD 668) and vinyl (numbered MFSL-1-256).
On 8 November 2010, record company Universal Music announced a remastered and expanded reissue of the album set for release in May 2011. This was part of a new record deal between Queen and Universal Music, which marked the end of Queen's almost 40-year association with EMI Records. All of the band's albums were remastered and reissued by Universal in 2011.
Track listing
Original release
All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.
Universal Music reissue (2011)
iTunes deluxe edition (2011)
Personnel
Information is based on Queen's Complete Works and on the album's liner notes.Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album.
Queen
Freddie Mercury – lead vocals , backing vocals , gospel choir vocals , piano
Brian May – electric guitar , slide guitar , guitar orchestration , harmonium , piano , backing vocals , gospel choir vocals , lead vocals , acoustic guitar
Roger Taylor – drums , percussion , timpani , rhythm electric guitar , backing vocals , gospel choir vocals , lead vocals
John Deacon – bass guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals
Additional personnel
Mike Stone – additional vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts |
2023 WNBA draft | 71884894-0 | The 2023 WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) Draft, the WNBA's draft for the 2023 WNBA season and 28th draft in WNBA history, was held following the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The 2023 draft took place at Spring Studios New York on April 10, 2023. It was exclusively televised on ESPN in the United States and on TSN3/5 in Canada at 7:00 p.m. EDT.
Draft lottery
The lottery selection to determine the order of the top four picks in the 2023 draft took place on November 11, 2022, and was televised on ESPN leading into ESPN's women's college basketball game that evening featuring defending National Champion South Carolina at Maryland. The four non-playoff teams in 2022 qualified from the lottery drawing: Indiana Fever, Atlanta Dream, Los Angeles Sparks, and the Minnesota Lynx. The Sparks made a trade in February 2022 that allowed their pick to ultimately end up with the Washington Mystics at the time of the drawing. Each team had a representative at the lottery drawing - Kelsey Mitchell for the Fever, Head Coach Tanisha Wright for the Dream, Natasha Cloud for the Mystics, and Napheesa Collier for the Lynx. The Fever won the lottery for the first time in franchise history and were awarded the top pick in the draft. The rest of the order went as the following: Lynx, Dream, and Mystics. |
2023 WNBA draft | 71884894-1 | Lottery chances The lottery odds were based on combined records from the 2021 and 2022 WNBA seasons. In the drawing, 14 balls numbered 1–14 are placed in a lottery machine and mixed. Four balls are drawn to determine a four-digit combination (only 11–12–13–14 is ignored and redrawn). The team to which that four-ball combination is assigned receives the No. 1 pick. The four balls are then placed back into the machine and the process is repeated to determine the second pick. The two teams whose numerical combinations do not come up in the lottery will select in the inverse order of their two-year cumulative record. Ernst & Young knows the discreet results before they are announced.
The order of selection for the remainder of the first round as well as the second and third rounds was determined by inverse order of the teams' respective regular-season records solely from 2022.
Eligibility
Under the current collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the WNBA and its players' union, draft eligibility for players not defined as "international" requires the following to be true:
The player's 22nd birthday falls during the calendar year of the draft. For this draft, the cutoff birth date is December 31, 2001.
She has either:
completed her college eligibility;
received a bachelor's degree, or is scheduled to receive such in the 3 months following the draft; or
is at least 4 years removed from high school graduation.
A player who is scheduled to receive her bachelor's degree within 3 months of the draft date, and is younger than the cutoff age, is only eligible if the calendar year of the draft is no earlier than the fourth after her high school graduation. |
2023 WNBA draft | 71884894-2 | Players with remaining college eligibility who meet the cutoff age must notify the WNBA headquarters of their intent to enter the draft no later than 10 days before the draft date, and must renounce any remaining college eligibility to do so. A separate notification timetable is provided for players involved in postseason tournaments (most notably the NCAA Division I tournament); those players (normally) must declare for the draft within 24 hours of their final game.
"International players" are defined as those for whom all of the following is true:
Born and currently residing outside the U.S.
Never "exercised intercollegiate basketball eligibility" in the U.S.
For "international players", the eligibility age is 20, also measured on December 31 of the year of the draft.
Draft invitees
On April 7, 2023, the WNBA released the names of the players who would be invited to be in attendance at the draft.
Laeticia Amihere, South Carolina
Brea Beal, South Carolina
Grace Berger, Indiana
Aliyah Boston, South Carolina
Zia Cooke, South Carolina
Jordan Horston, Tennessee
Ashley Joens, Iowa State
Haley Jones, Stanford
Dorka Juhász, UConn
Lou Lopez Sénéchal, UConn
Taylor Mikesell, Ohio State
Diamond Miller, Maryland
Alexis Morris, LSU
Maddy Siegrist, Villanova
Stephanie Soares, Iowa State
Key
Draft
First round
Second round
Third round |
Sodium-calcium exchanger | 7188750-0 | The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, exchange protein, or NCX) is an antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells. It uses the energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+) by allowing Na+ to flow down its gradient across the plasma membrane in exchange for the countertransport of calcium ions (Ca2+). A single calcium ion is exported for the import of three sodium ions. The exchanger exists in many different cell types and animal species. The NCX is considered one of the most important cellular mechanisms for removing Ca2+.
The exchanger is usually found in the plasma membranes and the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of excitable cells. |
Sodium-calcium exchanger | 7188750-1 | Function The sodium–calcium exchanger is only one of the systems by which the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions in the cell is kept low. The exchanger does not bind very tightly to Ca2+ (has a low affinity), but it can transport the ions rapidly (has a high capacity), transporting up to five thousand Ca2+ ions per second. Therefore, it requires large concentrations of Ca2+ to be effective, but is useful for ridding the cell of large amounts of Ca2+ in a short time, as is needed in a neuron after an action potential. Thus, the exchanger also likely plays an important role in regaining the cell's normal calcium concentrations after an excitotoxic insult. Such a primary transporter of calcium ions is present in the plasma membrane of most animal cells. Another, more ubiquitous transmembrane pump that exports calcium from the cell is the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), which has a much higher affinity but a much lower capacity. Since the PMCA is capable of effectively binding to Ca2+ even when its concentrations are quite low, it is better suited to the task of maintaining the very low concentrations of calcium that are normally within a cell. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger complements the high affinity, low capacitance Ca2+-ATPase and together, they are involved in a variety of cellular functions including:
control of neurosecretion
activity of photoreceptor cells
cardiac muscle relaxation
maintenance of Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells
maintenance of Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of both excitable and nonexcitable cells
excitation-contraction coupling
maintenance of low Ca2+ concentration in the mitochondria |
Sodium-calcium exchanger | 7188750-2 | The exchanger is also implicated in the cardiac electrical conduction abnormality known as delayed afterdepolarization. It is thought that intracellular accumulation of Ca2+ causes the activation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The result is a brief influx of a net positive charge (remember 3 Na+ in, 1 Ca2+ out), thereby causing cellular depolarization. This abnormal cellular depolarization can lead to a cardiac arrhythmia.
Reversibility
Since the transport is electrogenic (alters the membrane potential), depolarization of the membrane can reverse the exchanger's direction if the cell is depolarized enough, as may occur in excitotoxicity. In addition, as with other transport proteins, the amount and direction of transport depends on transmembrane substrate gradients. This fact can be protective because increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that occur in excitotoxicity may activate the exchanger in the forward direction even in the presence of a lowered extracellular Na+ concentration. However, it also means that, when intracellular levels of Na+ rise beyond a critical point, the NCX begins importing Ca2+. The NCX may operate in both forward and reverse directions simultaneously in different areas of the cell, depending on the combined effects of Na+ and Ca2+ gradients. This effect may prolong calcium transients following bursts of neuronal activity, thus influencing neuronal information processing.
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac action potential |
Sodium-calcium exchanger | 7188750-3 | The ability for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to reverse direction of flow manifests itself during the cardiac action potential. Due to the delicate role that Ca2+ plays in the contraction of heart muscles, the cellular concentration of Ca2+ is carefully controlled. During the resting potential, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger takes advantage of the large extracellular Na+ concentration gradient to help pump Ca2+ out of the cell. In fact, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is in the Ca2+ efflux position most of the time. However, during the upstroke of the cardiac action potential there is a large influx of Na+ ions. This depolarizes the cell and shifts the membrane potential in the positive direction. What results is a large increase in intracellular [Na+]. This causes the reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to pump Na+ ions out of the cell and Ca2+ ions into the cell. However, this reversal of the exchanger lasts only momentarily due to the internal rise in [Ca2+] as a result of the influx of Ca2+ through the L-type calcium channel, and the exchanger returns to its forward direction of flow, pumping Ca2+ out of the cell.
While the exchanger normally works in the Ca2+ efflux position (with the exception of early in the action potential), certain conditions can abnormally switch the exchanger to the reverse (Ca2+ influx, Na+ efflux) position. Listed below are several cellular and pharmaceutical conditions in which this happens.
The internal [Na+] is higher than usual (like it is when digoxin and other cardiac glycoside medications block the Na+/K+-ATPase pump.)
The sarcoplasmic reticulum release of Ca2+ is inhibited.
Other Ca2+ influx channels are inhibited.
If the action potential duration is prolonged. |
Sodium-calcium exchanger | 7188750-4 | Structure Based on secondary structure and hydrophobicity predictions, NCX was initially predicted to have 9 transmembrane helices. The family is believed to have arisen from a gene duplication event, due to apparent pseudo-symmetry within the primary sequence of the transmembrane domain. Inserted between the pseudo-symmetric halves is a cytoplasmic loop containing regulatory domains. These regulatory domains have C2 domain like structures and are responsible for calcium regulation. Recently, the structure of an archaeal NCX ortholog has been solved by X-ray crystallography. This clearly illustrates a dimeric transporter of 10 transmembrane helices, with a diamond shaped site for substrate binding. Based on the structure and structural symmetry, a model for alternating access with ion competition at the active site was proposed. The structures of three related proton-calcium exchangers (CAX) have been solved from yeast and bacteria. While structurally and functionally homologus, these structures illustrate novel oligomeric structures, substrate coupling, and regulation.
History
In 1968, H Reuter and N Seitz published findings that, when Na+ is removed from the medium surrounding a cell, the efflux of Ca2+ is inhibited, and they proposed that there might be a mechanism for exchanging the two ions. In 1969, a group led by PF Baker that was experimenting using squid axons published a finding that proposed that there exists a means of Na+ exit from cells other than the sodium-potassium pump.
Digitalis, more commonly known as foxglove, is known to have a large effect on the Na/K ATPase, ultimately causing a more forceful contraction of the heart. The plant contains compounds that inhibit the sodium potassium pump which lowers the sodium electrochemical gradient. This makes the pumping of calcium out of the cell less efficient, which leads to a more forceful contraction of the heart. For individuals with weak hearts, it is sometimes provided to pump the heart with heavier contractile force. However, it can also cause hypertension because it increases the contractile force of the heart. |
Otto Wels | 718887-0 | Otto Wels (15 September 1873 – 16 September 1939) was a German politician who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1912 to 1933 and as the chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1919 until his death in 1939. He was military commander of Berlin in the turbulent early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and during the 1920 Kapp Putsch he was instrumental in organizing the general strike that helped defeat the anti-republican putschists. Near the end of the Weimar Republic's life, however, he saw the futility of calling a general strike against the 1932 Prussian coup d'état because of the mass unemployment of the Great Depression. |
Otto Wels | 718887-1 | His 1933 speech in the Reichstag in opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Enabling Act marked the end of the Weimar Republic prior to the Act becoming law. After Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Wels fled the country and established the SPD exile organization Sopade. He died in Paris in 1939, two weeks after the start of World War II.
