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George Hancock (Royal Navy officer) | 29072793-0 | Rear Admiral George Hancock (c. 1819 – 20 September 1876) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.
Naval career
Hancock joined the Royal Navy in 1834. As a Commander he was regarded as an innovator in medical matters and insisted that the ship's surgeon had his own cabin. Promoted to captain in 1855, he was given command of HMS Immortalité, HMS Trafalgar, HMS Duncan and HMS Duke of Wellington. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station in 1876. He died in this role in September 1876. |
Johanna Skibsrud | 29072796-0 | Johanna Shively Skibsrud (born 1980) is a Canadian writer, whose debut novel The Sentimentalists won the 2010 Scotiabank Giller Prize.
Career
Skibsrud has published two books of poetry, Late Nights with Wild Cowboys in 2008 and I Do Not Think That I Could Love a Human Being in 2010. Late Nights with Wild Cowboys was a shortlisted nominee for the Gerald Lampert Award, and I Do Not Think That I Could Love a Human Being was a shortlisted nominee for the Atlantic Poetry Prize.
The Sentimentalists
In 2009 Skibsrud's debut novel The Sentimentalists was published by Gaspereau Press. The novel won the 2010 Scotiabank Giller Prize. |
Johanna Skibsrud | 29072796-1 | In spring 2011, The Sentimentalists was published in the United States by W. W. Norton & Company. The book has been translated, or is currently being translated, into five languages.
Skibsrud's first collection of short stories, This Will Be Difficult to Explain, and Other Stories, was first published in September 2011 by Hamish Hamilton Canada, with US and UK editions of the book appearing in spring 2012.
Quartet for the End of Time
In 2014 Skibsrud's second novel, Quartet for the End of Time, was published by Hamish Hamilton.
Education
Skibsrud is a 2005 Master of Arts graduate from Concordia University's creative writing program; A version of The Sentimentalists was first written for her thesis. She completed her Ph.D. in English Literature at the Université de Montréal in spring 2012 and currently holds a SSHRC postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Arizona.
Personal life
A native of Meadowville, Nova Scotia, Skibsrud currently lives in Tucson, Arizona.
Skibsrud is married to John Melillo, a professor at the University of Arizona. |
John Stevens (inventor, born 1749) | 290728-0 | Col. John Stevens, III (June 26, 1749 – March 6, 1838) was an American lawyer, engineer, and inventor who constructed the first U.S. steam locomotive, first steam-powered ferry, and first U.S. commercial ferry service from his estate in Hoboken. He was influential in the creation of U.S. patent law.
Early life
Stevens was born June 26, 1749, in New York City, New York. He was the only son of John Stevens Jr. (1715–1792), a prominent state politician who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, and Elizabeth Alexander (1726–1800). His sister, Mary Stevens (d. 1814), married Robert R. Livingston, the first Chancellor of the State of New York.
His maternal grandparents were James Alexander (1691–1756), the Attorney General of New Jersey, and Mary (née Spratt) Provoost Alexander (1693–1760), herself a prominent merchant in New York City. His paternal grandfather, John Stevens, emigrated from London England around 1695, and was married to Mary Campbell.
He graduated King's College (which became Columbia University) in May 1768. |
John Stevens (inventor, born 1749) | 290728-1 | Career Stevens bought a farm in Dutchess County, New York from John Armstrong Jr. Armstrong had converted a barn into a two-story Federal style dwelling with twelve rooms. Stevens made improvements to the estate, including a half-mile race track. He later sold the property to John Church Cruger (1807–1879), husband of Euphemia Van Rensselaer, daughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer. The Crugers named the estate "Annandale".
In 1776, at age 27, he was appointed a captain in Washington's army in the American Revolutionary War. During the War, he was promoted to colonel and became Treasurer of New Jersey, serving from 1776 to 1779.
In 1789, Stevens was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
In 1790, Stevens petitioned Congress for a bill that would protect American inventors. Through his efforts, his bill became a law on April 10, 1790, which introduced the patent system as law in the United States, patent law. |
John Stevens (inventor, born 1749) | 290728-2 | Steamboats
In 1802, Stevens designed and a built a single screw steamboat using a rotary steam engine, a primitive single stage turbine. However, due to poor sealing, the design was abandoned and he would switch to using more conventional reciprocating engines for future steamboats.
In 1804, Stevens built the Little Juliana, a twin screwed steamboat. She was one of the first steamboats to incorporate twin screws and a high pressure steam engine. She successfully sailed down the Hudson in May 1804.
In 1806, he built the Phoenix, a steamboat that ultimately sailed from Hoboken to Philadelphia in 1809, thereby becoming the first steamship to successfully navigate the open ocean.
In October 1811, Stevens' ship the Juliana began operation as the first steam-powered ferry (service was between New York City, and Hoboken, New Jersey). |
John Stevens (inventor, born 1749) | 290728-3 | Personal life
On October 17, 1782, he married Rachel Cox (1761–1839), the daughter of John Cox. She was a descendant of the Langeveldts (or Longfields) who originally settled New Brunswick, New Jersey. Together, they had thirteen children of which seven were sons. The children included:
John Cox Stevens (1785–1857), first commodore of the New York Yacht Club who married Maria C. Livingston in 1809.
Robert Livingston Stevens (1787–1856), applied the wave line to shipbuilding, and president of Camden and Amboy Railroad, the first railroad built in New Jersey.
James Alexander Stevens (1790–1873)
Richard Stevens (1792–1835)
Francis Bowes Stevens (1793–1812)
Edwin Augustus Stevens (1795–1868), the founder of Stevens Institute of Technology who married Mary Barton Picton and, after her death, Martha Bayard Dod
Elizabeth Juliana Stevens (1797–1881), who married Thomas Anderson Conover (1791–1864)
Mary Stevens (1799–1825), the first wife of Rear Admiral Joshua R. Sands (1795–1883)
Harriet Stevens (1801–1844), the second wife of Joshua R. Sands
Esther Bowes Stevens (b. 1804)
Catherine Sophia Van Cortlandt Stevens (b. 1806)
Stevens died on March 6, 1838, at his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey. |
Charles Hobhouse | 2907283-0 | Sir Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse, 4th Baronet, TD, PC, JP (30 June 1862 – 26 June 1941) was a British Liberal politician and officer in the Territorial Force. He was a member of the Liberal cabinet of H. H. Asquith between 1911 and 1915.
