Split (1)

train · 154k rows

text stringlengths 4 237k
Pininfarina Sintesi. The Pininfarina Sintesi is a concept car designed by Pininfarina and unveiled in 2008 at the Geneva Motor Show. The name 'Sintesi' means 'synthesis' in the Italian language. Context The Pininfarina Sintesi was a 4-door 4-seat shooting-brake. The concept was born from the manufacturer's view of interpreting the car of the future. With the Sintesi, Pininfarina introduced concepts including "Liquid Packaging" and "Transparent Mobility": Liquid Packaging refers to the concept of putting fuel cells and motors in each wheel. The result is the increase of space for the passengers – in proportion to the total volume of the car – without detracting from the tapered and aerodynamic profile. According to Pininfarina, the conventional powertrains were bulky and that's why for the Sintesi, designers have developed a new fuel cell powertrain that can be spread out into different locations in the car. Transparent Mobility refers to the communication system where the vehicle through wireless technology can exchange information with other vehicles and traffic. Lowie Vermeersch, Pininfarina's head of design at that time said in his statement, “Our source of inspiration, was man’s freedom over technology, a car in which technology gives creative freedom back to the designer and allows us to explore new forms and future scenarios. But at the same time, we did not want everything to be limited to a flight of fancy, we wanted our approach to be very concrete. Which is why we combined and tested our ideas with the innovative technologies provided by our partners in this project.” Awards The Pininfarina Sintesi won the Red Dot Award for 2008, among more than 1900 competitors from 48 countries. This prestigious award ranks among the largest and most renowned design competitions in the world. Design The exterior design featured large windshield surface and a front spoiler. Scissor doors were used at the front and rear which allowed easy entry and exit of the occupants. The overall flowing and smooth look of the side view is combined with the sharp edges that characterize the wheels, the front end and the rear end, while the side air intakes and outlets give a sporty touch to an already dynamic design and create an interplay of convex and concave surfaces. Technical information The Fuel Cell technology was developed in partnership with Nuvera, which developed the Quadrivium Fuel Cell system, the various components of which were distributed around the car, with four fuel cells positioned near the wheels. The total output is around . The centre tunnel integrates a bio-fuel tank and a reformer capable of producing hydrogen. In terms of performance, the Sintesi has a projected top speed of and has a 0– acceleration time of 7.5 seconds. The car was equipped with a wireless system called Clancast, developed by Reicom, which manages all the communication through sensors and a control unit between the car and its passengers and also among different vehicles in the traffic. References External links Official Pininfarina Sintesi Website Pininfarina vehicles Concept cars Cars introduced in 2008 Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Sports cars Coupés
European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting. The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF) is an organization dedicated to education, training, qualification and certification in the field of welding and related technologies. History In 1992, welding course providers of several EU countries wanted to harmonise their education, training, qualification and certification procedures. Thus, they set up the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). The objective was that the same qualifications could be awarded in any country by using a single syllabus for each level of the training course and a harmonized system for examinations. EWF developed a comprehensive and harmonized system for training, qualification and certification of welding personnel and managed its application ever since. It took a leading role in the innovation of learning methodologies. It is also responsible for the certification system of companies that use welding, focusing on quality, environment, health, and safety. The challenges addressed by EWF are two-fold: Respond to the industry's professional profile requirements and provide courses that leverage current technological trends and their impact on evolving lifestyles and information acquisition patterns. Currently (2018), EWF has members from 28 European countries and two observer members from outside Europe, represented by their national welding societies: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, as well as Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. EWF/IIW network The federation licensed its qualification system to IIW (International Institute of Welding) in 2000, and since then, a combined EWF/IIW System has been offered in 46 countries worldwide, totaling 44 ANBs (Authorized National Bodies) and 683 ATBs (Authorized Training Bodies). The network also includes 55,000 companies worldwide. A certification system has been developed to guarantee manufacturer compliance with EN ISO 3834 and environmental and health safety schemes and its implementation is harmonized within EWF members. Organization The EWF has a General Assembly, a Board of Directors, a Secretariat and a Technical Committee with five working groups. The EWF is governed by the General Assembly, which is representative of the member organizations. The General Assembly, composed of the members of the association, has full powers to accomplish the objectives of the association. The General Assembly is responsible for electing its president and a Board of Directors. The Secretariat is elected for a period of 5 years by the General Assembly from among the proposals made by the full members, in accordance with the criteria established by the General Assembly. [] The EWF Technical Committee is set up by the General Assembly to cover a technical area related to training, qualification and certification in the welding and joining fields, implying a continuous activity, without any time limit, and consists of the Chairman, the representatives of the members and Working Groups. Key activities Education, training and qualification of personnel The EWF qualification system has several types of professional training covering welding, bonding and related techniques. This harmonized system of education and training has been adopted by IIW as an international qualification system since 2000. Its relevance has been recognized both by ISO and CEN, which have EWF as a liaison member. These different technologies, like particular processes, require that the quality of the product be incorporated during the and maintenance, and cannot be ensured only by final testing. That entails personnel with particular high level of knowledge, skills and competencies, which can be obtained through the EWF qualification system. There are three pillars which support the EWF Harmonized International Qualification System: Technical Committee: Harmonized qualification guidelines, rules and procedures are developed and approved by all members The National Member: is responsible for the supervision and implementation of the system through the Authorized Nominated Body (ANB) The Approved Training Centers: Approved Training Bodies (ATBs) implement the qualification guidelines In 2012, in its annual report about international qualifications, the European Center for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), has considered the EWF qualification system as the best-case example, recognising the ground-breaking work done by EWF on creating a qualification framework which has been globally adopted. EWF training guidelines The EWF training guidelines cover all professional levels in welding technology and related areas, such as thermal spraying, adhesive bonding, plastics welding and underwater welding, leading to recognised qualifications in 30 European countries and also at international level. They can be listed as follows: European/International Welding Engineer European/International Welding Technologist European/International Welding Specialist European/International Welding Practitioner European/International Welding Inspection Personnel European/International Welder European Arc Welder for Railway Tracks European Thermal Spraying Specialist European Thermal Sprayer European Thermal Spraying Practitioner European Adhesive Bonder European Adhesive Specialist European Adhesive Engineer European Welding Specialist for Resistance Welding European Welding Practitioner for Resistance Welding European MMA Diver Welder European Aluminothermic Welder European Laser Processing Personnel Special Course for Robot Welding at the Specialist Level Special Course for Welding Reinforcing Bars at the Specialist level Special Course on Weld Imperfections for Non-Destructive Testing Personnel Special Course on Personnel with responsibility for Macroscopic and Microscopic Metallographic Examination of Structural Materials and their Joints Prepared/Produced by Welding and Allied Techniques Special Course on Personnel with Responsibility for Heat Treatment of Welded Joints Special Course on Risk Management in Welding Fabrication Certification of welding personnel Three certification schemes for personnel have been developed: • Welding Coordination Certification has existed since 1998, was adopted by IIW in 2007 and is currently recognised worldwide, allowing Welding Coordinators to be certified according to the requirement of ISO 14731. • Plastic Welders Certification has existed since 2004, providing training and certification according to EN 13067. • Welders Operators and Brazers Certification exist since 2010. The goal of this scheme is to harmonise the welder's certification process, which is necessary for welder approval. Certification of companies EWF has created an integrated Manufacturers Certification Scheme, which complies with ISO 3834 on welding quality requirements, which is in place since 1998, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 on environment and also health and safety, which are in place since 2000. The scheme has been adopted by IIW, only for the quality field. Projects A good part of EWF's activities have been related to its participation in European cooperation projects, in particular under the European Commission's programmes such as Lifelong Learning 2007-2013, 7th Framework Programme, Erasmus+ and H2020. The project focuses on modernisation of teaching methods, harmonisation of qualifications, support for learning, implementation and benchmarking to other teaching areas. It covers a variety of areas like additive manufacturing, health and safety, microbonding, laser processing and adhesives that go beyond welding and joining but target manufacturing as a whole. References Weld Vocational education Welding organizations Welding
Diamond DA62. The Diamond DA62 is a five- to seven-seat, twin-engine light aircraft produced by Diamond Aircraft Industries and first announced in March 2012. The prototype, designated as the DA52, first flew on 3 April 2012 after six months of development. In June 2014 it was announced the production aircraft would be designated the DA62. Design and development The DA62 development team is headed by Diamond managing director Manfred Zipper. It is based upon the fuselage of the single-engine Diamond DA50, but with two Austro AE330 Diesel engines burning Jet A fuel. Company CEO Christian Dries indicated that the engines may be replaced with turboprops. In flying the prototype from Diamond's Wiener Neustadt plant to the 2012 AERO Friedrichshafen aviation trade show, the aircraft achieved 16.6 mpg (14.2 litres/100 km) fuel efficiency, the result of improvements in cooling drag and aerodynamic drag made during its development. The company originally intended to have the aircraft available for sale in July 2013 and expected to offer fly-by-wire controls as an option by 2014, but development was delayed and those dates were not met. The DA62 was European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)-certified on 16 April 2015. By September 2015, the company was preparing to deliver the first production DA62s to customers the following month and was manufacturing the first aircraft destined for the United States market — the tenth DA52/DA62 to be built and the third production aircraft — for an appearance at that year's National Business Aviation Association Convention in November. American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was received on 23 February 2016 The FAA certification came ten months after EASA certification. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen show, Diamond's CEO Christian Dries reported that production would be increased to 60–62 aircraft per year to meet strong demand. The aircraft is available in two weight versions. The "European" version has five seats and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of , the "US" version has seven seats and a MTOW of . The lower MTOW of the "European" version is to allow operators to avoid higher weight-based air traffic control user charges. The third row of seating and increased MTOW of the "US" version are available as factory options at extra cost. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen, Christian Dries said a special version with an additional baggage belly pod was under consideration for the air charter market. By April 2019 more than 120 DA62s had been delivered. Aircraft are built in both Austria and Canada. In January 2023, it was announced that Aeromot will assemble DA62s in Brazil from kits supplied by Diamond Aircraft Canada, starting in 2025. The intention is to ramp-up production to 50 aircraft per year. The completed aircraft will be sold primarily in the south American market. Operational history Notable owners include German Leader of the Opposition Friedrich Merz, who, controversially flew to the wedding of Minister of Finance Christian Lindner in July 2022, claiming that the DA62 consumed less fuel than official limousines. Media fact checking disputed that claim however, conceding that the total consumption will probably be lower, if the travelling speed and detours - almost unavoidable for cars bound to roads - are factored into the comparison. On October 6, 2023, the Nigerian Air Force acquired four DA 62 MPPs, registered in Nigeria as NAF260/261/262/263. In July 2024, a contract was signed for the sale of three DA62 MPPs for €23.3 million. They were bought by Greece for the Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection(el), to serve as air operations centers for firefighting and SAR, as well for aerial surveillance. The delivery is set to be completed by the third quarter of 2025. Variants DA52 Prototype, two built. DA62 Five–seven seat production variant with an extra third window and larger horizontal stabilizer. DA62 MPP "Multi-Purpose Platform" variant intended for law enforcement, search and rescue, and surveillance operations. Specifications (DA62) References External links Official company first flight video AVWeb video about DA52 development shot at Aero 2012 AVWeb video about the DA52 from May 2013 AVWeb video about the DA62 from NBAA in November 2015 We Fly: Diamond DA62 (Pilot Report) 2010s Austrian civil utility aircraft DA52 Low-wing aircraft T-tail aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2012 Diesel-engined aircraft Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition. The Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition was held in the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, London, England, from 3 July 1905 to 14 July 1905 It was a successor event to the Second International Tramways and Light Railways Exhibition held in 1902. The Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition was opened on 3 July 1905 by Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby. It was organised by Tramway and Railway World. There were over 150 exhibitors, including the major suppliers of tramway and light railway equipment were present, including: Brush Electrical Engineering Company Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd. Dick, Kerr & Co. References 1905 in the United Kingdom Tram transport in the United Kingdom Trade fairs in the United Kingdom
XT3. XT3 is a model of the XT video server. It was created in 2011 by Belgian company EVS Broadcast Equipment. Features This video server was built and designed to allow broadcasters to record, control and play media. It is capable of handling up to 12 channels of SD/HD, 6 channels of 3D/1080p (3G or dual link), as well as 3 channels in 4K resolution. The tapeless server allows loop recording and functions such as replays, slow-motion, non-linear editing or streaming while recording. The server is controlled by Multicam(LSM) or IPDirector software. With the Multicam(LSM), instant replay of any live camera angle at variable speed is possible. The server inspired the XS model, dedicated to specific studio environments and controllers. Applications XT servers have been used in global sporting events productions such as the FIFA World Cup, the IFAF World Cup, MotoGP, Formula 1, BBC Football Programmes, the Olympic Games and in studio environments such as NBC, Sky, France 2 and CCTV or others. This configuration is used in most OB vans around the world. and has received Emmy Award for this. References External links XT3 on EVS Official WebSite XT3 on EVS Configuration Manual (PDF) Broadcast engineering Video
International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity. The International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO) is an annual academic conference with refereed presentations, in the field of Distributed Computing with a special focus on the interplay between structural knowledge and communication complexity in distributed/decentralized systems. The Colloquium was started in 1994 with the idea of promoting new and unconventional ideas in distributed computing; one of the aims of the organizers is to provide a venue for informal discussions in a relaxed environment. The Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing is presented annually at SIROCCO "to recognize individuals whose research contributions expanded the collective investigative horizon" in the areas of interest to the conference. Since 2013, SIROCCO also awards a Best Student Paper Award and/or a Best Paper Award to recognize the best publication among (student-authored or all) accepted articles each year. History SIROCCO was held for the first time in 1994 at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and the proceedings were published by Carleton Scientific. The next year (1995) SIROCCO was held in Greece and since then the conference has always been held in European locations except in 2014 when it was held in Japan and in 2018 when it was held in Israel. The 2018 edition of the conference celebrated the 25 year jubilee of the SIROCCO conference. The 30th edition of the conference was held in Avila, Spain in 2023. Since 2004, pre-conference or post-conference proceedings of SIROCCO have been published by Springer as part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. Reviews of the SIROCCO conference have appeared in the year-ending issues of the ACM SIGACT News Distributed Computing Column in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Locations 2024: Salerno, Italy 2023: Alcalá_de_Henares, Spain 2022: Paderborn, Germany 2021: Wrocław, Poland(Online) 2020: Paderborn, Germany(Online) 2019: L'Aquila, Italy 2018: Ma'ale HaHamisha, Israel 2017: Porquerolles, France 2016: Helsinki, Finland 2015: Montserrat, Spain 2014: Hida Takayama, Japan 2013: Ischia, Italy 2012: Reykjavík, Iceland 2011: Gdańsk, Poland 2010: Sirince, Turkey 2009: Piran, Slovenia 2008: Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland 2007: Castiglioncello, Italy 2006: Chester, UK 2005: Mont Saint-Michel, France 2004: Smolenice Castle, Slovakia 2003: Umeå, Sweden 2002: Andros, Greece 2001: Vall de Núria, Spain 2000: L'Aquila, Italy 1999: Lacanau, France 1998: Amalfi, Italy 1997: Ascona, Switzerland 1996: Siena, Italy 1995: Olympia, Greece 1994: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada See also The list of distributed computing conferences contains other academic conferences in distributed computing. The list of computer science conferences contains other academic conferences in computer science. References External links SIROCCO Website Distributed computing conferences
Railway electrification in France. There are 15,687 km of electrified railways in France, making up approximately 55% of the network in use. For historical reason there are two norms of electrification that coexist in France: 1,500 V DC and 25 kV 50 Hz AC. The electrification of the French railway network was made in four phases. First, at the start of the 20th century, there was a phase of testing and technological exploration. Third rails and overhead lines were on trial in some lines in France; different voltages were tried. Afterwards, in the 1920s, the main lines starting from Paris and lines in the Pyrenees were electrified with 1,500 V DC. After World War II and with the improvements in power electronics, tests were made with 20 kV AC and subsequently with 25 kV AC in the Alps, which was considered satisfactory. Then the North and the East of France were electrified with 25 kV AC, and some lines were electrified with 1,500 V DC in the South. From the 1970s to now, the electrification of the French network has continued mainly with 25 kV to bring electrically powered TGVs to some cities. The use of two norms of electrification was a huge problem for the SNCF up to the 1970s, because there was not much equipment able to run under both standards. Today, all electrical equipment ordered by the SNCF can use both 25 kV AC and 1,500 V DC. References France Ele
XS (server). XS is the studio production server of the Belgian company EVS Broadcast Equipment. It has been inspired from the XT3 server but can be controlled by dedicated controllers from EVS for the studio environment: Xsense, IPDirector, Xscreen, Insio or by non-EVS controllers such as automation systems, linear or hybrid editors, switchers and controllers through API or standard protocols. Designed to replace VTRs, the server allows incoming feeds to be recorded, quickly enriched by metadata and played out or instantly streamed or transferred to post-production. The server benefits from loop recording and allows to record, control and play media. It has from 2 to 6 channels SD/HD and 6-channel 3D/1080p (3G or dual link) and offers the same features in a 3D environment. It supports several formats and codec, with specific codecs for News environment. It is widely used in News environments and sometimes in Sports. References External links Broadcast engineering Video
Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG. Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG is a Swiss manufacturer of energy absorption systems for railway vehicles. The company develops, manufactures and markets basically two product lines: couplings and buffers. Basics The company is based in Schaffhausen, Switzerland and employed, by end of 2011, 39 people. It was acquired in 2012 by Faiveley Transport. References Engineering companies of Switzerland Companies based in the canton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen
Compound Junior. Compound Junior is a public art work by artist Beverly Pepper located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The stainless steel sculpture is an abstract bent line. The form's ends are pressed to the ground horizontally and its middle is jutting upward vertically; it is installed on the lawn. References Outdoor sculptures in Milwaukee 1970 sculptures Steel sculptures in Wisconsin 1970 establishments in Wisconsin Stainless steel sculptures in the United States
Hortonworks. Hortonworks, Inc. was a data software company based in Santa Clara, California that developed and supported open-source software (primarily around Apache Hadoop) designed to manage big data and associated processing. Hortonworks software was used to build enterprise data services and applications such as IoT (connected cars, for example), single view of X (such as customer, risk, patient), and advanced analytics and machine learning (such as next best action and realtime cybersecurity). Hortonworks had three interoperable product lines: Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP): based on Apache Hadoop, Apache Hive, Apache Spark Hortonworks DataFlow (HDF): based on Apache NiFi, Apache Storm, Apache Kafka Hortonworks DataPlane services (DPS): based on Apache Atlas and Cloudbreak and a pluggable architecture into which partners such as IBM can add their services. In January 2019, Hortonworks completed its merger with Cloudera. History Hortonworks was formed in June 2011 as an independent company, funded by $23 million venture capital from Yahoo! and Benchmark Capital. Its first office was in Sunnyvale, California. The company employed contributors to the open source software project Apache Hadoop. The Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) product, first released in June 2012, included Apache Hadoop and was used for storing, processing, and analyzing large volumes of data. The platform was designed to deal with data from many sources and formats. The platform included Hadoop technology such as the Hadoop Distributed File System, MapReduce, Pig, Hive, HBase, ZooKeeper, and additional components. Eric Baldeschweiler (from Yahoo) was initial chief executive, and Rob Bearden chief operating officer, formerly from SpringSource. Benchmark partner Peter Fenton was a board member. The company name refers to the character Horton the Elephant, since the elephant is the symbol for Hadoop. In October 2018, Hortonworks and Cloudera announced they would be merging in an all-stock merger of equals. After the merger, the Apache products of Hortonworks became Cloudera Data Platform. References External links Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area Companies based in Sunnyvale, California Companies based in Santa Clara, California Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq Hadoop Apache Software Foundation Software companies established in 2011 2011 establishments in the United States 2011 establishments in California Big data companies 2014 initial public offerings 2019 mergers and acquisitions Defunct software companies of the United States
Kalahasti P. Prasad. Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad (15 June 1944 – 5 April 2010) was a researcher and educator in Electrical Engineering in the Andhra Pradesh province of India. Biography He was born at Nellore of Nellore district at a time when this was still part of Madras Presidency to Kalahasti Ramanathan Sastrulu (1909–2003) and Kalahasti Gnanamba (1919–1989). He moved to Visakhapatnam to get B.E. and M.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Andhra University in 1968. He went on to get a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in digital signal processing from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1974. His work included creating and implementing new DSP algorithms in FORTRAN and Pascal (programming language) languages on the DEC PDP-11 as well as the IBM System/360 platforms. Career In 1975, Prasad was invited to work as a Post-doctoral Research Fellow by Concordia University. He spent five years there. His primary research output was in digital signal processing algorithms and Complex Analysis techniques. Subsequently, he was selected as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow working at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 1981 where he remained for the next five years returning to India in 1985. While he was at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, he published two textbooks, one on digital signal processing algorithms implementation in FORTRAN and another textbook on Fast Fourier transform algorithms. He revisited University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow between 1990 and 1992. Meanwhile, he spent a few years organizing the Electrical Engineering department at Sri Venkateswara University between 1986 and 1990. He was also a continuous recipient of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholarship grants for research in Digital and Statistical Signal Processing areas between 1981 and 1994. Prasad published about 150 technical research papers among which at least 75 papers were published in international journals like IEEE Communications Magazine and Institution of Engineering and Technology journal while the rest were published in Indian journals. He was also associated with Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers local Indian chapter at Sri Venkateswara University. He helped organize their annual technical meetings, conferences and symposia while remaining the Head of Electrical and Communications departments in the Engineering College from 1995 until he retired in 2004. He also served as an editor of IEEE Communications Magazine for a few journal editions in the 90s. He also served as a member of AICTE as well as an honorary member of UGC from 1994 till 2004. His accreditation approval and verification processes helped to launch and grow at least three local Engineering Colleges in the Tirupati and Warangal regions of Andhra province in the 90s and 2000s including Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science at Warangal and K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati. After retirement, he served as a Managing Director of KMM Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati from 2005 till 2010. He simultaneously worked as a consulting Professor in the ECE department affiliated with Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati. Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad died on 5 April 2010 due to a stroke. Positions held (1) Head of Engineering College, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati (2) First Principal, K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tirupati (3) AICTE Accrediting Program Director, 1995–2004 (4) UGC Grants Program Director, 1995–2004 (5) Senior Editor and Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Communications (6) Director, Tirupati Chapter, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers Achievements Alexander von Humboldt Fellow German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholar References Kalahasti P. Prasad – Coauthor index and list of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server. Kalahasti P. Prasad – List of publications from Microsoft Academic Search. K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences Disclosure Document. 1944 births 2010 deaths People from Nellore Andhra University alumni IIT Madras alumni Concordia University alumni
Boat lift (disambiguation). A boat lift is a machine for transporting boats between water at two different elevations. Boat lift or Boatlift may also refer to: The Boatlift, an album by rapper Pitbull Mariel boatlift, a mass emigration of Cubans for the United States, 1980 The maritime response following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, 2001 Boatlift: An Untold Tale of 9/11 Resilience, a 2011 documentary of the maritime response narrated by Tom Hanks Shiplift, a device to lift small watercraft above the water level at a dock for storage
Quantum oscillations. In condensed matter physics, quantum oscillations describes a series of related experimental techniques used to map the Fermi surface of a metal in the presence of a strong magnetic field. These techniques are based on the principle of Landau quantization of Fermions moving in a magnetic field. For a gas of free fermions in a strong magnetic field, the energy levels are quantized into bands, called the Landau levels, whose separation is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. In a quantum oscillation experiment, the external magnetic field is varied, which causes the Landau levels to pass over the Fermi surface, which in turn results in oscillations of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level; this produces oscillations in the many material properties which depend on this, including resistance (the Shubnikov–de Haas effect), Hall resistance, and magnetic susceptibility (the de Haas–van Alphen effect). Observation of quantum oscillations in a material is considered a signature of Fermi liquid behaviour. Quantum oscillations have been used to study high temperature superconducting materials such as cuprates and pnictides. Studies using these experiments have shown that the ground state of underdoped cuprates behave similar to a Fermi liquid, and display characteristics such as Landau quasiparticles. In 2021 this technique has been used to observe a predicted state called "electron–phonon fluid", a similar particle-quasiparticle state already known is the exciton–polariton fluid. Experiment When a magnetic field is applied to a system of free charged fermions, their energy states are quantized into the so-called Landau levels, given by for integer-valued , where is the external magnetic field and are the fermion charge and effective mass respectively. When the external magnetic field is increased in an isolated system, the Landau levels expand, and eventually "fall off" the Fermi surface. This leads to oscillations in the observed energy of the highest occupied level, and hence in many physical properties (including Hall conductivity, resistivity, and susceptibility). The periodicity of these oscillations can be measured, and in turn can be used to determine the cross-sectional area of the Fermi surface. If the axis of the magnetic field is varied at constant magnitude, similar oscillations are observed. The oscillations occur whenever the Landau orbits touch the Fermi surface. In this way, the complete geometry of the Fermi sphere can be mapped. Underdoped cuprates Studies of underdoped cuprate compounds such as YBa2Cu3O6+x through probes such as ARPES have indicated that these phases show characteristics of non-Fermi liquids, and in particular, the absence of well-defined Landau quasiparticles. However, quantum oscillations have been observed in these materials at low temperatures, if their superconductivity is suppressed by a sufficiently high magnetic field, which is evidence for the presence of well-defined quasiparticles with fermionic statistics. These experimental results thus disagree with those from ARPES and other probes. See also de Haas–van Alphen effect Shubnikov–de Haas effect Landau levels References Condensed matter physics Experimental physics Magnetism
Kambarka Engineering Works. Kambarka Engineering Works - Full name: Open Joint Stock Company «Kambarka Engineering Works» ( or ; ). A rolling stock manufacturer, located in the city of Kambarka (Udmurt), Russia. History of the factory Construction of an iron work started in 1761 and opened in 1767. The foundry produced up to 60,000 tons of iron per year. In 1950 the company shifted its focus towards railway technology. Products The companies product range consists of rolling stock, work trains for track maintenance and spare parts, primarily for narrow gauge railways with the track gauge between and - . Produced for: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Argentina, Vietnam, Cambodia, Cuba, Mali, Nicaragua, Uzbekistan, Guinea-Bissau. Main products Diesel locomotives TU4 (1961–1972) TU5 (1967–1973) TU6 (1968–1971) TU6A (1973–1988) TU6SPA (1980 - 1993 - today) TU7 (1970 - 1986) TU7A (1986 - 2009 - today) TU8G (1988 - today) TU8P (1988 - today) TU8 (1988 - today) TU10 (2010 - today) TGM40 ( and , 1982 - today) Passenger cars Passenger car Sleeping car Hospital car Dining car (also executive) Railway post office Railroad freight cars Open wagon for peat Side-tipping wagon Hopper car Tank car Flatcar Other Mobile power stations - TU6SPA Railway crane Work train Snowplow LD24 Gallery of products See also Narrow gauge railways Narrow gauge railways in Russia References and sources External links Official website Kambarka Engineering Works Official Kambarka Engineering Works Facebook Series locomotive TU7 / modifications Modernization of the children's railway Locomotive manufacturers of Russia Rail vehicle manufacturers of Russia Companies established in 1767 Russian brands 1767 establishments in the Russian Empire Companies based in Udmurtia
SES-2. SES-2 is a communications satellite operated by SES. It was launched alongside the Arabsat-5C satellite. Spacecraft The platform is home to the first hosted payload, a mechanism by which governmental entities can fly modules on commercial satellites. It carries 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders of 36 MHz capacity. Six of the channels in each band can be cross-strapped to the opposite band, enabling new service capability. The SES-2 satellite generates approximately 5.0 kW of payload power and has two 2.3 m deployable reflectors. It also carries the Commercially Hosted InfraRed Payload (CHIRP) for the U.S. Air Force. CHIRP demonstrates infrared detection technologies from geostationary orbit for missile warning applications. Launch SES-2, a communications satellite, was launched on 21 September 2011 from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou at 21:38:00 UTC by an Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle. The satellite weighed 3200 kg and join four other Orbital Sciences-built spacecraft in the SES fleet to provide service for North America, Latin America and the Caribbean. It is stationed at 87° West longitude. Mission It entered into commercial service on 27 October 2011 in the 87° West orbital location. This satellite is used to transmit the updating Othernet archive to the small lightweight Othernet receiver stations designed to eventually provide news, weather, educational and other media to communities with no access to the internet. References Spacecraft launched in 2011 SES satellites Communications satellites in geostationary orbit Ariane commercial payloads Satellites using the GEOStar bus Satellites of Luxembourg
Pasig River Expressway. The Pasig River Expressway (PAREX) is a proposed elevated expressway in Metro Manila, Philippines skirting the banks of the Pasig River and connecting the cities of Manila, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasig, Taguig and the municipality of Taytay. The expressway is proposed to alleviate east-west traffic congestion in Metro Manila. It is envisioned as a joint venture between the Philippine National Construction Corporation and the San Miguel Corporation. The project broke ground on September 24, 2021, while construction of the expressway was yet to start, pending the approval of its Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). The project was deemed cancelled in 2024 due to public uproar against the project. However, Ramon Ang announced renewed interest in the project, albeit citing the need to adjust it toward public sentiment. Route description The expressway is planned to start from Radial Road 10 in Manila and is proposed to end at the Southeast Metro Manila Expressway in the municipality of Taytay. Three segments are planned, in addition to utilizing the portion of the Skyway Stage 3 from Plaza Azul (Nagtahan) to San Juan River in Manila. From Manila in the west, the expressway is planned to travel through the southern bank of the Pasig River. It would turn to the land in Paco, where it is proposed to use the right-of-way of Paz Mendoza-Guazon Street and Quirino Avenue before meeting Skyway Stage 3's Nagtahan Exit at Plaza Azul. Its utilization of Skyway's segment starts at the Plaza Dilao Exit and ends at the future San Juan Intersection with Skyway Stage 3 above the San Juan River. From there, it would resume and cut through Punta, Santa Ana, Manila before retaking the Pasig River alignment at the southern bank up to the future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway/C-6 in Taytay, Rizal. History Plans to build an expressway over the Pasig River were revealed as early as 1993 when the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a study on the proposed urban expressway system in Metro Manila. The proposed expressway over the river was called Expressway Route R-4, referring to the proposed new alignment of Radial Road 4 that would run from the proposed Inner Circumferential Expressway (Circumferential Road 3) in Santa Ana, Manila to Circumferential Road 6 in Taguig. In the 1999 Metro Manila Urban Transport Integrated Study, the expressway was also proposed as the R-4 Expressway, with a 12.5-kilometer route from the Metro Manila Skyway, extending toward the southeast, and being connected to the C-6 to serve traffic demand between Manila CBD and northern Laguna de Bay. First proposed circa 2017 as the Manila–Taguig Expressway (MTEX), a project of Citra Group and PT Citra Persada Infrastruktur, the expressway is planned as a viaduct over the Pasig River and Laguna de Bay, and a network of bridges similar to the proposed Metro Manila Skybridge. The expressway would have had three segments and two- to six-lane viaducts and bridges. The overall length of the expressway would have been . The project has an estimated cost of and an estimated implementation period of 36 months. The expressway is also said to undertake river dredging and cleanup works on the Pasig River before, during, and after construction. In September 2021, the San Miguel Corporation named Filipino green architect Felino "Jun" Palafox as a prospective consultant to introduce "green architectural and urban features" in the Pasig River Expressway system. Initially denying his involvement, Palafox later confirmed his involvement in the project, emphasizing the need for a "missing link for the eastern and western parts of Metro Manila". The project's technical aspects and financial aspects were approved by the Toll Regulatory Board on July 14, and a public scoping was held by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) on the same day. The project scoping report indicated that 101 representatives were present at the scoping, most of which had raised concerns about the project's environmental impacts and a lack of information on the project's detailed engineering designs. The report stated that each concern was responded to with a promise for a follow-up public scoping in October 2021. On September 21, 2021, the Supplemental Toll Operations Agreement (STOA) was approved by the government, wherein a formal agreement was signed between the San Miguel Corporation, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Public Works and Highways at a groundbreaking ceremony held on September 24, 2021. On March 14, 2022, the STOA was approved by the Office of the President. A follow-up project scoping was later held on March 25, 2022. Construction of the expressway was expected to begin in 2022 and be complete by 2023, pending President Bongbong Marcos's signature to start construction. However, as of 2023, construction has not yet begun, pending regulatory requirements. In December 2023, a column in The Philippine Star stated that Ramon Ang had decided to drop the proposed Pasig River Expressway project due to public criticism. This was confirmed when Ang stated in a press conference on March 18, 2024, that the project had been shelved, wishing to respect public opinion. Ang's cancellation is reported to have been rescinded following renewed interest in the project. According to the Toll Regulatory Board Executive Director Alvin A. Carullo, the P81.53-billion PAREX "is still on the table" for further evaluation in its final engineering design process. On May 27, 2024, in a PSE disclosure, Ang announced the company is still conducting a viability study of the project. "We cannot [withdraw], We are addressing the concerns, but it is currently on hold," he explained. Criticism and concerns Environmental and mobility concerns Transport and environmental advocates in April and July 2021 opposed the project, citing environmental concerns that the concrete megastructure would hamper the river's control of floods and contribute to the urban heat island effect, which would have worsened urban heat in Metro Manila. Concerns were raised that building the Pasig River Expressway would also introduce air and noise pollution in the area, as well as non-exhaust emissions, such as microplastics from car tires, road dust, and particulate matter that would have worsened the pollution in the Pasig River and the communities around it. Advocates also pointed out that constructing more new roads would only worsen traffic congestion by attracting more vehicle use, thus decreasing mobility in a phenomenon called induced demand. Among the figures who opposed the expressway's construction is Senator Manny Pacquiao, who envisioned developing the sides of the Pasig River into a tourist spot if elected President in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections. Labor lawyer Luke Espiritu and environmentalist David D'Angelo, both under the senatorial slate of Partido Lakas ng Masa, have also called for rejecting the project. Heritage concerns The Intramuros Administration and heritage advocates also opposed the project, noting that the alignment of the project, particularly Segment 1 from Radial Road 10 to Plaza Azul, would transverse multiple heritage sites and historical buildings such as the Intramuros fortifications, Fort Santiago, the Aduana Building, the Bureau of Immigrations building, the National Press Club building, and the Manila Central Post Office. Both parties raised concerns about the project's proximity to these heritage sites, as advocates noted that the project would not only disrupt the visual integrity of these heritage sites but also damage the structural integrity of these landmarks due to vibrations caused by construction. Issues during public scoping Mobility advocates have urged the DENR to postpone the second public scoping that was held on March 25, 2022, citing concerns that the first project scoping held last July 14, 2021, was not carried out correctly and should be invalidated, noting several inaccuracies and deficiencies in the project briefing materials. Advocates also noted the absence of key agencies such as the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the Department of Tourism, the Department of Science and Technology, and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology at the previous public scoping, declaring the need to hold a new public scoping meeting that would have included the inputs of the mentioned agencies. In April 2022, the Intramuros Administration also informed the Environmental Management Bureau under the DENR that it had not been consulted about the project before the public hearing. Discrepancies between the project alignment shown during the project scoping and in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) report were also raised, as 20 per cent of the total alignment shown during the first project scoping has been modified in the EIA report. Advocates raised that stakeholders in these areas were not properly notified and informed of these changes, noting that the informed consent of these stakeholders is missing from the EIA report. Environmental impact assessment plagiarism In April 2022, it was found out that the EIA report for the project contained entire sections that were plagiarized from the environmental impact assessments of the Makati Intra-city Subway in 2019 and a coal-fired power station expansion project in Misamis Oriental in 2017 and the project components section of the Cavite–Laguna Expressway. In response, advocates have petitioned the Environmental Management Bureau to investigate RHR Consulting Services, the company responsible for the preparation of the report, for any findings of misconduct and irregular practice present in the drafting of the EIA report. Response The issues with the expressway were responded to by San Miguel Corporation President Ramon Ang, who emphasized the fact that the project would be at no cost to the government, dispelled misinformation suggesting that the expressway would cover the whole Pasig River instead of being built along it, and mentioned parallel plans to rehabilitate the river by widening and dredging the river at certain points. In response to concerns about induced demand, Ang responded that the project would not be exclusive to private car owners as it would also have a bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure Advocates indicated, however, that whether or not the project would be built along or above the river is irrelevant as the project itself would be inviting air pollution into a corridor that previously did not have any. Mobility advocates also questioned Ang's mention of including a bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure in response to criticism, as these features were not detailed in the project's EIA report. Environmental architect Paulo Alcazaren also agreed that the elevated nature of the proposed bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure would pose accessibility and connectivity issues. The project's "unusually fast" approval process was also criticized, given the approval of the STOA despite the lack of an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the DENR, which is needed before any construction can start. On June 27, 2023, DENR secretary Toni Yulo-Loyzaga stated that the DENR is currently evaluating the community impact of the Pasig River Expressway project and stated that there is still no timeframe for the issuance of an ECC for the project. Green architect Jun Palafox, who initially denied involvement with the project in September 2021, has since been onboarded, committing to develop it according to "his own vision of Pasig River development". Palafox has also responded to the criticism, denying that the expressway would only cause additional congestion if built, believing there is an "unmet demand" for an east-west transportation corridor. Palafox's involvement with the project has also been seen as a complete reversal of his long-standing principles for revitalizing decades of urban decay in Metro Manila with sustainable practices. Exits See also Pasig River Ferry Service Rehabilitation of the Pasig River References External links DPWH Public-Private Partnership Project Description of PAREX PAREX EIS Draft Report (as of September 2022) PAREX EIS Draft Annexes (as of September 2022) PAREX Public Hearing Documentation Proposed roads in the Philippines Roads in Metro Manila Roads in Rizal (province) Expressway Toll roads in the Philippines