Early life and career
Born in Berlin on 15 September 1873, Wels was the son of an innkeeper (Johann Wels and his wife Johanne). The restaurant, which served as a meeting place for early SPD supporters, exposed Wels to the workers' movement at a young age. In 1891 he began an apprenticeship as a paper hanger and joined the SPD. Around 1893, he married Bertha Antonie Reske, a seamstress. They had two sons, Walter and Hugo. In the early 1890s, he represented other workers in the Berlin Craftsmen's Chamber and was elected the first chairman of the local SPD branch. From 1895 to 1897 he performed his military service in the German Army, where he was harassed by officers due to his politics (he was not granted leave during his entire service period). On finishing his military service, he enrolled at the Workers' Educational Society in Berlin before returning to politics. He was unsuccessful in his re-election bid for SPD local chairman (District Five) but continued to campaign until he was elected a representative in the new SPD party organisation in 1901. |
Otto Wels | 718887-2 | From 1906 he worked as a trade union official and party secretary in the Province of Brandenburg and on the press committee of Vorwärts, the SPD's party newspaper. In 1912 he was elected to the Reichstag, and with the support of August Bebel, the chairman and one of the founders of the SPD, he joined the SPD executive committee the next year. His position on the committee allowed him to take a central role in the development of the SPD.
During the First World War, Wels supported Burgfriedenspolitik, the political truce between Germany's political parties under which the trade unions refrained from striking, the SPD voted for war credits and the parties agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war.
Weimar Republic
German Revolution
On 9 November 1918, the date of the proclamation of the republic in Germany, Wels spoke to the Naumburg rifle brigade at their request to explain the political situation following the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I. The brigade was one of the units considered especially loyal to Emperor Wilhelm II that had been brought into the city as reinforcements against revolutionary activity. Wels convinced the soldiers that to avoid a civil war they should not use their weapons. At the end of his speech, the brigade went over in a body to the side of the supporters of the German Revolution. Buoyed by his success, Wels spoke at other barracks so persuasively that he was credited with keeping the death toll that day to just fifteen. |
Otto Wels | 718887-3 | Also on 9 November, Wels became a member of the revolutionary Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Berlin. He advocated successfully for the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) – a more leftist and anti-war group that had broken away from the SPD in 1917 – to be represented equally with the SPD on the Council. The next day he was made military commander of Berlin.
Christmas crisis
The Volksmarinedivision was the revolution's main military unit in Berlin and as such under Wels' control. In December 1918, the Council of People's Deputies, Germany's temporary government, ordered the division to move outside Berlin and reduce the number of its soldiers. When they refused, Wels withheld their pay to force them to comply. During the week before Christmas, he attempted to negotiate with them, but when no progress was made, they detained and maltreated him. Assaults on the division's locations at the Berlin Palace and Neuer Marstall by regular troops loyal to the government – the 1918 Christmas crisis – failed to dislodge the mutineers. Negotiations led to a compromise under which the Volksmarinedivision, in exchange for receiving its back pay and remaining a unit, vacated the Palace and Marstall and freed Wels, who was forced to step down from his position as city commander. |
Otto Wels | 718887-4 | Crises of the republic After Friedrich Ebert of the SPD was elected German President on 11 February 1919, Wels acted as the party's presiding officer and was formally elected co-chairman with Hermann Müller on 14 June. From 6 February 1919 to 21 May 1920, Wels was a member of the Weimar National Assembly, Germany's interim parliament and constitutional convention, where he sat on the Committee for the Preliminary Consultation of the Draft Constitution of the German Reich. Following the completion of the Assembly's work, he was elected to the new Reichstag of the Weimar Republic.
During the 1920 Kapp Putsch, Wels and union leader Carl Legien led the general strike that was central to ending the putsch, and afterwards demanded the resignation of his party colleague Gustav Noske as Reichswehr minister. He played a key role in founding the paramilitary Iron Front and Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold in defence of Germany's parliamentary democracy against the rising extremist forces of the Nazi SA, Der Stahlhelm and the communist-led Rotfrontkämpferbund.
In 1923 Wels became a member of the executive board of the Labour and Socialist International.
After the 1930 Reichstag election, which saw the Nazi Party gain 95 seats, Wels advocated the toleration of the cabinet of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning even though Brüning was heading a presidential cabinet that bypassed the Reichstag and ruled by presidential decree. The SPD feared that if they voted for a no-confidence motion against Brüning there could be new elections that would strengthen the Nazi's position even more. |
Otto Wels | 718887-5 | In the July 1932 Prussian coup d'état, Chancellor Franz von Papen ousted the elected government of Prussia and took over control of Germany's largest state as Reich Commissioner, a move that was seen as a major blow to democracy in the Republic. Wels nevertheless argued against calling a general strike to oppose Papen. Because of the mass unemployment in Germany at the time, Wels thought that workers would not be able to force Papen to back down. Following the Reichstag election of November 1932 in which the Nazis lost seats, Wels rejected any negotiations with the new chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher.
Enabling Act
Wels had underestimated Adolf Hitler and was taken by surprise when President Paul von Hindenburg named him chancellor on 30 January 1933. The SPD saw the move as constitutional and called on its members to use restraint. Following the promulgation of the Reichstag Fire Decree on 28 February, Wels was threatened with arrest and fled with his family to Austria, but he returned in early March. The SPD by then saw that the proposed Enabling Act, which would give Hitler's cabinet the right to pass laws without the consent of the Reichstag for a period of four years, presented a mortal threat to the rule of law and the democratic constitution. When they decided to oppose it, Wels volunteered to give the speech against Hitler, saying "I will do it. (...) This is about the party and the honour of the party." |
Otto Wels | 718887-6 | ... German social democracy will draw new strength also from the latest persecutions.We greet the persecuted and the oppressed. We greet our friends in Germany. Your steadfastness and loyalty deserve admiration. The courage of your convictions and your unbroken optimism guarantee a brighter future.All 94 SPD members of the Reichstag who were present voted against the act. Using the powers of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Nazis had detained several SPD deputies, and others had already fled into exile. The Communists had been banned and so could not vote. The rest of the Reichstag voted in favour. Nazi intimidation had worked so well that even if all 120 SPD deputies had been present and voted against it, the Enabling Act would have still passed with the required two-thirds majority for a constitutional amendment. The passage of the Enabling Act marked the end of parliamentary democracy in Germany and formed the legal authority for Hitler's dictatorship. Within weeks of the passage of the Enabling Act, the Hitler government banned the SPD, and the other German political parties chose to dissolve to avoid persecution, making the Nazi Party the only legal political party in Germany. |
Otto Wels | 718887-7 | ... German social democracy will draw new strength also from the latest persecutions.We greet the persecuted and the oppressed. We greet our friends in Germany. Your steadfastness and loyalty deserve admiration. The courage of your convictions and your unbroken optimism guarantee a brighter future.All 94 SPD members of the Reichstag who were present voted against the act. Using the powers of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Nazis had detained several SPD deputies, and others had already fled into exile. The Communists had been banned and so could not vote. The rest of the Reichstag voted in favour. Nazi intimidation had worked so well that even if all 120 SPD deputies had been present and voted against it, the Enabling Act would have still passed with the required two-thirds majority for a constitutional amendment. The passage of the Enabling Act marked the end of parliamentary democracy in Germany and formed the legal authority for Hitler's dictatorship. Within weeks of the passage of the Enabling Act, the Hitler government banned the SPD, and the other German political parties chose to dissolve to avoid persecution, making the Nazi Party the only legal political party in Germany. |
Otto Wels | 718887-8 | ... German social democracy will draw new strength also from the latest persecutions.We greet the persecuted and the oppressed. We greet our friends in Germany. Your steadfastness and loyalty deserve admiration. The courage of your convictions and your unbroken optimism guarantee a brighter future.All 94 SPD members of the Reichstag who were present voted against the act. Using the powers of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Nazis had detained several SPD deputies, and others had already fled into exile. The Communists had been banned and so could not vote. The rest of the Reichstag voted in favour. Nazi intimidation had worked so well that even if all 120 SPD deputies had been present and voted against it, the Enabling Act would have still passed with the required two-thirds majority for a constitutional amendment. The passage of the Enabling Act marked the end of parliamentary democracy in Germany and formed the legal authority for Hitler's dictatorship. Within weeks of the passage of the Enabling Act, the Hitler government banned the SPD, and the other German political parties chose to dissolve to avoid persecution, making the Nazi Party the only legal political party in Germany. |
Wiggers diagram | 7188999-0 | A Wiggers diagram, named after its developer, Carl Wiggers, is a unique diagram that has been used in teaching cardiac physiology for more than a century. In the Wiggers diagram, the X-axis is used to plot time subdivided into the cardiac phases, while the Y-axis typically contains the following on a single grid:
Blood pressure
Aortic pressure
Ventricular pressure
Atrial pressure
Ventricular volume
Electrocardiogram
Arterial flow (optional)
Heart sounds (optional)
The Wiggers diagram clearly illustrates the coordinated variation of these values as the heart beats, assisting one in understanding the entire cardiac cycle.
Events
Note that during isovolumetric/isovolumic contraction and relaxation, all the heart valves are closed; at no time are all the heart valves open. *S3 and S4 heart sounds are associated with pathologies and are not routinely heard. |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-0 | In July 1941, 25 Polish academics from the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) along with the 25 of their family members were killed by Nazi German occupation forces. By targeting prominent citizens and intellectuals for elimination, the Nazis hoped to prevent anti-Nazi activity and to weaken the resolve of the Polish resistance movement. According to an eyewitness the executions were carried out by an Einsatzgruppe unit () under the command of Karl Eberhard Schöngarth with the participation of Ukrainian translators in German uniforms.
Background
Before September 1939 and the German invasion of Poland, Lwów, then in the Second Polish Republic, had 318,000 inhabitants of different ethnic groups and religions, 60% of whom were Poles, 30% Jews and about 10% Ukrainians and Germans. The city was one of the most important cultural centers of interwar Poland, housing five tertiary educational facilities, including Lwów University and Lwów Polytechnic. It was the home for many Polish and Polish Jewish intellectuals, political and cultural activists, scientists and members of Poland's interwar intelligentsia.
After Lwów was occupied by the Soviet Union in September 1939, Lwów University was renamed in honor of Ivan Franko, a major Ukrainian literary figure who lived in Lwów, and the language of instruction was changed from Polish to Ukrainian. Lwów was captured by German forces on 30 June 1941 after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Along with German Wehrmacht units, a number of Abwehr and SS formations entered the city. During the German occupation of Poland, almost all of the 120,000 Jewish inhabitants of the city were killed, within the city's ghetto or in Bełżec extermination camp. By the end of the war, only 200–800 Jews survived. |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-1 | To control the population, prominent citizens and intellectuals, particularly Jews and Poles, were either confined in ghettos or transported to execution sites such as the Gestapo prison on Pełczyńska Street, the Brygidki Prison, the former military prison at Zamarstynów and to the fields surrounding the city — in the suburb of Winniki, the Kortumówka hills and the Jewish Cemetery. Many of those killed were prominent leaders of Polish society: politicians, artists, aristocrats, sportsmen, scientists, priests, rabbis and other members of the intelligentsia. This mass murder is regarded as a pre-emptive measure to keep the Polish resistance scattered and to prevent Poles from revolting against Nazi rule. It was a direct continuation of the infamous German AB-Aktion in Poland, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the eastern half of prewar Poland fell under German occupation in place of that of the USSR. One of the earliest Nazi crimes in Lwów was the mass murder of Polish professors together with some of their relatives and guests, carried out at the beginning of July 1941.