Background and education
He was the third child and only son of Sir Charles Parry Hobhouse, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Edith Lucy Turton, daughter of Sir Thomas Turton, 2nd Baronet, born at Dormansland, Surrey. He was educated at Eton College, and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1880. He then attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. |
Charles Hobhouse | 2907283-1 | Military career Political career
Hobhouse's first attempt to get elected was at North Buckinghamshire. He was Liberal Member of Parliament for Devizes between 1892 and 1895 and for Bristol East between 1900 and 1918. He was a Parliamentary Private Secretary at the Colonial Office from 1892 to 1895 and a Church Estates Commissioner from 1906 to 1907. |
Charles Hobhouse | 2907283-2 | Apart from his career in national politics, Hobhouse was an Alderman on Wiltshire County Council from 1893 to 1924. He succeeded his father as fourth Baronet in 1916. At the Coupon election in 1918 he lost his seat, as did Asquith, McKenna, Runciman, Simon, Samuel and McKinnon Wood. In 1922 Hobhouse stood again in North Buckinghamshire but came third, behind both Conservative and Labour.
Hobhouse, long associated with Bristol, was appointed President of the Western Counties Liberal Federation from 1924 to 1935 and President of the National Liberal Federation from 1926 to 1930.
Personal life
Hobhouse married first in 1890 Georgina Fleetwood Fuller (Lady Nina), daughter of George Pargiter Fuller of Neston Park; she died in 1927. He married again in 1931, to Aimee Gladys Brendon, widow of Benjamin Adams Brendon, and daughter of David Charles Ballinger Griffith. He had no children by either marriage. They lived at Monkton Farleigh until he died on 26 June 1941, aged 78. |
J-Euro Non-Stop Best | 29072851-0 | J-Euro Non-Stop Best is a megamix compilation album, consisting of recordings by various Avex artists produced and/or remixed by various music producers mostly those of eurobeat from Italy, released in 2001 by Avex Trax.
As an album in the Super Eurobeat Presents : J-Euro series, J-Euro Non-Stop Best contained 30 tracks including ones sung by prominent Avex artists such as Ayumi Hamasaki, MAX and Every Little Thing.
J-Euro Non-Stop Best can be considered a greatest hits album, as the album consists of many smash hits in the 2000 "J-Euro" boom in the Para Para scene.
__TOC__
Tracks
Further details
J-Euro Non-Stop Best is an album in the Super Eurobeat Presents : J-Euro series launched in 2000, along with Ayu-ro Mix 1–2 featuring Ayumi Hamasaki, Euro Every Little Thing featuring Every Little Thing, Hyper Euro MAX featuring MAX, Euro Global featuring globe, Euro "Dream" Land featuring Dream, and J-Euro Best.
The non-stop mixing was done by two members of the team New Generation; Seiji Honma and Katsunari Mochizuki.
The album appeared on Oricon's weekly album chart four times and reached #29 in October 2001. |
Grace (Miss Kittin song) | 29072855-0 | "Grace" is a song by French recording artist Miss Kittin. It is the second and final single from her fourth studio album BatBox (2008). Co-written and produced by Pascal Gabriel, it is composed as an electropop love song.
Critical reception
Quentin B. Huff of Resident Advisor commented that the song too effectively follows the pattern of "talk-rap over tight beats and haunting synthesizers."
Cultural impact
In 2008, the song was featured on the compilation album Switch 12 by PIAS, which charted at number four on the Belgian (Flanders) Compilation Albums Chart.
Track listing
"Grace (Sleeparchive Remix)" - 6:18
"Grace (Original)" - 3:23
"Grace (Martinez Bass In Your Face Mix)" - 9:35 |
Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights | 29072860-0 | Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights is a biannual student-produced law review at the University of Texas School of Law (Austin, TX, United States). It was established in 1992 as the Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights and covers the status of civil rights law and analyses of the relevant issues surrounding these laws.
In addition to the biannual publication, the journal hosts an annual symposium. It also hosts speeches, brown bag events, and other opportunities to expose law students to this area of law. |
Sarah Brightman in Concert | 29072868-0 | After The Symphony World Tour, Brightman started another world tour in October 2009, visiting first Mexico closing Festival Internacional de Chihuahua (Chihuahua International Festival) in Benito Juarez Olympic Stadium. Then continued through Latin America with totally sold-out venues in 7 countries, and ending in UNESCO World Heritage Site Chichen Itza, Mexico, where she was accompanied by the Symphony Orchestra of Yucatán under the direction of Paul Bateman, with tenor Erkan Aki and countertenor Fernando Lima.
Set list
Act I
Intro: Sanvean Instrumental
Gothica / Fleurs Du Mal
Symphony
It's a Beautiful Day (Contains elements from "Un Bel Di Vedremo")
Interlude: Forbidden Colours Instrumental
What a Wonderful World
Dust in the Wind
Who Wants to Live Forever
Hijo de la Luna
La Luna
Interlude: Sarahbande Instrumental
Anytime, Anywhere
Nella Fantasia
Canto della Terra (with Erkan Aki)
Sarai Qui (with Erkan Aki)
Nessun dorma
Act II
Harem
Stranger in Paradise
Interlude: Billitis Générique Instrumental
Scarborough Fair
He Doesn't See Me
A Whiter Shade of Pale
Pasión (with Fernando Lima)
Ave Maria (with Fernando Lima)
Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again
The Phantom of the Opera (with Erkan Aki)
Time to Say Goodbye
Encore
Deliver Me
A Question of Honour |
29th Maine Infantry Regiment | 29072884-0 | The 29th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
The 29th Maine Infantry was organized at Augusta, Maine and mustered in on December 17, 1863, for three years' service. The regiment was composed primarily of re-enlisted veterans of the 10th Maine Infantry, and its full name was the 29th Maine Veteran Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was under the command of Colonel George Lafayette Beal, previously the commander of the 10th Maine Infantry, who also served as their brigade commander from April 19, 1864.
Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Emerson was the acting commander of the regiment until he was sent back to Maine on account of illness on August 27, 1864. Command then devolved on Major William Knowlton, who died of wounds received at the Battle of Opequon on September 20, 1864. Captain George H. Nye was then promoted to major on October 18, 1864, and assumed command of the regiment.
Colonel Beal was promoted to brigadier general while Major Nye was elected by a vote of the regiment's officers to become the regimental commander and was promoted to colonel, both on November 30, 1864. |
29th Maine Infantry Regiment | 29072884-1 | The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. District of South Carolina, Department of the South, to June 1866.
Company A mustered out October 18, 1864 (having departed from the field in the Shenandoah Valley October 5, 1864) at the expiration of its original enlistment, and was replaced by the one-year men of the 1st Unassigned Company of Maine Infantry as "new" Company A, which reported for duty October 6, 1864. The remainder of the 29th Maine Infantry mustered out of service June 21, 1866.
The regiment's history, History of the 1st-10th-29th Maine Regiment, was written by Major John Mead Gould. The regiment's flags are preserved in the Maine State Museum. |
29th Maine Infantry Regiment | 29072884-2 | Detailed service Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 237 men during service; 2 officers and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 191 enlisted men due to disease.
Lineage
The 1st Maine Infantry Regiment was originally formed in state service in 1854 as the 1st Regiment of Light Infantry of the Maine Volunteer Militia, and thus was older than any other Maine regimental organization. (The 1st Light Infantry was, in turn, descendant from the Cumberland County Regiment formed in 1760.) |
29th Maine Infantry Regiment | 29072884-3 | An historian of the 240th AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery) Group, a former Maine Army National Guard unit, has concluded that numerous subsequent Volunteer Maine Militia and Maine National Guard units, including the 29th Maine, inherited the lineage of the 1st Maine via the Portland Light Infantry company. From 1924 through 1944 this lineage was carried by the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment. As of 2018 this lineage is carried by the 240th Regional Training Institute, Maine Army National Guard, in Bangor.
The 29th Maine is also one of the "ancestor" units, along with the famed 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, of the modern day 133rd Engineer Battalion of the Maine Army National Guard.
Commanders
Colonel George Lafayette Beal – December 17, 1863 – April 19, 1864 (reassigned as brigade commander)
Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Emerson (acting commander) – April 19, 1864 – August 27, 1864 (relieved due to illness)
Major William Knowlton – August 27, 1864 – September 20, 1864 (died of wounds received at Opequon)
Colonel George H. Nye – September 20, 1864 – June 29, 1866 (mustered out with the regiment) |
James Scanlan | 29072892-0 | Biography
James Donald Scanlan was born at 511 Duke Street in Glasgow on 24 January 1899, the fifth of the seven children of Joseph (1861–1950) and Sarah Veronica Walls Scanlan (1861–1922). His father was a medical practitioner. He was educated by the Marist Brothers at St Mungo's Academy and by the Jesuits of St Aloysius' College, Glasgow. In 1915, he commenced studies at the University of Glasgow intending to study medicine but was sent to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst to train as an army officer. Posted to the Highland Light Infantry, he saw service in East Africa and Egypt.
Scanlan returned to Glasgow in 1920 and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Bachelor of Law degree in 1923. He worked briefly for a law firm before deciding to become a priest. Scanlan studied at St Edmund's College, Ware and was ordained a priest for the Westminster Archdiocese on 29 June 1929. In 1930, he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law from the Institut Catholique de Paris, and in 1932, a Doctorate in Canon Law from the Appollinare in Rome. |
James Scanlan | 29072892-1 | Bishop of Dunkeld Bishop of Motherwell
On 23 May 1955 Bishop Scanlan was translated to the Diocese of Motherwell to succeed Bishop Edward Douglas, who had resigned because of continuing ill-health. During Scanlan's nine year tenure, thirteen new parishes were established and five new churches built in existing parishes.
Archbishop of Glasgow
Scanlan was translated again to the Metropolitan see of Glasgow as archbishop on 29 January 1964. Between 1962 and 1965, he attended all the four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.
On the 19th July 1969, the archbishop ceremonially cut the first turf for construction of the new St. Margaret of Scotland Hospice in Clydebank.
He retired on 23 April 1974 and assumed the title Archbishop Emeritus of Glasgow. He died on 25 March 1976, aged 77. |
Doncamatic | 29072899-0 | "Doncamatic" is a single by British alternative band Gorillaz. The track features British singer Daley. The single was released on 21 November 2010 via digital download, with a physical release following the next day. It charted at No.37 in the UK Charts and as of 2023, remains their last UK Top 40 hit. |
Doncamatic | 29072899-1 | Music video
The music video premiered worldwide on 15 November 2010 on Myspace. The video features a live-action Daley in a one-man submarine, on his journey to join Gorillaz and the rest of the collaborators on Plastic Beach. 2-D, dressed as a sailor, can be seen on a small screen inside the submarine whenever "talk to me" is sung in the song, as if he is trying to contact Daley. Daley travels all around the ocean to find Plastic Beach, seeing different kinds of fish, such as the Superfast Jellyfish seen in the "On Melancholy Hill", "Stylo", and "Superfast Jellyfish" music videos. He also finds the wreckage of the M. Harriet. At the end of the video, he travels around the island underwater and rises up on the surface, finally arriving at Plastic Beach.
Track listing
Personnel
Daley – lead vocals
Damon Albarn – background vocals, synthesizers, drum programming, sampled loops
Geoff Pesche – mastering engineer
Jason Cox – mixing engineer
Stephen Sedgwick – engineering, programming |
Goleč | 29072905-0 | Goleč () is an uninhabited islet in Croatia, part of the Elaphiti Islands archipelago off the coast of southern Dalmatia, near Dubrovnik. The total area of the island is . |
Robert Berlinger | 29072909-0 | Robert Berlinger (sometimes credited as Bob Berlinger) (born May 31, 1958) is an American television director and producer.