Belarusian Steel Works. OJSC Belarusian Steel Works (Russian: ОАО Белорусский металлургический завод, , "БМЗ", BMZ) is a Belarusian company operating in the steel industry, centred in Zhlobin, Gomel Region. The main raw material of the enterprise is scrap. The company's products range from concast square steel billets, hot rolled round & square steel bars, rebars, hot rolled seamless pipe, high carbon wire rod, tyre steel cord, bead wire, hose wire, general purpose wire, to steel fiber. In 2020—2021, the company fired several employees trying to organize a strike during protests in Belarus, three of them were imprisoned. History Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) was constructed in accordance with the USSR Ministers Council decree to provide Belarusian enterprises with the bars in order to utilize local scrap. The task for the plant working out was confirmed by the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy in November 19, 1982. In 1982 there was signed a contract with the Austrian firm Voestalpine for designing and " on key-basis " erecting of the metallurgical plant and all the necessary constructions for the annual output of 500 000 mt bars and 200 000 mt carbon and low alloyed concast billets. The main sub-contractor was an Italian film Danieli. More than 30 firms of West Germany, Sweden, Italy, Hungary, took part in working out the project, equipment supply and erecting the plsnt. At present the plant has a capacity of 1,100,000 mt of steel, 250,000 mt of structural rolled product and 500,000 mt of bars. The major items of production consist of rebar, billet, channel, wire rod and cold heading wire rod. More than 50 alloyed and low-alloyed structural and carbon steel grades are produced by the plant. Two steel cord shops produce 50,000 mt of steel cord, 10,000 mt of brass bead wire and 10,000 mt of hose wire annually. Basic funds cost of the plant is 1,700,000,000 rubles. The pace of investment growth in 2011 at the BMZ in 2010 decreased significantly. First Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus Vladimir Semashko criticized the Belarusian Steel Works, which had failed to implement any large-scale investment projects for the last three years. Mismanagement and financial problems In July 2011 the Committee for State Security (KGB) had arrested BMZ former Director General Mikalay Andryyanaw; Alyaksey Nikifaraw, the active deputy director general in charge of economy and finance; and an aide to the director general. According to some sources of information, the arrests were made after Alexander Lukashenko's meeting with BMZ Director General Mikhail Savyanok. “It is most likely that Savyanok shifted the blame for BMZ’s economic problems onto the preceding management,” the report said, noting that KGB chief Vadim Zaitsev had been present at Lukashenko’s meeting with the BMZ director general. In July 2011 Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) released a statement to deny reports that the company has been struggling to meet government-set performance targets. In the statement, the steel giant says that in the first half of this year its output increased year-on-year by 5.5 percent to 1,281,952 tons. The company's fixed capital expenditures topped 90 billion rubles, while a target of 64 billion rubles had been set. The profitability of sales totalled 12 percent, and exports exceeded imports by $272 million. In January 2012 the Belarusian Steel Works was reorganized into a joint stock company. In early 2021, Nasha Niva newspaper claimed that BMZ is close to default. According to Nasha Niva, in 2021 BMZ transferred part of his debt to the Ministry of finance, which simultaneously issued foreign currency bonds worth 619 million USD. These measures were taken non-publicly by a decree of Alexander Lukashenko, being not published to public. Political repressions, labour rights issues During the 2020 Belarusian protests it was reported that the workers of the factory announced in a statement to the management that "in the eventuality of unfair elections, the workers will strike on August 10, 11 and 12", after which a part of the factory went on strike. Reportedly, riot police soon arrived at the plant. This was denied by the state-controlled Belta news agency. On 1 February 2021, Zhlobin local court sentenced three BMZ employees to 3 and 2.5 years of prison. These employees were convicted under article 342 of the Criminal Code of Belarus ("Organizing illegal group actions that grossly violate public order and disobey the legal requirements of the government officials"). They were also fined 1088 BYN (~400 USD) of material damage to BMZ for stopping the steel smelting by the induction furnaces. A fourth striker managed to left Belarus and was declared wanted by Belarusian authorities. Two of the imprisoned workers were later recognized as political prisoners by Belarusian human rights activists. At least two other employees were fired immediately after declaring participation in a strike. In January 2021, two employees of BMZ were fired after trying to create an independent trade union branch on the factory. In June 2021, Sweden's Scandia Steel was reported to cut cooperation with BMZ due to labour rights violations. Michelin, another international business partner of BMZ, ordered an independent audit of labour rights at BMZ. International sanctions In May 2023, the BMZ was blacklisted by Ukraine. In August 2023, the company was added to the sanctions list of the European Union. In the same month, Switzerland, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway joined these sanctions. Also since August 2023, BMZ, the general director of the plant, Dmitry Korchik, and the company associated with the plant, BEL-KAP-STEEL, are on the US sanctions list. At the end of 2023, several journalistic investigations were published about the circumvention of the EU and US sanctions against the BMZ. Production Union "Belarusian steel works" Production Union "Belarusian Steel Works" was organized in 2006 by decree of the Ministry of Industry. It includes these companies: OJSC Mogilev Metallurgical works JSC Rechytsa Metizny Plant International offices Outside of Belarus, the interests of BMZ are represented by 8 joint ventures in Germany, Austria, United States, China, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Russia: Belastahl Außenhandel GmbH BELMET Handelsgesellschaft mbH Bel–Kap–Steel LLC Belmet (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd OOO Torgovyi dom BMZ, Russia, St. Petersburg OOO Torgovyi dom BMZ, Russia, Moscow ZAO Torgovyi dom BMZ - Baltiya BMZ Polska Sp. z o.o., Czech Branch References External links Belarusian steel works website - English and Russian language 1984 establishments in Belarus Manufacturing companies established in 1984 Manufacturing companies of Belarus Steel companies of the Soviet Union Belarusian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Junín Airport. Junín Airport () was a domestic airport serving Junín, a city in the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina. It is located north of the city. Current aerial imagery shows the runway is marked closed. Google Earth Historical Imagery (8/31/2009), (9/9/2013) show the closure was sometime after August 2009. The Junin VOR and non-directional beacon (Idents: NIN) are located on the field. Historical facts World gliding championship in 1963: http://www.volaravela.com.ar/mundial.htm?i=1 Accidents and incidents 17 May 1948: A FAMA Viking 615, tail number LV-AFL, crashed on landing at the airport while performing a test flight, catching fire. There were no reported fatalities but the aircraft was written off. See also Transport in Argentina List of airports in Argentina References External links OpenStreetMap - Junín Airport closed Defunct airports in Argentina Airports in Buenos Aires Province
Molecular reference standards. Molecular/Genomic reference standards are a class of ‘controls’ or standards used to check the performance of molecular diagnostic assays. Molecular/Genomic Reference Materials (RMs) are selected or engineered to model a specific genetic biomarker as it occurs in a patient biopsy. Reference materials (RM) are used for a calibration of the measuring system, for assessment of a measurement procedure, for assigning values to materials, or for quality control. Molecular reference materials Molecular reference standards are available in a variety of formats, each of which has strengths and weaknesses. These materials range from synthetic DNA oligonucleotides or patient-derived genomic DNA, to actual patient tissue biopsies with known mutation status. Proficiency schemes Proficiency schemes involve the distribution of blinded reference materials to subscription laboratories, and the subsequent scoring and assessment of the proficiency of those labs in their molecular diagnostic testing. Proficiency schemes are usually organized by not-for-profit organizations, usually government affiliated, to which hundreds of laboratories may subscribe. These schemes are funded with the subscription fees paid by each member laboratory. Proficiency schemes have historically relied upon patient biopsies with known mutation status for distribution to member laboratories. However, due to the significant rise in the number of labs performing molecular testing (in turn caused by the increase in the number of available targeted drugs whose prescription is linked to the presence or absence of a particular biomarker), patient samples are becoming an unsustainable source of reference material. Increasingly, proficiency scheme organizers are turning to genetically modified cell lines as a sustainable and well defined source of reference material. Some of the largest proficiency scheme organizers in the world include: College of American Pathologists (CAP) – USA European Molecular Quality Network (EMQN) – UK, Europe, EMEA United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) – UK, Europe, EMEA Sources Sources of Certified Reference Materials (CRM) include: Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements NIBSC NIST Horizon Discovery Reference Standards Maine Molecular Quality Controls Molecular Controls/ Seracare Life Sciences World Health Organization - International Reference Materials More Information can be found on the CDC and Eurogentest webpages. Cell Line Repositories American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Coriell Cell Repositories German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Health Protection Agency Culture Collections Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Riken Bioresource Center Medical tests
Robert J. Harrison. Robert J. Harrison (born June 19, 1960) is a distinguished expert in high-performance computing. He is a professor in the Applied Mathematics and Statistics department and founding Director of the Institute for Advanced Computational Science at Stony Brook University with a $20M endowment. Through a joint appointment with Brookhaven National Laboratory, Professor Harrison has also been named Director of the Computational Science Center and New York Center for Computational Sciences at Brookhaven. Dr. Harrison comes to Stony Brook from the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he was Director of the Joint Institute of Computational Science, Professor of Chemistry and Corporate Fellow. He has a prolific career in high-performance computing with over one hundred publications on the subject, as well as extensive service on national advisory committees. He has many publications in peer-reviewed journals in the areas of theoretical and computational chemistry, and high-performance computing. His undergraduate (1981) and post-graduate (1984) degrees were obtained at Cambridge University, England. Subsequently, he worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, and the Daresbury Laboratory, England, before joining the staff of the theoretical chemistry group at Argonne National Laboratory in 1988. In 1992, he moved to the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, conducting research in theoretical chemistry and leading the development of NWChem, a computational chemistry code for massively parallel computers. In August 2002, he started the joint faculty appointment with UT/ORNL, and became director of JICS in 2011. In addition to his DOE Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) research into efficient and accurate calculations on large systems, he has been pursuing applications in molecular electronics and chemistry at the nanoscale. In 1999, the NWChem team received an R&D Magazine R&D100 award, in 2002, he received the IEEE Computer Society Sidney Fernbach Award, and in 2011 another R&D Magazine R&D100 award for the development of MADNESS. In 2015-2016, Dr. Harrison co-chaired with Bill Gropp the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine committee on Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support U.S. Science in 2017-2020. His interests and expertise are in theoretical and computational chemistry, high-performance computing, electron correlation, electron transport, relativistic quantum chemistry, and response theory. Bibliography References External links Microsoft Research Paper Search 1960 births Living people University of Tennessee faculty 21st-century American chemists Alumni of the University of Cambridge People from Birmingham, West Midlands American computer scientists Computational chemists
PlanetPhysics. PlanetPhysics was a virtual community with several Internet sites supported by a non-profit organization registered in the USA in an open science, open data, peer-to-peer review mode that aimed to help make physics, and related mathematics, knowledge much more accessible, as well as to further develop physical, logical, computational and mathematical physics concepts. PlanetPhysics was also a free, collaborative, online physics, mathematical physics, computational physics and physical mathematics project, including original articles, lectures, books and encyclopedia entries. The emphasis was on openness, pedagogy, real-time content, rigour, interlinked content, and also based on a virtual community, or virtual group, of about 600 people with various physics, mathematical physics, physical mathematics, logic (such as quantum logic, relational logic and many-valued logics), axiomatics and mathematics interests. Content The main PlanetPhysics.org focus was on both original research and encyclopedic entries; with over 3,400 physics and mathematics concepts edited in LaTeX and rendered in HTML, the PlanetPhysics Encyclopedia is at present the largest Physics encyclopedia written in LaTeX, containing both introductory as well as advanced level presentations. Moreover, its sections on papers and expositions, are second only to CERN and arXiv physics preprint archives. In addition, the PlanetPhysics.org new websites also included extensive graphics illustrations of physics experiments, and also forum discussions. The emphasis was on modern physics contents, including advanced physics and mathematical physics concepts as well. The project hosted data containing physics, applied physics, engineering and mathematics books, lectures, preprints and research-level papers. A system for both private and semi-private messaging among users was also in place. , the Physics and Mathematical Physics projects hosted over 2,000 entries, containing more than 30,000 concepts in books, lectures, expositions, encyclopedia entries, and papers. Several Wikipedia entries also incorporate text from PlanetPhysics articles, and vice versa, several PlanetPhysics articles contain links or refer to Wikipedia entries. Content development models PlanetPhysics implemented several specific content creation systems based on the Noosphere versions 1.0/1.5, Planetary (powered by Drupal), and MediaWiki currently being updated to allow peer-to-peer review, as well as preprints and encyclopedic contributions. This was significantly different from the so-called authority model previously adopted by PlanetMath. Only registered users could create and edit their own entries, or contribute jointly, by agreement, to various topical entries. The MediaWiki version 1.17 approach was mostly utilized at PlanetPhysics for creating books, uploading PDF files of open access articles, and also for graphics-intensive physics animations and graphical applications to physical problems. An author who published a new article with Noosphere version 1.5 (created by Aaron Krowne) retains intellectual property ownership of that entry, and is the only person authorized to edit that article, unless the author allows other contributors to edit as part of an editor group selected by the author. Other users could, however, add corrections and discuss improvements that must be approved by the original author so that the resulting modifications of the article, if any, were always made by the owner. When there are long lasting (>30 days) unresolved necessary corrections, either the ownership or the entry could be removed by the web site administration. A major strength of the Noosphere versions 1.0 and 1.5 planetphysics.us website is its capability of linking in real time conceptually related entries, as well as automatically listing all the concepts either defined by the article or related to the article in the Physics and Mathematical Physics encyclopedia. Any PlanetPhysics contributor can explicitly create links to other articles, and the Noosphere 1.0 system also automatically turns certain words into links to the defining articles. The topic area of every article is classified by either the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) or the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC). See also PlanetMath Open science planetphysics.Co.uk References Physics websites Online encyclopedias Wiki communities American online encyclopedias
Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow. The Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow is a Canadian powered parachute, designed by Gerald Racicot and produced by Sea-Bow International, formerly called Valmecot Inc, of Valcourt, Quebec. The aircraft was introduced in 2000 and production ended when the company went out of business in 2015. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the Canadian Basic Ultra-Light Aeroplane rules. It features a parachute-style high-wing, single-place accommodation, with a second seat optional, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The Rotax 582 engine is a factory option. Before it went out of production the Rotax 618 engine was also an option. The Sea-Bow is built from a combination of bolted 6061-T6 aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via dual control sticks that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. The aircraft is turned right by pulling the right stick and left by pulling the left stick. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The throttle control is located on the right stick. A number of canopies are available, including the El-Condor I, II and III eleven and thirteen cell models. The Sea-Bow's most obvious unique feature is the fitting of four highly angled, saucer-shaped polyurethane wheels outboard of, and in addition to, the main wheels. These "spyros" provide stability on the ground and in flight and the company claims "the shape and the precise location and positioning of these wheels enable the Sea-Bow to safely land and take-off on different types of terrain and conditions such as grass, sand, gravel, asphalt, snow or ice". The aircraft can even be safely water-landed as the spyros provide adequate flotation. They also provide enough ground stability that crosswinds will not blow the vehicle over, but instead allow it to turn into the wind. Specifications (Sea-Bow with El-Condor II wing) References External links Official website archives on Archive.org Photo of the Sea-Bow showing the Spyros fitted Photo of the Sea-Bow with designer Gerry Racicot 1990s Canadian ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Sea-Bow. Sea-Bow may refer to: Sea-Bow International, a Canadian aircraft manufacturer Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow, the aircraft they build
F.W. Webb Company. F.W. Webb Company, founded in 1866, is a wholesale distributor of engineering and construction products, such as plumbing, heating, and HVAC fixtures. It operates in the northeastern United States. History The company was founded in Boston in 1866 by John Stults as the city's second wholesale dealer in plumbing fixtures. Purchased in 1933 by Roger Pope, the company is now under the third generation of Pope family ownership. Products F.W. Webb Company offer products and services to commercial and residential contractors as well as industrial and institutional professionals. Core markets include plumbing, heating, HVAC, commercial refrigeration, and PVF (pipe valves fittings). The company also offers building and process controls, propane gas equipment and parts, ductwork, water systems, commercial and industrial pumps, fire protection and fabrication, thermoplastic piping, and high purity (sanitary) process components. In addition to the wholesale trade, the company serves retail customers, contractors, and interior designers at approximately 40 Frank Webb's Bath Centers throughout the northeastern United States. These showrooms feature a range of products from different manufacturers, and include customer interaction displays configured before purchases are made, to provide immediate feedback to customers regarding design questions. Plumbing Heating HVAC Refrigeration Pipe, Valves & Fittings Building Controls Propane Gas Equipment & Parts Water Systems Commercial & Industrial Pumps Industrial PVF Specialties Fire Protection & Fabrication Thermoplastic Piping High Purity Process Components Process Controls Water Works Sponsorships The company is an official sponsor of the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees. Facilities 1973 – Dover, New Hampshire 1975 – Portland, Maine 1976 – Bangor, Maine 1977 – Williston, Vermont 1978 – Merrimack, New Hampshire 1981 – Plattsburgh, New York; Claremont, New Hampshire; Northampton, Massachusetts 1982 – Stoughton, Massachusetts; Hyannis, Massachusetts 1983 – Windham, New York; Newport, Vermont; Glens Falls, New York 1985 – Caribou, Maine; Biddeford, Maine; Conway, New Hampshire; Keene, New Hampshire 1983 – Lewiston, Maine 1986 – Albany, New York; Rutland, Vermont 1985 – Merrimack, New Hampshire 1986 – Haverhill, Massachusetts 1987 – Waterville, Maine 1988 – Sanford, Maine 1989 – Auburn, Maine 1989 – Scotia, New York; Laconia, New Hampshire; Bennington, Vermont; Hartford, Connecticut; Brockton, Massachusetts; Newport, Vermont 1996 – Malden, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Dedham, Massachusetts; Nashua, New Hampshire; Portland, Maine; Syracuse, New York 2000 – Cranston, Rhode Island; Portland, Maine; Hartford, Connecticut 2003 – Waterbury, Connecticut; Concord, New Hampshire 2004 – Amherst, New Hampshire 2005 – Laconia, New Hampshire; Warwick, Rhode Island; Woburn, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Ellsworth, Maine; Franklin, Connecticut; Binghamton, New York; Torrington, Connecticut; Rockland, Maine; Woburn, Massachusetts; Gilford, New Hampshire; Augusta, Maine; Methuen, Massachusetts; Biddeford, Maine; Madison, New Hampshire 2007—Burns Cascade Co. of Syracuse, New York 2009—O'Connor & Senecal (OSI) of Sutton, Massachusetts 2010—Control Equipment Corp. (CEC) of Cazenovia, New York 2011—Sachs Plumbing Supplies of Stamford, Connecticut 2011 – Boston, Massachusetts 2013 – Bergen Industrial Supply of Elmwood Park, New Jersey 2013 – Systemation Inc. of Fairport, New York 2014 – Allentown, Pennsylvania 2014 – Watertown Supply 2020 – Norwich, Connecticut Executive officers Jeff Pope – President Bob Mucciarone – Chief Operating Officer Ruth Martin – Senior Vice President of Human Resources Michael Michaud – Senior Vice President of Information Technology Brendan Monaghan – Senior Vice President of Operations Jeff Thompson – Senior Vice President of Purchasing References Wholesalers of the United States
Poole and District Electric Tramways. The Poole and District Electric Tramways operated an electric tramway service in Poole between 1901 and 1905. History The Poole and District Electric Traction Company was a subsidiary of British Electric Traction. A single line was built from Poole railway station through Upper Parkstone to County Gates. The fare for the journey was 3d. The company operated a fleet of 17 tramcars from a depot at Ashley Road in Upper Parkstone. Closure The system was bought by Poole Corporation in 1905 and leased for thirty years to Bournemouth Corporation Tramways from June 1905, and this line was subsumed into their system. References External links Poole and District Electric Tramways uniformed staff Tram transport in England 3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Livestock Water Recycling. Livestock Water Recycling, Inc. (LWR) is a privately owned Canadian company based in Calgary, Alberta. The environmental company focuses on livestock manure management of dairy, poultry, hog and digester CAFO livestock operations. The company has built and manufactured industrial waste water treatment systems throughout North America since 1991. It conducts all design, production and manufacturing at its office in Calgary, Alberta. Initially, the company focused on wastewater remediation of oil and gas sites. In 2017 it began more focus on the agricultural industry. The LWR Manure Treatment System The LWR Manure Treatment System uses mechanical and chemical processes to separate nutrients from manure in dairy or hog CAFO operations. The system produces dry solids, a liquid nutrient concentrate and clean potable water. Manure is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and ammonia. These nutrients can be used as fertilizer to improve crop production. LWR currently has systems operating in Indiana, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Awards In 2011, LWR was recognized as a Top 10 Innovative Product in the 2011 Dairy Herd Innovation Awards at the World Dairy Expo in Madison, Wisconsin. Each entry was judged on its originality within the marketplace, usefulness and value to dairy farmers. In 2010, LWR was recognized as a Top 10 New Products at the World Ag Expo in Tulare, California. The Top-10 new products are a favorite ‘must-see’ among World Ag Expo visitors. In 2010, LWR was a recipient of the Emerald Award. The Emerald Awards celebrate the outstanding achievements by Albertans committed to protecting, preserving, enhancing and sustaining the environment. In 2009, LWR won the Dr. F.X. Aherne Prize for Innovative Pork Production at the Banff Pork Seminar in Banff, Alberta. The award honors Canadian pork industry members who have developed original solutions to pork production challenges. See also Hydraloop Systems Himark BioGas References External links LWR Company Website Companies based in Alberta Waste management companies of Canada Waste companies established in 1991 Canadian companies established in 1991
CNA PM.1. The CNA PM.1 was a single-engine light sport and training aircraft designed and built in Italy at the start of World War II. After tests of the prototype a small production run was laid down but destroyed by bombing. Design and development The PM.1 was designed by students at the Instituto di Construzioni Aeronautische del Regio Politecnico di Milano in a 1938 competition for a modern, two-seat light private training and sports aircraft. The name came from Polytechnic Milano. The prototype was built by CNA, first flying on 25 October 1939. The PM.1 was a cantilever high-wing monoplane. Its wing was straight-tapered, with rounded tips and long span ailerons, built of wood with a plywood skin. The tailplane had a similar plan, placed on top of the fuselage with the trailing edge of the elevators in line with the rudder hinge so the rudder, which extended to the base of the fuselage, could move unimpeded. The fin and rudder were rounded and pointed; the rudder carried a trim tab. The fuselage, also wooden and plywood-covered, was flat-sided, with car-type doors giving access to the side-by-side seats in the cabin which was placed under the leading edge of the wing. In front, a compactly cowled, 40 kW (60 hp) CNA D.4 flat four engine drove a 2-blade propeller. The PM.1 had a conventional undercarriage with mainwheels on centrally mounted, faired V-form half axles and with vertical legs to the bottom longerons, assisted by a tailskid. Operational history The outbreak of war and the need to concentrate on front-line aircraft delayed production of the PM.1, but an order for 10 was placed in August 1942. The partially completed aircraft were destroyed in an Allied bombing raid on Rome in July 1943; though the prototype avoided this event, it was destroyed later in the war. Its design influenced that of the post-war Macchi MB.308, though the latter has a tricycle undercarriage and a markedly revised tail. Specifications References 1930s Italian sport aircraft Compagnia Nazionale Aeronautica High-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1939
Bill Tomlinson. William M. "Bill" Tomlinson is a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, and a researcher in the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology. He studies the fields of environmental informatics, human-computer interaction, multi-agent systems and computer-supported learning. His book Greening through IT (MIT Press, 2010) examines the ways in which information technology can help people think and act on the broad scales of time, space, and complexity necessary for us to address the world's current environmental issues. In addition, he has authored dozens of papers across a range of journals and conferences in computing, the learning sciences, and the law. His work has been reviewed by The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, Wired.com, Scientific American Frontiers, CNN, and the BBC. In 2007, he received an NSF CAREER award, and in 2008 he was selected as a Sloan Research Fellow. He holds an AB in biology from Harvard College, an MFA in experimental animation from CalArts, and SM and PhD degrees from the MIT Media Lab. His animated film, Shaft of Light, screened at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival and dozens of other film festivals around the world. His 2009 paper with Andrew Torrance on patent systems has been cited in amicus briefs and in a writ filed with the United States Supreme Court. In 2012, he promoted and led a pioneering experimental work on collaborative writing, that provided the first extensive discussion of the experiential aspects of large-scale collaborative research by documenting the collaborative development process of an academic paper written by a collective of thirty authors. Currently his research is focused on the expanding field on disaster informatics, which deals with using information technology on limited resources in times of disaster or chaos to locate scarce resources. Books authored Greening through IT (MIT Press, 2010) References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American computer scientists Harvard College alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni American educators California Institute of the Arts alumni
Sea-Bow International. Sea-Bow International was a Canadian aircraft manufacturer, based in Valcourt, Quebec. The company was founded by designer Gerald Racicot and specialized in the design and production of powered parachutes. The company was originally called Valmecot, Inc. The company was founded about 2000 and went out of business in 2015. The company produced just one aircraft design, the Sea-Bow powered parachute. Aircraft References External links Official website archives on Archive.org Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada Powered parachutes
Prospector (spacecraft). Prospector was a proposed lunar probe that was intended to be flown in support of the Apollo lunar missions. History Prospector arose as a result of President John F. Kennedy's desire to rehabilitate the tarnished image of US spaceflight. In 1961, NASA proposed a series of robotic probes, including Prospector, to be managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Prospector was based on a study that had been performed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in June 1960, to determine what lunar missions could be achieved using the Saturn I rocket. NASA envisioned Prospector as "a large versatile 'space truck'" that could be launched by a Saturn rocket and that could soft-land on the Moon with a wide variety of payloads. Among the applications envisioned were: A remote-controlled lunar rover that could explore large areas of the lunar surface, including the far side of the Moon A system to obtain lunar samples and return them to Earth A low-altitude survey of the lunar surface for reconnaissance, and to help select landing sites for subsequent Apollo missions, using large propellant tanks to allow the spacecraft to hover and laterally move over the lunar surface An uncrewed cargo spacecraft, providing supplies and materials to lunar astronauts Prospector was initially planned to have its first launch between 1963 and 1966. However, as plans progressed, the project ran into weight overruns, requiring a larger launcher such as the Saturn V. Its role also began to change from one of support for the Apollo missions to more of a substitute for them, which NASA's Space Task Group did not endorse. The project was canceled in 1962. See also Lunar resources Luna-Glob, a current Russian lander program Lunar Prospector Resource Prospector (rover) Robotic exploration of the Moon References External links Prospector at the Encyclopedia Astronautica NASA programs Cancelled NASA space probes Cancelled space probes Missions to the Moon
Maudslay, Sons and Field. Maudslay, Sons and Field was an engineering company based in Lambeth, London. History The company was founded by Henry Maudslay as Henry Maudslay and Company in 1798 and was later reorganised into Maudslay, Sons and Field in 1833 after his sons Thomas and Joseph, as well as Joshua Field joined the company. It specialised in building marine steam engines. The company produced a special steam-powered mill for the 1852 re-cutting of the Koh-i-Noor. See also Great Wheel References External links Chronology of the company Defunct shipbuilding companies of England Defunct companies based in London Engineering companies of England 1798 establishments in England Manufacturing companies established in 1798 Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1900 1900 disestablishments in England British companies established in 1798 British companies disestablished in 1900
Load–store architecture. In computer engineering, a load–store architecture (or a register–register architecture) is an instruction set architecture that divides instructions into two categories: memory access (load and store between memory and registers) and ALU operations (which only occur between registers). Some RISC architectures such as PowerPC, SPARC, RISC-V, ARM, and MIPS are load–store architectures. For instance, in a load–store approach both operands and destination for an ADD operation must be in registers. This differs from a register–memory architecture (for example, a CISC instruction set architecture such as x86) in which one of the operands for the ADD operation may be in memory, while the other is in a register. The earliest example of a load–store architecture was the CDC 6600. Almost all vector processors (including many GPUs) use the load–store approach. See also Load–store unit Register–memory architecture References Computer architecture
Register–memory architecture. In computer engineering, a register–memory architecture is an instruction set architecture that allows operations to be performed on (or from) memory, as well as registers. If the architecture allows all operands to be in memory or in registers, or in combinations, it is called a "register plus memory" architecture. In a register–memory approach one of the operands for operations such as the ADD operation may be in memory, while the other is in a register. This differs from a load–store architecture (used by RISC designs such as MIPS) in which both operands for an ADD operation must be in registers before the ADD. An example of register-memory architecture is Intel x86. Examples of register plus memory architecture are: IBM System/360 and its successors, which support memory-to-memory fixed-point decimal arithmetic operations, but not binary integer or floating-point arithmetic operations; PDP-11, which supports memory or register source and destination operands for most two-operand integer operations; VAX, which supports memory or register source and destination operands for binary integer and floating-point arithmetic; Motorola 68000 series, which supports integer arithmetic with a memory source or destination, but not with a memory source and destination. However, the 68000 can move data memory-to-memory with nearly all addressing modes. See also Load–store architecture Addressing mode References Computer architecture
Adria (motorcycle). The Adria company were better known for their motor vehicle and boat engines, but between 1912 and 1928 they built a range of 276cc, 282cc, 294cc and 346cc side-valve single-cylinder powered bikes. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
ADS (motorcycle). ADS were a small assembler of 98cc autocycles using Sachs and Ilo engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Belgium
AEL (motorcycle). AEL was a motorcycle and accessories dealer in Coventry, England who assembled bikes between 1919 and 1924 using frames probably manufactured in Coventry. Engines ranged from 147cc to 348cc, and were provided by companies such as Villiers, JAP and Blackburne. References External links 1923 advertisement Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Aeolus (motorcycle 1903–1905). The Aeolus was manufactured in England by the Bown Manufacturing Company between 1903 and 1905, and featured a 492cc single-cylinder engine with shaft drive to the rear wheel. Production was on a limited scale. References Goods manufactured in England Vehicles introduced in 1903 1903 establishments in England Motorcycles introduced in the 1900s British companies established in 1903
Aeolus (motorcycle 1914–1916). The Aeolus was manufactured between 1914 and 1916 with a 147cc two-stroke engine by the Bown Manufacturing Company, between 1919 and 1924 the machine was branded as Bownian References Motorcycles introduced in the 1910s
Aero (motorcycle). The Aero was the creation of Narazo Shamazu, who had built motorcycles under the NS name prior to World War I. The Aero was manufactured between 1925 and 1927, and featured 250cc and 633cc single-cylinder engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan
Aeros (motorcycle). Designed by Franz Bezina, the Aeros motorcycle was manufactured between 1927 and 1929. It featured a BMW-inspired frame with a leaf spring fork and 347cc and 497cc three-valve overhead camshaft single-cylinder engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Czechoslovakia Defunct manufacturing companies of Czechoslovakia
AFW (motorcycle). The AFW was manufactured in Germany between 1923 and 1925, and used a 246cc overhead valve engine supplied by Hansa Prazisionwerke AG of Bielefeld. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
