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Living people Bangladeshi musician Bangladeshi guitarists

Armies

French Revolutionary Wars

Napoleonic Wars

Hundred Days

Corps

Peninsular War

Waterloo campaign

Ad-hoc divisions

Egypt (Abercromby's army)

Hanover Expedition (Cathcart's army)

Copenhagen (Cathcart's army)

Peninsular War (Dalrymple/Moore's army)

Peninsular War (Army on the Tarragona)

Martinique and Guadeloupe (Beckwith's army)

Walcheren (Chatham's army)

Semi-permanent divisions

Peninsular War (Wellington's Army)

Waterloo campaign

Notes Footnotes

Citations

References

The Old Head coinage or Veiled head coinage were British coins struck between 1893 and 1901, which featured on the obverse a portrait of an aged Queen Victoria wearing a diadem partially hidden by a widow's veil, designed by Thomas Brock. It replaced the Jubilee coinage, struck since 1887, which had been widely criticised both for the portrait of the queen, and because the reverses of most of the coins did not state their monetary values. Some denominations continued with their old reverse designs, with Benedetto Pistrucci's design for the sovereign extended to the half sovereign. New designs for some of the silver coinage were inaugurated, created either by Brock or by Edward Poynter, and all denominations less than the crown, or five-shilling piece, stated their values.

Background A new obverse design for British gold and silver coins was introduced in June 1887, designed by Joseph Boehm. This coincided with Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, and the new issue became known as the Jubilee coinage. New reverse designs by Leonard Charles Wyon were introduced at the same time for the silver coins between the sixpence and half crown, and a new coin, the double florin or four-shilling piece, was introduced. The crown, or five-shilling piece, was struck for circulation for the first time since the 1840s.

On Boehm's design, Victoria wears a small crown. This was the crown she preferred to wear at the time, due to its light weight, but the design was criticised for making it appear the crown was about to fall off her head. Further, none of the new silver coin designs bore a statement of the coin's value. The sixpence, which was the same size as the gold half sovereign, was immediately gilded to make it appear to be the more valuable coin, and the Royal Mint hastily stopped production, returning to the previous reverse design, which included a statement of the coin's value.

The Royal Mint was anxious to change Boehm's design for another as soon as a decent interval had passed. As early as 1888, Victoria was shown a pattern coin with a proposed new design; Mark Stocker, in his article on the 1893 coinage, attributes suggests that the lack of further documentation on the new design indicates that royal approval to proceed was not forthcoming. In September 1889, the chancellor of the Exchequer, George Goschen, wrote to Victoria, "as the general discussion on the Jubilee coinage had subsided, and the public appeared to have got used to the new coin, I thought that it might possibly be best to let the matter rest for a while". She responded, "the Queen dislikes the new coinage very much, and wishes the old one could still be used and the new one gradually disused, and then a new one struck." Goschen was dubious that this could be done, but promised, "I will confer with the Mint authorities whether if we cannot go back we should not go forward with the fresh design."

Preparation Goschen chose to proceed by appointing an advisory commission, the Committee on the Design of Coins, in February 1891, with a brief "to examine the designs on the various coins put into circulation in the year 1887, and the improvements in those designs since suggested, and to make such recommendations on the subject as might seem desirable, and to report what coins, if any, should have values expressed on them in words and figures". The committee was chaired by the Liberal MP, Sir John Lubbock, and the other members were David Powell, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England; Richard Blaney Wade, Chairman of the National Provincial Bank; Sir Frederic Leighton, President of the Royal Academy; Sir John Evans, President of the British Numismatic Society; and Sir Charles Fremantle, deputy master of the Royal Mint.

At its first meeting, on 12 February 1891, the committee recommended that the double florin not be further struck, the government agreed (minting had been suspended in August 1890). At its second, on 27 February, the committee considered an open competition for new coinage designs, but instead decided to invite several artists (all Royal Academicians or associate members of the academy) to submit proposals. The invited artists were asked to submit two portraits of Victoria, both left-facing, since the Royal Mint was contemplating using a different portraits on the florin and half crown to avoid confusion between the denominations, which were close in size and value. Entrants were offered £150 for their labours, an amount the Illustrated London News considered inadequate, and two artists declined the invitation.