Career
Berlinger was born in New York City. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree at Dartmouth College. He also graduated from the University of California San Diego after training in professional theatre directing. |
Robert Berlinger | 29072909-1 | He made his television directorial debut with an episode of Working Girl starring Sandra Bullock. He was the primary director for the entire four season run of the Jamie Lee Curtis-Richard Lewis ABC comedy Anything But Love from 1989 to 1992. He also directed 13 episodes of NBC's Cafe Americain starring Valerie Bertinelli in the 1993-1994 television season. In 2007, Berlinger directed The Dukes of Hazzard prequel, The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning.
Television credits
He has directed episodes of The King of Queens, The Bernie Mac Show, Cybill, Chicago Hope, The Agency, Ed, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Kath & Kim, Rude Awakening, Veronica's Closet, The West Wing, Time of Your Life, Cold Feet, Titus, Once and Again, Empty Nest, The Golden Girls, Deadline, Watching Ellie, Hidden Hills, Dharma & Greg, Weeds, Sports Night, Sydney, Gilmore Girls, Men in Trees, Pepper Dennis, Sons & Daughters, Two and a Half Men, Rodney, Still Standing, Hellcats, Wizards of Waverly Place, Fairly Legal, Up All Night and Arrested Development. |
St John the Baptist's Church, Llanrothal | 29072932-0 | St John the Baptist's Church is a redundant Anglican church in Llanrothal, Herefordshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It stands in a remote position close to the Wales–England border overlooking the River Monnow. |
St John the Baptist's Church, Llanrothal | 29072932-1 | History St John's has been described as "one of the most isolated churches in Herefordshire". It lies a few hundred yards from the river.
Architecture
The exterior of the church has been rendered. Its plan is simple, consisting of a nave and a chancel, with a north porch, which was previously a vestry. In the north wall of the nave is a Norman round-headed window from the 12th century, and a window from the 13th century with a trefoil head. There are two windows similar to the latter in the south wall. In the south wall of the chancel is a large four-light window. The east window has two lights, with a circular window above. Inside the church is a 17th-century panelled pulpit, and a brass chandelier which was donated by Ivor Bulmer-Thomas.
The font is a simple bowl on a narrow pedestal dating from the Norman period. It is decorated with a cross pattée, although there is no known association with the Knights Templar. The altar is simple and consists of a stone slab resting on two blocks of stone. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-0 | The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011. The FSMA has given the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new authority to regulate the way foods are grown, harvested and processed. The law grants the FDA a number of new powers, including mandatory recall authority, which the agency had sought for many years. The FSMA requires the FDA to undertake more than a dozen rulemakings and issue at least 10 guidance documents, as well as a host of reports, plans, strategies, standards, notices, and other tasks. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-1 | This bill is similar to the Food Safety Enhancement Act which passed the House in 2009. It is considered the first major piece of federal legislation addressing food safety since 1938. It is also the first piece of legislation to address intentional adulteration and Food Defense.
Background
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated in 2011 that each year 48 million people (1 in 6 Americans) get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases. 31 pathogens are notorious for causing foodborne illness. Unspecified agents have insufficient data to estimate with certainty the agent-specific burden. Known agents that have not been identified as causing foodborne illness include microbes, chemicals, or other substance known to be in food. The ability for these known agents to cause illness has not been proven so they remain unidentified.
Considering that about 30% of the population is at risk for food borne sicknesses, over 14% of food supply to the United States is imported from other countries, and also new and more food items are becoming more complex or intricate, the FSMA was indeed needed. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-2 | In 1998, the FDA announced a publication entitled "Guidance for Industry: Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables" in response to President Clinton's 1997 "Initiative to Ensure the Safety of Imported and Domestic Fruits and Vegetables". They resulted in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Handling Practices (GHP) certifications that became de facto industry requirements, but were not enforceable.
High-profile outbreaks related to various foods, from spinach and peanut products to eggs, have underscored the need to make continuous improvements in food safety.
Under this law the FDA will be allowed to mandate a system that is based on science and addresses the hazards from farm to table. This means that the FDA has the power to oversee how foods are produced and how they are maintained in food markets. This puts greater emphasis on preventing food-borne illness. The reasoning is simple: The better the system handles producing, processing, transporting, and preparing foods, the safer our food supply will be. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-3 | Legislative history
The events of September 11, 2001, reinforced the need to enhance the security of the United States. Congress responded by passing the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act, "The Bioterrorism Act," which President Bush signed into law June 12, 2002.
The Bioterrorism Act of 2002 granted the FDA administrative detention authority over food items if there is credible evidence or information that indicates the food presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals. The new (FSMA) law broadens that authority, allowing for administrative detention based on ‘reason to believe’ that the food item has been misbranded or adulterated’ and thus violates a legal standard for the product. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-4 | Although this bill is meant to address food safety, there are, according to food safety advocate Bill Marler, some issues with its effectiveness. Many facilities, such as farms, restaurants, and nonprofit food establishments in which food is prepared for or served directly to the consumer are exempt from the requirements of the bill. Also exempt are facilities that produce food solely for non-human animals.
Tester-Hagan Amendment
Senators Jon Tester and Kay Hagan sponsored two amendments that removed farmers, ranchers and local processors from federal oversight, leaving them—as they currently are—within the existing regulatory framework of state and local health and sanitation laws and rules. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-5 | Farmers who qualify must provide documentation that the farm is in compliance with state regulations. Documentation may include licenses, inspection reports, or other evidence that the farm is in compliance with State, local, county, or other applicable non-Federal food safety law. The farm must also prominently and conspicuously display the name and address of farm/facility on its label. For foods without a label then by poster, sign, or placard, at the point of purchase or, in the case of Internet sales, in an electronic notice, or in the case of sales to stores and restaurants, on the invoice.
Provisions |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-6 | Impact and fees About 360,000 facilities in the United States and abroad would be subject to the fees. The Congressional Budget Office reported that the fees would not cover the cost of the new system, leaving the FDA to incur a net cost of $2.2 billion over five years.