Mojette transform. The Mojette transform is an application of discrete geometry. More specifically, it is a discrete and exact version of the Radon transform, thus a projection operator. The IRCCyN laboratory - UMR CNRS 6597 in Nantes, France has been developing it since 1994. The first characteristic of the Mojette transform is using only additions and subtractions. The second characteristic is that the Mojette Transform is redundant, spreading the initial geometrical information into several projections. This transform uses discrete geometry in order to dispatch information onto a discrete geometrical support. This support is then projected by the Mojette operator along discrete directions. When enough projections are available, the initial information can be reconstructed. The Mojette transform has been already used in numerous applications domains: Medical tomography Network packet transfer Distributed storage on disks or networks Image fingerprinting and image cryptography schemes History After one year of research, the first communication introducing the Mojette Transform was held in May 1995 in the first edition of CORESA National Congress CCITT Rennes. Many others will follow it for 18 years of existence. In 2011, the book The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications at ISTE-Wiley was well received by the scientific community. All this support has encouraged the IRCCyN research team to continue the research on this topic. Jeanpierre Guédon, professor and inventor of the transform called it: "Mojette Transform". The word "Mojette" comes from the name of white beans in Vendee, originally written "Moghette" or "Mojhette". In many countries, bean is a basic educational tool representing an exact unit that teaches visually additions and subtractions. Therefore, the choice of the name "Mojette" serves to emphasize the fact that the transform uses only exact unit in additions and subtractions. The original purpose of the Mojette Transform was to create a discrete tool to divide the Fourier plane into angular and radial sectors. The first attempt of application was the psychovisual encoding of image, reproducing the human vision channel. However, it was never realized. Mathematics The "raw" transform Mojette definition is this: The following figure 1 helps to explain the “raw” transform Mojette. We start with the function f represented by 16 pixels from p1 to p16. The possible values of the function at the point (k, l) are different according to the applications. This can be a binary value of 0 or 1 that it often used to differentiate the object and the background. This can be a ternary value as in the Mojette game. This can be also a finite set of integers value from 0 to (n-1), or more often we take a set of cardinality equal to a power of 2 or a prime number. But it can be integers and real numbers with an infinite number of possibilities, even though this idea has never been used. With the index "k" as "kolumn" and “l” as a “line”, we define a Cartesian coordinate system. But here we will only need the integer coordinates. On Figure 2, we have arbitrarily chosen the left bottom point as the origin (0,0) and the direction of the two axes. The coordinates of each pixel are denoted in red on Figure 2. For the projections, the coordinate system is derived from that of the grid. Indeed, it meets two requirements: 1) The pixel (0,0) is always projected on the point 0 of the projection (this is a consequence of linearity of the Mojette operator) 2) The direction of the projection is fixed "counterclockwise" as in trigonometry when going from 0 ° to 180 °. Altogether, it necessarily gives the positions of the bins like the ones in blue color on the Figure 2. Let’s head back to the formula (1): the red dots correspond to the index (k, l) and the blue dots to the index b. The only elements remaining to clarify are the (p, q) values. These two values (p, q) are precisely those characterizing the Mojette Transform. They define the projection angle. Figure 3 shows colored arrows corresponding with the color code to the projection indexed by (p, q). For the 90° angle, the projection is shown below the grid for convenience but the direction is upward. Table 1 shows the correspondence between the angles in degrees and the values of p and q. The only valid Mojette angles are given by the following rules: An angle is given by the direction of projection in line and column A direction is composed of two integers (p, q) with gcd (p, q) = 1 An angle is always between 0 and 180 °, which means that q is never negative These rules ensure the uniqueness in the correspondence of an angle and (p, q) values. For example, the 45 ° angle, the Rule 2 forbid to define the angle pairs (2,2) or (3,3) and Rule 3 prohibits to use (-2, -2) and (-1, -1). Only the angle (p = 1, q = 1) satisfies the three rules. Applications and achievements The distributed storage disk or network The most important area of application using the "Mojette Transform" is distributed storage. Particularly, this method is used in RozoFS, an open-source distributed file system. In this application, the "Mojette Transform" is used as an erasure code in order to provide reliability, while significantly reducing the total amount of stored data when compared to classical techniques like replication (typically by a factor of 2). Thus, it significantly reduces the cost of the storage cluster in terms of hardware, maintenance or energy consumption for example. In 2010, Pierre Evenou, research engineer of the IVC team IRCCyN laboratory, decided to create the start-up Fizians (currently known as Rozo Systems) using this application. The start-up offers storage solutions in cloud computing, virtualization, storage servers, file servers, backup and archiving. Networks packets transfer Thanks to the redundancy of the transform, sent packets can be fragmented without loss. Additionally, the fact of using only additions and subtractions increases the speed of information transmission. Finally, the information cannot be reconstructed without having the initial angle of the projections, so it also provides data security. This application has been selected by Thales Cholet for its ad hoc network (using wireless network and terminals to transmit messages between them) in order to secure the information and has multiple paths between the source and destination. In 2002, the start-up PIBI has used this technology to provide secure Internet payment services. The Medical tomography In the field of medical imaging, the properties of the “Transform Mojette” create a direct mapping and solve the missing wedge problem. However, the image acquisition using the Mojette transform has not been yet developed. The problem of obtaining exact “Mojette” values while using approximated data acquisition has been studied but has to be continued. Besides, the post-processing of medical images is doing well since data acquisition is already done. These results are used by the company Keosys in 2001 with Jerome Fortineau and the company Qualiformed created in 2006 by Stephen Beaumont. Prof. Guédon and the IRCCyN laboratory were heavily involved in the creation of these two companies. The companies have already financed several PhD students and participated in research projects in order to continue the development of the application in medical tomography. The results have led to apply patents and implementation on their equipment of image processing. The watermarking and image encryption Cryptography and watermarking were also part of the research conducted in the IRCCyN laboratory. It provides solutions for security and authentication. In cryptography, the instability of the transformed Mojette secures data. The fact that the transform is exact encrypts information and allows no deviation even minimal. For watermarking, the transform is very effective in fingerprinting. By inserting "Mojette Transform" marks in images, one can authenticate documents using the same properties as in cryptography. Bibliography Jeanpierre Guédon, N. Normand, B. Parrein, and C. Pouliquen, “Distributed image transmission and storage on Internet system,” in ACIDCA, 2000, pp. 164–169. B. Parrein, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “Multiple description coding using exact discrete Radon transform,” in IEEE Data Compression Conference, 2001, p. 508. J. Guédon, N. Normand, P. Verbert, B. Parrein, F. Autrusseau, “Load-balancing and scalable multimedia distribution using the Mojette transform,” in Internet Multimedia Management Systems II, ITCOM, 2001, pp. 226–234. J. Guédon, B. Parrein, N. Normand, “Internet Distributed Image Information System,” Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 205–214, Sep. 2008. B. Parrein, “Description multiple de l’information par transformation Mojette,” Université de Nantes, 2008. F. Autrusseau and J. Guédon, “Image watermarking for copyright protection and data hiding via the Mojette transform,” in Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV, 2002, pp. 378–386. F. Autrusseau and J. Guédon, “Image Watermarking in the Fourier Domain Using the Mojette Transform,” in Digital Signal Processing, 2002, pp. 725–728. F. Autrusseau, “Modélisation Psychovisuelle pour le tatouage des images,” Université de Nantes, 2011. F. Autrusseau and J. Guédon, “A joint multiple description-encryption image algorithm,” in International Conference on Image Processing, 2003, pp. 269–272. J. Guédon, N. Normand, and B. Parrein, “Multimedia packet transport: multiple layers or descriptions?,” in IEEE Packet Video workshop, 2003, p. 7 p. B. Parrein, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “Multimedia forward error correcting codes for wireless LAN,” Annales des Télécommunications, vol. 58, no. 3–4, pp. 448–463, Jul. 2008. F. Autrusseau and J. Guédon, “Chiffrement Mojette d’images médicales,” Ingénierie des Systèmes d’Information (ISI), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 113–134, Feb. 2008. O. Déforges, M. Babel, N. Normand, B. Parrein, J. Ronsin, J. Guédon, and L. Bédat, “Le LAR aux Mojettes,” in CORESA 04 - COmpression et REprésentation des Signaux Audiovisuels, 2004, pp. 165–168. P. Verbert, V. Ricordel, J. Guédon, and P. Verbert, “Analysis of mojette transform projections for an efficient coding,” in Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS, 2004, p. -. M. Babel, B. Parrein, O. Déforges, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and J. Ronsin, “Secured and progressive transmission of compressed images on the Internet: application to telemedicine,” in SPIE 17th Annual Symposium / Electronic Imaging - Internet Imaging, 2005, pp. 126–136. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “The Mojette Transform: The First Ten Years,” in Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 2005, vol. 3429, pp. 79–91. M. Servières, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and Y. Bizais, “The Mojette Transform: Discrete Angles for Tomography,” in Discrete Tomography and its Applications, 2005, vol. 20, pp. 587–606. M. Servieres, “Reconstruction Tomographique Mojette,” Université de Nantes; Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2009. F. Autrusseau, P. Evenou, and T. Hamon, “Secure Distributed Storage based on the Mojette transform,” in Nouvelles technologies de la répartition, 2006, pp. 161–170. F. Autrusseau, B. Parrein, and M. Servieres, “Lossless Compression Based on a Discrete and Exact Radon Transform: A Preliminary Study,” in International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2006, pp. 425–428. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, G. Moreau, and J. Guédon, “Détection entièrement automatique de points de fuite dans des scènes architecturales urbaines,” in CORESA 2006 COmpression et REprésentation des Signaux Audiovisuels, 2006, pp. 41–46. E. Denis, J. Guédon, S. Beaumont, and N. Normand, “Discrete and continuous description of a three dimensional scene for quality control of radiotherapy treatment planning systems,” in Medical Imaging, 2006, vol. 6142, p. 187. M. Servières, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “Interpolation method for the Mojette Transform,” in Medical Imaging 2006: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2006, vol. 6142, p. 61424I. N. Normand, A. Kingston, and P. Évenou, “A Geometry Driven Reconstruction Algorithm for the Mojette Transform,” in Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 2006, vol. 4245, pp. 122–133. S. Hamma, E. Cizeron, H. Issaka, and J. Guédon, “Performance evaluation of reactive and proactive routing protocol in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network,” in ITCom 06 - next generation and sensor networks, 2008, p. 638709. M. Kalantari and M. Kasser, “Implementation of a low-cost photogrammetric methodology for 3d modelling of ceramic fragments,” in XXI International CIPA Symposium, 01-6 October, Athens, Greece, 2007, p. FP079. A. Kingston, S. Colosimo, P. Campisi, and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless Image Compression and Selective Encryption Using a Discrete Radon Transform,” in International Conference on Image Processing, 2007, pp. 465–468. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, N. Normand, and T. Torfeh, “Automatic quality control of digitally reconstructed radiograph computation and comparison with standard methods,” in Medical Imaging 2007: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2007, vol. 6510, p. 65104J. A. Daurat and N. Normand, “Transformation et reconstruction par projections,” in Géométrie discrète et images numériques, A. M. David Coeurjolly, Ed. Hermès, 2008, pp. 239–251. N. Normand and J. Guédon, “Applications de la transformation Mojette,” in Géométrie discrète et images numériques, A. M. David Coeurjolly, Ed. Hermès, 2008, pp. 337–347. B. Parrein, F. Boulos, P. Le Callet, and J. Guédon, “Priority image and video encoding transmission based on a discrete Radon transform,” in IEEE Packet Video 2007, 2007, p. 6 pages. S. Chandra, I. Svalbe, and J. Guédon, “An exact, non-iterative Mojette inversion technique utilising ghosts,” in 14th IAPR international conference on Discrete geometry for computer imagery, 2008, p. . H. Fayad, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, N. Normand, and Y. Bizais, “Mojette and FRT tomographs,” in Medical Imaging 2008, 2008, vol. 6913, p. -. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, J. Guédon, and N. Paparoditis, “Détection automatique des points de fuite et calcul de leur incertitude à l’aide de la géométrie projective,” in RFIA 2008, 2008, pp. 703–712. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, N. Paparoditis, and J. Guédon, “Robust and automatic vanishing points detection with their uncertainties from a single uncalibrated image, by planes extraction on the unit SPHERE,” in ISPRS2008, 2008, pp. 203–208. H. Fayad, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, Y. Bizais, and N. Normand, “Applying Mojette discrete Radon transforms to classical tomographic data,” in Medical Imaging, 2008, vol. 6913, p. 69132S. A. Kingston and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless Image Compression via Predictive Coding of Discrete Radon Projections,” Signal Processing Image Communication, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 313–324, Jun. 2008. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, T. Torfeh, N. Normand, and A. Norbert, “New automatic quality control methods for geometrical treatment planning system tools in external conformal radiotherapy,” in Medical Imaging 2008: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2008, vol. 6913, p. 69133F. M. Babel, B. Parrein, O. Déforges, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and V. Coat, “Joint source-channel coding: secured and progressive transmission of compressed medical images on the Internet,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 258–269, Apr. 2008. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, T. Torfeh, N. Normand, and N. Ailleres, “Nouvelle méthode automatique de contrôle de qualité des systèmes de planification géométrique des traitements en radiothérapie externe conformationnelle,” in Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, 2008, p. denis. A. Kingston, B. Parrein, and F. Autrusseau, “Redundant Image Representation via Multi-Scale Digital Radon Projection,” in International Conf. of Image Processing, 2008, p. 2069. P. Jia, J. Dong, L. Qi, and F. Autrusseau, “Directionality Measurement and Illumination Estimation of 3D Surface Textures by Using Mojette Transform,” in 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2010, p. 1144. Y. Ben Hdech, J. Guédon, and S. Beaumont, “Simulations Monte Carlo d’un faisceau de RX issus d’un accélérateur VARIAN : influence du paramétrage des électrons initiaux,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM) 2009 : Innovations et bénéfices thérapeutiques : quelles limites?, 2009, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, J. Guédon, and S. Beaumont, “Des Objets-Tests Numériques (OTN) anatomiques pour le Contrôle Qualité (CQ) de Systèmes de Planification de Traitement (TPS) en radiothérapie,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM) 2009 : Innovations et bénéfices thérapeutiques : quelles limites?, 2009, p. 1. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, J. Guédon, and N. Paparoditis, “The Five Points Pose Problem : A New and Accurate Solution Adapted to any Geometric Configuration,” in The Pacific-Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology (PSIVT), 2009, vol. 5414, p. . D. Coeurjolly and N. Normand, “Discrete geometry and projections (chap 1),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 15 pages. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “Reconstructability with the inverse Mojette transform (chap 4),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 15 pages. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “Direct Mojette transform (chap 3),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 23 pages. A. Kingston and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless compression (chap 9),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 19 pages. A. Kingston, F. Autrusseau, E. Grall, T. Hamon, and B. Parrein, “Mojette based security (chap 10),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 25 pages. A. Kingston, F. Autrusseau, and B. Parrein, “Multiresolution Mojette transform (chap 6),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. N. Normand, I. Svalbe, P. Evenou, and A. Kingston, “Inverse Mojette transform algorithms (chap 5),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 25 pages. B. Parrein, F. Boulos, N. Normand, and P. Evenou, “Communication, networks and storage (chap 7),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. M. Servières, J. Guédon, N. Normand, and Y. Bizais, “Mojette discrete tomography (chap 8),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. I. Svalbe and J. Guédon, “Discrete versions of the Radon Transform (chap 2),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 17 pages. J. Guédon, The Mojette transform. Theory and applications. ISTE-WILEY, 2009. S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and Y. Ben Hdech, “Contrôle qualité dosimétrique des systèmes de planification de traitement : nouvelle méthode basée sur l’utilisation de PENELOPE et des Objets Tests Numériques anatomiques,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM), 2010, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, and J. Guédon, “Développement d’une méthode de Contrôle qualité des Systèmes de Planification des Traitements, utilisés en radiothérapie, au moyen du code Monte-Carlo PENELOPE et des Objets Tests Numériques,” in Journée des doctorants de l’École Doctorale STIM JDOC, 2010, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and T. Torfeh, “New method to perform dosimetric quality control of treatment planning system using PENELOPE Monte-Carlo and anatomical digital test objects,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2010, 2010, vol. 7622, p. . Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, A. Arlicot, N. Normand, and P. Layrolle, “Evaluation of trabecular bone patterns on dental radiographic images: influence of cortical bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, vol. 7626, p. 76261M. Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, A. Arlicot, N. Normand, P. Layrolle, P. Weiss, and J. Guédon, “Evaluation of trabecular bone patterns on dental radiographic images: influence of cortical bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, p. 10 pages. A. Arlicot, Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “A single scan skeletonization algorithm: application to medical imaging of trabecular bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, vol. 7623, p. 762317. C. Zhang, J. Dong, J. Li, and F. Autrusseau, “A New Information Hiding Method for Image Watermarking Based on Mojette Transform,” in Second International Symposium on Networking and Network Security, 2010, pp. 124–128. N. Normand, I. Svalbe, B. Parrein, and A. Kingston, “Erasure Coding with the Finite Radon Transform,” in Wireless Communications & Networking Conference, 2010, pp. 1–6. S. S. Chandra, N. Normand, A. Kingston, J. Guédon, and I. Svalbe, “Fast Mojette Transform for Discrete Tomography,” 13-Jul-2012. J. Guédon, C. Liu, and J. Guédon, “The 2 and 3 materials scene reconstructed from some line Mojette projections,” in IEEE IPTA Conference, 2010, p. 6. Y. Amouriq, J. Guédon, N. Normand, A. Arlicot, Y. Ben Hdech, and P. Weiss, “Bone texture analysis on dental radiographic images: results with several angulated radiographs on the same region of interest,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2011: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, 2012, vol. 7965, p. 796525. S. Beaumont, T. Torfeh, R. Latreille, Y. Ben Hdech, and J. Guédon, “New method to test the gantry, collimator and table rotation angles of a linear accelerator used in radiation therapy,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2011, 2011, vol. 7961, p. 796153. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and C. Sylvain, “Dosimetric quality control of Eclipse treatment planning system using pelvic digital test object,” in Medical Imaging 2011: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2011, vol. 7961, p. 79613F. A. Arlicot, P. Evenou, and N. Normand, “Single-scan skeletonization driven by a neighborhood-sequence distance,” in International workshop on Combinatorial Image Analysis, IWCIA, 2011, pp. 61–72. A. Arlicot, N. Normand, Y. Amouriq, and J. Guédon, “Extraction of bone structure with a single-scan skeletonization driven by distance,” in First Sino-French Workshop on Education and Research collaborations in Information and Communication Technologies, SIFWICT, 2011, p. 2 pages. Y. Ben Hdech, D. Autret, S. Beaumont, and J. Guédon, “TPS dosimetric evaluation using 1540-IAEA Package and Monte-Carlo simulations,” in ESTRO International Oncology Forum, 2011, p. 1. C. Liu, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, and Y. Amouriq, “Line Mojette ternary reconstructions and ghosts,” in IWCIA, 2011, p. 11. C. Liu and J. Guédon, “The limited material scenes reconstructed by line Mojette algorithms,” in Franco-Chinese conference, 2011, p. 2. J. Dong, L. Su, Y. Zhang, F. Autrusseau, and Y. Zhanbin, “Estimating Illumination Direction of 3D Surface Texture Based on Active Basis and Mojette Transform,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol. 21, no. 013023, p. 28 pages, Apr. 2012. D. Pertin, G. D’Ippolito, N. Normand, and B. Parrein, “Spatial Implementation for Erasure Coding by Finite Radon Transform,” in International Symposium on signal, Image, Video and Communication 2012, 2012, pp. 1–4. P. Bléry, Y. Amouriq, J. Guédon, P. Pilet, N. Normand, N. Durand, F. Espitalier, A. Arlicot, O. Malard, and P. Weiss, “Microarchitecture of irradiated bone: comparison with healthy bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2012, vol. 8317, p. 831719. S. Chandra, I. Svalbe, J. Guedon, A. Kingston, and N. Normand, “Recovering Missing Slices of the Discrete Fourier Transform using Ghosts,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 4431–4441, Jul. 2012. H. Der Sarkissian, Jp. Guédon, P. Tervé, N. Normand and I. Svalbe. (2012)." Evaluation of Discrete Angles Rotation Degradation for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging", EANM Annual Congress 2012. C. Liu and J. Guédon, “Finding all solutions of the 3 materials problem,” in proceedings of SIFWICT, 2013, p. 6. B. Recur, H. Der Sarkissian, Jp. Guédon and I.Svalbe, "Tomosynthèse à l’aide de transformées discrètes", in Proceeding TAIMA 2013 H. Der Sarkissian, B. Recur, N. Normand and Jp. Guédon, "Mojette space Transformations", in proceedings of SWIFCT 2013. B. Recur, H. Der Sarkissian, M. Servières, N.Normand, Jp. Guédon, "Validation of Mojette Reconstruction from Radon Acquisitions" in Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. H. Der Sarkissian, B. Recur, N. Normand, Jp. Guédon. (2013), "Rotations in the Mojette Space" in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. External links Website of the IVC team of the IRCCyN lab Game on line based on the Mojette transform Official website of ROZOFS company Official website of KEOSYS company Official website of QUALIFORMED company Signal processing
Group 3J Improved Production Cars. Group 3J Improved Production Cars is an Australian motor racing category for modified road cars. The category is defined by Motorsport Australia as being for race vehicles derived from registered production automobiles, with limited modifications to improve performance and reliability. Cars must be mass-produced touring cars, the model of which has been: homologated by the FIA in Group A or commercially available in Australia as a new car through a manufacturer’s dealer network, with at least 200 examples having been registered for road use in Australia or otherwise recognised by MA for Group 3J Modifications to engines, brakes and suspension are permitted and a different engine, from the same manufacturer as the body shell, may be utilised. Cars may be fitted with wheel arch flares, front air dams and rear deck spoilers. Improved Production Cars compete in one of four of engine capacity classes: 0 – 1600 cc 1600 – 2000 cc 2000 – 3000 cc 3000 – 6000 cc The Improved Production Racing Association of Australia (IPRA) is recognised by MA as the sole entity representing competitors in the category. State championships are conducted in every Australian State and the Northern Territory and the Australian Improved Production Nationals are held annually on a state rotational basis. The category was formerly known as 3J Club Cars. The name Group 3J Club Cars was used up to the year 2000, and Group 3J Improved Production Cars from 2001. Australian Improved Production Nationals Note: The title was contested as the Club Car Nationals prior to 2001. References External links [www.ipranationals.com www.ipranationals.com] Motorsport categories in Australia
Makar-class survey catamaran. The Makar-class survey catamarans are a series of six 500 ton steel hull/aluminium superstructure Hydrographic Survey Catamarans being built by Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd at its Bhavnagar shipyard for the Indian Navy. The ships are designed by an Australian naval architecture firm Sea Transport Solutions, which is based on Queensland's Gold Coast. The deal was canceled due to the extensive delays as the Navy was not satisfied with the timeline and a fresh award for construction of another class of survey vessels to the GRSE has also been undertaken. Description The ships are intended to undertake coastal hydrographic survey, required for production of nautical charts and publications aimed at improving navigation through waters closer to coasts. The ships are also capable of limited coastal defence role in an emergency, limited search and rescue and limited ocean research. The ships are equipped with standard hydrographic survey equipment such as advanced electronic positioning system, multi-beam swath sounding systems and sub-bottom profiler. The ships also carry two survey motor boats along with Kongsberg Maritime's Hugin 1000 Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for closer investigations. The catamarans are propelled by four Cummins engines as well as two bow thrusters. The entire propulsion, navigational and power management packages of the vessels are integrated in a L&T supplied single state-of-art integrated platform management system. The ship is also equipped with sophisticated Integrated Bridge System from L&T. The ships have ergonomic accommodation for the six officers and 44 sailors. Construction Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd was awarded this contract, worth on 28 December 2006 through open competitive bidding, beating others like Larsen & Toubro, ABG Shipyard and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers. As per original term of contract, the first vessel was to be delivered by 6 April 2009, while the remaining five vessels were to be delivered within a year from 6 July 2009. This was later rescheduled, the revised delivery period of vessels is from September 2011 to March 2013. The INS Meen is under construction. The remaining four are awaiting administrative clarification. Ships of the class Cancellation of the deal Indian Navy cancelled ₹8000 crore (US$1.1 billion) deal with Alcock Ashdown over 10 year delays in a contract to supply of the six vessels. According to Navy officials only one of the vessels has been delivered and there is no sign or any timeline for the other 5 ships. Further, the Ministry of Defence has awarded another contract for the construction of four Survey Vessels for Indian Navy to Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) Limited, Kolkata after it became the L1 bidder in the competitive bidding. These ships have a displacement of 3,300 tonnes. Therefore, these ships are likely to be more advanced and outperform the Makar Class which has a displacement of only 500 tonnes. So, this further reduces the chances of the completion of the deal and hence the Makar class will consist of only 1 ship. See also L&T fast interceptor craft Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat ABG Interceptor Class fast attack crafts Couach fast interceptor boats GSL/GRSE series of Interceptor Boats Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels ABG Class Cadet Training Ship GSL class offshore patrol vessel References External links In pictures: Made in Gujarat,first hydrographic survey vessel ‘Makar’ supplied to Navy Official website Ships built in India Auxiliary research ship classes Military catamarans
Bolton Corporation Tramways. Bolton Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Bolton between 1899 and 1947. History The Corporation took over the Bolton Horse Tramways and the tramway assets of Edmund Holden and Company in June 1899, and undertook a programme of modernisation and electrification. The first electric services ran on routes to Great Lever, Toothill Bridge and Tonge Moor 9 December 1899. On 2 January 1900 electric services started on routes to Halliwell, Dunscar, Moses Gate, Daubhill, Deane, Lostock and Doffcocker. The depot was located on Shifnall Street at . Extensions took place as follows: 13 April 1900 - Moses Gate route was extended to Farnworth (Black Horse), the Lostock route to Horwich and the Deane route to Hulton Lane. 19 May 1900 - Lee Lane section in Horwich 21 December 1900 - Deane route extended to Chip Hill Road. 19 July 1904- Daubhill service extended to Four Lane Ends. 18 March 1905 - Toothill Bridge line extended to Breightmet 6 May 1910 - the Darcy Lever tramway 4 May 1911 - Brownlow Fold section 8 June 1923 - Chorley Old Road service extended from Doffcocker to Montserrat 26 October 1923 - Swan Lane extension. 11 April 1924 – Brownlow Fold route extension from Elgin Street to Church Road 19 December 1924 Deane service extended to Westhoughton. Fleet 1-40 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1899 41-49 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1900 50-59 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1901 60-81 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 82-86 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1903 87-96 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1906 97-103 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1910 104-106 United Electric Car Company 1911 107-112 United Electric Car Company 1912 113-120 English Electric 1919 121-130 English Electric 1923 131-138 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1906 (second hand from Sunderland Corporation Tramways) Closure The final tram service operated on 29 March 1947. Car 66 survives and is preserved on the Blackpool Tramway. References External links Bolton Corporation Tramways at the British Tramway Company Badges and Buttons website. Tram transport in England History of Bolton Transport in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton Historic transport in Lancashire
Benson's algorithm. Benson's algorithm, named after Harold Benson, is a method for solving multi-objective linear programming problems and vector linear programs. This works by finding the "efficient extreme points in the outcome set". The primary concept in Benson's algorithm is to evaluate the upper image of the vector optimization problem by cutting planes. Idea of algorithm Consider a vector linear program for , , and a polyhedral convex ordering cone having nonempty interior and containing no lines. The feasible set is . In particular, Benson's algorithm finds the extreme points of the set , which is called upper image. In case of , one obtains the special case of a multi-objective linear program (multiobjective optimization). Dual algorithm There is a dual variant of Benson's algorithm, which is based on geometric duality for multi-objective linear programs. Implementations Bensolve - a free VLP solver www.bensolve.org Inner Link to github References Linear programming Optimization algorithms and methods
Hartlepool Electric Tramways. The Hartlepool Electric Tramways operated a tramway service in Hartlepool, County Durham, England, between 1899 and 1927. History The Hartlepool Electric Tramways Company was a subsidiary of British Electric Traction. In January 1899 it purchased the assets of the Hartlepools Steam Tramways Company, which had been owned by the General Electric Tramways Company since 1895. The Hartlepool Electric Tramways Order of 1895 gave the General Electric Tramways Company power to acquire the assets of the Hartlepools Steam Tramways Company and modernise and electrify the system. Electric services began on 19 May 1896. Five electric tramcars were obtained from G.F. Milnes & Co. based in a new depot on Cleveland Road at Greenland. Meanwhile, the Hartlepool Electric Tramways Company, a subsidiary of British Electric Traction, constructed the remaining sections. In January 1899 it gained control of the whole system and on 10 March 1899, Clarence Road to Foggy Furze, and a branch from Stockton Street to Ward Jackson Park opened with five tramcars from Brush Electrical Engineering Company. An extension from Church Street to Seaton Carew, via Seaton Road, opened on 28 March 1902. On 31 August 1912, West Hartlepool Corporation purchased the tramway within its boundaries. In 1925 the section within Hartlepool was bought by Hartlepool Corporation and leased back to the company. Closure The system was closed on 25 March 1927. References Tram transport in England Transport in the Borough of Hartlepool History of Hartlepool 3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Farrier Marine. Farrier Marine is a catamaran and trimaran manufacturer based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The sailing boats produced by this shipyard are designed by Ian Farrier (1947-2017), and have a unique patented folding system without hinges in the beams or the critical beam to float join, allowing overall beam to be varied in seconds by just one person. History After gaining hands-on experience from building and sailing his own sailboats, Ian Farrier designed a trimaran folding system and applied in 1973 for a patent that was granted in 1975 as the Farrier Folding System. In 1974, the original prototype was built and launched by Farrier in Australia, followed in 1976 by the first Trailertri 18, and in 1980 by the first production fiberglass Farrier trimaran, the 'Tramp', that was named Australian Boat of the Year in 1981. In 1984, Ian Farrier funded by Corsair Marine in the US and started designing and building the F-27 trimaran Super Fox which set a race record in her first official event - the Two Man Around Catalina Race, a feat she repeated on 1986. In 1989, The F-27 CORSAIR won the multihull division of the Newport - Ensenada Race. For the first time in history the Nippon Ocean Racing Club recognised the F-27 as an official class in 1990, and during the same year the F-27 AQUA TEC won the Australian Multihull Offshore Championships (AMOC). F-27s were also the first multihulls invited to compete in the National Offshore One Design Regatta (N.O.O.D.). In 1991, Ian Farrier decided to leave the management of Corsair Marine to focus on new designs, but continued under a licencing agreement. Shortly thereafter the F-9A design was launched by Farrier Marine, together with the F-31 (production version of F-9A), that in 1992 was named Australian Sailboat of the Year. They were followed by the F-25C, the F-31, and the Corsair F-28, judged as Sailing World's 1998 Performance Multihull Sailboat of the Year. In 2001, Ian Farrier decided to part from Corsair Marine, stating that Farrier Marine had provided Corsair with all its production guides in the past, while regularly monitoring construction, quality and specification compliance, all of which took considerable time. After the separation, more time could be devoted to providing a larger range of both lower cost and more technically advanced designs, such as the F-22, F-32, F-33, F-39, F-41 and F-44SC. After abandoning Corsair Marine, Farrier announced a plan version of the F-33 production model named the F-32. In 2003, the F-33 was launched in Australia. In September 2007, the first F-39 was launched, followed in May 2008 by the first F-22, in July 2009 by the release of the F-32SR design and in November 2010 by the F-85SR design. December 2010 marked the first F-22 production float hull made and on 2011 the F-22 production version was released. However, after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake work on the new projects slowed a little, although the shipyard didn't suffer real casualties, apart from some damage at the moldmaker's factory, on the wall and floor. Product line Current Farrier Marine's current product line is composed of the following models: Trimarans F-22 and F-22R (2013) The following may continue to be built, but are not built by Farrier Marine itself. F-32 (2007) and F-32SR (2009) - "home builders version of the F-33 [replacing] the F-9 design series" F-33 (2003) - "production design intended to be a maxi trailerable sport cruiser, while still being manageable single-handed" F-36 (before 1996)- "A true ocean going cruiser, and demountable for transporting on a trailer (but not folding)". F-39 (2007) - "Another new design that folds for marina docking - based on the F-36 - available only to experienced builders" F-82A and F-82R - replaced the F-25A and F-25C, with many improvements and updated features. Can be built in all carbon epoxy, the same as the F-25C, but faster. F-85SR (2010) Catamarans F-45 - Redesigned version of the F-44SC, with improved body and curved foils, in late-stage development as of 2016. F-45R - Racing variant of the F-45, with larger sails and carbon-fiber body, in late-stage development as of 2016. Former Note that these former models were designed by Ian Farrier earlier in his career but may not have been produced by Farrier Marine. Trimarans Command 10 (1983) Trailertri 18 (1976) Trailertri 680 (1977) Tramp (TRAMP) (1980) - Australian Boat of the Year, 1981. "The first production Farrier design (19' 6" long), originally built by Haines Hunter in Australia in 1980. An open cockpit day sailer, it was also built in the US for a while where it was known as the 'Eagle'. Now discontinued but sometimes available on the used boat market." Trailertri 720 (1983) F-9 (F-9A, F-9R, F-9AX) (1991) which evolved to the F-31, whose plans were subsequently frequently updated then sold in 2000 to Corsair Marine, where design changes were applied to produce the Corsair 31. Farrier F-24 (1992) Farrier F-24 Mk II (1994) - Sailing World'''s 1996 Performance Multihull of the Year. F-25A (1993) - "An earlier design for amateur builders [...] replaced by the F-82A & F-82R". F-25C (1995) - discontinued high performance carbon/epoxy kit boat, partly replaced by F-82R. F-31R (1996) F-27 (1985) - American Sailboat Hall of Fame. "The second production Farrier design (450 built) and then superseded by the F-28." F-28 (1997) - Sailing World'''s 1998 'Performance Multihull Sailboat of the Year'. Upgrade of the F-27 "using the same float, beam, and main hull molds, but with a number of key improvements in rig and structure". Catamarans F-41 (2002) - Ian Farrier's first catamaran design, a "French style luxury cruiser catamaran". Marketed as "A new ocean going catamaran design for amateur builders", it is no longer current as the design has since evolved to the F-44 production boats. F-44R - "A very high performance version of the F-41", "the racing version of the Farrier F-41, with more waterline length, a taller rig, and a lower profile cabin for less windage and weight". F-44SC - The 'super cruiser' version of the F-44 with extra internal room. Built by Multihulls Direct, under license. See also List of multihulls References External links Farrier Marine
Field effect (semiconductor). In physics, the field effect refers to the modulation of the electrical conductivity of a material by the application of an external electric field. In a metal, the electron density that responds to applied fields is so large that an external electric field can penetrate only a very short distance into the material. However, in a semiconductor the lower density of electrons (and possibly holes) that can respond to an applied field is sufficiently small that the field can penetrate quite far into the material. This field penetration alters the conductivity of the semiconductor near its surface, and is called the field effect. The field effect underlies the operation of the Schottky diode and of field-effect transistors, notably the MOSFET, the JFET and the MESFET. Surface conductance and band bending The change in surface conductance occurs because the applied field alters the energy levels available to electrons to considerable depths from the surface, and that in turn changes the occupancy of the energy levels in the surface region. A typical treatment of such effects is based upon a band-bending diagram showing the positions in energy of the band edges as a function of depth into the material. An example band-bending diagram is shown in the figure. For convenience, energy is expressed in eV and voltage is expressed in volts, avoiding the need for a factor q for the elementary charge. In the figure, a two-layer structure is shown, consisting of an insulator as left-hand layer and a semiconductor as right-hand layer. An example of such a structure is the MOS capacitor, a two-terminal structure made up of a metal gate contact, a semiconductor body (such as silicon) with a body contact, and an intervening insulating layer (such as silicon dioxide, hence the designation O). The left panels show the lowest energy level of the conduction band and the highest energy level of the valence band. These levels are "bent" by the application of a positive voltage V. By convention, the energy of electrons is shown, so a positive voltage penetrating the surface lowers the conduction edge. A dashed line depicts the occupancy situation: below this Fermi level the states are more likely to be occupied, the conduction band moves closer to the Fermi level, indicating more electrons are in the conducting band near the insulator. Bulk region The example in the figure shows the Fermi level in the bulk material beyond the range of the applied field as lying close to the valence band edge. This position for the occupancy level is arranged by introducing impurities into the semiconductor. In this case the impurities are so-called acceptors which soak up electrons from the valence band becoming negatively charged, immobile ions embedded in the semiconductor material. The removed electrons are drawn from the valence band levels, leaving vacancies or holes in the valence band. Charge neutrality prevails in the field-free region because a negative acceptor ion creates a positive deficiency in the host material: a hole is the absence of an electron, it behaves like a positive charge. Where no field is present, neutrality is achieved because the negative acceptor ions exactly balance the positive holes. Surface region Next the band bending is described. A positive charge is placed on the left face of the insulator (for example using a metal "gate" electrode). In the insulator there are no charges so the electric field is constant, leading to a linear change of voltage in this material. As a result, the insulator conduction and valence bands are therefore straight lines in the figure, separated by the large insulator energy gap. In the semiconductor at the smaller voltage shown in the top panel, the positive charge placed on the left face of the insulator lowers the energy of the valence band edge. Consequently, these states are fully occupied out to a so-called depletion depth where the bulk occupancy reestablishes itself because the field cannot penetrate further. Because the valence band levels near the surface are fully occupied due to the lowering of these levels, only the immobile negative acceptor-ion charges are present near the surface, which becomes an electrically insulating region without holes (the depletion layer). Thus, field penetration is arrested when the exposed negative acceptor ion charge balances the positive charge placed on the insulator surface: the depletion layer adjusts its depth enough to make the net negative acceptor ion charge balance the positive charge on the gate. Inversion The conduction band edge also is lowered, increasing electron occupancy of these states, but at low voltages this increase is not significant. At larger applied voltages, however, as in the bottom panel, the conduction band edge is lowered sufficiently to cause significant population of these levels in a narrow surface layer, called an inversion layer because the electrons are opposite in polarity to the holes originally populating the semiconductor. This onset of electron charge in the inversion layer becomes very significant at an applied threshold voltage, and once the applied voltage exceeds this value charge neutrality is achieved almost entirely by addition of electrons to the inversion layer rather than by an increase in acceptor ion charge by expansion of the depletion layer. Further field penetration into the semiconductor is arrested at this point, as the electron density increases exponentially with band-bending beyond the threshold voltage, effectively pinning the depletion layer depth at its value at threshold voltages. References Semiconductors Semiconductor technology Semiconductor structures Electronic band structures Physical phenomena MOSFETs