Killings
By 2 July 1941, the individual, planned executions continued. At approximately 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Professor Kazimierz Bartel was arrested by one of the Einsatzgruppen operating in the area. During the night of 3/4 July, several dozen professors and their families were arrested by German detachments – each one consisting of an officer, several soldiers, Ukrainian guides and interpreters. The lists were prepared by their Ukrainian students associated with OUN. Some of the professors mentioned on the lists were already dead, specifically Adam Bednarski and Roman Leszczyński. Among those arrested was Roman Rencki, a director of the Clinic for Internal Diseases at Lwów University, who was kept in an NKVD prison and whose name was also on the list of Soviet prisoners sentenced to death.
The detainees were transported to the Abrahamowicz's dormitory, where despite the initial intention to kill them, they were tortured and interrogated. The head of the department in the Jewish hospital, Adam Ruff, was shot during an epileptic attack. |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-2 | In the early morning of 4 July, one of the professors and most of his servants were set free while the rest were either brought to the Wulka hills or shot to death in the courtyard of the Bursa Abrahamowiczów building. The victims were buried on the spot, but several days after the massacre their bodies were exhumed and transported by the Wehrmacht to an unknown place. There are accounts of four different methods used by the German troops. The victims were either beaten to death, killed with a bayonet, killed with a hammer, or shot to death. The professors themselves were shot to death.
Responsibility
The decision was made at the highest level of Nazi Germany's leadership. The direct decision maker of the massacre was the commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD- BdS) in Krakau District of the General Government, Karl Eberhard Schöngarth. The following Gestapo officers also participated: Walter Kutschmann, Felix Landau, Heinz Heim (Chief of Staff Schöngarth), Hans Krueger and Kurt Stawizki. None of them were ever punished for their roles in the Lwów massacre, albeit Schöngarth, Landau, and Krueger were punished for other crimes, with Schöngarth being executed in 1946. Kutschmann lived under a false identity in Argentina until January 1975, when he was found and exposed by journalist Alfredo Serra in the resort town of Miramar. He was arrested ten years later in Florida, Buenos Aires, by Interpol agents but died of a heart attack in jail before he could be extradited to then West Germany, on 30 August 1986. |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-3 | Some sources contend that members of the Ukrainian auxiliaries from the Nachtigall Battalion were responsible for the murders. According to the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, this claim originated with the Soviet sources and has been disputed. Memorial has published documents which claim to document the Nachtigall participation in those events as a KGB disinformation. Stanisław Bogaczewicz, of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance said that Nachtigall soldiers took part in the arrests, but not in the murders, and that their role in this event needs further investigation. Sociologist Tadeusz Piotrowski noted that while the Nachtigall role is disputed, they were present in the town during the events, their activities are not properly documented, and that at the very least they are guilty of the passive collaboration in this event, for not opposing the atrocities. According to a Lviv historian, Vasyl Rasevych, the claims that Ukrainians participated in the July 1941 massacre are untrue and that no archival evidence exists to support this contention.
Aftermath
After World War II the leadership of the Soviet Union made attempts to diminish the Polish cultural and historic legacy of Lwów. Crimes committed east of the Curzon line could not be prosecuted by Polish courts. Information on the atrocities that took place in Lwów was restricted. In 1960, Helena Krukowska, the widow of Włodzimierz Krukowski, launched an appeal to a court in Hamburg. After five years the West German court closed the judicial proceedings. A West German public prosecutor claimed the people responsible for the crime were already dead, however Hans Krueger, commander of the Gestapo unit supervising the massacres in Lwów in 1941, was being held in a Hamburg prison, having been sentenced to life imprisonment for the mass murder of Polish Jews of the Stanisławów Ghetto committed several weeks after his unit was transferred from Lwów. As a result, nobody has ever been held responsible for the killings of the academics. |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-4 | In the 1970s, Abrahamowicz Street in Lviv was renamed Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński Street. Various Polish organisations have made deputations to remember the victims of the atrocity with a monument or a symbolic grave in Lviv. The case of the murder of the professors is currently under investigation by the Institute of National Remembrance. In May 2009, the monument to the victims in Lviv was defaced with red paint bearing the words "Death to the Lachs [Poles]". On 3 July 2011, a memorial dedicated to the Polish professors murdered by the Gestapo on 4 July 1941 opened in Lviv.
Victims
Abbreviations used:
UJK = Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza (Lwów University, now Ivan Franko National University of Lviv)
PSP = Państwowy Szpital Powszechny (National Public Hospital)
PL = Politechnika Lwowska (Lwów Polytechnic, now Lviv Polytechnic National University)
AWL = Akademia Weterynaryjna we Lwowie (Academy of Veterinary Sciences in Lwów)
AHZ = Akademia Handlu Zagranicznego we Lwowie (Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów)
Murdered in the Wulka hills
Prof Dr Antoni Cieszyński, Professor of Stomatology UJK
Prof Dr Władysław Dobrzaniecki, head of the ord. Oddz. Chirurgii PSP
Prof Dr Jan Grek, Professor of Internal Medicine, UJK
Maria Grekowa, wife of Jan Grek
Doc Dr Jerzy Grzędzielski, head of the Institute of Ophthalmology, UJK
Prof Dr Edward Hamerski, Chief of Internal Medicine, AWL
Prof Dr Henryk Hilarowicz, Professor of Surgery, UJK
Rev Dr Władysław Komornicki, theologian, a relative of the Ostrowski family |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-5 | Eugeniusz Kostecki, husband of Prof. Dobrzaniecki's servant
Prof Dr Włodzimierz Krukowski, Chief of the Institute of Electrical Measurement, PL
Prof Dr Roman Longchamps de Bérier, Chief of the Institute of Civil Law, UJK
Bronisław Longchamps de Bérier, son of Prof. Longchamps de Bérier
Zygmunt Longchamps de Bérier, son of Prof. Longchamps de Bérier
Kazimierz Longchamps de Bérier, son of Prof. Longchamps de Bérier
Prof Dr Antoni Łomnicki, Chief of the Institute of Mathematics, PL
Adam Mięsowicz, grandson of Prof. Sołowij
Prof Dr Witold Nowicki, Dean of the Faculty of Anatomy and Pathology, UJK
Dr Med Jerzy Nowicki, assistant at the Institute of Hygiene, UJK, son of Prof. Witold Nowicki
Prof Dr Tadeusz Ostrowski, Chief of the Institute of Surgery, UJK
Jadwiga Ostrowska, wife of Prof. Ostrowski
Prof Dr Stanisław Pilat, Chief of the Institute of Technology of Petroleum and Natural Gases, PL
Prof Dr Stanisław Progulski, pediatrician, UJK
Andrzej Progulski, son of Prof. Progulski
Prof Dr Roman Rencki, Chief of the Institute of Internal Medicine, UJK
Dr Med Stanisław Ruff, Chief of the Department of Surgery of the Jewish Hospital
Anna Ruffowa, Dr Ruff's wife
Inż. Adam Ruff, Dr Ruff's son
Prof Dr Włodzimierz Sieradzki, Dean of the faculty of Court Medicine, UJK |
Massacre of Lwów professors | 718884-6 | Prof Dr Adam Sołowij, former Chief of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the PSP
Prof Dr Włodzimierz Stożek, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics, PL
Inż. Eustachy Stożek, assistant at the Politechnika Lwowska, son of Prof Włodzimierz Stożek
Emanuel Stożek, son of Prof Włodzimierz Stożek
Dr. Tadeusz Tapkowski, lawyer
Prof Dr Kazimierz Vetulani, Dean of the Faculty of Theoretical Mechanics, PL
Prof Dr Kasper Weigel, Chief of the Institute of Measures, PL
Mgr Józef Weigel, son of Prof Kasper Weigel
Prof Dr Roman Witkiewicz, Chief of the Institute of Machinery, PL
Prof Dr Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, writer and gynaecologist, Chief of the Institute of French Literature
Murdered in the courtyard of Bursa Abrahamowiczów, a former school in Lviv, now a hospital
Katarzyna Demko, English language teacher
Dr Stanisław Mączewski, head of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the PSP
Maria Reymanowa, nurse
Wolisch (forename unknown), merchant
Murdered on 12 July
Prof Dr Henryk Korowicz, Chief of the Institute of Economics, AHZ
Prof Dr Stanisław Ruziewicz, Chief of the Institute of Mathematics, AHZ
Murdered on 26 July in Brygidki Prison
Prof Dr Kazimierz Bartel, former Prime Minister of Poland, former Rector of PL, Chairman of the Department of Geometry, PL |
Rest in Peace (The Walking Dead) | 71889646-0 | "Rest in Peace" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the eleventh season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead. The series finale and 177th episode overall, it aired on AMC on November 20, 2022, and was simultaneously released on the network's streaming platform AMC+. The episode's teleplay was written by Corey Reed and Jim Barnes, from a story by Angela Kang, and directed by Greg Nicotero.
In the finale, the group escapes the horde that has invaded the Commonwealth while trying to overthrow Governor Pamela Milton (Laila Robins), and assembling for one last stand to save the city and their future. |
Rest in Peace (The Walking Dead) | 71889646-1 | "Rest in Peace" features the return of Rick Grimes, portrayed by Andrew Lincoln, and Michonne, portrayed by Danai Gurira, since they left the series in season 9 and 10, respectively. The first episode of The Walking Dead: The Ones Who Live places the scene with Rick as taking place at some point during the first five years following his disappearance in "What Comes After". The second episode of The Ones Who Live places the scenes with Michonne as taking place shortly after her departure in "What We Become". The episode also includes flashbacks of many different characters featured throughout the series.
The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews highlighted the end of plot threads, character development, and the return of Rick and Michonne, while some felt the setting-up of future spin-off shows detracted from the finality of the series.
Plot
While attempting to bypass the horde that has invaded the Commonwealth, Jules is devoured by the horde and Luke is bitten in the leg. In a safehouse, Judith is treated by Tomi, and reveals to Daryl and Carol that Michonne had left in search of a still-alive Rick. After amputating his leg, Magna, Connie, Yumiko and Kelly emotionally gather around Luke as he dies. Meanwhile, Rosita, Gabriel and Eugene successfully rescue Coco and the other children from a house and fight their way through the horde. As they regroup in an apartment, Rosita reveals to Eugene that she was bitten by a walker, but implores him to keep it quiet. |
Rest in Peace (The Walking Dead) | 71889646-2 | Elsewhere, Princess and Max break Mercer out of prison. Mercer subsequently leads his men and the Coalition forces in confronting Pamela as she barricades herself in the Estates. As Maggie prepares to take arms against Pamela, Negan sincerely apologizes to her for killing her husband Glenn. With the people outside the Estates' gates about to be devoured by the oncoming horde, Daryl delivers a rousing speech that causes Pamela's soldiers to turn on her and allow everyone inside. Mercer arrests Pamela for her crimes against the Commonwealth. Pamela then attempts to commit suicide by allowing a zombified Lance Hornsby to bite her, but Maggie shoots and kills the zombified Lance, recognizing that prison is a much worse fate for Pamela. Realizing that the horde is too dangerous to simply lead away due to the variants in the horde, and joined by Aaron, Lydia, Jerry and Elijah, the Coalition forces rig the Estates with explosives and allow the horde to enter, which detonates the entire Estates, destroying the horde.
The next day, Pamela is imprisoned for life for her crimes against the Commonwealth. Maggie tells Negan that while she cannot forgive him for killing Glenn, she will learn to co-exist with him as a way of maintaining peace. The group later celebrate their successes with a lavish dinner, where Rosita finally reveals that she was bitten to the group. As she begins to succumb to her bite, the group begin to say their final goodbyes. Rosita then peacefully passes away in bed with Eugene by her side.