Prevention
For the first time, the FDA will have a legislative mandate to require comprehensive, science-based preventive controls across the food supply, including pet food and animal feed.
Mandatory preventive controls for food facilities
Food facilities are required to implement a written Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Controls (HARPC) plan. This involves: (1) evaluating the hazards that could affect food safety, (2) specifying what preventive steps, or controls, will be put in place to significantly minimize or prevent the hazards, (3) specifying how the facility will monitor these controls to ensure they are working, (4) maintaining routine records of the monitoring, and (5) specifying what actions the facility will take to correct problems that arise. Animal food manufacturers must implement current Good Manufacturing Practices and Preventive Controls.(Final rule published September 17, 2015) |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-7 | Mandatory produce safety standards Radiological hazards
For the first time, firms must explicitly consider radioactive contamination as part of their hazard analysis, under chemical safety. The FDA does not anticipate that this will be a hazard that requires continuous monitoring with a Geiger counter. Rather, as an example, a firm that uses spring water in its products should consider having the water tested regularly for the presence of dissolved radon, tritium and heavy metal contaminants.
Authority to prevent intentional contamination
The FDA must issue regulations to protect against the intentional adulteration of food, including the establishment of science-based mitigation strategies to prepare and protect the food supply chain at specific vulnerable points. (Final rule due 18 months following enactment) This is the first time language involving Food Defense has been incorporated into law.
Inspection and compliance
The FSMA recognizes that preventive control standards improve food safety only to the extent that producers and processors comply with them. FSMA provides the FDA with new authority to conduct inspections and ensure compliance. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-8 | Mandated inspection frequency Records access
FDA will have access to records, including industry food safety plans and the records firms will be required to keep documenting implementation of their plans.
Testing by accredited laboratories
The FSMA requires certain food testing to be carried out by accredited laboratories and directs the FDA to establish a program for laboratory accreditation to ensure that U.S. food testing laboratories meet high- quality standards. (Establishment of accreditation program due 2 years after enactment)
Visual inspection
During an unannounced inspection by the FDA, a visual inspection will be conducted. During the inspection they will look at the building and equipment to see if there is any possibility of food contamination. The will probe into poor welds, condensation leaks especially over open product lines. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-9 | Swabbing of environment Response to contaminants/violations
The bill gives the FDA the authority to recall food in the case of contamination or illness. In addition, it requires farms to track their food and implement plans to deal with recalls or outbreaks of disease. FDA officials will also be given access to food growers records in the case of an outbreak. The bill also requires food importers to verify that they meet US food safety standards. Small farms that sell locally or sell less than $500,000 a year are exempt from these new rules. New authorities include:
Mandatory recall
The FSMA provides the FDA with authority to issue a mandatory recall when a company fails to voluntarily recall unsafe food after being asked to by the FDA.
Expanded administrative detention
The FSMA provides the FDA with a more flexible standard for administratively detaining products that are potentially in violation of the law (administrative detention is the procedure the FDA uses to keep suspect food from being moved). |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-10 | Suspension of registration Enhanced product tracing abilities
The FDA is directed to establish a system that will enhance its ability to track and trace both domestic and imported foods. In addition, FDA is directed to establish pilot projects to explore and evaluate methods to rapidly and effectively identify recipients of food to prevent or control a food borne illness outbreak. (Implementation of pilots due 9 months after enactment)
Additional Record keeping for High Risk Foods
The FDA is directed to issue proposed rule making to establish record keeping requirements for facilities that manufacture, process, pack, or hold foods that the Secretary designates as high-risk foods. (Implementation due 2 years after enactment).
Additional information on imported goods
The FSMA gives the FDA authority to better ensure that imported products meet U.S. standards and are safe for U.S. consumers, with the vision that imported foods should be held to the same standards as domestic foods. These standards will be met by implementing the following components:
Importer accountability
For the first time, importers have an explicit responsibility to verify that their foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls in place to ensure that the food they produce is safe. (Final regulation and guidance due 1 year following enactment) |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-11 | Third Party Certification Certification for high risk foods
The FDA has the authority to require that high-risk imported foods be accompanied by a credible third party certification or other assurance of compliance as a condition of entry into the U.S.
Voluntary qualified importer program
The FDA must establish a voluntary program for importers that provides for expedited review and entry of foods from participating importers. Eligibility is limited to, among other things, importers offering food from certified facilities. (Implementation due 18 months after enactment)
Authority to deny entry
The FDA can refuse entry into the U.S. of food from a foreign facility if the FDA is denied access by the facility or the country in which the facility is located.
Enhanced partnerships
The FSMA builds a formal system of collaboration with other government agencies, both domestic and foreign. In doing so, the statute explicitly recognizes that all food safety agencies need to work together in an integrated way to achieve our public health goals. The following are examples of enhanced collaboration:
State and local capacity building |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-12 | Foreign capacity building
The law directs the FDA to develop a comprehensive plan to expand the capacity of foreign governments and their industries. One component of the plan is to address training of foreign governments and food producers on U.S. food safety requirements.
Reliance on inspections by other agencies
The FDA is explicitly authorized to rely on inspections of other Federal, State and local agencies to meet its increased inspection mandate for domestic facilities. The FSMA also allows the FDA to enter into inter-agency agreements to leverage resources with respect to the inspection of seafood facilities, both domestic and foreign, as well as seafood imports.
Employee protections
The FSMA also includes provisions that protect employees who try to prevent food safety problems. Section 402 of the FSMA prohibits employers engaged in the manufacture, processing, packing, transporting, distribution, reception, holding or importation of food from retaliating against employees who disclose violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This particular portion of the FSMA is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor.
Implementation
With the Act in place, the FDA began the rulemaking process to codify how to enforce the new laws. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-13 | Even after completion of the rulemaking process, it was estimated that time would be required for the FDA to become fully equipped to enforce the new laws. The agency estimated that it would require at least 1,000 more inspectors and $1.4 billion over the following five years, with uncertainty that Congress would appropriate such funds given the economic climate at the time, and calls for spending cuts.