John Penn and Sons. John Penn and Sons was an English engineering company based in London, and mainly known for its marine steam engines. History Establishment In 1799, engineer and millwright John Penn (born in Taunton, Somerset, 1770; died 6 June 1843) started an agricultural engineering business on the site at the junction of Blackheath and Lewisham Roads (close to modern-day Deptford Bridge) in south-east London. It grew in two decades to be one of the major engineering works in the London area. The focus of the firm remained in agriculture until the 1830s and 1840s, when Penn's son, also John Penn, took over the company and it began to specialise in building marine steam engines. Marine steam Penn Jr was an inventor of engines. One of the earliest engines he produced was the grasshopper beam engine, a six horsepower version being the first steam engine to power the machinery at the works. He shifted the focus of the works to marine engines. His 40-horsepower beam engines were fitted in the paddle steamers 'Ipswich' and 'Suffolk', and it is likely these were the first marine engines to be designed and built by Penn. He then focussed on improving the oscillating engine from the version patented by Aaron Manby in 1821. In 1844 he replaced the engines of the Admiralty yacht, HMS Black Eagle with oscillating engines of double the power, without increasing either the weight or space occupied, an achievement which broke the naval supply dominance of Boulton & Watt and Maudslay, Son & Field. His enhanced reputation due to this notable advancement was further augmented by Penn's introduction of trunk engines for driving screw propellers in vessels of war. HMS Encounter (1846) and HMS Arrogant (1848) were the first ships to be fitted with such engines and such was their efficacy that by the time of Penn's death in 1878, the engines had been fitted in 230 ships. Initially, ships were adapted to incorporate these engines, but in 1851, the Navy ordered its first ship specifically designed as a steam-screw auxiliary, HMS Agamemnon. These advancements were coupled with a reputation for quality and reliability and this led to Penn becoming the major engine supplier to the Royal Navy as it made the transition from sail to steam. Penn was also responsible for introducing wood bearings for screw-propeller shafts which became vital to the worldwide use of steam-powered ships. This development of the lignum vitae stern bearing which enabled screw propeller ships to make oceanic voyages without wearing out their stern glands came in collaboration with Francis Pettit Smith. Other notable associations include his work on the application of superheated steam in marine engines. Penn also produced the trunk engine for HMS Warrior and during construction was requested to develop an engine design for the RN gunboats being readied for the Crimean War. Penn chose his trunk engine design and subsequently produced 90 sets of what were the first mass-produced, high-pressure and high-revolution marine engines. At the Admiralty's insistence, they also used the Whitworth measurement standards throughout; Penn was a great friend of Joseph Whitworth, and employed the precision instruments and tools developed by him. The association with Whitworth was important in the development of mass-produced marine engines, as is clear from the obituary to Whitworth from The Times of 24 January 1887: The Crimean War began, and Sir Charles Napier demanded of the Admiralty 120 gunboats, each with engines of 60 horsepower, for the campaign of 1855 in the Baltic. There were just ninety days in which to meet this requisition, and, short as the time was, the building of the gunboats presented no difficulty. It was otherwise however with the engines, and the Admiralty were in despair. Suddenly, by a flash of the mechanical genius which was inherent in him, the late Mr John Penn solved the difficulty, and solved it quite easily. He had a pair of engines on hand of the exact size. He took them to pieces and he distributed the parts among the best machine shops in the country, telling each to make ninety sets exactly in all respects to the sample. The orders were executed with unfailing regularity, and he actually completed ninety sets of engines of 60 horsepower in ninety days – a feat which made the great Continental Powers stare with wonder, and which was possible only because the Whitworth standards of measurement and of accuracy and finish were by that time thoroughly recognised and established throughout the country. The engine recovered from the wreck of the SS Xantho is of the gunboat type. Built (or assembled) in 1861, it is the only known example, and in being recovered intact was found to have all its fittings and fixtures attached including Penn's nameplate. It is on display at the Western Australian Museum. John Penn's firm was a major employer in the Greenwich area with 1800 employed at its Greenwich and Deptford works at its peak. John Penn and Sons was considered the best-equipped marine engineering works and Penn a model employer. He recognised the value of skilled employees through pensions and awarded Christmas gifts. His works also provided the education for a whole generation of marine engineers. Amalgamation It was amalgamated with the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company in 1899 under the name of Thames Iron Works, Shipbuilding and Engineering Company. The combined company failed in 1912. References External links Chronology of the company. Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom Defunct companies based in London 1799 establishments in England British companies established in 1799 1899 disestablishments Engineering companies of England
Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes. Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes (later named Humphrys, Tennant and Co.) was a British engineering company based in Deptford, London, England. History The company was founded in 1852 by Edward Humphrys, formerly chief engineer of Woolwich Dockyard, where Dykes was also employed in the steam factory. In 1882 the name was changed to Humphrys, Tennant and Co. of Deptford Pier, London. It specialised in building large marine steam engines and boilers, including those for the Navy's fast cruisers and iron-clad battleships. The 50 years of production started in the early days of screw-propellers (as opposed to paddle wheels) and spanned great changes in the available pressure from boilers and the resulting power of the engines, as well as in the construction and form of ships. Their main competitors were Maudslay, Sons and Field and John Penn and Sons. The works at Deptford Pier was closed in 1907. Early installations One of the early records of a Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes steam engine was the conversion of the Russian ship of the line Konstantin to steam power between 1852 and 1854. The engine was rated at 450 nominal horsepower, and drove a single screw propeller. This early engine must have performed well, for when the Konstantin was retired in 1864 the engine was refurbished and installed in the Russian ironclad Ne Tron Menia, and its from the sea trials of this vessel in 1865 that we know the engine produced 1200 indicated horsepower (ihp). Fitted with new boilers in 1877, the sea trials showed the power improved to 1700 ihp. The layout and type of the Konstantin engine was probably similar to the pair of direct-acting engines displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition, reputedly intended for HMS North Star. These were twin-cylinder non-compound horizontal engines with 64 inch cylinders and just 32 inches of stroke, allowing relatively short connecting rods. The crankshaft, of 13.5 inches diameter, was supported in 3 main bearings, each 25 inches long, on a single cast bedplate. Condenser air pumps were provided on the opposite side from the cylinders. Although rated as 400 nominal horsepower, with 24 psi steam (reflecting the very low marine boiler pressures typical at that time) the engine had shown 1834 ihp. Another early installation was in HMS Beagle (1854) (and possibly the other 5 Arrow-class gunvessels). The Beagle had a single screw propeller driven by a horizontal twin-cylinder expansion engine rated at 160 nhp. Woolf expansion engines exhibited in 1862 At the 1862 International Exhibition Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes showed details of the 4-cylinder expansion engines for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company's ship Mooltan. The cylinders were steam jacketed and arranged in pairs using the Woolf compound system, with the smaller (43 inch diameter) cylinder being above the larger one (of 96 inch diameter). The 4 cylinders drove a single screw propeller 16 feet in diameter. The same type of engine was also fitted to the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation ship SS Carnatic, on which it had recorded 2442 indicated horsepower. Even though these engines were operated with only 20–25 psi steam pressure, the compound system was claimed to give significant benefits in economy. Horizontal twin-cylinder compound steam engines This form of engine was supplied to the Navy's Fantome-class sloops (with the exception of HMS Daring) during 1873–1874. A single engine drove an 11-foot screw propeller and provided about 1000 indicated horsepower with a steam pressure of 60 psi. Three-cylinder single-expansion engines In the late 1870s an extra cylinder was added for the Cornus-class corvettes HMS Curacoa (1878), HMS Cleopatra (1878) and HMS Conquest (1878), in which a high-pressure cylinder of 46 inches was flanked by two low-pressure cylinders of 64 inches. The engines produced about 2500 indicated horsepower. Triple-expansion vertical steam engines Triple-expansion engines operating at up to 60 psi were fitted to HMS Dreadnought (1875), the high-pressure cylinders were 60-inch diameter and the low-pressure 90-inch diameter. Triple-expansion engines were also fitted to the battleship HMS Victoria (1887), with cylinders of 43, 62 and 96 inches producing 12,000 ihp. Higher-pressure engines were fitted to the ironclads HMS Renown (1895), HMS Sans Pareil (1887), and HMS Trafalgar (1887). Each ship had two engines, with each driving a 16.5-foot-diameter propeller. Each engine was rated at 6000 indicated horsepower at 95 rpm. Humphrys, Tennant and Co. also designed the boilers, each ship having a total of 8 boilers of 15-foot diameter with optional forced draft providing steam at 135 psi. HMS Blenheim (1890) was fitted with four triple-expansion engines giving her 20,000 indicated horsepower and a top speed of 22 knots. The forward engines could be disconnected to increase her range. Power plants were also provided for vessels built for the overseas market, such as the Shikishima which was completed in 1899, with its sea trials indicating 15,000 horsepower from her twin triple-expansion engines. Other Fuji-class battleships also used engines and boilers supplied by Humphrys Tenant & Co. Triple-expansion engines of 11,200 i.h.p. were also provided to the Russian battleship Poltava (1894) and her sister ship the Petropavlovsk (1894). Horizontal triple-expansion steam engines for fast twin-screw cruisers These horizontal triple-expansion steam engines were in pairs, with each pair rated at 6000 indicated horsepower. The details of these engines reported by D. K. Clark do not reveal to which ships they were fitted. Four-cylinder triple-expansion engines A prestigious contract for Humphrys, Tennant and Co. was the power plant for the 1899 Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert (see image). The two engines were capable of 7500 indicated horsepower continuously, and 11,000 indicated horsepower for short periods at a maximum of 140 rpm. The engines had high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders located between double low-pressure cylinders. The cylinder diameters were 26.5 in, 44.5 in and 2x53 in, all with a 39 in stroke. There was both steam and hand reversing gear operating via Stephenson link motion. The high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders used piston valves, whereas the low-pressure cylinders used slide valves. Each engine had twin condensers arranged so that either could be taken out of service for repair without stopping the engines, and each engine had two air pumps driven off the low-pressure connecting rods. Eighteen Belleville boilers provided steam at up to 300 psi, though this was dropped to 250 psi at the engines by reducing valves. This engine layout with triple expansion via four cylinders was clearly successful and was fitted into a range of ships, including the four Drake-class cruisers of 1901, which with 43 Belleville boilers produced 30,000 ihp and 23 knots. Four-cylinder triple-expansion engines were also fitted in HMS Carnarvon, built on the Clyde. In her trials in early 1905, she achieved a full-power run of 8 hours duration at 23.3 knots, a full knot above her design speed. References External links Chronology of the company. Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom Manufacturing companies based in London
UrFU, Institute of Physics and Technology. Institute of Physics and Technology (IPT) is one of leading institutions of Ural Federal University. IPT was transformed from Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI during merging USTU-UPI and USU. The institute trains specialists in the following fields: physico-chemical, physical engineering, IT, social and humanitarian, quality management of innovative products and technologies. IPT also known as "UPI's Phystech"(). History The Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI was established May 27, 1949 in order to prepare personnel for the nuclear industry. Originally known as Engineering Physics Faculty, it was renamed to the Physical Engineering faculty in autumn of 1949. The first graduates (students transferred from the Power Engineering Faculty in 1949) in December 1950. 1953 - a dormitory faculty was built (10th student housing) 1956 - its own faculty building (5th academic building). For 60 years Phystech produced more than 12,000 engineers, some of whom are directors of nuclear power plants and research institutions, university presidents, members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, academicians. Deans of the faculty Krylov Evgenii Ivanovich (1949–1956) Vlasov Vasily Grigorievich (1956–1958) Derjaguin Pavel Ilyich (1958–1960) Raspopin Sergei Pavlovich (1960–1962) Skripov Vladimir Pavlovich (1962–1964) Dmitriev, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1964–1970) Suetin Parigory Evstafievich (1970–1976) Egorov Yuri Vyacheslavovich (1976–1986) Beketov Askold Rafailovich (1986–2004) Rychkov Vladimir Nikolayevich (dean since 2004, director 2011-2019) Ivanov Vladimir Yurievich (2020-) Departments Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis Radio Chemistry and Applied Ecology Technical Physics Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Experimental Physics Physical Methods and Devices for Quality Control Rare Metals and Nanomaterials Innovative Technologies Electrophysics Informatics & Computer Engineering Foreign Languages Public Safety Intellectual Property Management See also Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) References Ural Federal University
Six Chuter SR1. The Six Chuter SR1 is an American powered parachute that was designed and produced by Six Chuter of Yakima, Washington. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . It features a parachute-style high-wing, single-place accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The Rotax 582 engine was a factory option. The aircraft is built from a combination of aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The aircraft was factory supplied in the form of an assembly kit that requires 40 hours to complete. Specifications (SR1) References SR1 1990s United States ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Six Chuter SR7. The Six Chuter SR7 is an American powered parachute that was designed and produced by Six Chuter of Yakima, Washington, introduced in 1997. Design and development The SR7's design goals included that it be capable of carrying large-sized pilots and passengers. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as a two-seat ultralight trainer or as an amateur built. It features a parachute-style high-wing, two-seats-in-tandem, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration. The SR7 is built from a combination of aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The SR7 model was factory supplied in the form of an assembly kit that requires 40 hours to complete. Variants SR7 Base model with the Rotax 582 engine. SR7XL Upgraded model with SR7 options included as standard. Power Hawk Similar to the SR7, but came fully assembled. Discovery Based on the SR7, but with a fiberglass enclosure. Provided fully assembled. Specifications (XR7XL) References SR7 1990s United States ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Crinkle crankle wall. A crinkle crankle wall, also known as a crinkum crankum, sinusoidal, serpentine, ribbon or wavy wall, is an unusual type of structural or garden wall built in a serpentine shape with alternating curves, originally used in Ancient Egypt, but also typically found in Suffolk in England. The sinusoidal curves in the wall provide stability and help it to resist lateral forces, leading to greater strength than a straight wall of the same thickness of bricks without the need for buttresses. The phrase "crinkle crankle" is an ablaut reduplication, defined as something with bends and turns, first attested in 1598 (though "crinkle" and "crankle" have somewhat longer histories). History Sinusoidal walls featured extensively in the architecture of Egyptian city of Aten, thought to date from the period of Amenhotep III, some 3,400 years ago (1386–1353 BCE). Other examples exist at Tel el-Retaba and Thebes. As a minor part of a larger system of fortification, such a wall may have been used to force oncoming troops to break ranks from closed to open ranks, and further expose them to defensive assault. Many crinkle crankle walls are found in East Anglia, England, where the marshes of The Fens were drained by Dutch engineers starting in the mid-1600s. The construction of these walls has been attributed to these engineers, who called them slangenmuur (nl), meaning snake wall. The county of Suffolk claims at least 100 examples, twice as many as in the whole of the rest of the country. The crinkle crankle wall running from the former manor house to All Saints' Church in the estate village of Easton is believed to be the longest existing example in England. The term "crinkle crankle" began to be applied to wavy walls in the 18th century, and is said to derive from a Suffolk dialect. At that time these garden walls were usually aligned east-west, so that one side faced south to catch the warming sun. They were used for growing fruit. In Lymington, Hampshire, there are at least two examples of crinkle crankle walls. The older of the two is thought to have been constructed at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) by exiled Hanoverian soldiers living in the adjacent house. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) incorporated serpentine walls into the architecture of the University of Virginia, which he founded in 1819. Flanking both sides of its landmark rotunda and extending down the length of the lawn are ten pavilions, each with its own walled garden separated by crinkle crankle walls. Although some authorities claim that Jefferson invented this design, he was merely adapting a well-established English style of construction. A university document in his own hand shows how he calculated the savings and combined aesthetics with utility. Material saving A crinkle crankle wall offers material-saving advantages when compared to a straight wall. This is primarily due to its ability to maintain structural integrity while being thinner, especially against horizontal forces like wind. The mathematical basis for this material efficiency involves the calculation of the wall's arc length. Modeled after a sine wave, the length of a crinkle crankle wall is given by the integral , where is the amplitude of the sine wave. For , this integral results in approximately 7.6404, indicating that the crinkle crankle wall is about 22% longer than a straight wall covering the same linear distance but can be thinner. Locations Usually snake-shaped walls were built in orchards from east to west to retain heat from the sun, creating a suitable climate for fruit trees. A 120 m long snake wall can be found at Zuylen Castle in Maarsen, the Netherlands, which was built during the transformation of the formal garden by Jan David Zocher in 1841. The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, designed by Francesco Borromini and built towards the end of his life in 1588–1593, has a sinuous façade. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Baker House dormitory (1949) has a snake-like shape. There are crinkle crangle walls in Virginia, including at the University of Virginia, the Cavalier Hotel in Virginia Beach and at Colonial Williamsburg. There is a crinkle candle wall, which runs between Harvey Lane and Eden Close, Norwich. References External links Types of wall Corrugation Brick buildings and structures Architecture in England Ancient Egyptian architecture
Six Chuter. Six Chuter is an American aircraft manufacturer, originally based in Yakima, Washington and founded in 1991. The company specializes in the design and production of powered parachutes. The company was founded as Six Chuter Inc by Dan Bailey. In 2010 the company was purchased, the name changed to Six Chuter International LLC and relocated to Pangborn Memorial Airport, East Wenatchee, Washington. In 2019 Six Chuter International was purchased from Tom Connley by Stacey and Anita Eaton. The company was relocated to Toquerville, Utah. Aircraft References External links Aircraft manufacturers of the United States Powered parachutes Manufacturing companies established in 1991 1991 establishments in Washington (state) Manufacturing companies based in Utah 2019 mergers and acquisitions
Robert Hails. Robert E. Hails (January 20, 1923 – March 16, 2012) was an American military officer who served as the vice commander of Tactical Air Command, Air Force deputy chief of staff for systems and logistics at the Pentagon, and commander of the Warner Robins Air Logistics Center. He flew a B-24 during the Pacific Theater of World War II and later was one of the few to fly the SR-71 Blackbird. As the Director of Maintenance Engineering, Air Force Logistics Command, he was responsible for engineering and developing pilotless reconnaissance aircraft used during the Vietnam War. Hails became a member of the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame and the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame and later worked for McDonnell Douglas and Vought Corporation. He died in 2012. References 1923 births 2012 deaths United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Air Force generals
Fire Shadow. Fire Shadow is a loitering munition designed by MBDA for the British Army. It is designed to loiter above the battlefield for up to 6 hours before attacking stationary or mobile targets. The cost of Phase 1 of the programme, including concept, assessment, demonstration and initial manufacture, was forecast at around £200 million in 2011. Design Fire Shadow weighs less than 200 kg and is relatively cheap. It is surface-launched and has a range of approximately 100 km; it can fly to a target area and then loiter for approximately six hours before precision attack on a specific target. Test launches have been performed from a trailer on land. A Royal Navy brochure released in January 2009 revealed that Fire Shadow was compatible with the space envelope of the SYLVER vertical launch system of the Type 45 destroyer but this option has not been mentioned since the Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010. MBDA have pursued Maritime Fire Shadow as a private venture, with no customers as yet. Their marketing materials at DSEi in September 2011 showed what appeared to be a similar launcher to that used on land, lashed to the helicopter deck of a frigate or helicopter carrier. Progress and cancellation The first complete test firing (a test of flight, navigation and control systems) took place on 21 November 2010 at Vidsel, Sweden, followed by a second on 13 May 2011. Operator training started in 2011, with the first deliveries of production systems in March 2012. It was planned that 39th Regiment Royal Artillery would be the first unit to receive the system and would deploy it operationally in Afghanistan by 2012. This plan, however, never materialised. In 2013, the National Audit Office (NAO) reported in its 2013 Major Projects Report that after spending £207 million, the Ministry of Defence had yet to decide on a future for the project. However, Fire Shadow was listed in the National Audit Office's 2014 Major Projects Report as being among the eleven largest equipment projects where the Ministry of Defence has taken the main decision to invest. After a period in 'limbo' Fire Shadow was cancelled in the UK's 2017-2018 defence budget. References Guided missiles Post–Cold War missiles of the United Kingdom Loitering munition
Landauer formula. In mesoscopic physics, the Landauer formula—named after Rolf Landauer, who first suggested its prototype in 1957—is a formula relating the electrical resistance of a quantum conductor to the scattering properties of the conductor. It is the equivalent of Ohm's law for mesoscopic circuits with spatial dimensions in the order of or smaller than the phase coherence length of charge carriers (electrons and holes). In metals, the phase coherence length is of the order of the micrometre for temperatures less than . Description In the simplest case where the system only has two terminals, and the scattering matrix of the conductor does not depend on energy, the formula reads where is the electrical conductance, is the conductance quantum, are the transmission eigenvalues of the channels, and the sum runs over all transport channels in the conductor. This formula is very simple and physically sensible: The conductance of a nanoscale conductor is given by the sum of all the transmission possibilities that an electron has when propagating with an energy equal to the chemical potential, . Multiple terminals A generalization of the Landauer formula for multiple terminals is the Landauer–Büttiker formula, proposed by . If terminal has voltage (that is, its chemical potential is and differs from terminal chemical potential), and is the sum of transmission probabilities from terminal to terminal (note that may or may not equal depending on the presence of a magnetic field), the net current leaving terminal is In the case of a system with two terminals, the contact resistivity symmetry yields and the generalized formula can be rewritten as which leads us to which implies that the scattering matrix of a system with two terminals is always symmetrical, even with the presence of a magnetic field. The reversal of the magnetic field will only change the propagation direction of the edge states, without affecting the transmission probability. Example As an example, in a three contact system, the net current leaving the contact 1 can be written as Which is the carriers leaving contact 1 with a potential from which we subtract the carriers from contacts 2 and 3 with potentials and respectively, going into contact 1. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, the generalized equation would be the result of applying Kirchhoff's law to a system of conductance . However, in the presence of a magnetic field, the time reversal symmetry would be broken and therefore, . In the presence of more than two terminals in the system, the two terminals symmetry is broken. In the earlier given example, . This is due to the fact that the terminals "recycle" the incoming electrons, for which the phase coherence is lost when another electron is emitted towards terminal 1. However, since the carriers are moving through edge states, one can see that even with the presence of a third terminal. This is due to the fact that under magnetic field inversion, the edge states simply change their propagation orientation. This is especially true if terminal 3 is taken as a perfect potential probe. See also Ballistic conduction Meir–Wingreen formula Shot noise Near-field radiative heat transfer References Mesoscopic physics Quantum mechanics Nanoelectronics
Flight computer. A flight computer is a form of slide rule used in aviation and one of a very few analog computers in widespread use in the 21st century. Sometimes it is called by the make or model name like E6B, CR, CRP-5 or in German, as the Dreieckrechner. They are mostly used in flight training, but many professional pilots still carry and use flight computers. They are used during flight planning (on the ground before takeoff) to aid in calculating fuel burn, wind correction, time en route, and other items. In the air, the flight computer can be used to calculate ground speed, estimated fuel burn and updated estimated time of arrival. The back is designed for wind correction calculations, i.e., determining how much the wind is affecting one's speed and course. One of the most useful parts of the E6B, is the technique of finding distance over time. Take the number 60 on the inner circle which usually has an arrow, and sometimes says rate on it. 60 is used in reference to the number of minutes in an hour, by placing the 60 on the airspeed in knots, on the outer ring the pilot can find how far the aircraft will travel in any given number of minutes. Looking at the inner ring for minutes traveled and the distance traveled will be above it on the outer ring. This can also be done backwards to find the amount of time the aircraft will take to travel a given number of nautical miles. On the main body of the flight computer it will find the wind component grid, which it will use to find how much crosswind the aircraft will actually have to correct for. The crosswind component is the amount of crosswind in knots that is being applied to the airframe and can be less than the actual speed of the wind because of the angle. Below that the pilot will find a grid called crosswind correction, this grid shows the difference the pilot needs to correct for because of wind. On either side of the front it will have rulers, one for statute miles and one for nautical miles on their sectional map. Another very useful part is the conversion scale on the front outer circle, which helps convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius. The back of the E6B is used to find ground speed and determine how much wind correction it needs. Gallery See also Index of aviation articles Wind triangle Dead reckoning Flight Management Computer References External links Analog computers Military cartography
Scientific Computer Applications. Scientific Computer Applications Inc. (SCAI) is a privately held, American company based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. SCAI develops and markets scientific software focused on the Oil exploration and production segment of the petroleum industry. Scientific Computer Applications, Inc. (SCAI) was established in 1969 as an Oil & Gas Consulting firm by Professional engineering Petroleum Consultant Richard Banks, a graduate of the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Texas. SCAI markets contour map software that generates single surface, multiple surfaces, contour mapping, and Reservoir Integration applications for the Personal computer. History Dick Banks, a Colorado School of Mines graduate, and Joe Sukkar, Ph.D, began a partnership in 1969 with the development of a contour mapping software package based on Triangulation (topology). Triangulation is more rigorous than gridded contour map software because the original data points are always honored, and not estimated as in Grid map software. See also Fred Meissner Geographic information system List of geographic information systems software Comparison of geographic information systems software Scientific software List of information graphics software Oil reserves Reservoir engineering Extraction of petroleum References Software companies based in Oklahoma Companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma Software companies established in 1969 Non-renewable resource companies established in 1969 1969 establishments in Oklahoma Privately held companies based in Oklahoma Defunct software companies of the United States
Snowy Scheme Museum. The Snowy Scheme Museum is a museum in the Snowy Mountains town of Adaminaby, New South Wales, Australia. It houses exhibitions relating to the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme. Overview The Museum tells the story of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme and what life was like on the Scheme. The collection consists of significant examples of the machines and materials used to build the Scheme. Films, photographic murals and artistic panoramas are also exhibited. The museum concentrates on the stories of the Snowy workers and their impact on Australia, especially on modern Australia's migration program. The museum collection was gathered by enthusiasts over a ten-year period and the Museum was officially opened to the public by Governor General Quentin Bryce on 17 October 2011. Governor General Bryce told those in attendance: "It is bringing this powerful component of Australia's history into a museum, for people to come and learn the history of the Snowy, for it to be passed down to generations." Snowy Scheme The Snowy Mountains scheme began construction in 1949 and was completed in 1974. It was a world-class feat of engineering and became a symbol of post-war reconstruction. It involved 100,000 workers from around the world who reversed rivers and built 16 dams, 7 power stations and 145 kilometres of tunnels. Construction of the Scheme necessitated the flooding of the Eucumbene River Valley near Old Adaminaby and resulted in the relocation of the entire population of the township and construction of a new town on the Snowy Mountains Highway away from the rising waters of Lake Eucumbene. References External links Museum Homepage Museums in New South Wales Snowy Mountains Scheme Snowy Mountains Highway Technology museums in Australia Adaminaby 2011 establishments in Australia Museums established in 2011
Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal. The Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal, referred to in Japan as the Toshiba Machine Cocom violation case, was an international trade incident that unfolded during the final period of the Cold War. It centered on certain Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) member nations who transgressed foreign exchange and foreign trade laws by exporting machine tools to the Soviet Union. These tools, when combined with Kongsberg numerical control (NC) devices manufactured in Norway, contravened the CoCom agreement. The equipment allowed the submarine technology of the Soviet Union to progress significantly as it was being used to machine quieter propellers for Soviet submarines. The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on Kongsberg by both countries. The Incident The Toshiba Machine division (at that time) was a 50.1% subsidiary of Toshiba, a major Japanese manufacturer of machine tools and a general electronics manufacturer. Toshiba Machine's sales to the entire Toshiba Group accounted for about 10%, and Toshiba Machine's exports to the communist bloc accounted for less than 20% of total sales. Between December 1982 to 1984, Toshiba Machine supplied eight "machine tools", NC devices, and associated software to control the machine tools to the Soviet Union's Technical Machinery Import Corporation through Wako Trading, a dummy company of Itochu Corporation. Exported via route was a high-performance model capable of simultaneous 9-axis control, for which exports were prohibited through the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom). Despite these controls, Toshiba Machine and Itochu Corporation exported the machines to the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1983 and modified associated software in 1984. Toshiba Machine, Itochu Corporation, and the Wako Trading Co. Ltd. employees recognized that exporting to the communist bloc of the "machine tools" ordered by the Soviet Union was not permitted. Wako created a false export permit application claiming it was exporting a large vertical lathe for control. For proof, they provided a signed contract to reassemble it overseas. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in charge of export control, did not see through the falsification of the permit application. Exposed At the end of 1986, the U.S. federal government learned of this transaction from an informant at Wako Trading, an employee called Kumagai Doku. The Pentagon conducted an investigation and concluded that the contract had contributed to the recent rapid improvement in the quietness of the Soviet Union Navy's nuclear-powered attack submarines. It subsequently notified the Japanese government through Atsuyuki Sasa, Director of the Cabinet Security Office, in a report in March 1987, the first report on the incident. On the 19th, the Pentagon issued a statement that the U.S. government had learned that Japanese machine tooling, used to make screws for submarines, had been sent to the Soviet Union and that this was suspected of violating CoCom regulations. It announced that the Japanese government had been requested to conduct an investigation. According to sources familiar with the matter, the machine tool in question was believed to be a product of Toshiba Machine, a 50% subsidiary of Toshiba. The tooling was believed to be a type of milling machine used to make propeller blades for ships, a general-purpose technical product that can be diverted to military technology. The Soviet Union was said to be using it to develop and manufacture new blades to reduce the screw noise of submarines. It continued to state that it was not clear when and how the Soviet Union had acquired the equipment. However, the US government pointed out that Norwegian weapons maker Kongsberg had also provided similar machine tooling. Using these acquisitions, the Soviet Union reduced screw noise, which is a clue to detect, identify, and track submarines. The reduction could make it difficult for the U.S. Navy to track Soviet submarines, according to the Pentagon. For this reason, the US government requested the Japanese and Norwegian governments to investigate the circumstances under which these machines had been exported. It called for "appropriate action" to be taken based on the international understanding of CoCom and their respective domestic laws if violations of CoCom were revealed. After that, in June, former Minister of International Trade and Industry, Tamura, who was sent to the United States by Japan's Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, formally apologized to US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Investigation and trial On April 30, 1987, the Japanese Police searched Toshiba Machine's premises. On May 27, two executives of Toshiba Machine were arrested for violating the Foreign Exchange Law, a Japanese domestic law, regarding the false application. A trial was held with Toshiba Machine being indicted. On March 22, 1988, the Tokyo District Court handed down a judgment. Toshiba Machine was fined 2 million yen, and two executives were sentenced to 10 months in prison (with 3 years of suspension) and 1 year in prison (with 3 years of suspension). Chairman Shoichi Sawa and president Ichiro Watarisugi resigned from their parent company Toshiba. The term of office of chairman Sami, who had been expected to become a major force at Toshiba, was cut short. He was succeeded by Joichi Aoi. Ryuzo Sejima, an adviser to Itochu Corporation, was demoted. Sejima was the brains of the Nakasone Cabinet. However, statements made by second secretary Yuri Rastovorov and Ivan Kovalenko raised suspicions that he was a Soviet spy, which caused a stir. Diplomatic and trade consequences In the United States, in addition to restrictions for Toshiba Machine, the import of all products of the Toshiba Group, including Toshiba itself, was strictly prohibited. In addition, in front of the White House, there were emotional reactions, such as a performance in which members of Congress smashed Toshiba radio cassette players and TVs with hammers. Congressman Hunter, the central figure in the investigation of Toshiba in Congress, severely criticized Toshiba for putting the lives of American soldiers in danger by exporting the tools because the range at which American nuclear submarines could detect Soviet nuclear submarines was reduced by 50%. He argued that it would be necessary to invest $30 billion to build 30 new nuclear submarines within 10 years. Impact In response to the affair, Toshiba carried out lobbying activities in Congress between 1987 and 1989 to ease the sanctions. The amount of money invested by Toshiba, the number of lobbyists, and the scale of its activities were said to be the largest ever. Houlihan, a lobbyist law firm, argued that Toshiba and Toshiba Machine were separate companies and had some success. Details The machine tool that combined with the Norwegian numerical control (NC) device and was exported to the Soviet Union (based on the Norwegian Police Service report). See also History of computing in the Soviet Union Soviet computing technology smuggling References Further reading 1987 in Japan 1987 in the United States Computing in the Soviet Union Espionage scandals and incidents Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Japan–Soviet Union relations Japan–United States relations Norway–Soviet Union relations Political scandals in the United States Smuggling Toshiba
ABG-class training ship. The ABG class of cadet training ships is a series of three vessels being built by the ABG Shipyard in Gujarat for the Indian Navy. Description The proposed cadet training ships will have displacement of 4,000 tonnes each and will feature high-efficiency controllable-pitch propellers (CPP) powered by two diesel engines through a twin shaft. They will also have capability to carry light helicopters. ABG Shipyard have engaged Axsys Technologies Limited for a complete design including both basic and detailed for the ship. The ships will be providing basic training to the naval cadets and trainees to carryout disaster relief, search and rescue operations. OSI Maritime Systems will supply the Integrated Navigation and Tactical Systems (INTS) for the ships. Orders The ABG shipyard received the first order for two ships from the Ministry of Defence in June 2011 valued at Rs 9.7 billion (US$213.58 million), which stipulates the delivery of the first ship in 42 months and the second, six months later. Thereafter the cutting of steel for the first of the two naval cadet training ships contracted took place in the first week of February 2012. The ships are meant to replace the ageing , the lead ship of the Southern Naval Command-based First Training Squadron, and the soon-to-be decommissioned . In December 2012, ABG shipyard got a repeat order for building an additional cadet training vessel for the Indian Navy worth about Rs. 485 crore ($89.4 million). See also L&T fast interceptor craft Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat ABG Interceptor Class fast attack crafts Couach fast interceptor boats GSL/GRSE series of Interceptor Boats Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran References Sources Auxiliary training ship classes Training ships of the Indian Navy
Grob G 120TP. The Grob G 120TP is a two-seat turboprop training and aerobatic low-wing aircraft with a composite airframe, built by Grob Aircraft. It is based on the Grob G 120A training aircraft and has been developed for military and civil pilots training. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and a low tailplane. The first customer was the Indonesian Air Force. EASA Part 23 type certification was completed in May 2013. Design and development Designed to be a further development of the G 120A, the G 120TP turned during the development process into a nearly new type of aircraft. Due to the new powertrain, the G 120TP offers new capabilities for basic and advanced pilot training, where it can be used as a lead-in for a jet trainer. The airframe is made of fiberglass reinforced plastic and is stressed to +6/-4g. The wings are made of carbon fibre composites with winglets. The cockpit provides room for students and teachers wearing military equipment and helmets. The HOTAS control system is similar to that found in other types of aircraft that students may fly later in their careers. Therefore, basic and advanced flight training for future transport aircraft, helicopter, or jet pilots will be possible. The cockpit is equipped with movable seats, or optionally, the new Martin-Baker Mk.17 lightweight ejection seats. The instrument panel can be equipped with a 4-screen Genesys Aerosystems IDU-680 EFIS. An autopilot and air conditioning system are available, as well as an oxygen system and second thrust lever. Operators Argentine Air Force Argentina is the second operator of the G 120TP. Deliveries of the first batch of four aircraft started in June 2013, with a total delivery of 10 aircraft(+5). Bangladesh Air Force Ordered 24 in June 2021. Under the deal, Grob Aircraft will also build a fiberglass reinforced plastic and carbon fibre composite repair workshop and a propeller repair workshop in Bangladesh. On 15 December 2021, the Bangladesh Air Force received the first 12 Grob G-120TPs, from Germany. Full delivery has been completed in 2022. Ecuadorian Air Force Ecuadorian Air Force is an operator of the G 120TP. Deliveries of the aircraft started in 2019, with a total of eight aircraft. Ethiopian Air Force The Ethiopian Air Force operates a total of six G 120TP that were all acquired in 2020. German Air Force The German Air Force have chosen four G 120TPs to train its air force pilots at the Phoenix-Goodyear airport, Arizona. Indonesian Air Force The launch customer for the G 120TP was the Indonesian Air Force, which operates a fleet of 30 aircraft, as well as a G 120TP – Flight Training Device. Royal Jordanian Air Force The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) awarded Grob Aircraft an order to supply 14 aircraft, among which one CBT System and one G 120TP FTD for elementary pilot training. The aircraft entered service in April 2017. Around that same time, Grob confirmed it had delivered 12 of the 14 ordered aircraft. In January 2018, the Bundeswehr announced it had donated two aircraft to Jordan. Kenya Air Force The Kenya Air Force operates a fleet of nine G 120TP training aircraft. Mexican Air Force The Mexican Air Force (FAM) has selected the Grob G 120TP as its new elementary trainer. The contract contains 25 aircraft (+15) equipped with the Genesys Aerosytems EFIS IDU-680. The delivery of the first batch was in February 2015 and the final batch in February 2016. The training will be completed by a Computer Based Training (CBT) System and four G 120TP Flight Training Devices. Myanmar Air Force The Myanmar Air Force operates a fleet of 20 G 120TP (+10) training aircraft equipped with Genesys Aerosystems EFIS IDU-680. The pilot training will be supported by a CBT System and one G 120TP FTD. Swedish Air Force In 2021, the Swedish Air Force selected the Grob G 120 TP as its new Basic Trainer Aircraft, designated SK 40 (Trainer Aircraft type 40). Ten aircraft and a simulator are on order, with delivery expected in 2022 and service starting in 2023. The first three aircraft were delivered on 3 April 2023. An additional order for three more aircraft was announced in October 2024. UK Military Flying Training System The MFTS provides tri-service Elementary Flying Training to British military pilots on a fleet of 23 G 120TPs named the Grob Prefect T1. The system replaces separate flying fixed-wing and rotary training programs for the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy and Army Air Corps. The service provider Ascent uses the G 120TP together with the Beechcraft T-6 and the Grob Tutor to provide initial, basic and advanced training. United States Army Specifications See also References External links G120TP 2010s German military trainer aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft Single-engined turboprop aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2010