The competition had a deadline of 31 October 1891, and on 27 November, the committee met at the Bank of England to consider them. The obverse designs submitted by the sculptor, Sir Thomas Brock, were selected. The committee decided to retain Benedetto Pistrucci's 1817 Saint George and the Dragon design on the crown, sovereign, double sovereign, and five-pound piece, and extended it to the half sovereign. For the sixpence and half crown, designs by Brock were selected, though he had intended them for the shilling and florin. For those coins, designs by Edward John Poynter were selected. The committee's decision-making process is unclear, though Goschen later stated that Leighton's influence had predominated.

At the committee's next meeting on 23 December 1891, it was decided to ask Brock to alter his first obverse in imitation of the Ashanti medal of 1874. According to Stocker, "In short, the Ashanti Medal was fused with Brock's pre-existing design to create the 'Old Head'." Little change was required of his second obverse. Both sculptors were required to make slight changes to their reverse designs, which they did in time for the reverses to be approved at the final committee meeting on 11 March 1892. The committee recommended that a second portrait of Victoria be used only on the florin. When this was objected to by Victoria, who thought it unlikely that anyone would distinguish the two denominations in that manner, the committee revised its report. The new florin was made slightly smaller in diameter, the third time its size had been changed since its introduction in 1849.

The sculptors had been directed to include on their designs, Victoria's name and titles, rendered as the Latin "Victoria Dei Gratia Regina Britanniarum Fidei Defensor" (Victoria, by the Grace of God, Queen of the British Realms, Defender of the Faith), to be abbreviated as necessary. Victoria had been lobbying since 1888 for her title as empress of India, granted by the Royal Titles Act 1876 to be included on the coinage, and on 12 February 1892, the prime minister, Lord Salisbury, wrote to her, "Your Majesty's Servants are of opinion that the title of Empress of India, indicating, as it does, Your Majesty's relation to far the larger portion of Your subjects, ought to appear on the coin, in the shape of the letters 'Ind Imp' or 'I.I.' or some such abbreviation. Although the Royal Titles Act forbade the monarch to use that title on matters exclusively within the United Kingdom, the cabinet determined that the wording could be included as the coins would also circulate in the colonies.

On 12 March 1892, the designs were sent to Sir Henry Ponsonby, the queen's private secretary. The queen generally liked the "Old Head" obverse, though she disliked Brock's second obverse, which was thereafter dropped. She disliked Brock's reverse for the half crown and Poynter's for the shilling. The two sculptors prepared new versions, though Poynter wanted extra pay, which he did not get.

It was unclear who would engrave the designs into steel dies, as Leonard Wyon, the engraver to the Royal Mint, had died in 1891, leaving no clear successor. Brock eventually suggested George William De Saulles, a Birmingham-born engraver who had worked in London for John Pinches, but had since returned to his native city to work for the medallist, Joseph Moore.

Victoria had not sat for Brock; the sculptor worked from photographs of her, of which he had several. His original version was in wax, from which a plaster cast was made. Once the committee had approved his work, he made a new cast, working to make the coin of low relief, suitable for coining. De Saulles used a reducing lathe to make coin-size hubs, from which coinage dies could be made. This process left a number of small lines on the steel of the hubs; these were removed by De Saulles under Brock's supervision. Poynter similarly supervised the process for the reverses he had designed. De Saulles was responsible for much of the work involving the profile and lettering on the obverses of the coins.

Design

Brock's design for the obverse features a left-facing bust of Victoria, with the features of an older woman. She wears a diadem, partially obscured by a veil that hangs down behind the ear. Her straight hair is swept up from the temple, above the visible ear, from which dangles a single-drop earring. She wears a frill-necked bodice, with a mantle over it, and also a necklace with pendant. On the mantle, facing the viewer, is the Star of the Garter, with its outer portion partially obscured by the veil. The designer's initials, are under the bust's truncation, on most denominations near the D in .