Rules
In 2012, the FDA was sued by consumer groups the Center for Food Safety (CFS) and the Center for Environmental Health for its failure to meet deadlines. In settling the litigation, the agency agreed to deadlines in 2015 and 2016 for certain rules.
The first public comment period occurred in 2013, and the agency received tens of thousands of comments in that period. The FDA previously submitted their proposed regulations to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, and in that process the OMB weakened the regulations in a variety of ways. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-14 | FSMA progress report The Frozen Kung Pao-style dishes contain ingredients such as chicken, red pepper spice and peanut products which are foods that are involved in outbreaks, and for this reason were included in the pilot project. In addition, it is supplied to diverse food chain distribution channels which could involve imported and domestic products. To increase the intricacy of the pilot project, the jarred peanut butter and dry, packaged spice peanut were included. That summer, the pilot projects results were expected to be accomplished with hopes of developing a complete product tracing system with the information received. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-15 | Funding Food facility registration
On October 22, 2012, the updated food facility registration system by the US FDA was made available. This update required all facilities previously registered prior to October 1, 2012, to renew registration. Failure to do so became a prohibited act, leading to refusal of entry for foreign products and illegal trade for domestic facilities. Every 2 years in even numbered years, every registered facility would be required to renew its registration between October 1 and December 31. Registration would be accepted by fax, mail and electronics means on the FDA food facility registration website.
As of January 22, 2014, there were 195,518 food facilities registered with the FDA.
Reaction and controversy
Large trade organizations joined public health advocates in supporting the bill, while groups aligned with individuals and small farms generally opposed it. However, after Senate adoption of Jon Tester's amendment, which allows for the possible exemption of producers that sell less than $500,000 a year, many large food companies objected, arguing that the exemption puts consumers at risk. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-16 | A similar set of New Zealand rules, Food Bill 160–2, has been towards passage since 2010. The primary effects expected are to tie New Zealand to Codex Alimentarius and the World Trade Organization permanently, although those international agreements will be constantly adjusted. Despite its 366 pages, Food Bill 160-2 cannot directly resolve many threats to food safety, as there is no added Produce traceability nor methods to control Antibiotic resistance.
Alcoholic beverage facilities exemption
There has been criticism that the FDA's proposed rule would be prohibitively expensive on the practice of alcoholic beverage facilities selling spent grain to farmers for animal food. Under current law, alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, cider and spirits, are exempt from the FDA's normal oversight of food products. The FDA will open up the rule to comments again this summer and then revise the proposal, which is due to be finalized by August 2015. |
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act | 29072952-17 | As of September 18, 2018, all brewers need to be in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA).
Under the final rules the FDA is obligated to inspect every brewery in the USA over the next few years.
The FDA inspector will inspect and observe every level of the brewers operations.
They may and will review all record keeping files and are allowed to make copies and photographs for their records.
If the brewing facility fails the FDA inspection they will not only get fined but a stricter re-inspection will be required at a cost of over $200 per hour payable by the inspected brewer.
The USA brewing industry is legally obliged to provide a safe for consumption product and to ensure safety throughout the supply and manufacturing chain.
Brewing beer generally creates a much safer product than non-alcoholic beverages and foods, naturally protected from certain mycotoxins and bacteria, however it can still be contaminated by foreign bodies and chemicals at various stages within the manufacturing process. |
Only Love | 29072959-0 | Only Love may refer to:
Books
Only Love, a 1997 novel by Erich Segal
Only Love, a 1995 novel by Ann Maxwell writing as Elizabeth Lowell
Film and TV
Only Love, a 1998 television film starring Marisa Tomei
Only Love (TV series) (Korean: 사랑만 할래) 2014 TV series
Music
Only Love (album), by The Armed, 2018
Songs
"Only Love" (Anggun song), 2011
"Only Love" (Ben Howard song), 2012
"Only Love" (The Braxtons song), 1997
"Only Love" (Engelbert Humperdinck/Selena song), 1997
"Only Love" (Nana Mouskouri song), 1986
"Only Love" (Shaggy song), 2015
"Only Love" (Wynonna Judd song), 1993
"Only Love", by Alkaline Trio from My Shame Is True, 2013
"Only Love", by Brotherhood of Man from Singing a Song, 1979
"Only Love", by Groove Coverage from Covergirl, 2002
"Only Love", by Katy Perry from Smile, 2020
"Only Love", by KC and the Sunshine Band from Space Cadet Solo Flight, 1981
"Only Love", by Mary J. Blige, 2018
"Only Love", by Mumford & Sons from Wilder Mind, 2015
"Only Love", by Way Out West from We Love Machine, 2009
"Only Love", by the Wildhearts from The Wildhearts Must Be Destroyed, 2003 |
Mary Wright Sewell | 2907300-0 | Mary Wright Sewell (; 6 April 1797 – 10 June 1884) was an English poet and writer of children's literature. Though popular for writing juvenile bestsellers in her day, she is better known today as the mother of Anna Sewell, the author of Black Beauty.
Biography
Sewell was born on 6 April 1797 in Sutton, Suffolk. Her father, John Wright, and mother Ann Holmes, were farmers and had seven children, of which Sewell was the third. Her upbringing followed the Quaker principles.
Originally taught by governesses at home, Sewell attended boarding school in Tottenham around 1811, while her father had sold his farm to invest in a ship. He was unsuccessful in this enterprise, and by the time she had turned 20, Sewell was forced to become a governess herself at an Essex school.
On 15 June 1819 at Lamas in Norfolk, Sewell married Isaac Sewell, whose parents Quaker elders and the couple settled in Yarmouth. The following year, Sewell's daughter, Anna was born and her son Philip in 1822. Her husband Isaac had a number of ill-advised businesses and he declared himself bankrupt after his son was born. |
Mary Wright Sewell | 2907300-1 | The family lived at the Blue Lodge, Wick from 1858 to 1864. She had a great love of poetry and wrote Mother's Last Words (which sold just over a million copies throughout the world) while living at Wick, near Bristol. The book tells a story of how two boys are saved from sin by their mother's last words.