A year later, Ezekiel and Mercer are the new governor and lieutenant governor of the Commonwealth, respectively, while Alexandria and the Hilltop have been rebuilt and are thriving, with the communities remaining united in creating a better future. Eugene and Max have a child, Rosie, together while Negan sends a letter with the compass that Judith allowed him to keep back to her. Lastly, Carol, Daryl and Maggie talk about the future, with Daryl leaving on his motorcycle to find Rick and Michonne. |
Rest in Peace (The Walking Dead) | 71889646-3 | Far away, Rick and Michonne write letters around their own campfires while flashbacks to moments in the series appear. Wearing new armor, Michonne continues her search for Rick on horseback, riding toward a gargantuan horde of walkers. On the shores of Rat Island, Rick is located by the Civic Republic Military (CRM) and is ordered to surrender, with a helicopter pilot referring to him as "Consignee Grimes" and warning him that "there's no escape for the living"; after throwing his belongings on a boat where Michonne would later find them, Rick surrenders with a smile on his face.
The series concludes with Judith and R.J. looking ahead to the future, with the former saying: "We get to start over. We're the ones who live."
Production
The opening musical score differs from previous episodes because original composer Bear McCreary returned to re-record a new version with a live orchestra. Norman Reedus suffered a concussion on set while filming the episode after hitting his head, although the black-eye his character receives was already in the script prior to this happening. Chandler Riggs, whose character, Carl Grimes, was killed off in season 8, surprised the cast and crew on the last day of filming and can be seen in the background as a farmer toward the final scene at Hilltop. The opening scene in the hospital was noted for its many visual connections to previous seasons: a walker uses a rock to break a glass door ("Guts"), Judith is protected in her hospital room by a stretcher (her father is saved in a similar way in "TS-19"), and the Coalition gathers for a dinner as a family (a dream sequence seen in "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"). |
Rest in Peace (The Walking Dead) | 71889646-4 | Production on the episode wrapped in April 2022 except for the scene featuring Rick and Michonne, which was filmed in August. The scene was written by Scott M. Gimple, who is the showrunner on their spin-off series, The Walking Dead: The Ones Who Live, and was shot over two days in Georgia. The final moments of the episode features a montage of scenes from every prior season of the series that includes past cast members while a voice-over orbits around a single line: "We're the ones who live." While many of the voices uttering this mantra are spoken by characters already in season 11, such as Daryl and Maggie, several former actors recorded lines for the montage also. This includes the voices of former Walking Dead actors Michael Cudlitz (Abraham), Laurie Holden (Andrea), Lennie James (Morgan), Sonequa Martin-Green (Sasha), Chandler Riggs (Carl), and Steven Yeun (Glenn).
On its original airing, advertisements for Autodesk, Deloitte, DoorDash, Maximum Effort, and Ring were specifically designed to accompany the episode. The ads, jointly produced by AMC and Ryan Reynolds' production company Maximum Effort, featured zombified versions of Walking Dead characters, including Milton Mamet (Dallas Roberts), Andrea (Laurie Holden), Rodney (Joe Ando-Hirsh) and Gareth (Andrew J. West).
Eleanor Matsuura's baby bump is visible during her last scene as Yumiko following the one year time jump. Matsuura alluded that given the Commonwealth's healthcare and her brother, Yumiko may have received in vitro fertilization to have a baby with Magna (Nadia Hilker).
In Norman Reedus' closing scene, episode director and special make-up effects artist Greg Nicotero makes a cameo as a walker stumbling along the road dressed in a striped shirt; Nicotero has portrayed a walker numerous times throughout the series.
Reception
Critical
The episode received generally positive reviews from critics.
Ratings
The episode achieved a viewership of 2.27 million views in the United States on its original air date. It marked the highest viewership of the season and was the highest-rated episode since "Home Sweet Home" on February 28, 2021. |
Vercel | 71890151-0 | Vercel Inc., formerly ZEIT, is an American cloud platform as a service company. The company maintains the Next.js web development framework.
Vercel's architecture is built around composable architecture, and deployments are handled through Git repositories, the Vercel CLI, or the Vercel REST API. Vercel is a member of the MACH Alliance.
History
Vercel was founded by Guillermo Rauch in 2015 as ZEIT. Rauch had previously created the realtime event-driven communication library Socket.IO. ZEIT was rebranded to Vercel in April 2020, although retained the company's triangular logo.
In June 2021, Vercel raised $102 million in a Series C funding round. As of May 2024, the company is valued at $3.25 billion.
Acquisitions
On December 9, 2021, Vercel acquired Turborepo.
On October 25, 2022, Vercel acquired Splitbee.
Architecture
Deployments through Vercel are handled through Git repositories, with support for GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket repositories. Deployments are automatically given a subdomain under the vercel.app domain, although Vercel offers support for custom domains for deployments.
Vercel's infrastructure uses Amazon Web Services and Cloudflare.
Reception
Vercel's clientele includes Airbnb, Uber, GitHub, Nike, Ticketmaster, Carhartt, IBM, and McDonald's. |
Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics | 71883919-0 | The wrestling competitions at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris are scheduled to run from 5 to 11 August at Grand Palais Éphémère in Champ de Mars. 288 wrestlers are expected to compete across eighteen different weight categories at these Games. The men will wrestle against each other in both freestyle and Greco-Roman events, whereas the women will only participate in the freestyle wrestling, with eighteen gold medals awarded. Wrestling has been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games, except Paris 1900. |
Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics | 71883919-1 | Competition format Sixteen wrestlers compete in each division. The competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists will wrestle for the gold and silver medals. Each wrestler losing to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage that culminates in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers who each face the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
Qualification
Similar to the previous Games, 288 wrestling quota places were available through three competition phases for Paris 2024. Each NOC could only qualify one wrestler per weight class. No host country spots will be allocated in wrestling.
The qualification period began at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships, held from the 16th to the 24th of September in Belgrade, Serbia, where five quota places for each of the eighteen weight categories were awarded to four medalists (gold, silver, and two bronze) along with the champion of a bout between two losers from the bronze-medal matches. At the beginning of the 2024 season, four continental qualification tournaments (Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the joint Africa & Oceania) distributed a total of 144 spots to the top two finalists of each continent across eighteen weight categories. The remainder of the total quota were decided at the 2024 World Qualification Tournament, offering three quota places per weight category to the two highest-ranked wrestlers and the champion of a wrestle-off between two bronze medalists.
Azerbaijani qualification match fixing scandal |
Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics | 71883919-2 | During the 2024 European Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan, Italian wrestler Frank Chamizo stated that he was offered a $300,000 bribe to lose to Azerbaijani wrestler Turan Bayramov, which Chamizo refused. Several of Chamizo's takedowns were not counted by the referee, and the match was tied 8-8 into the final seconds when Chamizo scored a takedown and earned two points. However, the referee overturned the points after Bayramov's coach challenged. This decision was heavily criticized by the Italian Wrestling Federation and other observers, as Bayramov's knees clearly touched the mat. Although the match was tied, Bayramov was declared the winner on criteria, and consequently moved into the finals and qualified for the Olympics. Chamizo accused the referee of match fixing. Two weeks after the tournament, the refereeing body that officiated the match were suspended by the UWW after two independent panels ruled the bout was scored incorrectly. However, due to a policy the result could not be changed after the winner is officially declared.
Frank Chamizo ended up qualified by ranking, due several olympic spots being redistributed after denial of athletes from Russia and Belarus.
Competition schedule
Medal summary
Medal table
Medalists
Men's freestyle
Men's Greco-Roman
Women's freestyle
Participating nations
There are 63 participating nations: |
King of Kotha | 71888017-0 | King of Kotha (also marketed as KOK) is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film directed by Abhilash Joshiy in his directorial debut. Jointly produced by Wayfarer Films and Zee Studios, the film stars an ensemble cast of Dulquer Salmaan, Shabeer Kallarakkal, Prasanna, Gokul Suresh, Aishwarya Lekshmi, Nyla Usha, Shammi Thilakan, Chemban Vinod Jose, Sajitha Madathil, Shanthi Krishna, Saran Shakthi and Anikha Surendran. The cinematography and editing were handled by Nimish Ravi and Shyam Sasidharan, while the music was composed by Jakes Bejoy and Shaan Rahman.
King of Kotha was released worldwide on 24 August 2023 on Onam weekend to generally mixed reviews from critics. Despite getting a strong opening, the film became a box office bomb. The film is the 5th most expensive Malayalam film ever.
Plot
1996: CI Shahul Hassan is transferred to a fictional crime-infested town called Kotha, which is situated near the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. Shahul enquires more about the town and learns that the citizens, especially teenagers are addicted to narcotics. While investigating about the background of the narcotics, Shahul learns about Kannan Bhai, a notorious and dangerous drug lord, who is the dictator of Kotha. Shahul meets Kannan Bhai at his casino along with SI Tony Titus, where he is humiliated and beated by Kannan and Kannan's men, known as K-TEAM, after Shahul try to arrest Kannan. This humiliates Shahul, who starts inquiring about Raju from Tony as Kannan earlier mentioned the name, where Tony reveals Raju's past. |
King of Kotha | 71888017-1 | 1986: Raju is a notorious and arrogant gangster, and Kannan's childhood friend, who was the former dictator of Kotha. Despite his violent nature, Raju was loved by all the people of Kotha, like a god. Tony and Kannan are a part of Raju's gang and football team called "Winners Kotha". Raju is always at loggerheads with Ranjith Bhai, who is the head of the neighbouring town Gandhigram, but Ranjith never harms Raju out of respect for Raju's father Kotha Ravi, who was also a gangster in the past. Raju meets Tara and falls in love with her. Kannan tries to get Raju and his gang to deal with narcotics, but Raju disagrees as Tara's brother committed suicide due to drug overdose. Raju does not share a good relationship with his parents as his mother Malathi hates him for being a gangster.
One day, Ranjith sends photos of Tara hanging out with a Bombay-based journalist named Nikhil, where Raju breaks up with Tara and starts drinking heavily. Blinded by his greed for wealth and power, Kannan decides to partner up with Ranjith and agrees to transport cannabis into Kotha. Knowing this, Raju gets enraged and confronts Kannan, who refuses to reveal anything about the narcotics. Raju gets into a fight with Kannan and ends up cracking Kannan's right eye. A few days later, Malathi realises that Raju may not live for long due to his alcoholism, where she advises him to leave Kotha and never come back. Raju leaves Kotha on the night of the FIFA World Cup Finals and later goes missing. |
King of Kotha | 71888017-2 | 1996: Shahul tells Tony to enquire about Raju with the UP Police, where he gets a fax from the Lucknow police station about Raju being a retired assassin named "Raju Madrassi". Shahul sends a telegram to Raju, saying his sister Rithu is in danger. Kannan's drug-addicted brother-in-law Jinu and Rithu are in love with each other. As they are sitting in a restaurant, Tony arrives with his force and takes away Jinu for carrying cannabis packets. Rithu later cuts all ties with Jinu. After getting released, Jinu goes to Rithu's house to talk to her, but is kicked out by Ravi. The next day, Jinu tries to set Rithu on fire by dousing her in gasoline, but she manages to escape as Tony arrives.