Except for the half crown, the coins bear on the obverse the legend . On the half crown, the Latin legend does not differ in meaning, but it reads on the obverse, with on the reverse. The , was new to British coinage, but Victoria had sought its inclusion as early as 1888. Balked then, she was successful with the introduction of the Old Head coinage five years later. "Britanniarum", meaning "the Britains", was abbreviated as , through the intervention of William Gladstone. A Latin scholar as well as a politician, Gladstone had invoked the rule that an abbreviation of a plural noun in Latin is to be rendered with a doubled final consonant.

The motto ("an ornament and a safeguard") were added to the edge of the crown, as well as the regnal year in Roman numerals: thus some 1893 crowns render this as (the 56th year of Victoria's reign) and some as , with the pattern continuing through 1900 (the last year of Victoria's reign in which crowns were struck). Crowns with on them with the regnal year were first struck during the reign of Charles II. At that time, the edge legend had the practical purpose of deterring the illicit clipping of coins to remove metal. The wording, , was said to have been suggested by a Mr Evelyn based on a vignette of Cardinal de Richelieu's Greek Testament.

The gold coinage bore Pistrucci's Saint George and the Dragon design. The plume on the saint's helmet, which had featured in Pistrucci's original design for the five-pound and two-pound pieces before later being removed and then restored in 1887, was redesigned. The half sovereign, though it bears Pistrucci's design, does not bear his initials, and the numismatist, Richard Lobel, commented, "how the egotistical Italian, who spelt his name in full on the 1818 crown, would have hated that!" The Australian branch mints at Sydney and Melbourne would issue gold sovereigns of the United Kingdom type with Brock's portrait from 1893 to 1901, with the new branch mint at Perth issuing similar coins from 1899 to 1901. Half sovereigns from the Australian mints were also issued, though not in all years

The half crown, the first coin of that value to proclaim its value on its face, depicts a shield within the collar of the Order of the Garter. Poynter's design for the shilling and florin show shields with the arms of England, Scotland and Ireland on separate shields, with the whole surrounded by a Garter. The shilling had seen its value engraved on its face from 1831 until the Jubilee redesign; the words were restored to it. The sixpence and threepence would continue to bear their previous designs; all denominations less than the crown would now bear a statement of value. On the penny and its fractions, the figure of Britannia from previous issues was made more erect and alert, and the sailing ship and lighthouse seen on either side of her was omitted; they would be restored in 1937.

Sir John Craig, in his history of the Royal Mint, considered Brock's efforts, "the least unsuccessful" of the submitted designs. Peter Seaby, in his history of British coinage, deemed the depiction, "a new and improved portrait of the queen", with a larger portrait than on the Jubilee coinage. Leonard Forrer, in his 1916 Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, deemed the obverse "a splendid portrait of the Queen by that scholarly sculptor, Sir Thomas Brock", though he characterised Poynter's reverses as "not very satisfactory".

Circulation

On 30 January 1893, the date of the proclamation declaring the new coins current, Fremantle displayed the new coins for the press at the Royal Mint, getting a reaction far more positive than the Jubilee coinage had six years previously. The Birmingham Daily Post reported that "the result is a distinct success ... Her Majesty's features have a most pleasing expression". The Pall Mall Gazette noted that, "it would be damning them with faint praise merely to say that they are of superior appearance to the Jubilee issue", and that though the use of the power to include the Empress of India title was belated, it was unquestionably valid, since British coins were legal tender in the colonies.

The Lancaster Gazetter wrote on 8 February, "The new coinage starts at a great advantage, for it supplants some of the most unfortunate designs that the Mint has ever put in circulation. In a few days' time it will be in everybody's hands." The Daily News wrote,

Not all liked the new visage of the queen. The Liberal Unionist MP, James Parker Smith, stated in the House of Commons that the new sovereigns reminded him of the whist counters that could be purchased at twenty for tuppence, "he did not think anyone who was conversant with coins would be quite satisfied with it. A great deal too much was attempted to be crowded into the design". Victoria herself may have been dissatisfied with the new obverse, for the new chancellor, William Harcourt, wrote to her on 1 February 1893 expressing "his entire concurrence in Your Majesty's View that the Queen's head in the new coinage leaves much to be desired both in likeness and execution". The painter, Philip Wilson Steer, felt that the queen's necklace, earring and orders gave the new obverse "a certain tawdry look" and felt that Poynter's designs were cramped, with the lettering on the shilling oversized. There was some objection from Wales to the exclusion of any emblem of that nation from the coinage, given the depiction of symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland, and some wanted a leek or dragon included. John Leighton of the Society of Antiquaries, though, stated that he found the leek "far from decorative and as difficult to characterise as a carrot".