During the 1870s, Sewell's nursed her daughter, Anna, through her terminal illness of hepatitis or tuberculosis. During this period she transcribed the dictation of her daughter's only novel, Black Beauty. In 1878, both her daughter and her husband died. Sewell herself died on 10 June 1884.
Works
The children of Summerbrook: scenes of village life, described in simple verse, 1850
Our Father's care: a ballad, 1857
Homely ballads for the working man's fireside, 1858
"Thy poor brother": letters to a friend on helping the poor, 1860
Mother's last words: a ballad, 1865
Ballads for children: including "Mother's last words", and "Our father's care", 1867
An appeal to Englishwomen, 1870 |
Mediocrity (advertising campaign) | 29073005-0 | The 2011 Mediocrity is an advertising campaign launched by Subaru of America to represent the blandness of mid-sized sedans. The ad campaign presents a fictitious vehicle that satirizes the American mid-sized sedan market. Without attacking specific automobile manufacturers, Subaru of America created the Mediocrity, a fictional sedan that exemplifies all of the typical features found on mid-sized sedans in 2010.
Campaign
The 2011 Mediocrity launch was designed to promote the Subaru Legacy. The campaign started with a digital postcard sent out to key industry insiders, which drove them to a website and informed them of the launch date. A Facebook page was created right before launch to help spark conversations about the car. Some cryptic Tweets also went out pre-launch to help generate awareness of an approaching “big event”. |
Mediocrity (advertising campaign) | 29073005-1 | The campaign was picked up from bloggers in the automotive industry like Jalopnik, USA Today and AutoGuide.com.
Car
A first-generation Kia Optima served as the basic form for the 2011 Mediocrity. Smith worked closely with West Side Auto in Torrance, California to transform the car into an amalgamation of every other car on the road in 2010. Fiberglass was added to strip away lines and transform the body of the sedan. The creative team from advertising agency Carmichael Lynch in Minneapolis, Minnesota chose colors (Medium Crumb/Stale Biscuit) and designed logos, thereby finishing off the design. Production on the campaign began July 21, 2010.
One advertisement for the Mediocrity features commentary from the "designers" of the car, noting that there are no features on the car that stand out from other mid-size sedans on the road. Notable "features" include doors, windows, a steering wheel, four doors, headlights, mirrors, windows, brakes, and no "bells or whistles".
Another advertisement parodies automotive magazine reviews, including reviews from "Car and Rider Magazine" (Car and Driver), "Sedan Trader" (Auto Trader), and "A.J. Partners and Associates" (J.D. Power and Associates). |
Feathers (play) | 29073017-0 | Feathers is the debut play by Eliza Power, a modern retelling of the story of Tereus, Procne and Philomela from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The play premiered at the White Bear Theatre in London in July 2010. It then transferred to C Central at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival where it received critical acclaim. |
Between the Lines | 2907302-0 | Between the Lines may refer to:
Film and television
Between the Lines (1977 film), a comedy directed by Joan Micklin Silver
Between the Lines (2008 film), a documentary film
Between the Lines (TV series), a 1990s British police drama
Between the Lines (Australian TV series), a 2011 Australian game show
Music
Albums
Between the Lines (Chemistry album)
Between the Lines (Five Star album)
Between the Lines (Janis Ian album)
Between the Lines (Jason Donovan album)
Between the Lines, 2019 album featuring Australian jazz trio Trichotomy with Danny Widdicombe as vocalist
Songs
"Between the Lines" (Evermore song)
"Between the Lines" (Stone Temple Pilots song)
"Between the Lines", a song by Bloom 06 from Crash Test 02
"Between the Lines", a song by Robyn from Honey
"Between the Lines", a song by Sara Bareilles from Little Voice
"Between the Lines", a song by Pink Fairies
Publications
Between the Lines Books, a Canadian publisher
Between the Lines (book), a 2011 novel by Jodi Picoult and Samantha Van Leer
Between the Lines: Nine Things Baseball Taught Me About Life, a book by Orel Hershiser
Between the Lines (newspaper), a Michigan LGBT newspaper |
Torfi Ólafsson | 29073023-0 | Biography
Torfi was born on 13 April 1965. His father was in the road construction industry and Torfi began working for him as early as seven years old. He spent his summers helping his father until he was seventeen. He became the Icelandic powerlifting champion and at the age of 20 won the IPF Junior World Powerlifting Championship. He repeated this feat the following year. As a senior, he placed ninth a number of years later. He also won the EPF Junior European crown.
Like a number of his compatriots he turned to strength athletics and on the strongman circuit was very successful. He won Iceland's Strongest Man in 1997 and was placed third in the prestigious World Muscle Power Championships in 1996. Of the five World's Strongest Man contests he entered, his highest place was fourth in 1997. He was also a keen Highland Games competitor.
Outside of sport Torfi worked in Iceland with the mentally handicapped and is married with four children and a dog. And 5 grandchildren His daughter Kristin Helga Torfadottir is a powerlifter of growing reputation. His son Stefán Karel Torfason became Iceland's Strongest Man in 2021. |
I-Ternal Fire | 29073042-0 | I-Ternal Fire is the twentieth studio album by reggae, dancehall artist Capleton. It was released on July 6, 2010. The album is a mix of dancehall and reggae. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-0 | Overview
The development of tanks in World War I began as an attempt to break the stalemate which trench warfare had brought to the Western Front. The British and French both began experimenting in 1915, and deployed tanks in battle from 1916 and 1917 respectively. The Germans, on the other hand, were slower to develop tanks, concentrating on anti-tank weapons.
The German response to the modest initial successes of the Allied tanks was the A7V, which, like some other tanks of the period, was based on caterpillar tracks of the type found on the American Holt Tractors. Initially unconvinced that tanks were a serious threat, the High Command ordered just twenty A7Vs, which took part in a handful of actions between March and October 1918. They suffered from numerous design faults, and Germany actually used more captured British tanks than A7Vs. As it became clear that the tank could play a significant role on the battlefield, Germany began working on designs for both heavy and light tanks, but only a small number of prototypes were completed by the end of the War. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-1 | On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Although he initially headed a coalition government, he quickly eliminated his government partners. He ignored the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and began rearming, approving the development of many German tank designs he was shown.
