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{ "retrieved": [ "Stan Startzell Stan Startzell is a retired U.S. soccer midfielder who spent four seasons in the North American Soccer League. He currently works in the financial services sector and is the president of the Duxbury Soccer Association. Startzell attended Wilson Senior High School, graduating in 1968. He then attended the University of Pennsylvania where he played on the men’s soccer team from 1969 to 1971. He was a 1969 and 1971 second team All American and a 1970 first team All American. In 1971, he was second team All Ivy League as a placekicker on the Penn football team. In 2005, the University of Pennsylvania selected Startzell to its All Century Team. In 1972, the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League drafted Startzell. He was the only native U.S. player on the roster that season. He played three games for the Cosmos before moving to the expansion Philadelphia Atoms in 1973. The Atoms won the league championship, but after a disappointing 1974 season, the Atoms made numerous player moves including trading Startzell to the Boston Minutemen in exchange for Alex Papadakis. He played no games for the Minutemen and left the NASL after the 1975 season. Startzell has worked with the Special Olympics and in the financial services sector. In the mid-1980s, he worked for Selective Security Trust of America. He currently works for Lincoln Investment Planning in Duxbury, Massachusetts where he also serves as the head of the Duxbury Soccer Association. For many years, he was also the coach of a competitive girls soccer club team called the South Coast Scorpions. Stan Startzell Stan Startzell is a retired U.S. soccer midfielder who spent four seasons in the North American Soccer League. He currently works in the financial services sector and is the president of the Duxbury" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "1999–2000 Dundee United F.C. season The 1999–2000 season was the 91st year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000. United finished in eighth place, an improvement on last year's ninth-place finish, despite accumulating fewer points in this campaign. United were knocked out of both domestic cup competitions by Aberdeen – in the League Cup semi-finals and the Scottish Cup quarter-finals, both by a score of 1–0. United sold top scorer Billy Dodds to Rangers at the start of December and immediately the club's fortunes changed. Sitting third in the league, the club would win only one of the next fourteen league games and three in total for the rest of the season. In fact, United lost 11 of the last 13 matches, consigning them to eighth place. Such was Dodds' impact that he finished top scorer, despite only playing the first four months of the season with the club. Dundee United played a total of 44 competitive matches during the 1999–2000 season. The team finished eighth in the Scottish Premier League. In the cup competitions, United were knocked out of the Scottish Cup at the quarter-finals stage, losing 1–0 to Aberdeen. The same team knocked United out of the CIS Insurance Cup, this time at the semi-final stage. Both matches finished 1–0. All results are written with Dundee United's score first. During the 1999–00 season, United used 29 different players, with a further three named as substitutes who did not make an appearance on the pitch. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player. Thirteen players scored for the United first team with the team scoring 52 goals in total. Despite leaving the club in early December and playing only eighteen matches, Billy Dodds was the top goalscorer, scoring ten goals. During the 1999–2000 season, eight United players were sent off, and twenty players received at least one yellow card. In total, the team received eight dismissals and 70 cautions. Nine players were signed during the 1999–2000 season, with a total (public) transfer cost of around £750,000. The players that joined Dundee United during the 1999–07 season, along with their previous club, are listed below. Seven players left the club during the season with only one transfer – Billy Dodds to Rangers – bringing in a fee (£1.3m). The club made a transfer profit of around £500k for the season. Listed below are the players that were released during the season, along with the club that they joined. Players did not necessarily join their next club immediately. The jerseys were sponsored for the fourth consecutive season by Telewest. 1999–2000 Dundee United F.C. season The 1999–2000 season was the 91st year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000. United finished in eighth place, an improvement on last year's ninth-place finish, despite accumulating fewer points in this campaign. United were knocked out of both" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Field Dog Stud Book The Field Dog Stud Book is the oldest purebred dog registry in the United States having started registrations in and currently maintaining records from 1874. The Field Dog Stud Book currently registers around 5,000 litters each year and has registered several million dogs. In addition to registration the FDSB maintains the results of DNA testing of dogs to promote genetic health. The Field Dog Stud Book focuses on dogs bred to perform in the field. It supports no conformation showing. This stud book is affiliated with the field trial magazine \"The American Field\" which is the oldest continuously published sporting dog journal in the U.S. The FDSB registers dogs of all breeds, but is primarily for pointing, flushing, and retrieving breeds of gun dog. Among some breeds, such as English Setters, the FDSB will register the dog in its particular breed as well as the particular line within the breed such as the Llewellin Setter. Many dogs are registered with the FDSB as well as with other registries and with kennel clubs. Field Dog Stud Book The Field Dog Stud Book is the oldest purebred dog registry in the United States having started registrations in and" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Pellandini Cars Pellandini Cars was a manufacturer of kit cars during the early 1970s that was located in South Australia. Englishman Peter Pellandine founded Pellandini Cars Ltd in 1970 at Cherry Gardens, South Australia. He first produced a curvy, gull-wing coupe that used a mid-mounted BMC Mini drivetrain of 1100 or 1275cc capacity. Alloy wheels were 10-inch at the front and 12-inch to the rear. The body was made of GRP with an integral GRPchassis. The suspension points were individually mounted directly to the GRP chassis as were the engine mounts. The seats were part of the chassis and not adjustable: instead the pedals moved. Even the steering rack bolted to the GRP bulkhead. The car weighed 480kg and did 0 to 100 km in 5 secs. It had a one-piece nose section that hinged at the front which concealed the radiator and spare wheel. Pellandine also offered a roadster version in 1974 but these proved less popular. In all, seven coupés were sold. Most of these cars still remain, some having been rebuilt after motor racing accidents. Pellandine also embarked on a project to build a practical steam car with a contract from the South Australian Government. It used a double-acting two-cylinder 40hp engine mounted in the rear of a two-seater, with the condenser mounted on the rear deck like a racing wing. This steam car is now at the National Motor Museum at Birdwood South Australia. Pellandini Cars was wound up in 1978 before Pellandine returned to England where he produced two further models both using a fibreglass monocoque chassis and mid-mounted engines. Pellandini Cars Pellandini Cars was a manufacturer of kit cars during the early 1970s that was located in South Australia. Englishman Peter Pellandine founded Pellandini Cars Ltd in 1970 at Cherry Gardens, South Australia. He" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Human trafficking in Australia Human trafficking in Australia is illegal under Divisions 270 and 271 of the \"Criminal Code\" (Cth). In September 2005, Australia ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, which supplemented the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Amendments to the Criminal Code were made in 2005 to implement the Protocol. The extent of human trafficking in Australia is difficult to quantify. However, it has been estimated that between 300 and 1000 persons are victims of trafficking a year. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) lists Australia as one of 21 trafficking destination countries in the high destination category. The Australian Institute of Criminology has stated: Suspected victims of trafficking are in a unique position. Like other victims of crime, they may be deeply affected by their experience; but, unlike other victims of crime, they may also have a tenuous migration status in a foreign country, where they may speak little of the language and know only the people who have exploited them. In addition, there is the fear of being identified as a victim of crime. As a result, suspected victims of trafficking can be highly vulnerable and isolated. Migrant sex workers targeted by anti-trafficking policing in Australia have had their human rights curtailed and their workplaces have been impacted in negative ways. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \"Tier 1\" in 2017. In February 2010, two traffickers were convicted in Cairns Supreme Court on charges of possessing and using a slave after luring a Filipina woman to Australia and enslaving her as a domestic servant and concubine. In late March 2010, a Tasmanian court sentenced one trafficker to ten years’ imprisonment for prostituting a 12-year-old girl to more than 100 clients in 2009. In 1999, the Commonwealth amended the Criminal Code Act 1995 to implement the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime relating to slavery, sexual servitude and deceptive recruiting for sexual services. Offences specifically relating to trafficking in persons were added to the \"Criminal Code\" in 2005 by the \"Criminal Code Amendment (Trafficking in Persons Offences) Act\" 2005. The amendment inserted people trafficking and debt bondage offences into the Commonwealth Criminal Code and amended the existing provisions related to deceptive recruiting for sexual services. The amendments reflected the growing recognition that people trafficking is not a problem which is restricted to the sex industry. Criminal Code includes offences and maximum sentences for: Section 271 of the Criminal Code includes offences and maximum sentences for: The penalties are higher when children are involved. Under the \"Migration Act\" 1958 (Cth) it is an offence for an employer, labour hire company, employment agency or other person to knowingly or recklessly allow a non-citizen without work rights to work, or to refer them for work. Following the \"Migration Amendment (Employer Sanctions) Act\" 2007, the exploitation of unlawful non-citizen workers are aggravating factors attracting a higher penalty. The maximum penalties are five years imprisonment, and/or fines of up to $33,000 (AUD) for people and $165,000 (AUD) for companies per worker. Several federal laws support the investigation of trafficking offences. For example, the trafficking offences in the Criminal Code are specifically designated as serious crimes in the \"Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act\" 1979. Consequently, designated law enforcement agencies, including the Australian Federal Police, can seek permission to intercept relevant telephone calls and emails for the purposes of investigating trafficking offences. This information can be used as evidence in court. Information obtained through telephone interception has been important evidence in at least one Australian trafficking prosecution ( Sieders v R; Yotchomchin v R [2008<nowiki>]</nowiki> NSWCCA 187). Trafficking offences in the Criminal Code are supported by the \"Proceeds of Crime Act\" 2002. If the matter involves a ‘serious offence’ (which includes the offences of slavery, sexual servitude and deceptive recruiting for sexual servitude), a judge can issue a monitoring order to require a financial institution to provide information about transactions conducted during a certain period. Ultimately, the regime allows for a court to order the restraint and forfeiture of proceeds of certain crimes. All Australian jurisdictions have legislation regarding proceeds of crime. In addition to federal anti-trafficking laws, all jurisdictions have a range of offence provisions to cover related crimes, such as assault, sexual assault, forced prostitution, kidnapping and deprivation of liberty. State offence provisions have been used in conjunction with federal offence provisions in at least two prosecutions in Australia: Commonwealth DPP v Xu [2005] NSWSC 191 and R v Dobie (Unreported, Queensland District Court, Clare J, 23 December 2009). In 2004 the Federal government launched the Commonwealth Action Plan to Eradicate Trafficking in Person, comprising four elements. These are prevention, detection and investigation, criminal prosecution, victim support and rehabilitation Building on this earlier work, in 2008 the Federal Government outlined its key measures in its Anti-Trafficking Strategy which included; In December 2008 the Australian Attorney-General established the National Consultation on Human Rights to consider the protection of human rights in Australia. More information about the National Consultation is available at Human Rights Consultation. The Federal government’s Support for Victims of People Trafficking Program provides individualised case management and a range of support to victims. The program is integrated within the federal government’s visa system. A person is identified as eligible by the Australian Federal Police. Usually the person enters the Program on a Bridging Visa F (BVF) which is valid for up to 45 days. Recipients of the BVF are not permitted to undertake paid employment. The BVF may then be extended for a further 45 days on a case-by-case basis. The Australian Government Office for Women administers the Program and has contracted the Australian Red Cross to provide case management services. Individual case managers are responsible for ensuring the appropriate delivery of support services, to meet clients’ individual needs. The Australian Federal Police Annual Report 2008/2009 stated that the AFP has sponsored 146 people into the Support for Victims of People Trafficking Program administered by the Office for Women within the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. This program commenced in 2004. The number of trafficking visas issued between 2004–05 and 2009–10 were: As of July 2009, the Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Temporary) visa has been removed and merged into the Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Permanent) visa. As of 1 July 2015, the \"Migration Legislation Amendment (2015 Measures No. 2) Regulation 2015\" had the effect of renaming the Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Permanent) visa hto the Referred Stay (Permanent) visa. The \"Migration Legislation Amendment (2015 Measures No. 2) Regulation 2015\" also had the effect of phasing out the Criminal Justice Stay Visa so that future trafficked persons would only be placed on a Bridging Visa F. BVFs may be granted to ‘persons of interest’ to the police in relation to offences/alleged offences of people trafficking, sexual servitude or deceptive recruiting. It entitles the non-citizen person to stay lawfully in the community and out of detention. During this period the person is not", "and merged into the Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Permanent) visa. As of 1 July 2015, the \"Migration Legislation Amendment (2015 Measures No. 2) Regulation 2015\" had the effect of renaming the Witness Protection (Trafficking) (Permanent) visa hto the Referred Stay (Permanent) visa. The \"Migration Legislation Amendment (2015 Measures No. 2) Regulation 2015\" also had the effect of phasing out the Criminal Justice Stay Visa so that future trafficked persons would only be placed on a Bridging Visa F. BVFs may be granted to ‘persons of interest’ to the police in relation to offences/alleged offences of people trafficking, sexual servitude or deceptive recruiting. It entitles the non-citizen person to stay lawfully in the community and out of detention. During this period the person is not eligible for any social security payments and may not work. While suspected victims are on the BFV, clients of the program have access to following federally funded support, which is payable through Centrelink: From commencement of the BFV on 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2007, 81 BFVs were issued relating to 78 people. This visa is valid for 45 days and may be terminated at any time. On termination the person will lose any benefit of the victim support program and is obligated to leave Australia otherwise they will be detained and repatriated. The Referred Stay (Permanent) Visa may be offered by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) to a trafficked person if: If the referred stay applicant meets the relevant criteria and accepts the offer from the DIBP to apply, the person may be issued with a Referred Stay (Permanent) Visa. From 1 July 2007, a new phase of the victim support program is available to suspected victims of trafficking who have left Australia but who return as witnesses. They are provided with secure accommodation, living allowance and food allowance. From 20 May 2004 to 31 January 2008, the service had provided support to 88 clients. The majority of clients were Thai women (62); far smaller numbers of clients were from other countries in Asia and Europe. The Commonwealth visa framework as evaluated in Trafficking and Slavery in Australia: An Evaluation of Victim Support Strategies reflects a law enforcement agenda where the human rights of trafficking victims are incidental to prosecutions. The visa framework falls short of protecting the human rights of trafficking victims who are unable to assist in the criminal justice process. Trafficking victims should be eligible for visas on the basis of their status as victims of trafficking, their safety needs and their need for victim support. Protection for trafficking victims should not be contingent on victims’ ability to act as witnesses. At present only through the visa system can victims of trafficking access the support for victims of trafficking that was introduced by the Action Plan. The victim support program provides support in phases reflecting the different phases of the visa system for suspected victims of trafficking. It has been argued that the credibility of the alleged trafficking victims is inadvertently undermined by the government’s decision to make victim support and visas dependent on the ability of a person to assist a prosecution or investigation into trafficking. Prosecutors have been reported as saying that victim support measures, including visa regimes for victims as witnesses are vital. However these issues need to be managed carefully as part of the investigation and prosecution process. Justice Keleman the trial judge in Kwok was reported as saying that income support measures could be seen as appropriate to facilitate the prosecution or ‘on the other hand, as providing a powerful inducement to give false evidence’ While trafficking is a crime involving people trafficking, security issues, immigration fraud and human rights abuses, a singular focus on criminal justice outcomes fails to assist many trafficked persons. In Australian Trafficking Visas: 15 recommendations to better protect victims of human trafficking, 15 recommendations were mooted. Recommendations include but are not limited to improved public access to information about the trafficking visa framework, reform to the period, quality and humanity of protection afforded by the visa system, restructuring of decision making processes and the introduction of a new complementary protection/humanitarian visa for those persons who have trafficked and who are unable to participate in a criminal investigation or prosecution where there are factors of a compassionate or compelling nature. In November 2008, the Australian government released its 457 Integrity Review containing a significant number of recommendations to improve subclass 457 visas and overcome latent workplace discrimination. Subclass 457 visas relate to the Australian temporary skilled migration program. As noted in Trafficking of women for sexual purposes the Office of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions has of 31 January 2008, received briefs of evidence from the Australian Federal Police concerning 29 defendants alleged to have committed trafficking offences. In its June 2008 annual report the AFP reported that since 1 January 2004, it has undertaken more than 150 assessments and investigations of allegations of trafficking-related offences including slavery, deceptive recruiting and/or sexual servitude. There were also two investigations where labour exploitation was the primary criminal conduct. These investigations have led to 34 people being charged with trafficking-related offences. As of 1 October 2008 of the 34 people charged with trafficking related offences there has been only two cases involving the charges of trafficking in person under the federal Criminal Code and to date, there has been only one conviction under Australia’s trafficking offences, Mr Keith Dobie. This is due in part to the fact that the relevant offences were introduced into the federal Criminal Code in 2005. Prior to their enactment, a number of trafficking and trafficking-related cases were prosecuted under sexual slavery and servitude offences which came into operation in 1999. Cases can extend over a long period of time; for example in Queen v Wei Tang [2008<nowiki>]</nowiki> HCA 39, the defendant Wei Tang was first arrested in 2003 for sexual servitude and was found guilty in August 2008, following appeals to higher courts. Likewise investigations can be long, complex and resource-intensive. The Melbourne AFP Transnational Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking Team (TSETT]) unit reports that between July 2005 and February 2006, they dedicated 2,976 hours of police time to a particular trafficking operation. This is in addition to the time applied by the other teams involved. The operation included identifying key evidence from 27,000 telephone intercepts, many of which were in a foreign language. Mr Rasalingam, an Indian restaurant owner in Glenbrook in the Blue Mountains near Sydney, was charged with trafficking offences under the Criminal Code (Cth). He was accused of bringing another man from his home town in southern India to Australia and forcing him to work seven days a week, sometimes more than 15 hours a day. During the trial, the victim testified that upon arrival in Australia, his passport and airline ticket were taken away from him, he was forced to sleep on the floor, and was told that he would be deported if he complained to the authorities. Mr Rasalingam was charged with trafficking a person (s271.2(1B)) and with intentionally exercising control over a slave, (s270.3(1)(d)). The jury found him not guilty on both counts. Keith Dobie was charged on 19 July 2006 with trafficking in persons, presenting false information to an immigration officer, and dealing in the proceeds of crime. Initially pleading not guilty he changed his plea to guilty and was sentenced for 5 years imprisonment. Mr Dobie is the first person in Australia to", "to work seven days a week, sometimes more than 15 hours a day. During the trial, the victim testified that upon arrival in Australia, his passport and airline ticket were taken away from him, he was forced to sleep on the floor, and was told that he would be deported if he complained to the authorities. Mr Rasalingam was charged with trafficking a person (s271.2(1B)) and with intentionally exercising control over a slave, (s270.3(1)(d)). The jury found him not guilty on both counts. Keith Dobie was charged on 19 July 2006 with trafficking in persons, presenting false information to an immigration officer, and dealing in the proceeds of crime. Initially pleading not guilty he changed his plea to guilty and was sentenced for 5 years imprisonment. Mr Dobie is the first person in Australia to be convicted for these trafficking offences. On 7 January 2009 Mr Dobie sought leave to appeal the length of his sentence. The prosecution argued that between 28 November 2005 and 17 April 2006 he was directly involved in the deceptive recruitment of at least two Thai women and was possibly preparing to bring further women from Thailand to Australia. Emails sent between the women and Mr Dobie suggest that the women had previously worked in the sex industry in Thailand and were aware of the fact that they would be working as sex workers in Australia, but were deceived about the conditions of their stay and employment. After the death of a Thai citizen (Ms Simaplee) in Villawood detention centre on 26 September 2001, the Deputy Coroner found that in September 2001 immigration officers detained Ms Simaplee following a raid on a Sydney brothel in Riley Street, Surry Hills. While the Deputy Coroner, Carl Milovanovich, was unable to confirm her history of sexual slavery, this being outside his jurisdiction, he was concerned enough to urge law enforcement authorities to address the trafficking of women into prostitution with 'vigour and appropriate resources'. Three days later she died in an observation cell while being treated by detention centre staff for heroin withdrawal. He also recommended that the Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship and Australasian Correctional Management (ACM) facilities work together in identifying, assessing and providing the appropriate medical, community and translator services to women who might be identified as being victims of trafficking. Queen v Wei Tang [2008] HCA 39 High Court held that the prosecution did not need to prove that the defendant knew or believed that the women were slaves. The critical powers the defendant exercised were the power to make each woman an object of purchase, the capacity to use the women in a substantially unrestricted manner for the duration of their contracts, the power to control and restrict their movements, and the power to use their services without commensurate compensation. It was held that the prosecution had made out the required elements of the offences. Sieders v R; Yotchomchin v R [2008<nowiki>]</nowiki> NSWCCA 187. This case involved direct police-to-police cooperation, where the AFP acted in cooperation with the Royal Thai Police to simultaneously execute warrants of arrest in Australia and Thailand. The defendants were charged under the Commonwealth Criminal Code and convicted for conducting a business involving the sexual servitude of others, namely four Thai women who were subject to debt contracts of around $45,000 each. Sieders was sentenced to a maximum of four years imprisonment and Yotchomchin was sentenced to a maximum of five years. The defendants attempt to appeal their conviction and sentence was dismissed by the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal. With the Court holding at 95 that the ‘definition of sexual servitude [in the Commonwealth Criminal Code] … is concerned only with a very specific respect in which there is a limitation on the freedom of action of the person in question. A person can be free to do a multitude of different things, but if she is not free to cease providing sexual services, or not free to leave the place or area where she provides sexual services, she will, if the other condition of the section is met, be in sexual servitude’. Other Cases: Trafficking in persons crimes have also been detected outside of the sex industry. In practice, these crimes tend to be referred to as \"labour trafficking\" or (non-sex industry) labour trafficking (reflecting the fact that sex work is either legal or decriminalized in most States and Territories). An Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) report on Labour Trafficking, launched in November 2010 by the Minister for Home Affairs, examines “what is known about labour trafficking in Australia, based on incidences of reported crimes, but also by drawing on information about unreported crime. It provides an assessment about the known or likely incidence of trafficking in persons that can occur in the agricultural, cleaning, hospitality, construction and manufacturing industries, or in less formal sectors such as domestic work and home-help.” The research suggests “the existence of under-reporting, but a lack of awareness among a wide variety of ‘front line’ agencies and service providers that certain exploitative practices in a work context are in fact criminal under Australian law.” The research confirms that while the precise size of the labour trafficking problem remains unknown, there have been instances of unreported and/or unrecognised labour trafficking. The report gives examples of cases involving domestic workers, and workers in other sectors such as construction, manufacturing and agriculture. The report also noted that many participants interviewed for the research, including those working directly on anti-trafficking issues, were unsure where to draw the line between “bad work” and criminal conduct such as labour trafficking, and other participants were noticeably unaware that Australia’s anti-trafficking laws could apply beyond to contexts outside the sex industry. The research notes that cases of unreported labour trafficking exist in an environment of broader unlawful conduct perpetrated against migrant workers in Australia. As such, it is important for the anti-trafficking response to consider not only the most extreme instances in isolation, but also the broader environment that is arguably the breeding ground for more severe criminal conduct. The research raises a number of issues relating to law reform. In particular, the research recommends ensuring: laws are clear, simple and relevant, through a focus on forced labour, servitude and other forms of labour-related forms of exploitation, and expanding criminal laws to cover lower threshold of exploitation, such as abuse of vulnerability for gain. The report also notes the importance of building community awareness of this crime type particularly amongst front line service providers in the labour sector. According to research conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology in 2008 on the trafficking of women to Australia for the purpose of sexual exploitation, sources of information leading to trafficking investigations and referrals to the Australian Federal Police have occurred where: 1. The suspected victim of trafficking called 000 (Emergency Services), which occurred in Commonwealth DPP v Xu [2005] NSWSC 191; 2. The suspected victims of trafficking have sought help from their embassy in Australia; 3. The suspected victims of trafficking sought help from the front desk of the local police station; 4. The suspected victims of trafficking have sought help from brothel clients; o In Sieders v R; Yotchomchin v R [2008] NSWCCA 187 the victim sought help from a client, who then reported the matter to DIAC’s Immigration Dob-in Line. o In Commonwealth DPP v Xu [2005] NSWSC 191, the alleged victim reported having sought help from several clients; none appeared to have reported the matter to the authorities. However, one ex-client provided the", "Police have occurred where: 1. The suspected victim of trafficking called 000 (Emergency Services), which occurred in Commonwealth DPP v Xu [2005] NSWSC 191; 2. The suspected victims of trafficking have sought help from their embassy in Australia; 3. The suspected victims of trafficking sought help from the front desk of the local police station; 4. The suspected victims of trafficking have sought help from brothel clients; o In Sieders v R; Yotchomchin v R [2008] NSWCCA 187 the victim sought help from a client, who then reported the matter to DIAC’s Immigration Dob-in Line. o In Commonwealth DPP v Xu [2005] NSWSC 191, the alleged victim reported having sought help from several clients; none appeared to have reported the matter to the authorities. However, one ex-client provided the victim with practical assistance, in the form of a place to stay, once she was on her own in the Australian community; and, 5. The suspicion of the state police was aroused as a result of proactive investigative activities of the illegal sex industry. The purpose of the National Roundtable on People Trafficking (NRPT) is to strengthen Australia’s response to people trafficking through a partnership between the Commonwealth Government and NGOs. The NRPT will seek to prevent trafficking, protect victims and prosecute offenders. In March 2009, the NRPT launched Guidelines for Working with Trafficked People. This publication consists of 10 guidelines developed by NGOs to assist NGOs and government organisations in their work with trafficked people, namely: 1. Understand and protect the rights of trafficked people 2. Always act to protect people’s safety 3. Negotiate informed consent 4. Provide appropriate referral information 5. Protect privacy and confidentiality 6. Provide culturally appropriate services 7. Provide professional and ethical services 8. Know how to respond to subpoenas and other requests for information 9. Know how to support witnesses in court proceedings 10. Recognise families and children have special needs The guidelines also have a referral guide providing contact details of anti-trafficking NGOs and government organizations. The Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons (ARTIP) Project is a $21 million program funded over 5 years that directly contributes to preventing human trafficking in the Asia Region. The purpose of the Project is to promote a more effective and coordinated approach to people trafficking by criminal justice systems of governments in the Asia region. ARTIP began in August 2006. ARTIP was launched in August 2006, initially as an Australian partnership with Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Burma. Indonesia added in August 2007. Australia's contribution of A$22.8 million to the overall program is supporting the Government of the Philippines to implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child through a national 'Child-Friendly Movement' (CFM). The program helps communities in their effort to provide universal immunisation, pre-natal care, child growth monitoring, education and child protection. The child protection component focuses on the needs of children in armed conflict areas, and protecting children against trafficking. Partnerships are developed with local government and capacity building is provided for caregivers working with at-risk children to improve professional responses to child protection issues. Since 1997, Australia has supported activities under the HRTC to help strengthen the promotion, protection and administration of human rights in China. Between 2002 and 2005 this included a series of training activities and workshops for officials and community-level workers on practical methods to combat trafficking of women and children, focused in the provinces of Guizhou and Sichuan. Among the activities supported was a regional anti-trafficking workshop involving officials from Vietnam and Thailand. The HRTC has also supported many other activities in the legal reform and justice sector and women’s rights. Issues addressed have included penitentiary reform (including reform in juvenile justice), training on criminal procedures and a series of workshops on domestic violence. The goal of this project is to improve the capacity of referral agencies to support and reintegrate suspected victims of trafficking who return from Australia to Thailand. Initially the project will work with Thai agencies and NGOs to improve their ability to receive and care for returning Thais and others. The project will also work to improve their ability to monitor the reintegration of victims and to investigate and prosecute traffickers (who could be Australian or other nationalities). Project outputs include a common operational framework for government and non-government agencies working on these issues in Thailand. Outputs will also include an information package on services available for victims once they return to Thailand and information brochures available in Bangkok airport. This project is part of the Australian Government's $20 million initiative against people trafficking announced in October 2003. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) will manage the project. In October 2008 the Australian Government announced $1 million to be provided to four non-government organisations, the Anti-Slavery Project, the Scarlett Alliance, the Australian Catholic Religious Against Trafficking in Humans and Project Respect. In October 2006, the Victorian Government announced funding for a state-based support program for victims of trafficking. The program is designed to assist victims of trafficking who need support but are not eligible for the Commonwealth program. This might include, for example, victims of trafficking who do not want to talk to the police, or victims of trafficking who may have talked to the police but have been unable to assist a current investigation. The program includes emergency accommodation and support services. Human trafficking in Australia Human trafficking in Australia is illegal under" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Engineering technologist An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects of development and implementation of a respective area of technology. Engineering technology education is even more \"applied\" and less theoretical than engineering science education, though in a broad sense both have a focus on practical application. Engineering Technologists often assist professional engineers but after years of experience they can also lead engineers. Like engineers, areas where engineering technologists work can include product design (including improvement), fabrication, and testing. Also as with engineers, engineering technologists sometimes rise to senior management positions in industry, or become entrepreneurs. Engineering technology often overlaps with many of the same general areas (e.g. design/development, testing), but the focus is even more on application than in engineering science (which is, in a somewhat different sense, also about application of science). Technologists are more likely than engineers to focus on (post-development) implementation or operation of a technology but this is not a strict rule as Technologists often do design original concepts. The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) in the USA summarizes the distinction as being that engineers are trained more with conceptual skills to \"function as designers,\" while technologists \"apply others' designs.\" The mathematics and sciences, as well as other technical courses, in \"technology\" programs, tend to be taught with more application-based examples, whereas \"engineering\" coursework provides a more theoretical foundation in math and science (because those are the very subjects that engineers apply directly). Moreover, engineering coursework tends to require higher-level mathematics, including calculus and beyond, as well as more extensive knowledge of the natural sciences applied in design, which also serve to prepare students for research (whether in graduate studies, or industrial R&D). Engineering technology courses generally have more labs associated with their undergraduate courses that require hands-on application of the studied topics. Technologists are employed in a wide array of industries and areas - including product development, manufacturing, technology operation, and maintenance. They may be managers, depending on the technologist's experience, and educational emphasis on management. Entry-level positions relating in various ways to product design, testing, product development, systems development, field engineering, technical operations, and quality control are common for engineering technology graduates. In general, the work of engineering technologists focuses more often on practical application of engineered products and processes\" for a range of purposes, whereas the work of engineers emphasizes application of math and science\" for design/development purposes (in ways that tend to require a more extensive theoretical foundation of mathematics and the natural sciences). The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) describes the difference between engineering and engineering technology as follows: The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) summarizes engineering technology as \"the application of scientific and engineering knowledge and methods combined with technical skills in support of engineering activities; it lies in the occupational spectrum between the craftsman and the engineer at the end of the spectrum closest to the engineer.\" In addition, ABET has stated: \"Engineering and technology are separate, but intimately related professions. Here are some of the ways they differ: Engineers generally focus more on conceptual design and product development, while technologists are more likely to work in testing, fabrication/construction, or field work. Of course, those areas overlap considerably (e.g., testing and fabrication are often integral to the overall product development process, and can involve engineers as well as technologists). In 2012, The Journal of Engineering Technology, published results that show \"that a very broad range of engineering companies operating across the full spectrum of engineering services and products, baccalaureate engineering technology graduates are operating as engineers. Moreover, these graduates function in many engineering roles equally as well as their contemporaries from engineering.\" Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, some post-secondary institutions in the U.S.and Canada began offering degrees in engineering technology, focusing on applied study rather than the more theoretical engineering science degrees. The focus on applied study addressed a need within the scientific, manufacturing, and engineering communities, as well as other industries, for professionals with hands-on and applications-based engineering knowledge. Depending on the institution, associate's and/or bachelor's degrees are offered, with some institutions also offering advanced degrees in technology. In general, an engineering technologist receives a broad range of applied science and applied mathematics training, as well as the fundamentals of engineering in the student's area of focus. Engineering technology programs typically include instruction in various engineering support functions for research, production, and operations, and applications to specific engineering specialties. Information technology is primarily involved with the management, operation, and maintenance of computer systems and networks, along with an application of technology in diverse fields such as architecture, engineering, graphic design, telecommunications, computer science and network security. A technologist is also expected to have had some coursework in ethics. International technology organizations from eight nations have signed a mutual recognition agreement called the Sydney Accord, which represents an understanding that the academic awards of technologists can be recognized in all signatory states. The recognition of the Sydney Accord for technologists can be compared to the Washington Accord for engineers and the Dublin Accord for engineering technicians. The Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum is an international forum held by signatories of the Sydney Accord to explore mutual recognition for experienced engineering technologists and to remove artificial barriers to the free movement and practice of engineering technologists amongst their countries. Graduates acquiring an associate degree or lower typically find careers as engineering technicians. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: \"Many four-year colleges offer bachelor's degrees in engineering technology, and graduates of these programs are hired to work as entry-level electrical or electronics engineers or applied engineers, but not technicians.\" Technicians typically hold a two-year associate degree, while technologists likewise hold a bachelor's degrees. Internationally, the Sydney Accord is an agreement signed in 2001 acknowledging the academic equivalence of accredited engineering technology programs in the signatory nations. In some countries, only those individuals who have graduated from an accredited curriculum in engineering technology and have a significant amount of work experience in their field may become registered technologists. A technologist's recognition may be in the form of a certification or a professional registration. In Canada, the new occupational category of \"technologist\" was established in the 1960s in conjunction with an emerging system of community colleges and technical institutes. It was designed to effectively bridge the gap between the increasingly theoretical nature of engineering science degrees and the predominantly practical approach of technician and trades programs. Provincial associations may certify individuals as a Professional Technologist (P.Tech), Certified Engineering Technologist", "only those individuals who have graduated from an accredited curriculum in engineering technology and have a significant amount of work experience in their field may become registered technologists. A technologist's recognition may be in the form of a certification or a professional registration. In Canada, the new occupational category of \"technologist\" was established in the 1960s in conjunction with an emerging system of community colleges and technical institutes. It was designed to effectively bridge the gap between the increasingly theoretical nature of engineering science degrees and the predominantly practical approach of technician and trades programs. Provincial associations may certify individuals as a Professional Technologist (P.Tech), Certified Engineering Technologist (C.E.T.), Registered Engineering Technologist (R.E.T.), Applied Science Technologist (AScT) or Technologue Professionel [T.P.]. These provincial associations are constituent members of the Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists (CCTT), which nationally accredits technology programs across Canada through its Canadian Technology Accreditation Board (CTAB). Nationally accredited engineering technology programs range from two to three years in length, depending on the province, often containing as many classroom hours as a 4-year degree program. In the United States, the hierarchy of educational structure and acknowledgement start at the U.S. Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). The U.S. Department of Education acknowledges regional and national accreditations, and CHEA recognizes specialty accreditations. Two technology accreditations are currently recognized by CHEA: The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) and the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). Specifically, CHEA recognizes ABET internationally and in the U.S. for accrediting engineering technology programs at the associate and baccalaureate level. CHEA also recognizes ATMAE for accrediting associate, baccalaureate, and master's degree programs in technology, applied technology, engineering technology, and technology-related disciplines delivered by national or regional accredited institutions in the United States. (2011). ABET has been accrediting engineering technology programs in the United States since 1946, with a total of over 600 programs at more than 230 institutions. In response to heavy demand, ABET began accrediting engineering technology programs internationally in 2007. Depending on the institution, associate's and/or bachelor's degrees are offered, with a few institutions also offering advanced degrees. The type, length, and quality of education offered can vary greatly depending on the educational institution and the specialty pursued within engineering technology. ATMAE-accredited engineering technology programs require a management core. The Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC) of Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology was admitted as a provisional member of International Technology Accords in 2007, and it signed the Sydney Accord in 2009. Other U.S. Secretary of Education and CHEA-recognized accrediting agencies in the U.S.—(such as the Distance Education and Training Council (DETC) Accrediting Council and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS)—accredit colleges and universities with programs leading to bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering and engineering technologies. The publication of the US Department of Education and the National Science Foundation known as Mapping The World of Education indicates that an engineering technologist degree is at the same academic level (60) as an ABET/EAC engineering degree. Professional certification is the registration of engineering technologists to assure their qualification within their countries or territories. The Sydney Accord and the Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum (ETMF) are two international efforts to improve cross-border recognition for technologists. A certified engineering technologist is usually required to apprentice for a term before being able to apply for certification through a local governing body. In that time, the technologist must have completed tasks which directly apply to his or her area of study. In Canada, the regulated title for technologists is Certified Engineering Technologist. Technology program accreditation is administered through the Canadian Technology Accreditation Board (CTAB), often in conjunction with provincial associations affiliated with the Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists. Graduated technologists are certified by their provincial bodies. In the United States, technologist certification requires a bachelor's degree in an engineering technology program accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ETAC/ABET). One may also obtain a degree from an institution accredited through The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (formerly known as the National Association of Industrial Technology). Technologist registration in the United States is conducted by many independent societies and organizations. A government-sponsored registration is opposed by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) and NSPE. As a result, the profession is often not seen as an independent field separate from design engineering. The National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies (NICET) awards certification at two levels depending on work experience: the Associate Engineering Technologist (AT) and the Certified Engineering Technologist (CT). The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) awards two levels of certification in technology management: Certified Technology Manager (CTM) and Certified Senior Technology Manager (CSTM). ATMAE also awards two levels of certification in manufacturing specialist: Certified Manufacturing Specialist (CMS) and Certified Senior Manufacturing Specialist (CSMS). While the CTM and CMS certification are obtained through examination, the CSTM and CSMS require industry experience and continuous improvement via the obtainment of professional development units (PDUs). American Society of Certified Engineering Technicians (ASCET) is a membership organization that issues Certified Member certifications to engineering technicians and engineering technologists. Professional engineers are issued Registered Member certification. The United Kingdom has a decades-long tradition of producing engineering technologists via the apprenticeship system of learning. U.K. engineering technologists have always been designated as \"engineers\". The term \"engineer\" in the UK is used to describe the entire range of skilled worker, and professionals from trades people through to the highly educated Chartered Engineer. In fact up until the 1960s professional engineers in the UK were often referred to as \"Technologists\" to distinguish them from scientists, technicians and craftsmen. The modern term for an engineering technologist is \"incorporated engineer\" (IEng), although since 2000 the normal route to achieving IEng is with a Bachelors or Honours Degree in engineering. Modern technical apprenticeships would normally lead to the EngTech professional qualification and with further studies at higher apprenticeship level an IEng. Since 2015 the UK government (UCAS) has introduced engineering degree (Bachelors and Masters) apprenticeships. The title \"incorporated engineer\" is protected by civil law. Prior to the title \"incorporated engineer\", U.K. technologists were known as \"technician engineers\" a designation introduced in the 1960s. In the United Kingdom, an incorporated engineer is accepted as a \"professional engineer\", registered by the Engineering Council, although", "modern term for an engineering technologist is \"incorporated engineer\" (IEng), although since 2000 the normal route to achieving IEng is with a Bachelors or Honours Degree in engineering. Modern technical apprenticeships would normally lead to the EngTech professional qualification and with further studies at higher apprenticeship level an IEng. Since 2015 the UK government (UCAS) has introduced engineering degree (Bachelors and Masters) apprenticeships. The title \"incorporated engineer\" is protected by civil law. Prior to the title \"incorporated engineer\", U.K. technologists were known as \"technician engineers\" a designation introduced in the 1960s. In the United Kingdom, an incorporated engineer is accepted as a \"professional engineer\", registered by the Engineering Council, although the term \"professional engineer\" has no legal meaning in the U.K., and there are no restrictions on practice. In fact, anyone in the U.K. can call themselves an \"engineer\" or \"professional engineer\" without any qualifications or proven competencies in engineering, and most U.K. skilled trades are sometimes referred to as \"professional\" or \"accredited\" engineers. Examples are \"Registered Gas Engineer\" (gas installer) or \"Professional Telephone Engineer\" (phone line installer or fault diagnosis). Incorporated engineers are recognized internationally through the Sydney Accord academic agreement as engineering technologists. One of the professional titles for engineers in the United Kingdom, recognized in the Washington Accord is the chartered engineer. The incorporated engineer is a professional engineer as declared by the Engineering Council of the United Kingdom, and the European definition as demonstrated by the prescribed title under 2005/36/EC as an \"engineer\". The incorporated engineer operates autonomously and directs activities independently. They do not necessarily need the support of chartered engineers because they are often acknowledged as full engineers in the U.K. (but not in Canada or the U.S.). The United Kingdom incorporated engineer may also contribute to the design of new products and systems. The chartered engineer and incorporated engineer are recognized as broadly comparable in stature, but with separate functions. As a result, the chartered and incorporated engineer are placed under the same directive, 2005/36/EC. The incorporated engineer can practice autonomously without the oversight of a chartered engineer. Incorporated engineers currently require an IEng accredited bachelors or honours degree in engineering (prior to 1997 the B.Sc. and B.Eng. degrees satisfied the academic requirements for \"chartered engineer\" registration), a Higher National Certificate or diploma, City and Guilds higher diploma / Full Technological Cert Diploma or a Foundation Degree in engineering, plus appropriate further learning to degree level or an NVQ4 or SVQ4 approved for the purpose by a licensed engineering institution. The academic requirements must be accompanied by the appropriate peer reviewed experience in employment-typical 4 years post qualification. In addition to the experience and academic requirements, the engineering candidate must have three referees (themselves CEng or IEng) that vouch for the performance of the individual being considered for professional recognition. There are a number of alternative ways to achieve IEng status for those that do not have the necessary qualifications for applicants, that can clearly show they have achieved the same level as those with qualifications, including: The title 'state-certified engineer BVT' is awarded to qualified engineering technologists (staatlich gepruefter Techniker) by the Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V. (\"Association of Higher Professions for Technology and Design\") or BVT, conditional on two years of professional experience, current BVT membership and payment of an administration fee. The engineering technologist is a vocational, continuous professional development non-academic but equivalent qualification, awarded after successfully passing state examinations governed by German federal rules. To be eligible for the engineering technologist examination, candidates must fulfill the following requirements: completion of one of the school systems (Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium), an apprenticeship of at least two years duration, one year of completed professional work experience and attendance of a taught programme with a course load of 2400–3000 hours, usually completed within two years in full-time or 3.5 – 4 years part-time at vocational colleges. As of January 2012, the state-certified engineer/engineering technologist was allocated to level 6 of the European Qualifications Framework, equivalent to undergraduate degrees (Bachelor's level). Furthermore, the engineering technologist constitutes an advanced entry qualification for German universities and in principal permits entry into any undergraduate academic degree program. The engineering technologist/state-certified engineer should not be confused with academically qualified engineers, which previously graduated from Universities as Diplom-Ingenieur (Diploma in Engineering) and following the Bologna process with BEng + MEng degrees. As of January 31, 2012, state certified engineers, state certified business managers, and state certified designers are at level 6-Bachelor on the DQF and EQF. The qualifications more than a decade ago were entered into EU Directives as recognized regulated professions in Germany and the EU. Annexes C and D were added to Council Directive 92/51/EEC on a second general system for the recognition of professional education and training to supplement Directive 89/48/EEC. Top institutions involved included the federal government (the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology), EU Standing Conference and Economic Ministerial Meeting of Countries, the German Confederation of Hand-plant, the Confederation of German Employers' Associations, German Chambers of Industry and Commerce, Confederation of German Trade Unions, and Federal Institute for Vocational Application. These government institutions agreed on a common position on the implementation of the EQF and a German qualifications framework (DQR). European Union law and other documents considered to be public include: The qualifications framework requires: \"regulated courses for the professions of state-certified ('staatlich gepruefte(r)') technician/engineer ('Techniker(in)'), business economist (business manager), ('Betriebswirt(in)'), designer ('Gestalter(in)') and family assistant ('Familiepfleger(in)'), of a total duration not less than 16 years, a prerequisite of which is successful completion of compulsory schooling or equivalent education and training (of a duration of not less than nine years) and successful completion of a course at a trade school ('Berufsschule') of a duration of not less than three years and comprising, upon completion of at least two years of work experience, full-time education and training of a duration of not less than two years or part-time education and training of equivalent duration.\" The international engineering technologist (IntET) qualification was launched in late 2007 by the Engineering Technologists Mobility Forum (ETMF), which is part of the International Engineering Alliance (IEA). The qualification is awarded by each member jurisdiction followed by a jurisdictional identifier, such as IntET (UK) for the U.K. In addition to the benefits gained through IEng professional qualification (an eligibility requirement), IntET (UK) offers additional benefits, including letters after name (such as \"J. Smith IEng IntET (UK)\") and easier admission to National Registers of IntET register member jurisdictions. The Engineering Council and its fellow ETMF members are pursuing the possibility of future mutual recognition of professional", "and training of equivalent duration.\" The international engineering technologist (IntET) qualification was launched in late 2007 by the Engineering Technologists Mobility Forum (ETMF), which is part of the International Engineering Alliance (IEA). The qualification is awarded by each member jurisdiction followed by a jurisdictional identifier, such as IntET (UK) for the U.K. In addition to the benefits gained through IEng professional qualification (an eligibility requirement), IntET (UK) offers additional benefits, including letters after name (such as \"J. Smith IEng IntET (UK)\") and easier admission to National Registers of IntET register member jurisdictions. The Engineering Council and its fellow ETMF members are pursuing the possibility of future mutual recognition of professional titles, which would further enhance the benefits of IntET qualification. The IntET (UK) qualification is open to U.K.-registered incorporated engineers who have met the requirements: seven years post-graduate experience, two years responsibility of significant engineering work, and maintaining continuing professional development. Incorporated engineers who do not hold an accredited degree recognised under the Sydney Accord, or equivalent academic qualification, are currently not eligible to apply for IntET (UK) qualification. Engineering technologist An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects of development and implementation of a respective area of technology. Engineering technology education is even more \"applied\" and less theoretical than engineering science education, though in a broad sense both have a focus on practical application. Engineering Technologists often assist professional engineers but after years of experience they can also lead engineers. Like engineers, areas where engineering technologists work can include product design (including improvement), fabrication, and testing. Also as with engineers, engineering technologists sometimes rise to senior management positions in industry, or become" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "JK Flesh JK Flesh is a moniker of English musician Justin Broadrick employed for his solo work within \"heavy\" or \"brutal\" electronica music. Broadrick's usage of the title spans back to his work in the 1990s with Kevin Martin in Techno Animal, but he first released a solo studio album as JK Flesh in 2012. Unlike Broadrick's most well-known projects, Godflesh and Jesu, his work as JK Flesh is electronic and (apart from \"Posthuman\") lacks metal riffs. Over the years, the project has shifted into a more minimal and dub sound while retaining its industrial influences. As JK Flesh, Broadrick has released three studio albums, five EPs, a split album with Prurient, and a number of remixes. In the early 1990s, Justin Broadrick became interested in producing hip hop and drum and bass music. While this influence is felt in some of his more prominent releases, like in Godflesh's 1991 EP \"Slavestate\" and 1992 album \"Pure\", Broadrick fully explored these genres privately in a solo capacity or incorporated the work into his collaborative projects such as Techno Animal with Kevin Martin. A few of these experiments saw release within various compilation albums, others such as his short lived projects Tech-Level 2 and Youpho saw releases on British jungle label Hardleaders. Broadrick himself briefly ran a minimal techno label in the late 90s called Lo Fibre through which he released EPs of his projects Solaris B.C. with Diarmuid Dalton and The Sidewinder with Martin. A portion of this material was rereleased compiled under the name \"The Lo Fibre Companion\" (1998) on Invisible Records. Broadrick and Dalton would later play together in Jesu and release three albums together as Council Estate Electronics, an analog synthesizer project inspired by Shard End where they grew up in. In 2009 Broadrick compiled some of the JK Flesh tracks he created from 1997 to 1999 in an album named \"From Hell\" released under the title Krackhead, but it wasn't until 2012 that he fully embarked on the project. In an interview, Broadrick estimated around 17,000 electronic tracks that had created between 1990 and 2012 and were sitting in his archives. Regarding JK Flesh's inception, Broadrick said: JK Flesh was also conceived as the antithesis of Broadrick's more melodically driven electronica project Pale Sketcher, with JK Flesh constituting \"the angry, hateful, disenchanted side of [...] electronic beat-driven, bass-driven music\". It is also an \"electronic continuation\" of Greymachine (his project with Aaron Turner from the band Isis), a \"monolith of nasty, bloated sounding shit\". As a project for Broadrick to fully explore niche areas of electronic and dub music, JK Flesh eschews many conventions that he and his listeners had become used to. The project's debut album, \"Posthuman\" (2012), still features heavily downtuned guitars, thick distortion, and a bleak mood–aspects all common in Broadrick's other music–but the beats are less industrial and more dance- and techno-oriented. The heavy guitars ultimately weren't his \"long term [...] vision for [the] project\" though, and were instead added based on the label's suggestion. JK Flesh's following releases ventured further into extreme distortion and drum and bass with the \"Nothing Is Free\" EP (2015) and the second album, \"Rise Above\" (2016). The EPs \"Exit Stance\" (2017) and \"PI04\" (2018) adopted a more purely techno sound. Following another EP in 2018 titled \"Wasplike\", JK Flesh's third studio album, \"New Horizon\", was released on 28 September 2018. Broadrick's electronic work was informed by the early rave parties he attended in the early 90s seeing Jeff Mills, Robert Hood, Plastikman and Aphex Twin as well as his friendship with fellow Brummie Karl O'Connor better known as Regis, the head of Downwards Records. Broadrick also went on to call Dillinja his \"favorite producer of filthy bass and cutting breakbeats, absolutely direct, textures unlike any, the ultimate DnB producer\". Broadrick has also credited Moritz von Oswald's dub techno projects Basic Channel and Maurizio as well as his record label Chain Reaction as a main infuence on JK Flesh. JK Flesh's sound has also been compared to Andy Stott and Ancient Methods. JK Flesh JK Flesh is a moniker of English musician Justin Broadrick employed for his solo work within \"heavy\" or \"brutal\" electronica music. Broadrick's usage of the" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "KILT (AM) KILT (610 AM, \"SportsRadio 610\") is a Sports/Talk formatted radio station in Houston, Texas. The station is currently owned by Entercom. KILT shares its call sign with its sister station KILT-FM 100.3 FM, which airs a country music radio format. Its studios are located in the Greenway Plaza district, and its transmitter is located on West Road, between Ella Boulevard and the Interstate 45 North Freeway, near Greenspoint in unincorporated Harris County. KILT is the flagship station of the NFL's Houston Texans and the MLS' Houston Dynamo. It has aired every Texans game since the team's inception into the league in 2002. 610 AM signed on the air on March 8, 1948. It was owned by W. Albert Lee. As such, the new station obtained KLEE calls when it debuted. On March 27, 1957, 610 was sold by Howard Broadcasting to Gordon McLendon, and the Top 40 legend was born. The station took on the calls of KILT in a tip of the hat to McLendon and for 24 years, was the Top 40 station in Houston, simply named the \"Big 610 KILT\". It used PAMS jingles that featured the call letters being sung out over the air. On February 16, 1981, sister station KILT-FM dropped album rock for country during the \"Urban Cowboy\" craze that swept through Houston, and the United States in general. Having competition from KRBE and KRLY on the FM dial and losing ratings dramatically, on June 1, 1981, 610 dropped its famed Top 40 format for a simulcast of their FM sister station KILT-FM, then known as \"FM 100\". (Ironically, it would be longtime KILT AM competitor 79 KULF that would, just over a year later in July 1982, relaunch itself as Top 40 \"79Q\" KKBQ and soar to the top of the radio ratings, spawning the legendary \"AM & FM Stereo Combo\" that topped Houston ratings throughout the next decade after KILT threw in the towel and flipped its format to country.) The current sports-talk format debuted in September 1994. KILT has been the top-rated sports-talk format many times since its inception, with only a few brief exceptions. KILT's main competition is, as it has historically been, 790 AM (now KBME), which has also aired Sports Talk programming since 2004. Before KBME moved from Adult Standards, KILT was the only sports station in the Houston market and was the radio home for the Houston Rockets, Texans, and Comets franchises. In recent years, KILT lost the rights to air Houston Rockets basketball games to KBME, and the WNBA Comets folded; however, KILT still outperforms KBME in most dayparts and in overall demographic ratings. KILT's most popular show is \"The Triple Threat\" which airs from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm Monday through Friday. The Triple Threat has consistently been one of the Top Rated sports talk shows in Houston. The show is hosted by Sean Pendergast, a five-time winner of the Jim Rome \"Smack-Off,\" and Rich Lord. Other popular shows on SportsRadio 610 include; In the Loop with John Lopez, Landry Locker, and Fred Davis, MadRadio with Mike Meltser, Paul Gallant, and ten year NFL veteran Seth Payne. On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th. Flagship station for the Houston Texans & Houston Dynamo In 2007, a lawsuit was filed by then morning show co-host John Granato against CBS. This ultimately led to Granato leaving 610 and starting a new station: 1560 The Game. Shortly thereafter, his co-host Lance Zierlein joined him. KILT (AM) KILT" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Ampol Ampol was a petrol company in Australia. It was first incorporated in 1936 in New South Wales to market petrol in its chain of service stations. In 1995, Ampol merged with Caltex to make Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd, which in 1997 became Caltex Australia Ltd, registered and based in Singapore. Ampol, the Australian Motorists Petrol Company, was incorporated by Sir William Gaston Walkley in 1936 in New South Wales. This was in response to Australians' concerns about perceived inequitable petrol pricing, and allegations of transfer pricing by foreign oil companies to limit their tax liabilities in Australia. Walkley, along with William Arthur O'Callaghan and George Hutchison, approached the NRMA and offered to help it form a company to market petrol. Whilst deciding not to officially sponsor an oil company, members of the NRMA's board sought investors. In early 1936, an advertisement was printed in the NRMA's periodical publicising the float of Ampol. The first delivery of oil was received at White Bay in December 1937 and, by 1939, Walkley had joined the board of Ampol as managing director. The company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 1948 and, in 1949, it changed its name to Ampol Petroleum Ltd. In 1965, Ampol's Lytton oil refinery in Brisbane, Queensland came on stream. Pioneer International purchased a 20% stake in Ampol in 1979. In 1982, Ampol purchased the marketing and refining assets of Total Australia Limited and changed its name to Ampol Limited. In 1988, Pioneer International acquired full ownership of Ampol. The following year, Pioneer purchased Solo Oil Limited, the largest independent retailer and distributor in Australia at that time. In May 1995, Caltex and Ampol merged petroleum refining and marketing assets to form Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd which, in 1997, became Caltex Australia Ltd. The Ampol brand remained in use for a number of years at some service stations, primarily in country areas where customer loyalty and strong brand-recognition are factors. Caltex Australia wanted to establish an overseas trading arm to enable the importation of gasoline into Australia. As Chevron Corporation already operate the Caltex brand overseas in areas like Singapore, Caltex Australia opted to name their Singaporean business after their former Australian business, Ampol. Ampol Ampol was a petrol company in Australia. It was first incorporated in 1936 in New South Wales to market petrol in its chain of service stations. In 1995, Ampol merged with Caltex to" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of True Grit, featuring an afterword by Donna Tartt to accompany the 2010 film adaptation. It reached #1 on The New York Times's Bestseller List on January 30, 2011. \n Mattie hears that Chaney has joined an outlaw gang led by the infamous \"Lucky\" Ned Pepper and wishes to track down the killer. Upon arriving at Fort Smith, she looks for the toughest deputy US Marshal in the district. That man turns out to be Reuben J. \"Rooster\" Cogburn, an aging, one-eyed, overweight, trigger-happy, hard-drinking man. Mattie is convinced that he has \"grit\" and that he is best suited for the job, due to his reputation for violence. \n True Grit is a 1968 novel by Charles Portis that was first published as a 1968 serial in The Saturday Evening Post. The novel is told from the perspective of a woman named Mattie Ross, who recounts the time when she was 14 and sought retribution for the murder of her father by a scoundrel named Tom Chaney. It is considered by some critics to be \"one of the great American novels.\" \n The novel was adapted for the screenplay of the 1969 film True Grit starring Kim Darby as Mattie Ross and John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn. In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen wrote and directed another film adaption of the same name, which starred Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn. \n As Mattie's tale begins, Chaney is employed on the Ross's family farm in West-Central Arkansas, near the town of Dardanelle in Yell County. Chaney is not adept as a farmhand, and Mattie has only scorn for him, referring to him as \"trash\" and noting that her kind-hearted father Frank only hired him out of pity. One day, Frank Ross and Chaney go to Fort Smith to buy some horses. Ross takes $250 with him to pay for the horses, along with two gold pieces that he always carried, but he ends up spending only $100 on the horses. Later, Ross tries to intervene in a barroom confrontation involving Chaney. Chaney kills him, robs the body of the remaining $150 and two gold pieces, and flees into Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) on his horse. \n True Grit Front cover of the 1968 Simon & Schuster hardback 1st edition of True Grit by Charles Portis. \n--- \nAuthor | Charles Portis \nCountry | United States \nLanguage | English \nGenre | Western \nPublisher | Simon & Schuster \nPublication date | 1968 \nMedia type | Print (hardcover) (paperback) \nPages | 215 \n In 1969, the book was adapted as a screenplay by Marguerite Roberts for the Western film True Grit directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Kim Darby as Mattie Ross, Robert Duvall as \"Lucky\" Ned Pepper, Glen Campbell as LaBoeuf, Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney, and John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn (a role that won John Wayne Best Actor at the Academy Awards). \n A film sequel, Rooster Cogburn, was produced from an original screenplay in 1975, with John Wayne reprising his role, and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams with him. The sequel was not well received, and the plot was considered a needless reworking of the plot of True Grit combined with elements of The African Queen. \n A made-for-television sequel aired in 1978 entitled True Grit:A Further Adventure and starring Warren Oates and Lisa Pelikan. The TV-movie featured more adventures of Rooster Cogburn and Mattie Ross. \n Together, but with very different motivations, the three ride into the wilderness to confront Ned Pepper's gang. Along the way, they develop an appreciation for one another. \n In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of True Grit. \n Playing on Cogburn's need for money, Mattie persuades him to take on the job, insisting that she accompany him as part of the bargain. During their preparation, a Texas Ranger named LaBoeuf appears. He has been tracking Chaney for four months for killing a senator and his dog in Texas, and he hopes to bring him back to Texas dead or alive for a cash reward. Cogburn and LaBoeuf take a dislike to each other, but after some haggling, they agree to join forces in the hunt, realizing that they can both benefit from each other's respective talents and knowledge. Once they reach a deal, the two men attempt to leave Mattie behind, but she proves more tenacious than they had expected. They repeatedly try to lose her, but she persists in following them and seeing her transaction with Marshal Cogburn through to the end. Eventually, she is jumped by Cogburn and LaBoeuf, who had hidden themselves from view, and LaBoeuf begins to spank Mattie. Mattie appeals to Cogburn and he orders LaBoeuf to stop. At this point, Mattie is allowed to join their posse. \n The novel is narrated by Mattie Ross, churchgoing elderly spinster distinguished by intelligence, independence, and strength of mind. She recounts the story of her adventures many years earlier, at 14, when she undertook a quest to avenge her father's death at the hands of a drifter named Tom Chaney. She is joined on her quest by Marshal Reuben J. \"Rooster\" Cogburn and a Texas Ranger named LaBoeuf (pronounced \"La-beef\"). \n In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen released another film adaptation of the novel, also entitled True Grit, with thirteen-year-old actress Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross, veteran actor Jeff Bridges playing Rooster Cogburn, Matt Damon as LaBoeuf, Barry Pepper as Lucky Ned, and Josh Brolin as Tom Chaney. Their version, focusing on Mattie's point of view, follows the novel more closely than the 1969 film. The Coen movie is shot in settings more typical of the novel. (The 1969 film was shot in the Colorado Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, while the 2010 film was shot in Santa Fe, New Mexico as well as Granger and Austin, Texas.)" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "V. M. Sudheeran V. M. Sudheeran (born 26 May 1948), former President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) and former Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly and Health Minister, is an active social and political leader in Kerala. He was born to V. S. Mama and Girija at a small village named Padiyam in Anthikad Panchayat of Thrissur district in Kerala. His wife is Latha Sudheeran. He has a son Sarin Sudheeran and a daughter. He was a Member of Parliament from the constituency of Alappuzha four times and a Member of Legislative Assembly from 1980-1996.He was elected to Kerala State Assembly many times from Manalur Constituency. Sudheeran started his political career through the Kerala Students Union (KSU), which he served as President from 1971 to 1973. He was elected President of the State Youth Congress in 1975 and continued in the position till 1977. He was elected to the 6th Lok Sabha in 1977 from Alapuzha. In 1980, he contested in the Kerala State Election and became a member of the Legislative Assembly. He remained so until 1996. He served as the Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1985 to 1987. In 1995, he was appointed Health Minister under Chief Minister A. K. Antony. In 1996, he sought election to the 11th Lok Sabha from Alappuzha and won again. He was re-elected from the same constituency again in 1998 and 1999. In 1999 he defeated the renowned Malayalam film Actor Murali with a considerable majority. In 2004 he lost to Dr. K. S. Manoj of the CPI(M). In 2009, he refused to contest in the elections despite persuasions from party leadership and various social circles, stating that younger politicians need to be given opportunities. In 2014 February 10 He was selected KPCC President by the High Command of Indian National Congress. He resigned from the post on 10 March 2017, owing to health reasons but it is widely speculated that his resignation is part of a massive organization revamp of the KPCC. V. M. Sudheeran V. M. Sudheeran (born 26 May 1948), former President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) and former Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly and Health Minister, is an active social and political leader in Kerala. He was born to V. S. Mama and Girija at a small village named Padiyam in Anthikad Panchayat of Thrissur district in Kerala. His wife is Latha Sudheeran. He" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Art cycling in Millstatt Art cycling in Millstatt (German: \"KUNSTradln in Millstatt\") is an international art exhibition in Millstatt am See (Carinthia/Austria). It takes the form of various art stations throughout Millstatt connected by a cycle route. The exhibition debuts 2018 from May 11 to October 28, and will be repeated in the following years. It has 25 stops at various locations in the community of Millstatt. These art stations form a loop through Millstatt, which can be visited by art-interested visitors, either walking or cycling the trail (hence the name \"Art cycling in Millstatt\"). Works by approximately 65 internationally known artists from Austria, Germany, United States, Switzerland, Croatia, Poland, Greece, South Korea and Guatemala are connected in the exhibition. For the first time, this exhibition concept also combines the various existing art and cultural institutions in Millstatt in a joint program. In addition, the concept opens up a number of new and sometimes unusual places in Millstatt as a presentation opportunity for modern art. The access to modern art at art museums, art exhibitions and art galleries is often characterized by the fact that only an art-interested and art-oriented audience is able or wanting to participate. The project \"Art cycling in Millstatt\" provides a low-threshold mediating of art as follows: There are 25 stations and 65 artists represented at the project. Stations Artists The artists are representing several areas of contemporary visual arts: Art cycling in Millstatt Art cycling in Millstatt (German: \"KUNSTradln in Millstatt\") is an international art exhibition in Millstatt am See (Carinthia/Austria). It takes the form of various art stations throughout Millstatt connected by a cycle route. The exhibition debuts 2018 from May 11 to October 28, and will be repeated in the following years. It has 25 stops at various locations in the community of" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Hamidiye (cavalry) The Hamidiye corps (literally meaning \"belonging to Hamid\", full official name \"Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları\", Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular mainly Sunni Kurdish, but also Turkish, Circassian, Turkmen Yörük and Arab cavalry formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Established by and named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1891, they were intended to be modeled after the Cossacks and were supposedly tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier. However, the \"Hamidiye\" were more often used by the Ottoman authorities to harass and assault Armenians living in Turkish Armenia. Even though the Ottomans intented to also include Arab and Turkmenian tribes in the cavalry, almost all the tribes that joined were Kurdish. A major role in the Armenian massacres of 1894-96 had been often ascribed to the \"Hamidiye\" regiments, particularly during the bloody suppression of the revolt of the Armenians of Sasun (1894), but recent research contends that the \"Hamidiye\" played a less important role than previously assumed. After Sultan Abdulhamids II reign the cavalry was not dissolved but given a new name, the Tribal Light Cavalry Regiments. Abdul Hamid II's reign has the reputation of being \"the most despotic and centralized era in modern Ottoman History.