Empresa Brasileira de Terminais Portuários. Embraport, syllabic abbreviation of Empresa Brasileira de Terminais Portuários, is the largest multiple use private sector port terminal of Brasil. The port started operation in July 2013. the first stage of the port can handle 1.2 million TEU, with the second stage in operation it can handle 2 million TEU. DP World and Brazil’s Odebrecht each own shares in the project through a joint venture called Coimex Investments Ports (CIP). Embraport, is being erected near existing port facilities in Santos, in São Paulo (State). Santos is Brazil's largest container port, handling nearly 75 percent of the local trade and 25 percent of Brazil's foreign trade. External links DP World Embraport Project References Container terminals Ports and harbours of Brazil 2013 establishments in Brazil
Perkins Engines. Perkins Engines Company Limited is primarily a diesel engine manufacturer for several markets including agricultural, construction, material handling, power generation, and industrial. It was established in Peterborough, England in 1932 and has been a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. since 1998. Over the years, Perkins has expanded its engine catalogue, producing thousands of different engine specifications including diesel and petrol engine automatives. History High-speed diesel engines F. Perkins Limited, established on 7 June 1932, was founded by Frank Perkins and Charles Wallace Chapman, on Queen Street, Peterborough, to design and manufacture high-speed diesel engines. Chapman was the design engineer (technical director) and company secretary and had a ten percent shareholding in the company. He continued working at F. Perkins Limited for more than a decade before re-joining the Royal Navy Reserve, though remaining a consultant to the company. Frank Perkins obtained further initial support from directors Alan J. M. Richardson and George Dodds Perks. Before Chapman and Perkins, the diesel engine was considered a heavy and slow-revving workhorse, lacking performance. Chapman's concept was the high-speed diesel – an engine that could challenge petrol-driven ones as the primary motor power. The company's first high-speed diesel engine was Perkins' four-cylinder Vixen, which made its debut in 1932. In October 1935, Perkins became the first company to hold six world diesel speed records for a variety of distances, set at the Brooklands race track in Surrey. Sales were strong and by the time of World War II, the company made two series of engines, P4 and P6. Soon after the war, the company went public, and established a number of licensees for local manufacturing and sale. Massey Ferguson F. Perkins Ltd was purchased by its largest customer, Massey Ferguson, in 1959, with Perkins keeping its separate identity and branding. In 1990, Massey Ferguson took over Dorman Diesels of Stafford merging it with Perkins to form Perkins Engines (Stafford) Ltd. In 1984, Perkins acquired Rolls-Royce Diesels of Shrewsbury, continuing to supply British Rail with engines for its diesel multiple units until the site closed in 2002. In 1986 Perkins acquired L Gardner & Sons to complement their line of lighter diesel engines. Gardner exited the truck engine market immediately, although production for the bus, coach and marine markets continued under the Gardner brand. In 1994, the whole of Perkins was bought by LucasVarity, who immediately closed down the Gardner brand and sold off the Barton Hall Motor Works in Patricroft, Eccles, Manchester. Development continued and Perkins updated its engines to meet stricter emissions rules while developing new engine series for power generation and forklift trucks. Manufacturers such as Dodge, Ford, Grosspal, and Ranquel used Perkins engines in their diesel-driven products for more than two decades. Other manufacturers including GEMA, Araus, Bernardin and Rotania used Perkins impellers for harvesters at length. Argentina and Perkins Argentina/Pertrak Pertrak was founded in 1961 as a licensee of Perkins Engines of England, and was dedicated to the manufacture of engines for pickups, trucks, and tractors. The most productive period for the company was in the 1970s when they produced 200,000 engines. In 2010, the last engine was made in Ferreyra, Córdoba, when the licence was dropped. Throughout this period of almost 40 years, more than 500,000 engines were produced. The factory continues to make engine parts for other makes such as Fiat and Scania. Caterpillar From the early 1970's onwards Perkins was major supplier to Caterpillar Inc., who was a major customer for Perkins's smaller and mid-sized engines; Caterpillar was a major producer of large diesel engines for stationary and mobile applications. In 1998 Caterpillar Inc bought Perkins from LucasVarity for , creating what they claimed was the world's largest diesel engine manufacturer. Perkins now had manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, China, India, and a joint venture with Ishikawajima-Shibaura-Machinery company in Japan. On 1 June 2018, Steve Ferguson became President of Perkins Engines, replacing Ramin Younessi, after having worked as the general manager of Caterpillar's Advanced Component Manufacturing Department and overseeing operations at 15 global facilities. Ferguson is a vice-president of Caterpillar. Discontinued products Various Perkins diesel engines have been made for industrial, agricultural, construction, material handling, marine and power generation markets, and Perkins gas-based engines (natural gas, landfill gas, digester gas, bio gas and mine gas) are used for continuous power generation. Perkins' 4.99 1.6 litre (99 cubic inch) and the P4C engine [192 cubic inch], producing 45 or , were popular in Europe and Israel for taxis and commercially driven cars during the 1950s and early 1960s; many cars, including American imports, were retrofitted with these engines for taxi use, with kits made by Hunter NV of Belgium. Perkins engines were also used as standard factory equipment in Jeeps and Dodge trucks in the United States in the 1960s. They also continued to be popular in European trucks from their original customer, Commer and other companies. The Perkins 6.354 medium duty engine was designed to be compact enough to replace petrol/gasoline V8 engines in trucks, despite its in-line six-cylinder design. Producing in early years (later rising to 120-hp), it had a small jackshaft driven by the timing gears for the auxiliary drive, with the oil pump driven by a quill shaft so it could run auxiliary equipment at engine speed with simple couplings. Until the 2010s Perkins manufactured engines for JCB, but since then JCB manufactures their own engines. Current users Perkins engines are installed in tractors, generators, industrial tools, and other machinery. Their biggest customer is their parent company, Caterpillar, particularly for excavators and diesel generators. Perkins Marine also produces small engines for marine propulsion. See also List of Perkins engines References External links Caterpillar Inc. subsidiaries Diesel engine manufacturers Electrical generation engine manufacturers Marine engine manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1932 Companies based in Cambridgeshire Companies based in Peterborough British companies established in 1932 1932 establishments in England 1998 mergers and acquisitions Gas engine manufacturers Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Samudra-class Pollution Control Vessel. The Samudra-class Pollution Control Vessel is a class of three vessels built by the ABG Shipyard in Gujarat for Indian Coast Guard. Design The ships have been designed by Rolls-Royce Holdings and have the type number UT 517. The vessels are 94 meters long, with a displacement of 3300 tons and maximum draught of 4.5 meters. The vessels are designed to attain speed of 20.5 knots. They have an endurance of 6500 nautical miles at economical speed and can stay at sea for 20 days. The ships are crewed by 10 officers and 100 sailors specialized in various streams. Power and propulsion Each vessel is fitted with two Rolls-Royce supplied Bergen B32 diesel engines, two Kamewa Ulstein propeller plants, an Ulstein Aquamaster thruster, Tenfjord steering gear, an Ulstein rudder, Rauma Brattvaag deck machinery, Ulstein automation system and switchboards and Intering anti-roll stabilization. Its anti roll stabilization system is the first to be incorporated on a coast guard vessel built in India. Other major features of vessels are Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) and its Dynamic Positioning System enabling the vessel to be maneuvered in restricted areas with precision. Pollution control equipment The equipment on board is used for containment, recovery, separation and dispersal of pollutants. High tech control systems enable simultaneous tasks to be performed by a single operator. The vessel is fitted with latest pollution control equipment including two rigid sweeping arms enabling it to contain oil spill whilst in motion. An advanced software would assist in predicting the spread of the complex oil spill pattern. The vessel is designed to recover the lightest to the most viscous oil at the rate of 300 tons per hour. The contaminated water can be pumped on board and analysed in a laboratory. The oil can then be separated and held in storage tanks of 300 tonnes capacity or 1000 tonnes in inflatable barges which can be towed behind the vessel to free up deck space. The vessel is also equipped with fire fighting and salvage systems. Secondary role The secondary role includes peacetime patrolling, firefighting and salvage. For maritime law enforcement, EEZ surveillance, anti smuggling, fishery protection, search & rescue and high speed interdiction it is equipped with CRN 91 Naval Gun, light helicopter, five High Speed Boats and four Water Scooters. An Infra Red Surveillance System is also installed on-board providing additional capability for the ship's crew to detect targets in the night. The vessels are also equipped with fire fighting and salvage systems. Launch and Commission The first vessel (CG 201) christened as Samudra Prahari (Ocean Striker) was launched on 20 March 2007 by Thrity R Contractor, wife of Vice Admiral RF Contractor, Director General, Indian Coast Guard. It was commissioned at Mumbai on 9 October 2010 by Mr Ashok Chavan, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. The second vessel (CG 202) christened as Samudra Paheredar (Ocean Guardian) was launched on 13 March 2009 by Urmila Singh, wife of Rajendra Singh, inspector general and commander of western region of Indian Coast Guard. It was commissioned at the Hazira port near Surat in Gujarat by Admiral Nirmal Verma, Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of the Naval Staff on 21 July 2012. Ships of the Class See also Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat L&T Interceptor Class fast attack crafts Couach fast interceptor boats Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran References External links http://indiancoastguard.nic.in/indiancoastguard/dgvisit/LAUNCHING%20OF%20PCV/LAUNCHING%20PCV.htm http://netindian.in/taxonomy/gujarat/surat Coast Guard Patrol vessels Indian Coast Guard Ships of the Indian Coast Guard
MV Conister. MV Conister (II) No. 187114 was a cargo vessel operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, the second vessel in the Company's history to bear the name. Construction and dimensions Conister was a steel; single-screw vessel built by George Brown & Co., at Greenock in 1955. Length 208'; beam 38'; depth 15'. Conister had a registered tonnage of and was powered by a 7-cylinder T.D.36 Sulzer engine which developed 1,260 indicated horsepower. This gave Conister a service speed of 11 knots. Service life The ship entered service with Zillah Shipping & Trading Co Ltd, Liverpool, in 1955 and was named Brentfield. Brentfield was subsequently sold in 1958 to Coast Lines Ltd, Liverpool, and then in 1965 to Burns & Laird Lines Ltd, Glasgow. Sold back to Coast Lines Ltd in 1968, her services were retained until she was again sold, this time to the Belfast Steamship Company in 1972, and renamed the Spaniel. In the early 1970s containerization resulted in a marked upsurge in freight business to and from the Isle of Man. In 1973 alone, there was a 31 per cent rise in cargo. It was first expected that , operating alongside would be able to meet this demand and the company sold their other general cargo vessel, at the beginning of 1973. However, the majority of cargo shipping soon switched to containers, and given Ramseys deficiencies in handling containerized cargoes, it became apparent that a second container vessel would be needed to expedite matters. The Spaniel was chartered as a container ship by the Steam Packet Company early in 1973, and bought outright by them in November of that year. The consideration was £96,711 (equivalent to £ in ); and upon her purchase she was renamed Conister. Disposal By the early 1980s it was apparent to the Steam Packet that in order to compete with their then rival Manxline, the introduction of a RO-RO cargo service was necessary. Both Conister and (III) were put up for sale, and a new cargo vessel NF Jaguar was chartered - this vessel went on to be purchased, and renamed (IV). Conister was sold to Asturamerican Shipping Co Inc, Panama, and arrived in Spain on 29 September 1981 for scrapping. She was broken up at San Juan De Nieva, Spain by Desguaces Y Salvamentos S.A. References Bibliography Chappell, Connery (1980). Island Lifeline T.Stephenson & Sons Ltd Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 1955 ships Merchant ships of the United Kingdom Ships built on the River Clyde
Andrew Forde. Andrew N. Forde (born January 21, 1987) is a Canadian engineering graduate student and musician. Education and career Forde is a Materials Science and Engineering alumnus of the University of Toronto. In 2012, Forde was a Master's student in Engineering Entrepreneurship and Innovation at McMaster University. Forde's first start-up, Sommerfeld Solutions, operated in the areas of mining, information technology, and healthcare. The Electronic Chart (TEC), a sommerfeld project, was one of 30 projects to receive funds through a funding initiative from McMaster and the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario. TEC was a project intended to improve patient charting practices by creating software to improve the efficiency of patient processing. It aimed to place "a computer tablet beside every hospital bed in the world as a way of making it easier for doctors to treat their patients." Forde established The Forde Institute which was designed to be "a non-profit global centre for research, focusing on technological innovations and their resulting impact on humanity to promote responsible innovation, research and entrepreneurship." Awards The University of Toronto Chapter of the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE, a student-run organization) received the 2010 International Pioneer Chapter of the Year Award from NSBE’s National Executive Board and International Committee. At the time, Forde was an out-going President of the Chapter. Forde received an Aroni Award in 2011. Forde was awarded the Harry Jerome Young Entrepreneur Award by Toronto's Black Business and Professional Association in 2012 for his work on TEC. Music Forde was trained by a Thornhill violin teacher Martin Bazarian and attended the Unionville Highschool of the Arts. It is claimed that Forde played for audiences throughout the country, sharing the stage with the likes of Justin Bieber and Kardinal Offishall. In 2020, Forde performed on FreeUp! The Emancipation Day Special. References External links 1987 births Living people University of Toronto alumni Canadian engineers 21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers Black Canadian musicians Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
Sky Seeker Powerchutes Sky Seeker. The Sky Seeker Powerchutes Sky Seeker is a Canadian powered parachute that was designed and produced by Sky Seeker Powerchutes of Woking, Alberta, introduced in 2000. Design and development The Sky Seeker was designed as a quick-built kit with a construction time of 6–12 hours for the Canadian basic ultralight category and the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles two-seat trainer rules. It features a parachute-style high-wing, two-seats-in-tandem, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is built from tubing and features a fibreglass cockpit fairing for cool-weather flying. The main landing gear incorporates spring rod suspension. Specifications (Sky Seeker) References 2000s Canadian ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Temperature data logger. A temperature data logger, also called temperature monitor, is a portable measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording temperature over a defined period of time. The digital data can be retrieved, viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded. A data logger is commonly used to monitor shipments in a cold chain and to gather temperature data from diverse field conditions. Construction A variety of constructions are available. Most have an internal thermistor or thermocouple or can be connected to external sources. Sampling and measurement are periodically taken and digitally stored. Some have a built in display of data or out-of-tolerance warnings. Data retrieval can be by cable, RFID, wireless systems, etc. They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some data loggers interface with personal computers or smart phones for set-up, control, and analysis. Some include other sensors such as relative humidity, wind, light, etc. Others may record input from GPS devices. Depending on the use, governing quality management systems sometimes require calibration to national standards and compliance with formal verification and validation protocols Choices of temperature data loggers can be based on many factors, such as: Cost Reusability Battery life Ease of use; set-up, readability, download data, analysis, etc. Temperature range Number of measurements stored Accuracy and precision - degree of agreement of recorded temperature with actual Resolution Response time – the time required to measure 63.2% of the total difference between its initial and final temperature when subjected to a step function change in temperature; other points such as 90% are also used. shock and vibration resistance Water resistance – humidity, condensation, etc. Size, weight, mounting Certifications, calibrations, etc. Software Data export Data integration with other systems Uses Environmental monitoring Autonomous data loggers can be taken to diverse locations that cannot easily support fixed temperature monitoring equipment. These might include: mountains, deserts, jungles, mines, ice flows, caves, etc. Portable data loggers are also used in industry and laboratory situations where stand-alone recording is desired. Monitor shipments Temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and some chemicals are often monitored during shipment and logistics operations. Exposure to temperatures outside of an acceptable range, for a critical time period, can degrade the product or shorten shelf life. Regulations and contracts make temperature monitoring mandatory for some products. Battery-powered, formerly mechanical, the data logger is today an electronic device that can be programmed to record individual values over periods of a few hours to several months. Most are used to monitor temperature conditions, and some versions can also measure the relative humidity. Data loggers are often small enough to be placed inside an insulated shipping container or directly attached to a product inside a refrigerator truck or a refrigerated container. These monitor the temperature of the product being shipped. Some data loggers are placed on the outside of the package or in the truck or intermodal container to monitor the air temperature. Placement of data loggers and sensors is critical: Studies have shown that temperatures inside a truck or intermodal container are strongly affected by proximity to exterior walls and roof and to locations on the lading. Modern digital data loggers are very portable and record the actual times and temperatures. This information can be used to model product degradation and to pinpoint the location and cause of excessive exposure. The measured data reveals whether the goods in transit have been subjected to potentially damaging temperature extremes or an excessive Mean kinetic temperature. Based on this data, the options may be: If there have not been out of tolerance temperatures for critical times, continue to use the shipment, without special inspection If potentially damaging temperature hazards have occurred, thoroughly inspect the shipment for damage or degradation. Possibly accelerate sale and use because of reduced shelf life. The consignee may negotiate with the carrier or shipper or even choose to reject a shipment where sensors indicate severe temperature history The time of the temperature extreme, or GPS tracking, may be able to determine the location of the infraction to direct appropriate corrective action. Multiple replicate shipments of data loggers are also used to compare modes of shipment (routes, vendors) and to develop composite data to be used in package testing protocols. There are many brands and models of data loggers. Most are a connectable device that must be plugged into a computer to extract the data that the logger has logged. See also Data logger Shock and vibration data logger Time temperature indicator Humidity indicator card References Books, General References ASTM D3103, Standard Test Method for Thermal Insulation Performance of Packages McMillan, Gregory K, "Advanced Temperature Measurement and Control", 2010, ISA ISTA Guide 5B: Focused Simulation Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Temperature Controlled Transport Packaging, Lockhart, H., and Paine, F.A., "Packaging of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Products", 2006, Blackie, Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, Recording devices Packaging Meteorological instrumentation and equipment Thermometers Atmospheric thermodynamics
Wealth Lab. Wealth Lab is a technical analysis software as well as an electronic trading platform owned by Fidelity Investments. The original software was the brainchild and genius of Dion Kurczek at the behest of his personal and professional partner at the time, Marina Callozzo. As regular day traders and regular travellers, Dion and Marina needed to problem solve the conflict of trading when traveling, and their tether to the complex, minute-by-minute trading platforms when they were away from their home systems. In a moment reminiscent of the child suggesting they "let the air out of the tires" of the truck stuck in the Holland Tunnel, Marina asked Dion, an extraordinarily talented developer, couldn't he just write the software himself. Thus the Wealth-Lab product was born. Dion wrote the software and the currently NB identified Mx. Callozzo founded and operated the corporation. Within less than a year Wealth-lab acquired several international investors and an unheard of number of unparalleled reviews in industry publications. By 2003 the Wealth-lab website, and the product were both an industry standard, and a Dark Horse to which others could only hope to aspire. The combination of Dion's technical genius and Mx. Callozzo's operations brilliance created a product that Fidelity knew that had to have, and no one else could compete with. After significant negotiations, Fidelity acquired the Wealth-Lab software assets in 2004. Currently, the client runs on Microsoft Windows .NET 8 and requires internet access to function properly. Users with subscriptions can program, backtest, and auto-trade trading strategies for stocks, futures, forex, options, and cryptocurrencies. Fidelity premium account holders can use the platform to place trades produced by their trading strategies directly to their brokerage accounts and even setup auto-trading systems. Software Wealth-Lab has an integrated programming environment based on C# syntax with added versatility derived from using its own pascal-like programming language, Wealthscript. Although it is geared toward programmers, it has a drag & drop feature that allows non-programmers to create their own trading strategies based on technical analysis without the necessity to edit or even view any source code. This ability to custom build trading strategies by dragging & dropping basic entry and exit modes and their indicators, not only allows non-programmers to create and use strategy scripts, it expedites the process of programming for both experienced and novice developers. Wealth-Lab requires Market data in order to perform the majority of its operations. In its standard installation, several market data sources are provided such as Yahoo! Finance's free End Of Day data. Users can also lease real-time market data from reputable sources such as Commodity System Inc. Displaying the market data in meaningful ways, i.e. charting, is one of the user's primary activity. Wealth-Lab displays market data in all the typical formats, namely, candlesticks, line, and OHLC; and even the non-typical formats such as kagi chart, Renko, equicandle to name a few. It also allows users to simply drag & drop one or more indicators, from its vast library, right onto a chart subsequently creating panels and annotations for each indicator. In addition to standard technical analysis indicators, users will also find a substantial amount of fundamental analysis indicators to apply to their charts. Backtesting strategies is at the heart of Wealth-Lab. User can either "Explore & Backtest" or "Build & Backtest". ´Build´ refers to the drag & drop method of strategy creation where as ´Explore´ refers to prebuilt strategies that are pre-installed or can be downloaded from the support website, Wealth-Lab.com managed by WL Systems, Inc.. The advantage of the prebuilt strategies is the ability to optimize the parameters. The installation comes with two optimization methods: exhaustive or Monte Carlo which uses a unique method of employing random numbers to create simulations. There are many more Wealth-Lab optimizers that can be installed from Wealth-Lab's extension manager. Developers can also program and share their own indicators, optimizers and strategy scripts, and it has been this open platform philosophy that has contributed to the establishment of a supportive developer's community. Client availability Wealth-Lab 8 is available by subscription to customers worldwide without exception, including U.S. and Canada. Version 6 Prior to August 2020, two legacy versions of Wealth-Lab existed. Wealth-Lab "Pro" was available to Fidelity premium account holders in the US (only). Consumers outside of the US (and Canada), however, could obtain a version of the software known as Wealth-Lab "Developer" via the support website. The difference between the two versions resided in their use of market data streams, custom software extensions, and technical support. In August 2020, Fidelity discontinued the "Pro" version and transitioned customers to use Wealth-Lab Developer 6 and in March 2021 Wealth-Lab 7 was launched, supporting customers worldwide. Technical support All Wealth-Lab software users can get supplemental help designing and debugging their strategies via the developers community which is accessible via the forums and wiki found on the support website. Supplemental programming help for creating strategies or extensions is also available at cost by creating a Concierge support request. Extensions Wealth-Lab 8 is noted for its extensibility, allowing seamless integration of broker and historical/realtime data providers, optimizers, position sizing methods, compiled strategies, reusable method libraries, performance visualizers, chart drawing tools, Building Block Strategy rules, and more. Brokers/Data: Interactive Brokers, Tradier, Alpaca, and multiple via Medved Trader Crypto brokers/Data: Binance, Kraken, KuCoin, Data providers: IQFeed, EODHD, CSI, CBOE, FinancialModelingPrep, Morningstar, Nasdaq, QuoteMedia, Stooq, Tiingo, TwelveData, MetaTrader, , Norgate Data, CryptoCompare, and more Indicator libraries: TASC Magazine Indicators, Ichimoku Cloud, Advanced Smoothers, Community Library, Power Pack Indicators (and Position Sizers) Power Pack Visualizers: Analysis Series, Contribution, Metacorrelation, Streaks, Position Metrics Candlestick Genetic Evolver, Candlestick Pattern detection Optimizers: Genetic Optimizer, Particle Swarm Optimizer, Analysis Tools: Neuro-Lab, Monte Carlo-Lab, Indicator Profiler, and others by finantic. Past versions Versions previous to 6.0 were freely available for purchase to US and Canadian citizens up until Fidelity bought the rights from Wealthlab, Inc. Starting with Version 6.0, Wealthlab is only available to US and Canadian citizens if they open an account with Fidelity. Wealth-Lab Version 6.0 Included native integration of legacy add-on product, Index-Lab, 64-bit compatibility, and a "Multi-Condition" rules dimension. Wealth-Lab Version 6.1 Primarily a maintenance release with minor enhancements and behind-the-scenes improvements (API and other transparent changes). Wealth-Lab Version 6.2 Combination Strategies and Regular Expressions for the Symbol Info Manager. Wealth-Lab Version 6.3 Prepared for Wealth-Lab Pro streaming provider integration for the Strategy Monitor tool Wealth-Lab Version 6.4 Completed Wealth-Lab Pro streaming provider integration with the Fidelity back end data center to feed the Strategy Monitor for much more responsive and reliable intraday operations. Also provided the ability to save strategies on a network drive. Wealth-Lab Version 6.5 Introduced the WealthSignals Trader tool, which downloads trading signals from Wealth-Lab.com's WealthSignals service to your Wealth-Lab desktop client. This version is built on the .NET 4.0 framework. Wealth-Lab Version 6.6 Released in late November 2013, added an integrated tool for Walk-Forward Optimization backtest and analysis. Wealth-Lab Version 6.8 Released in late 2014, it is a maintenance release fixing known issues. This version is built on the .NET 4.5 framework and for this reason is incompatible with older operating systems i.e. Windows XP and Vista. Wealth-Lab Version 6.9 Released in late 2015, version 6.9 brings ability to backtest synthetic option contracts. Includes other usability enhancements and minor fixes. Wealth-Lab Version 7 Released on 9 March 2021, Version 7 improved on Version 6's Strategy Builder for non-programmers. The new drag-and-drop interface for Building Block Strategies make it more versatile to use all indicators, events data, candlestick patterns, and other condition qualifiers. The backtesting engine was overhauled to process bar-by-bar, which allows strategies to dynamically access and interact with the equity curve and other simulation aspects. Automated strategy trading is possible by installing extensions for one or more brokerages. Although many of the core tools have the same functions as in prior versions, two unique tools are also available as extensions: the Candlestick Genetic Evolver and Indicator Profiler. Current version Wealth-Lab Version 8 On 10 April 2022 Wealth-Lab migrated to the .NET 6 framework by releasing Version 8, which was the first version of Wealth-Lab to include a user-selectable dark theme. More currently, Wealth-Lab began targeting .NET 8 with compiler support for C# 12 as of Version 8 Build 77 (2/9/2024). Frequent updates indicate an active project that include bug fixes and new features for backtesting and live trading, including options. References External links Technical analysis software Online brokerages
Summit 2. The Summit 2, also called the Summit II, is an American powered parachute that was originally designed and manufactured in 1999 by Aircraft Sales and Parts of Vernon, British Columbia and now produced by Summit Aerosports of Yale, Michigan. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as a two-seat trainer, or as an amateur-built aircraft. It features a parachute-style high-wing, two-seats-in-tandem, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration. The Hirth 2706, Rotax 503, Rotax 912 and the HKS 700E engines are factory options. The aircraft is built from a combination of 6061-T6 aluminium, 4130 steel and stainless steel tubing. The canopy is attached to the carriage at four points, instead of the more conventional two points, to improve stability. In flight steering is accomplished via rail-mounted sliding foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. Steering is via a 2:1 ratio system of pulleys that reduce the force required and increase control authority. The lack of pivoting control bars allows cockpit fairings to be fitted. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The aircraft is factory supplied in the form of an assembly kit that requires 20–30 hours to complete. Specifications (Summit 2) References External links 1990s United States ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Future Airborne Capability Environment. The Open Group Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE Consortium) was formed in 2010 to define an open avionics environment for all military airborne platform types. Today, it is a real-time software-focused professional group made up of industry suppliers, customers, academia, and users. The FACE approach is a government-industry software standard and business strategy for acquisition of affordable software systems that promotes innovation and rapid integration of portable capabilities across programs. The FACE Consortium provides a vendor-neutral forum for industry and government to work together to develop and consolidate the open standards, best practices, guidance documents, and business strategy necessary to result in: Standardized approaches for using open standards within avionics systems Lower implementation costs of FACE systems Standards that support a robust architecture and enable quality software development The use of standard interfaces that will lead to reuse of capabilities Portability of applications across multiple FACE systems and vendors Procurement of FACE conformant products More capabilities reaching the customer faster Innovation and competition within the avionics industry The FACE Technical Standard is an open real-time standard for making safety-critical computing operations more robust, interoperable, portable and secure. Although the consortium started with a focus on avionics, the applicability of the technical standard and its associated data model have become much broader. The standard enables software developers to create and deploy a wide catalog of applications for use across the entire spectrum of real-time systems through a common operating environment. The latest edition of the standard further promotes application interoperability and portability with enhanced requirements for exchanging data among FACE components, including a formally specified data model, and emphasis on defining common language requirements for the standard. Membership Until 2022, individual members were required to be US persons. In 2022, the consortium moved to open membership to the countries of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Individuals can only become members if they are employed by a company that is a member. Corporate membership is at different levels. The sponsor-level members are Boeing, Collins Aerospace, Lockheed Martin, US Air Force LCMC, and US Army PEO Aviation, and US Naval Air Systems Command. Background The FACE effort sprang from US Navy open architecture programs, promoted by the US Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), to enhance interoperability and software portability for avionics software applications across DoD aviation platforms. Both the US Army and US Air Force have been participating in the consortium. NAVAIR led the pack with early acquisitions, followed later by Army and Air Force. The FACE Consortium was formed by The Open Group as a "Voluntary Consensus Standards Body", as defined by the National Technology Transfer Act and OMB Circular A-119. This facilitates government participation in the consortium. One goal of the effort is to reduce the typical development and deployment cycle of new capabilities in military airborne platforms from as long as six years under the current methodology to as little as six months. The FACE reference architecture ecosystem includes software product conformance verification and certification processes. In October 2016, a suite of flight management software earned the first FACE certificate of conformance. One may view information on all certified FACE conformant products at the FACE Registry Technical approach The FACE technical approach tackles barriers to software modularity, portability, and interoperability by defining a Reference Architecture and employing design principles to enhance software portability. To meet the objectives of the technical approach, the FACE Technical Standard uses a standardized architecture describing a conceptual breakdown of functionality, called the FACE Reference Architecture, to promote the reuse of software components able to share common functionality across disparate systems. This architecture defines standardized interfaces to allow software components to be moved between systems, including those developed by different vendors. The standardized interfaces follow a data architecture to ensure the data communicated between the software components is fully described to facilitate their integration on new systems. The FACE Reference Architecture is composed of logical segments where variance occurs. The structure created by connecting these segments together is the foundation of the FACE Reference Architecture. The five (5) segments of the FACE Reference Architecture are the Operating System Segment (OSS), Input/Output Services Segment (IOSS), Platform-Specific Services Segment (PSSS), Transport Services Segment (TSS), and Portable Components Segment (PCS). The FACE Reference Architecture defines a set of standardized interfaces providing connections between the FACE architectural segments. The standardized interfaces within the FACE Reference Architecture are the Operating System Segment Interface (OSS Interface), the Input/Output Services Interface (IOS Interface), the Transport Services Interfaces, and Component-Oriented Support Interfaces. The FACE Reference Architecture defines three FACE OSS Profiles tailoring the Operating System (OS) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), programming languages, programming language features, run-times, frameworks, and graphics capabilities to meet the requirements of software components for differing levels of criticality. The three Profiles are Security, Safety, and General Purpose. The Security Profile constrains the OS APIs to a minimal useful set allowing assessment for high-assurance security functions executing as a single process. The Safety Profile is less restrictive than the Security Profile and constrains the OS APIs to those that have a safety certification pedigree. The General Purpose Profile is the least constrained profile and supports OS APIs meeting real-time deterministic or non-real-time, non-deterministic requirements depending on the system or subsystem implementation. The FACE Data Architecture defines the FACE Data Model Language (including the language binding specification), Query and Template language, FACE Shared Data Model (SDM) and the rules of construction of the Unit of Portability (UoP) Supplied Model (USM). Each PCS Unit of Conformance (UoC), PSSS UoC, or TSS UoC providing using TS Interfaces is accompanied by a USM consistent with the FACE SDM and defines its interfaces in terms of the FACE Data Model Language. A Domain-Specific Data Model (DSDM) captures content relevant to a domain of interest and can be used as a basis for USMs. References Computer standards Open Group standards Open standards
Motor constants. The motor size constant () and motor velocity constant (, alternatively called the back EMF constant) are values used to describe characteristics of electrical motors. Motor constant is the motor constant (sometimes, motor size constant). In SI units, the motor constant is expressed in newton metres per square root watt (): where is the motor torque (SI unit: newton–metre) is the resistive power loss (SI unit: watt) The motor constant is winding independent (as long as the same conductive material is used for wires); e.g., winding a motor with 6 turns with 2 parallel wires instead of 12 turns single wire will double the velocity constant, , but remains unchanged. can be used for selecting the size of a motor to use in an application. can be used for selecting the winding to use in the motor. Since the torque is current multiplied by then becomes where is the current (SI unit, ampere) is the resistance (SI unit, ohm) is the motor torque constant (SI unit, newton–metre per ampere, N·m/A), see below If two motors with the same and torque work in tandem, with rigidly connected shafts, the of the system is still the same assuming a parallel electrical connection. The of the combined system increased by , because both the torque and the losses double. Alternatively, the system could run at the same torque as before, with torque and current split equally across the two motors, which halves the resistive losses. Units The motor constant may be provided in one of several units. The table below provides conversions between common SI units Motor velocity constant, back EMF constant is the motor velocity, or motor speed, constant (not to be confused with kV, the symbol for kilovolt), measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) per volt or radians per volt second, rad/V·s: The rating of a brushless motor is the ratio of the motor's unloaded rotational speed (measured in RPM) to the peak (not RMS) voltage on the wires connected to the coils (the back EMF). For example, an unloaded motor of supplied with 11.1 V will run at a nominal speed of 63,270 rpm (= 5,700 rpm/V × 11.1 V). The motor may not reach this theoretical speed because there are non-linear mechanical losses. On the other hand, if the motor is driven as a generator, the no-load voltage between terminals is perfectly proportional to the RPM and true to the of the motor/generator. The terms , are also used, as are the terms back EMF constant, or the generic electrical constant. In contrast to the value is often expressed in SI units volt–seconds per radian (V⋅s/rad), thus it is an inverse measure of . Sometimes it is expressed in non SI units volts per kilorevolution per minute (V/krpm). The field flux may also be integrated into the formula: where is back EMF, is the constant, is the flux, and is the angular velocity. By Lenz's law, a running motor generates a back-EMF proportional to the speed. Once the motor's rotational velocity is such that the back-EMF is equal to the battery voltage (also called DC line voltage), the motor reaches its limit speed. Motor torque constant is the torque produced divided by armature current. It can be calculated from the motor velocity constant . For a single coil the relationship is: where is the armature current of the machine (SI unit: ampere). is primarily used to calculate the armature current for a given torque demand: The SI units for the torque constant are newton meters per ampere (N·m/A). Since 1 N·m = 1 J, and 1 A = 1 C/s, then 1 N·m/A = 1 J·s/C = 1 V·s (same units as back EMF constant). The relationship between and is not intuitive, to the point that many people simply assert that torque and are not related at all. An analogy with a hypothetical linear motor can help to convince that it is true. Suppose that a linear motor has a of 2 (m/s)/V, that is, the linear actuator generates one volt of back-EMF when moved (or driven) at a rate of 2 m/s. Conversely, ( is speed of the linear motor, is voltage). The useful power of this linear motor is , being the power, the useful voltage (applied voltage minus back-EMF voltage), and the current. But, since power is also equal to force multiplied by speed, the force of the linear motor is or . The inverse relationship between force per unit current and of a linear motor has been demonstrated. To translate this model to a rotating motor, one can simply attribute an arbitrary diameter to the motor armature e.g. 2 m and assume for simplicity that all force is applied at the outer perimeter of the rotor, giving 1 m of leverage. Now, supposing that (angular speed per unit voltage) of the motor is 3600 rpm/V, it can be translated to "linear" by multiplying by 2π m (the perimeter of the rotor) and dividing by 60, since angular speed is per minute. This is linear . Now, if this motor is fed with current of 2 A and assuming that back-EMF is exactly 2 V, it is rotating at 7200 rpm and the mechanical power is 4 W, and the force on rotor is N or 0.0053 N. The torque on shaft is 0.0053 N⋅m at 2 A because of the assumed radius of the rotor (exactly 1 m). Assuming a different radius would change the linear but would not change the final torque result. To check the result, remember that . So, a motor with will generate 0.00265 N⋅m of torque per ampere of current, regardless of its size or other characteristics. This is exactly the value estimated by the formula stated earlier. References External links Electric motors