Jinu gets brutally killed by Raju, who has arrived back in Kotha after receiving the telegram from Tony. Jinu's sister Manju learns about this and decides to kill Raju. It is also revealed that Kannan killed Ranjith in order to make Manju as his wife. That night, Kannan meets Raju at a bar and learns that Raju has become more dangerous after going to UP. Manju sends men to kill Raju, who thrashes them back after a fight, which Manju witnesses. The next day, Shahul makes an offer to Raju to kill Kannan, but he declines the offer, stating that Kannan is still his best friend. Kannan sends up a contract killer named "Suitcase Leslie" to kill Raju, but Raju kills Leslie and sends his remains to Kannan. Kannan gets agitated and arrives at the market with his men, where they fight against Raju. Raju thrashes them and kills Kannan's right-hand man Erilan, thus avenging the death of his friend Rafi. Which leads Kannan to go for a hideout. |
King of Kotha | 71888017-3 | That night, Raju goes to Tara's house to invite her for Rithu's birthday, but Kannan arrives and stabs Tara infront of Rush. As Tara is rushed to the hospital, Raju gets a call from Kannan, where he rushes to the dockyard and finds Ravi killed and hanged by Kannan henchman Katta. Kannan's mother Kalikutty promises to bring Kannan to Raju so that Raju can kill him. Kannan captures Raju and stabs him, where Manju arrives. Raju discloses that he has known Manju since her teenage as a prostitute and that Jinu was actually her son who was born after she was assaulted by her stepfather. Manju leaves the place humiliated and Raju escapes after the police arrive at the scene. Raju is missing and the townsfolk believe him to be dead.
However, Raju is still alive and was planning his attack on Kannan all the while, where he sends a letter to Shahul saying that he has accepted the offer that Shahul had made earlier. Raju kills all of Kannan's K-Team Members including Njarambu, Katta, Memu and Kukkudu, but spears Kannan's secretary Peelan. Raju offers the entire town of Kotha to Peelan in exchange for killing Kannan. Peelan accepts the offer and switches sides. Raju goes to Kannan's casino and confronts Kannan, who brings a group of contract killers to kill Raju. Raju kills all of them and incapacitates Kannan. Raju tells Kannan that he cannot kill him as he still considers him as his best friend, where he brings Ranjith's son Sonu to kill him. It is also revealed that Ranjith's men helped Raju escape from Kannan's hideout earlier. Sonu kills Kannan and hands the gun over to Raju, who kills Peelan, telling that Kotha doesn't need a dictator anymore. |
King of Kotha | 71888017-4 | 1998: Raju is happily living with Tara and Rithu in Shimla, where he receives a call from his arch-enemy Dev Gujjar sent by Manju to kill him.
Cast
Production
Development
The film along with its title was announced on 28 July 2021 on the occasion of Dulquer Salmaan's 35th birthday. Salmaan who portrays a gangster in the film stated: "King of Kotha will be having all these elements (perfectly timed clap points, catchy songs, and elevation sequences) that could satisfy the audience." He also added that this is a dream project with his childhood friend Abhilash Joshiy, son of veteran filmmaker Joshiy, and have been waiting for the past few years to find a perfect project to collaborate. It is written by Abhilash N. Chandran, who had earlier worked on Porinju Mariam Jose (2019). In October 2022, Salmaan stated in an interview that, "It is an action gangster genre, noir film set in a fictional town. It's interesting because I generally tend to veer away from this type of cinema quite a bit. But I found a bit of a balance. I feel like it has content, it has great writing, but it's also a very commercial gangster drama." On 23 June 2023 the film's motion poster, titled "People of Kotha" was launched. |
King of Kotha | 71888017-5 | Filming and casting The principal photography began on 27 September 2022 at Karaikudi, while additional filming occurred in Rameswaram and Ramanathapuram. Nimish Ravi joined as the film's cinematographer. After rumours of Samantha Ruth Prabhu being approached for a role, it was reported that Aishwarya Lekshmi was signed to play Salmaan's pair. Shabeer Kallarakkal was roped in to play the main antagonist. Actor Gokul Suresh was cast to play a pivotal role and actors Chemban Vinod Jose and Sudhi Koppa were also added to the cast. Nyla Usha and Shanthi Krishna were also cast in key roles. Zee Studios associated with Wayfarer Films for the film's production and marked its maiden feature film production venture in Malayalam. It was reported that, a major schedule in Karaikudi was interrupted due to the rain, and the team took a brief break. Ritika Singh joined the production in early-November 2022 and shot for an item song. In December 2022, Shammi Thilakan announced his addition to the cast through his Facebook page. In January 2023, Prasanna and Saran Shakthi confirmed being cast in the film. Filming took 95 days and the Karaikudi schedule was wrapped up on 21 February 2023.
Music
The background score is composed by Jakes Bejoy while the songs have been composed by Jakes Bejoy and Shaan Rahman separately. The music rights were bagged by Sony Music India. The track "People of Kotha" that was featured in the motion poster video was released on 23 June 2023, the same date as the promo. The first single titled "Kalapakkaara" was released on 28 July 2023, on the occasion of Salmaan's birthday. The second single titled "Ee Ulakin" was released on 19 August 2023.
Release |
King of Kotha | 71888017-6 | Theatrical King of Kotha was theatrically released on , coinciding with Onam. The film was intended to be released in Malayalam, along with the dubbed versions in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Kannada.
Home media
The film was premiered on Disney+ Hotstar from in Malayalam and in dubbed versions of Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. The Hindi version premiered on the platform from 20 October 2023.
Reception
King of Kotha received poor reviews from general audience and critics alike, with criticism on its screenplay, clichéd plot, some casting, dialogues and direction. However the background scores, cinematography, technical aspects, and cast performances (especially Dulquer, Shabeer and Gokul's performances). Most of the critics praised Shabeer Kallarakkal and Gokul Suresh's performances, cinematography and background scores of the film.
Critical response
Sanjith Sidhardhan of OTTplay gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "King of Kotha might have a familiar storyline that feels stretched out in parts, but Dulquer's performance along with the grand visuals make this gangster revenge saga worth watching in theatres." Anandu Suresh of The Indian Express gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Though the Dulquer Salmaan-starrer possessed the potential to be celebrated alongside iconic gangster movies like Satya, Vada Chennai, and Gangs of Wasseypur, its failure to feature a compelling narrative prevents it from reaching the lofty heights it aspired to achieve." |
King of Kotha | 71888017-7 | Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "King of Kotha suffers from the same old problem of not knowing how much is too much. Short of becoming a cult gangster classic, it does have the mass appeal and the ability to hold its audience captive for a long time. It just doesn't know when to stop." Janani K. of India Today gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "King of Kotha is a gangster drama that has many interesting ideas, but they are underused. Despite the pacing issues, the film holds your attention."
Gautaman Bhaskaran of News18 gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "King of Kotha has a nice plot, but an over-ambitious scripting pushes it in a multitude of paths with the cream of it all turning sour. The narrative is uneven, and direction not quite up to the mark." Priyanka Sundar of Firstpost gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "If King Of Kotha had as much of an emotional depth as Dulquer Salmaan's one dialogue that explains his love for Aishwarya Lekshmi's Thara — we would have probably had a winner." Nirmal Jovial of The Week gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "King of Kotha clocks in at nearly three hours in duration. A more judicious and precise editing process could have resulted in a more tolerable viewing experience. Stylised action sequences cannot compensate for the weak script." |
King of Kotha | 71888017-8 | Princy Alexander of Onmanorama wrote, "Though the film gets a little predictable towards the end, the filmmakers have tried to steer clear from sticking to the old formula of mass action films. The songs, the visuals, and the style of making have helped elevate the film, so it appeals to a pan-Indian audience." S. R. Praveen of The Hindu wrote, "King of Kotha, in the end, is an unabashed vehicle for Dulquer's superstardom aspirations, but it does not pack enough of a punch to become the crowning glory that it was intended to be." Vishal Menon of Film Companion wrote, "With the freshness limited to the visuals and the music department, the moments of high King Of Kotha achieve quickly deflate just when you feel the film has done its job. Sadly, there's only so much you can do with daggers and swagger when the runtime is close to three hours."
Box office
King of Kotha had a strong opening at the box office grossing over which was the second highest opening for a malayalam film after Odiyan (2018).
King of Kotha grossed in New Zealand, in the United Kingdom, in the United Arab Emirates and in Australia, totaling in international earnings. |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-0 | The Dornier Do 27 is a German single-engine STOL utility aircraft that was designed and manufactured by Dornier GmbH (later DASA Dornier and Fairchild-Dornier). It was notable for being the first mass-produced aircraft in Germany following the end of the Second World War.
The Do 27's precursor, the Do 25, was developed by Dornier at the firm's facilities in Spain in order to satisfy a Spanish military requirement that called for a light utility aircraft with short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance. However, the Do 25 was not selected for production by Spain. Despite this, the aircraft was developed further to produce the Do 27, which was produced in quantity in both Spain and Germany. In addition to domestic sales, a large number of export customers, such as Portugal, emerged for the Do 27, and it had a lengthy service life with some examples still being used into the twenty-first century. The aircraft was appreciated for its relatively wide, comfortable cabin and excellent short-field performance. In terms of its configuration, the Do 27 was a classic high-wing, "tail-dragger" aircraft with fixed landing gear.
History |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-1 | Background Shortly following the end of the Second World War, Germany's extensive aerospace industry was dismantled and largely dissolved due to the country having been forbidden to either possess or manufacture military aircraft. Despite this, in both East Germany and West Germany, as the nation had been divided into during the Cold War era, efforts to revive the nation's aerospace industry became widespread during the 1950s.
German aircraft manufacturer Dornier GmbH managed to retain its independence in the conflict's aftermath, and was keen to resume its aviation activities as soon as permissible. During January 1951, the company chose to establish a new technical office in Madrid, Spain, and began bidding for contracts from Spain's Ministry of Aviation; prior to this, Dornier had developed strong ties to Spain via the licensed production of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter.
During 1951, a development contract was secured for a commuter aircraft that possessed short takeoff and landing (STOL) characteristics. Dornier opted to develop a new aircraft, designing a monoplane with a high-mounted wing fitted with oversized flaps, a wide wraparound windscreen, a fixed undercarriage and a relatively spacious cabin. This new aircraft was powered by a single ENMA Tigre G.V; capable of generating a maximum of , this engine proved to be too weak to achieve satisfactory performance. The first prototype of the Do 25 performed its maiden flight during July 1954. |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-2 | Due to the Tigre's performance deficit, it was decided to equip the second prototype with an alternative powerplant; it used the American-sourced Continental O-470 engine instead. The second prototype would subsequently function as a demonstrator for an improved derivative of the aircraft, designated Do 27.
Redesign and production
Ultimately, the Do 25 was not selected for production. Despite this setback, Dornier decided to continue refining its design to develop the Do 27, which was sized to seat between four and six personnel. On 27 June 1955, the original prototype performed its maiden flight in Spain. A total of 40 Do 27s were manufactured in Spain by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA, designated CASA-127. However, the majority of production aircraft were constructed at Dornier's main base in Germany; the first German-built aircraft conducted its first flight on 17 October 1956. A total of 428 Do 27s would be produced in Germany.
A significant portion of the Do 27's production run were acquired by the German military. By the mid-1950s, West Germany had been permitted, and even encouraged, to reequip itself as tensions rose between East and West in the Cold War; due to its ability to operate from compact and unprepared airstrips, the Do 27 quickly garnered favour with military planners. Both the German Air Force and the German Army placed a combined order for 428 aircraft of the Do 27A and Do 27B variants, the latter being equipped with dual controls for use as a trainer aircraft. |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-3 | The Do 27 was widely employed as a general purpose aircraft, frequently being used for utility transport and liaison duties. Later on in the type's production run, a modified model of the aircraft, known as the Do 27Q-5, was developed; it had the same basic specifications but was equipped with a wider-track landing gear. Furthermore, the aircraft was offered as a twin-float seaplane, the Do 27S-1; another model proposed was furnished with the larger Lycoming GSO-480-B1B6 engine, capable of generating a maximum of 254 kW/340 hp, which was matched with a three-blade propeller, the Do 27H-2.