\" Abdul Hamid is also considered the last sultan to have full control over Ottoman Empire. His reign struggled with the culmination of 75 years of change throughout the empire and an opposing reaction to that change. Abdul Hamid II was particularly concerned with the centralization of the empire. His efforts to centralize the Sublime Porte were not unheard of among other sultans. The Ottoman Empire's local provinces had more control over their areas than the central government. Abdul Hamid II's foreign relations came from a \"policy of non-commitment.\" The sultan understood the fragility of the Ottoman military, and the Empire's weaknesses of its domestic control. Pan-Islamism became Abdülhamid's solution to the empire's loss of identity and power. His efforts to promote Pan-Islamism were for the most part unsuccessful because of the large non-Muslim population, and the European influence onto the empire. Abdul Hamid II's policies essentially isolated the Ottoman Empire, which further aided in its decline. Several of the elite who sought a new constitution and reform for the empire were forced to flee to Europe. After the Treaty of Berlin (1878), the Ottoman Empire began to contract and it lost certain territories. New groups of radicals began to threaten the power of the Ottoman Empire. There are several reasons advanced as to why the Hamidiye light cavalry was created. The establishment of the Hamidiye was in one part a response to the Russian threat, but scholars believe that the central reason was to suppress Armenian socialist/nationalist revolutionaries. The Armenian revolutionaries posed a threat because they were seen as disruptive, and they could work with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire. The first Armenian revolutionary party was the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party was made up of Armenian university students whose aim was \"to create an independent Armenian state.\" The Hamidiye Light Cavalry was created to \"combat local and cross-border challenges to Ottoman authority.\" The biggest patron of the Hamidiye was Abdul Hamid II. He wanted to create a relationship of commitment and loyalty with the Kurds that were chosen to make up the Hamidiye Cavalry. The Hamidiye was divided into groups according to age: the \"ibtidaiye\" (ages 17–20), the \"nizamiye\" (age 20-32), and the \"redif\" (age 32-40). An Ottoman diplomat, close advisor to the sultan, and contributor to the creation of the Hamidiye Light Cavalry was Sakir Pasa. Over time the Russians forged relationships with Armenian revolutionaries, and with Kurdish tribal leaders. The Ottoman Empire understood the threat this created and is in large part why they chose the Kurds to make-up the Hamidiye. The Kurdish population could potentially unite with the Russians, but with the formation of the Hamidiye they would protect the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire . Some argue that the creation of the Hamidiye \"further antagonized the Armenian population\" and it worsened the very conflict they were created to prevent. The Hamidiye played a huge rule in the Armenian Genocide and it was in largely responsible for the Hamidian Massacres that occurred from 1894-1896. They were told to take control of many lands populated by Armenians to weaken \"internal enemies\" along with the hidden agenda of eventually eliminating the Armenians. Regions with high Armenian revolutionary actions were targets for the Hamidiye. The Hamidiye created an \"Armenian Conspiracy\" to justify their reasons for killing the Armenians. The Hamidiye shaped the \"social, economic, and political transformations\" in Kurdish societies. The Hamidiye received several benefits for their participation. They were able to seize much of the lands they destroyed, whether lawful or not. The Hamidiye were protected during their annual migrations (periods when they took care of their livestock). They were supplied with the most advanced weapons from the state, and were given armed escorts. The Hamidiye stole money from the villages they plundered without fear of government sanction. Another important on-site commissioner of the Hamidiye was Zeki Pasha, who was connected to the sultan through marriage. Zeki Pasha was given the task of collecting sufficient taxes in order to recruit the Kurdish into the Hamidiye. If one was a member of the Hamidiye and a crime was committed against you, the government would take immediate action to punish the criminals. The plunder, murder, and theft that the Hamidiye carried out went unpunished, but if a non-Hamidiye group did similar actions they were punished. Other groups who associated themselves with the Hamidiye received benefits as well, they rose in power with the money and land they acquired illegally. The Hamidiye were not held responsible for their terrible actions. They were assured freedom of action in raids that involved non-Hamidiye parties. The Hamidiye obtained wealth illegally with secret help from the Ottoman government. The corruption, chaos, and destruction caused by the Hamidiye is a direct cause of their lack of order and control. No guidelines in the Hamidiye cavalry led some of its members to not be a part of the indulgences that came with the corruption. Ottoman soldiers described the some Hamidiye as \"miserable, hungry, and sometimes poorly clothed.\" The Hamidiye's performance was due to their \"lack of professionalism superimposed on an emotionally charged mission requiring highly disciplined troops.\" The cavalry was not prepared for all they were intended to do because they were not trained properly and based their raids on anti-Armenian ideologies. These factors led to the slow disintegration of the Hamidiye. The hamidiye units also participated in the persecution and slaughter of Armenians between 1894 and 1896. According to some estimates, about ten to twenty thousand Armenians were slaughtered by the Hamidiye units. According to Janet Klein, Hamidye units were involved in the large scale massacres and violence against Armenians in the period 1894-96 and 1915, and they were also \"implicated in mass murder, deportation and looting\" during the First World War. According to Richar G. Hovannisian an Armenian-American, the Turkish armed forces and Hamidiye units slaughtered Assyrians in the Tur Abdin region in 1915. It is estimated that ten thousand Assyrians were killed, and according to a document from the same years, \"the skulls of small children were smashed with rocks, the bodies of girls and women who resisted rape were chopped into pieces live, men were mostly beheaded, and the clergy skinned or burnt alive\". The uniform ranking system", "thousand Armenians were slaughtered by the Hamidiye units. According to Janet Klein, Hamidye units were involved in the large scale massacres and violence against Armenians in the period 1894-96 and 1915, and they were also \"implicated in mass murder, deportation and looting\" during the First World War. According to Richar G. Hovannisian an Armenian-American, the Turkish armed forces and Hamidiye units slaughtered Assyrians in the Tur Abdin region in 1915. It is estimated that ten thousand Assyrians were killed, and according to a document from the same years, \"the skulls of small children were smashed with rocks, the bodies of girls and women who resisted rape were chopped into pieces live, men were mostly beheaded, and the clergy skinned or burnt alive\". The uniform ranking system was based on the 1861 patterns of cuff chevrons. Several ceremonies took place to for the Hamidiye where they wore elegant uniforms showing their ranks and accomplishments. The new uniforms were to take the place of the colorful uniforms previously worn by the Kurds. Its purpose was to create an identity for the Hamidiye who were spread across the frontiers of the empire. They sometimes consisted of grey tunics or waist-belts, grey trousers with a narrow red stripe, and kalpak with the imperial arms. The uniforms slightly varied depending on the region the Hamidiye was located. The Hamidiye Regiments were stationed in the following towns and villages. Hamidiye (cavalry) The Hamidiye corps (literally meaning \"belonging to Hamid\", full official name \"Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları\", Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular mainly Sunni Kurdish, but also Turkish, Circassian, Turkmen Yörük and Arab cavalry formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Established by" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Bombing of Hamburg in World War II The allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war. As part of a sustained campaign of strategic bombing during World War II, the attack during the last week of July 1943, code named Operation Gomorrah, created one of the largest firestorms raised by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces in World War II, killing 42,600 civilians and wounding 37,000 in Hamburg and virtually destroying most of the city. Before the development of the firestorm in Hamburg there had been no rain for some time and everything was very dry. The unusually warm weather and good conditions meant that the bombing was highly concentrated around the intended targets and also created a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire. Various other previously used techniques and devices were instrumental as well, such as area bombing, Pathfinders, and H2S radar, which came together to work with particular effectiveness. An early form of chaff, code named 'Window', was successfully used for the first time by the RAF – clouds of tinfoil strips dropped by Pathfinders as well as the initial bomber stream – in order to completely cloud German radar. The raids inflicted severe damage to German armaments production in Hamburg. The name \"Gomorrah\" comes from that of one of the two Canaanite cities of Sodom and Gomorrah whose destruction is recorded in the Bible: \"Then the Lord rained brimstone and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah, from the Lord out of the heavens.\" – Genesis 19:24 The Battle of Hamburg, codenamed \"Operation Gomorrah\", was a campaign of air raids which began on 24 July 1943 and lasted for 8 days and 7 nights. It was at the time the heaviest assault in the history of aerial warfare and was later called the \"Hiroshima of Germany\" by British officials. Until the focus of RAF Bomber Command switched to Hamburg it had been on the Ruhr industrial region which had been the target of a five-month-long campaign. The operation was conducted by RAF Bomber Command (including RCAF and RAAF and Polish Squadrons) and the USAAF Eighth Air Force. The British conducted night raids and the USAAF daylight raids. The initial attack on Hamburg included two new introductions to the British planning: they used \"Window\", otherwise known as chaff, to confuse the German radar, while the Pathfinder Force aircraft, which normally kept radio silence, reported the winds they encountered, and this information was processed and relayed to the bomber force navigators. No 35 Squadron led the target marking and, thanks to the clear weather and H2S radar navigation, accuracy was good, with markers falling close to the aiming point. On 24 July, at approximately 00:57, the first bombing started by the RAF and lasted for almost an hour. The confusion caused to German radar kept losses of aircraft low. While some 40,000 firemen were available to tackle fires, control of their resources was damaged when the telephone exchange caught fire and rubble blocked the passage of fire engines through the city streets; fires were still burning three days later. A second, daylight raid, by the USAAF was conducted at 16:40. It had been intended for 300 aircraft to attack Hamburg and Hanover but problems with assembling the force in the air meant that only 90 B-17 Flying Fortresses reached Hamburg. The bombers attacked the Blohm and Voss shipyard and an aero-engine factory, with German flak damaging 78 aircraft. However the shipyard was not badly damaged and the aero-engine manufacturer could not be seen for smoke (a generating station was attacked instead). RAF Mosquitos of the Light Night Striking Force (LNSF) carried out nuisance raids to keep the city on a state of alert and delayed-action bombs from the night's raid exploded at intervals. Extra firemen were brought in from other cities including Hanover; as a result when the US bombers attacked, these firemen were in Hamburg and fires in Hanover burned unchecked. Another attack by the RAF on Hamburg for that night was cancelled due to the problems the smoke would cause and 700 bombers raided Essen instead. Mosquitos carried out another nuisance raid. A third raid was conducted on the morning of the 26th. The RAF night attack of 26 July at 00:20 was extremely light because of severe thunderstorms and high winds over the North Sea, during which a considerable number of bombers jettisoned the explosive part of their bomb loads (retaining just the incendiaries) with only two bomb drops reported. That attack is often not counted when the total number of Operation Gomorrah attacks is given. There was no day raid on the 27th. On the night of 27 July, shortly before midnight, 787 RAF aircraft—74 Wellingtons, 116 Stirlings, 244 Halifaxes and 353 Lancasters— bombed Hamburg. The unusually dry and warm weather, the concentration of the bombing in one area and firefighting limitations due to blockbuster bombs used in the early part of the raid — and the recall of Hanover's firecrews to their own city — culminated in a firestorm. The tornadic fire created a huge inferno with winds of up to reaching temperatures of and altitudes in excess of , incinerating more than of the city. Asphalt streets burst into flame, and fuel oil from damaged and destroyed ships, barges and storage tanks spilled into the water of the canals and the harbour, causing them to ignite as well. The majority of deaths attributed to Operation Gomorrah occurred on this night. A large number of those killed died seeking safety in bomb shelters and cellars, the firestorm consuming the oxygen in the burning city above. The furious winds created by the firestorm had the power to sweep people up off the streets like dry leaves: On the night of 29 July, Hamburg was again attacked by over 700 RAF aircraft. A planned raid on 31 July was cancelled due to thunderstorms over the UK. The last raid of Operation Gomorrah was conducted on 3 August. Operation Gomorrah killed 42,600 people, left 37,000 wounded and caused some one million German civilians to flee the city. The city's labour force was reduced by ten percent. Approximately 3,000 aircraft were employed, 9,000 tons of bombs were dropped and over 250,000 homes and houses were destroyed. No subsequent city raid shook Germany as did that on Hamburg; documents show that German officials were thoroughly alarmed and there is some indication from later Allied interrogations of Nazi officials that Hitler stated that further raids of similar weight would force Germany out of the war. The industrial losses were severe: Hamburg never recovered to full production, only doing so in essential armaments industries (in which maximum effort was made). Figures given by German sources indicate that 183 large factories were destroyed out of 524 in the city and 4,118 smaller factories out of 9,068 were destroyed. Other losses included damage to or destruction of 580 industrial concerns and armaments works, 299 of which were important enough to be listed by name. Local transport systems were completely disrupted and did not return to normal for some time. Dwellings destroyed amounted to 214,350 out of 414,500. Hamburg was hit by air raids another 69 times before the end of World War II. In total, the RAF dropped 22,580 long tons of bombs on Hamburg. The totally destroyed quarter of Hammerbrook, in which mostly port workers lived, was not rebuilt as a housing area but as a commercial area. The adjoining quarter of Rothenburgsort shared the same fate, as only a small area of housing was rebuilt. The underground line which connected these areas with the central station was not rebuilt either. In the destroyed residential areas many houses were rebuilt across the street and therefore do not form", "299 of which were important enough to be listed by name. Local transport systems were completely disrupted and did not return to normal for some time. Dwellings destroyed amounted to 214,350 out of 414,500. Hamburg was hit by air raids another 69 times before the end of World War II. In total, the RAF dropped 22,580 long tons of bombs on Hamburg. The totally destroyed quarter of Hammerbrook, in which mostly port workers lived, was not rebuilt as a housing area but as a commercial area. The adjoining quarter of Rothenburgsort shared the same fate, as only a small area of housing was rebuilt. The underground line which connected these areas with the central station was not rebuilt either. In the destroyed residential areas many houses were rebuilt across the street and therefore do not form connected blocks anymore. The hills of the Öjendorfer Park are formed by the debris of destroyed houses. In January 1946, Major Cortez F. Enloe, a surgeon in the USAAF who worked on the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), said that the fire effects of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki \"were not nearly as bad as the effects of the R.A.F. raids on Hamburg on July 27th 1943\". He estimated that more than 40,000 people died in Hamburg. \"It was quite a surprise to us when the first Hamburg raid took place because you used some new device which was preventing the anti-aircraft guns to find your bombers, so you had a great success and you repeated these attacks on Hamburg several times and each time the new success was greater and the depression was larger, and I have said, in those days, in a meeting of the Air Ministry, that if you would repeat this success on four or five other German towns, then we would collapse.\" – Albert Speer – \"The Secret War\" Several memorials in Hamburg are reminders of the air raids during World War II: Bombing of Hamburg in World War II The allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war. As part of a sustained campaign of strategic bombing during World War II, the attack during the last week of July 1943, code named Operation Gomorrah, created one of the largest firestorms raised by the Royal" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Protestant Action Society The Protestant Action Society was a political party in Edinburgh active in the 1930s. It was founded by John Cormack in 1933 and had elected nine members to the Edinburgh Council in 1936 with 31 percent of the vote. In June 1935 the party organised protests which involved disturbances in Waverley Market and then what has been called \"the Morningside Riot\" in Canaan Lane when a crowd of around 20,000 Protestant Action supporters stoned and jeered 10,000 attendees at a Eucharistic Congress. Although often compared to the fascist movements active at the time, the society physically attacked Blackshirt meetings in Edinburgh due to the British Union of Fascists support for a United Ireland. The party emerged at a time when other similar movements were arising in other parts of Scotland, such as the similar Glasgow based Scottish Protestant League, and the Scottish Democratic Fascist Party. One of the councilors was the Jewish antique dealer Esta Henry who was elected to one of the Canongate wards in 1936. Cormack tried to encourage the Orange Order in Scotland to join in his movement, but with so little success that he left the movement in 1939 and was not readmitted until the late 1950s. At its peak the party had 8,000 members. Protestant Action Society The Protestant Action Society was a political party in Edinburgh active in the 1930s. It was founded by John Cormack in 1933 and had elected nine members to the Edinburgh Council in 1936 with 31 percent of the vote. In June 1935 the party organised protests which involved disturbances in Waverley Market and then what has been called \"the Morningside Riot\" in Canaan Lane when a crowd of around 20,000 Protestant Action supporters stoned and jeered 10,000 attendees at a Eucharistic Congress. Although often compared" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "KWMZ-FM KWMZ-FM (104.5 FM, \"Z-104.5, WMZ FM\") is a radio station licensed to serve Empire, Louisiana. The station is owned by Michael A. Costello through licensee M.A.C. Broadcasting, LLC. This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 1998. The new station, intended for Grand Isle, Louisiana, was assigned the call letters KBIL by the FCC on July 17, 1998. The station signed on the air as a Rhythmic Contemporary Hit music formatted station branded as \"U104.5\" on June 5, 2001 using the call sign KNOU. KNOU had evolved to an urban contemporary/hip hop music format by December 2001. JP Broadcasting, LLC agreed in July 2002 to sell KNOU to On Top Communications of Louisiana, LLC for a reported $8.5 million. The deal was approved by the FCC on September 6, 2002, and the transfer was completed on December 6, 2002. On January 6, 2003, the station changed its branding to \"Hot 104.5\" and brought in Russ Parr's syndicated morning show and veteran programmer Lamonda Williams. In September 2005, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, KNOU applied to the FCC for permission to temporarily broadcast from another site and tower. They noted in their application that the current city of license and the broadcast tower were \"destroyed\" and that it would be \"many months\" before a new tower could be constructed. The FCC twice denied their request to continue operations at the temporary site. In January 2006, On Top Communications of Louisiana's filed for bankruptcy, and the license was transferred to the debtor in possession handling the bankruptcy proceedings. On February 6, 2006, the FCC granted KNOU a special temporary authority to broadcast from a facility near Diamond, Louisiana. On March 23, 2006, the station fell silent again. Although no longer broadcasting, Hot 104.5 maintained an internet radio stream in order to \"keep New Orleans' hip-hop community united.\" On August 29, 2008, KNOU went off the air due to the approach of Hurricane Gustav. When Gustav made landfall on September 1, 2008, KNOU's temporary site at Buras, Louisiana, was hit with storm surge and rain which damaged the facilities and flooded the studio facilities trailer with roughly five feet of water. The equipment and transmitter were deemed a total loss so on September 24, 2008, KNOU filed for a new \"remain silent\" authority from the FCC. On October 6, 2008, the Debtor-In-Possession reached an agreement to transfer the license and equipment leases for KNOU to Power Broadcasting, LLC. According to the Asset Purchase agreement filed with the FCC, Power Broadcasting had a secured loan for $8 million that it presented to the bankruptcy court and was awarded the station's assets, subject to FCC approval. The transfer was completed on December 1, 2008.. On June 30, 2011, KNOU returned to the air with a classic rock format. Effective August 15, 2012, KNOU was sold to Michael A. Costello's M.A.C. Broadcasting, LLC for $350,000. Coincident with the consummation of the sale, the station's call sign was changed to the current KWMZ-FM. On September 10, 2012 KWMZ-FM went silent. On February 5, 2013 KWMZ-FM returned to the air with an 80's hits format as \"Z104.5\". The station uses the correct call letters in its legal ID, but otherwise drops the K in its calls, referring to itself as \"WMZ-FM\". KWMZ-FM KWMZ-FM (104.5 FM, \"Z-104.5, WMZ FM\") is a radio station licensed to serve Empire, Louisiana. The station is owned by Michael A. Costello through licensee M.A.C. Broadcasting, LLC. This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 1998. The new station," ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Mountain (Circle album) Mountain is the eighteenth album by the Finnish experimental rock band Circle. It was issued as a limited edition vinyl LP by Kevyt Nostalgia/Super Metsä in 2004. It is a recording of a concert from 9 October 2004 at Holy Trinity Church, Leeds, United Kingdom. Circle headlined the bill, which also included Guapo. (Guapo's Daniel O'Sullivan and Circle's Jussi Lehtisalo have collaborated in Grumbling Fur.) The set comprised one long improvised piece, dominated by Mika Rättö's electric piano and Janne Westerlund's acoustic guitar. For the album release, the track was named \"Diamond\" and split into two parts on either side of the LP. \"Mountain\" is one of a series of vinyl-only albums released by Circle which document their often improvised freeform live shows. Mountain (Circle album) Mountain is the eighteenth album by the Finnish experimental rock band Circle. It was issued as a limited edition vinyl LP by Kevyt Nostalgia/Super Metsä in 2004. It is a recording of a concert from 9 October 2004 at Holy Trinity Church, Leeds, United Kingdom. Circle headlined the bill, which also included Guapo. (Guapo's Daniel O'Sullivan and Circle's Jussi Lehtisalo have collaborated in Grumbling Fur.) The set comprised one long improvised" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Temporal power (papal) The temporal power or temporal jurisdiction of the popes is the political and secular governmental activity of the popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual and pastoral activity. Pope Gregory II's defiance of the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian as a result of the first iconoclastic controversy (726 AD) in the Eastern Empire, prepared the way for a long series of revolts, schisms and civil wars that eventually led to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. For over a thousand years popes ruled as sovereign over an amalgam of territories on the Italian peninsula known as the Papal States, from the capital, Rome. Theologian Robert Bellarmine, in his 16th century dogmatic work \"Disputationes\" strongly affirmed the authority of the pope as the vicar of Christ. However, he reasoned that since Christ did not \"exercise\" his temporal power, nor may the pope. In 1590, Pope Sixtus V had, or very nearly had, the first volume placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum for denying temporal hegemony to the papacy. The temporal power was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte, who dissolved the Papal States and incorporated Rome and Latium into his French Empire in 1809. The temporal power was restored by the Great Powers at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The Napoleonic civil laws were abolished, and most civil servants were removed from office. Popular opposition to the reconstituted corrupt clerical government led to numerous revolts, which were suppressed by the intervention of the Austrian army. In November 1848, following the assassination of his minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pope Pius IX fled Rome. During a political rally in February 1849, a young heretic, the Abbé Arduini, described the temporal power of the popes as a \"historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality.\" On 9 February 1849, the newly elected Roman Assembly proclaimed the Roman Republic. Subsequently, the Constitution of the Roman Republic abolished the temporal power, although the independence of the pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the \"Principi fondamentali\". At the end of June 1849, the Roman Republic was crushed by 40,000 French troops sent by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), at the urging of the ultramontane French clerical party. The temporal power was restored and propped up by a French garrison. In 1859–60, the Papal States lost Romagna, Marche and Umbria. These regions were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy, and the temporal power was reduced to Rome and the region of Lazio. At this point, some ultramontane groups proposed that the temporal power be elevated into a dogma. According to Raffaele De Cesare: However, following the Austro-Prussian War, Austria had recognized the Kingdom of Italy. Thus the revival of the temporal power of the Bishop of Rome was deemed impossible. Some, primarily Italian, clergy suggested an ecumenical council to dogmatically define papal infallibility as an article of faith, binding upon the consciences of all Catholic faithful. This doctrinal view, however, initially proposed by Franciscan partisans in opposition to the prerogative of Popes to contradict the more favorable decrees of their predecessors, faced significant resistance outside of Italy prior to and during the First Vatican Council. For practical purposes, the temporal power of the popes ended on 20 September 1870, when the Italian Army breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia and entered Rome. This completed the Risorgimento. The pope's alternative claims to reign in religion and to reign in a state were reflected in the possession of two official papal residences: the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, which served as their official religious residence, and the Quirinal Palace, which was their official residence as sovereign of the Papal States. In 1870 papal rule in the Papal States was deposed; the territories were included in the territory of the Kingdom of Italy with Kings of Italy using the Quirinale as their official state palace. Popes continued to assert that their deposition from temporal jurisdiction in the Papal States was illegal until 1929. Catholics were prohibited from voting in Italian elections and Italian state and royal institutions were boycotted as part of their campaign for a return of the papal states. In 1929, with the Lateran Treaty the papacy and the Italian state (then under the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini) agreed to recognise each other, with the state paying the Church compensation for the loss of the territories. The pope was recognised as sovereign of a new state, the Vatican City, over which he continues to exert temporal power. On 20 September 2000, an item in the Catholic publication \"Avvenire\" stated: The Papal Coronation and the papal crown (the Papal Tiara) were both interpreted as reflecting a continuing claim to temporal jurisdiction by the papacy. However, in his homily at his October 1978 Papal Inauguration, Pope John Paul II dismissed that claim and asserted that the papacy had long had no wish to possess any temporal jurisdiction outside the Vatican. Temporal power (papal) The temporal power or temporal jurisdiction of the popes is the political and secular governmental activity of the popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual and pastoral activity. Pope Gregory II's defiance of the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian as a result of the first iconoclastic controversy (726 AD) in the Eastern Empire, prepared the way for a" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Atomico Atomico is an international technology investment firm headquartered in London, with offices in Beijing, Istanbul, São Paulo, Stockholm and Tokyo. Its founder and CEO is Niklas Zennström, a serial entrepreneur who co-founded Skype and Kazaa. The team includes Chris Barnes, Yann De Vries, Mattias Ljungman, and Hiro Tamura with over 57 staff. The company focuses on new consumer technologies that have the potential to transform markets, and places an emphasis on strong management. Zennström has stated that he founded the company in 2006 after \"seeing that new technology would disrupt not just consumer markets, but the venture-capital industry itself\". It has invested in more than fifty companies on three continents via three funds, Atomico Ventures I, the $165 million Atomico Ventures II, Atomico III, which closed at $476 million in November 2013 and most recently the $765 million Atomico IV. The company has been involved with exits or substantial transactions in companies including Supercell (sold a majority stake to SoftBank, valuing the business at $3 billion in 2013), The Climate Corporation (acquired by Monsanto for $1.1 billion in 2013), Xobni (acquired by Yahoo! in 2013) and PowerReviews (acquired by Bazaarvoice in 2012). The company publicly states that it has an active approach to deal sourcing. Atomico runs an Open Office programme, in which the company visits cities around the world six to eight times a year searching for investments, and usually involving talks by Zennström to university students. He urges aspiring entrepreneurs to look for large market opportunities. As is common in venture capital, Atomico invests alongside other investors, such as when it co-invested with Accel Partners in March 2011 to lead a $42 million funding round in Rovio Mobile. The firm's investments include Europe North America South America Asia Atomico Atomico is an international technology investment firm headquartered" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Wing-tsit Chan Wing-tsit Chan (; 18 August 1901 – 12 August 1994) was a Chinese scholar and professor best known for his studies of Chinese philosophy and his translations of Chinese philosophical texts. Chan was born in China in 1901 and went to the United States in 1924, earning a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1929. Chan taught at Dartmouth College and Chatham University for most of his academic career. Chan's 1963 book \"A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy\" was highly influential in the English-speaking world, and was often used as a source for quotations from Chinese philosophical classics. Chan Wing-tsit was born on 18 August 1901 in Kaiping, a city in China's southern Guangdong Province. In 1916 he enrolled at Canton Christian College (later Lingnan University) near Canton (modern Guangzhou). After graduating with a bachelor's degree from Lingnan, he began his graduate studies at Harvard University in 1924. There he studied with Irving Babbitt, William Ernest Hocking, and Alfred North Whitehead, and was advised by James Haughton Woods, an eminent Sanskritist and translator of the Yoga Sutra. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy and Chinese Culture in 1929. On his return to China in 1929, Chan received an appointment at Lingnan, which in 1927 had been reconstituted as Lingnan University, and served as its dean of the faculty from 1929 to 1936. In 1935 the University of Hawai'i offered him a visiting appointment. In 1937 he moved to Honolulu and taught there until 1942. He then taught at Dartmouth College from 1942 to 1966. He was Professor Emeritus of Chinese Philosophy and Culture at Dartmouth College, and, from 1966 to 1982, Anna R.D. Gillespie Professor of Philosophy at Chatham University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Chan was the author of \"A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy\", one of the most influential sources in the field of Asian studies, and of hundreds of books and articles in both English and Chinese on Chinese philosophy and religion. He was a leading translator of Chinese philosophical texts into English in the 20th century. He was also the author of articles on \"Chinese philosophy\", \"Classical Confucian texts\", \"Ou-Yang Hsiu\", and \"Wang Yang-Ming\" in the Macropedia of the Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition, 1977 imprint). He expressed particular satisfaction over his chapter, \"The path to wisdom: Chinese philosophy and religion\", in the book, \"Half the world: The history and culture of China and Japan\" (1973), edited by Arnold J. Toynbee. He had received numerous academic honors and was a member of the Academia Sinica. Chan died in Pittsburgh on August 12, 1994. The W.T. Chan Fellowships Program were established in his memory by the Lingnan Foundation in 2000 and are awarded annually to students of Lingnan University (Hong Kong) and Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou). Wing-tsit Chan Wing-tsit Chan (; 18 August 1901 – 12 August 1994) was a Chinese scholar and professor best known for his studies of Chinese philosophy and his translations of Chinese philosophical texts. Chan was born in China in 1901 and went to" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Kastrupgård Kastrupgård is a former country house, dating from the mid 18th century, in Kastrup, a suburb of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is now a museum housing the Kastrupgård Collection of modern art, which is owned and operated by Tårnby Municipality. Kastrupgård is a former country house in Rococo style. Designed by sculptor and architect Jacob Fortling for his own use, it was built from 1749 to 1753. Fortling came to Denmark from Germany and became Royal Master Builder and Sculptor to the Danish Court. He also founded the nearby Kastrup Pottery and Tile Works. The building was converted into a museum by Tårnby Municipality in 1977. The museum contains a collection of modern art which has been acquired gradually by Tårnby Municipality since 1970. The emphasis is on graphic arts. It is also home to a collection of works by Theodor Philipsen and of faiences from Kastrup Værk. Special exhibitions are held regularly. Kastrupgård Kastrupgård is a former country house, dating from the mid 18th century, in Kastrup, a suburb of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is now a museum housing the Kastrupgård Collection of modern art, which is owned and operated by Tårnby Municipality. Kastrupgård is a former country house in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Web audience measurement Web Audience Measurement (WAM) is an audience measurement and website analytics tool that measures Internet usage in India. The system, a joint effort of IMRB International and Internet and Mobile Association of India surveys over 6000 individuals across 8 metropolitan centers in India and tracks a variety of metrics such as time-on-site, exposure, reach and frequency of Internet usage. WAM uses audience measurement and is a continuous tracking panel study that provides cross sectional data on Internet usage segmented by gender, SEC and location. This panel-based approach uses metering technology, design for an Indian context that tracks computers. Web Rating Points factor multiple measures of Internet usage to provide a more comprehensive picture to web advertisers and attempts to standardize web analytics in India. The web analytics market in India is currently fragmented, with Comscore and Vizisense being IMRB's key competitors. Several discussions revolve around the difference between the numbers provided by all the competitors in the digital audience measurement space. Therefore choosing the right measurement partner is imperative for media stakeholders. This creates rifts between users of two different audience measurement tools. Web audience measurement Web Audience Measurement (WAM) is an audience measurement and website analytics" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "CNP-300 The CNP-300 is a pressurized water nuclear reactor developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation. It is China's first commercial nuclear reactor design. The reactor has a thermal capacity of 999 MW and a gross electrical capacity of 325 MW, with a net output of about 300 MWe. Development of the reactor began in the 1970s, based on a nuclear submarine reactor design. The first CNP-300 unit started operations in Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in 1991. The CNP-300 was the first Chinese nuclear reactor to be exported, with the installation of the first unit at Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan. The unit began operation in 2000. Another unit was completed in 2011 and other two reactors are under construction at the same plant. CNP-300 The CNP-300 is a pressurized water nuclear reactor developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation. It is China's first commercial nuclear reactor design. The reactor has a thermal capacity of 999 MW and a gross electrical capacity of 325 MW, with a net output of about 300 MWe. Development of the reactor began in the 1970s, based on a nuclear submarine reactor design. The first CNP-300 unit started operations in Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Craig Baldwin Craig Baldwin (born 1952) is an American experimental filmmaker. He uses found footage from the fringes of popular consciousness as well as images from the mass media to undermine and transform the traditional documentary, infusing it with the energy of high-speed montage and a provocative commentary that targets subjects from intellectual property rights to rampant consumerism. Craig Baldwin was born in Oakland, California. He grew up the youngest child in a middle class family in nearby Carmichael. During high school, he became interested in Beatnik culture. He went to underground film screenings and started filming with a Super 8 camera. Baldwin attended college at University of California at Davis. There, he took film classes through the theatre department and began collecting films. He was also politically active as a student. Baldwin left UC Davis in the early 1970s and later attended the University of California at Santa Barbara. Baldwin's 1976 \"Stolen Movie\" is a Super 8 film made by running into movie theatres and filming the screen. He has described it as a kind of prank. His next short film, \"Flick Skin\", was made while working at porn theatres. The 1978 film \"Wild Gunman\" looks at the figure of the Marlboro Man. Baldwin made it with B-movies and advertisements from jobs at grindhouses. In 1984 Baldwin moved to San Francisco's Mission District and co-founded Artists' Television Access. He was an early proponent culture jamming, altering billboards to add political messages and documenting the work of the Billboard Liberation Front through the 1990s. Baldwin earned an M.A. from San Francisco State University in 1986. It was there, in San Francisco State's Cinema Department, that he first became interested in collage film during his studies under Bruce Conner, a filmmaker famous for his artwork of scraps, which extend beyond film into traditional collage, sculpture, and photography. At Artists' Television Access, Baldwin started his ongoing Other Cinema series in 1987. During the 1980s, Baldwin started amassing a large collection film works, many of which were discarded by institutions moving over to VHS. He drew from this collection for his 1986 film \"RocketKitKongoKit\", which narrates the CIA's role in establishing Mobutu Sese Seko's military dictatorship in Zaire (now the DR Congo) and the history of rocket testing there by a German weapons manufacturer. It often visually re-enacts the story with loosely associated footage, such as cartoons, industrial films, or science fiction films. Like many of Baldwin's later works, \"RocketKitKongoKit\" used documentary techniques not to present an authoritative history but to counter official histories by presenting alternative histories and blurring the boundaries between them. \"\" (1991), perhaps his most well-known film, is a parody of CIA interventions in developing countries as well as a critique of paranoia and conspiracy theories, presented as a pseudo-documentary that tells the revisionist history of alien intervention in Latin America in 99 brief ramblings. Baldwin's \"¡O No Coronado!