Dotmatics. Dotmatics is an R&D scientific software company used by scientists in the R&D process that help them be more efficient in their efforts to innovate. Founded in 2005, the company's primary office is in Boston with 14 offices around the globe. In March 2021, Insightful Science acquired Dotmatics. In April 2022, the two companies consolidated under the Dotmatics brand with Insightful Science CEO Thomas Swalla leading the new Dotmatics. Dotmatics' software is used by 2 million scientists and researchers and 10,000 customers. Dotmatics offers a cloud-based data management platform to support the R&D process and a series of software applications used by scientists that include GraphPad Prism, SnapGene, Geneious Prime, Geneious Biologics, Lab Archives, OMIQ, Protein Metrics, nQuery, Cytapex Bioinformatics, De Novo, SoftGenetics, and M-Star. In October 2023, Dotmatics released a multimodal drug discovery platform named Luma. Luma is a low-code SaaS platform that aggregates relevant data across instruments and software into clean data structures for AI and ML-based analysis. Dotmatics is backed by Insight Partners, a venture capital and private equity firm. History Dotmatics' origins trace back to Merck Sharp and Dohme, a multinational pharmaceutical company, where, in the early 2000s, Merck staff developed what later became Dotmatics' browser and gateway software. Dotmatics Limited was founded in 2005 as a spin-out when Merck closed the site. The company was established with the intent to address the information needs of scientists in the biotech/pharma space. Nov. 2006: Incorporate Astex Therapeutics' chemical structure searching software as the product pinpoint. Oct. 2007: Headquarters moved to new premises in Bishops Stortford, United Kingdom. March 2009: Opened West Coast US office in Biotech Beach area of San Diego. Oct. 2009: Launched in Japanese market via Tokyo-based Infocom Corporation. April 2010: Opened East Coast US office in Boston Massachusetts. April 2010: Launched web-based Studies Notebook, for Windows, Mac, and Linux. Dec. 2010: Headquarters moved to expanded premises. March 2011, Studies Notebook integrated Lexichem chemical naming from OpenEye Scientific Software, to automate name-to-structure and structure-to-name conversions in English and foreign languages. April 2011: Elemental web-based structure drawing tool included in ChemSpider, the Royal Society of Chemistry's community website. Sept. 2011: Move East Coast office from Boston's financial district to Woburn MA. Oct 2014: 2013 Revenue is over £5M. Sept 2017: 2016 Revenue is over £12.8M. Oct 2017: Significant investment by Scottish Equity Partners June 2020: BioBright acquired diversifying into Laboratory Automation technology. July 2020: 2019 Revenue is over £26M. March 2021: Insightful Science acquires Dotmatics; Thomas Swalla named CEO. April 2022: Dotmatics used as the consolidated brand name of the combined Insightful Science and Dotmatics entity. Oct 2023: Dotmatics releases Luma, a new scientific data platform Software and use Dotmatics develops web-based tools for querying, browsing, managing, and sharing scientific data and documents. Browser, a web-based tool for "chemically-aware" querying and browsing biological and chemical datasets, analysis of plate-based data, upload of data sets from Microsoft Excel; and registration. Vortex for visualizing and data-mining biological and chemical information. Vortex provides structure-based searching, together with physiochemical property calculations. Pinpoint, an Oracle-based tool for querying and integrating chemical databases. Gateway, a document management system and collaboration tool. Nucleus, a web-based tool for importing, mapping, and storing data from existing sources. Register, a web-based tool for single and batch chemical compound registration. Bioregister, for registering biological entities (protein and nucleotide sequences), as well as their clone vector, purification and expression information. Studies is a screening data management tool that allows creation, capture, analysis, and storage of chemical, biological, and ad hoc research data. Studies notebook, a Web-based Electronic lab notebook that supports chemistry, biology, and ad hoc research. It combines a web-based platform with intellectual property protection tools. Elemental, a web-based structure drawing tool for drawing simple chemical structures or complex structure queries directly within a webpage. Also available as an iOS app. Cascade, a Web-based workflow management tool that controls workflow among different departments using the Electronic lab notebook. Dotmatics for Office (D4O) makes Microsoft™ Office® applications such as Excel®, PowerPoint®, Word and Outlook® chemically aware. Chemselector manages very large chemistry datasets with fast search and trivially simple maintenance/update. It has a modern user interface focused on browsing and filtering for molecule, reagent and sample selection. The available for Chemselector dataset provides access to highly curated sourcing data. Inventory is a fully searchable sample and materials inventory that tracks chemicals, biologics, instruments and associated data across a hierarchy of locations and manages the dispensing and plating workflows, as samples are moved through an R&D process. Spaces allows project members within distributed research teams to collaborate using scientific teamboards that organize their research data and design ideas. Reaction Workflows, a graphical environment that enables scientists to build and execute data processing workflows to perform common cheminformatics tasks, such as library enumeration, structure normalization and compound profiling. The Informatics Suite is all the software packaged into one integrated suite. See also Cheminformatics Bioinformatics Business intelligence tools Electronic lab notebook Visual analytics Life Sciences Laboratory informatics References External links Staff listing - LinkedIn Cheminformatics
Texas Energy Engineers. Texas Energy Engineers, Inc., dba ccrd partners, is a professional engineering firm headquartered in Houston, TX (USA). The firm employs over 180 personnel, most being engineers in the disciplines of Mechanical and Electrical engineering. ccrd’s practice is focused on energy and sustainable engineering design and commissioning for healthcare facilities, science and technology facilities and data facilities for public and private industry sectors. ccrd has completed professional engineering services on structures valued in excess of $20 billion. History The firm was founded in 1980 as Texas Energy Engineers and incorporated October 6 by David B. Duthu, P.E. (a native of Houma, Louisiana and graduate of Texas A&M University) and partner Kermit S. Harmon, P.E., C.E.M., C.C.P., D.G.C.P., (a native of Paris, Texas). In 1985, the firm expanded operations to Dallas, Texas by providing assistance with the orderly termination of business and closing of the office of William K. Hall & Associates. In 1988, the practice was expanded to include the acquisition of the Dallas office of Adam, Shadrick, Davis, Inc. (ASD) that was led by George Campbell, P.E. (a native of Illinois and graduate of University of Illinois) and Richard L. Rome, P.E. (a native of Kansas, and graduate of the University of Kansas). That same year Kermit resigned and is no longer active in the firm. The acronym ‘ccrd’ is derived from the last names of the primary stockholders of the company at the time of the acquisition (Campbell, Colburn, Rome, Duthu). Colburn is no longer active in the firm. Between 2002 through 2011, the firm expanded its national reach by opening additional offices in Richmond, Virginia; Miami, Florida; Austin, Texas; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; Kansas City, Missouri; and Washington, DC. ccrd has expanded its global experience to include projects in Japan, Aruba, Saudi Arabia, Libya, UAE, Denmark, Germany, Brazil the United Kingdom, and the Czech Republic. Project Experience ccrd has designed over 2,000,000 sq. ft. of biological/microbiological containment laboratories, ranging from BSL-2 through BSL-4, and agricultural biosafety labs (ABSL) for biosafety level 3E and 3 Ag operations. ccrd's current and recent science and technology projects include: Galveston National Laboratory (GNL), Galveston, Texas National Bio and Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, Kansas National Biodefense and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), Fort Detrick, Maryland New England Regional Biosafety Laboratory (NE-RBL) Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts ccrd’s healthcare practice has designed in excess of 17,000,000 sq. ft. of hospital space, including some of the most energy conserving and sustainable hospitals operating to date. ccrd engineered Dell Children’s Medical Center of Central Texas, the world’s first LEED Platinum hospital located in Austin, Texas. ccrd's current and recent healthcare projects include: Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Winchester Medical Center, Winchester, Virginia University of Virginia Battle Building Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia References Companies based in Houston Engineering companies of the United States
Narayanan Komerath. Narayanan Menon Komerath is an Indian-born professor of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States. He has written numerous articles and books. He is known for his views on ways to build structures in space from asteroid debris, which could be used for a space-based economy, and for his research into microwave power transmission in space. Komerath continues to take an active interest in Indian affairs. He has defended the US-based Indian Development and Relief Fund, a charity, from accusations that its funds were being used to foster communal violence in India. He has proposed a break-up of Pakistan to remove its ability to export global terror. Career Narayanan Menon Komerath was born in Peringavu, Thrissur, Kerala, India. He studied at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, obtaining a B. Tech in Aeronautical Engineering in 1978. He then went to the Georgia Institute of Technology where he obtained a PhD in Aerospace Engineering (Turbulent Combustion) in 1982. Positions since then have included Fellow of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, Sam Nunn Senior Security Fellow in the School of International Affairs (2004–2006) and Hesburgh Teaching Fellow at the Georgia Institute of Technology (2005). From 2008 to 2009 he was Chair of the Aerospace Division of the American Society for Engineering Education. For 2009/2010 he was Secretary/Treasurer of this division. He is Chairman of Scv Inc. in Alpharetta, Georgia, a manufacturer of analytical instruments founded in 1994. Scientific concepts In May 2003 Popular Mechanics reported that Komerath thinks he found a way to crush the rocks in the asteroid belts using electromagnetic waves and assemble them into radiation shields and structures where humans could live, among other purposes. The idea came to Komerath by analogy with the technique of "acoustic shaping", where sound waves can accurately position small objects such as beads into larger solid objects within a weightless environment. In space, radio waves would take the place of sound waves. Although huge amounts of energy would be needed, solar power could be used and the approach would avoid the requirement to transport material from Earth. Komerath said "You don't go to investors and say 'I want to build a giant spinning cylinder in space that would house 10,000 people'. You go and say 'I want to build a space-based economy'. It's a business model that will work only if there are a lot of people who will go broke at the same time if it fails." Since 2006 Komerath has been considering the problem of a global space power grid. Researchers at Georgia Tech working under the direction of Professor Narayanan Komerath are exploring microwave power beaming in space for military and commercial applications. It is thought that frequencies of around 220 GHz can achieve greater effective distances than the lower frequencies commonly used today. As a rational first step to building a space-based grid Komerath proposes a demonstration project to build a space-based power exchange connecting the United States to India. Societal Interventions Komerath has been actively and publicly interested in events in the Indian subcontinent since May 1999. With the help of the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF) he launched the Martyrs for National Integration Fund, which helps the families of people hurt in the war against terrorism. In 2002 leftist activists groups Sabrang Communications and South Asia Citizens Web published The Foreign Exchange of Hate: IDRF and the American Funding of Hindutva, which investigated how funding raised by the IDRF in the USA was being distributed in India. Komerath was one of the authors of a counter-report that denied the implied accusation that tribal activists, who had played a major role in the 2002 Gujarat violence, were linked to US funding sources. Komerath praised the efforts of grassroots volunteers funded by the IDRF after the December 2004 tsunami. He reported claims that Sri Lankan army personnel had hijacked aid trucks that were trying to assist Tamils. He said some US-based Indians were attempting to hinder aid by warning that donations could be misused. Komerath welcomed the July 2005 US–India Civil Nuclear Agreement, but said the refusal of the USA to support Pakistan's claim to a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council was a victory for India. In 2008 Komerath published an opinion paper that called for a break-up of Pakistan into five independent states that would be distracted by protecting themselves, and which would be destroyed if they veered towards religious fanaticism or terrorism. In the prelude of the paper he states "This article argues that the State of Pakistan should quite properly be the victim of its own terrorism. It must die, for the scourge of global terrorism to end." He furthermore states that "...all terrorism connections lead to Pakistan " and in the section labeled "What is the cost of not going to war?" contemplates the implications of an all-out war between Pakistan and India, arguing that it may be preferable to the current situation. He concludes the paper with this statement: "To put it bluntly, and succinctly: GIVE PEACE A CHANCE. DESTROY PAKISTAN. The life you save may be your own or that of someone you love." Notable quotes Selected bibliography Komerath, N.M., Smith, M.J., "Rotorcraft Wake Modeling: Past, Present and Future”. Proceedings of the European Rotorcraft Forum, Hamburg, Germany, September 2009. Komerath, N., “A Campus-Wide Course on Micro Renewable Energy Systems”. Proceedings of the ASEE National Conference, College Park, TX June 2009. Komerath, N., Venkat, V., Fernandez, J., “Near-Millimeter Wave Issues for a Space Power Grid”. Paper 2009-081, Proceedings of the SPESIF Conference, American Physical Society, Huntsville, AL, February 2009. Komerath, N.M., Nally, J., Tang, E.Z., “Policy Model for Space Economy Infrastructure” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 61(2007)11–12, p. 1066–1075 Gregory, J., Sullivan J., Wanis, S., Komerath, N., “Pressure-sensitive paint as a distributed optical microphone array,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(1), 251–261, 2006 References External links Living people Engineers from Kerala Indian aerospace engineers Scientists from Thrissur Year of birth missing (living people)
Sculpteo. Sculpteo is a French company specialized in 3D printing in the cloud. Sculpteo offers an online 3D printing service, for rapid prototyping and production using technologies such as laser sintering, stereo lithography, Multi Jet Fusion, FDM, Polyjet, DLS, DLP/LCD, SLM/DMLS or Binder Jetting. The company was founded in June 2009 by Eric Carreel (co-founder of Inventel, acquired by Technicolor in 2005, and Withings), Clement Moreau and Jacques Lewiner. Sculpteo offers online 3D printing services, particularly in Europe and North America The company was acquired in 2019 by the German multinational chemical company BASF. Purpose The company markets an online 3D printing service and the manufacture of objects from 3D files for individuals, businesses and manufacturers. The customer can upload his 3D model to the site and get his quote automatically. The parts are then manufactured in Sculpteo's ISO 9001-certified factories. Sculpteo offers a rapid prototyping service, manufacturing on demand, or contract manufacturing, thanks to various manufacturing technologies such as: selective laser sintering, HP Multi Jet Fusion, stereolithography, FDM, etc. These prototyping and production services are aimed at all industries, including the drone, medical, electronics, robotics and luxury sectors. The price depends on the order, the price is calculated according to the volume of material used, the size and the number of pieces. History and background The company was created in June 2009. Two years after, in January 2011, Sculpteo launches their online 3D printing service for the general public by allowing users to make your own avatar from simple 2D photos modeled in 3D. In March 2011, the company launches Pro.Sculpteo, an online 3D printing service for professionals. In June 2011, Sculpteo and 3DVIA announce a direct printing service provided by Sculpteo via the 3Dvia portal. In January 2012, Sculpteo launches the 3D printing Cloud Engine and the Sculpteo app at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. The app transforms human data into a 3D printed object using an iOS device. In September 2012, Sculpteo launches 3DPCase, the first smartphone app able to generate the 3D file of an iPhone case directly from the smartphone. For the app, Sculpteo is granted the Prize of Best Innovator at CES 2013. This new approach of unit production highlights the flexibility of the online 3D manufacturing process and allows the company to commercialize iPhone 5 cases before the launch of the iPhone 5. In December 2012, Sculpteo raises 2 million euros thanks to XAnge, branch of the French bank Banque Postale, business angels and founders. In March 2013, Sculpteo commercializes Lighting plug connectors manufactured in 3D printing. Late 2013, La Poste launches a 3D printing service in post offices, in partnership with Sculpteo. In January 2014, at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, Sculpteo unveils "3D Batch Control", a cloud 3D printing service designed for professionals and businesses in need of short-run manufacturing. It allows users to upload a 3D file, change the size and dimensions of the object directly within the browser, select a printing material and order their design to be 3D printed and shipped. In May 2014, Sculpteo seeks to reduce 3D printing costs and material squandering by optimizing the quantity of used material. In this light, the company launches a free service named "Hollowing". The same month, designers conceive innovative 3D objects that Amazon, in partnership with Sculpteo, proposes in a dedicated online store opened in July 2014. In June 2014, the company continues its pursuit in democratizing 3D technology and integrates its printing service in the Adobe Photoshop Creative Cloud thus rendering the process of 3D manufacture more simple. In November 2014, Sculpteo launches a free service named "Thickening" aimed to reinforce the robustness of fragile parts without having to use a modelling software. In January 2015, at Consumer Electronics Show, Sculpteo reveals FinalProof, a tool that allows users to apprehend the final result of the object file before printing. In April of the same year, Sculpteo announces a 5 million euros fundraising thanks to Creadev, investment fund of Mulliez family, and Xange, well known investor. In November, the computer Sprout by HP integrates the 3D printing service of Sculpteo. In January 2016, Sculpteo launches a new material for additive manufacturing that is more flexible than the others TPU. Several branches are targeted, such as medical branch and the fashion industry. In March, a partnership with Carbon allows Sculpteo to offer the 3D printing technology "CLIP". In November 2019, Sculpteo was acquired by BASF. The international group said to have purchased the company to market new industrial 3D printing materials more quickly for its 3D printing subsidiary. In June 2022, Sculpteo announced Alexandre d’Orsetti as its new CEO. Awards In January 2013, at Consumer Electronics Show, Sculpteo received the Best of CES Innovations Award for 3DPCase, its new 3D printing mobile application 3DPcase. In 2012, Sculpteo was granted the "Observeur du Design" label by Observeur du Design thus being acknowledged as a reference in the world of design. In 2011, Eric Carreel received the Prize for Engineers 2011 awarded by the French National Council of Engineers and Scientists and the magazine Usine Nouvelle. See also 3D Printing Marketplace BASF References 3D printing websites Online companies of France 2009 establishments in France
Air Swimmer. An Air Swimmer is an inflatable flying remote control toy fish manufactured by the William Mark Corporation (who later created Feisty Pets), which realistically swims indoors through the air. Recognition The inventor, Blake English, won the “Rising Star Inventor” award at the 2011 Toy and Game Inventor Conference (TAGIE) Awards The toy itself won the "Best New Product” award at the 23rd 2011 Kite Trade Association International Show. It also featured in Episode 2 of the 2011 On the Verge technology news entertainment show. The first toys of this type were flying shark and clown fish. At the 2012 Toy Industry Association fair the skies were patrolled by Angry Birds. In 2012 a Zombie Shark was added to the toy line. References Electronic toys 2010s toys Inflatable manufactured goods Toy animals
Niagara Conservation. Niagara Conservation is a manufacturing company based in Fort Worth, Texas best known for its plumbing products and its water conservation efforts. Niagara Conservation also manufactures lighting fixtures, light bulbs, caulks, sealants, and weatherization products. History Niagara Conservation was established in 1974 by William Cutler. Product innovation Niagara Conservation manufactures water-reducing, green products including toilets, aerators, and showerheads. In 2009, the company released the Stealth toilet, which used a new technology combining air and water to flush liquids and solids with only 0.8 gallons of water. Niagara's Stealth is currently the only single flush 0.8 gallons per flush (GPF) toilet in the world. The Stealth's ultra-high-efficiency low-flow toilet uses newly engineered technology where an air transfer system pressurizes the bowl's trap-way to flush quietly with limited water usage. All Stealth toilets are certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s WaterSense program. Niagara Conservation also manufactures the Flapperless toilet, which uses a half-cylinder 1.6 gallon bucket instead of a flapper. When the toilet is flushed, the bucket dumps the water into the tank, initiating the flush. The flapper is the piece of common toilet technology that fails most often, without a flapper, a toilet is less likely to fail. Water conservation In 2013, Niagara Conservation received the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) WaterSense Manufacturer Partner of the Year award for helping to increase water efficiency and awareness. Niagara received a similar award in 2011 for contributions to conservation initiatives. Niagara has 30 products that are EPA certified, including the Stealth and Eco-Logic toilets, the Earth, Prismiere and Sava showerheads and the Dual Thread Faucet Aerator. Municipality and utility partnerships In 2004, Niagara Conservation and Austin Water offered the residents of Austin, Texas the chance to replace their toilets with high-efficiency toilets through the city’s Free Toilet Program. If residents received their water from Austin or an eligible metropolitan utility district, they could replace up to three toilets with Niagara EcoLogic high-efficiency flapperless toilets. The program also offered rebates for purchasing high-efficiency toilets. In 2009, Niagara Conservation partnered with Fort Worth’s Water Conservation Section to provide free installation of high efficiency pre-rinse spray nozzles and aerators for local foodservice providers to reduce water consumption. The "SpraySmart" program replaced nozzles that use over three gallons of hot water per minute with Niagara nozzles that use 1.28 gallons per minute. In 2011, the Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District in Lake Elsinore, California launched a free water conservation program that replaced old toilets with Niagara Conservation's Stealth System to save water. The program is currently in its first phase. In 2012, Niagara Conservation donated 1.0 GPF toilets to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Monterey County to help combat the club's rising water bills. The club previously paid up to $800 a month for water. In September 2015 California Water Service announced it will begin offering free High-Efficiency Toilets to their customers in California. Cal Water will provide residential customers who have existing toilets using 1.6 gallons per flush or greater with a Niagara Stealth high-efficiency toilets that use 0.8 gallons per flush. Free toilets will be available while supplies last. The homeowner will have to arrange to have the toilet(s) installed and dispose or arrange recycling of their old toilet(s). Since some old toilets use up to 8.0 gallons of water per flush this program is expected to save up to 50 gallons per day per household or up to 18,000 gallons per year per household. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215542/http://worldwatercouncil.org/—World Water Council http://www.epa.gov/watersense/—Environmental Protection Agency's WaterSense http://www.awwa.org/Resources/Waterwiser.cfm?navItemNumber=1516—American Water Works Association http://www.siwi.org/worldwaterweek—World Water Week Water and Agriculture Information Center — U.S. Department of Agriculture - National Agricultural Library http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/components/DD6946r.html — University of Minnesota Manufacturing companies based in Texas Privately held companies based in Texas Manufacturing companies established in 1977
CANSA C.4. The CANSA C.4 was a single engine, open cockpit, tandem seat training aircraft and tourer flown in Italy in 1942. Design and development The last of a series of three CANSA trainer designs, preceded by the C.5 and C.6, the C.4 was the only monoplane. It had a low, straight tapered wing; no flaps were fitted. The empennage was conventional, with the tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage. The elevators were split so that the unbalanced rudder, which extended to the bottom of the fuselage, could move between them. The fin and rudder together were straight edged and round topped. The fabric covered fuselage was flat sided, with a rounded decking. The two occupants sat in separate cockpits, the forward one at the wing leading edge and the second close behind over mid-chord. The cockpits were open but fitted with windscreens and short sidescreens. The C.4 was powered by a 67 kW (90 hp), 4-cylinder inline, air-cooled, inverted CANSA C.80 engine. It had a fixed, conventional undercarriage with a tailskid. The C.4 was built as both a training aircraft and a tourer but production numbers are not known. Specifications References C.4 1940s Italian military trainer aircraft Low-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear Aircraft first flown in 1942 Single-engined piston aircraft
Rudolf K. Allemann. Professor Rudolf Konrad Allemann is a Distinguished Research Professor and Pro Vice-Chancellor International and Student Recruitment and Head of the College of Physical Sciences and Engineering at Cardiff University. Allemann joined Cardiff University in 2005, after working at the University of Birmingham, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich and the UK MRC National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill. He was previously Head of the School of Chemistry at Cardiff University until April 2017. Education and academic career Allemann earned his Dipl. Chem. ETH (B.S./M.S.) from ETH Zurich in 1985. His PhD was carried out at Harvard University and ETH Zurich with Steven A. Benner and culminated in the award of a Dr. sc. nat ETH for his thesis 'Evolutionary Guidance as a Tool in Organic Chemistry'. He then moved to the UK to as a Royal Society and Swiss National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute for Medical Research, before returning to the ETH Zurich in 1992 as a research group leader in Biological Chemistry. He completed his habilitation in 1998 ('DNA Recognition by Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulators') and then joined the University of Birmingham, first as a Senior Lecturer and then Professor of Chemical Biology. Since 2005 he has been a Distinguished Research Professor at Cardiff University and in 2017 was appointed Pro Vice-Chancellor and Head of College of Physical Sciences and Engineering. In 2013 he was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales. Research A leading protagonist of modern biological chemistry, Allemann's research bridges the gap between enzymology and organic chemistry. By exploiting chemical, biophysical, enzymological and molecular biology techniques, he has made contributions towards understanding enzymatic mechanisms. He has pioneered detailed mechanistic investigations of terpene synthases such as aristolochene synthase, germacrene-A synthase and delta-cadinene synthase, leading to insights into how the diversity of the terpenome (terpene and terpenoid natural products) is generated from a single precursor. Allemann's work on hydrogen transfer catalysing enzymes including dihydrofolate reductase has led to deep new insights into the contributions from quantum mechanical tunnelling and protein dynamics to the enormous rate accelerations typical of Nature’s catalysts. Allemann’s laboratory has been among the pioneers in synthetic biology and has developed innovative applications such as the first generation of designer enzymes, intracellular biophotonic nanoswitches (photoactivated peptides) and optogenetic tools for the control of biological processes in cell culture and in live organisms, as well as pioneering new methodology in synthetic biology for generating novel unnatural terpene-like non-natural natural products with applications in agriculture and healthcare. See also Dihydrofolate reductase Terpene Photoactivated peptide References External links Professor Rudolf Allemann at Cardiff University Rudolf Allemann's profile on Biomed Experts Publications on PubMed Living people Swiss biochemists ETH Zurich alumni Harvard University alumni Australian National University alumni National Institute for Medical Research faculty Academics of the University of Birmingham Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales Synthetic biologists Year of birth missing (living people)
Medical image computing. Medical image computing (MIC) is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of computer science, information engineering, electrical engineering, physics, mathematics and medicine. This field develops computational and mathematical methods for solving problems pertaining to medical images and their use for biomedical research and clinical care. The main goal of MIC is to extract clinically relevant information or knowledge from medical images. While closely related to the field of medical imaging, MIC focuses on the computational analysis of the images, not their acquisition. The methods can be grouped into several broad categories: image segmentation, image registration, image-based physiological modeling, and others. Data forms Medical image computing typically operates on uniformly sampled data with regular x-y-z spatial spacing (images in 2D and volumes in 3D, generically referred to as images). At each sample point, data is commonly represented in integral form such as signed and unsigned short (16-bit), although forms from unsigned char (8-bit) to 32-bit float are not uncommon. The particular meaning of the data at the sample point depends on modality: for example a CT acquisition collects radiodensity values, while an MRI acquisition may collect T1 or T2-weighted images. Longitudinal, time-varying acquisitions may or may not acquire images with regular time steps. Fan-like images due to modalities such as curved-array ultrasound are also common and require different representational and algorithmic techniques to process. Other data forms include sheared images due to gantry tilt during acquisition; and unstructured meshes, such as hexahedral and tetrahedral forms, which are used in advanced biomechanical analysis (e.g., tissue deformation, vascular transport, bone implants). Segmentation Segmentation is the process of partitioning an image into different meaningful segments. In medical imaging, these segments often correspond to different tissue classes, organs, pathologies, or other biologically relevant structures. Medical image segmentation is made difficult by low contrast, noise, and other imaging ambiguities. Although there are many computer vision techniques for image segmentation, some have been adapted specifically for medical image computing. Below is a sampling of techniques within this field; the implementation relies on the expertise that clinicians can provide. Atlas-Based Segmentation: For many applications, a clinical expert can manually label several images; segmenting unseen images is a matter of extrapolating from these manually labeled training images. Methods of this style are typically referred to as atlas-based segmentation methods. Parametric atlas methods typically combine these training images into a single atlas image, while nonparametric atlas methods typically use all of the training images separately. Atlas-based methods usually require the use of image registration in order to align the atlas image or images to a new, unseen image. Shape-Based Segmentation: Many methods parametrize a template shape for a given structure, often relying on control points along the boundary. The entire shape is then deformed to match a new image. Two of the most common shape-based techniques are Active Shape Models and Active Appearance Models. These methods have been very influential, and have given rise to similar models. Image-Based segmentation: Some methods initiate a template and refine its shape according to the image data while minimizing integral error measures, like the Active contour model and its variations. Interactive Segmentation: Interactive methods are useful when clinicians can provide some information, such as a seed region or rough outline of the region to segment. An algorithm can then iteratively refine such a segmentation, with or without guidance from the clinician. Manual segmentation, using tools such as a paint brush to explicitly define the tissue class of each pixel, remains the gold standard for many imaging applications. Recently, principles from feedback control theory have been incorporated into segmentation, which give the user much greater flexibility and allow for the automatic correction of errors. Subjective surface Segmentation: This method is based on the idea of evolution of segmentation function which is governed by an advection-diffusion model. To segment an object, a segmentation seed is needed (that is the starting point that determines the approximate position of the object in the image). Consequently, an initial segmentation function is constructed. The idea behind the subjective surface method is that the position of the seed is the main factor determining the form of this segmentation function. Convolutional neural networks (CNN's): The computer-assisted fully automated segmentation performance has been improved due to the advancement of machine learning models. CNN based models such as SegNet, UNet, ResNet, AATSN, Transformers and GANs have fastened the segmentation process. In the future, such models may replace manual segmentation due to their superior performance and speed. However, there are some other classification of image segmentation methods which are similar to above categories. Moreover, we can classify another group as "Hybrid" which is based on combination of methods. Registration Image registration is a process that searches for the correct alignment of images. In the simplest case, two images are aligned. Typically, one image is treated as the target image and the other is treated as a source image; the source image is transformed to match the target image. The optimization procedure updates the transformation of the source image based on a similarity value that evaluates the current quality of the alignment. This iterative procedure is repeated until a (local) optimum is found. An example is the registration of CT and PET images to combine structural and metabolic information (see figure). Image registration is used in a variety of medical applications: Studying temporal changes. Longitudinal studies acquire images over several months or years to study long-term processes, such as disease progression. Time series correspond to images acquired within the same session (seconds or minutes). They can be used to study cognitive processes, heart deformations and respiration. Combining complementary information from different imaging modalities. An example is the fusion of anatomical and functional information. Since the size and shape of structures vary across modalities, it is more challenging to evaluate the alignment quality. This has led to the use of similarity measures such as mutual information. Characterizing a population of subjects. In contrast to intra-subject registration, a one-to-one mapping may not exist between subjects, depending on the structural variability of the organ of interest. Inter-subject registration is required for atlas construction in computational anatomy. Here, the objective is to statistically model the anatomy of organs across subjects. Computer-assisted surgery. In computer-assisted surgery pre-operative images such as CT or MRI are registered to intra-operative images or tracking systems to facilitate image guidance or navigation. There are several important considerations when performing image registration: The transformation model. Common choices are rigid, affine, and deformable transformation models. B-spline and thin plate spline models are commonly used for parameterized transformation fields. Non-parametric or dense deformation fields carry a displacement vector at every grid location; this necessitates additional regularization constraints. A specific class of deformation fields are diffeomorphisms, which are invertible transformations with a smooth inverse. The similarity metric. A distance or similarity function is used to quantify the registration quality. This similarity can be calculated either on the original images or on features extracted from the images. Common similarity measures are sum of squared distances (SSD), correlation coefficient, and mutual information. The choice of similarity measure depends on whether the images are from the same modality; the acquisition noise can also play a role in this decision. For example, SSD is the optimal similarity measure for images of the same modality with Gaussian noise. However, the image statistics in ultrasound are significantly different from Gaussian noise, leading to the introduction of ultrasound specific similarity measures. Multi-modal registration requires a more sophisticated similarity measure; alternatively, a different image representation can be used, such as structural representations or registering adjacent anatomy. A recent study employed contrastive coding to learn shared, dense image representations, referred to as CoMIRs (Contrastive Multi-modal Image Representations) which enabled the registration of multi-modal images where existing registration methods often fail due to a lack of sufficiently similar image structures. It reduced the multi-modal registration problem to a mono-modal one, in which general intensity based, as well as feature-based, registration algorithms can be applied. The optimization procedure. Either continuous or discrete optimization is performed. For continuous optimization, gradient-based optimization techniques are applied to improve the convergence speed. Visualization Visualization plays several key roles in Medical Image Computing. Methods from scientific visualization are used to understand and communicate about medical images, which are inherently spatial-temporal. Data visualization and data analysis are used on unstructured data forms, for example when evaluating statistical measures derived during algorithmic processing. Direct interaction with data, a key feature of the visualization process, is used to perform visual queries about data, annotate images, guide segmentation and registration processes, and control the visual representation of data (by controlling lighting rendering properties and viewing parameters). Visualization is used both for initial exploration and for conveying intermediate and final results of analyses. The figure "Visualization of Medical Imaging" illustrates several types of visualization: 1. the display of cross-sections as gray scale images; 2. reformatted views of gray scale images (the sagittal view in this example has a different orientation than the original direction of the image acquisition; and 3. A 3D volume rendering of the same data. The nodular lesion is clearly visible in the different presentations and has been annotated with a white line. Atlases Medical images can vary significantly across individuals due to people having organs of different shapes and sizes. Therefore, representing medical images to account for this variability is crucial. A popular approach to represent medical images is through the use of one or more atlases. Here, an atlas refers to a specific model for a population of images with parameters that are learned from a training dataset. The simplest example of an atlas is a mean intensity image, commonly referred to as a template. However, an atlas can also include richer information, such as local image statistics and the probability that a particular spatial location has a certain label. New medical images, which are not used during training, can be mapped to an atlas, which has been tailored to the specific application, such as segmentation and group analysis. Mapping an image to an atlas usually involves registering the image and the atlas. This deformation can be used to address variability in medical images. Single template The simplest approach is to model medical images as deformed versions of a single template image. For example, anatomical MRI brain scans are often mapped to the MNI template as to represent all the brain scans in common coordinates. The main drawback of a single-template approach is that if there are significant differences between the template and a given test image, then there may not be a good way to map one onto the other. For example, an anatomical MRI brain scan of a patient with severe brain abnormalities (i.e., a tumor or surgical procedure), may not easily map to the MNI template. Multiple templates Rather than relying on a single template, multiple templates can be used. The idea is to represent an image as a deformed version of one of the templates. For example, there could be one template for a healthy population and one template for a diseased population. However, in many applications, it is not clear how many templates are needed. A simple albeit computationally expensive way to deal with this is to have every image in a training dataset be a template image and thus every new image encountered is compared against every image in the training dataset. A more recent approach automatically finds the number of templates needed. Statistical analysis Statistical methods combine the medical imaging field with modern Computer Vision, Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition. Over the last decade, several large datasets have been made publicly available (see for example ADNI, 1000 functional Connectomes Project), in part due to collaboration between various institutes and research centers. This increase in data size calls for new algorithms that can mine and detect subtle changes in the images to address clinical questions. Such clinical questions are very diverse and include group analysis, imaging biomarkers, disease phenotyping and longitudinal studies. Group analysis In the Group Analysis, the objective is to detect and quantize abnormalities induced by a disease by comparing the images of two or more cohorts. Usually one of these cohorts consist of normal (control) subjects, and the other one consists of abnormal patients. Variation caused by the disease can manifest itself as abnormal deformation of anatomy (see Voxel-based morphometry). For example, shrinkage of sub-cortical tissues such as the Hippocampus in brain may be linked to Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, changes in biochemical (functional) activity can be observed using imaging modalities such as Positron Emission Tomography. The comparison between groups is usually conducted on the voxel level. Hence, the most popular pre-processing pipeline, particularly in neuroimaging, transforms all