In addition to the aircraft's adoption by military operators in Germany and Spain, Portugal received 40 new-build and 106 ex-German Do 27s. From 1961 to 1975, the Portuguese Air Force made extensively operational use of the type in the three African theatres of the Portuguese Overseas War. During April 1973, two Do 27s were shot down in Portuguese Guinea by insurgents equipped with SAM-7 Grail Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS).
During 1966, it was decided to terminate production of the Do 27. By this point, the aircraft had been widely exported to numerous international operators, including Israel, Nigeria, Belgium, Turkey, and Congo. The type was extensively used by the German military into the 1980s, gradually being succeeded in its role by increasingly capable helicopters; many ex-German aircraft were subsequently exported and used by other operators. |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-4 | Operational history In 1959, a Do 27 became the first aircraft ever to land on the Caribbean island of Saba, on what is still to this day the shortest commercial runway in the world.
Variants
Do 25
Precursor aircraft designed to a Spanish requirement and powered by a ENMA Tigre G.V engine.
Do 27
Prototype, two built.
Do 27A-1
Military five-seat single-engine STOL utility transport aircraft, 177 built
Do 27A-2
Do 27A-1 with minor modification inside, two built.
Do 27A-3
Do 27A-1 with increased takeoff gross weight, 88 built.
Do 27A-4
Variant with wide landing gear and increased Take Off Gross Weight, 65 built.
Do 27B-1
Dual-control version of the A-1, 86 built.
Do 27B-2
Do 27B-2 with minor modification inside, five built.
Do 27B-3
Do 27B-2 with increased takeoff gross weight, 16 built.
Do 27B-5
Conversions of 27B-3s to 27A-4 standard.
Do 27H-1
Do 27B-2 powered by a 254 kW (340 hp) Avco Lycoming GSO-480 piston engine with a three-bladed propeller and a larger tail, one built.
Do 27H-2
Variant of the H-1 for the Swiss Air Force with some modifications as applied to the Do 27Q-1
Do 27J-1
Production of the Do 27A-4 for Belgian Army, 12 built.
Do 27K-1
Production of the Do 27A-4 for Portuguese Air Force, 16 built.
Do 27K-2
Similar to K-1 with minor modifications for Portuguese Air Force, 14 built. |
Dornier Do 27 | 7188850-5 | Do 27Q-1 Six-seat variant of the A-1 for civil market, 16 built.
Do 27Q-3
Four-seat variant of the Q-1 with a 230 hp Continental O-470K engine, one built.
Do 27Q-4
Improved Q-1 with auxiliary fuel tanks, 34 built.
Do 27Q-5
Improved Q-4 with internal modifications, 12 built.
Do 27Q-5(R)
Restricted category version of the Do 27Q-5.
Do 27Q-6
Variant of the Q-5 with internal changes for Guinea Bissau and Brazil, two built.
Do 27S-1
Floatplane version with enlarged rudder and a ventral fin, one built.
Do 27T
One Do 27Q-4 converted with a Turbomeca Astazou II turboprop engine.
Operators
Civil operators
General Command of Mapping (Turkey)
Linhas Aéreas da Guiné-Bissau
Military operators
National Air Force of Angola
Belgian Army
Belize Defence Force
Cyprus Air Forces – Former operator.
German Air Force
German Army
German Navy
Guinea-Bissau Air Force
Israeli Air Force
Lesotho Defence Force
Military of Malawi
Military of Mozambique
Nigerian Air Force operated 20 Do 27As at the beginning of the Nigerian Civil War
Portuguese Air Force operated 146 aircraft
South African Air Force operated 2 aircraft between 1958 and 1967.
Spanish Air Force
Sudanese Air Force
Swedish Army operated 5 aircraft between 1961 and 1991
Swiss Air Force
Tanzania Air Force Command
Turkish Army
Turkish Gendarmerie |
The Food of the Gods (film) | 7189073-0 | H.G. Wells' The Food of the Gods, also billed as just The Food of the Gods, is a 1976 science fiction thriller film released by American International Pictures and was written, produced and directed by Bert I. Gordon.
The Food of the Gods starred Marjoe Gortner, Pamela Franklin, Ralph Meeker, Jon Cypher, and Ida Lupino. This film was loosely based on a portion of the 1904 H. G. Wells novel The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth. The film reduced Wells' tale to an "nature revenge" plot, common in science fiction movies at the time.
Michael Medved gave it the Golden Turkey Award for "Worst Rodent Movie of All Time".
Plot
The "food" mysteriously bubbles up from the ground on a remote island somewhere in British Columbia. Mr. and Mrs. Skinner (John McLiam and Ida Lupino) consider it a gift from God, and feed it to their chickens, which grow larger than humans as a result. Rats, wasps, and grubs also consume the substance, and the island becomes infested with giant vermin. One night, a swarm of giant rats kill Mr. Skinner after his car tire is punctured in the forest. |
The Food of the Gods (film) | 7189073-1 | A professional football player named Morgan (Marjoe Gortner) is on the island for a hunting trip with his buddies when one of them is stung to death by giant wasps. After ferrying his friends back to the mainland, Morgan returns to investigate. Also thrown into the mix are Thomas and Rita (Tom Stovall and Belinda Balaski), an expecting couple; Jack Bensington (Ralph Meeker), the owner of a dog food company, who hopes to market the substance; and Bensington's assistant Lorna (Pamela Franklin), a bacteriologist. After Morgan locates and dynamites the giant wasps' enormous nest, he and the others become trapped in the Skinners' farmhouse, surrounded by giant rats. Morgan's friend Brian (Jon Cypher), Bensington, and Mrs. Skinner are killed by the rats.
Morgan blows up a nearby dam, flooding the area and drowning the rats, whose size and weight render them unable to swim. After the waters clear, the survivors pile up the bodies of the rats, spilling the jars of "F.O.T.G." and gasoline on them before burning them. However, several of Mrs. Skinner's jars of "F.O.T.G." are swept away, drifting to a mainland farm. The substance is consumed by dairy cows, and in the film's closing scene, schoolchildren are shown unwittingly drinking the tainted milk, implying that they will also experience abnormal growth.
Cast
Marjoe Gortner as Morgan
Pamela Franklin as Lorna
Ralph Meeker as Jack Bensington
Jon Cypher as Brian
Ida Lupino as Mrs. Skinner
Belinda Balaski as Rita
Tom Stovall as Thomas
John McLiam as Mr. Skinner
Chuck Courtney as Davis
Reg Tunnicliffe as ferry attendant |
The Food of the Gods (film) | 7189073-2 | Production Joseph E. Levine first purchased the film rights to H.G. Wells' novella The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904) in 1965 and hired Bert I. Gordon to direct and produce a partial adaptation of it as Village of the Giants (1965) at his studio Embassy Pictures. Nine years later, American International Pictures announced another partial adaptation of the novella directed and co-produced again by Gordon.
Production of the film began with special effects shots in Montreal in November 1974. Gordon created a special effects process that would create the illusion of humans interacting with massive animals by splicing together footage of animals shot by second-unit crews. Special effects designer Thomas R. Burman created rat costumes that allowed for the giant rats in the film to be played by child actors, including his own son. The rest of the film was shot on location in Bowen Island, British Columbia. Shooting was delayed by two minor earthquake and a blizzard. The film had a $900,000 budget.
The plot of the movie differs from Wells' novella in that the "food" is a man-made substance in the novella and the action takes place in England, not British Columbia.
Release
The film premiered on in the United States. Scream Factory released the film for first time on Blu-ray Disc on as a double feature with Frogs.
Reception
The movie was AIP's most successful release of the year, causing them to make a series of films based on H. G. Wells novels. |
The Food of the Gods (film) | 7189073-3 | Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of four. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "a stunningly ridiculous mixture of science-fiction and horror-film clichés." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film half of one star out of four and wrote, "The heavy television ad campaign promises six-foot roosters and panther-sized rats. What it should promise, if truth-in-labeling applied to film ads, is rotten special effects and a laughable script." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote, "Too much emphasis by Gordon on his good special visual effects combines with too little attention to his writing chores ... Every player has done better before; this script is atrocious." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "the entire picture is a joke—unintentionally." Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin called it "A truly appalling piece of s-f horror in which the cretinous dialogue, hopefully illuminating the follies of human greed and tampering with nature, poses more of a hazard to the cast than the crudely animated giant wasps or the monster rat and cockerel heads stiffly manipulated from the wings."
The Food of the Gods was nominated for the Best Horror Film by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films in the 1976 Saturn Awards.
It has a score of 18% at Rotten Tomatoes from 17 reviewers, with an average score of 3.5/10.
Sequel
A sequel — if only in name — titled Food of the Gods II was released in 1989. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-0 | Karel Poborský (; born 30 March 1972) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a right winger. He was most noted for his technical ability and pace.
He began and finished his club career at Dynamo České Budějovice, where his kit number (8) is retired in his honour. He also won the Czech First League titles at the two largest clubs in Prague - Slavia and Sparta. Between these domestic triumphs, he won a Premier League title at Manchester United and also played for Benfica and Lazio.
After Petr Čech, Poborský ranks second in appearances for the Czech national team, with 118 between 1994 and 2006, retiring from international football after playing at the country's first World Cup. He also played in three European Championships, being named in the Team of the Tournament at UEFA Euro 1996 after helping the Czechs to the final.
Club career
Early career
Poborský made his top-flight debut for Dynamo České Budějovice in the 1991–92 Czechoslovak First League. He transferred to Prague-based Viktoria Žižkov in the summer of 1994, before moving to local rivals Slavia Prague in the summer of 1995.
In the 1995–96 season, Poborský led Slavia Prague to the Czech First League title, as well as to the semi-finals of the 1995–96 UEFA Cup. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-1 | Manchester United Poborský was one of a number of the Czech squad at UEFA Euro 1996 who left the Czech Republic to play in another country after the tournament. After offers came in from Liverpool and Lazio, Poborský signed for Manchester United in June 1996 for a fee of £3.5 million, He made his club debut in the 1996 FA Charity Shield against Newcastle United, appearing as a substitute for Nicky Butt in a 4–0 win. Poborský added more silverware by collecting a Premier League title winner's medal in the 1996–97 season, playing in 22 out of 38 league games and scoring three goals, also helping United reach the Champions League semi-finals. Due to David Beckham's rising stardom, Poborský would only manage one-and-a-half seasons at Old Trafford; in December 1997 Poborský left Manchester United, having made only six starts for the club that season. His last match for United was a substitute appearance against Everton on 26 December.
Benfica and Lazio
Poborský moved to Portuguese side Benfica in December 1997 for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract to play for Graeme Souness' side. Poborský played for the Portuguese side for three years. Shortly after manager Toni Oliveira arrived at the club in December 2000, Poborský found himself looking for a new club. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-2 | Poborský joined Italian side SS Lazio in February 2001 on an 18-month contract for a transfer fee of £700,000. He scored his first goal for Lazio in a 5–3 win against Verona on 25 February 2001. On the final day of the 2001–02 Serie A season, Poborský scored twice as Lazio beat title contenders Inter Milan 4–2, causing the title to go to Juventus instead. He left Lazio following the expiry of his contract at the end of the season.
Return to Czech Republic
In July 2002, Poborský returned to his homeland, signing as a free agent with Sparta Prague, where he became the highest-paid footballer playing in the Czech Republic. During his time at Sparta he celebrated two league championships - in the 2002–03 and 2004–05 seasons, as well as the national cup in 2003–04.