Fremantle deemed the new obverse "almost the popular portrait of the Queen" and praised De Saulles for his part in "the favourable reception of coins both by experts and by the public generally". Sets of proof coins of the new issue, dated 1893, were sold by the Royal Mint to the public at a premium.

No bronze coins (the penny and its fractions) had been struck with the Jubilee portrait, as there was then a large surplus of them. In 1895, De Saulles adapted Brock's obverse for the bronze pieces, making modifications to their reverses, and these were made current by a proclamation dated 11 May 1895.

Queen Victoria died in January 1901. Coins depicting her, dated 1901 and using the obverse by Brock, continued to be struck until the new coinage (designed by De Saulles) for her successor, Edward VII, was ready in May 1902.

References

Bibliography

Coins of the United Kingdom Queen Victoria 1893 establishments 1901 disestablishments

Vera Lucia dos Santo Caminha Campetti is an Brazilian diplomat and politician. She is Brazilian ambassador to Barbados since December 11, 2019.

References

Living people Brazilian diplomats Brazilian politicians 21st-century Brazilian politicians

Church of Saint Virgin Mary in Rakaŭ is a Catholic temple in Minsk region, Belarus. It was constructed in 1904–1906 on the bank of the Islach river and consecrated in the name of Our Lady of the Rosary. The church is listed as a Belarusian Cultural Heritage object.

The Catholic parish in Rakaŭ was established in 1676, the first wooden church was built then. In ten years it became a part of the Dominican monastery. The church was destroyed by fire in 1712 and 1812, but restored both times. In 1835 the monastery was closed and the church became a parish one.

In 1904—1906 the Neo Gothic stone church was constructed in the place of the former wooden one. The new church was made of yellow bricks and decorated with counterforts, peaked windows and arches, and a rose window in the main facade.

Gallery

References

Sources

Catholic Church stubs Churches in Belarus Landmarks in Belarus

The National Federation of Chemicals () was a trade union representing workers in various manufacturing industries in Spain.

The union was founded in 1977, and affiliated to the Workers' Commissions. In 1981, workers in the glass and ceramics industries transferred over from the National Federation of Construction. By the end of the year, it had 19,913 members, and by 1993, its membership had grown to 30,254. That year, it merged with the National Federation of Textiles and Leather, to form the Federation of Textile, Leather, Chemical and Allied Industries.

References

Chemical industry trade unions Trade unions established in 1977 Trade unions disestablished in 1994 Trade unions in Spain

Baranki is a village in Poland.

Baraanki may also refer to: , a village in Belarus , a type of sweet bread in East Slavic cuisine; see Bublik

The 2022 Horizon League Women's Basketball Tournament will be the final event of the 2021–22 women's basketball season for the Horizon League. It will begin on March 1, 2022, and end on March 8; first-round and quarterfinal games will be played at the home courts of the higher seeds, with all remaining games at Indiana Farmers Coliseum in Indianapolis. The winner will receive the conference's automatic berth into the NCAA Tournament.

Seeds All of the teams will participate in the tournament with the top-four teams receiving byes to the quarterfinals. Tiebreakers used are 1) Head-to-head results, 2) comparison of records against individual teams in the conference starting with the top-ranked team and working down and 3) NCAA NET rankings on the first available report after the regular season is complete.

Schedule

Bracket

References

2021–22 Horizon League women's basketball season Horizon League Women's Basketball Tournament Basketball in Indianapolis College sports in Indiana Sports competitions in Indiana Horizon League Men's Basketball Tournament Horizon League Men's Basketball Tournament

The genus Pyrenula consists of crustose lichens that usually grow on smooth, shaded bark. About 750 taxa have been named in the genus, although the majority of these names have been excluded from the genus as they have been transferred to other genera, or are considered synonyms. In his world key to the Pyrenula species, published in 2012, André Aptroot accepted 169 species, including 7 not yet formally described. , Species Fungorum accepts 168 species of Pyrenula.