\" (1992) is a retelling of the invasion of the American southwest by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in the mid-16th century. It was his first film to include original live-action footage. His next work dealt with the Concord-based band Negativland, which was sued in 1991 by U2 over a parody sound collage it had made. Baldwin made a documentary called \"Sonic Outlaws\" that chronicles the case, as well as various activist groups working for copyright reform. Baldwin's 1999 film, \"Spectres of the Spectrum\", is a science fiction allegory which tells the story of a young woman with telepathic powers, who travels back in time to save the world from an electro-magnetic pulse. The film takes a cautionary stance against the media outlets in charge of creating and perpetuating the popular mainstream, and in doing so, follows the trajectory, through collage, of media from its beginnings to the present. In 2000 Baldwin received the Moving Image Creative Capital Award. Baldwin has taught at UC Davis and UC Berkeley. He established Other Cinema Digital in 2003 to provide distribution for films by independent, underground, and experimental filmmakers. In 2005 it partnered with Facets Video to distribute a series of works on DVD. In 2008, Baldwin created \"Mock Up on Mu\", a fictional story based heavily on the real facts of the lives of L. Ron Hubbard, Marjorie Cameron, Aleister Crowley, and Jack Parsons. Mostly assembled from found footage, \"Mock Up on Mu\" introduced more original live-action footage than in earlier projects. Craig Baldwin Craig Baldwin (born 1952) is an American experimental filmmaker. He uses found footage from the fringes of popular consciousness as well as images from the mass media to undermine and transform the traditional documentary, infusing it with the energy of high-speed montage and a provocative commentary that targets subjects from intellectual property rights to rampant consumerism. Craig Baldwin was born in Oakland, California. He grew up the youngest child in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Pilia (gens) The gens Pilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. None of the Pilii attained any of the higher magistracies of the Roman state, and members of this gens are known primarily through the writings of Cicero, who was acquainted with a family of this name; but many others are known from inscriptions. Chase classifies the nomen \"Pilius\" among the non-Latin gentilicia originating from Picenum. A Picentine origin would probably explain why so few of them occur in Roman writers. The main praenomina used by the Pilii were \"Marcus\", \"Publius\", \"Quintus\", and \"Gaius\", four of the most common names throughout Roman history. \"Lucius\", \"Aulus\", and \"Manius\" are found in filiations. Pilia (gens) The gens Pilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. None of the Pilii attained any of the higher magistracies of the Roman state, and members of this gens are known primarily through the writings of Cicero, who was acquainted with a family of this name; but many others are known from inscriptions. Chase classifies the nomen \"Pilius\" among the non-Latin gentilicia originating from Picenum. A Picentine origin would probably explain why so few of them occur in Roman writers. The main praenomina used" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnes County, North Dakota This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnes County, North Dakota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnes County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed. National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnes County, North Dakota This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnes County, North Dakota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnes County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "F1 Grand Prix (2005 video game) F1 Grand Prix is the first of Sony's two Formula One games released on the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Europe on 1 September 2005 and was developed by Traveller's Tales. It features the drivers and circuits from the 2005 Formula One season. The game featured the initial driver line ups for the 2005 Formula One season, substitute drivers Pedro de la Rosa, Anthony Davidson, Alexander Wurz, Vitantonio Liuzzi, Ricardo Zonta, Antônio Pizzonia and Robert Doornbos, although all driving in FIA Formula One Races during the 2005 season, were not included in the game. The game features all the circuits used in the 2005 F1 season. F1 Grand Prix (2005 video game) F1 Grand Prix is the first of Sony's two Formula One games released on the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Europe on 1 September 2005 and was developed by Traveller's Tales. It features the drivers and circuits from the 2005 Formula One season. The game featured the initial driver line ups for the 2005 Formula One season, substitute drivers Pedro de la Rosa, Anthony Davidson, Alexander Wurz, Vitantonio Liuzzi, Ricardo Zonta, Antônio Pizzonia and Robert Doornbos, although all driving in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Circular orbit A circular orbit is the orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter, that is, in the shape of a circle. Below we consider a circular orbit in astrodynamics or celestial mechanics under standard assumptions. Here the centripetal force is the gravitational force, and the axis mentioned above is the line through the center of the central mass perpendicular to the plane of motion. In this case, not only the distance, but also the speed, angular speed, potential and kinetic energy are constant. There is no periapsis or apoapsis. This orbit has no radial version. Transverse acceleration (perpendicular to velocity) causes change in direction. If it is constant in magnitude and changing in direction with the velocity, we get a circular motion. For this centripetal acceleration we have where: The formula is dimensionless, describing a ratio true for all units of measure applied uniformly across the formula. If the numerical value of formula_5 is measured in meters per second per second, then the numerical values for formula_2 will be in meters per second, formula_3 in meters, and formula_4 in radians per second. The relative velocity is constant: where: The orbit equation in polar coordinates, which in general gives \"r\" in terms of \"θ\", reduces to: where: This is because formula_13 Hence the orbital period (formula_15) can be computed as: Compare two proportional quantities, the free-fall time (time to fall to a point mass from rest) and the time to fall to a point mass in a radial parabolic orbit The fact that the formulas only differ by a constant factor is a priori clear from dimensional analysis. The specific orbital energy (formula_19) is negative, and Thus the virial theorem applies even without taking a time-average: The escape velocity from any distance is times the speed in a circular orbit at that distance: the kinetic energy is twice as much, hence the total energy is zero. Maneuvering into a large circular orbit, e.g. a geostationary orbit, requires a larger delta-v than an escape orbit, although the latter implies getting arbitrarily far away and having more energy than needed for the orbital speed of the circular orbit. It is also a matter of maneuvering into the orbit. See also Hohmann transfer orbit. In Schwarzschild metric, the orbital velocity for a circular orbit with radius formula_22 is given by the following formula: where formula_24 is the Schwarzschild radius of the central body. For the sake of convenience, the derivation will be written in units in which formula_25. The four-velocity of a body on a circular orbit is given by: (formula_27 is constant on a circular orbit, and the coordinates can be chosen so that formula_28). The dot above a variable denotes derivation with respect to proper time formula_29. For a massive particle, the components of the four-velocity satisfy the following equation: We use the geodesic equation: The only nontrivial equation is the one for formula_32. It gives: From this, we get: Substituting this into the equation for a massive particle gives: Hence: Assume we have an observer at radius formula_27, who is not moving with respect to the central body, that is, his four-velocity is proportional to the vector formula_38. The normalization condition implies that it is equal to: The dot product of the four-velocities of the observer and the orbiting body equals the gamma factor for the orbiting body relative to the observer, hence: This gives the velocity: Or, in SI units: Circular orbit A circular orbit is the orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter, that is, in the shape of a circle. Below we consider a circular" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Geir Hønneland Geir Hønneland (born 1966 in Mandal in Norway) is a Norwegian political scientist, Director of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) (2015–) and professor II at the Arctic University of Norway (University of Tromsø). Hønneland has been Deputy Director (2014-2015) and Research Director (2006-2014) at FNI and he has previously worked as an Officer for the Norwegian Coast Guard. Hønneland took his doctoral degree at the University of Oslo in 2000, with the PhD dissertation \"Compliance in the Barents Sea Fisheries\". He was given full professor competence in 2004, and has worked as a visiting scholar at several universities, including Rutgers (the State University of New Jersey) (2002-2003), Aalborg University (2010) and the Royal Danish Defence Academy (2013). Hønneland has worked and published extensively on issues related to international ocean governance, East-West relations in the Arctic, Russian politics, and the role of identity in international relations. He has been ranked the most publishing scientist the Norwegian institute sector (48 institutes) from 2012-2016, and he also ranks high on the list of Norway’s most published scientists across all disciplines. Several of Hønneland’s books have appeared in new editions and translations, including to Chinese and Russian. Among his most important books are \"Borderland Russians\" (Palgrave, 2010), \"Making Fishery Agreements Work\" (Edward Elgar, 2012), \"Russia and the Arctic\" (I.B.Tauris, 2016), \"Arctic Euphoria\" (Palgrave, 2017) og \"International Politics in the Arctic\" (I.B.Tauris, 2017). Hønneland has held various positions in the Research Council of Norway, among them as head of the working group for ocean management under the Norwegian Government’s Hav21 (‘Oceans 21’) strategy process, and as member of the Programme Board of the Polar Research Programme. He has also has extensive experience as an expert member of assessment teams under the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Geir Hønneland Geir Hønneland (born 1966 in Mandal" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Puducherry - Mangalore Central Weekly Express The Puducherry - Mangalore Central Weekly Express is an express train belonging to Southern Railway zone that runs between Puducherry and Mangalore Central in India. It is currently being operated with 16855/16856 train numbers on weekly basis. The 16855/Puducherry - Mangaluru Central Weekly Express has averages speed of 47 km/hr and covers 798 km in 16h 55m. The 16856/Mangaluru Central - Puducherry Weekly Express has averages speed of 47 km/hr and covers 798 km in 16h 55m. The important halts of the train are: The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consist of 15 coaches : Both trains are hauled by a Golden Rock Loco Shed based WDM 3A diesel locomotive from Puducherry to Mangalore and vice versa. The train share its rake with 16857/16858 Puducherry - Mangalore Central Express (via Tiruchirappalli). Train Reverses its direction 1 times: Puducherry - Mangalore Central Weekly Express The Puducherry - Mangalore Central Weekly Express is an express train belonging to Southern Railway zone that runs between Puducherry and Mangalore Central in India. It is currently being operated with 16855/16856 train numbers on weekly basis. The 16855/Puducherry - Mangaluru Central" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Initially, Pius IX had been something of a reformer, but conflicts with the revolutionaries soured him on the idea of constitutional government. In November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX fled just before Giuseppe Garibaldi and other patriots arrived in Rome. In early 1849, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly, which proclaimed a Roman Republic on 9 February. On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the Apollo Theater, a young Roman priest, the Abbé Carlo Arduini, had made a speech in which he had declared that the temporal power of the popes was a \"historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality.\" In early March 1849, Giuseppe Mazzini arrived in Rome and was appointed Chief Minister. In the Constitution of the Roman Republic, religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the Principi fondamentali, while the death penalty was abolished by article 5, and free public education was provided by article 8 of the Titolo I. \n Garibaldi distrusted the pragmatic Cavour, particularly due to Cavour's role in the French annexation of Nice, Garibaldi's birthplace. Nevertheless, he accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel. When the king entered Sessa Aurunca at the head of his army, Garibaldi willingly handed over his dictatorial power. After greeting Victor Emmanuel in Teano with the title of King of Italy, Garibaldi entered Naples riding beside the king. Garibaldi then retired to the island of Caprera, while the remaining work of unifying the peninsula was left to Victor Emmanuel. \n In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. In early August, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. Widespread public demonstrations illustrated the demand that the Italian government take Rome. The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan. King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino to Pius IX with a personal letter offering a face-saving proposal that would have allowed the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. The Papacy, however, exhibited something less than enthusiasm for the plan:\n The settling of the peninsular standoff now rested with Napoleon III. If he let Garibaldi have his way, Garibaldi would likely end the temporal sovereignty of the Pope and make Rome the capital of Italy. Napoleon, however, may have arranged with Cavour to let the king of Sardinia free to take possession of Naples, Umbria and the other provinces, provided that Rome and the \"Patrimony of St. Peter\" were left intact. \n Ugo Foscolo describes in his works the passion and love for the fatherland and the glorious history of the Italian people; these two concepts are respectively well expressed in two masterpieces, The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis and Dei Sepolcri. \n However, Piedmontese tax rates and regulations, diplomats and officials were imposed on all of Italy. The new constitution was Piedmont's old constitution, which was generally liberal and was welcomed by liberal elements. However its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions around Venice and Rome and in Sicily and south of Naples. Cavour had promised there would be regional and municipal, local governments, but all the promises were broken in 1861. \n The national party, with Garibaldi at its head, still aimed at the possession of Rome, as the historic capital of the peninsula. In 1867 Garibaldi made a second attempt to capture Rome, but the papal army, strengthened with a new French auxiliary force, defeated his poorly armed volunteers at Mentana. Subsequently, a French garrison remained in Civitavecchia until August 1870, when it was recalled following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. \n The leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in Piedmont was Santorre di Santarosa, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify Italy under the House of Savoy. The Piedmont revolt started in Alessandria, where troops adopted the green, white, and red tricolore of the Cisalpine Republic. The king's regent, prince Charles Albert, acting while the king Charles Felix was away, approved a new constitution to appease the revolutionaries, but when the king returned he disavowed the constitution and requested assistance from the Holy Alliance. Di Santarosa's troops were defeated, and the would-be Piedmontese revolutionary fled to Paris. \n Italian unification Risorgimento Five Days of Milan, 18–22 March 1848 \n--- \nDate | 1815–1871 \nLocation | Italy \nParticipants | Italian society, Kingdom of Sardinia, Provisional Government of Milan, Republic of San Marco, Kingdom of Sicily, Roman Republic, Carboneria, French Empire, Red Shirts, Hungarian legion, Southern Army, United Provinces of Central Italy, Kingdom of Italy \nOutcome | \n\n * Italian revolutions of 1820 \n * Italian revolutions of 1830 \n * Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states \n * First Italian War of Independence \n * Second Italian War of Independence \n * Expedition of the Thousand \n * Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy \n * Third Italian War of Independence \n * Capture of Rome \n * Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy", "Meanwhile, in Lombardy, tensions increased until the Milanese and Venetians rose in revolt on 18 March 1848. The insurrection in Milan succeeded in expelling the Austrian garrison after five days of street fights–18–22 March (Cinque giornate di Milano). An Austrian army under Marshal Josef Radetzky besieged Milan, but due to defection of many of his troops and the support of the Milanese for the revolt, they were forced to retreat. \n After 1830, revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula. \n In 1857, Carlo Pisacane, an aristocrat from Naples who had embraced Mazzini's ideas, decided to provoke a rising in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. His small force landed on the island of Ponza. It overpowered guards and liberated hundreds of prisoners. In sharp contrast to his hypothetical expectations, there was no local uprising and the invaders were quickly overpowered. Pisacane was killed by angry locals who suspected he was leading a gypsy band trying to steal their food. \n After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor. However, the emperor was an absentee German speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state; as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. \n Few people in 1830, believed that an Italian nation might exist. There were eight states in the peninsula, each with distinct laws and traditions. No one had had the desire or the resources to revive Napoleon's partial experiment in unification. The settlement of 1814–15, had merely restored regional divisions, with the added disadvantage that the decisive victory of Austria over France temporarily hindered Italians in playing off their former oppressors against each other ... Italians who, like Ugo Foscolo and Gabriele Rossetti, harboured patriotic sentiments, were driven into exile. The largest Italian state, the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with its 8 million inhabitants, seemed aloof and indifferent:Sicily and Naples had once formed part of Spain, and it had always been foreign to the rest of Italy. The common people in each region, and even the intellectual elite, spoke their mutually unintelligible dialects, and lacked the least vestiges of national consciousness. They wanted good government, not self-government, and had welcomed Napoleon and the French as more equitable and efficient than their native dynasties. \n Historian Raffaele de Cesare made the following observations about Italian unification:\n National and regional officials were all appointed by Piedmont. A few regional leaders succeeded to high positions in the new national government, but the top bureaucratic and military officials were mostly Piedmontese. The national capital was briefly moved to Florence and finally to Rome, one of the cases of Piedmont losing out. \n Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia (who ruled Piedmont and Savoy), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria (First Italian Independence War). After initial successes at Goito and Peschiera, he was decisively defeated by Radetzky at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July. An armistice was agreed to, and Radetzky regained control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where the Republic of San Marco was proclaimed under Daniele Manin. \n In literature, lots of works were dedicated to Risorgimento since the beginning. The most known writer of Risorgimento is Alessandro Manzoni whose works are a symbol of the Italian unification, both for its patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified Italian language; he is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. Italian:I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. \n The Habsburg rule in Italy came to an end with the campaigns of the French Revolutionaries in 1792–97, when a series of client republics were set up. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by the last emperor, Francis II, after its defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after it collapsed in 1814. The French Republic spread republican principles, and the institutions of republican governments promoted citizenship over the rule of the Bourbons and Habsburgs and other dynasties. The reaction against any outside control challenged Napoleon's choice of rulers. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, the rulers he had installed tried to keep their thrones (among them:Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy and Joachim Murat, king of Naples) further feeding nationalistic sentiments. Beauharnais tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the new Kingdom of Italy, and on 30 March 1815, Murat issued the Rimini Proclamation, which called on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers. \n Francesco Hayez was another remarkable artist of this period whose works often contain allegories about Italian unification. His most known painting The Kiss aims to portray the spirit of the Risorgimento:the man wears red, white and green, representing the Italian patriots fighting for independence from the Austro-Hungarian empire while the girl's pale blue dress signifies France, which in 1859 (the year of the painting's creation) made an alliance with the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia enabling the latter to unify the many states of the Italian peninsula into the new kingdom of Italy. Hayez's three paintings on the Sicilian Vespers are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy. \n This situation persisted through the Renaissance but began to deteriorate with the rise of modern nation-states in the early modern period. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of proxy wars between the major powers, notably the Holy Roman Empire (later Austria), Spain and France. \n Initially the Italian government had offered to let the pope keep the Leonine City, but the Pope rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain. Pius IX declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican, although he was not actually restrained from coming and going. Rather, being deposed and stripped of much of his former power also removed a measure of personal protection–if he had walked the streets of Rome he might have been in danger from political opponents who had formerly kept their views private. Officially, the capital was not moved from Florence to Rome until July 1871. \n The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition–only Rome and Venetia remained to be added. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. On 17 March 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared Capital of Italy, even though it was not actually in the new Kingdom.", "The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition–only Rome and Venetia remained to be added. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. On 17 March 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared Capital of Italy, even though it was not actually in the new Kingdom. \n Conservative governments feared the Carboneria, imposing stiff penalties on men discovered to be members. Nevertheless, the movement survived and continued to be a source of political turmoil in Italy from 1820 until after unification. The Carbonari condemned Napoleon III (who, as a young man, had fought on the side of the Carbonari) to death for failing to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858, when Felice Orsini, Giovanni Andrea Pieri, Carlo Di Rudio and Andrea Gomez launched three bombs at him. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time or other members of this organization. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish constitutional government. Though contributing some service to the cause of Italian unity, historians such as Cornelia Shiver doubt that their achievements were proportional to their pretensions. \n The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feet–that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made Emperor, and was supported by the votes of the Conservatives and the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the Pontiff. \n After Napoleon fell, the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs, as they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification. \n Vincenzo Monti, known for the Italian translation of the Iliad, described in his works both enthusiasms and disappointments of Risorgimento until his death. \n Insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane unite (United Italian Provinces), which prompted Pope Gregory XVI to ask for Austrian help against the rebels. Austrian Chancellor Metternich warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be, and that French intervention would not be tolerated. Louis-Philippe withheld any military help and even arrested Italian patriots living in France. \n Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed that the government would support him if he attacked Rome. Frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, he came out of retirement to organize a new venture. In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed again at Palermo, where he gathered volunteers for the campaign, under the slogan o Roma o Morte (\"either Rome or Death\"). The garrison of Messina, loyal to the king's instructions, barred their passage to the mainland. Garibaldi's force, now numbering two thousand, turned south and set sail from Catania. Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito on 14 August and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains. \n Morale was of course badly weakened, but the dream of Risorgimento did not die. Instead, the Italian patriots learned some lessons that made them much more effective at the next opportunity in 1860. Military weakness was glaring, as the small Italian states were completely outmatched by France and Austria. France was a potential ally, and the patriots realized they had to focus all their attention on expelling Austria first, with a willingness to give the French whatever they wanted in return for essential military intervention. The French in fact received Savoy and Nice in 1860. Secondly, the patriots realized that the Pope was an enemy, and could never be the leader of a united Italy. Third they realized that republicanism was too weak a force. Unification had to be based on a strong monarchy, and in practice that meant reliance on Piedmont (the Kingdom of Sardinia) under King Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) of the House of Savoy. Count Cavour (1810–1861) provided critical leadership. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. He opened a newspaper as soon as censorship allowed it:Il Risorgimento called for the independence of Italy, a league of Italian princes, and moderate reforms. He had the ear of the king and in 1852 became prime minister. He ran an efficient active government, promoting rapid economic modernization while upgrading the administration of the army and the financial and legal systems. He sought out support from patriots across Italy. In 1855, the kingdom became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean war, which gave Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers. \n From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the Piedmontese parliament faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country that were frequently represented and described by northern Italian correspondents as \"corrupt,\" \"barbaric\" and \"uncivilized\". In response to the depictions of southern Italy, the Piedmontese parliament had to decide whether it should investigate the southern regions to understand the social and political situations there better or it should establish jurisdiction and order by using mostly force. \n Niccolò Tommaseo, the editor of the Italian Language Dictionary in eight volumes, was a precursor of the Italian irredentism and his works are a rare examples of a metropolitan culture above nationalism; he supported the liberal revolution headed by Daniele Manin against the Austrian Empire and he will always support the unification of Italy. \n Harbingers of national unity appeared in the treaty of the Italic League, in 1454, and the 15th century foreign policy of Cosimo De Medici and Lorenzo De Medici. Leading Renaissance Italian writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and Guicciardini expressed opposition to foreign domination. Petrarch stated that the \"ancient valour in Italian hearts is not yet dead\" in Italia Mia. Machiavelli later quoted four verses from Italia Mia in The Prince, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy \"to free her from the barbarians\". \n In art, this period was characterised by the Neoclassicism that draws inspiration from the \"classical\" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Italian sculptor was Antonio Canova who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh. The mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. \n There are other movies set in this period:\n During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include Trieste, Istria, and other adjacent territories, as well. This Italian irredentism succeeded in World War I with the annexation of Trieste and Trento, with the respective territories of Venezia Giulia and Trentino.", "There are other movies set in this period:\n During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include Trieste, Istria, and other adjacent territories, as well. This Italian irredentism succeeded in World War I with the annexation of Trieste and Trento, with the respective territories of Venezia Giulia and Trentino. \n An important figure of this period was Francesco Melzi d'Eril, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802–1805) and consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death. Meanwhile, artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; Vittorio Alfieri, Francesco Lomonaco and Niccolò Tommaseo are generally considered three great literary precursors of Italian nationalism, but the most famous of proto-nationalist works was Alessandro Manzoni's I promessi sposi (The Betrothed) widely read as a thinly-veiled allegorical critique of Austrian rule. Published in 1827 and extensively revised in the following years the 1840 version of I Promessi Sposi used a standardized version of the Tuscan dialect, a conscious effort by the author to provide a language and force people to learn it. \n Anniversary of Risorgimento \n--- \nMonument to Italia Turrita in Reggio Calabria \nObserved by | Italy \nType | National \nSignificance | Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861 \nCelebrations | Parades, Fireworks, Concerts, Picnics, Balls, Trade shows \nDate | 17 March \nFrequency | every fifty years \n With the Cairoli dead, command was assumed by Giovanni Tabacchi who had retreated with the remaining volunteers into the villa, where they continued to fire at the papal soldiers. These also retreated in the evening to Rome. The survivors retreated to the positions of Garibaldi on the Italian border. \n The seat of government was moved in 1865 from Turin, the old Sardinian capital, to Florence, where the first Italian parliament was summoned. This arrangement created such disturbances in Turin that the king was forced to leave that city hastily for his new capital. \n Francesco de Sanctis was one of the most important scholars of Italian language and literature in the 19th century; he supported the Revolution of 1848 in Naples and for this reason he was imprisoned for three years; his reputation as a lecturer on Dante in Turin brought him the appointment of professor at ETH Zürich in 1856; he returned to Naples as Minister of Public Education after the unification of Italy. \n Before the defeat at Mentana, Enrico Cairoli, his brother Giovanni and 70 companions had made a daring attempt to take Rome. The group had embarked in Terni and floated down the Tiber. Their arrival in Rome was to coincide with an uprising inside the city. On 22 October 1867, the revolutionaries inside Rome seized control of the Capitoline Hill and of Piazza Colonna. Unfortunately for the Cairolis and their companions, by the time they arrived at Villa Glori, on the northern outskirts of Rome, the uprising had already been suppressed. During the night of 22 October 1867, the group was surrounded by Papal Zouaves, and Giovanni was severely wounded. Enrico was mortally wounded and bled to death in Giovanni's arms. \n Meanwhile, Victor Emmanuel sought a safer means to the acquisition of the remaining Papal territory. He negotiated with the Emperor Napoleon for the removal of the French troops from Rome through a treaty. They agreed to the September Convention in September 1864, by which Napoleon agreed to withdraw the troops within two years. The Pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. In December 1866, the last of the French troops departed from Rome, in spite of the efforts of the pope to retain them. By their withdrawal, Italy (excluding Venetia and Savoy) was freed from the presence of foreign soldiers. \n Unification was achieved entirely in terms of Piedmont's interests. Martin Clark says, \"It was Piedmontization all around.\" Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the new kingdom of Italy were ignored. The new Kingdom of Italy was structured by renaming the old Kingdom of Sardinia and annexing all the new provinces into its structures. The first king was Victor Emmanuel II and kept his old title. \n Franco Della Peruta argues in favour of close links between the operas and the Risorgimento, emphasizing Verdi's patriotic intent and links to the values of the Risorgimento. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion. His politics caused him to be frequently in trouble with the Austrian censors. Verdi's main works of 1842-49 were especially relevant to the struggle for independence, including Nabucco (1842), I Lombardi alla prima crociata (1843), Ernani (1844), Attila (1846), Macbeth (1847), and La battaglia di Legnano (1848). However, starting in the 1850s, his operas showed few patriotic themes because of the heavy censorship of the absolutist regimes in power. \n Exiles dreamed of unification. Three ideals of unification appeared. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under leadership of the Pope in his 1842 book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians. Pope Pius IX at first appeared interested but he turned reactionary and led the battle against liberalism and nationalism. \n The Duke of Modena, Francis IV, was an ambitious noble, and he hoped to become king of Northern Italy by increasing his territory. In 1826, Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy. Encouraged by the declaration, revolutionaries in the region began to organize. \n While Radetzky consolidated control of Lombardy-Venetia and Charles Albert licked his wounds, matters took a more serious turn in other parts of Italy. The monarchs who had reluctantly agreed to constitutions in March came into conflict with their constitutional ministers. At first, the republics had the upper hand, forcing the monarchs to flee their capitals, including Pope Pius IX. \n Ippolito Nievo is another main representant of Risorgimento with his novel Confessioni d'un italiano; he fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. \n Before the powers could respond to the founding of the Roman Republic, Charles Albert, whose army had been trained by the exiled Polish general Albert Chrzanowski, renewed the war with Austria. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at Novara on 23 March 1849. Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II, and Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment, brought to an end. The war ended with a treaty signed on 9 August. A popular revolt broke out in Brescia on the same day as the defeat at Novara, but was suppressed by the Austrians ten days later. \n Giovanni Berchet wrote a poetry characterised by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to Il Conciliatore, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento that was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini and Silvio Pellico. \n Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco and the Risorgimento are the subject of a 2011 opera, Risorgimento! by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification.", "Giovanni Berchet wrote a poetry characterised by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to Il Conciliatore, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento that was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini and Silvio Pellico. \n Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco and the Risorgimento are the subject of a 2011 opera, Risorgimento! by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification. \n | This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (January 2017) \n---|---\n Giuseppe Mazzini and Carlo Cattaneo wanted the unification of Italy under a federal republic. That proved too extreme for most nationalists. The middle position was proposed by Cesare Balbo (1789–1853) as a confederation of separate Italian states led by Piedmont. \n The Kingdom of Italy had declared neutrality at the beginning of the war, officially because the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack first. Many Italians were still hostile to Austria's continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas, and Italy chose not to enter. Austria-Hungary requested Italian neutrality, while the Triple Entente (which included Great Britain, France and Russia) requested its intervention. With the London Pact, signed in April 1915, Italy agreed to declare war against the Central Powers, in exchange for the irredent territories of Friuli, Trentino, and Dalmatia (see Italia irredenta). \n Six weeks after the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi attacked Messina. Within a week, its citadel surrendered. Having conquered Sicily, Garibaldi proceeded to the mainland, crossing the Strait of Messina with the Neapolitan fleet at hand. The garrison at Reggio Calabria promptly surrendered. As he marched northward, the populace everywhere hailed him, and military resistance faded:on 18 and 21 August, the people of Basilicata and Apulia, two regions of the Kingdom of Naples, independently declared their annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. At the end of August, Garibaldi was at Cosenza, and, on 5 September, at Eboli, near Salerno. Meanwhile, Naples had declared a state of siege, and on 6 September the king gathered the 4,000 troops still faithful to him and retreated over the Volturno river. The next day, Garibaldi, with a few followers, entered by train into Naples, where the people openly welcomed him. \n In early 1831, the Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula, slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted. This military action suppressed much of the fledgling revolutionary movement, and resulted in the arrest of many radical leaders. \n Vincenzo Bellini was a secret member of the Carbonari and in his masterpiece I puritani (The Puritans), the last part of Act 2 is an allegory to Italian unification. Another Bellini opera, Norma, was at the center of an unexpected standing ovation during its performance in Milan in 1859:while the chorus was performing Guerra, guerra! Le galliche selve (War, war! The Gallic forests) in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word \"War!\" several times towards the Austrian officers at the opera house. \n The pope lost Rome in 1870 and ordered the Catholic Church not to co-operate with the new government, a decision fully reversed only in 1929. Most of those for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The inevitable long-run results were a severe weakness of national unity, and a politicized system based on mutually-hostile regions hostiless. Such factors remain in the 21st century. \n The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 formally ended with the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors in Italy. However, the Spanish branch of the Habsburg dynasty, another branch of which provided the Emperors, continued to rule most of Italy down to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). \n Meanwhile, Prussian Minister President Otto von Bismarck saw that his own ends in the war had been achieved, and signed an armistice with Austria on 27 July. Italy officially laid down its arms on 12 August. Garibaldi was recalled from his successful march and resigned with a brief telegram reading only \"Obbedisco\" (\"I obey\"). \n After WWII the irredentism movement faded away in Italian politics. Only a few thousand Italians remain in Istria and Dalmatia as a consequence of the Italian defeat in WWII and the slaughter of thousands of Italians as reprisals for fascist atrocities, and the subsequent departure of approximately 400,000 people in what became known as the Istrian exodus. 