In 2005 he returned to his first club, Dynamo České Budějovice, scoring two goals and setting up a third on the way to a 4–0 victory against Sigma Olomouc B in his first match. He retired on 28 May 2007 after playing his final match: a 2–1 home loss against another of his former sides, Slavia Prague. Dynamo České Budějovice, by which time had Poborský on board as a co-owner, subsequently retired his number 8.
International career
Poborský's first international appearance, against Turkey on 23 February 1994, was also the first match for the Czech Republic after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-3 | Euro 96 He played for his country at Euro 96, where he was one of the most valuable players of the entire tournament. After losing against Germany in the opening group match, a Poborský cross resulted in a goal for teammate Pavel Nedvěd in a 2–1 win against Italy. In the knockout stages of the tournament, Poborský scored his first international goal: his lob shot over Portugal goalkeeper Vítor Baía settled a game which the Czech Republic won 1–0. In the semi-finals against France, Poborský was among those who scored penalties in the shootout as the Czech Republic prevailed after a goalless match. In the final, Poborský was fouled by German defender Matthias Sammer, with the resulting penalty being converted by Patrik Berger. Ultimately Germany prevailed 2–1 with a golden goal settling the game, leaving the Czech Republic as runners-up. Poborský was given the Man of the Match award.
Poborský lob
Poborský's name is often attached to his performance at the UEFA Euro 1996, where during the quarter-final match against Portugal, he chipped the ball and lobbed it over the advancing Vítor Baía. The goal became a trademark shot for Poborský, as that shooting style was soon attributed to him. In 2008, Poborský's 1996 lob was voted the best individual goal in the Carlsberg goal of the day poll on the UEFA official website. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-4 | Euro 2000 Poborský was part of the Czech Republic squad at Euro 2000. He scored his country's first goal of the tournament from the penalty spot, against France in a 2–1 group stage loss, which resulted in their elimination from the championship. In the nation's final match of the group stage, against Denmark, Poborský provided the pass from which Vladimír Šmicer opened the scoring, with the game finishing 2–0.
Euro 2004
Poborský played at Euro 2004, where he became the tournament's top assist provider with four. In his team's opening match against Latvia, Poborský sent a shot over the crossbar in the first half before Latvia took an unexpected lead. In the second half he made numerous crosses to teammate Milan Baroš, with the latter finally converting one to equalise the match at 1–1 in the 72nd minute. The match finished 2–1 after Marek Heinz scored a late winner for the Czech Republic. In the Czech Republic's second group stage match against the Netherlands, the opposition took a 2–0 lead, however the Czech Republic came back into the match and Poborský assisted the game-winning third Czech goal, scored by Vladimír Šmicer, to make sure of victory. With the Czech Republic already having qualified for the knockout stages of the tournament, Poborský was one of nine players rested for the final group-stage match against Germany. He played from the 70th minute as a substitute for Jaroslav Plašil as the Czech Republic won 2–1 and eliminated Germany. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-5 | At the quarter-final stage, Poborský provided two more assists as the Czech Republic defeated Denmark 3–0, with all of the goals coming in the second half. In the 49th minute his corner was converted by Jan Koller to open the scoring; later in the 63rd minute a Poborský through ball found Milan Baroš, who doubled their team's advantage. Baroš later scored his second to complete the scoring. In the semi-finals, the Czech Republic came up against Greece. The game was Poborský's 99th for his national team. Although Poborský created a couple of chances, the Czech Republic were unable to score, and ultimately lost after defender Traianos Dellas scored a silver goal for Greece in extra time.
Other international matches
He was also in the nation's squad for the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup. He announced his international retirement after the 2006 World Cup, having scored 8 goals and made at that time a record 118 appearances for his national team.
Football administration
After concluding his playing career, Poborský became technical director of the Czech national team. He held the role from almost two years, until resigning in April 2009.
In 2011, Poborský became chairman of the newly-founded , a member of FIFPRO. He stepped away from the role two years later in June 2013, mentioning the workload of his role as chairman of the board of Dynamo České Budějovice as the reason behind his decision. |
Karel Poborský | 718831-6 | Personal life Poborský was previously married with two children. After the breakdown of his marriage he had another daughter. In 2013 Poborský moved from Hluboká nad Vltavou to Prague. In 2016, Poborský was put into a medical-induced coma after contracting a brain infection that left the muscles in his face paralysed and with a hypersensitivity to light. Poborský spent three weeks quarantined in hospital before making a full recovery, but he said if he had arrived at the hospital a day later, he might have died. Poborský's nickname is Steve, after the similarly-named Canadian skier Steve Podborski.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Czech Republic's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Poborský goal.
Honours
Slavia Prague
Czech First League: 1995–96
Manchester United
FA Premier League: 1996–97
FA Charity Shield: 1996
Sparta Prague
Czech First League: 2002–03, 2004–05
Czech Cup: 2003–04
Czech Republic
UEFA European Championship runner-up: 1996
FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 1997
Individual
Czech Footballer of the Year: 1996 (shared with Patrik Berger)
UEFA Team of the Tournament: UEFA Euro 1996
UEFA European Championship top assist provider: 1996 (3 assists, shared with Youri Djorkaeff), 2004 (4 assists)
Czech Footballer of the Year personality of the Czech First League: 2003, 2004, 2005 |
Max Duggan | 71888956-0 | Maxwell Duggan (born March 12, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the TCU Horned Frogs, winning several national awards after being part of the team that made it to the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship game. He was selected by the Chargers in the seventh round of the 2023 NFL draft.
Early life
Duggan was born on March 12, 2001, in Council Bluffs, Iowa. His two older siblings, Sam and Megan, were both adopted from South Korea.
At Lewis Central High School, Duggan played football, baseball, basketball and ran track. On the football field, he was coached by his father and was four-year starter at quarterback. As a senior, he passed for 2,130 yards and 24 touchdowns while adding another 1,223 yards and 25 touchdowns on the ground on his way to being named the 2018 Iowa Gatorade High School Player of the Year. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-1 | Rated as a 4-star prospect, Duggan was ranked as the top recruit in Iowa for the Class of 2019. Despite scholarship offers from regional programs Nebraska, Iowa and Iowa State, national powers like Georgia, Ohio State and Penn State as well as his favorite team from childhood, Notre Dame, Duggan chose to play his college football at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas, announcing his commitment to the Horned Frogs via Twitter. He graduated from Lewis Central a semester early in order to enroll at TCU in January 2019.
College career
2019
Duggan's collegiate debut came in the Frogs' 2019 season opener, a 39–7 home victory over the Arkansas-Pine Bluff Golden Lions when he came on in relief of starter Alex Delton late in the first quarter, scoring his first career rushing touchdown on his first possession. His first career touchdown pass came in the second half on a 37-yard strike to Jalen Reagor. He made his first career start three weeks later in a game against the SMU Mustangs, becoming just the second true freshman to start at quarterback under longtime TCU coach Gary Patterson. In late October, he scored the game-winning touchdown on an 11-yard run with less than two minutes remaining as TCU upset the 15th-ranked Texas Longhorns, 37–27. He ended his first season having thrown for a school freshman record 2,077 yards and 15 touchdowns as the Horned Frogs finished with a 5–7 record. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-2 | 2020 Prior to Duggan's sophomore season in 2020, a medical screening that was part of enhanced safety protocols associated with the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that he had been born with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, a condition that affects the electrical system of the heart. Two days after undergoing a nine-hour surgery to fix the issue, he returned to the hospital with a blood clot and underwent an additional, emergency surgery. Despite these medical ordeals, he was ready to play in the Frogs' 2020 season opener, throwing for 241 yards and three touchdowns against the Iowa State Cyclones. A week later in a road game against the 9th-ranked Texas Longhorns, Duggan once again sealed an upset win over the Longhorns with his legs as he scored from 26 yards out late in the fourth quarter in the 33–31 TCU victory. Beginning with a road win over the Baylor Bears on Halloween, Duggan led the Frogs to wins in five of their last six contests – highlighted by his 369 yards of total offense (265 passing, 104 rushing) in a 29–22 home victory over the 15th-ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys. TCU finished with a 6–4 record and accepted an invitation to play the Arkansas Razorbacks in the Texas Bowl, but the game was canceled as part of the second wave of the pandemic. Duggan ended the 10-game, shortened season with 1,795 yards and 10 touchdowns passing – and with 526 yards on the ground and 10 rushing touchdowns, became the first TCU quarterback to lead the team in rushing since Gil Bartosh in 1950. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-3 | 2021 Duggan's junior campaign was a frustrating time for the TCU program and him personally. He did throw for a career-best 346 yards and four touchdowns against the 4th-ranked Oklahoma Sooners, but he was hampered by injuries for much of the season as he played through a broken bone and torn tendons in one of his feet. In a late October road loss against the Kansas State Wildcats that dropped the Frogs' record to 3–5, Duggan was benched when his injuries severely limited his productivity. The next day, Patterson's tenure at TCU came to an abrupt halt and interim coach Jerry Kill took over for the remainder of the season. While Duggan was out, backup Chandler Morris threw for 461 yards in leading TCU to a 30–28 upset victory over the 12th-ranked Baylor Bears. After TCU hired Sonny Dykes as their new head coach in November, speculation that Morris' performance against Baylor could signal the end of Duggan's time as the Frogs' starting quarterback increased when Dykes told reporters that there would be open competition for the job going into 2022.
2022
In August, the quarterback competition that lasted throughout the spring and summer ended when Dykes and offensive coordinator Garrett Riley informed Duggan that Morris would be the starter. Rather than entering the transfer portal to find a new program, Duggan elected to remain at TCU and told Dykes that he intended to be the best backup quarterback in the country and that he'd do anything to help Morris succeed. With the Frogs leading 17–6 in the 3rd quarter of the season-opener at the Colorado Buffaloes, Morris injured his knee. Duggan came on in relief, leading the Frogs on two touchdown drives to pull away, 38–13. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-4 | After throwing for a career-high 390 yards in a win over the Tarleton State Texans and going on the road to reclaim the Iron Skillet from crosstown rivals, the SMU Mustangs, to finish the non-conference schedule 3–0, Duggan and the Frogs made a statement with a resounding 55–24 victory over the 18th-ranked Oklahoma Sooners. With 302 yards and three touchdowns passing and 116 yards and two touchdowns rushing, Duggan earned Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week honors. In each of the next three weeks, Duggan led the Frogs to come-from-behind victories – first on the road at the 19th-ranked Kansas Jayhawks with a last-minute, game-winning 24-yard touchdown pass to Quentin Johnston and then overcoming double-digit deficits at home against both the 8th-ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys in double overtime and the 17th-ranked Kansas State Wildcats to reach 7–0.
In November, Duggan and TCU defeated their in-state rivals, the Texas Tech Red Raiders, the 18th-ranked Texas Longhorns and the Baylor Bears in consecutive weeks to reach 11–0. In the game against Baylor, the Frogs trailed by eight late in the fourth quarter. After a touchdown to pull within two and a quick stop by the TCU defense to get the ball back with 1:30 on the clock and no timeouts, Duggan led a 54-yard drive to get into field goal range – setting up a dramatic final sequence in which the TCU field goal unit ran onto the field with the clock running before kicker Griffin Kell connected on a game-winning 40-yard field goal that left the McLane Stadium crowd stunned; the TCU fans in attendance cheered in excitement after the field goal was good. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-5 | After a home win over the Iowa State Cyclones that made Duggan the first quarterback to lead TCU to a perfect 12–0 regular season since Andy Dalton in 2010, the Frogs were set for a rematch with Kansas State in the 2022 Big 12 Championship Game. Down by 11 in the 4th quarter, Duggan led TCU on yet another comeback, scoring on an 8-yard touchdown run with 1:51 remaining to put him over 100 rushing yards for the game and connected with tight end Jared Wiley on the 2-point conversion to force overtime. The Wildcats prevailed in OT – but the next day, 12–1 TCU became the first team from the state of Texas to be selected to play in the College Football Playoff.