A

Pyrenula abditicarpa – Brazil Pyrenula acutispora Pyrenula adacta Pyrenula aggregataspistea – South America Pyrenula albonigra – Brazil Pyrenula andina Pyrenula annulata Pyrenula anomala Pyrenula arthoniotheca – India Pyrenula asahinae – Japan Pyrenula aspistea Pyrenula astroidea Pyrenula aurantiacorubra – Brazil Pyrenula aurantioinspersa – South America Pyrenula aurantiopileata – Thailand Pyrenula aurantiothallina – Brazil

B Pyrenula baileyi Pyrenula bataanensis Pyrenula bicuspidata Pyrenula biseptata Pyrenula bispora – Brazil Pyrenula borneensis – Borneo Pyrenula breutelii

C

Pyrenula caraibica – Panama Pyrenula celaticarpa – Brazil Pyrenula cerina Pyrenula ceylonensis Pyrenula chloroplaca – Australia Pyrenula chlorospila Pyrenula cinnabarina – Brazil Pyrenula clavatispora – Florida Pyrenula coccinea – Brazil Pyrenula concatervans Pyrenula confinis Pyrenula conspurcata Pyrenula convexa Pyrenula cornutispora – South America Pyrenula corticata Pyrenula coryli Pyrenula crassiuscula – Brazil Pyrenula cruenta Pyrenula cruentata Pyrenula cryptothelia – Panama

D Pyrenula darjeelingensis – India Pyrenula decumbens Pyrenula defossa Pyrenula dermatodes Pyrenula diamantinensis – Brazil Pyrenula duplicans

E Pyrenula endocrocea – Philippines

F Pyrenula fibrata Pyrenula filiformis – New Caledonia Pyrenula finitima Pyrenula flavoinspersa – South America Pyrenula fuscoluminata Pyrenula fusispora Pyrenula fusoluminata – Brazil

G Pyrenula galactina Pyrenula gibberulosa Pyrenula globifera Pyrenula guyanensis – South America

H Pyrenula hawaiiensis – Hawaii Pyrenula hibernica – Panama Pyrenula howeana – Australia

I Pyrenula immersa Pyrenula indusiata Pyrenula infracongruens Pyrenula infraleucotrypa – South America Pyrenula inframamillana – South America Pyrenula infrastroidea – South America Pyrenula inspersicollaris – Brazil Pyrenula inspersoleucotrypa – Argentina

L

Pyrenula laevigata Pyrenula laii – Taiwan Pyrenula leptaleoides – Brazil Pyrenula leucostoma Pyrenula lilacina – Brazil Pyrenula luteopruinosa – Panama Pyrenula lyonii

M

Pyrenula macrospora Pyrenula macularis Pyrenula mamillana Pyrenula maritima – South America Pyrenula mastigophora – South Solomons Pyrenula mastophora Pyrenula mastophorizans Pyrenula mattickiana – South America Pyrenula melaleuca Pyrenula microcarpa Pyrenula microcarpoides Pyrenula micromma Pyrenula microtheca Pyrenula minae Pyrenula minoides – South America Pyrenula minutispora – Brazil Pyrenula minutissima – Iran Pyrenula monospora – South America Pyrenula montocensis Pyrenula multicolorata – Sri Lanka Pyrenula muriciliata – Mauritius Pyrenula musaespora – Brazil

N Pyrenula neojaponica – Japan Pyrenula neolaevigata – Japan Pyrenula neosandwicensis Pyrenula nigrocincta Pyrenula nitida Pyrenula nitidans Pyrenula nitidella Pyrenula nitidula

O

Pyrenula occidentalis Pyrenula occulta Pyrenula ocellulata – Sri Lanka Pyrenula ochraceoflava Pyrenula oxysporiza

P

Pyrenula papillifera Pyrenula paraminarum – South America Pyrenula parvinuclea Pyrenula perfecta – South America Pyrenula pinguis Pyrenula platystoma Pyrenula plicata – South America Pyrenula porinoides Pyrenula prostrata – New Zealand Pyrenula pseudobufonia Pyrenula punctoleucotrypa – Argentina Pyrenula pyrenastroides – New Zealand Pyrenula pyrenuloides