350,000 refugees were ethnic Italians (76% of which born in the territories surrendered), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship. \n Italian irredentism obtained an important result after the First World War, when Italy gained Trieste, Gorizia, Istria, and the city of Zara. During the Second World War, after the Axis attack on Yugoslavia, Italy created the \"Governatorato di Dalmazia\" (from 1941 to September 1943), so the Kingdom of Italy annexed temporarily even Split (Italian Spalato), Kotor (Cattaro), and most of coastal Dalmatia. From 1942 to 1943, even Corsica and Nice (Italian Nizza) were temporarily annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, nearly fulfilling in those years the ambitions of Italian irredentism. \n However, some of the terre irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in World War I. Some nationalists see the 4 November 1918 Armistice of Villa Giusti as the completion of unification. \n Risorgimento won the support of many leading Italian opera composers. Their librettos often saw a delicate balance between European romantic narratives and dramatic themes evoking nationalistic sentiments. Ideas expressed in operas stimulated the political mobilisation in Italy and among the cultured classes of Europe who appreciated Italian opera. Furthermore, Mazzini and many other nationalists found inspiration in musical discourses. \n In his L'italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers), Gioachino Rossini expressed his support to the unification of Italy; the patriotic line Pensa alla patria, e intrepido il tuo dover adempi:vedi per tutta Italia rinascere gli esempi d'ardir e di valor/\"Think about the fatherland and intrepid do your duty:see for all Italy the birth of the examples of courage and value\" was censored in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. \n Andrea Appiani, Domenico Induno and Gerolamo Induno are also known for their patriotic canvases. Risorgimento was also represented by works not necessarily linked to Neoclassicism as in the case of Giovanni Fattori who was one of the leaders of the group known as the Macchiaioli that soon became a leading Italian plein-airists, painting landscapes, rural scenes, and scenes of military life during the Italian unification. \n Italy celebrates the Anniversary of Risorgimento every fifty years, on 17 March (date of proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy). The anniversary occurred in 1911 (50th), 1961 (100th) and 2011 (150th) with several celebrations throughout the country. \n In the last moments, he had a vision of Garibaldi and seemed to greet him with enthusiasm. I heard (so says a friend who was present) him say three times:\"The union of the French to the papal political supporters was the terrible fact!\" he was thinking about Mentana. Many times he called Enrico, that he might help him! then he said:\"but we will certainly win; we will go to Rome!\"", "Italy celebrates the Anniversary of Risorgimento every fifty years, on 17 March (date of proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy). The anniversary occurred in 1911 (50th), 1961 (100th) and 2011 (150th) with several celebrations throughout the country. \n In the last moments, he had a vision of Garibaldi and seemed to greet him with enthusiasm. I heard (so says a friend who was present) him say three times:\"The union of the French to the papal political supporters was the terrible fact!\" he was thinking about Mentana. Many times he called Enrico, that he might help him! then he said:\"but we will certainly win; we will go to Rome!\" \n During the July Revolution of 1830 in France, revolutionaries forced the king to abdicate and created the July Monarchy with encouragement from the new French king, Louis-Philippe. Louis-Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as Ciro Menotti that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops. Fearing he would lose his throne, Louis-Philippe did not, however, intervene in Menotti's planned uprising. The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops. Menotti was executed, and the idea of a revolution centered in Modena faded. \n Many leading Carbonari revolutionaries wanted a republic, two of the most prominent being Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy could − and therefore should − be unified and formulated his program for establishing a free, independent, and republican nation with Rome as its capital. Following his release in 1831, he went to Marseille in France, where he organized a new political society called La Giovine Italia (Young Italy), whose motto was \"Dio e Popolo\" (God and People), which sought the unification of Italy. \n A sense of Italian national identity was reflected in Gian Rinaldo Carli's Della Patria degli Italiani, written in 1764. It told how a stranger entered a café in Milan and puzzled its occupants by saying that he was neither a foreigner nor a Milanese. ``' Then what are you? ' they asked. ' I am an Italian, ' he explained.\" \n For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations .... Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured. \n The dominance of letters sent from the Northern Italian correspondents that deemed Southern Italy to be \"so far from the ideas of progress and civilization\" ultimately induced the Piedmontese parliament to choose the latter course of action, which effectively illustrated the intimate connection between representation and rule. In essence, the Northern Italians' \"representation of the south as a land of barbarism (variously qualified as indecent, lacking in \"public conscience,\" ignorant, superstitious, etc.)\" provided the Piedmontese with the justification to rule the southern regions on the pretext of implementing a superior, more civilized, \"Piedmontese morality\". \n Risorgimento was also depicted in several famous novels:The Leopard written by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Heart by Edmondo De Amicis and Piccolo mondo antico by Antonio Fogazzaro. \n Italian unification is still a topic of debate. According to Massimo d'Azeglio, centuries of foreign domination created remarkable differences in Italian society, and the role of the newly formed government was to face these differences and to create a unified Italian society. Still today the most famous quote of Massimo d'Azeglio is, \"L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani\" (Italy has been made. Now it remains to make Italians). \n * 1860 (1934), by Alessandro Blasetti \n * Piccolo mondo antico (1941), by Mario Soldati \n * Un garibaldino al convento (1942), by Vittorio De Sica \n * Heart and Soul (1948), by Vittorio De Sica \n * Senso (1954), by Luchino Visconti \n * Garibaldi (1961), by Roberto Rossellini \n * 1870 (1971), by Alfredo Giannetti \n * Passione D'Amore (1981), by Ettore Scola (later adapted by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine into the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Passion) \n * Noi credevamo (2010), by Mario Martone", "Victor Emmanuel hastened to lead an army across the Mincio to the invasion of Venetia, while Garibaldi was to invade the Tyrol with his Hunters of the Alps. The enterprise ended in disaster. The Italian army encountered the Austrians at Custoza on 24 June and suffered a defeat. On 20 July the Regia Marina was defeated in the battle of Lissa. Italy's fortunes were not all so dismal, though. The following day, Garibaldi's volunteers defeated an Austrian force in the battle of Bezzecca, and moved toward Trento. \n * Italy in 1494 \n\n * Italy in 1796 \n\n * Italy in 1810 \n\n * Italy in 1859:orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), light green Duchy of Parma, green Duchy of Modena, dark green Grand Duchy of Tuscany, red Papal States, yellow Kingdom of Two Sicilies. \n\n * Italy in 1860:orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, yellow Kingdom of Two Sicilies. \n\n * Italy in 1861:orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States. \n\n * Kingdom of Italy in 1870 \n\n * Kingdom of Italy in 1919", "The politician, historian, and writer Gaetano Salvemini commented that even though Italian Unification had been a strong opportunity for both a moral and economic rebirth of Italy's Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy), due to lack of understanding and action on the part of politicians, corruption and organized crime flourished in the South. The Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci criticized Italian Unification for the limited presence of the masses in politics, as well as the lack of modern land reform in Italy. \n The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento is still controversial. Even though Giuseppe Mazzini tried to use some of Donizetti's works for promoting the Italian cause, Donizetti had always preferred not to get involved in politics. \n There remained the Roman and Venetian Republics. In April, a French force under Charles Oudinot was sent to Rome. Apparently, the French first wished to mediate between the Pope and his subjects, but soon the French were determined to restore the Pope. After a two-month siege, Rome capitulated on 29 June 1849 and the Pope was restored. Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exile–in 1850 Garibaldi went to New York City. Meanwhile, the Austrians besieged Venice defended by a volunteer army led by Daniele Manin and Guglielmo Pepe, which were forced to surrender on 24 August. Pro-independence fighters were hanged en masse in Belfiore, while the Austrians moved to restore order in central Italy, restoring the princes who had been expelled and establishing their control over the Papal Legations. The revolutions were thus completely crushed. \n The term, which also designates the cultural, political and social movement that promoted unification, recalls the romantic, nationalist and patriotic ideals of an Italian renaissance through the conquest of a unified political identity that, by sinking its ancient roots during the Roman period, \"suffered an abrupt halt (or loss) of its political unity in 476 AD after the collapse of the West Roman Empire.\" \n The Leopard is a film from 1963, based on the novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, and directed by Luchino Visconti. It features Burt Lancaster as the eponymous character, the Prince of Salina. The film depicts his reaction to the Risorgimento, and his vain attempts to retain his social standing. \n Thus, by early 1860, only five states remained in Italy–the Austrians in Venetia, the Papal States (now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and San Marino. \n In February 1848, there were revolts in Tuscany that were relatively nonviolent, after which Grand Duke Leopold II granted the Tuscans a constitution. A breakaway republican provisional government formed in Tuscany during February shortly after this concession. On 21 February, Pope Pius IX granted a constitution to the Papal States, which was both unexpected and surprising considering the historical recalcitrance of the Papacy. On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee Paris, and a republic was proclaimed. By the time the revolution in Paris occurred, three states of Italy had constitutions–four if one considers Sicily to be a separate state. \n Giacomo Leopardi was one of the most important poets of Risorgimento thanks to works such as Canzone all'Italia and Risorgimento. \n Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. Likewise Marco Pizzo argues that after 1815 music became a political tool, and many songwriters expressed ideals of freedom and equality. Pizzo says Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles. On the other side of the debate, Mary Ann Smart argues that music critics at the time seldom mentioned any political themes. Likewise Roger Parker argues that the political dimension of Verdi's operas was exaggerated by nationalistic historians looking for a hero in the late 19th century. \n The progress of the Sardinian army compelled Francis II to give up his line along the river, and he eventually took refuge with his best troops in the fortress of Gaeta. His courage boosted by his resolute young wife, Duchess Marie Sophie of Bavaria, Francis mounted a stubborn defence that lasted three months. But European allies refused him aid, food and munitions became scarce, and disease set in, so the garrison was forced to surrender. Nonetheless, ragtag groups of Neapolitans loyal to Francis fought on against the Italian government for years to come. \n At the summit of Villa Glori, near the spot where Enrico died, there is a plain white column dedicated to the Cairoli brothers and their 70 companions. About 100 meters to the left from the top of the Spanish Steps, there is a bronze monument of Giovanni holding the dying Enrico in his arm. A plaque lists the names of their companions. Giovanni never recovered from his wounds and from the tragic events of 1867. According to an eyewitness, when Giovanni died on 11 September 1869:\n The Pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, \"Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith.\" He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed:\"I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!\" San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day. \n The Italian Army, commanded by General Raffaele Cadorna, crossed the papal frontier on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome, hoping that a peaceful entry could be negotiated. The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. Although now convinced of his unavoidable defeat, Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his troops to put up a token resistance. On 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours had breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia, the Bersaglieri entered Rome and marched down Via Pia, which was subsequently renamed Via XX Settembre. 49 Italian soldiers and four officers, and 19 papal troops died. Rome and Latium were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held on 2 October. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October. \n The process of unification of the Italian people in a national state was not completed in the nineteenth century. Many Italians remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy and this situation created the Italian irredentism. \n The writer and patriot Luigi Settembrini published anonymously the Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies, a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government and was imprisoned and exiled several times by the Bourbons because of his support to Risorgimento; after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, he was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Naples. \n Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province.", "The writer and patriot Luigi Settembrini published anonymously the Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies, a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government and was imprisoned and exiled several times by the Bourbons because of his support to Risorgimento; after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, he was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Naples. \n Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, enjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. \n Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August the two forces met in the Aspromonte. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, but Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. The volunteers suffered several casualties, and Garibaldi himself was wounded; many were taken prisoner. Garibaldi was taken by steamer to Varignano, where he was honorably imprisoned for a time, but finally released. \n In spite of Italy's poor showing, Prussia's success on the northern front obliged Austria to cede Venetia. Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in Vienna on 12 October, Emperor Franz Joseph had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War, and thus Napoleon ceded Venetia to Italy on 19 October, in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice. \n * 150th Anniversary of' ' Risorgimento' ' \n * Celebration in Florence", "* Palazzo Vecchio, Florence \n\n * A castle near Modena \n\n * Mole Antonelliana during the anniversary, Turin \n\n * Rieti \n\n * Banner in Milan \n\n * Fiat Mirafiori Motor Village, Turin \n\n * Ferrari Formula One car with the logo of the 150th anniversary of Risorgimento \n\n\n\n Italia irredenta (Unredeemed Italy) was an Italian nationalist opinion movement that emerged after Italian unification. It advocated irredentism among the Italian people as well as other nationalities who were willing to become Italian and as a movement; it is also known as \"Italian irredentism\". Not a formal organization, it was just an opinion movement that claimed that Italy had to reach its \"natural borders\". Similar patriotic and nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the 19th century. \n Revisionism of Risorgimento produced a clear radicalization of Italy in the mid-twentieth century, following the fall of the Savoy monarchy and fascism during World War II. Reviews of the historical facts concerning Italian unification's successes and failures continue to be undertaken by domestic and foreign academic authors, including Denis Mack Smith, Christopher Duggan, and Lucy Riall. Recent work emphasizes the central importance of nationalism. \n Part of a series on the \n--- \nHistory of Italy \nAncient (show) \n\n * Prehistoric Italy \n * Etruscan civilization (12th–6th c. BC) \n * Magna Graecia (8th–7th c. BC) \n * Ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) \n\n \nMedieval (show) \n\n * Italy in the Middle Ages \n\n\n * Kingdom \n * Odoacer's \n * Ostrogothic \n * Vandal \n * Lombard \n\n\n * Byzantine reconquest of Italy (6th–8th c.) \n * Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE \n * Islam and Normans in southern Italy \n * Maritime Republics and Italian city-states \n * Guelphs and Ghibellines \n\n \nEarly modern (show) \n\n * Italian Renaissance (14th–16th c.) \n * Italian Wars (1494–1559) \n * Foreign domination (1559–1814) \n * Italian unification (1815–1861) \n\n \nModern (show) \n\n * Monarchy (1861–1945) \n * Italy in World War I (1914–1918) \n * Fascism and Colonial Empire (1918–1945) \n * Italy in World War II (1940–1945) \n * Republic (1945–present) \n * Years of Lead (1970s–1980s) \n\n \nBy topic (show) \n\n * List of historic states \n\n\n * Citizenship \n * Currency \n * Economy \n * Fashion \n * Genetic \n * Military \n * Music \n * Postage \n * Railway \n\n \n \nTimeline \n\nItaly portal \n \n * * *", "This resounding success demonstrated the weakness of the Neapolitan government. Garibaldi's fame spread and many Italians began to consider him a national hero. Doubt, confusion, and dismay overtook the Neapolitan court–the king hastily summoned his ministry and offered to restore an earlier constitution, but these efforts failed to rebuild the peoples' trust in Bourbon governance. \n Historians vigorously debate how political were the operas of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). In particular, the chorus of the Hebrew slaves (known as \"Va, pensiero\") from the third act of the opera Nabucco was intended to be an anthem for Italian patriots, who were seeking to unify their country and free it from foreign control in the years up to 1861 (the chorus's theme of exiles singing about their homeland, and its lines like O mia patria, si bella e perduta/\"O my country, so lovely and so lost\" was thought to have resonated with many Italians). Beginning in Naples in 1859 and spreading throughout Italy, the slogan \"Viva VERDI\" was used as an acronym for Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia (Viva Victor Emmanuel King of Italy), referring to Victor Emmanuel II. \n The economist and politician Francesco Saverio Nitti criticized the newly created state for not taking in to consideration the substantial economic differences between Northern Italy, a free market economy, and Southern Italy, a state protectionism economy, when integrating the two. When the Kingdom of Italy extended the free market economy to the rest of the country, the South's economy collapsed under the weight of the North's. Nitti contended that this change should have been much more gradual in order to allow the birth of an adequate entrepreneurial class able to make strong investments and initiatives in the south. These mistakes, he felt, were the cause of the economic and social problems which came to be known as the Southern Question (Questione Meridionale). \n On 5 January 1848, the revolutionary disturbances began with a civil disobedience strike in Lombardy, as citizens stopped smoking cigars and playing the lottery, which denied Austria the associated tax revenue. Shortly after this, revolts began on the island of Sicily and in Naples. In Sicily the revolt resulted in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Sicily with Ruggero Settimo as Chairman of the independent state until 1849 when the Bourbon army took back full control of the island on 15 May 1849 by force. \n Near Salemi, Garibaldi's army attracted scattered bands of rebels, and the combined forces defeated the opposing army at Calatafimi on 13 May. Within three days, the invading force had swelled to 4,000 men. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily, in the name of Victor Emmanuel. After waging various successful but hard-fought battles, Garibaldi advanced upon the Sicilian capital of Palermo, announcing his arrival by beacon-fires kindled at night. On 27 May the force laid siege to the Porta Termini of Palermo, while a mass uprising of street and barricade fighting broke out within the city. \n Francis II of the Two Sicilies, the son and successor of Ferdinand II (the infamous \"King Bomba\"), had a well-organized army of 150,000 men. But his father's tyranny had inspired many secret societies, and the kingdom's Swiss Mercenaries were unexpectedly recalled home under the terms of a new Swiss law that forbade Swiss citizens to serve as mercenaries. This left Francis with only his mostly-unreliable native troops. It was a critical opportunity for the unification movement. In April 1860, separate insurrections began in Messina and Palermo in Sicily, both of which had demonstrated a history of opposing Neapolitan rule. These rebellions were easily suppressed by loyal troops. \n In the peace treaty of Vienna, it was written that the annexation of Venetia would have become effective only after a referendum–taken on 21 and 22 October–to let the Venetian people express their will about being annexed or not to the Kingdom of Italy. Historians suggest that the referendum in Venetia was held under military pressure, as a mere 0.01% of voters (69 out of more than 642,000 ballots) voted against the annexation. However it should be admitted that the re-establishment of a Republic of Venice orphan of Istria and Dalmatia had little chances to develop. \n Italian unification (Italian:Unità d'Italia ( uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja) ), or the Risorgimento (( risordʒiˈmento), meaning \"the Resurgence\" or \"revival\" ), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. The process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. \n At the same time, other insurrections arose in the Papal Legations of Bologna, Forlì, Ravenna, Imola, Ferrara, Pesaro and Urbino. These successful revolutions, which adopted the tricolore in favour of the Papal flag, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, where the tricolore flag was adopted. The Parmese duchess Marie Louise left the city during the political upheaval. \n In the meantime, Giuseppe Garibaldi, a native of Nice, was deeply resentful of the French annexation of his home city. He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory. Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. On 6 May 1860, Garibaldi and his cadre of about a thousand Italian volunteers (called I Mille), steamed from Quarto near Genoa, and, after a stop in Talamone on 11 May, landed near Marsala on the west coast of Sicily. \n In 1820, Spaniards successfully revolted over disputes about their Constitution, which influenced the development of a similar movement in Italy. Inspired by the Spaniards (who, in 1812, had created their constitution), a regiment in the army of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, commanded by Guglielmo Pepe, a Carbonaro (member of the secret republican organisation), mutinied, conquering the peninsular part of Two Sicilies. The king, Ferdinand I, agreed to enact a new constitution. The revolutionaries, though, failed to court popular support and fell to Austrian troops of the Holy Alliance. Ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries. Many supporters of revolution in Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were forced into exile during the decades that followed. \n In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria contested with Prussia the position of leadership among the German states. The Kingdom of Italy seized the opportunity to capture Venetia from Austrian rule and allied itself with Prussia. Austria tried to persuade the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention. However, on 8 April, Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on 20 June Italy declared war on Austria. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called Third Independence War, after the First (1848) and the Second (1859). \n Garibaldi, a native of Nice (then part of France) participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834 and was sentenced to death but he escaped to South America, spending fourteen years in exile, taking part in several wars and learning the art of guerrilla warfare before his return to Italy in 1848. \n Vittorio Alfieri, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny.", "Garibaldi, a native of Nice (then part of France) participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834 and was sentenced to death but he escaped to South America, spending fourteen years in exile, taking part in several wars and learning the art of guerrilla warfare before his return to Italy in 1848. \n Vittorio Alfieri, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny. \n Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion en masse, holding firm along the Volturno River. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile. \n Many of the key intellectual and political leaders operated from exile; most Risorgimento patriots lived and published their work abroad after successive failed revolutions. Exile became a central theme of the foundational legacy of the Risorgimento as the narrative of the Italian nation fighting for independence. The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence. These negative stereotypes emerged from Enlightenment notions of national character that stressed the influence of the environment and history on a people's moral predisposition. Italian exiles both challenged and embraced the stereotypes and typically presented gendered interpretations of Italy's political \"degeneration\". They called for a masculine response to feminine weaknesses as the basis of a national regeneration, and fashioned their image of the future Italian nation firmly in the standards of European nationalism. \n It was in this situation that a Sardinian force of two army corps, under Fanti and Cialdini, marched to the frontier of the Papal States, its objective being not Rome but Naples. The Papal troops under Lamoricière advanced against Cialdini, but were quickly defeated and besieged in the fortress of Ancona, finally surrendering on 29 September. On 9 October, Victor Emmanuel arrived and took command. There was no longer a papal army to oppose him, and the march southward proceeded unopposed. \n The first decade of the kingdom saw savage civil wars in Sicily and in the Naples region. Hearder claimed that failed efforts to protest unification involved \"a mixture of spontaneous peasant movement and a Bourbon-clerical reaction directed by the old authorities.\" \n Mazzini was discontent with the perpetuation of monarchical government and continued to agitate for a republic. With the motto \"Free from the Alps to the Adriatic\", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. There were obstacles, however. A challenge against the Pope's temporal dominion was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and there were French troops stationed in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. \n Three months later Cavour, having seen his life's work nearly complete, died. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said:\"Italy is made. All is safe.\" \n Historian Denis Mack Smith argues that:\n With Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general Ferdinando Lanza, arriving in Sicily with some 25,000 troops, furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins. With the intervention of a British admiral, an armistice was declared, leading to the Neapolitan troops' departure and surrender of the town to Garibaldi and his much smaller army. In Palermo was created the Dictatorship of Garibaldi. \n In Milan, Silvio Pellico and Pietro Maroncelli organised several attempts to weaken the hold of the Austrian despotism by indirect educational means. In October 1820, Pellico and Maroncelli were arrested on the charge of carbonarism and imprisoned. \n Austrian forces put up some opposition to the invading Italians, to little effect. Victor Emmanuel entered Venice and Venetian land, and performed an act of homage in the Piazza San Marco. \n For its avowed purpose the movement had the \"emancipation\" of all Italian lands still subject to foreign rule after Italian unification. The Irredentists took language as the test of the alleged Italian nationality of the countries they proposed to emancipate, which were Trentino, Trieste, Dalmatia, Istria, Gorizia, Ticino, Nice (Nizza), Corsica, and Malta. Austria-Hungary promoted Croat interests in Dalmatia and Istria to weaken Italian claims in the western Balkans before the First World War. \n One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the Carboneria, a secret political discussion group formed in Southern Italy early in the 19th century; the members were called Carbonari. After 1815, Freemasonry in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections. A void was left that the Carboneria filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to Italian nationalism and no association with Napoleon and his government. The response came from middle class professionals and business men and some intellectuals. The Carboneria disowned Napoleon but nevertheless were inspired by the principles of the French Revolution regarding liberty, equality and fraternity. They developed their own rituals, and were strongly anticlerical. The Carboneria movement spread across Italy. \n In 1844, two brothers from Venice, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, members of the Giovine Italia, planned to make a raid on the Calabrian coast against the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in support of Italian Unification. They assembled a band of about twenty men ready to sacrifice their lives, and set sail on their venture on 12 June 1844. Four days later they landed near Crotone, intending to go to Cosenza, liberate the political prisoners and issue their proclamations. Tragically for the Bandiera brothers, they did not find the insurgent band they were told awaited them, so they moved towards La Sila. They were ultimately betrayed by one of their party, the Corsican Pietro Boccheciampe, and by some peasants who believed them to be Turkish pirates. A detachment of gendarmes and volunteers were sent against them, and after a short fight the whole band was taken prisoner and escorted to Cosenza, where a number of Calabrians who had taken part in a previous rising were also under arrest. The Bandiera brothers and their nine companions were executed by firing squad; some accounts state they cried \"Viva l'Italia!\" (\"Long live Italy!\") as they fell. The moral effect was enormous throughout Italy, the action of the authorities was universally condemned, and the martyrdom of the Bandiera brothers bore fruit in the subsequent revolutions.", "The 2nd War of Italian Independence began in April 1859 when the Sardinian Prime Minister Count Cavour found an ally in Napoleon III. Napoleon III signed a secret alliance and Cavour provoked Austria with military maneuvers and eventually created the war in April 1859. Cavour called for volunteers to enlist in the Italian liberation. The Austrians planned to use their army to beat the Sardinians before the French could come to their aid. Austria had an army of 140,000 men, while the Sardinians had a mere 70,000. This proved less important than it first appeared, however, as Emperor Franz Josef had chosen his officers based on their aristocratic titles and lineage instead of their personal merit. This strategy was no doubt socially acceptable, but the emperor soon discovered blue blood was a remarkably poor guarantor of military victory. Instead of swiftly entering the capital of Sardinia, the Austrian army crawled, taking almost ten days to travel the 80 kilometres (50 mi). By this time, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated. Napoleon III's plans worked and at the battle of Solferino, France defeated Austria and forced negotiations. The settlement, by which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, left Austria in control of Venice. Sardinia eventually won the Second War of Italian Unification due to statesmanship instead of armies or popular election. The final arrangement was ironed out by \"back-room\" deals instead of in the battlefield. This was because neither France, Austria, nor Sardinia wanted to risk another battle and could not handle further fighting. All of the sides were eventually unhappy with the final outcome of the 2nd War of Italian Unification and expected another conflict in the future." ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Quantum foundations Quantum foundations is the study of foundational questions related to quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. Some problems studied by researchers of quantum foundations are, for instance, the issue of the correct interpretation of quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox and the related area of quantum nonlocality and contextuality. A seminal result in quantum foundations is the existence of Bell inequalities, and later also the Kochen–Specker theorem that establish a no-go theorem for certain hidden-variable interpretations of quantum theory. Other areas of interest are, for instance, classifying the different types and classes of entanglement, the existence of SIC-POVMs and the study of different types of resource theories. Quantum foundations Quantum foundations is the study of foundational questions related to quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. Some problems studied by researchers of quantum foundations are, for instance, the issue of the correct interpretation of quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox and the related area of quantum nonlocality and contextuality. A seminal result in quantum foundations is the existence of Bell inequalities, and later also the Kochen–Specker theorem that establish a no-go theorem for certain hidden-variable interpretations of quantum theory. Other areas of interest are, for instance, classifying the different types and" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Rhythm Orchestra (Hartford/ Springfield) The Rhythm Orchestra Teraz Rhythm band was a Polish musical group that was active from the early 1970s to early 1990s in New England and eastern Canada. The group performed a wide range of folk and popular music styles including polka, oberek, waltz, rock (medium and slow), country, tango, cha-cha-cha, foxtrot, swing, and rumba. As a favorite among the Polish diaspora or Polonia of the Greater Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts region, the group played at dances, weddings, picnics, festivals, and anniversaries which were frequently held at venues such the Polish National Home in Hartford, Connecticut, Gen. Haller Post 111 and the Falcons Nest 88 in New Britain, Connecticut, Polish National Alliance Park in Wallingford, Connecticut, and Piłsudski Park in Holyoke, Massachusetts. The group's first record album, \"Our Homeland\", was released in 1972 on the Holyoke-based Rex Records label, which was founded by Joe \"Papa\" and Wanda Chesky, parents of Polka Hall of Famer Larry Chesky. Subsequent albums were released on the group's own record label, Wisła Records, which was based in Newington, Connecticut, and Westfield, Massachusetts. Four out five of the group's original members were born in Poland where their musical interests began. Kazimierz Pabisiak - leader 1991s vocal, organ Alicja kowalker - vocal 2005s Michal Psutka. - vocal sax 2000's Andrew Tokarz - drums ( mid 1990's - late 1990's ) Stanley Kozlowski - vocal, guitar (early 1990's - late 1990's ) Chris Wypasek - accordion, bass, vocal ( early 1990's - late 1990's ) Frank Barys - trumpet (original member, early 1970s - early 1980s) Eric Binczewski - drums (early - mid 1980s) John Burda - accordion (original member, early 1970s) George Dziarkowski - reeds and guitar (mid 1980s - early 1990s) Wieslaw Karolczyk - lead vocals, guitar, and bass (original member, early 1970s - early 1990s) Bruce Krasin - reeds (late 1970s - mid 1980s) Tom Lessing - drums (mid 1970s - early 1990s) Felix Matecki - drums (original member, early 1970s) Jenny Sierzputowski - vocals (late 1970s - early 1980s) Jesse Wrzosek - organ, accordion and vocals (leader, founder, early 1970s - early 1990s) Mark Bydlak - accordion and concertina (mid 1970s - early 1980s) Halina Gormley - vocals (late 1980s - early 1990s) Mirek Zimniuch - vocals, guitar, bass (late 1980s - early 1990s) \"Our Homeland\" (1972 Rex Records) \"Za Każdy Usmiech Twoj\" / For All of Your Smile (1979 Wisła Records) \"Coś Nowego\" / Something New (1981 Wisła Records) \"Dla Ciebie Polonio\" / To Polonia (1986 Wisła Records) \"Piękny Świat\" / Beautiful World (1990 Wisła Records) \"Złote Pszeboje\" / Greatest Hits (1991 Wisła Records) Rhythm Orchestra (Hartford/ Springfield) The Rhythm Orchestra Teraz Rhythm band was a Polish musical group that was active from the early 1970s to early 1990s in New England and eastern Canada. The group performed a wide range of folk and popular music styles including polka, oberek, waltz, rock (medium and slow), country, tango, cha-cha-cha, foxtrot, swing, and rumba. As a favorite among the Polish diaspora" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Azusa (train) The and are limited express services operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), which run between Shinjuku and Matsumoto via the Chūō Main Line and Shinonoi Line. The name \"Azusa\" is taken from the Azusa River in Matsumoto, Nagano. Shinjuku - - <br>(One train a day starts/terminates at Chiba) Shinjuku - Matsumoto From 23 December 2017, new E353 series EMUs are scheduled to be introduced on \"Super Azusa\" services. By March 2018, all \"Super Azusa\" services will be operated by E353 series trains, and the E257 series trainsets used on \"Azusa\" services are also scheduled to be subsequently replaced by E353 series trains. \"Azusa\" services are formed of 2+9-car or 9-car E257 series trainsets as shown below, with car 1 at the southern (Chiba/Tokyo/Shinjuku) end. All cars are no-smoking. \"Super Azusa\" services are formed of 4+8-car E351 series trainsets as shown below, with car 1 at the southern (Tokyo/Shinjuku) end. All cars are no-smoking. The \"Azusa\" service began on 1 October 1957 as a semi express operating between Shinjuku and Matsumoto. This operated until 24 April 1960 when it was absorbed into \"Hakuba\" semi express services. The \"Azusa\" name was revived from 12 December 1966 for use on limited express services operating between Shinjuku and Matsumoto. The premier \"Super Azusa\" service commenced on 3 December 1994 with the delivery of the first new E351 series tilting EMUs. New E257 series EMUs were introduced on \"Azusa\" services from the start of the revised timetable on 1 December 2001. Smoking was prohibited in all cars from 18 March 2007. Azusa (train) The and are limited express services operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), which run between Shinjuku and Matsumoto via the Chūō Main Line and Shinonoi Line. The name \"Azusa\" is taken from the Azusa River in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "In Toy Story 3, Andy is now nearly 18 years old, and preparing to leave for college. Andy chooses to take Woody with him, and puts the rest of the toys in a garbage bag to be stored in the attic, but Andy's mother mistakes them for garbage, and the toys just manage to escape a garbage truck. Woody tries to convince them that Andy did not intend to throw them away, but they refuse to believe him. When the toys find themselves at a daycare and choose to stay, Woody attempts to return to Andy, but is taken home by a little girl named Bonnie instead, where he became friends with her toys. Later, Woody returns to the daycare, where Andy's toys have been imprisoned by the daycare toys' bitter leader, Lots-O-Huggin' Bear. Woody helps them to escape, but in a confrontation with Lotso is dragged into a dumpster with a garbage truck approaching, forcing the rest of Andy's toys to go along as well. They are brought to a dump, where despite their attempts to change his heart, Lotso abandons them to their deaths on a conveyor belt headed into an incinerator. Resigned to their fate, they are rescued at the last minute by the Squeeze Toy Aliens. Back at Andy's, Woody contrives for all of them to be brought to Bonnie's house, where Andy passes them on to enjoy life with a new owner. As Andy drives away to college, Woody says an emotional and final farewell to him, saying \"So long, partner\". \n In Toy Story 2, Woody is preparing to go with Andy to Cowboy Camp, but his arm is accidentally ripped and Andy decides not to take him to camp. Woody is shelved and fears the worst for his fate. A squeaky toy Penguin named Wheezy is also on the shelf with a broken squeaker. Andy's Mom holds a yard sale and marks Wheezy to be sold for 25 cents. Woody saves Wheezy with help from Andy's new puppy, Buster. Woody, however, gets stolen by a greedy toy collector named Al. At his apartment, Woody discovers his forgotten past and legacy as the star of a 1950s Western children's show \"Woody's Roundup\", but learns that he will be shipped to Japan to be displayed in a toy museum. Even worse, one of the toys from the franchise, Stinky Pete the Prospector, is intent to make sure that Woody and the rest of the \"Roundup\" toys get to Japan. It is revealed that Stinky Pete was never sold and had never experienced the love of a child for decades. Al then calls a restoration expert to fix Woody's right arm. After that Stinky Pete convinces Woody to go along with the plan after Buzz and a few of the toys from the first film arrive to rescue Woody, who has a change of heart after watching an episode of Woody's Roundup in which he sings \"You've Got a Friend in Me\". Stinky Pete is able to prevent Woody from leaving by replacing the bolts on the air vent grille through which Buzz and the others managed to get into Al's apartment. \n Woody's plan initially proves effective, as Andy brings him on the car ride to the pizza establishment \"Pizza Planet\"; however, he encounters the antagonized Buzz, who had climbed onto the bumper while the van was pulling out of the driveway and entered through the open sunroof while it stopped at a gas station, Buzz then pushes Woody out of the van in order to get revenge for what Woody had done to him and then they fight. As a result, they both wind up getting left behind, but hitch a ride to Pizza Planet aboard a delivery truck. While Woody tries to reunite himself and Buzz with Andy, Buzz wanders off toward a rocket shaped claw machine much to Woody's dismay. They both wind up as prizes inside the machine and are snatched by Andy's malicious neighbor Sid Phillips, who likes abusing, destroying, and generally mistreating toys. With Andy's family about to move to a new house, Woody is frantic to plan an escape and encounters all of the toys monstrously reconstructed by Sid, where he discovers that they actually prove quite friendly and hospitable. As the movie carries on, Woody and Buzz race to escape Sid and Buzz discovers that he is an action figure. When Sid plans to blow Buzz to bits using a firework rocket, Woody devises a rescue mission enlisting assistance from the toys, effectively petrifying Sid by coming to life in front of him. Buzz and Woody manage to return to Andy and reconcile afterward, and Woody is re-accepted amongst the other toys, sharing the status as Andy's favorite toy with Buzz. \n In Toy Story, Woody is the favorite toy of his owner Andy Davis and the leader of the toys in Andy's room. However, his position is jeopardized by the arrival of Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure that Andy get as a birthday present. Buzz is convinced that he is an actual space ranger. Jealous, Woody uses Buzz's belief that he is a space ranger against him to try to knock him out of sight, in hopes of retaining his status as Andy's favorite toy; Buzz instead falls out the open window and Mr. Potato Head and the other toys accuse Woody of getting rid of Buzz on purpose, despite his attempt to convince them it was just an accident. \n It was revealed in August 2009 by Lee Unkrich that Woody's official last name is \"Pride\". Unkrich stated in his Twitter feed that \"Woody's actual full name is \"Woody Pride\", and has been since the earliest days of developing the original Toy Story.