The German Army first used Panzer I light tanks, along with the Panzer II, but the mainstays were the medium Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs which were released in 1937. The IV became the backbone of Germany's panzer force and the power behind the blitzkrieg. During the invasion of Russia in 1941, the Germans encountered the famous and technologically advanced Soviet T-34 tanks. This led Germany to develop the Panther or Panzer V in response. Its 75 mm gun could penetrate the new Soviet tanks. Germany also developed the heavy Tiger I, released in 1942. The Tiger was soon joined by the Tiger II, also known as King Tiger, but too few were produced to impact the war in any discernible way. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-2 | In the Battle of Kursk, when the newly arrived Panther tanks moved into their assembly areas, 45 out of 200 experienced mechanical problems requiring repair. A good example was the Großdeutschland Division, which had a brigade of two battalions of new Panther Ausf. D tanks come under its operational control before the battle. After the launch of Operation Citadel, the new Panthers were plagued by technical problems, suffering from engine fires and mechanical breakdowns, many before reaching the battle, in which the division was heavily engaged. Also, it may have affected the Großdeutschland Division's non-role in the ensuing epic tank Battle of Prokhorovka, in which it was held in reserve, its Panther tanks not engaging as most were broken down by the time the battle started. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-3 | German factories and industry was devastated by the end of World War II, but by the 1950s, the nation began to look at designing new tanks. The next tank design started as a collaborative project between Germany and France in the 1950s, but the partnership ended, and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr, production of the German Leopard 1 starting in 1965. In total, 6,485 Leopard I tanks were built, of which 4,744 were battle tanks and 1741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including eighty prototypes and pre-series vehicles. The Leopard quickly became a standard of European forces, and eventually served as the main battle tank in Germany. It was superseded by the Leopard 2.
German design and development
German tank development can be traced back to 1911, when Austrian Oberleutenant Gunther Burstyn proposed a design for "motor vehicle gun" ("Motorgeschütz") with a turret. He patented his design in 1912 in Germany but it never progressed beyond paper. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-4 | World War I
By the time of the arrival of the Sturmpanzerwagen, the Germans had already successfully developed their own brand of armor-piercing projectile as well. Near the end of the First World War it was clear that the A7V was a failure, being too slow and clumsy in action and slow to build. Therefore, it was decided that a lighter tank was required which could spearhead assaults and which could be mass-produced, and was called the Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien.
Thirteen companies bid for the contract and in the middle of 1918 construction of a design by Captain Müller was assigned to the Oberschlesien Eisenwerk of Gleiwitz, which had partially completed two prototypes by October 1918. It was a radical design for a fast-moving, lightly armored assault tank.
The Oberschlesien included a track which was placed under the tank and only wrapped around half of it. The design sacrificed armor for the sake of speed and only required a 180 hp engine for the 19-ton body, giving it a projected ground speed of 14 km/h (8.7 mph). |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-5 | Neither the ordered test models nor the improved "Oberschlesien II" already planned were finished before the end of the war.
In the end, time running out on the new designs and the limitations of the A7V design, and being a part of the losing side of a war and fighting on the defensive, all led to a very average first try in the realm of tank design for the Germans.
Interwar period
The post-World War I Treaty of Versailles of 1919 prohibited the design, manufacture, and deployment of tanks within the Reichswehr. The victors pushed for severe restrictions on the country's war-making capabilities and Germany took the brunt of the blame to the west and was forced into signing the Treaty in June 1919. Limitations for the land army included a 100,000-strong infantry army, absolutely no tanks of any kind and just a few armored vehicles for spot duty. The German Army became a shell of its former self. Paragraph Twenty-four of the treaty provided for a 100,000-mark fine and imprisonment of up to six months for anybody who "[manufactured] armoured vehicles, tanks or similar machines, which may be turned to military use". |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-6 | The Neubaufahrzeug was intended to fulfill the role of a medium tank in Germany's developing armored force, but it proved to have too many problems with its front drive and aircraft engine for this role. But even with all its faults, the Neubaufahrzeug provided insight into tank designing that was valuable to the next German medium tank project, the Begleitwagen ("accompanying vehicle") which would come to fruition as the Panzer IV tank for infantry support. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-7 | In the late 1920s and early 1930s German tank theory was pioneered by two figures: General Oswald Lutz and his chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Guderian. Guderian became the more influential of the two and his ideas were widely publicized. Like his contemporary Sir Percy Hobart, Guderian initially envisioned an armored corps (panzerkorps) composed of several types of tanks. This included a slow infantry tank, armed with a small-caliber cannon and several machine guns. The infantry tank, according to Guderian, was to be heavily armored to defend against enemy anti-tank guns and artillery. He also envisioned a fast breakthrough tank, similar to the British cruiser tank, which was to be armored against enemy anti-tank weapons and have a large 75-millimeter (2.95 in) main gun. Lastly, Germany would need a heavy tank, armed with a massive 150-millimeter (5.9 in) cannon to defeat enemy fortifications, and even stronger armor. Such a tank would require a weight of 70 to 100 tonnes and was completely impractical given the manufacturing capabilities of the day. |
Tanks in the German Army | 29073044-8 | In 1931, Major-General Oswald Lutz was appointed the "Inspector of Motor Transport" in the German Army (Reichswehr) with Heinz Guderian as his Chief of Staff and they began building the German Armored Forces and a program of light training tank to train future personnel of panzer divisions. In 1932, specifications for light (5-ton) tank were made and issued to Rheinmetall, Krupp, Henschel, MAN and Daimler Benz.
Soon after rising to power in Germany, Adolf Hitler approved the creation of Germany's first panzer divisions. Simplifying his earlier proposal, Guderian suggested the design of a main combat vehicle which would be developed later into the Panzer III, and a breakthrough tank, the Panzer IV. No existing design appealed to Guderian. As a stopgap, the German Army ordered the preliminary vehicle to train German tank crews. This became the Panzer I. |