Duggan's accolades for the season include becoming the first Horned Frog to be named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year since Trevone Boykin in 2014 and the first TCU player to win the Davey O'Brien Award (named after former TCU quarterback Davey O'Brien) and the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award. On December 6, he became the first TCU player since LaDainian Tomlinson in 2000 to be named a finalist for the Heisman Trophy. He would finish second in the Heisman voting, behind Caleb Williams from the USC Trojans.
On December 18, 2022, Duggan announced he would forego his remaining college eligibility and declare for the 2023 NFL draft, though he stated that he would still start for the Horned Frogs in the College Football Playoff. |
Max Duggan | 71888956-6 | In the College Football Playoff, they beat the heavy favorites Michigan Wolverines 51–45 in the Fiesta Bowl. He went 14 of 29, threw for 225 yards, and 2 touchdowns and two interceptions. TCU lost to the Georgia Bulldogs in the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship 65–7. Duggan passed for 152 yards, throwing no touchdowns, 2 interceptions and rushing for the only TCU touchdown.
After the end of the 2022–23 school year, Duggan was named the men's recipient of two Big 12 all-sports awards. First, on July 12, 2023, he and Iowa State women's basketball star Ashley Joens were announced as the inaugural recipients of the Bob Bowlsby Award, honoring on- and off-field leadership and excellence and described by the Big 12 as "the Conference's most prestigious individual accolade". Then, on July 31, Duggan and Texas women's track star Julien Alfred were named as Big 12 Athletes of the Year across all sports.
College statistics
Professional career
Duggan was selected by the Los Angeles Chargers in the seventh round with the 239th overall pick in the 2023 NFL draft. He was waived on August 29, 2023, and re-signed to the practice squad. On December 12, Duggan was signed to the active roster following a season-ending injury to starter Justin Herbert. He was waived on December 18, and re-signed to the practice squad. On December 22, Duggan was signed to the active roster. On December 25, Duggan was waived and re-signed to the practice squad two days later. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 11, 2024. |
Air waybill | 7189161-0 | An air waybill (AWB) or air consignment note is a receipt issued by an international airline for goods and an evidence of the contract of carriage. It is not a document of title to the goods. The air waybill is non-negotiable.
Description
The air waybill is the most important document issued by a carrier either directly or through its authorized agent. It is a non-negotiable transport document that covers the transport of cargo from airport to airport. An air waybill (AWB), also known as an air consignment note, is a type of bill of lading. By accepting a shipment, an IATA cargo agent is acting on behalf of the carrier whose air waybill is issued.
Air waybills have eleven digit numbers, called AWB numbers, which can be used to make bookings, check the status of delivery, and a current position of the shipment.
Air waybills are issued in eight sets of different colours. The first three copies are classified as originals. The first original, green in colour, is the issuing carrier's copy. The second, coloured pink, is the consignee's copy. The third, coloured blue, is the shipper's copy. A fourth yellow copy acts as the Delivery Receipt or proof of delivery. The other four copies are white.
Functions
The main functions of an air waybill are:
Contract of Carriage: Behind every original of the Air Waybill are conditions of contract for carriage documents. |
Air waybill | 7189161-1 | Evidence of Receipt of Goods: When the shipper delivers goods to be forwarded, he will get a receipt. The receipt is proof that the shipment was handed over in good order and condition and also that the shipping instructions, as contained in the Shipper's Letter of Instructions, are acceptable. After completion, an original copy of the air waybill is given to the shipper as evidence of the acceptance of goods and as proof of contract of carriage
Freight Bill: The air waybill may be used as a bill or invoice together with supporting documents since it may indicate charges to be paid by the consignee, charges due to the agent or the carrier. An original copy of the air waybill is used for the carrier's accounting
Certificate of Insurance: The air waybill may also serve as an evidence if the carrier is in a position to ensure the shipment and is requested to do so by the shipper.
Customs declaration: Although customs authorities require various documents like a commercial invoice, packing list, etc. the air waybill too is proof of the freight amount billed for the goods carried and may be needed to be presented for customs clearance
The format of the air waybill has been designed by IATA and these can be used for both domestic as well as international transportation. These are available in two forms, viz. the airline logo equipped air waybill and the neutral air waybill.
Usually, airline air waybills are distributed to IATA cargo agents by IATA airlines.
An air waybill shows:
the carrier's name
its head office address
its logo
the pre-printed eleven digit air waybill number |
Air waybill | 7189161-2 | It is also possible to complete an air waybill through a computerized system. IATA's e-Air Waybill (e-AWB) programme and multilateral e-AWB Agreement remove the requirement for an air waybill to be issued as a paper document and therefore allow for electronic air waybill documentation. Agents all over the world are now using their own in-house computer systems to issue airlines' and freight forwarders' own air waybills. IATA cargo agents usually hold air waybills of several carriers. However, it gradually became difficult to accommodate these pre-numbered air waybills with the printed identification in the computer system. Therefore, a neutral air waybill was created. Both types of air waybills have the same format and layout. However, the neutral air waybill does not bear any pre-printed individual name, head office address, logo and serial number.
Validity
An air waybill is a contract—an agreement enforceable by commercial law. To become a valid contract it has to be signed by the shipper or his agent and by the carrier or its authorized agent. Although the same individual or organisation may act on behalf of both the carrier and the shipper, the air waybill must be signed twice one each in the respective carrier and shipper boxes. Both signatures may be of the same person. This also implies that the air waybill should be issued immediately upon receipt of the goods and letter in instructions from the shipper.
As long as the air waybill is neither dated nor signed twice, the goods do not fall within the terms of the conditions of the contract and therefore the carrier will not accept any responsibility for the goods. The validity of the air waybill and thus the contract of carriage expires upon delivery of the shipment to the consignee (or his authorized agent). |
Air waybill | 7189161-3 | Responsibility for completion The air waybill is a contract—an agreement between the shipper and the carrier. The agent only acts as an intermediary between the shipper and carrier. The air waybill is also a contract of good faith. This means that the shipper will be responsible for the haul also be liable for all the damage suffered by the airline or any person due to irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of insertions on the air waybill, even if the air waybill has been completed by an agent or the carrier on his behalf, except when the shipper (as vendor) has delivered the goods to a purchaser (consignee) on an Ex Works basis, and the agent has been hired by the consignee to act in its name as contracting carrier, and responsible for overseeing the regularity, correctness or completeness of the air waybill, pursuant to the freight terms and conditions agreed between the consignee and the agent (as contracting carrier), including, without limitation, whether the freight is NVD (Non Value Declared) or VD (Value Declared). When the agent acts in such conditions, the agent shall be liable for the haul and all the damage suffered by the consignee due to irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of insertions on the air waybill (when the shipper includes freight on the purchased item, in any other Incoterms sale, the shipper is the sole responsible, since there will be no agent acting on behalf of the consignee for the relevant freight).
When the shipper signs the AWB or issues the letter of instructions he simultaneously confirms his agreement to the conditions of contract. |
Air waybill | 7189161-4 | Non-negotiable Waybills are non-negotiable documents, unlike bills of lading, which are usually negotiable. The words "non-negotiable" are printed clearly at the top of the air waybill. This means that the air waybill is a receipt for goods and a contract for transportation only and does not transfer ownership of merchandise mentioned in the box "nature and quantity of goods". An ocean bill of lading, if consigned "to order of" the consignee and negotiated, may transfer ownership of the goods and must be endorsed by the party ultimately accepting the goods. Although the AWB is a non-negotiable document, it can be used as a means of receiving payment. This can be done through the intermediation of a bank when the payment is by means of a letter of credit. An air waybill executed according to the terms of the letter of credit allows the shipper to present the shipper's copy of the air waybill to the bank, with an invoice and other documents stipulated in the letter of credit, and collect the billed value of the shipped goods from the bank. The amount paid by the bank to the shipper will be debited to the bank's customer who ordered the goods and arranged for the issuance of the letter of credit. |
Air waybill | 7189161-5 | The goods in the air consignment are consigned directly to the party (the consignee) named in the letter of credit (L/C). Unless the goods are consigned to a third party like the issuing bank, the importer can obtain the goods from the carrier at destination without paying the issuing bank or the consignor. Therefore, unless a cash payment has been received by the shipper or the buyer's integrity is unquestionable, consigning goods directly to the importer is risky. If a letter of credit is used, this risk is intermediated by the bank.
For air consignment to certain destinations, it is possible to arrange payment on a COD (cash on delivery) basis and consign the goods directly to the importer. The goods are released to the importer only after the importer makes the payment and complies with the instructions in the AWB.
In air freight, the exporter (the shipper) often engages a freight forwarder or consolidator to handle the forwarding of goods. The shipper provides a Shipper's Letter of Instructions that authorizes the forwarding agent to sign certain documents (e.g. the AWB) on behalf of the shipper.
The air waybill must indicate that the goods have been accepted for carriage, and it must be signed or authenticated by the carrier or the named agent for or on behalf of the carrier. The signature or authentication of the carrier must be identified as carrier, and in the case of agent signing or authenticating, the name and the capacity of the carrier on whose behalf the agent signs or authenticates must be indicated. |
Air waybill | 7189161-6 | International air waybills that contain consolidated cargo are called master air waybills (MAWB). MAWBs have additional papers called house air waybills (HAWB). Each HAWB contains information of each individual shipment (consignee, contents, etc.) within the consolidation. International AWBs that are not consolidated (only one shipment in one bill) are called simple AWBs. A house air waybill can also be created by a freight forwarder. When the shipment is booked, the airline issues a MAWB to the forwarder, who in turn issues their own house air waybill to their customer.
House Waybill (HAWB) vs Master Air Waybill (MAWB)
House Air Waybill (HAWB)
House air waybill (HAWB) is a transport document, which is used in air shipments, issued and signed by a freight forwarder, generally on a natural air waybill format, evidences the terms and conditions of the carriage of goods as specified by the freight forwarder.
Neutral air waybills, without pre-printed identification of the issuing carrier can be used to issuance of house air waybills.
The Main Features of a House Air Waybill (HAWB):
House air waybill generally issued on a natural air waybill format.
House air waybill issued and signed by a forwarder without indicating any signing authority either carrier or as agent of the carrier. |
Air waybill | 7189161-7 | A house air waybill (HAWB) may or may not be subject to IATA Rules and one of the international air conventions (Warsaw Convention, Hague amendment, Montreal Convention, etc.)
House air waybill is signed by the forwarder and states the terms and conditions of carriage for the forwarder company’s perspective. House air waybill does not contain actual carrier’s carriage contract, as a result shipper stated on the house air waybill is not the direct participant of the carriage contract indicated on the master air waybill.
Master Air Waybill (MAWB)
Master air waybill (MAWB) is a transport document, which is used in air shipments, issued and signed by the air cargo carrier or its agent, generally on a pre-printed carrier’s air waybill format, evidences the terms and conditions of the carriage of goods over routes of the carrier(s).
Master waybills can also be identified as an airline air waybills, with pre-printed issuing carrier identification.
Main Features of a Master Air Waybill (MAWB):
Master air waybill generally issued on a pre-printed air waybill form of an issuer carrier.
Master air waybill issued and signed by the carrier or an agent on behalf of the carrier.
A master air waybill (MAWB) is subject to IATA Rules and one of the international air conventions (Warsaw Convention, Hague amendment, Montreal Convention, etc.) |