\" \n Woody is a passionate guy who throws himself into every action. As soon as he has an instinctive thought like \"I have to help them,\" or \"I have to run away,\" he does it with 100-percent commitment. You got ta love that about anybody. What's great is that I get credit for the way the character and the humor come off. I have kids that are now in college come up to me and say, \"when you told that neighbor kid to play nice, that really meant a lot to me\". \n Sheriff Woody \n--- \nToy Story character \nWoody as he appears in Toy Story 3 \nFirst appearance | Toy Story (1995) \nCreated by | John Lasseter Pete Docter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft \nVoiced by | Tom Hanks (films, Toy Story Toons, Toy Story of Terror! , Toy Story That Time Forgot, Kingdom Hearts III, commercials) Jim Hanks (Toy Story Treats, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command:The Adventure Begins, video games, merchandise, attractions) \nInformation \nGender | Male \nOccupation | Cowboy \n Presenter Ryan Tubridy dressed up as Woody for The Late Late Toy Show in 2011. \n Tom Hanks's vocal performance as Sheriff Woody was received positively by film critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks for the lead role of Woody. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that Tom Hanks \"brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody.\" In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named Woody one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years. \n \"There's a snake in my boot!\" is an old reference to alcoholic hallucination that was commonly used during the Wild West era; the concept is akin to seeing pink elephants, a later euphemism from the early 20th century. The euphemism, owing to the franchise's family-friendly approach, was left as an unexplained inside joke, and Woody is never seen drunk. \n A running gag is that throughout the movie Woody intentionally mispronounces Buzz's last name to mock him and Buzz fails to notice, such as \"Light-beer\" and \"Light-snack\". \n In late April 2010, Lego released a line based on Toy Story 3. This included Trash Compactor Escape, Western Train Chase, Trash Truck Escape and Lotso's Dump Truck. \n In the three films, Woody makes two strong friendships with Buzz and Jessie. At first, when Buzz temporarily becomes Andy's favorite toy, Woody tries to push him off the dresser but accidentally knocks him out the window. When found and taken by neighborhood bully Sid, however, Woody and Buzz work together to escape. From this point on, he and Buzz are very close. As for fellow \"Roundup Gang\" member, cowgirl Jessie, though Woody and Jessie argue with each other sometimes, they are still very close friends.", "In late April 2010, Lego released a line based on Toy Story 3. This included Trash Compactor Escape, Western Train Chase, Trash Truck Escape and Lotso's Dump Truck. \n In the three films, Woody makes two strong friendships with Buzz and Jessie. At first, when Buzz temporarily becomes Andy's favorite toy, Woody tries to push him off the dresser but accidentally knocks him out the window. When found and taken by neighborhood bully Sid, however, Woody and Buzz work together to escape. From this point on, he and Buzz are very close. As for fellow \"Roundup Gang\" member, cowgirl Jessie, though Woody and Jessie argue with each other sometimes, they are still very close friends. \n Woody and the other members of the Roundup gang are packed for shipping to Japan. However, the other toys catch up to Al at the airport and follow Al's luggage into the baggage handling area and then into the plane's cargo hold. Woody's tear reopens mainly due to Stinky Pete cutting it with his pickaxe but Buzz rescues Woody, along with Jessie and Bullseye. As they are taxiing down the runway Stinky Pete is stuffed into a backpack of a little girl who loves to apply make up on her toys, so that Stinky Pete will get the love of a child he needed for decades. Woody and Jessie escape through the landing gear before it retracts, and Buzz rescues them while riding Bullseye. Jessie and Bullseye are brought back to Andy's room by Woody and Buzz, and it's shown that the only evidence of their adventure in the city is when two neighbors walk outside to find an airport luggage carrier, which the toys used to get home in time for Andy's return, parked in their yard wondering how it got there. In the ending, Woody is fixed by Andy, and is welcomed back home with Wheezy, whose squeaker has been fixed, singing \"You've got a friend in me\". \n Woody made a cameo in the outtakes of Pixar's 1998 film A Bug's Life as a crew member, clapping the upside-down clapperboard. Then he appeared in the Andy's room sequence of Buzz Lightyear of Star Command:The Adventure Begins where he was voiced by Jim Hanks (Tom Hanks' Brother), and the Andy's room intro of the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series as a cameo. Later, he appeared in the end credit epilogue of Pixar's 2006 movie Cars as a toy station wagon, along with Buzz and Hamm. He also appeared in the theatrical shorts, Hawaiian Vacation (released with the 2011 Pixar film Cars 2), Small Fry (released with The Muppets), and Partysaurus Rex (released with the 3D re-release of Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo). He also appears in Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Woody (voiced by Tom Hanks) has appeared and presented at the 68th, the 72nd, and 88th Academy Awards. Woody appeared in the 2017 Family Guy episode The Finer Strings in a cutaway gag set up by Stewie Griffin. The gag involves him walking in on Buzz and Bo Peep making out. Woody also appeared in the 2007 film Meet the Robinsons along with Jessie and Bullseye. He is slated to appear in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III where Tom Hanks will reprise his role as Woody with Tim Allen as the voice of Buzz Lightyear. Woody and Buzz recently appeared as Pinatas in Pixar's newest movie Coco, along with Mike from the Monsters, Inc. series. \n * \"Reach for the sky!\" \n * \"This town ain't big enough for the two of us!\" \n * \"You're my favorite Deputy!\" \n * \"Somebody's poisoned the waterhole!\" \n * \"There's a snake in my boot!\" \n * \"Yee-haw! Giddyup, partner! We've got ta get this wagon train a-movin' !\" \n * \"I'd like to join your posse, boys, but first I'm gon na sing a little song.\"", "Woody will return in Toy Story 4, where Bonnie's other toys will help him reunite with Bo Peep. \n Woody is an old-fashioned pull-string cowboy doll. The voice-box that is activated by the pull-string says many simple phrases such as \"Reach for the sky!\", \"You're my favorite deputy!\", \"There's a snake in my boots!\", and \"Somebody's poisoned the waterhole!\". As mentioned in Toy Story 2, his construction includes an \"original hand-painted face, natural dyed-blanket stitched vest, and hand-stitched poly-vinyl hat.\" Woody wears an empty gun holster at his belt. He is Andy's favorite toy since kindergarten, with a special spot on the bed, and is the leader of the toys in Andy's room. In Toy Story 2, it is revealed that he is based on the main character from a popular 1950s TV show, Woody's Roundup. When Al is bargaining with Andy's mom in an attempt to take Woody, Andy's mom declines Al's bargain, stating that Woody is \"an old family toy.\" Stinky Pete also directly refers to him as a \"hand-me-down cowboy doll\" later in the movie, and when Woody finds a record player in Al's apartment room, he states \"I haven't seen one of these in ages!\", again supporting that he has been around longer than Andy. In fact, when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles, John Lasseter said \"We always imagined he was a hand-me-down to Andy from his father.\" He is voiced by Tom Hanks in the films and by his brother Jim Hanks on other occasions. \n In early 2010, Lego released Woody and Buzz to the Rescue, a playset including a pull-back RC the car, Woody minifigure, and Buzz minifigure with a removable rocket attached to his back. \n Sheriff Woody Pride is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise created by Pixar. He is a pull-string cowboy doll and the leader of the toys in the movies. His facial features are based on Tone Thyne, a former Disney animator. He is voiced by Tom Hanks in the feature-length film short films and the upcoming video game Kingdom Hearts III, and by Tom's brother Jim Hanks in video games and shorts until Disney Magic Kingdoms. \n In late 2009, Lego released a Woody's Roundup! playset as one of the first released playsets, consisting of minifigures Woody, Bullseye, Jessie and Stinky Pete, and buildings Sheriff, Jail and a gold mine. The set has a trap in between Jail and Sheriff that flings the minifigures, a safe, Lego money, a play that falls off the Jail and Lego pieces that fall through the top of the gold mine, specifically to land on Stinky Pete's head. \n In the mock outtakes of Toy Story 2, Woody is shown to have a more mischievous side towards Buzz, pulling pranks including hiding in a Buzz Lightyear cardboard box to make faces as Buzz walks past the hundreds of Buzz Lightyear toys on the shelves, drawing on Buzz's helmet, and using Buzz's wings as advertising space for rent when they suddenly pop open." ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Survival craft transceiver Very high frequency (VHF) survival craft transceivers (SCTs) are lightweight, portable, two-way, handheld VHF transceivers capable of radiotelephone \"on-scene communication between rescue units and the survival craft. Essentially these are hand-held VHF radio's that are used in any survival craft, such as a life boat or life raft. \" SCTs with re-chargeable type batteries may be used for on-board communications as well. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires the following from SCTs: The SCTs used for everyday operations have a rechargeable NiCad battery, and some radios that are strictly SCTs use a non-rechargeable lithium battery pack. These batteries must be replaced on or before the manufactures marked expiration date. SCTs are required to be capable of radiating a minimum radio frequency (RF) power of 250mW (milliwatts) A switch must be provided on the SCT if the transmitter has a power excess of one watt, this will allow the operator to reduce the power to less than one watt, resulting in a reduced battery power loss. Along with other requirements the IMO has made it mandatory that the antenna be vertically polarized, allowing all radio antennas to be within the same plane, this ensures that the energy transfer from each radio is high. The IMO requires that cargo ships between 300 and 500 gross tons must carry two SCTs. Passenger ships carrying more than 12 passengers on international voyages, and cargo ships of 500 tons or more must carry three SCTs. In lione to the ITU Radio Regulations, article 1, \"survival craft transceivers\" are classified as follows: Survival craft transceiver Very high frequency (VHF) survival craft transceivers (SCTs) are lightweight, portable, two-way, handheld VHF transceivers capable of radiotelephone \"on-scene communication between rescue units and the survival craft. Essentially these are hand-held VHF radio's that are used in any" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Papa Waigo Papa Waigo N'Diaye (born 20 January 1984), often simplified as Papa Waigo, is a Senegalese international footballer who currently plays as a striker for Emirati club Al-Thaid. Born in Saint-Louis, Senegal, Waigo began his career at Verona on 3 June 2002, before heading to Serie B outfit Cesena in 2005. After a successful spell where he was the highest-scoring non-Italian in the 2006–07 season he was signed by Genoa on 9 July 2007 for €5 million (cash plus Salvatore Aurelio [€0.5 million] and Dario Biasi [€0.1 million]), signing 5-year contract. On 19 January 2008 Waigo joined Fiorentina in a swap deal for Belgian defender Anthony Vanden Borre, with the two clubs co-owning both players' rights. Both Vanden Borre and Papa Waigo's 50% registration right was valued €2.1 million. He made his Serie A debut on 26 August 2007, Genoa 0–3 lost to Milan. He began his Fiorentina career in impressive style, with two goals in his first three games, including one in the 3–2 away victory against giants Juventus on 2 March. On 27 January 2009, Waigo signed for Serie B side Lecce on loan until the end of the season. While on loan he played six games but failed to score for the club. On 2 September 2009, Waigo signed a season long loan with Football League One side, Southampton. The season long loan carried with it an option for Southampton to purchase the player which was not taken up. He made his debut on 13 September 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Charlton Athletic, replacing Adam Lallana in the 90th minute. He scored his first goal for the club on 3 October 2009 in a 4–1 home win over Gillingham. He celebrated with his trademark 'Waigo Dance', involving him stepping ungainly thrice, before tapping his neck twice. He followed this up by scoring twice against Torquay United, as the Saints came from 2–0 down at half time to draw 2–2 and then win on penalties (with Waigo converting his) in the Football League Trophy. Waigo also scored twice in the Area Semi-final against Norwich City, which took the game to penalties. Waigo also took a penalty which he scored. He also scored in the Football League Trophy final which took place at Wembley Stadium. He was able to lift up the trophy as Southampton won it 4–1. He finished that competition top goalscorer with five goals. On 4 January 2011, Waigo moved on loan to Grosseto. On his return from the latest loan spell, on 10 August 2011, he was transferred to Serie B side Ascoli on a free transfer. On 25 June 2012, Waigo moved to the UAE, to sign for Al-Wahda on a two-year deal. Waigo plays international football for North-West African nation Senegal and was part of the Senegalese squad for the 2008 African Cup of Nations in Ghana. He played four matches (out of possible six) at 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Papa Waigo Papa Waigo N'Diaye (born 20 January 1984), often" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission The Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) is a space telescope concept that would be optimized to search for and image Earth-size habitable exoplanets in the habitable zones of their stars, where liquid water can exist. HabEx would aim to understand how common terrestrial worlds beyond the Solar System may be and the range of their characteristics. It would be an optical, UV and infrared telescope that would also use spectrographs to study planetary atmospheres and eclipse starlight with either an internal coronagraph or an external starshade. The preliminary concept, which is still in formulation, was proposed in 2016 to become the next Flagship (Large Strategic Science Mission) space observatory. If selected in 2020 and launched, it will operate at Lagrangian point L2. In 2016, NASA began considering four different Flagship (Large Strategic Science Mission) space telescopes, they are the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx), Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), Origins Space Telescope, and Lynx X-ray Surveyor. In 2019 the four teams will turn their final reports over to the National Academy of Sciences, whose independent Decadal Survey committee advises NASA on which mission should take top priority. Selection would take place in late 2020, and launch approximately in 2035. The Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) is a concept for a mission to directly image planetary systems around Sun-like stars. HabEx will be sensitive to all types of planets; however its main goal is to directly image Earth-size rocky exoplanets, and characterize their atmospheric content. By measuring the spectra of these planets, HabEx will search for signatures of habitability such as water, and be sensitive to gases in the atmosphere potentially indicative of biological activity, such as oxygen or ozone. HabEx's prime science goal is the discovery and characterization of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of nearby main sequence stars, it will also study the full range of exoplanets within the systems and also enable a wide range of general astrophysics science. In particular, the mission will be designed to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures in the atmospheres of Earth-sized rocky planets located in the habitable zone of nearby solar type stars. Absorption features from , , , and CO, and emission features from Na and K, are all within the wavelength range of anticipated HabEx observations. With a contrast that is 1,000 times better than that achievable with the Hubble Space Telescope, HabEx could resolve large dust structures, tracing the gravitational effect of planets. By imaging several faint protoplanetary disks for the first time, HabEx will enable comparative studies of dust inventory and properties across a broad range of stellar classifications. This will put the Solar System in perspective not only in terms of exoplanet populations, but also in terms of dust belt morphologies. General astrometry and astrophysics observations may be performed if justified by a high science return while still being compatible with top exoplanet science goals and preferred architecture. A wide variety of investigations are currently being considered for HabEx general astrophysics program. They range from studies of galaxy leakiness and inter-galactic medium reionization through measurements of the escape fraction of ionizing photons, to studies of the life cycle of baryons as they flow in and out of galaxies, to resolved stellar population studies, including the impact of massive stars and other local environment conditions on star formation rate and history. More exotic applications include astrometric observations of local dwarf galaxies to help constrain the nature of dark matter, and precision measurement of the local value of the Hubble Constant. The following table summarizes the investigations currently suggested for HabEx general astrophysics: Based on the science drivers and purpose, the researchers are considering direct imaging and spectroscopy of reflected starlight in the visible spectrum, with potential extensions to the UV and the near infrared parts of the spectrum. The required primary mirror sizes ranging from 3.5m to 8m, but ≥4m apertures may have to be segmented. An absolute minimum continuous wavelength range is 0.4 to 1 μm, with possible short wavelength extensions down below 0.3 μm and near infrared extensions to 1.7 μm or even 2.5 μm, depending on the cost and complexity. For characterization of extraterrestrial atmospheres, going to longer wavelengths would require a larger starshade, as proposed for the New Worlds Mission, or a larger telescope in order to reduce the amount of background light. Alternatively, keep the coronagraph small. Characterizing exoplanets at wavelengths shorter than ~350nm would require a fully UV-sensitive high contrast optical train to preserve throughput, and will make all wavefront requirements more stringent, whether for a starshade or a coronagraph architecture. Such high spatial resolution, high contrast observations would also open up unique capabilities for studying the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies. In particular, HabEx would search for potential biosignature gases in exoplanets' atmospheres, such as (0.69 and 0.76 μm) and its photolytic product ozone (). On the long wavelength side, extending the observations to 1.7 μm would make it possible to search for strong additional water signatures (at 1.13 and 1.41 μm), and would also allow to search for evidence that the detected and gases were created by abiotic processes (e.g., by looking for features from , CO, ). A further infrared capability to ~2.5 μm would allow to search for secondary features such as methane () that may be consistent with biological processes. Pushing even further in the UV may also allow distinction between a biotic, high-O atmosphere from an abiotic, -rich atmosphere based on the ozone absorption of 0.3 μm. Molecular oxygen () can be produced by geophysical processes, as well as a byproduct of photosynthesis by life forms, so although encouraging, is not a reliable biosignature, and it should be considered in its environmental context. Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission The Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) is a space telescope concept that would be optimized to search for and image Earth-size habitable exoplanets in the habitable zones of their stars, where liquid water can exist. HabEx would aim to" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Mister Heartbreak Mister Heartbreak is the second album by avant-garde artist, singer and composer Laurie Anderson, released in 1984. Like its predecessor, it contains reworked elements of Anderson's \"United States\" (\"Langue d'Amour\", \"Kokuku\", based on musical elements from \"Rising Sun\", and \"Blue Lagoon\"). However, Anderson also introduced new material (\"Sharkey's Day\"/\"Sharkey's Night\" and \"Gravity's Angel\") while \"Excellent Birds\", written in collaboration with Peter Gabriel, was written for a 1984 project for video artist Nam June Paik called \"Good Morning, Mr. Orwell\". \"Gravity's Angel\" borrows imagery from Thomas Pynchon's \"Gravity's Rainbow\". Anderson had \"wanted to make an opera of that book ... and asked him if that would be OK... He said, 'You can do it, but you can only use banjo.' And so I thought, 'Well, thanks. I don't know if I could do it like that.\" \"Blue Lagoon\" contains allusions to other tales of the sea (William Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\" (Ariel's song) and Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\"). Considered more mainstream than its predecessor, \"Big Science\", the album's lead track, \"Sharkey's Day\" formed the basis of a popular music video. Author William S. Burroughs read the lyrics of the closing track, \"Sharkey's Night\", while Peter Gabriel provided vocals on \"Excellent Birds\", an alternate version of which, titled \"This is the Picture (Excellent Birds)\", also appeared on his album \"So\". A third version of the song can be heard in the music-video version, directed by Dean Winkler. Most of the songs on this album were later performed in Anderson's 1986 concert film \"Home of the Brave\". Burroughs appears in that film and appears in two brief segments reciting lines from \"Sharkey's Night\", although it is Anderson herself who performs a complete version of the song at the film's conclusion. \"Sharkey's Night\" featured in the Australian short documentary film \"Ladies Please!\" (1995). It has sold 44,000 copies in France. All songs written by Laurie Anderson except as indicated. Album Mister Heartbreak Mister Heartbreak is the second album by avant-garde artist, singer and composer Laurie Anderson, released in 1984. Like its predecessor, it contains reworked elements of Anderson's \"United States\" (\"Langue d'Amour\", \"Kokuku\", based on musical elements from \"Rising Sun\", and \"Blue Lagoon\"). However, Anderson also introduced new material (\"Sharkey's Day\"/\"Sharkey's Night\" and \"Gravity's Angel\") while \"Excellent Birds\", written in collaboration with Peter Gabriel, was written for a 1984 project for video artist Nam June Paik called \"Good Morning, Mr. Orwell\". \"Gravity's Angel\" borrows" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Nepenthes villosa Nepenthes villosa , or the villose pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in northeastern Borneo. It grows at higher altitudes than any other Bornean \"Nepenthes\" species, occurring at elevations of over 3200 m. \"Nepenthes villosa\" is characterised by its highly developed and intricate peristome, which distinguishes it from the closely related \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. macrophylla\". The specific epithet \"villosa\" is Latin for \"hairy\" and refers to the dense indumentum of this species. \"Nepenthes villosa\" was formally described in 1852 by Joseph Dalton Hooker. The description was published in \"Icones plantarum\" and accompanied by an illustration. The species was first collected in 1858 by Hugh Low when he made his second ascent of Mount Kinabalu together with Spenser St. John. In an issue of \"Curtis's Botanical Magazine\" published in 1858, an illustration of an upper pitcher of \"N. veitchii\" was incorrectly identified as \"N. villosa\" by J. D. Hooker's father, William Jackson Hooker. That year, \"N. villosa\" was also covered in \"Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe\" by Louis van Houtte, in which the same illustration was reproduced along with the incorrect identification. In 1859, \"N. villosa\" was again described and illustrated in J. D. Hooker's treatment of the genus published in \"The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London\". The illustration and description were reproduced in Spenser St. John's \"Life in the Forests of the Far East\", published in 1862. B. H. Danser treated \"N. edwardsiana\" in synonymy with \"N. villosa\" in his seminal monograph \"The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies\", published in 1928. The work included a revised Latin diagnosis and botanical description of \"N. villosa\". Danser listed four herbarium specimens that he identified as belonging to \"N. villosa\". These include two collected by George Darby Haviland from Mount Kinabalu in 1892. One of these, \"Haviland 1656/1232\", was collected at an altitude of 2400 m. It includes male floral material and is deposited at the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum. The second specimen, \"Haviland 1813/1353\", was collected from the Marai Parai plateau at an altitude of 1650 m; it likely represents \"N. edwardsiana\". It is also deposited at the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum. It does not include floral material. G. D. Haviland explored the Mount Kinabalu area with his brother H. A. Haviland between March and April, 1892, and must have collected these specimens during this time. Additionally, Danser lists two specimens collected by Joseph Clemens in 1915. The first, \"Clemens 10627\", was collected on November 13 from Paka Cave to Low's Peak. It includes female floral material. The second, \"Clemens 10871\", was collected at Marai Parai between November 22 and November 23, and does not include floral material. Both specimens are deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. In \"Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World\", published in 1992, a specimen of the natural hybrid \"N. × kinabaluensis\" (\"N. rajah\" × \"N. villosa\") is labeled as \"N. villosa\". In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto published a summary of measured tolerances of six highland \"Nepenthes\" species, including \"N. villosa\", based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001. Many of the \"N. villosa\" plants in cultivation today originate from a particularly vigorous tissue culture clone introduced by Phill Mann of Australia and later sold by the Sri Lankan-based plant nursery, Borneo Exotics. \"Nepenthes villosa\" is a weak climber, rarely exceeding 60 cm in height, although the stem may grow to 8 m in length and 10 mm in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical and up to 10 cm long. Leaves are coriaceous and petiolate. The lamina is spathulate to oblong and may be up to 25 cm long and 6 cm wide. The apex of the lamina is emarginate. The petiole is canaliculate, up to 10 cm long, and bears an amplexicaul sheath. One to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Tendrils may reach 50 cm in length. Lower and upper pitchers are very similar. They are urceolate to ovate in shape. The pitchers grow up to 25 cm high and 9 cm wide. A pair of fringed wings (≤15 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher, although it may be reduced to ribs in aerial traps. The pitcher mouth is oblique and elongated into a neck at the rear. The glands on the inner surface are overarched and occur at a density of 200 to 1300 per square centimetre. The peristome is cylindrical in cross section and up to 20 mm wide. It bears well developed teeth and ribs. The lid or operculum is cordate and has a pointed apex. It has a pair of prominent lateral veins. An unbranched spur (≤20 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. \"Nepenthes villosa\" has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle may be up to 40 cm long, while the rachis grows to 20 cm in length. Pedicels are filiform-bracteolate and up to 15 mm long. Sepals are round to elliptic and up to 4 mm long. A study of 490 pollen samples taken from two herbarium specimens (\"J.H.Adam 1124\" and \"J.H.Adam 1190\", collected at an altitude of 1800–3400 m) found the mean pollen diameter to be 37.2 μm (SE = 0.2; CV = 6.7%). The species has a dense indumentum of long, brown hairs that covers all parts of the plant. \"Nepenthes villosa\" is endemic to the upper slopes of Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Borneo. It generally grows at 2300–3240 m above sea level, the highest altitude of all Bornean \"Nepenthes\" species; only \"N. lamii\" from New Guinea is found at greater elevations. On Mount Kinabalu, \"N. villosa\" is common along the Mesilau Trail (between Pondok Magnolia and the meeting point with the old summit trail) and almost all the way up to the Laban Rata rest house; a particularly large population has been reported at around 3047 m. On Mount Tambuyukon, an altitudinal inversion has been noted, whereby \"N. villosa\" is more common at much lower elevations of 1600–1900 m, being replaced by \"N. rajah\" towards the summit. The exposed, uppermost slopes of Mount Tambuyukon can become very hot during the day and this might explain the inability of \"N. villosa\" to colonise them. Plants from Mount Tambuyukon generally produce slightly more elongated pitchers. \"Nepenthes villosa\" often grows in mossy forest and sub-alpine forest dominated by species of the genera \"Dacrydium\" and \"Leptospermum\", particularly \"Leptospermum recurvum\". It has also been recorded growing among shrubs, grass, and boulders in open areas. Here the soil may become relatively dry, although relative humidity is usually close to 100% as the slopes are often enveloped in clouds. Like many \"Nepenthes\" from the Mount Kinabalu area, it is endemic to ultramafic soils. The conservation status of \"N. villosa\" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Although many plants grow along Mount Kinabalu's summit trail and are easily accessible to climbers, all known populations of the species grow within Kinabalu National Park and so their collection is illegal. In 1997, Charles Clarke suggested a revised assessment of Conservation Dependent based on this. Clarke writes that \"N. villosa\" \"has a secure future\", although he adds that climbers have had a significant impact on populations of the species growing along the summit trail, with the number of plants having declined in recent years. A 2002 study found 1180 individual \"N. villosa\" growing in 11 plots, each measuring 0.01 hectares, at elevations of between 2610 m and 2970 m on Mount Kinabalu. This number constituted 94% of the pitcher plants recorded from the plots, the rest being \"N. × kinabaluensis\". \"Nepenthes villosa\" is most closely related to \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. macrophylla\". There has been much taxonomic confusion surrounding the status of these three taxa. Joseph", "is illegal. In 1997, Charles Clarke suggested a revised assessment of Conservation Dependent based on this. Clarke writes that \"N. villosa\" \"has a secure future\", although he adds that climbers have had a significant impact on populations of the species growing along the summit trail, with the number of plants having declined in recent years. A 2002 study found 1180 individual \"N. villosa\" growing in 11 plots, each measuring 0.01 hectares, at elevations of between 2610 m and 2970 m on Mount Kinabalu. This number constituted 94% of the pitcher plants recorded from the plots, the rest being \"N. × kinabaluensis\". \"Nepenthes villosa\" is most closely related to \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. macrophylla\". There has been much taxonomic confusion surrounding the status of these three taxa. Joseph Dalton Hooker, who described both \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. villosa\", noted the similarity between the two species as follows: This most remarkable plant [\"N. villosa\"] resembles that of \"edwardsiana\" in so many respects, especially in the size, form and disposition of the distant lamellae of the mouth, that I am inclined to suspect that it may be produced by young plants of that species, before it arrives at a stage when the pitchers have elongated necks. Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau was the first to treat \"N. edwardsiana\" in synonymy with \"N. villosa\" when he published his monograph on the genus in 1895. In his 1908 monograph, John Muirhead Macfarlane wrote the following with regards to the two species: \"Examinatione microscopica probatur, illas species distinctas esse\". This is probably \"based on the old belief that plants, which differ anatomically, can not be forms of the same species\". B. H. Danser united the species \"[w]ith some hesitation\" in his 1928 monograph \"The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies\". He suggested that \"N. villosa\" is a stunted form of \"N. edwardsiana\" from higher altitudes, which flowers at a \"juvenile stage of development\". Danser acknowledged that the indumentum of \"N. villosa\" is more dense than that of \"N. edwardsiana\", but noted that it \"is a difference only of degree\". The two taxa differ considerably in their altitudinal distributions. \"Nepenthes villosa\" usually occurs at ultrahighland elevations (2300–3240 m), whereas \"N. edwardsiana\" is found between 1500 and 2700 m. Where their altitudinal distributions overlap, they are still identifiable as distinct species. \"Nepenthes macrophylla\" was originally described in 1987 as a subspecies of \"N. edwardsiana\" by Johannes Marabini. It was later elevated to species status by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek. This interpretation was supported by Charles Clarke, who noted that \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. villosa\" \"have more in common\" than \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. macrophylla\". Whereas \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. villosa\" are restricted to the Kinabalu area, \"N. macrophylla\" is only found near the summit of Mount Trus Madi. Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek suggest that \"N. villosa\" is related to \"N. mira\", a species endemic to Palawan in the Philippines. \"N. villosa\" also shows affinities to \"N. peltata\" of Mindanao. Two natural hybrids involving \"N. villosa\" have been recorded. \"Nepenthes × harryana\" is the natural hybrid between \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. villosa\". Its two parent species are very closely related and so \"N. × harryana\", which is intermediate in form, may be difficult to distinguish from either of them. It was originally described as a species in 1882 by Frederick William Burbidge. John Muirhead Macfarlane was the first to realise its hybrid origin and described it as such in his monograph of 1908. Danser wrote that \"N. × harryana\" could be a hybrid as Macfarlane suggested, or a form of \"N. villosa\" together with \"N. edwardsiana\". \"Nepenthes × harryana\" can be distinguished from \"N. villosa\" on the basis of its pitcher morphology. The pitchers of the hybrid are more cylindrical than those of \"N. villosa\", whereas the indumentum is more dense than that of \"N. edwardsiana\". The hip of the pitcher cup, which is found just below the peristome in \"N. villosa\" and in the lower quarter of \"N. edwardsiana\" pitchers, is located around the middle of \"N. × harryana\" pitchers. However, \"N. villosa\" plants from Mount Tambuyukon are easier to confuse with this hybrid, as they produce pitchers that may be elongated slightly above the hip. \"Nepenthes × harryana\" is known from a ridge above the Upper Kolopis River and from two locations along the Kinabalu summit trail. Since \"N edwardsiana\" does not grow along the summit trail, it cannot be confused with this hybrid there. Burbidge wrote that \"N. edwardsiana\", \"N. × harryana\", and \"N. villosa\" \"are quite distinct in zone of the mountain\". \"Nepenthes × kinabaluensis\" is the natural hybrid between \"N. rajah\" and \"N. villosa\". It was first collected near Kambarangoh on Mount Kinabalu by Lilian Gibbs in 1910 and later mentioned by John Muirhead Macfarlane as \"\"Nepenthes\" sp.\" in 1914. Although Macfarlane did not formally name the plant, he noted that \"[a]ll available morphological details suggest that this is a hybrid between \"N. villosa\" and \"N. rajah\"\". It was finally described in 1976 by Shigeo Kurata as \"N. × kinabaluensis\". The name was published in \"Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu\", but it is a \"nomen nudum\", as it had an inadequate description and lacked information on the type specimen. The name was subsequently republished by Kurata in 1984 and by J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock in 1998. The pitchers of \"N. × kinabaluensis\" may be quite large, but do not compare to those of \"N. rajah\" or \"N. × alisaputrana\" (\"N. burbidgeae\" × \"N. rajah\"). \"N. × kinabaluensis\" can only be found on Mount Kinabalu (hence the name) and nearby Mount Tambuyukon, where the two parent species occur sympatrically. More specifically, plants are known from a footpath near Paka Cave and several places along an unestablished route on a south-east ridge, which lies on the west side of the Upper Kolopis River. The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about 2900 m in a clearing dominated by \"Dacrydium gibbsiae\" and \"Leptospermum recurvum\" trees. \"N. × kinabaluensis\" has an altitudinal distribution of 2420 to 3030 m. It grows in open areas in cloud forest. The hybrid is generally intermediate in appearance between its parent species. Raised ribs line the inner edge of the peristome and end with elongated teeth. These are more prominent than those found in \"N. rajah\" and smaller than those of \"N. villosa\". The peristome is coarse and expanded at the margin (but not scalloped like that of \"N. rajah\"), the lid orbiculate or reniform and almost flat. In general, pitchers are larger than those of \"N. villosa\" and the tendril joins the apex about 1–2 cm below the leaf tip, a feature which is characteristic of \"N. rajah\". In older plants, the tendril can be almost woody. \"N. × kinabaluensis\" is an indumentum of villous hairs covering the pitchers and leaf margins, which is approximately intermediate between the parents. Lower pitchers have two fringed wings, whereas the upper pitchers usually lack these. The colour of the pitcher varies from yellow to scarlet. \"N. × kinabaluensis\" seems to produce upper pitchers more readily than either of its parents. In all respects \"N. × kinabaluensis\" is intermediate between the two parent species and it is easy to distinguish from all other \"Nepenthes\" of Borneo. However, it has been confused once before, when the hybrid was misidentified as both \"N. rajah\" and \"N. villosa\" in \"Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World\", published in 1992. —Ascidia magna turgida late pyriformia coriacea, 5\" longa, 3½\" lata, alis anticis mediocribus grosse dentatis, ore aperto annulo maximo! lamellis annularibus distantibus disciformibus rigidis, 1\" diam., cristatis posticis in spinas rigidas ½\" longas, fundum ascidii spectantibus productis, collo", "lack these. The colour of the pitcher varies from yellow to scarlet. \"N. × kinabaluensis\" seems to produce upper pitchers more readily than either of its parents. In all respects \"N. × kinabaluensis\" is intermediate between the two parent species and it is easy to distinguish from all other \"Nepenthes\" of Borneo. However, it has been confused once before, when the hybrid was misidentified as both \"N. rajah\" and \"N. villosa\" in \"Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World\", published in 1992. —Ascidia magna turgida late pyriformia coriacea, 5\" longa, 3½\" lata, alis anticis mediocribus grosse dentatis, ore aperto annulo maximo! lamellis annularibus distantibus disciformibus rigidis, 1\" diam., cristatis posticis in spinas rigidas ½\" longas, fundum ascidii spectantibus productis, collo elongato erecto, operculo orbiculato intus densissime glanduloso dorso basi longe cornuto. (\"Tab.