of the images in a dataset to a common coordinate frame via (Medical Image Registration) in order to maintain correspondence between voxels. Given this voxel-wise correspondence, the most common Frequentist method is to extract a statistic for each voxel (for example, the mean voxel intensity for each group) and perform statistical hypothesis testing to evaluate whether a null hypothesis is or is not supported. The null hypothesis typically assumes that the two cohorts are drawn from the same distribution, and hence, should have the same statistical properties (for example, the mean values of two groups are equal for a particular voxel). Since medical images contain large numbers of voxels, the issue of multiple comparison needs to be addressed,. There are also Bayesian approaches to tackle group analysis problem. Classification Although group analysis can quantify the general effects of a pathology on an anatomy and function, it does not provide subject level measures, and hence cannot be used as biomarkers for diagnosis (see Imaging Biomarkers). Clinicians, on the other hand, are often interested in early diagnosis of the pathology (i.e. classification,) and in learning the progression of a disease (i.e. regression ). From methodological point of view, current techniques varies from applying standard machine learning algorithms to medical imaging datasets (e.g. Support Vector Machine), to developing new approaches adapted for the needs of the field. The main difficulties are as follows: Small sample size (Curse of Dimensionality): a large medical imaging dataset contains hundreds to thousands of images, whereas the number of voxels in a typical volumetric image can easily go beyond millions. A remedy to this problem is to reduce the number of features in an informative sense (see dimensionality reduction). Several unsupervised and semi-/supervised, approaches have been proposed to address this issue. Interpretability: A good generalization accuracy is not always the primary objective, as clinicians would like to understand which parts of anatomy are affected by the disease. Therefore, interpretability of the results is very important; methods that ignore the image structure are not favored. Alternative methods based on feature selection have been proposed,. Clustering Image-based pattern classification methods typically assume that the neurological effects of a disease are distinct and well defined. This may not always be the case. For a number of medical conditions, the patient populations are highly heterogeneous, and further categorization into sub-conditions has not been established. Additionally, some diseases (e.g., autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI)) can be characterized by a continuous or nearly-continuous spectra from mild cognitive impairment to very pronounced pathological changes. To facilitate image-based analysis of heterogeneous disorders, methodological alternatives to pattern classification have been developed. These techniques borrow ideas from high-dimensional clustering and high-dimensional pattern-regression to cluster a given population into homogeneous sub-populations. The goal is to provide a better quantitative understanding of the disease within each sub-population. Shape analysis Shape Analysis is the field of Medical Image Computing that studies geometrical properties of structures obtained from different imaging modalities. Shape analysis recently become of increasing interest to the medical community due to its potential to precisely locate morphological changes between different populations of structures, i.e. healthy vs pathological, female vs male, young vs elderly. Shape Analysis includes two main steps: shape correspondence and statistical analysis. Shape correspondence is the methodology that computes correspondent locations between geometric shapes represented by triangle meshes, contours, point sets or volumetric images. Obviously definition of correspondence will influence directly the analysis. Among the different options for correspondence frameworks we can find: Anatomical correspondence, manual landmarks, functional correspondence (i.e. in brain morphometry locus responsible for same neuronal functionality), geometry correspondence, (for image volumes) intensity similarity, etc. Some approaches, e.g. spectral shape analysis, do not require correspondence but compare shape descriptors directly. Statistical analysis will provide measurements of structural change at correspondent locations. Longitudinal studies In longitudinal studies the same person is imaged repeatedly. This information can be incorporated both into the image analysis, as well as into the statistical modeling. In longitudinal image processing, segmentation and analysis methods of individual time points are informed and regularized with common information usually from a within-subject template. This regularization is designed to reduce measurement noise and thus helps increase sensitivity and statistical power. At the same time over-regularization needs to be avoided, so that effect sizes remain stable. Intense regularization, for example, can lead to excellent test-retest reliability, but limits the ability to detect any true changes and differences across groups. Often a trade-off needs to be aimed for, that optimizes noise reduction at the cost of limited effect size loss. Another common challenge in longitudinal image processing is the, often unintentional, introduction of processing bias. When, for example, follow-up images get registered and resampled to the baseline image, interpolation artifacts get introduced to only the follow-up images and not the baseline. These artifact can cause spurious effects (usually a bias towards overestimating longitudinal change and thus underestimating required sample size). It is therefore essential that all-time points get treated exactly the same to avoid any processing bias. Post-processing and statistical analysis of longitudinal data usually requires dedicated statistical tools such as repeated measure ANOVA or the more powerful linear mixed effects models. Additionally, it is advantageous to consider the spatial distribution of the signal. For example, cortical thickness measurements will show a correlation within-subject across time and also within a neighborhood on the cortical surface - a fact that can be used to increase statistical power. Furthermore, time-to-event (aka survival) analysis is frequently employed to analyze longitudinal data and determine significant predictors. Image-based physiological modelling Traditionally, medical image computing has seen to address the quantification and fusion of structural or functional information available at the point and time of image acquisition. In this regard, it can be seen as quantitative sensing of the underlying anatomical, physical or physiological processes. However, over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the predictive assessment of disease or therapy course. Image-based modelling, be it of biomechanical or physiological nature, can therefore extend the possibilities of image computing from a descriptive to a predictive angle. According to the STEP research roadmap, the Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is a methodological and technological framework that, once established, will enable the investigation of the human body as a single complex system. Underlying the VPH concept, the International Union for Physiological Sciences (IUPS) has been sponsoring the IUPS Physiome Project for more than a decade,. This is a worldwide public domain effort to provide a computational framework for understanding human physiology. It aims at developing integrative models at all levels of biological organization, from genes to the whole organisms via gene regulatory networks, protein pathways, integrative cell functions, and tissue and whole organ structure/function relations. Such an approach aims at transforming current practice in medicine and underpins a new era of computational medicine. In this context, medical imaging and image computing play an increasingly important role as they provide systems and methods to image, quantify and fuse both structural and functional information about the human being in vivo. These two broad research areas include the transformation of generic computational models to represent specific subjects, thus paving the way for personalized computational models. Individualization of generic computational models through imaging can be realized in three complementary directions: definition of the subject-specific computational domain (anatomy) and related subdomains (tissue types); definition of boundary and initial conditions from (dynamic and/or functional) imaging; and characterization of structural and functional tissue properties. In addition, imaging also plays a pivotal role in the evaluation and validation of such models both in humans and in animal models, and in the translation of models to the clinical setting with both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this specific context, molecular, biological, and pre-clinical imaging render additional data and understanding of basic structure and function in molecules, cells, tissues and animal models that may be transferred to human physiology where appropriate. The applications of image-based VPH/Physiome models in basic and clinical domains are vast. Broadly speaking, they promise to become new virtual imaging techniques. Effectively more, often non-observable, parameters will be imaged in silico based on the integration of observable but sometimes sparse and inconsistent multimodal images and physiological measurements. Computational models will serve to engender interpretation of the measurements in a way compliant with the underlying biophysical, biochemical or biological laws of the physiological or pathophysiological processes under investigation. Ultimately, such investigative tools and systems will help our understanding of disease processes, the natural history of disease evolution, and the influence on the course of a disease of pharmacological and/or interventional therapeutic procedures. Cross-fertilization between imaging and modelling goes beyond interpretation of measurements in a way consistent with physiology. Image-based patient-specific modelling, combined with models of medical devices and pharmacological therapies, opens the way to predictive imaging whereby one will be able to understand, plan and optimize such interventions in silico. Mathematical methods in medical imaging A number of sophisticated mathematical methods have entered medical imaging, and have already been implemented in various software packages. These include approaches based on partial differential equations (PDEs) and curvature driven flows for enhancement, segmentation, and registration. Since they employ PDEs, the methods are amenable to parallelization and implementation on GPGPUs. A number of these techniques have been inspired from ideas in optimal control. Accordingly, very recently ideas from control have recently made their way into interactive methods, especially segmentation. Moreover, because of noise and the need for statistical estimation techniques for more dynamically changing imagery, the Kalman filter and particle filter have come into use. A survey of these methods with an extensive list of references may be found in. Modality specific computing Some imaging modalities provide very specialized information. The resulting images cannot be treated as regular scalar images and give rise to new sub-areas of Medical Image Computing. Examples include diffusion MRI, functional MRI and others. Diffusion MRI Diffusion MRI is a structural magnetic resonance imaging modality that allows measurement of the diffusion process of molecules. Diffusion is measured by applying a gradient pulse to a magnetic field along a particular direction. In a typical acquisition, a set of uniformly distributed gradient directions is used to create a set of diffusion weighted volumes. In addition, an unweighted volume is acquired under the same magnetic field without application of a gradient pulse. As each acquisition is associated with multiple volumes, diffusion MRI has created a variety of unique challenges in medical image computing. In medicine, there are two major computational goals in diffusion MRI: Estimation of local tissue properties, such as diffusivity; Estimation of local directions and global pathways of diffusion. The diffusion tensor, a 3 × 3 symmetric positive-definite matrix, offers a straightforward solution to both of these goals. It is proportional to the covariance matrix of a Normally distributed local diffusion profile and, thus, the dominant eigenvector of this matrix is the principal direction of local diffusion. Due to the simplicity of this model, a maximum likelihood estimate of the diffusion tensor can be found by simply solving a system of linear equations at each location independently. However, as the volume is assumed to contain contiguous tissue fibers, it may be preferable to estimate the volume of diffusion tensors in its entirety by imposing regularity conditions on the underlying field of tensors. Scalar values can be extracted from the diffusion tensor, such as the fractional anisotropy, mean, axial and radial diffusivities, which indirectly measure tissue properties such as the dysmyelination of axonal fibers or the presence of edema. Standard scalar image computing methods, such as registration and segmentation, can be applied directly to volumes of such scalar values. However, to fully exploit the information in the diffusion tensor, these methods have been adapted to account for tensor valued volumes when performing registration and segmentation. Given the principal direction of diffusion at each location in the volume, it is possible to estimate the global pathways of diffusion through a process known as tractography. However, due to the relatively low resolution of diffusion MRI, many of these pathways may cross, kiss or fan at a single location. In this situation, the single principal direction of the diffusion tensor is not an appropriate model for the local diffusion distribution. The most common solution to this problem is to estimate multiple directions of local diffusion using more complex models. These include mixtures of diffusion tensors, Q-ball imaging, diffusion spectrum imaging and fiber orientation distribution functions, which typically require HARDI acquisition with a large number of gradient directions. As with the diffusion tensor, volumes valued with these complex models require special treatment when applying image computing methods, such as registration and segmentation. Functional MRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a medical imaging modality that indirectly measures neural activity by observing the local hemodynamics, or blood oxygen level dependent signal (BOLD). fMRI data offers a range of insights, and can be roughly divided into two categories: Task related fMRI is acquired as the subject is performing a sequence of timed experimental conditions. In block-design experiments, the conditions are present for short periods of time (e.g., 10 seconds) and are alternated with periods of rest. Event-related experiments rely on a random sequence of stimuli and use a single time point to denote each condition. The standard approach to analyze task related fMRI is the general linear model (GLM) Resting state fMRI is acquired in the absence of any experimental task. Typically, the objective is to study the intrinsic network structure of the brain. Observations made during rest have also been linked to specific cognitive processes such as encoding or reflection. Most studies of resting state fMRI focus on low frequency fluctuations of the fMRI signal (LF-BOLD). Seminal discoveries include the default network, a comprehensive cortical parcellation, and the linking of network characteristics to behavioral parameters. There is a rich set of methodology used to analyze functional neuroimaging data, and there is often no consensus regarding the best method. Instead, researchers approach each problem independently and select a suitable model/algorithm. In this context there is a relatively active exchange among neuroscience, computational biology, statistics, and machine learning communities. Prominent approaches include Massive univariate approaches that probe individual voxels in the imaging data for a relationship to the experiment condition. The prime approach is the general linear model (GLM) Multivariate- and classifier based approaches, often referred to as multi voxel pattern analysis or multi-variate pattern analysis probe the data for global and potentially distributed responses to an experimental condition. Early approaches used support vector machines (SVM) to study responses to visual stimuli. Recently, alternative pattern recognition algorithms have been explored, such as random forest based gini contrast or sparse regression and dictionary learning Functional connectivity analysis studies the intrinsic network structure of the brain, including the interactions between regions. The majority of such studies focus on resting state data to parcelate the brain or to find correlates to behavioral measures. Task specific data can be used to study causal relationships among brain regions (e.g., dynamic causal mapping (DCM) ). When working with large cohorts of subjects, the normalization (registration) of individual subjects into a common reference frame is crucial. A body of work and tools exist to perform normalization based on anatomy (FSL, FreeSurfer, SPM). Alignment taking spatial variability across subjects into account is a more recent line of work. Examples are the alignment of the cortex based on fMRI signal correlation, the alignment based on the global functional connectivity structure both in task-, or resting state data, and the alignment based on stimulus specific activation profiles of individual voxels. Software Software for medical image computing is a complex combination of systems providing IO, visualization and interaction, user interface, data management and computation. Typically system architectures are layered to serve algorithm developers, application developers, and users. The bottom layers are often libraries and/or toolkits which provide base computational capabilities; while the top layers are specialized applications which address specific medical problems, diseases, or body systems. Additional notes Medical Image Computing is also related to the field of Computer Vision. An international society, The MICCAI Society represents the field and organizes an annual conference and associated workshops. Proceedings for this conference are published by Springer in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. In 2000, N. Ayache and J. Duncan reviewed the state of the field. See also Brain Connectivity Estimators List of Functional Connectivity Software Resting State fMRI Imaging informatics Neuroimaging software References Journals on medical image computing Medical Image Analysis (MedIA) ; also the official journal of The MICCAI Society, which organizes the Annual MICCAI Conference a premier conference for medical image computing IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging (IEEE TMI) Medical Physics Journal of Digital Imaging (JDI) ; the official journal of the Society of Imaging Informatics Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics Journal of Computer Aided Radiology and Surgery BMC Medical Imaging In addition the following journals occasionally publish articles describing methods and specific clinical applications of medical image computing or modality specific medical image computing Radiology the official journal of the Radiological Society of North America NeuroImage Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (JMRI) Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (MRM) Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography (JCAT) Human Brain Mapping Computing in medical imaging Image segmentation
LDW. LDW may refer to: Ladhowal railway station, Ludhiana district, Punjab, India Lane departure warning Last Day of Work, a video game developer Lindenwold (NJT station), Amtrak station code Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, a traditional Chinese medical formula Logical Design Works, a defunct video game publisher Loss damage waiver, also called CDW (Collision Damage Waiver)
Electroputere VFU. Electroputere VFU (former Remar S.A.) is an industrial engineering and manufacturing company based in Pașcani, Iași County, Romania. The company is a leader in the Romanian spare parts segment. History Founded in 1869, as Atelierele C.F.R. (C.F.R. Works) Pașcani, and later renamed Remar - „REparatii MAterial Rulant” (Rolling Stock Repairing), the company specialized in new construction, reconstruction, modernization and repairing of railway vehicles and spare parts manufacturing for rolling stock and related industries. In 2004, after the privatization process, Remar Pașcani became part of Grup Feroviar Român. In 2013, the name was changed to Electroputere VFU. Products Electroputere VFU's concept of R&R („Redesign and Reconstruct”) was applied on more than 10 different projects for Diesel Multiple Units, passenger coaches (single or double deck, single unit or multiple units), trams and freight wagons. Recent contracts include: R&R on 30 GT4 trams (as GT4MT Armonia) for STP Timișoara (together with Astra Vagoane Arad) R8 type repairing on 57 Desiro DMUs for CFR Călători Ganz-MÁVAG D1M DMUs modernization and reconstruction program for Moldovan Railways Special platform wagon for a road crane transport (Gabon) Modernization and reconstruction of 20 passenger coaches for Setrag (Trans-Gabon Railway) Modernization of 115 passenger coaches for CFR Călători References External links Economy of Iași Rolling stock manufacturers of Romania Tram manufacturers Companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange Privatized companies in Romania 1869 establishments in Romania Companies established in 1869 Companies of Iași County
Sense amplifier. A sense amplifier is a circuit that is used to amplify and detect small signals in electronic systems. It is commonly used in memory circuits, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), to read and amplify the weak signals stored in memory cells. In modern computer memory, a sense amplifier is one of the elements which make up the circuitry on a semiconductor memory chip (integrated circuit); the term itself dates back to the era of magnetic core memory. A sense amplifier is part of the read circuitry that is used when data is read from the memory; its role is to sense the low power signals from a bitline that represents a data bit (1 or 0) stored in a memory cell, and amplify the small voltage swing to recognizable logic levels so the data can be interpreted properly by logic outside the memory. Modern sense-amplifier circuits consist of two to six (usually four) transistors, while early sense amplifiers for core memory sometimes contained as many as 13 transistors. There is one sense amplifier for each column of memory cells, so there are usually hundreds or thousands of identical sense amplifiers on a modern memory chip. As such, sense amplifiers are one of the few remaining analog circuits in a computer's memory subsystem. Basic structure Sense amplifier is required during the data read and refresh operation from the memory concerned. Memory chip operation The data in a semiconductor memory chip is stored in tiny circuits called memory cells. Sense Amplifiers are primarily applied in Volatile memory cells. The memory cells are either SRAM or DRAM cells which are laid out in rows and columns on the chip. Each line is attached to each cell in the row. The lines which run along the rows are called wordlines which are activated by putting a voltage on it. The lines which run along the columns are called bit-line and two such complementary bitlines are attached to a sense amplifier at the edge of the array. Number of sense amplifiers are of that of the "bitline' on the chip. Each cell lies at the intersection of a particular wordline and bitline, which can be used to "address" it. The data in the cells is read or written by the same bit-lines which run along the top of the rows and columns. SRAM operation To read a bit from a particular memory cell, the wordline along the cell's row is turned on, activating all the cells in the row. The stored value (Logic 0 or 1) from the cell then comes to the Bit-lines associated with it. The sense amplifier at the end of the two complementary bit-lines amplify the small voltages to a normal logic level. The bit from the desired cell is then latched from the cell's sense amplifier into a buffer, and put on the output bus. DRAM operation The sense amplifier operation in DRAM is quite similar to the SRAM, but it performs an additional function. The data in DRAM chips is stored as electric charge in tiny capacitors in the memory cells. The read operation depletes the charge in a cell, destroying the data, so after the data is read out the sense amplifier must immediately write it back in the cell by applying a voltage to it, recharging the capacitor. This is called memory refresh. Design objectives As part of their designs, sense amplifiers aim at a minimum sense delay, required level of amplification, minimum power consumption, fit into restricted layout areas, and high reliability and tolerance. See also Differential amplifier Shunts (electrical) References External links Current Shunt Monitoring Products Current Sensing Overview High-speed sense amplifier for SRAM applications Data caching in DRAM row buffers Memory Semiconductor technology
Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects. Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects is a process dedicated to the preservation and protection of objects of historical and personal value made from ceramic. Typically, this activity of conservation-restoration is undertaken by a conservator-restorer, especially when dealing with an object of cultural heritage. Ceramics are created from a production of coatings of inorganic, nonmetallic materials using heating and cooling to create a glaze. These coatings are often permanent and sustainable for utilitarian and decorative purposes. The cleaning, handling, storage, and in general treatment of ceramics is consistent with that of glass because they are made of similar oxygen-rich components, such as silicates. In conservation ceramics are broken down into three groups: unfired clay, earthenware or terracotta, and stoneware and porcelain. Ceramic deterioration All materials used for construction eventually degrade and deteriorate. Degradation of an object occurs as a result of the interaction with the environment or with the materials that form the object; however, in the case of ceramics, environmental factors are the major cause. There are several ways in which ceramics break down physically and chemically. Additionally, the type of ceramic will affect how it will break down. Unfired clay, like mud and clay adobe, is clay that is fired under 1000°C or 1832°F. This type of clay is water-soluble and unstable. Earthenware is clay that has been fired between 1000–1200°C or 1832°–2192°F. The firing makes the clay water insoluble but does not allow the formation of an extensive glassy or vitreous within the body. Although water-insoluble, the porous body of earthenware allows water to penetrate. A glaze can be applied that will protect the vessel from water. Due to its porosity, earthenware is susceptible to moisture and creates problems including cracks, breaks and mold growth. Porcelain and stoneware are fired at the highest temperatures between 1200–1400°C or 2192–2552°F. Porcelain clay mixtures are fired to create a non-porous and very hard surface. However, the materials also create a very brittle surface which increases the potential for chips, cracks and breaks. Physical degradation Due to their fragility, damage to ceramics typically comes from mishandling and packing. However, other factors, such as vandalism, frost, mold, and other similar occurrences, can also inflect harm. Manufacturing defects Also known as inherent vice, the intrinsic instability of the fabric and components of an object can lead to its own physical degradation. This is difficult to prevent because it occurs within the fabric of the material and therefore is a natural occurrence. Deterioration of an object can happen even before the object is used. How the piece is created can instill manufacturing defects in the piece. This means that objects can be damaged even before they are used. This would include a body that contains inadequate quantities of filler materials. A second typical defect is from poor design and construction. An example of this would be a ceramic piece with a handle too thin to support the weight of the cup. A third manufacturing defect is careless firing: a ceramic piece that has been fired too rapidly or allowed to dry unevenly will crack or break. Impact and abrasion With its delicate nature, ceramics that have been used over a period of time will sustain cracks, nicks, and blemishes. Additionally in a museum environment, damage can occur from packing, storing, and handling of objects. Frost Damage can occur when ceramics are exposed to freezing temperatures and frost. The problem occurs when ice crystals form inside of the pores of the ceramic piece. The frost inside of the pores will exert pressure onto the fabric of the pottery and cause the material to crack and break. Mold growth When humidity is high molds can begin to form on ceramic, particularly ones in which there is no glaze. Mold spores are found throughout the atmosphere and will attach to suitable substrates, including ceramics. Earthenware ceramics are frequently affected due to their porosity and lack of glaze. Chemical degradation Chemical degradation of objects occurs not in the physical structure of the object but rather at the chemical level. The degradation of the chemical constituents of an object will hinder or weaken the stability of the object when exposed to environmental factors such as water, air, pollution, heat, humidity, and the like. Water Water can dissolve or deform ceramics that have been low fired, i.e., at temperatures around 600°C. Ceramic fired at high temperatures may also have water-soluble mineral constituents, for example gypsum or calcite. Additionally, water may carry solutes that damage ceramics. For example, dissolved carbon dioxide increases the solubility of calcite by reacting to form calcium bicarbonate which is comparatively soluble. Stagnant water is less damaging because the carbon dioxide is not exhausted. Soluble salts A common degradation issue in ceramics involves soluble salts. Soluble salts can either enter the clay body from the environment, for example from being buried underground for decades, or they are already naturally occurring due to the components of the materials or clay used. Non-archaeological objects, such as modern dishware, can acquire salts from normal use such as storing salt. Soluble salts respond to changes in humidity both high and low. In high humidity salts become soluble and in low humidity they crystallize. The changing from soluble to crystallization and back damages the surface of the ceramic because salt crystals are larger than liquid salt and therefore will shrink and expand the ceramic body. A white haze on the surface is the first indication of soluble salts, which is the salt crystallizing. Over time, the physical component of the body will crumble until it is completely destroyed. Preventive care of ceramics In the realm of conservation there are two distinct practices: non-interventive and active conservation. Non-interventive types of conservation are used to control the surrounding environment such as light, humidity, and temperature. Active conservation is when a conservator practices treatments to alleviate physical problems in the object such as fading, chipping, or breaks. Display Although ceramics are utilitarian, some pieces are made to be artwork and therefore displayed. Displaying an object improperly can cause damage either physical or chemically from the environment. One of the most common causes for damage is a ceramic piece falling over or off a shelf. To prevent this issue, many historic houses will line storage and display shelves with a thin layer of ethafoam (polyethylene foam) or bubble wrap. Storage Ceramics are very delicate in nature and damage can occur even when they are stored away. The most common way in which ceramics become damaged is when they are stacked one inside the other. Unless this is part of the original design, this will typically cause nicks, cracks, or breaks. Some ceramics, depending on their provenance, survive better in different temperature and humidity conditions. Pottery that has been buried, such as from an archaeological site, is better stored at a constant low humidity. This will help to keep any salts from efflorescing, a process which can mar the surface as well as remove the surface glaze. In general ceramics are typically inert and are not sensitive to elevated light levels. However, extreme changes in temperature and humidity can cause chemical and physical damage. Typically, museums strive to store ceramics, as well as many other material types, in a stable temperature of 68 °F with ± 3°. Additionally relative humidity should be stabilized at 50% also with a ±5%. Storing objects near windows, heaters, fireplaces, and exterior walls can create an unstable environment with temperature and humidity fluctuation and increase potential for damage. Some storing materials can be harmful to ceramic objects. Wool felt attracts and harbors insects including moths and silverfish which can be potentially very harmful to other collection material types. Polyurethane foam deteriorates over time, leaving a sticky and acidic by-product. Handling One of the rules in object handling is to treat every object as if it is fragile and easily breakable. Museum technicians, curators, and conservators are trained to prepare a moving plan before an object is even touched. A vessel, or any object, should be held and handled by its strongest part, such as the base, and with both hands. Areas such as the handle or neck of a vessel tend to be the weakest points and may break if picked up by these components. Removal of previous conservation actions Damage also can occur to ceramics from previous restoration. Although the intent was to repair the object for use or display, some dated practices are now known to increase damage either physically, from rivets or staples, or chemically, from formerly used adhesives that off-gas. Removal of surface coating Overpaint is a technique that is used to cover imperfection on the surface of a ceramic piece. Differences can be seen to the naked eye due to discoloration, being matched poorly, and change in texture or gloss. Subtle difference can also be seen by restorers by using lighting and magnification. Overpaint and surface coatings can be removed either mechanically or with the use of solvents. Mechanical removal of overpaint include physical techniques to remove the coating from the surface. On a glazed surface a sharp needle or scalpel can be used. If mechanical removal is not possible without damaging the surface, solvents can be used instead. The archetype solvents typically used are water, white spirit, industrial methylated spirits (denatured alcohol), acetone, and Dichloromethane which is usually found in the form of a commercial paint stripper. The appropriate solvent works by being applied to the ceramic surface by a cotton wool swab and is rolled on the surface rather than being wiped. Wiping the solvent on the surface will push the paint into the surface rather than lift it off. Removal of filling materials Fill materials are used to fill in missing parts or breaks in a ceramic piece in order to stabilize the piece. A wide range of materials and techniques have been used to restore losses in ceramics. Today the most common filling materials are made from calcium-sulphate-based fillers or synthetic resins such as epoxy, acrylic, or polyester resin. These new resins are stronger and do not harm the object. Removing previous filling materials, either mechanically or chemically, and replacing them with new fillers can help keep the piece strong and stable. Fillers can be removed physically by mechanical ways, depending on the filler material type. Cement mortar can be chiselled away with a hammer and chisel gradually. Plaster is easily removed through mechanical methods such as chiselling and chipping away with sharp implements. Saws, drills, and other mechanical methods can be used to remove the bulk of protruding materials; however, scratches, chips, and breaks can occur. Filler material can also be removed chemically. Typically, chemical removal is used once the bulk of filler material is left and only a small portion is left. Unlike adhesives, fills tend to be easier to remove from ceramics. Plaster of Paris is one example of a fill that comes apart easily with warm. Removal of adhesives The selection for the proper solvent is based on the identification of the adhesive itself. Every adhesive has a particular solvent that work best to break down its chemical composition. Color, hardness, and other physical properties will allow for identification of the adhesive. The adhesive can be soften once exposed to the solvent, in either liquid or vapor form, for some time. The length of time depends on the solubility of the adhesive and the thickness of the joint. Porous bodies, low-fired clays, are sometimes pre-soaked in water to prevent the adhesive from being drawn back into the body once it joins with the removal solution. If the adhesive that is being removed is part of the support for the object, then supports, such as tissue paper or propping up the object, will be used to make sure the object does not sustain damage once the adhesive is removed. Insufficiently softened adhesive may take with it part of the ceramic surface when removed. The information on solvents for specific adhesives are found below, under each adhesive section. Cleaning Removal of surface dirt and deposits benefits the health and longevity of an object by preventing the dirt from being drawn into the body. Dust and grease may be held on the surface loosely by electrostatic forces or weak chemical bonds and are easily removed. Some deposits, such as calcium salts, can be strongly adhered to a ceramic surface, especially if the surface is unglazed. There are two main methods in which ceramics are cleaned and treated: mechanically and chemically. Not all ceramic pieces are dry when they need cleaning. Some ceramics, such as those that are excavated archaeologically, will be damp or wet in nature. Conservators tend to remove the surface dirt before the object is completely dry. This is done because it is easier to do before the dirt hardens and because as it dried the dirt may shrink and cause physical damage to the ceramic surface. Some ceramics are kept damp until treatment can be completed. Mechanical methods Mechanical methods include dusting, picking and cutting, and abrading. Mechanical cleaning is typically much easier to control than chemical treatments and there is no danger of dirt being drawn into a solution and then absorbed by the ceramic. The danger of mechanical cleaning is the potential for the surface to break or become scratched with a tool. Dusting is used when dirt is not strongly adhered to the surface of the ceramic and is carried out by either a brush or a soft cloth. Large ceramic vessels are cleaned with a delicate vacuum cleaner with a soft, muslin-covered head. Picking and cutting is used when there is hardened dirt, encrustations, or old restoration materials closely adhering to the surface. Needles, sharp scalpels, other custom made tools, usually made from wood, and electric vibrotools are used. The dangers with these tools are the increase potential for scratches, gouges, cracking, and breaking of the object due to pressure. Abrading is the process in which surface deposits are removed using abrasives. Abrasives come in both solid and cream forms. Solid forms of abrasives include glass-fiber brush or a rubber burr on a dental drill. Cream forms are usually attached to paper or film. Polishing creams are commonly used to remove thin layers of insoluble surface deposits such as calcium. These creams can also remove surface dirt and marks made by tools. The best creams of ceramic do not have oil, grease, or bleach as additives and are used only on glazed ceramics. Chemical methods Chemical methods for cleaning ceramics involve water, solvents, acids, and alkalis. Prolonged soaking in water may be used as a conservation method. The goal is to either remove stains from the surface or to remove the soluble salts in the clay body. Repair and restoration The repair and restoration of ceramics has occurred since ceramics were invented including fillings, adhesives, reinforcements, and even patch work. The history of ceramic repair is vast and ranges from different methods and methodologies. For example, in 16th century China, people would repair broken ceramics by using pieces from other objects to disguise the patch. A sixteenth-century manuscript describes the process of patching broken ceramics: Today there are new advances in ceramic restoration including consolidation, bonding, adhesives, dowels, rivets, and fillers. Consolidation Consolidation is the process in which the fabric of the ceramic is strengthened by introducing a material into the fabric that will bind it together. The most common ceramics that need consolidation are excavated pieces because they tend to have lost their bonding fabrics due to leaching or absorption of soluble salts. A consolidant works in two ways: it either links to the particles in the ceramic chemically or it may form a support system mechanically without reacting with the fabric itself. Chemical consolidants that are used in modern conservation include isocyanates, silanes, siloxanes, and methyl methacrylates; however the consolidants that create a mechanical support system are used more frequently. Adhesives A chemical compound that adheres or bonds items together, such as pieces of ceramic. In ceramic conservation there are several different types that range from natural to man-made adhesives. Conservators characterise the best adhesive as one which can be undone. Animal glue Animal glue is a widely used adhesive derived from animal parts such as bone or skin. It is a soft adhesive and can appear white, but usually has a pale yellow or brown appearance. Animal glue is very soft and can easily be broken down and removed with warm water and steam. Although easily reversible, the relative ease with which the glue breaks down makes it a less strong bonding method. Shellac A widely used old adhesive that is orange or very dark brown in appearance. Once dried, the adhesive is very hard and becomes increasingly more brittle over time. Shellac does not break down easily with commercially available products. Additionally, the resin has naturally-occurring dyes that can stain ceramic pink or black. The solvent that works best on this resin is Industrial methylated spirit (IMA). Shellac is prepared by dissolving flakes of shellac in hot alcohol. The properties of shellac make it vulnerable to climatic conditions and inclined to deteriorate over time. Damage can even occur to shellac under the hot light of photography. Epoxy resin Epoxy resin is typically used post-1930s and is an indication of modern conservation work. Generally, epoxy is very hard, but unlike shellac it is not brittle. The color of epoxy resin can range from yellow/green to a dark yellow/brown. Yellowing of the resin is an indication of aging. Warm to hot water or acetone are known to be the solvents of this adhesive. Rubber adhesives Rubber cements are solutions of synthetic or natural rubber products in solvents, with or without resins and gums. Vulcanizers, accelerators, and stabilizers are considered problematic due to the nature of their compounds. One example is the additive of sulfur, which is harmful to some types of material, including silver, because it can cause discoloration. Rubber adhesives can be confused with epoxy resins due to their similar appearance. However, unlike epoxy resins, rubber adhesives will stretch when pulled. Nitromors or Polystrippa solvent brands are used as a solvent, but warm water can also loosen the bond. Vinyl acetate polymers Vinyl acetate polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetal; all come from reaction products of vinyl acetate. Some forms of acetates are known to be acidic and will do damage to an object with direct contact. Additionally, polyvinyl acetate mixtures tend to degrade in storage and release acetic acid, which in some cases can corrode lead. This compound's coloring ranges from clear/white to a soft yellow. As it ages, it will change to a deeper yellow. It can have a similar appearance to rubber adhesives, but the difference is that PVA turns white when comes into contact with water. Warm water and acetone are typically used as solvents. Cellulose nitrate There are early and modern forms of this adhesive. While both tend to tinge with yellow as they age, the early form tends to become more brittle than the modern version, which contains a plasticizer to make the compound more stable. As with many adhesives, acetone is generally used as a solvent, however IMS can also be used. Paraloid B-72 B-72 is a thermoplastic resin that was created by Rohm and Haas for use as a surface coating and as a vehicle for Flexographic ink. However B-72 is now being used more as an adhesive specifically for ceramic and glass. One of the major advantages of B-72 as a consolidate is that it is stronger and harder than polyvinyl acetate without being extremely brittle. This adhesive is more flexible than many of the other typically-used adhesives and tolerates stress and strain on a join that most others can not. One major drawback to using B-72 is the difficulty of applying the acrylic resin as an adhesive, as is difficulty in manipulating the substance as a workable agent. The most suitable solvent for B-72 is acetone. Unlike cellulose nitrate, B-72 does not need additives like plasticizers to stabilize its durability. Fumed colloidal silica is a chemical that can be added to help with the workability of the resin. Additionally research shows that the silica will better distribute stress and strain that occurs during evaporation of the solvent and during the setting of the adhesive film. Dowels and rivets Dowels and rivets are physical ways in which ceramics can be reinforced and strengthen beneath the surface. Dowels are cylindrical rods that consist of wood, metal, or plastic. They are drilled into the ceramic piece and usually are set in the hole with an adhesive that is used to repair the ceramic piece. Removing dowels can be hard because they lie under the surface and are usually hidden. Conservators will cut through dowels with a piercing saw and soften the area with a solvent, like acetone to remove two pieces of ceramic from one another. Riveting is a process in which holes are drilled in the surface of the ceramic but does not go completely through the piece. The rivets are angled toward the joint and provide additional structural support. There are two methods to removing rivets: the 'cut' and 'pull'. The 'cut' method consists of cutting the rivets through the middle with a file and then pulled out. The 'pull' method involves placing a thin blade under the rivet and pushing out any plaster packing. This method uses leverage to pull the rivet from the ceramic piece. Fillers Fillers are used to replace gaps and losses from ceramic materials for either aesthetic reasons or for support. There are several different filler materials used in ceramics including plaster of Paris and other commercially available putties and fillers. Plaster of Paris is a material that consists of calcium sulphate hemihydrate power and is produced by heating gypsum to 120 °C. The chemical formula is as follows: :CaSO4·2H2O + Heat → CaSO4·½H2O + 1½ H2O (released as steam). When mixed with water, an exothermic reaction occurs and forms a hard white filling similar to density of fired ceramics. Different grades of plasters are available and vary based on their particle size, setting time, density, expansion, and color. A thermoplastic synthetic wax resin mixture developed by John W Burke and Steve Colton in 1997 can be used to compensate losses in objects from translucent materials such as alabaster, marble, calcite, diorite, and anhydrite. The mixture consists of polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) AYAC, ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers A-C 540, and 580, antioxidants Irganox 1076 or 1035, dry pigments, marble powder, and other additives which were all melted together. This wax resin is a better substitute to wax-resins because wax collects dust and dirt and make the fill noticeable. Polyester resin and epoxies are toxic and noxious. The wax-resin is fast and easy to use, making it a possible new alternative to fill materials in the conservation field. The wax-resin works best on losses that allow for large contact with the original, primed surface and on losses that are thicker than 1/16in. Shallow losses and small gaps are more difficult due to the ease in which the fill is pulled out. Education and training In France, conservators specialized in earthenware and glassware are trained at the Institut National du Patrimoine (The National Institute of Cultural Heritage). Their mission is to intervene when heritage resources are threatened or deteriorated for several reasons. The conservator prevents works of art from disappearing or loses its purpose whilst analyzing the complex stage of its material history and the cause of alteration. See also Conservation and restoration of metals Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects Conservation and restoration of ferrous objects Conservation and restoration of glass objects Conservation and restoration of ivory objects Conservation and restoration of silver objects References External links Care and conservation of ceramic and glass by The Institute of Conservation Conservation of ceramics at the Victoria & Albert Museum Ceramic and glass conservation at National Museums Liverpool Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage History of ceramics
Timm Aircraft. The O.W. Timm Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer founded by Otto William Timm, based in Los Angeles, California. History Between 1911 and 1922 O.W. Timm built several aircraft with varying success before he founded, in 1922, the O.W. Timm Aircraft Company. Timm manufactured six models of a parasol design, the Collegiate. In 1934 Otto and his brother Wally Timm joined to form a new company named the Timm Airplane Company to produce the Timm T-S140, a high wing twin engine aircraft using new features developed at NACA such as flaps and tricycle landing gear. Wally Timm formed his own Glendale based aviation company later on, the Wally Timm Inc. The company developed a "plastic" material made of resin and wood similar to the Duramold process. The Duramold and Haskelite process was first developed in 1937. Followed by Gene Vidal's Weldwood and later the Aeromold process. The Aeromold process differs in that it is baked at a low at cutting and forming, and for fusing together sections after the resins are added. In 1939, at the onset of World War II, the company operated as the Timm Aircraft Corporation, building the PT160K trainer prototype using the aeromold process. By 1941, the U.S Navy ordered the aeromold N2T-1 with a production run reaching 260 aircraft along with other small aircraft parts made of the aeromold process. Profits increased to $70,000 from $240 the year prior. The company also license-built 436 of the CG-4A glider used by allied troops. A Plywood construction variant, the CG-4B was developed by Timm in case of material shortages, but did not go into production. In some episodes of the 1941 movie serial, Sky Raiders, aircraft hangars of Timm Aircraft Corporation are clearly visible. They were located adjacent to the Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys, Los Angeles. After World War II, the company specialized in returning surplus Douglas C-47 aircraft back into airliner configurations. The company also created a subsidiary, Timm Industries, Inc to manufacture vending machines such as the Frank-O-Matic and Coca-Cola bottle dispensers. By 1948, production had ceased to the point where the company leased out its production facilities to the Marquardt Corporation, a maker of Ramjet engines. In 1953, a proxy war among shareholders was started, with C. D. Rudolph winning control of the board. The company did not produce any new aircraft after this point. In 1957, the company merged with the International Glass Corporation. Aircraft References Notes Bibliography Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leister, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. . Hansen, James R. ed. The Wind and Beyond: A Documentary Journey Into the History of Aerodynamics, Volume I: The Ascent of the Airplane. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003. Juptner, Joseph P. U.S. Civil Aircraft Series, Volume 8. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1993. . Mrazek, James. Airborne Combat: The Glider War/Fighting Gliders of WWII (Stackpole Military History Series). Stackpole, 2011. . External links Van Nuys Airport Marquardt Plant Site – Mark A. Reynosa Productions Advertisement for Job Opportunities at Timm Aircraft – Newspapers.com Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles Companies based in Glendale, California Van Nuys, Los Angeles 1922 establishments in California 1953 disestablishments in California Manufacturing companies established in 1922 Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1953 Defunct manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Gian Nicola Babini. Gian Nicola Babini (24 April 1944 – 11 March 2012) was an Italian scientist who specialised in the field of ceramics. Biography Babini graduated from the University of Bologna in industrial chemistry, and in 1975 he joined the Italian National Research Council (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) at the Institute of Science And Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC) as a researcher involved in the science and technology of oxide-based and non-oxide-based ceramics for structural, electric and biomedical applications. On behalf of Tonito Emiliani, then ISTEC Director, he oversaw the improvement from Laboratory to Institute, which was opened in 1979 by Gaetano Quagliariello, the then CNR president. In 1985 Babini was made director of ISTEC, a position which he retained until 2008. As ISTEC Director, he urged research in traditional ceramics for building (raw materials, paints, plants, bricks, ceramic tiles, sanitary ware and so on) and art craft, with the objective of identifying the most appropriate methods in order to attain the best quality in the field. Babini was also deeply involved in education and training at different levels. He promoted both vocational and post-graduate education and training in collaboration with the University of Bologna: presently a bachelor's degree in chemistry and technologies for the environment and materials is being offered at the Faenza Science and Technology Park. Babini carried many initiatives aimed at promoting innovation and technology transfer and devising ways to create high tech partnerships and links with businesses and communities. Among his contributions, one of the most important was his involvement in the organisation of, as a chairman of the Special CNR Operative Unit for Technology Transfer, the Technology Transfer Days carried out in agreement with ACIMAC (Association of Italian suppliers of plant, machinery, equipment, semi-finished products, raw materials and services for the ceramic, heavy clay and refractories industries) and the establishing of the Evanelista Torricelli – Faventia technology incubation centre to link academia to industry. The centre bridges the gap between the two by following the idea of technology incubation. His broad range of activity resulted in him publishing over 100 papers, in taking part in many popular/scientific meetings and events as a prominent expert and in granting patents for industrial applications. From 2009, Babini contributed, in agreement with ECO SpA, to the improvement of the Italian certification system, as a member of ALPI (Association of Independent Test Laboratories and Certification Bodies) and president of the Department for Tests, Inspection, Assessment and Certification of Confindustria Innovative and Technological Services (CSIT), which is the department that gives a common voice to all Italian businesses dealing with technological innovation. Also from 2009, Babini was president of CerInvest S.R.L., a limited company for the advancement of high tech ceramics and the construction products certification on behalf of ECO SpA, which later appointed him vice-president in 2010. In 2011 Babini was appointed chairman of I&C Consulting Ltd, an Italian-Chinese company of business services. List of positions Member of the CNR – APC – CNRSM Committee to create the ALKIMYA database President of the CNR – ENEA – APC Partnership Committee Member of the Scientific Council of ISRIM – Terni Member of the Italian MURST Ministry Committees for various projects Chairman of the Conference for the Faenza Science and Technology Park President of the First Italian Symposium on New Ceramics Scientific Consultant for the Italian MIUR Ministry for FAR, FIT and other National Plans projects Member of the IPI Commission for Industrial Promotion Organizer and Member of CER.NET Coordinator of the ACTA project for the national ceramic art craft advancement (2004 MAP Ministry project to establish 13 centres for ceramic art development all over Italy) President of the Italian Ceramic Society 1994–2000 President of the European Ceramic Society 1993–1995 and 2001–2005 Co-director of the Research Institute for Nano Science (RIN) – Kyoto Institute of Technology in Kyoto (Italian MAE Ministry special project) 2003-2005 Member of the board of ASTER S.c.a.r.l. 2004-2007 Chief executive officer of the ceramics consortium Agenzia Polo CeramicoScarl Faenza 2003–2008 President of the International Ceramic Federation 2006-2008 Organiser, assessor or head of several international research projects. References External links Official website of CNR Official website of CNR-ISTEC Official website of ECERS Official website of Società Ceramica Italiana - ICERS Official website of ICF Official website of Associazione ALPI Official website of ECO Certification S.p.A. Official website of I&C Consulting Ltd. 1944 births 2012 deaths Italian ceramists National Research Council (Italy) people
Engineering studies. Engineering studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social sciences and humanities devoted to the study of engineers and their activities, often considered a part of science and technology studies (STS), and intersecting with and drawing from engineering education research. Studying engineers refers among other to the history and the sociology of their profession, its institutionalization and organization, the social composition and structure of the population of engineers, their training, their trajectory, etc. A subfield is for instance Women in engineering. Studying engineering refers to the study of engineering activities and practices, their knowledge and ontologies, their role into the society, their engagement. Engineering studies investigates how social, political, economical, cultural and historical dynamics affect technological research, design, engineering and innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, economics, politics and culture. Engineering studies's mission is to further develop many different aspects of studies of engineers and engineering, it investigates in areas such as: history, culture, polity etc. These studies will have influence on world's engineering level and productivity. Which it provides information and scholar resources for researchers who's interested in studies of engineers and engineering. Also, engineering studies provides a platform for engineering studies research to be reviewed and discussed. Subfields and related fields History of engineering Sociology of engineers Women in engineering Engineering ethnography Engineering culture and representation Design studies Social study of engineering sciences Engineering in society and political study of engineering Organizational studies of engineers and engineering Critical approach and philosophy of engineering Engineering education Engineering ethics Science and technology studies Social construction of technology Social shaping of technology Technological change Sociology of innovation History of technology Constructive technology assessment Concepts Journals Engineering Studies International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace Associations The International Network for Engineering Studies Society for the History of the Technology Society for Philosophy and Technology Society for the Social Study of Science European Society for the Study of Science and Technology Société d'Anthropologie des Connaissances Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace network References Citations Sources Bijker, Wiebe, Thomas Hughes & Trevor Pinch (eds.) (1987). The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press. Bijker, Wiebe & John Law (eds.) (1994). Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (Inside Technology Series). Downey, Gary Lee (1998) The Machine in Me: An Anthropologist Sits Among Computer Engineers. Routledge. Downey, Gary Lee & Kacey Beddoes (eds) (2011) What is Global Engineering Education For? The Making of International Educators. Morgan and Claypool Publishers. Hughes, Thomas (1983) Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Jasanoff, Sheila, Gerald Markle, James Petersen & Trevor Pinch (eds.) (1994). Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Latour, Bruno (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. MacKenzie, Donald & Judy Wajcman (eds.) (1999). The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got Its Hum, Milton Keynes, Open University Press. MacKenzie, Donald (1996). Knowing Machines: Essays on Technical Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (Inside Technology Series). Restivo, Sal (ed.) (2005), Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia. New York: Oxford. Rip, Arie, Thomas J. Misa & Johan Schot (eds) (1995). Managing Technology in Society: The approach of Constructive Technology Assessment London/NY: Pinter. Rosenberg, Nathan (1994) Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vinck, Dominique (2003). Everyday engineering. Ethnography of design and innovation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. External links Engineering practices. The Knowledge of Action Diversity in Engineering Bibliography Engineering Studies Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology Engineering education
China Railways HXD1D. The HXD1D () is a semi-high speed electric locomotive developed by CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd in association with the Chinese Ministry of Railways Science and Technology Development department (Chinese: 铁道部科技司). The design was revealed in 2012 - it is a power six axle, , Co'Co' locomotive with a top speed of . It is capable of accelerating a 3,000-passenger, 20-carriage train to 160 km/h within five minutes. There is a prototype without numbering, with power and max speed. However it was abandoned as the max speed of main lines was downgraded to . Gallery Named locomotive HXD1D-1898: "Zhou Enlai" See also List of locomotives in China References External links HXD1D 25 kV AC locomotives Standard gauge locomotives of China Railway locomotives introduced in 2012 Co′Co′ locomotives Zhuzhou locomotives
Porte-class gate vessel. The Porte-class gate vessels were a class of five boom defence vessels built in the early 1950s and operated by the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and Canadian Forces (CF) during the Cold War. The class derived its name from the gates of the French fortifications of Québec and Louisbourg and was designed by the RCN as a replacement for World War I-era s used to operate anti-submarine booms during World War II. The Porte class were used primarily as training vessels during the Cold War. Design and description The Porte class were designed with the possibility of commercial adoption of the design by the Canadian fishing industry. The gate vessels were planned for use as auxiliary vessels during peacetime. The Porte class was of a trawler design, and were designed to operate the anti-submarine booms for harbour defence. They were also capable of being fitted for minelaying. The Porte class were long with a beam of and a draught of . They displaced fully loaded and had an initial complement of 3 officers and 20 ratings. The Porte class were powered one Fairbanks-Morse 6-cylinder diesel engine driving one shaft creating . This gave the vessels a maximum speed of . The vessels had a range of at . They were equipped with one Racal Decca navigation radar operating on the I band. The ships were armed with one 40 mm gun placed forward. Ships Service history The first Porte-class vessel was ordered September 1949. Porte Saint Jean and Porte Saint Louis were based at Halifax, Nova Scotia and Porte Dauphine, Porte Québec and Porte de la Reine at Esquimalt, British Columbia. From 1958 to 1974, Porte Dauphine was loaned to the Department of Transport (DOT) as an environmental research ship on the Great Lakes, before transferring to the West Coast via the Panama Canal. Porte Dauphine was modified for DOT use, which involved the installation of a widened wheelhouse and a cafeteria. The vessels were used to train naval reserve crews in key trades such as navigation, diesel mechanics, communications and logistics. Porte Saint Jean and Porte Saint Louis began training on the Great Lakes in 1953, working with in Hamilton, Ontario. They sometimes travelled to Bermuda for training. In 1973, Porte Saint Jean and Porte Saint Louis sailed into the eastern Arctic. With the arrival of the s in the mid-1990s, the Porte class was retired. Porte Dauphine was the first, discarded in December 1995, followed by Porte Saint Jean and Porte Saint Louis in March 1996 and Porte Québec and Porte de la Reine in December 1996. Citations Sources Cold War naval ships of Canada Auxiliary ships of the Royal Canadian Navy Auxiliary gateship classes
FL Goodwin. FL Goodwin was an American aircraft manufacturer that was based in Phoenix, Arizona. The company specialized in the design and manufacturer of powered parachutes. The company introduced its first model, the Goodwin Tri-Moto in 1997, a unique design of powered parachute carriage that can be folded up to stow on top of a recreational vehicle, in a small pick-up truck or even in a small boat. The design goal was to eliminate the need for a trailer for ground transportation and to simplify storage requirements. The following year the company introduced the Goodwin Buckshot, a more conventional powered parachute design. Aircraft References Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Powered parachutes
Nathaniel B. Wales. Nathaniel Brackett Wales (11 July 1883, Braintree, Massachusetts – November 15, 1974) was an American inventor credited with early patents on refrigerators, washers, vacuum cleaners, and co-inventor with his son of the proximity detonator used in bombs in World War II. Wales graduated from Harvard College in 1905. He was the founder of the Kelvinator home appliance company in Detroit, Michigan in 1914. His daughter Natalie Scarritt Wales (1909-2013), best known as Lady Natalie Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, was a socialite and philanthropist known for organizing the "Bundles for Britain" campaign during World War II. His son Nathaniel Brackett Wales, Jr. (1915–1969) graduated from Harvard College in 1937. He was a physicist and inventor with over 75 patents. In 1908 in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Nathaniel B. Wales, Sr. married Enid Mariner Scarritt (1889-1972). They had two children and were divorced in July 1923. In 1928, he married Mary van Wagenen Terry. His final wife was Madge Mariner (1885-1978). References 1883 births 1974 deaths Harvard College alumni 20th-century American inventors
Machine tool builder. A machine tool builder is a corporation or person that builds machine tools, usually for sale to manufacturers, who use them to manufacture products. A machine tool builder runs a machine factory, which is part of the machine industry. The machine tools often make interchangeable parts, which are assembled into subassemblies or finished assemblies, ending up sold to consumers, either directly or through other businesses at intermediate links of a value-adding chain. Alternatively, the machine tools may help make molds or dies, which then make the parts for the assemblies. Overview The term "machine tool builder" implies a company that builds machine tools for sale to other companies, who then use them to manufacture subsequent products. Macroeconomically, machine tools are only means to ends (with the ends being the manufactured products); they are not the ends themselves. Thus it is in the nature of machine tools that there is a spectrum of relationships between their builders, their users, and the end users of the products that they make. There is always natural potential for the machine tool users to be the same people as the builders, or to be different people who occupy an intermediate position in the value stream. Markets often have some proclivity for circumventing such a position, although the proclivity is often not absolute. Every variant on the spectrum of relationships has found some instances of empirical embodiment; and over the centuries, trends can be seen for which variants predominated in each era, as described below. Machine tool builders tend not to be in the business of using the machine tools to manufacture the subsequent products (although exceptions, including chaebol and keiretsu, do exist); and product manufacturers tend not to be in the business of building machine tools. In fact, many machine tool builders are not even in the business of building the control system (typically CNC) that animates the machine; and makers of controls tend not to be in the machine building business (or to inhabit only specialized niches within it). For example, FANUC and Siemens make controls that are sold to many machine tool builders. Each segment tends to find that crossing into other segments involves becoming a conglomerate of dissimilar businesses, which is an execution headache that they don't need as long as focusing on a narrower field is often more profitable in net effect anyway. This trend can be compared to the trend in which companies choose not to compete against their own distributors. Thus a software company may have an online store, but that store does not undercut the distributors' stores on price. History The machine tool industry began gradually in the early nineteenth century with individual toolmakers who innovated in machine tool design and building. The ones that history remembers best include Henry Maudslay, Joseph Whitworth, Joseph Clement, James Nasmyth, Matthew Murray, Elisha K. Root, Frederick W. Howe, Stephen Fitch, J.D. Alvord, Frederick W. Howe, Richard S. Lawrence, Henry D. Stone, Christopher M. Spencer, Amos Whitney, and Francis A. Pratt. The industry then grew into the earliest corporate builders such as Brown & Sharpe, the Warner & Swasey Company, and the original Pratt & Whitney company. In all of these cases, there were product manufacturers who started building machine tools to suit their own inhouse needs, and eventually found that machine tools had become product lines in their own right. (In cases such as B&S and P&W, they became the main or sole product lines.) In contrast, Colt and Ford are good examples of product manufacturers that made significant advances in machine tool building while serving their own inhouse needs, but never became "machine tool builders" in the sense of having machine tools become the products that they sold. National-Acme was an example of a manufacturer and a machine tool builder merging into one company and selling both the machines and the products that they made (screw machines and fasteners). Hyundai and Mitsubishi are chaebol and keiretsu conglomerates (respectively), and their interests cover from ore mine to end user (in actuality if not always nominally). Until the 1970s, machine tool builder corporations could generally be said to have nationality, and thus it made sense to talk about an American machine tool builder, a German one, or a Japanese one. Since the 1970s, the industry has globalized to the point that assigning nationality to the corporations becomes progressively more meaningless as one travels down the timeline leading up to the present day; currently, most machine tool builders are (or are subsidiaries of) multinational corporations or conglomerates. With these companies it is enough to say "multinational corporation based in country X", "multinational corporation founded in country X", etc. Subcategories such as "American machine tool builders" or "Japanese machine tool builders" would be senseless because, for example, companies like Hardinge and Yamazaki Mazak today have significant operations in many countries. Trade associations Machine tool builders have long had trade associations, which have helped with such tasks as establishing industry standards, lobbying (of legislatures and, more often, import-and-export-regulating agencies), and training programs. For example, the National Machine Tool Builders' Association (NMTBA) was the trade association of U.S. machine tool builders for many decades, and it helped establish standards such as the NMTB machine taper series (which made toolholders interchangeable between the different brands of machine on a typical machine shop floor). It has since been merged into the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT). Other examples have included CECIMO (European Machine Tool Industry Association), the UK's ABMTM, MTTA, and MTA, and the Japan Machine Tool Builders' Association (JMTBA). Just as machine tool builders have long had trade associations, so have machine tool distributors (dealers). Examples have been the American Machine Tool Distributors’ Association (AMTDA) and the Japan Machine Tool Trade Association (JMTTA). In recent decades the builders' and distributors' associations have cooperated on shared interests to the extent that some of them have merged. For example, the former NMTBA and AMTDA have merged into the AMT. Trade shows Major trade shows of the industry include IMTS (International Manufacturing Technology Show, formerly called the International Machine Tool Show) and EMO (French Exposition Mondiale de la Machine Outil, English "Machine Tool World Exposition"). There are also many smaller trade shows concentrating on specific geographical regions (for example, the Western US, the mid-Atlantic US, the Ruhr Valley, or the Tokyo region) or on specific industries (such as shows tailored especially to the moldmaking industry). Historical studies of machine tool building In the early 20th century, Joseph Wickham Roe wrote a seminal classic of machine tool history, English and American Tool Builders (1916), which is extensively cited by later works. About 20 years later Roe published a biography of James Hartness (1937) that also contains some general history of the industry. In 1947, Fred H. Colvin published a memoir, Sixty Years with Men and Machines, that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry. L. T. C. Rolt's 1965 monograph, A Short History of Machine Tools, is a widely read classic, as are the series of monographs that Robert S. Woodbury published during the 1960s, which were collected into a volume in 1972 as Studies in the History of Machine Tools. In 1970, Wayne R. Moore wrote about the Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, who independently invented the jig borer (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention). Moore's monograph, Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy, is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible accuracy and precision in machine tools (second only to that of metrological machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the tool and die maker. David F. Noble's Forces of Production (1984) is one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC. Also in 1984, David A. Hounshell published From the American System to Mass Production, one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. It does not concentrate on listing firm names and sales statistics (which Floud's 1976 monograph focuses on) but rather is extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the thinking behind the intermediate steps. It is extensively cited by later works. In 1989, Holland published a history, When the Machine Stopped, that is most specifically about Burgmaster (which specialized in turret drills); but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era (Noble 1984) as a seminal history. It was later republished under the title From Industry to Alchemy. See also Machine industry Machine factory Machine tool Machine tool builders Multimachine References Bibliography . . Ryder, Thomas and Son, Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)
91st Engineer Battalion (United States). The 91st Engineer Battalion is a military engineer unit in the United States Army. The battalion, which was composed mainly of African-American troops, served in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, when it was known as the 91st Engineer General Service Regiment. After the war, the unit was deactivated as part of the demobilization process. It was reactivated in 1952 and remained in existence until the early 1970s. In 1991 it was reactivated, after which it was employed on operations in Yugoslavia, Kuwait, Chad and Iraq before being deactivated again in 2005. On 16 October 2013, it was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas. History World War II The 91st Engineer Battalion was constituted in the Regular Army on 1 October 1933 as the 50th Engineer Battalion (Separate). It was redesignated the 91st Engineer Battalion (Separate) on 1 January 1938, but it was not until 10 February 1941 that it was activated at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. On 20 July 1941, it left Camp Shelby to participate in the Louisiana Maneuvers. It bivouacked near Lake Charles, Louisiana, and was engaged in the construction and improvement of airports, roads and railheads. On 20 October, it moved to an area near Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, where it worked on constructing a railroad between Fort Polk and Camp Claiborne. The 91st Engineer Battalion (Separate) departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 4 March 1942 and arrived in Brisbane on 9 April. The unit worked on airfields around Woodstock, Queensland and Giru, Queensland. On 10 July, it was redesignated the 91st Engineer Regiment (General Service), before becoming the 91st Engineer General Service Regiment on 6 August 1942. The regiment began moving to Port Moresby in August 1942, but the 1st Battalion did not arrive until 19 December. In the Port Moresby area, the 91st Engineer General Service Regiment worked on the Durand Airfield, a water supply system using water from Laloki River, and road building. The regiment moved up to Townsville, Queensland where it continued airbase construction activities. The regiment received a Presidential Unit Citation for its service in Papua from 23 July 1942 to 23 January 1943. By December 1943, it was the only major US engineer unit in the Port Moresby area, and was charged with a full range of base maintenance functions. The 91st Engineer General Service Regiment arrived on Biak on 8 October 1944. It moved to the Philippines on 25 August 1945, where it was inactivated on 20 January 1946. It received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period from 1 January 1944 to 10 April 1945. Post World War II On 28 November 1951, the 91st Engineer General Service Regiment was redesignated the 91st Engineer Combat Battalion, and on 14 January 1952 it was reactivated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It was redesignated the 91st Engineer Battalion (Combat) on 20 May 1953. It remained at Fort Belvoir until it was inactivated on 20 May 1971. The 91st Engineer Battalion was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas, on 16 October 1992, this time as part of the 1st Cavalry Division. Parts of the battalion served in Bosnia during the Yugoslav Wars, and in 1995 deployed to Kuwait as part of Operation Intrinsic Action. A company also served in Chad. In November 2001, Alpha Company deployed to Kuwait as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. From January 2004 to January 2005, the 91st Engineer Battalion served in Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, for which it was awarded a second Meritorious Unit Commendation. The battalion was assigned an area of operations encompassing most of the Mansour District of Baghdad, including the neighborhoods of Ghazilyah, Al Shula, Al Khadra, and Al Amiriyah. 5 soldiers from the battalion were killed during combat operations. The 91st Engineer Battalion was deactivated at Fort Hood on 8 July 2005 as a result of the transformation of the United States Army. On 16 October 2013, it was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas. Distinctive unit insignia Description A silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules, a plate charged throughout with a masoned stone arched bridge Proper. Attached below the shield is a scroll inscribed "ACTS NOT WORDS" in black letters. Symbolism Red and white are colors associated with the Corps of Engineers, and the masoned bridge represents Engineering accomplishment. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 22 Nov 1939. Coat of arms Blazon Shield Gules, a plate charged throughout with a masoned stone arch bridge Proper. Crest From a wreath Argent and Gules a demi-sunburst Or charged with a fountain fimbriated Tenné, overall an Indonesian kris hilt to base Proper. Motto ACTS NOT WORDS. Symbolism Shield The shield is red with a plate (white), which are the colors of the Corps of Engineers, and the masoned bridge charged thereon represents Engineering accomplishment. Crest The demi-sunburst refers to World War II campaigns in the East Indies. The fountain represents the Pacific Ocean and the Asiatic-Pacific theater of the war. The kris, a typical weapon of Indonesia and Papua, symbolizes that region of the Pacific and its significance during World War II. Gold denotes excellence. Background The coat of arms was originally approved on 22 Nov 1939. It was amended on 16 Mar 1999 to add a crest. See also Coats of arms of U.S. Engineer Battalions Notes References 091
826 Naval Air Squadron. 826 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm aircraft squadron formed during World War II which has been reformed several times since then until last disbanded in 1993. History Second World War No. 826 Squadron was formed at RNAS Ford in Sussex as a torpedo bomber squadron equipped with 12 Fairey Albacore biplanes. After initial training it was placed under the operational control of RAF Coastal Command, flying its first mission, a daylight bombing raid against a road junction at Nieuwpoort, Belgium on 31 May 1940. The squadron continued to fly a mixture of convoy escort missions, daylight attacks against German land and sea targets and nighttime patrols against German E-boats until the Albacore was grounded on 3 July 1940 owing to the unreliability of the aircraft's Bristol Taurus engines. This resulted in the Squadron being temporarily re-equipped with the older Fairey Swordfish until the Albacore was returned to use in August. From August to October 1940, the Squadron carried out more convoy escort patrols and raids against barges being massed by the Germans in the Channel ports in preparation for Operation Sealion. On 7 October the squadron left Coastal Command control to undertake more training in preparation for carrier-based operations. From May to October, the Squadron dropped 55.5 tons of bombs and seven tons of mines, escorted over 100 convoys. It claimed two Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters shot down for the loss of five Albacores. In November 1940, the squadron embarked on the newly commissioned aircraft carrier , which sailed for the Mediterranean via South Africa and the Red Sea, the squadron flying attacks against Massawa in Italian-ruled Eritrea on the way. The squadron's strength was supplemented by two Swordfishes in March 1941 to replace losses. 826 Squadron took part in the Battle of Cape Matapan on 28 March 1941, damaging the . On 26 May 1941, following an attack on an airfield on Karpathos, Formidable was badly damaged by German bombers, and was withdrawn from operations for repair, with 826 Squadron being detached for land-based operations. The Squadron was then deployed on night bombing raids over the Western Desert in support of the Eighth Army, before being transferred (along with 815 Squadron) to Nicosia, Cyprus for operations against Vichy French naval forces during the Syria–Lebanon Campaign on 28 June 1941. The squadron returned to North Africa on 15 July, and continued to carry night bombing attacks until early 1942, when it returned to the torpedo bomber role, operating from Berka in Libya to attack Italian convoys. The Squadron continued to carry out both anti-shipping and bombing missions in support of the army for much of the rest of 1942, adding the role of dropping flares to illuminate targets for Vickers Wellington bombers, participating in both the first and second Battles of El Alamein. Following the British victory at El Alamein, the squadron continued to fly anti-shipping and convoy escort missions until disbanded on 25 August 1943. 826 Naval Air Squadron reformed on 1 December 1943 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent equipped with the Fairey Barracuda torpedo bomber as part of No 9 Torpedo-Bomber-Reconnaissance (TBR) Wing. The Squadron deployed aboard the carrier on 10 June, taking part in an unsuccessful raid against the (Operation Mascot) at Kaa Fjord in Northern Norway in July 1944, and deploying aboard HMS Formidable for another series of attacks on Tirpitz, Operation Goodwood, attacking on 24 and 29 August 1944. The Squadron was again disbanded on 13 October 1944. Peter Butterworth, famous as an actor in the British Carry On film series, was flying for the squadron when he was shot down in 1940. Post War Canada The squadron reformed on 15 August 1945, again equipped with Barracudas, with the intention of forming part of the air wing of , a carrier building for the Royal Canadian Navy. It re-equipped with Fairey Firefly fighter bombers in January 1946, but was disbanded on 26 February 1946, as delays to the completion of Magnificent meant that the squadron was not yet needed. The squadron reformed on 1 June 1947 as part of the Royal Canadian Navy, equipped with Fairey Fireflys, operating both from Magnificent and HMCS Warrior. It re-equipped with Grumman TBM Avenger anti-submarine aircraft in June 1950. On 1 May 1951, the squadron was renamed 881 Naval Air Squadron, later VS 881. Reformation 826 Squadron reformed as part of the Fleet Air Arm in May 1951, equipped with Firefly Mk 5 (soon replaced by Firefly AS. Mk.6) in the anti-submarine role. The Squadron flew its Fireflys off the carriers , Theseus and Glory, before re-equipping with the new Fairey Gannet anti-submarine aircraft in January 1955, becoming the first squadron to operate the Gannet. It embarked aboard HMS Eagle but disbanded in November 1955. Helicopters The 826 designation was then reactivated in 1966 at RNAS Culdrose, where the squadron was equipped with 8 Westland Wessex HAS.1 helicopters, and was attached to on a tour of the Mediterranean and Far East in 1966–1967. It then deployed detachments aboard the Replenishment oilers and before deploying aboard in 1969. The squadron disbanded at RNAS Culdrose on 25 March 1970. It was reformed a sixth time on 2 June 1970 with Westland Sea Kings, serving on HMS Eagle until the carrier decommissioned in January 1972. The squadron then operated from the helicopter training ship and from December 1972, from the cruiser . It continued to operate its Sea Kings from Tiger until 1978, when it transferred to the carrier , receiving Sea King HAS.5s in March 1981, and embarking on Hermes in September that year. (Bulwark having been paid off in March 1981.) Following the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, the squadron, equipped with nine Sea King HAS.5s, deployed aboard Hermes as part of the Operation Corporate Task Force sent to retake the Islands. The squadron carried anti-submarine and surface search patrols around the task force, unsuccessfully attacking a suspected Argentine submarine on the night of 1/2 May, and also rescued survivors from , and . Four Sea Kings were transferred to the stores ship to free up space aboard Hermes on 17 May. The Squadron lost two helicopters during the Falklands War, but on both occasions the crews escaped unharmed. After the end of the war, the Squadron was split into a number of independent flights operating from Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships, and deployed in turn to the South Atlantic, these operations continuing until 1986. After that period, the Squadron was split into 4 flights of two Sea Kings each, operating from Type 22 frigates, RFAs and aircraft carriers as required. In December 1990, just prior to the start of the First Gulf War, 826 C Flight, commanded by Lt Cdr Kevin Williamson RN, deployed to the Middle East to take over the two D Flight Sea King helicopters already on station in the region - they were the only helicopters and crews deployed into the Gulf from RNAS Culdrose. The ASW equipment (SONAR and LAPADS equipment) normally fitted had been removed and prototype equipment designed to detect shallow moored mines was fitted instead. This equipment, called 'Demon Camera', was largely ineffective in the waters of the Gulf and the crews reverted to spotting moored and floating mines visually from heights of around 500 feet. The mines were then destroyed by RN EOD divers deployed directly from the helicopters in a low hover and recovered by winch. During their time deployed in the Gulf C Flight operated from and RFAs , and . The C Flight crews returned to RNAS Culdrose in April 1991, after handing their Sea Kings back to 826 D flight personnel who then subsequently took part in flood relief operations off Bangladesh. During this period Sea King XZ577 (side number '138') was lost in a collision with ; the crew and passengers survived. After the squadron's aircraft had been reallocated to 810 Naval Air Squadron and 819 Naval Air Squadron the squadron was again disbanded in July 1993. Aircraft operated References Citations Bibliography Brown, David. Carrier Air Groups, Volume 1: HMS Eagle . Windsor, UK: Hylton Lacy Ltd., 1972. . Burden, Rodney A., Michael A. Draper, Douglas A. Rough, Colin A Smith and David Wilton. Falklands: The Air War. Twickenham, UK: British Air Review Group, 1986. . Chesneau, Roger. Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia.London: Bloomsbury Press, 1998. . Howard, Lee, Burrow, Mick and Myall, Eric. Fleet Air Arm Helicopters since 1943. Tonbridge: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 2011. . Sturtivant, Ray. and Ballance, Theo. The Squadrons of The Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1994. . External links 826 squadron Fleet Air Arm 1940 to 1993 881 Squadron Royal Canadian Navy 800 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons Air squadrons of the Royal Navy in World War II Military of the United Kingdom in Cornwall

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.