\" LXIX.) \"Folia mediocria\" petiolata, lamina obovato-oblonga v. lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 2-3, vagina caulem fere totum amplectente ; \"ascidia rosularum\" ignota ; \"ascidia inferiora\" magna, breviter ovata, costis 2 ad os alatis fimbriatis ; peristomio operculum versus in collum elongato 6-12 mm lato, costis altis 3-12 mm distantibus, dentibus 1-3 x longioribus quam latis ; operculo rotundato-cordato v. paulum reniformi, facie inferiore plano ; \"ascidia superiora\" magna, parte inferiore ventricosa os versus cylindrica, costis 2 prominentibus ; peristomio operculum versus in collum elevato, 12-22 mm lato, costis altis 3-12 mm distantibus, dentibus 1-3 x longioribus quam latis ; operculo rotundato-ovato v. paulum reniformi, facie inferiore plano ; \"inflorescentia\" racemus pedicellis inferioribus 12 mm longis omnibus 1-floris ; \"indumentum\" villosum. Nepenthes villosa Nepenthes villosa , or the villose pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in northeastern Borneo. It grows at higher altitudes than any other Bornean \"Nepenthes\" species, occurring at elevations of over 3200 m. \"Nepenthes villosa\" is characterised by its highly developed and intricate peristome, which distinguishes it from the closely related \"N. edwardsiana\" and \"N. macrophylla\". The specific epithet \"villosa\" is Latin for \"hairy\" and refers to the dense indumentum of this species. \"Nepenthes villosa\" was formally described in 1852 by Joseph Dalton Hooker. The description was" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "First inauguration of Hassan Rouhani The inauguration of Hassan Rouhani as the 7th President of Iran took place on two rounds, first on Saturday 3 August 2013 whereby he received his presidential precept from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and entered to the Sa'dabad Palace, official residence of the president in a private ceremony. The second was on the next day with sworn in for the office in the Parliament of Iran. This marked the commencement of the four-year term of Hassan Rouhani as president and his vice president. The event was awaited with some expectation, since for the first time foreign guests participated in the ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice, Sadeq Larijani. The inauguration ceremony began at 16:00 IRDT and finished at 19:00. Foreign guests resided in two places. Heads of states and governments stayed at the Sa'dabad Palace, which is the official residence of the Iranian president. Other guests based in Parsian Esteghlal Hotel. Hassan Rouhani went to Imam Khomeini Hosseinieh, the official residence of Supreme Leader of Iran to receive his presidential precept from Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. After that, he began his career as President of Iran officially. On the next day, an official inauguration took place which he must perform the oath of office beside Sadeq Larijani, head of Judiciary System of Iran. Before the sworn in ceremony begins, Parliament speaker, Ali Larijani welcomed the new government and guests with a 30-minute speech. Rouhani had a 45-minute mandate for his first speech as the President of Iran. The group organizing the inauguration invited international and national authorities for the swearing in ceremony. The ceremonial body of the Parliament sent invitations to all members of the current legislature and some famous Iranian political and cultural persons. All governors of the provinces, ambassadors and Friday prayer imams were invited for the event. Former presidents, including Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Mohammad Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, were also invited. After the ceremony, guests attended a dinner party hosted by Rouhani. The following leaders attended the swearing in ceremony: After the election of Rouhani as the seventh president of Iran, former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Jack Straw, who has a close friendship with Hassan Rouhani, publicly announced his inclination for participating in Rouhani's presidential inauguration. Two weeks later, Parliament sent an official invitation to him. However, he declined this invitation due to personal and family reasons and also that he was not a British official. Abbas Araghchi, the spokesperson of Ministry of Foreign Affairs also announced that Parliament sent invitations to all governments' officials except Israel, with which Iran has no formal relations. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir had confirmed his participation in the ceremony but his chartered Saudi aircraft was prevented from flying into Saudi Arabian airspace on its way to Tehran. Rouhani's inauguration was broadcast nationally by all major television networks. IRIB broadcast the event live. BBC Persian, Voice of America, Press TV, Manoto, CNN, ABC news, NBC, Channel 4, Russia Today, NRK, SRF, Euronews, TRT Turk and Al Jazeera also aired the event. Among 2,000 reporters were permitted to enter the Parliament house. First inauguration of Hassan Rouhani The inauguration of Hassan Rouhani as the 7th President of Iran took place on two rounds, first on Saturday 3 August 2013 whereby he received his presidential precept from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and entered to the Sa'dabad Palace, official residence of the president in a private ceremony. The second was on the next day with sworn in for the office in the Parliament of Iran. This marked the commencement of the four-year term of" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "2015 São Paulo F.C. season The 2015 season was São Paulo's 86th year since the club's existence. At the first half of the year, São Paulo played the Campeonato Paulista and Copa Libertadores. In the state league the club's performance led to semifinals when \"The Dearest\" lose to rival Santos in a single match on away field (1-2). By the continental tournament, \"Tricolor\" reach the round of 16 being beaten by Cruzeiro in penalty shootouts by 3-4 after two equal scores (1-0 home; 0-1 away). In April, Muricy Ramalho left the São Paulo FC due to health problems and the team was trained by assistant coach Milton Cruz during a few matches and managed by Colombian Juan Carlos Osorio and Brazilian Doriva in the course of the season. After only 7 matches Doriva was replaced by Milton Cruz who trained the club again at the end of the year. In the Copa do Brasil, \"Tricolor\" was defeated by Santos in semifinals with two losses by 1-3, 2-6 on aggregate score. By national league a final 4th position take a place in the first stage of the Copa Libertadores. The main event of the year was the retirement of goalkeeper Rogério Ceni in a symbolical match between the world champions players by São Paulo in 1992 and 2005. The final result was 5-3 to 2005 champions. Rogério Ceni stopped his career at 42 with a record of 1237 matches, 131 goals during his 23 seasons by \"Tricolor\". 2015 São Paulo F.C. season The 2015 season was São Paulo's 86th year since the club's existence. At the first half of the year, São Paulo played the Campeonato Paulista and Copa Libertadores. In the state league the club's performance led to semifinals when \"The Dearest\" lose to rival Santos in a single match" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Levant, Maine Levant is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,851 at the 2010 census. Originally called \"Kenduskeag Plantation\", the town was founded in 1802 by Maj. Moses Hodsden who built three houses, a sawmill, a grist-mill, a store, and a blacksmith shop in what is now the village of Kenduskeag. At the time, these were likely the only framed buildings between Bangor and the Kennebec River. In 1813 the plantation became a town, and was given the name Levant, which is that part of the Middle East which borders the Mediterranean. In 1852, the village of Kenduskeag broke away from the rest of Levant and took part of the neighboring town of Glenburn to form the present town of Kenduskeag. Prior to the break the town had 1,841 inhabitants. In early 1824, Levant Congregational minister John Bovee Dods claimed that he was visited by a spirit, and his house subsequently became the site of poltergeist activity. Perhaps a hundred curious people were said to have visited and witnessed these events. Dods became a Universalist in 1826, and moved to nearby Union, though he continued to preach in Levant. He later moved to Massachusetts and became an early psychologist, publishing \"The Philosophy of Electrical Psychology\" in 1850, and lecturing widely. In 1856 he converted to spiritualism, and became a leading figure in that religion in New York City. One of the last tarring and feathering episodes in Maine took place in Levant in 1899, the victim being an evangelical minister named George W. Higgins of the Disciples of the Holy Ghost, whose headquarters was the Shiloh Temple in Durham, Maine, and whose spiritual leader was Frank Sandford. Higgins had made about 15 converts in Levant, and encouraged them to turn over all their property to Sandford and go to live in the Durham temple. After one member had committed suicide and Higgins had told another to whip a small child because he was possessed by a demon, two selectmen ordered him to leave town. When he refused, a mob seized him, covered him with hot tar and feathers, and rode him on a rail a number of miles to the town line, some following behind in carriages. An area in town where many \"Higginsites\" lived was known as \"Higginsville\" as late as the 1930s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,851 people, 1,081 households, and 800 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,146 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 0.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.6% Asian, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population. There were 1,081 households of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.0% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the town was 37.9 years. 24.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28% were from 25 to 44; 28.7% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.7% male and 49.3% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,171 people, 784 households, and 609 families residing in the town. The population density was 72.5 people per square mile (28.0/km²). There were 829 housing units at an average density of 27.7 per square mile (10.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.51% White, 0.14% African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.05% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of the population. There were 784 households out of which 39.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $41,290, and the median income for a family was $45,368. Males had a median income of $32,214 versus $22,431 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,671. About 9.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over. Levant, Maine Levant is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,851 at the 2010 census. Originally called \"Kenduskeag Plantation\", the town was founded in 1802 by Maj. Moses Hodsden who built three houses, a sawmill, a grist-mill, a store, and a blacksmith shop in what is now the village of Kenduskeag. At the time, these were likely the only framed buildings between Bangor and the Kennebec River. In 1813 the plantation became a town, and was given the name Levant," ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "New Jersey Route 170 Route 170 was a short, long state highway in Burlington County, New Jersey. The route was a former alignment of U.S. Route 206 and New Jersey Route 39 in the downtown portions of Mansfield Township and Columbus. Route 170 began at an intersection with U.S. Route 206 in Mansfield Township, headed northward along Atlantic Avenue and New York Avenue in Columbus before merging with U.S. Route 206 at a wye connection further north. The highway was assigned as part of Route 39 in the state highway renumbering in 1927. The route remained intact, receiving a concurrency through the two communities when U.S. Route 206 was assigned in the mid-1930s. The two routes remained intact until the state highway renumbering on January 1, 1953, when Route 39 was decommissioned in favor of just U.S. Route 206. The highway was bypassed in 1957, with Route 206 heading to the outside of the communities. The original alignment became Route 170, and lasted until 1986, when it was removed from the state maintenance. The state turned the alignment over to Burlington County, who re-designated it as County Route 690. Burlington County Route 690 (also known as Atlantic Avenue) begins at an wye intersection with U.S. Route 206 in the community of Mansfield Township. The route heads northward, intersecting with the southbound portion of the road. Route 690 becomes surrounded by several residential homes for a distance, becoming more commercial as the route heads northward, entering the community of Columbus. Route 690 continues through the business district of Columbus, intersecting with County Route 543 (Main Street) in the center of the community. At County Route 543, County Route 690 shifts to the east a bit, changing names from Atlantic Avenue to New York Avenue, where it returns to the residential progression in Columbus. The route, which parallels Route 206 to the west, intersects with Locust Avenue, a one-way road towards several local businesses. A short distance after Locust Avenue, Route 690 reaches a gap in the residential homes, turning to fields and rural areas a short distance later. Although the route parallels several homes to the west, the route remains lightly developed, entering another wye at County Route 678, where the route merges into U.S. Route 206 once again in Columbus. The alignment of Route 170 dates back to the 1927 state highway renumbering as an alignment of New Jersey Route 39. When Route 39 was assigned, the route went from U.S. Route 30 and New Jersey Route 54 in Hammonton northward along present-day U.S. Route 206 to County Route 524 in Hamilton Township, where it turned off Route 206 towards the Yardley-Wilburtha Bridge. Route 39 remained intact, and received a large concurrency with U.S. Route 206, when assigned in the mid-1930s. The two remained concurrent for several years, until the second state highway renumbering on January 1, 1953. On that day, Route 39 was decommissioned in its entirety, leaving the alignment fully U.S. Route 206. In 1957, the New Jersey State Highway Department built a bypass of U.S. Route 206 around the community of Columbus, heading to the west of the community. Upon completion of the bypass, Route 206 was replaced by Route 170, which ran along Atlantic Avenue and New York Avenue through the community. The route remained intact for several decades, lasting until May 15, 1986 when jurisdiction of the route was transferred to Burlington County. The route still continued to appear in state documents by 1988. When the route was turned over, it became Burlington County Route 690. New Jersey Route 170 Route 170 was a short," ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Willie Bobo Willie Bobo was the stage name of William Correa (February 28, 1934 – September 15, 1983), a Latin and jazz percussionist of Puerto Rican ancestry. William Correa grew up in Spanish Harlem, New York City. He made his name in Latin Jazz, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz, in the 1960s and 1970s, with the timbales becoming his favoured instrument. He met Mongo Santamaría shortly after his arrival in New York and studied with him while acting as his translator, and later at the age of 19 joined Tito Puente for four years. The nickname Bobo is said to have been bestowed by the jazz pianist Mary Lou Williams in the early 1950s. His first major exposure was when he joined George Shearing's band on the album \"The Shearing Spell\". After leaving Shearing, Cal Tjader asked Bobo and Santamaría to become part of the Cal Tjader Modern Mambo Quintet, who released several albums as the mambo craze reached fever pitch in the late '50s. Reuniting with his mentor Santamaría in 1960, the pair released the album \"Sabroso!\" for the Fantasy label. Bobo later formed his own group, releasing \"Do That Thing/Guajira\" with Tico and \"Bobo's Beat\" and \"Let's Go Bobo\" for Roulette, without achieving huge penetration. After the runaway success of Tjader's \"Soul Sauce\", in which he was heavily involved, Bobo formed a new band with the backing of Verve Records, releasing \"Spanish Grease\", the title track being perhaps his most well known tune. Highly successful at this attempt, Bobo released a further six albums with Verve. In the early 1970s, he moved out to Los Angeles. He again met up with his long-time friend Richard Sanchez Sr. and his son Richard Jr. and began recording in the studio. Bobo then worked as a session musician for Carlos Santana among others, as well as being a regular in the band for Bill Cosby's variety show \"Cos\". In the late '70s, Bobo recorded albums for Blue Note and Columbia Records. After a period of ill health, he died at the age of 49, succumbing to cancer. His youngest son, Eric Bobo (Eric Correa), is a percussionist with crew Cypress Hill. He also performed on the Beastie Boys' 1994 album \"Ill Communication\", as well as doing the 1994 Lollapalooza tour with the group. His grandson William Valen Correa, son of Bobo's first son William Gill Correa, is Co-Founder of the music-based non-profit organization HNDP Los Angeles. With Nat Adderley With Dorothy Ashby With Bob Brookmeyer With Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis With Miles Davis With Victor Feldman With José Feliciano With Dexter Gordon With Grant Green With Chico Hamilton With Slide Hampton With Herbie Hancock With Eddie Harris With Bobby Hutcherson With Herbie Mann With Les McCann With Gary McFarland With Buddy Miles With Wes Montgomery With Oliver Nelson With Dave Pike With Tito Puente With Ike Quebec With Terry Reid With Dannie Richmond With Charlie Rouse With A. K. Salim With Mongo Santamaria With Doc Severinsen With Sonny Stitt With Gábor Szabó With Clark Terry With Cal Tjader With Don Wilkerson Willie Bobo Willie Bobo was the stage name of William Correa (February 28, 1934 – September 15, 1983), a Latin and jazz percussionist of Puerto Rican ancestry. William Correa grew up in Spanish Harlem, New York City. He made his name in Latin Jazz, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz, in the 1960s and 1970s, with the timbales becoming his favoured instrument. He met Mongo Santamaría shortly after his arrival in New York and studied with him while acting as his translator, and later at the age of 19 joined Tito Puente for four years. The" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Madhupur Rani Bhabani Model High School Madhupur Rani Bhabani High School () also known as Madhupur Rani Bhabani Pilot High School is a high school located in Madhupur Upazila, Tangail, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The school offers education for students ranging from six to Secondary School Certificate (approximately ages 7 to 15).The school is under the direct control of the Ministry of Education Madhupur Rani Bhabani High School is one Km from Madhupur bus stand, 45 km from Tangail, Mymensingh and Jamalpur district headquarters and 135 km from Dhaka city.The school is situated by the side of Tangail-Mymensingh highway. Madhupur Rani Bhabani High School's results from 2007 to 2010 for the Secondary School Certificate level examinations are as follows: Madhupur Rani Bhabani Model High School Madhupur Rani Bhabani High School () also known as Madhupur Rani Bhabani Pilot High School is a high school located in Madhupur Upazila, Tangail, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The school offers education for students ranging from six to Secondary School Certificate (approximately ages 7 to 15).The school is under the direct control of the Ministry of Education Madhupur Rani Bhabani High School is one Km from Madhupur bus stand, 45 km from Tangail, Mymensingh and Jamalpur district headquarters and" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Douglas Cliggott Douglas \"Doug\" Cliggott (born 1956) is the U.S. equity strategist at Credit Suisse. He was appointed to that position in 2009. Formerly he was the CIO of Dover Management LLC. He joined the Greenwich, CT based firm in December 2006. Cliggott was a managing director and chief investment strategist at J.P. Morgan & Company and JPMorgan Chase between September 1996 and February 2002. In 2002 he left JP Morgan to head the U.S. office of Swedish asset management firm Brummer & Partners, a J.P. Morgan client. Cliggott holds a BA in Economics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and an MA from The New School. Douglas Cliggott Douglas \"Doug\" Cliggott (born 1956) is the U.S. equity strategist at Credit Suisse. He was appointed to that position in 2009. Formerly he was the CIO of Dover Management LLC. He joined the Greenwich, CT based firm in December 2006. Cliggott was a managing director and chief investment strategist at J.P. Morgan & Company and JPMorgan Chase between September 1996 and February 2002. In 2002 he left JP Morgan to head the U.S. office of Swedish asset management firm Brummer & Partners, a J.P. Morgan client. Cliggott holds a BA in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Seymour Arm Seymour Arm, known historically also as Ogdensville or Ogden City and Seymour, is an unincorporated area and former town located at the head of the inlet of the same name on Shuswap Lake in British Columbia, Canada. Located at the mouth of the Seymour River, adjacent to Silver Beach Provincial Park, and functioning as the disembarkation point for trails over passes across the Monashee Mountains connecting that river's valley to that of the Columbia River, and navigable by water from Savona at the farther end of Kamloops Lake, Seymour Arm became the location of a bustling boomtown serving travellers to the Big Bend Gold Rush on the Columbia which grew up around a Hudson's Bay Company post founded at the start of the rush in 1865. With a peak population of 500, Seymour Arm had 13 stores, 11 shoemakers, 8 wash houses, 6 barber shops, 6 physicians, 6 saloons, 5 bakeries, 3 restaurants, 2 blacksmiths, 1 bath-house, 1 drug store, 1 stationery shop, a coffee and doughnut stand, and a livery stable. The town was destroyed by fire in the late 1860s but was revived again by English developers promoting the Seymour Arm Fruits Land Company, and a post office, hotel, school and hotel were established in 1910. The hotel closed in 1925 and by 1940 the town was largely abandoned, save for a few remaining settlers. Today the hotel, since reopened with a restaurant and pub, and one of the orchard-era mansions remain, and the locality is a farming and recreational community. Seymour Arm Seymour Arm, known historically also as Ogdensville or Ogden City and Seymour, is an unincorporated area and former town located at the head of the inlet of the same name on Shuswap Lake in British Columbia, Canada. Located at the mouth of the" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Bell Tower (band) Bell Tower is a four-piece alternative rock/garage rock band from Calgary, Alberta. Winners of the 2009 MRU Battle Royale. Bell Tower is best known for their opening performance with Hot Hot Heat in 2010. The band started in early 2009 with drummer Ross Watson, and vocalist/guitarist Thomas Englund, later joined by bassist Jordan Ackerman, and lead guitarist Michael Hudec in order to play a benefit concert for multiple sclerosis. On April 17, Bell Tower won the MRU Battle Royale and were offered their first show at the legendary Marquee Room by Battle Royale judge and musician Lorrie Matheson. Thanks to new connection with Lorrie Matheson, Bell Tower made their first Sled Island appearance in 2009. Another result of their early exposure through the Battle Royale competition was an opening slot with Hot Hot Heat in early 2010. \"Exclaim!\" magazine, Off The Dial, and the official Sled Island web site confirmed on June 1, 2009, that Bell Tower would play The Marquee Room again with the festival on June 27. Bell Tower (band) Bell Tower is a four-piece alternative rock/garage rock band from Calgary, Alberta. Winners of the 2009 MRU Battle Royale. Bell Tower is best known for" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Étienne Boileau Étienne Boileau () (1200 or 1210 – April 1270) was one of the first known provosts of Paris. In 1261, he was named provost (1261–1271), by King Louis IX. Boileau brought together the regulations on the police, industry and the trades of Paris in this “Book of the Trades.” This work in prose is a faithful mirror reflecting the smallest details of the industrial and commercial life of Paris in the 13th century. The work is the oldest document on the legislation of the communities of craftsmen in France, written in 1268. Jean de Joinville draws a very flattering portrait of Boileau in his \"History of St. Louis.\" According to Joinville, Boileau was a just man without undue consideration for the wealth or status of the accused, and thus disencumbered the city of all its robbers and criminals. Étienne Boileau Étienne Boileau () (1200 or 1210 – April 1270) was one of the first known provosts of Paris. In 1261, he was named provost (1261–1271), by King Louis IX. Boileau brought together the regulations on the police, industry and the trades of Paris in this “Book of the Trades.” This work in prose is a faithful mirror reflecting" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Tracy Melchior Tracy Lindsey Melchior (born June 22, 1973) is an author and actress most known for playing the role of Kristen Forrester Dominguez on the CBS daytime drama \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". Melchior was cast as the original Veronica Landers on \"The Young and the Restless\" from 1996 to 1997. In 1999, Melchior also had a main role in \"Sunset Beach\" as Tess Marin during March–December 1999. She was hired to play the role of Kristen Forrester on a contract basis from 2001 to 2003 and returned in several reprisal appearances between 2004 and 2017. In the fall of 2003 she briefly played the role of Kelly Cramer in the ABC daytime drama \"One Life to Live\". Melchior's 2005 memoir \"Breaking the Perfect 10\" details her acting career and effort to find salvation in Hollywood's male-dominated industry where malevolent and sexist behavior prevailed. In an appearance on \"Larry King Live\" in 2005, the actress discussed her book, drawing attention to the often pernicious casting culture. In 2017, following the launch of the #MeToo movement, the actress was invited to appear on a special episode of \"Hannity\", where she recounted the experiences she wrote about in her book. Presented with opportunities to work behind-the-camera and advance social causes and community responsibility (including civil obedience initiatives), the actress launched a film company to inspire others to fostering social change. Melchior and her husband, LAPD officer Rob Melchior, have two sons. The avid equestrian is an animal welfare advocate and a social justice activist. Her activism inspired her interest in pursuing film production. Tracy Melchior Tracy Lindsey Melchior (born June 22, 1973) is an author and actress most known for playing the role of Kristen Forrester Dominguez on the CBS daytime drama \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". Melchior was cast as" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "QCDPAX The QCDPAX was a processor array designed and built jointly by the University of Tsukuba and Anritsu Corporation for the simulation of the lattice QCD. PAX (Processor Array eXperiment) was the name of the series of the parallel computers since 1977 for the study of parallel high-speed computation in scientific and engineering applications. The first and second machines were made at Kyoto University in 1978 and 1980 respectively, and the project was moved to the University of Tsukuba in 1981. It utilized the MIMD processor array architecture with the two-dimensional nearest-neighbor connection and the broadcasting bus. QCDPAX was the fifth model in the PAX series. A prototype with four processing units was constructed in the April 1988, and a practical system with 288 processing units was built in the April 1989. In the spring of 1990, it was increased with PU number to 480 and achieved a peak speed of 14GFLOPS. Each processing unit was an independent one-board microcomputer. Motorola's microprocessor MC68020 (25MHz) was used as the CPU. The local memory was 4MBytes with 100ns 1Mbit DRAM. The QCDPAX utilized LSI Logic's floating-point processing unit L64133 on the market. L64133 had peak performance of the 33MFLOPS. The floating-point processing unit controller, newly developed by the gate array, was also utilized to derive the performance from the FPU by controlling the direct memory access between the data memory and floating-point processing unit. QCDPAX The QCDPAX was a processor array designed and built jointly by the University of Tsukuba and Anritsu Corporation for the simulation of the lattice QCD. PAX (Processor Array eXperiment) was the name of the series of the parallel computers since 1977 for the study of parallel high-speed computation in scientific and engineering applications. The first and second machines were made at Kyoto University in 1978 and 1980" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Hollow Water First Nation Hollow Water First Nation is an Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) First Nation located on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, Canada, north of Pine Falls, Manitoba, and north of Winnipeg. As of February 2009, the First Nation had a registered population of 1,620 people, of which the on-reserve population was 1,021. The main economic base of the community remains hunting, fishing, trapping and wild rice harvesting. The First Nation have reserved for themselves one reserve: Hollow Water First Nation is governed by the Act Electoral System of government. The current leadership is Chief Larry Barker and four Councilors: Furlon Barker, Derek Bushie, Geoffrey Bushie and Henry Moneas, Jr. Their two-year term concludes on January 30, 2010. Hollow Water First Nation is a member of the Southeast Resource Development Council and a signatory to Treaty 5. Former Chiefs of the Hollow Water First Nation include Rod Bushie, who was later elected Grand Chief of Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in August 1997. Hollow Water First Nation Hollow Water First Nation is an Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) First Nation located on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, Canada, north of Pine Falls, Manitoba, and north of Winnipeg. As of February 2009, the First" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Leeming Senior High School Leeming Senior High School is a public co-educational high school in Western Australia. The school is located on Aulberry Parade in the suburb of Leeming. The school was established in 1985 and caters for students in Years 7 to 12. The number of student enrolments has declined over the last five years. The school enrolled 1147 students in 2007, then 1074 in 2008, to 1018 in 2009, then fell to 882 in 2010 and to 809 in 2011. The fall in student numbers from 2010 is a result of the enrolment age changing for students entering high school in Western Australia. The school received substantial funding as part of the \"Becoming Asia Literate\" program in 2010. The school was ranked in the top 50 Western Australian schools by Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) for 2015 by percentage. Leeming Senior High School operates a number of lower and upper school subject areas, including maths, science (physics, chemistry, biology, human biology, psychology), modern history, economics, geography, English and electives. The school operates ATAR, general and certificate courses as well as providing information about university and TAFE pre-requisites. The school offers two foreign languages: French and Japanese, including foreign exchange and excursion programs. Leeming's catchment area has been specified by the Department of Education and Training to include the suburbs of Bateman, Bull Creek, Leeming. Leeming's feeder primary schools are Banksia Park, Bateman, Bull Creek, Leeming, Oberthur and West Leeming. Its neighbouring government high schools are Rossmoyne to the north, Melville to the west, Lakeland to the south and Willetton to east. Its neighbouring private high schools are All Saints College to the north, Corpus Christi and Kennedy Baptist College to the west. Leeming Senior High School Leeming Senior High School is a public co-educational high school in Western" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Point San Pablo Harbor Point San Pablo Harbor is a marina and small community at the far end of Point San Pablo in San Pablo Bay, within Richmond, in Contra Costa County, California. It is located at 1900 Stenmark Drive, Richmond CA 94801. The community is home to a few dozen individuals living in boats and 10 floating homes. Point San Pablo Harbor was originally envisioned by Captain Clark who was the brainchild behind the origins of the Richmond San Rafael Ferry. The area also features the Point San Pablo Marina, Nobilis Restaurant, and The San Pablo Bay Sportsmen's Club. The harbor village is located in a ravine at the northern tip of the Potrero Hills and alongside a small cove the opens to San Pablo Bay, where the marina is protected from waves, in addition to a breakwater. The harbor is also the starting point for visitors to East Brother Light Station a historic landmark. The area is near the Chevron Richmond Refinery and some tank farm containers are visible in addition to the Richmond Landfill across the waters of Castro Cove, a contaminated estuarine habitat. Point San Pablo Beach is also located here. The harbor has panoramic views of the undeveloped coastlines of southern Napa, Sonoma, and Solano counties and eastern central Marin County. The hills surrounding the village feature Eucalyptus trees and coastal chaparral vegetation. The isolation of the area and undeveloped lands make deer sightings commonplace. Other animals in the area include the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail. The areas around the marina and breakwaters have many egrets, herons and other birds that enjoy the small wetlands areas. The Point San Pablo Harbor is privately owned. The Point San Pablo Preservation Society is a non-profit organization located at the harbor. The society's goal is to preserve the harbor and surrounding lands and waterways for public use and enjoyment. Point San Pablo Harbor Point San Pablo Harbor is a marina and small community at the far end of Point San Pablo in San Pablo Bay, within Richmond, in Contra Costa County, California. It is located at 1900 Stenmark Drive, Richmond CA 94801. The community is home to a few dozen individuals living in boats and 10 floating homes. Point San Pablo Harbor was originally envisioned by Captain Clark who was the brainchild behind the origins of the Richmond San Rafael Ferry. The area" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "HMS Bulldog (H91) HMS \"Bulldog\" (H91) was a built for the Royal Navy (RN) from 1929 to 1931. Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, she was transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. \"Bulldog\" saw service throughout World War II on convoy escort duty during the Battle of the Atlantic and in the Arctic. Her most notable actions were the capture of a complete Enigma machine and codebooks from the in 1941, and sinking another German submarine in 1944. The surrender of the German garrisons of the Channel Islands was signed on 9 May 1945 aboard \"Bulldog\". Redundant after the war, she was broken up for scrap in 1946. \"Bulldog\" displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. \"Bulldog\" carried a maximum of of fuel oil that gave her a range of at . The ship's complement was 134 officers and enlisted men, which increased to 142 during wartime. \"Bulldog\" mounted four 45-calibre quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch Mk IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. She was briefly fitted with a C XIII mount capable of 60-degree elevation for testing purposes. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, \"Bulldog\" had two QF 2-pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on a platform between her funnels. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for torpedoes. One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. The ship was fitted with a Type 119 ASDIC set to detect submarines through sound waves beamed into the water that would reflect off the submarine. By April 1941, the ship's AA armament had been increased when the rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a (12-pounder) AA gun. In late 1941, the ship was converted to an escort destroyer with the replacement of her 'A' gun by a Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar. By April 1943, the 'Y' gun had been removed to compensate for the increase to 70 depth charges. Additional depth charge stowage later replaced the 12-pounder high-angle gun. The 2-pounder mounts were replaced by Oerlikon autocannon and two additional Oerlikon guns were also added in the forward superstructure. To combat German E-boats, a QF 6-pounder gun was mounted at the very tip of the bow in 1944. The ship was ordered on 22 March 1929 from Swan Hunter at Wallsend, under the 1928 Naval Programme. She was laid down on 10 August 1929, and launched on 6 December 1930, as the sixth RN ship to carry this name. \"Bulldog\" was completed on 8 April 1931 at a cost of £221,408, excluding items supplied by the Admiralty such as guns, ammunition and communications equipment. After her commissioning, she was assigned to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla with the Mediterranean Fleet until September 1936, when it was transferred to the Home Fleet. \"Bulldog\" aided survivors of the 1932 Ierissos earthquake and patrolled southern Spanish waters during the first month of the Spanish Civil War. During her time in the Mediterranean, the ship was refitted at Gibraltar in 1932 and 1935 and in Malta in 1936. Once she returned to Britain, \"Bulldog\" was almost continuously under repair or refitting at Chatham Dockyard until 9 January 1937. She remained with the 4th Flotilla until January 1939, and made multiple deployments off the coast of Spain enforcing the embargo until 31 March 1938, when she was refitted, this time at Sheerness Dockyard. The ship escorted the battleship to Scapa Flow in September during the Munich Crisis. \"Bulldog\" was briefly assigned to the Gibraltar Local Flotilla in January 1939, until she became plane guard for the aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean in March. In October she was deployed with \"Glorious\", the battleship and the destroyer as part of a Hunting Group in the Indian Ocean, based at Socotra. She sailed to Malta with \"Glorious\" in January 1940 to refit, returning to plane guard duty in March, this time for . In April \"Bulldog\" had repairs made to her feed water heater at Devonport, that lasted until 3 May. \"Bulldog\" joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow and sailed on 9 May, with a force consisting of the cruiser and thirteen destroyers, to search off the mouth of the Skagerrak for German minelayers. The British force was spotted by German E-boats and the minelayers returned to base before they could be intercepted. One of the E-boats torpedoed the destroyer the next day and seriously damaged her. \"Bulldog\" towed \"Kelly\" to Hebburn for repairs, sustaining damage to her stern structure during the tow, which was repaired by Swan Hunter from 13 to 21 May. The ship damaged her propellers on 27 May and was under repairs at Chatham Dockyard until 4 June, when she was transferred to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla. She sailed for Le Havre, France on 9 June, to assist in the evacuation of British troops before advancing German troops (Operation Cycle). The next afternoon, she was severely damaged by three hits from German aircraft that knocked out her steering gear. \"Bulldog\"s crew was able to temporarily repair the steering gear and the ship reached Portsmouth Dockyard early the following morning. Whilst under repair, she was further damaged by splinters during an air raid on 24 August. \"Bulldog\" rejoined the flotilla after her repairs were completed on 2 September. She was refitted at Cammell Laird from 2 January to 18 February 1941, and was assigned to the 3rd Escort Group for convoy escort duties to and from Iceland. Commander Joe Baker-Cresswell was the ship's captain as well as the commander of the group. Together with the destroyer and the sloop , she damaged on 7 May, while escorting Convoy OB 318 off Iceland. Two days later, the corvette depth-charged \"U-110\", forcing her to the surface. \"Bulldog\" and the destroyer fired on, and then closed on the U-boat, whose crew were abandoning the boat. Sub-Lieutenant David Balme of \"Bulldog\" led a boarding party that removed the Enigma coding machine and various codebooks. This was of immense help to the Government Code and Cypher School in breaking German naval codes. She took the submarine in tow, but it sank the following morning. \"Bulldog\" remained on Atlantic convoy duties until October, when she sailed to Fairfields in Govan, Glasgow, for conversion into an escort destroyer, a process that lasted until February 1942. As part of the conversion, a Type 271 target indication radar was installed above the bridge, that replaced her director-control tower and rangefinder. By 1944 a Type 290 short-range surface search radar was also fitted. \"Bulldog\" was an unattached ship assigned to Western Approaches Command from 10 February 1942, and aided the destroyer after she had collided with the American merchant ship on 31 March whilst escorting Convoy PQ 14 from Eban, Scotland to Reykjavík, Iceland. On 12 April, she rejoined the convoy en route to Murmansk, where they arrived a week later. Beginning on 28 April, she escorted the returning Convoy QP 11 with the same ships. Two days later the light cruiser joined the convoy. Whilst taking position ahead of the convoy later that day, \"Edinburgh\" was hit by two torpedoes fired by . The cruiser, heavily damaged and with her steering gear wrecked, was taken in tow for the voyage back to Murmansk. On 1 May the convoy was attacked by the German destroyers Z7 \"Hermann Schoemann\", , and which had been searching for \"Edinburgh\". Commander Maxwell Richmond, \"Bulldog\"s captain and commander of the escorts, interposed his four destroyers between the Germans and the merchantmen and drove off the Germans in a three-hour", "to Reykjavík, Iceland. On 12 April, she rejoined the convoy en route to Murmansk, where they arrived a week later. Beginning on 28 April, she escorted the returning Convoy QP 11 with the same ships. Two days later the light cruiser joined the convoy. Whilst taking position ahead of the convoy later that day, \"Edinburgh\" was hit by two torpedoes fired by . The cruiser, heavily damaged and with her steering gear wrecked, was taken in tow for the voyage back to Murmansk. On 1 May the convoy was attacked by the German destroyers Z7 \"Hermann Schoemann\", , and which had been searching for \"Edinburgh\". Commander Maxwell Richmond, \"Bulldog\"s captain and commander of the escorts, interposed his four destroyers between the Germans and the merchantmen and drove off the Germans in a three-hour battle during which \"Bulldog\" was lightly damaged by shell splinters. She was repaired from 2 June to 14 August, after which she was assigned to the Greenock Special Escort Division. In November she escorted British ships participating in the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch), before returning to Greenock for repairs from 23 November to 14 December. \"Bulldog\" was assigned to the escort for Convoy JW 51B on 20 December, but had to return home for weather repairs on 28 December. After repairs were completed on 16 January 1943, she escorted convoys between Iceland and the UK for the next two months. The ship was under repair at Greenock from 29 March to 22 April, after which she sailed to Freetown for escort duties between Lagos, Nigeria, Freetown and Gibraltar. \"Bulldog\" returned home in October for a lengthy refit at Portsmouth Dockyard that lasted from 8 November to 24 May 1944. In June she began escort duties between the River Clyde and the Faeroe Islands, and sank on 26 June. On 20 August, her hull was badly damaged after a collision with the frigate in Gourock Bay. After repairs at Ardrossan that lasted until 4 September, she resumed local convoy duties between the Faeroes, the Clyde and Scapa Flow until she required major machinery repairs in November. Upon their completion on 30 January 1945, \"Bulldog\" escorted convoys between Plymouth and various ports in the Irish Sea for the rest of the war. On 9 May 1945 she sailed to Guernsey where she participated in the Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands who formally surrendered to British representatives aboard the ship. The ship was placed in Category 'B' reserve on 27 May at Dartmouth. She was transferred to Rosyth on 27 November and was reduced to Category 'C' reserve on 13 December. \"Bulldog\" was approved for scrapping on 22 December and turned over to Metal Industries, Limited on 17 January 1946. HMS Bulldog (H91) HMS \"Bulldog\" (H91) was a built for the Royal Navy (RN) from 1929 to 1931. Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, she was transferred to the Home Fleet in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Fullbrook School Fullbrook School is a secondary school and sixth form in north west Surrey, England. The school has held Specialist Mathematics and Computing College status since 2002. The school gained Grant Maintained status in the mid-1990s and was then given foundation status in 1999. In 2011 the school became an academy. Its main catchment areas are Byfleet, West Byfleet and New Haw with some pupils coming from Addlestone, Woking, Goldsworth Park and Sheerwater. The school has around 1550 students and there are about 250 students in the school's Sixth Form. In January 2017 Mrs. A Turner retired as head of Fullbrook School, and was succeeded by Mrs. K Moore. Fullbrook was first established on its present site in 1954, when West Byfleet County Secondary School was divided into two as numbers at that school, due to post-war expansion, reached 747 in September 1953. Pupils living to the north of the line from Sheerwater Road, the Basingstoke Canal and then along the railway to West Weybridge (now Byfleet and New Haw) transferred to Fullbrook County Secondary School. Above the main entrance is a stone plaque that was loaned to the school from the London County Council (LCC) during the building programme in the early 1950s. The Sheerwater Estate was being built to provide over spill housing for Londoners. The school there, now Bishop David Brown, had not yet been built and so the plaque came to the just completed Fullbrook School. The Headteacher and Governors used it to inspire the school badge. The plaque features an eagle and a squirrel. It was decided that as an eagle was often used on badges, to use choose the squirrel as it was different. The Festival of Britain was held at that time and celebrated contemporary design. The original Fullbrook building is in a typical 1950s style and perhaps the plaque was placed over the main entrance to decorate an otherwise plain architectural design. The plaque design is very much in the Art Deco style and it is possible that it came from a London building destroyed during The Blitz. The initial cohort of teaching staff also came from West Byfleet. These included Mr. Wilfred H. Bean, B.Sc., the headmaster, Mrs. M. McGrath (Deputy), Miss O. Edwards (who became Mrs. O Hesketh), Miss Mullin, Miss Taylor, Mrs. Jean Elvidge and Messrs. Blanchard, Davis, P. Drawneek (who later changed his name to P. Fairfax), Russell T. Elvidge, W. Evans, S. Payne, Wheeler. Mr. W. H. Bean, the school's first headmaster retired in 1968. In 1976 West Byfleet County Secondary School closed and its pupils and teachers joined Fullbrook, merged to create the mixed school we are familiar with today. The houses of the school were originally named after British Royal Houses - Tudor, Stuart, Hanover and Windsor and then later famous battles - Alamein, Blenheim, Agincourt, Hastings, Trafalgar and Waterloo and were formed from an entire school vote on a list of 50 house name ideas which were themed around the idea of Maths and Computing (the school's Specialist Subjects). The six that won were Newton (yellow), Cyber (blue), Enigma (red), Fibonacci (purple), Galileo (orange) and Matrix (green). In 2017, another vote was held, updating the house names with a new tutor system. After the vote, the new four house names were Phoenix (red), Pegasus (blue), Griffin (yellow), Dragon (green). Fullbrook School Fullbrook School is a secondary school and sixth form in north west Surrey, England. The school has held Specialist Mathematics and Computing College status since 2002. The school gained Grant Maintained status in the mid-1990s and was then given foundation status in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "She's Not on the Menu She's Not on the Menu is an EP by Edmonton, Alberta-based punk rock band SNFU. It was self-released by the band in 1986. The EP contains a 1986 studio re-recording of a song from the band's debut album on Side A and two demo tracks originally recorded in 1982 on Side B. SNFU planned to issue a new 7\" record after their second album, \"If You Swear, You'll Catch No Fish\", was delayed. For Side A, they recorded a reworked version (listed as a \"dunce mix\") of the EP's title track. The song had originally appeared on their debut album, \"...And No One Else Wanted to Play\". The two tracks on Side B were taken from SNFU's first recording session, held in November 1982. They were recorded in the studios of CJSR-FM and originally had been intended for a compilation of underground Edmonton bands to be titled \"West Watch\". The compilation was not released, and the songs were later used by SNFU as an informal cassette demo. The EP marked the first official release of the two tracks. \"She's Not on the Menu\" was limited to 500 copies on colored vinyl, and was packaged with original artwork by singer Ken Chinn. The newly formed Cargo Records helped to distribute the record, and the success of its sales influenced Cargo to sign SNFU to a two-record contract. \"She's Not on the Menu (dunce mix)\" was reissued on the compilation album \"The Last of the Big Time Suspenders\". She's Not on the Menu She's Not on the Menu is an EP by Edmonton, Alberta-based punk rock band SNFU. It was self-released by the band in 1986. The EP contains a 1986 studio re-recording of a song from the band's debut album on Side A and two demo" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Shuangyashan Shuangyashan () is a coal mining prefecture-level city located in the eastern part Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, bordering Russia's Khabarovsk and Primorsky krais to the east. The city's name means a pair-of-ducks mountains and refers to two peaks northeast of the city. In 2007 it had a GDP of RMB 20.6 billion with a 14.2% growth rate. Shuangyashan was given its name in AD 1384 during the Ming Dynasty. However, few people lived in the area before coal was discovered there in 1914. In 1928 a major coal mining operation was established on the site and in 1946 the area was first designated a county. Shuangyashan was established as a special mining district in 1954 and officially designated a city by the CPC Central Committee and State Council in 1956. Shuangyashan is rich in coal, magnetite and marble. The proven coal reserves in the city total 11 billion tons, ranking first out of 13 prefecture and prefecture-level cities in the province. The magnetite reserves in Shuangyashan exceed 120 million tons, ranking first in Heilongjiang Province. The city has a cold temperate monsoon climate, with long, cold, windy winters. The average temperature in the city is about 3℃. Shuangyashan is a major center for coal mining. The city also produces steel, lumber, chemicals, building materials, textiles, electric machinery, and food products. In 2010, Shuangyashan's GDP reached RMB 37.67 billion, featuring a growth of 25% from a year ago. The production output of steel and coal ranked the first and the second in Heilongjiang province. The region has attracted investments from large domestic companies such as Shandong Luneng Group and Jianlong Group. Tourism, retailing and wholesaling are also the pillars of the city's service sector. More recently, the city has been feeling the effects of the coal downturn, with mining demand collapsing amidst a slowdown in China's economic growth. Shuangyashan is the end of the Harbin to Shuangyashan railway spur link. 15 hours from Harbin by train, and 90 minutes from the closest prefecture-level city, Jiamusi. A modern freeway connects the town to Jiamusi over a distance of . There is a modern coach service as well which does this trip in approximately 45 minutes. The city is from Jiamusi Airport, which operates regular flights to Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Sanya and Khabarovsk. Shuangyashan is surrounded by small mountains, and a large park based around one of these mountains forms a major feature of the outdoor life of the town. During the winter, this pine and elm-covered mountain forms an area for recreational activities. Shuangyashan Shuangyashan () is a coal mining prefecture-level city located in the eastern part Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, bordering Russia's Khabarovsk and Primorsky krais to the east. The city's name means a pair-of-ducks mountains and refers to two peaks northeast of the city. In 2007 it had a GDP of RMB 20.6 billion with a 14.2% growth rate. Shuangyashan was given its name in AD 1384 during the Ming Dynasty. However, few" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Robert Wilkinson (English cricketer) Robert Hindley Wilkinson (1811 – 5 February 1888) was an English academic, and a cricketer with amateur status who was active from 1828 to 1831. Wilkinson was born in London, the son of Robert Wilkinson and his wife Catherine Allix, daughter of John Peter Allix of Swaffham Prior; the Rev. Charles Allix Wilkinson, the writer, and Isaac Herbert Wilkinson were his brothers, in a family of seven brothers and three sisters. He attended Eton College and was cricket captain there in 1828. He entered King's College, Cambridge, in 1830, graduating B.A. in 1833 and M.A. in 1836. He was a Fellow of King's from 1832 to 1852, and bursar in 1846. Entering Lincoln's Inn in 1835, he was called to the bar in 1838. He was an original member of the Philological Society. Wilkinson was a magistrate and lieutenant-colonel of militia. He was Lord of the Manor of Graveley, Hertfordshire, through his wife Caroline Obert. He died in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Wilkinson made his first-class debut in 1831 and appeared in one match as an unknown handedness batsman whose bowling style is unknown, playing for Cambridge University. He scored 51 runs with a highest score of 37 and took no wickets. In 1852 Wilkinson married Caroline Obert, daughter of Vicomte Obert and his wife Margaret Parkins. They had a son, Edward Obert Hindley Wilkinson, an officer of the 60th Rifles drowned after the battle of Ingogo in 1881. Their daughter Caroline Elizabeth married Charles Poyntz Stewart. Wilkinson was the landlord of a house named Rooksnest near Chesfield Park, on Weston Road, Stevenage, rented between 1883 and 1893 by the author E. M. Forster and his mother Lily. They had to leave, unwillingly, when the Poyntz Stewarts, to whom the property had passed, wished it vacated. Forster had written a piece about the house, the \"Rooksnest memoir\", by 1894 when he was 15 which mentions Wilkinson as landlord. \"Howards End\" (1910) was his novel about his childhood home; he continued to visit the house into the later 1940s, and he retained the furniture all his life. From 1913 Elizabeth Poston lived there: the Forsters had known the Poston family when they were the residents. The memoir was published with the Penguin Modern Classics edition of \"Howards End\". Another memoir by Forster, from the 1940s and about West Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer in Surrey which was his home from 1925, returns to the associations of Rooksnest. Rooksnest, now called Rook's Nest House, had once been named Howards. It became a Grade I listed building in 1976. Robert Wilkinson (English cricketer) Robert Hindley Wilkinson (1811 – 5 February 1888) was an English academic, and a cricketer with amateur status who was active from 1828 to 1831. Wilkinson was born in London, the son of Robert Wilkinson and his wife Catherine Allix, daughter of John Peter Allix of Swaffham Prior; the Rev. Charles Allix Wilkinson, the writer, and Isaac Herbert Wilkinson were his brothers, in a family of seven brothers and three" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Hot swapping Hot swapping (frequently inaccurately called hot plugging) is replacing or adding components without stopping or shutting down the system. With the appropriate software installed on the computer, a user can plug and unplug such components without rebooting. Specifically, hot swapping describes inserting and/or removing components without interruption to the system. A well-known example of this hot swap functionality is the Universal Serial Bus (USB) that allows users to add or remove peripheral components such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, or portable hard drive; depending upon the supplier such devices are characterized as hot-swappable or hot-pluggable. Hot plugging on the other hand describes only the addition of components that would expand the system without significant interruption to the system. Computer components are usually cold-pluggable since the computer system must be powered down to add or remove them. Most components in computer systems, such as CPUs and memory, are only cold-pluggable. However it is common for high-end servers and mainframes to feature hot-swappable capability for other components, such as PCIe and SATA drives. Hot swapping is used whenever it is desirable to change the configuration or repair a working system without interrupting its operation. It may simply be for convenience of avoiding the delay and nuisance of shutting down and then restarting complex equipment or because it is essential for equipment, such as a server, to be continuously active. Hot swapping may be used to add or remove peripherals or components, to allow a device to synchronize data with a computer, and to replace faulty modules without interrupting equipment operation. A machine may have dual power supplies, each adequate to power the machine; a faulty one may be hot-swapped. Important cards such as disk controller or host adapter may be designed with redundant paths therefore upgraded or replaced if they fail without requiring the computer system to be removed from operation. Machines that support hot swapping need to be able to modify their operation for the changed configuration, either automatically on detecting the change, or by user intervention. All electrical and mechanical connections associated with hot-swapping must be designed so that neither the equipment nor the user can be harmed while hot-swapping. Other components in the system must be designed so that the removal of a hot-swappable component does not interrupt operation. Protective covering plates, shields, or bezels may be used on either the removable components or the main device itself to prevent operator contact with live powered circuitry, to provide antistatic protection for components being added or removed, or to prevent the removable components from accidentally touching and shorting out the powered components in the operating device. Additional guide slots, pins, notches, or holes may be used to aid in proper insertion of a component between other live components, while mechanical engagement latches, handles, or levers may be used to assist in proper insertion and removal of devices that either require large amounts of force to connect or disconnect, or to assist in the proper mating and holding together of power and communications connectors. There are two slightly differing meanings of the term \"hot swapping\". It may refer only to the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, while the system software may have to be notified by the user of the event in order to cope with it. Examples include RS-232 and lower-end SCSI devices. This is sometimes called cold plugging. However, if the system can detect and respond to addition or removal of hardware, it is referred to as \"true hot plugging\". Examples include USB, FireWire and higher-end SCSI devices. Some implementations require a component shutdown procedure prior to removal. This simplifies the design, but such devices are not robust in the case of component failure. If a component is removed while it is being used, the operations to that device fail and the user is responsible for retrying if necessary, although this is not usually considered to be a problem. More complex implementations may recommend but do not require that the component be shut down, with sufficient redundancy in the system to allow operation to continue if a component is removed without being shut down. In these systems hot swap is normally used for regular maintenance to the computer, or to replace a broken component. Most modern hot-swap methods use a specialized connector with staggered pins, so that certain pins are certain to be connected before others. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground. The other pins may all be the same length, but in some cases three pin lengths are used so that the incoming device is grounded first, data lines connected second, and power applied third, in rapid succession as the device is inserted. Pins of the same nominal length do not necessarily make contact at exactly the same time due to mechanical tolerances, and angling of the connector when inserted. At one time staggered pins were thought to be an expensive solution, but many contemporary connector families now come with staggered pins as standard; for example, they are used on all modern serial SCSI disk-drives. Specialized hot-plug power connector pins are now commercially available with repeatable DC current interruption ratings of up to 16 A. Printed circuit boards are made with staggered edge-fingers for direct hot-plugging into a backplane connector. Although the speed of plugging cannot be controlled precisely, practical considerations will provide limits that can be used to determine worst-case conditions. For a typical staggered pin design where the length difference is 0.5 mm, the elapsed time between long and short pin contact is between 25 ms and 250 ms. It is quite practical to design hot-swap circuits that can operate at that speed. As long as the hot-swap connector is sufficiently rigid, one of the four corner pins will always be the first to engage. For a typical two-row connector arrangement this provides four first-to-make corner pins that are usually used for grounds. Other pins near the corners can be used for functions that would also benefit from this effect, for example sensing when the connector is fully seated. This diagram illustrates good practice where the grounds are in the corners and the power pins are near the center. Two sense pins are located in opposite corners so that fully seated detection is confirmed only when both of them are in contact with the slot. The remaining pins are used for all the other data signals. The DC power supplies to a hot-swap component are usually pre-charged by dedicated long pins that make contact before the main power pins. These pre-charge pins are protected by a circuit that limits the inrush current to an acceptable value that cannot damage the pins nor disturb the supply voltage to adjacent slots. The pre-charge circuit might be a simple series resistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, or a current-limiter circuit. Further protection can be provided by a \"soft-start\" circuit that provides a managed ramp-up of the internal DC supply voltages within the component. A typical sequence for a hot-swap component being plugged into a slot could be as follows: Hot-swap power circuits can now be purchased commercially in specially designed ASICs called hot-swap power managers (HSPMs). Modern day radio transmitters (and some TV transmitters as well) use high power RF transistor power modules instead of vacuum tubes. Hot swapping power modules is not a new technology, as many of the radio transmitters manufactured in the 1930s were capable of having power tubes swapped out while the transmitter was running—but this feature", "a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, or a current-limiter circuit. Further protection can be provided by a \"soft-start\" circuit that provides a managed ramp-up of the internal DC supply voltages within the component. A typical sequence for a hot-swap component being plugged into a slot could be as follows: Hot-swap power circuits can now be purchased commercially in specially designed ASICs called hot-swap power managers (HSPMs). Modern day radio transmitters (and some TV transmitters as well) use high power RF transistor power modules instead of vacuum tubes. Hot swapping power modules is not a new technology, as many of the radio transmitters manufactured in the 1930s were capable of having power tubes swapped out while the transmitter was running—but this feature was not universally adopted due to the introduction of more reliable high power tubes. In the mid-1990s, several radio transmitter manufactures in the US started offering swappable high power RF transistor modules. The reintroduction of power modules has been good for the radio transmitter industry, as it has fostered innovation. Modular transmitters have proven to be more reliable than tube transmitters, when the transmitter is properly chosen for the conditions at the transmitting site. Power limitations Circuitry attached to signal pins in a hot-swap component should include some protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD). This usually takes the form of clamp diodes to ground and to the DC power supply voltage. ESD effects can be reduced by careful design of the mechanical package around the hot-swap component, perhaps by coating it with a thin film of conductive material. Particular care must be taken when designing systems with bussed signals which are wired to more than one hot-swap component. When a hot-swap component is inserted its input and output signal pins will represent a temporary short-circuit to ground. This can cause unwanted ground-level pulses on the signals which can disturb the operation of other hot-swap components in the system. This was a problem for early parallel SCSI disk-drives. One common design solution is to protect bussed signal pins with series diodes or resistors. CMOS buffer devices are now available with specialized inputs and outputs that minimize disturbance of bussed signals during the hot-swap operation. If all else fails, another solution is to quiesce the operation of all components during the hot-swap operation. Although most contemporary video game systems can interchange games and multimedia (e.g. Blu-ray discs) without powering down the system, older generations of systems varied in their support of hot swapping capabilities. For example, where the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 could eject a game disc with the system powered on, Nintendo Game Boy Advance and the Nintendo 64 would freeze up and could potentially become corrupt if the game cartridge was removed with the power on. Manufacturers specifically warned against such practices in the owner's manual or on the game cartridge. It was supposedly for this reason that Stop 'N' Swop was taken out of the Banjo-Kazooie series. With the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive system, it was sometimes possible to apply cheats (such as a player having infinite lives) and other temporary software alterations to games by hot swapping cartridges, even though the cartridges were not designed to be hot swappable. Hot swapping can also refer to the ability to alter the running code of a program without needing to interrupt its execution. Interactive programming is a programming paradigm that makes extensive use of hot swapping, so the programming activity becomes part of the program flow itself. Only a few programming languages support hot swapping natively, including Pike, Lisp, Erlang, Smalltalk, Visual Basic 6 (Not VB.net), Java and most recently Elm and Elixir. Microsoft Visual Studio supports a kind of hot swapping called Edit and Continue, which is supported by C#, VB.NET and C/C++ when running under a debugger. Hot swapping is the central method in live coding, where programming is integral part of the runtime process. In general, all programming languages used in live coding, such as SuperCollider, TidalCycles, or Extempore support hot swapping. Some web-based frameworks, such as Django, support detecting module changes and reloading them on the fly. However, although the same as hotswapping for most intents and purposes, this is technically just a cache purge, triggered by a new file. This does not apply to markup and programming languages such as HTML and PHP respectively, in the general case, as these file are normally re-interpreted on each use by default. There are a few CMSs and other PHP-based frameworks (such as Drupal) that employ caching, however. In these cases, similar abilities and exceptions apply. Hot swapping also facilitates developing systems where large amounts of data are being processed, as in entire genomes in bioinformatics algorithms. The term \"HOT PLUG\" was registered as a trademark in the United States in November 1992 to Core International, Inc., and cancelled in May 1999. Hot swapping Hot swapping (frequently inaccurately called hot plugging) is replacing or adding components without stopping or shutting down the system. With the appropriate software installed on the computer, a user can plug and unplug such components without rebooting. Specifically, hot swapping describes inserting and/or removing components without" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "14-inch M1920 railway gun The 14-inch M1920 railway gun was the last model railway gun to be deployed by the United States Army. It was an upgrade of the US Navy 14\"/50 caliber railway gun. Only four were deployed; two in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles and two in the Panama Canal Zone, where they could be shifted between the harbor defenses of Cristobal (Atlantic) or Balboa (Pacific). After the close of World War I, the US Army wanted to incorporate the lessons learned from other railway gun mounts and fulfill coastal artillery requirements for hitting a moving target. An effort to design a more universal mount for the Navy's Mk. IV 14\"/50 caliber gun was undertaken. The primary difference from the earlier Navy versions lies in the M1920 carriage, which could be raised and lowered. Prepositioned fixed mounts were installed at the forts, and the gun's rail trucks could be taken out from under the frame. After the removal of the rail trucks, the gun was lowered and bolted onto a pivot point for rapid 360 degree movement, necessary for tracking ships in coast defense. The M1920 carriage made the gun much more flexible. It allowed for the standard practice of using a curved piece of rail to traverse the gun, and it enabled the gun to be used in a fixed position. Two guns were deployed to Fort MacArthur in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles, with firing platforms at Fort MacArthur and Long Beach. The remaining two guns were deployed to Fort Grant and Fort Randolph in the Panama Canal Zone. The two guns deployed to the Panama Canal Zone could be moved to either coast on the Panama Canal Railway. After World War Two ended, the threat of a massive war was over and the United States scrapped these weapons as well. The Mk.IV gun was manufactured in two models: The following sighting equipment was used with the gun: All four guns were cut up for scrap in 1946. 14-inch M1920 railway gun The 14-inch M1920 railway gun was the last model railway gun to be deployed by the United States Army. It was an upgrade of the US Navy 14\"/50 caliber railway gun. Only four were deployed; two in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles and two in the Panama Canal Zone, where they could be shifted between the harbor defenses of Cristobal (Atlantic)" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Lee Sun-hee (singer) Lee Sun-hee (; born November 11, 1964) is a South Korean ballad singer who debuted in 1984 with the song \"To J\". In her home country, she is widely regarded as a legendary singer representing South Korea, and the most successful and skilled vocalist in the country, earning her the nicknames \"국민 디바\" (\"National Diva\") and \"여가왕\" (Queen of Female Vocalists). She is also widely considered as a vocalist with the best vocal ability among South Korean female singers, and a singer who swept the middle and late 1980s in South Korea by its nation. She is evaluated as a singer-songwriter who achieved the peak of her popularity in the 1980s based on explosive energy and perfect vocals from a small body of herself. She is also estimated as a authentic singer-songwriter who is loved by all people regardless of sex, age, and background. She is widely regarded as creating the first 'sister unit' in South Korea which refers to her groupie. She is known for being considered as one of the best divas in South Korea followed by Lee Mi-ja and Patti Kim, and a specialist of expressing emotions using effortless vocal transition. In addition to being assessed to be one of the greatest vocalists in Korea with Cho Yong-pil, Lee Seung-chul, and Yim Jae-beom, she has been recognized as the best female vocalist in her country. Although the present is neither her prime time as a singer nor as a vocalist, when discussing musical achievements with divas such as Lee Mi-Ja, Patti Kim, Hyun Mi, and Ha Chun-Hwa, even when discussing the \"present\" singing ability with young generation singers such as Park Jung-hyun and Sohyang, she is a singer who is never be excluded anytime. She is appraised as a singer-songwriter who is also good at writing and composing. For example, all of the songs in her 13th album, including the famous hit \"Fate\", which was used in the movie \"King And The Clown\", were all written and composed by her. Since then, the 14th and 15th albums have mostly been filled with her own songs. She has written a little piece from junior high school, but she has not been able to put it in the album, and started to record her own songs in her album from the 10th album, 'When the lilac falls'. She has been regarded as maintaining her unchanging appearance and voice since her debut. She has numerous nicknames including \"small giant(작은 거인)\", \"national singer(국민 가수)\", \"national diva(국민 디바)\", and \"evergreen girl(만년소녀)\". She is also considered as an incarnation of true self-management by her own nation. Recently, She has been actively work in the field of Drama OST and get the qualification of 'Mother of OST' in her country. Lee Sun-hee was born on December 14, 1964 in Boryeong, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. She attended Sangmyung Women's High School and graduated from Incheon City College. Lee Sun-hee is known affectionately by her fans \"Sunny\" or \"Little Giant\". She is a daughter of a Buddhist monk and was raised near a mountainside Buddhist temple where a large number of monks resided. Her father was a master of the traditional Buddhist music known as Beompae in East Asia. In 1984, she participated in the 5th MBC Riverside Song Festival as a team named '4막 5장' with Im Sung-kyun, senior of the same department of university, and made her debut earning great attention to win the Grand Prize with a song \"To J\". At that time, she had a perm in a hurry because she was afraid that she might be caught the fact that she competed in the festival without any permission by her parents. That's why she seems so out of place. When Lee Sun-hee visited the music office of Jang Wook-jo, a South Korean songwriter, in the second year of high school to find a song to sing, a composer named Lee Se-geon was throwing bunch of sheet music away in the garbage can. Sun-hee asked him watching that scene, \"Can I use this?\", and picked music with his permission. Surprisingly, the song in that music was \"To J\", her debut and signature song which gave her grand prize of festival. There was a joke that Jeon Doo-hwan, South Korean president at that time, would ban \"To J\" in radio because the song reminded the nation of the president because his family named starts with 'J'. In fact, this song was used when satirizing the news that always report their president at first. She was famous for having female fans more than male fans even though she is a woman because of her explosive singing ability and the charm of her boyish attire. It is the beginning of 'sister unit'. At that time, video of her stage performance shows screaming sound of female fans like the sound coming out in the male idol's stage performance by yelling fans nowadays. The size of her sister unit of Lee Sun-hee was so huge, and the power of her sister unit was so great that there was a rumor that the company gave money and mobilized people. Lee Sun-hee's round glasses and curt hair caused so-called 'Lee Sun-hee syndrome', which was popular among female students at that time. The unique image making that sticks to a course wearing pantsuit costume and her appearance like a shy boy attracted not only male fans but also female fans in 'Lee Sun-hee syndrome'. Social atmosphere that rejects the decadent trend set up the environment that singers with healthy image like her can succeed and stretch their wings. Additionally, Lee Sun-hee was able to make herself popular with her unique vocal ability expressing strong power at high notes and songs that stimulate emotions of young women. During her 30th anniversary concert tour, Sun-hee broadcast a clip during the intermission revealing her three biggest musical influences: Barbra Streisand, Madonna, and Whitney Houston. She has mentioned Korean vocalist 송창식 (Song Chang-sik) as one of her influences and role models. Sun-hee possesses a warm, lyric-soprano voice with sturdy lows and bombastic highs. In addition to being a vocalist, Sun-hee is also a song writer, writing many of the songs on her later albums (including the celebrated hit 인연 \"Fate\"). Lee Sun-hee (singer) Lee Sun-hee (; born November 11, 1964) is a South Korean ballad singer who debuted in 1984 with the song \"To J\". In her home country, she is widely regarded as a legendary singer representing South Korea, and the most successful and skilled vocalist in the country, earning her the nicknames \"국민 디바\" (\"National Diva\") and \"여가왕\"" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Step and repeat A step and repeat banner (sometimes a step and repeat wall or press wall) is a publicity backdrop used primarily for event photography, printed with a repeating pattern such that brand logos or emblems are visible in photographs of the individuals standing in front of it. Step and repeat banners are common fixtures of red carpet or fashion events, or custom-printed for weddings or galas in order to give a more \"celebrity-like\" feel to attendees' photos. Step-and-repeat backdrops can be made in several ways. The most common ways are either vinyl, fabric, poster paper, canvas or adhered onto a hard substrate such as plywood or foamcore. Recently step and repeats have been created with greenery, called 'green step and repeats'. Each has its own sets of pros and cons. Fabric is less likely to have hotspots in photography which means it tends to absorb a flash rather than reflecting it. Vinyl is heavier duty and sometimes has brighter, more vibrant images. The support structure can vary depending on size. Standard Trade show display frames are often used, or it can be hung from or applied on a wall. The main use for step and repeats is brand awareness. Vendors may charge a sponsorship fee for a logo to be displayed or for the company name to be featured in the background. The idea is that the photos will be shared through various platforms causing a ripple effect in impressions. More recently, step and repeat banners are being used more widely in and not just for hollywood style events. They can also be seen at trade shows, conventions, demo days, grand openings and even weddings, birthdays, and Apostolic Pentecostal church events. Step and repeat A step and repeat banner (sometimes a step and repeat wall or press wall)" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "1992 Oregon Ballot Measure 9 Ballot Measure 9 was a ballot measure in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1992, concerning gay rights, pedophilia, sadism, masochism, and public education, that drew widespread national attention. Measure 9 would have added the following text to the Oregon Constitution: It was defeated in the November 3, 1992 general election with 638,527 votes in favor, 828,290 votes against. The ballot measure was an effort of the Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA), a conservative group active in Oregon politics in the 1990s. Supporters of the measure felt that their traditional values were under siege in the face of growing acceptance of homosexuality by society. Opponents stated that the measure was unfairly discriminatory, that it was unconstitutional, and that it demonstrated the homophobia and bigotry of its backers. Republican Senator Mark Hatfield opposed the measure, as did most Oregon newspapers. Opponents outspent the OCA six to one. The OCA would go on to back Measure 13, which would have prevented schools from using materials that were deemed to \"legitimize homosexuality\", and Measure 19. They also backed another measure numbered 9 (\"son of 9\") in 2000. All these were unsuccessful. Although the measure failed, its legacy can still be seen today. The Oregon Citizens Alliance went on to introduce a series of watered-down ballot measures along the same lines as Measure 9 (most of which failed). Another response of the OCA was to place laws similar to Measure 9 on local ballots in the parts of Oregon where a majority of voters had supported Measure 9. They succeeded in this effort in Josephine, Douglas, Linn, and Klamath counties, as well as in Canby and Junction City. The state legislature eventually overruled these local measures. On the other hand, opposition to Ballot Measure 9 formed the basis of much of the current gay rights movement in Oregon, including the organization Basic Rights Oregon. Be it Enacted by the People by the State of Oregon: PARAGRAPH 1. The Constitution of the State of Oregon is amended by creating a new section to be added to and made a part of Article I and to read: SECTION 1992 Oregon Ballot Measure 9 Ballot Measure 9 was a ballot measure in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1992, concerning gay rights, pedophilia, sadism, masochism, and public education, that drew widespread national attention. Measure 9 would have added the following text to the" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Critical Reviews in Toxicology Critical Reviews in Toxicology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes review articles on all aspects of toxicology. It is published by Taylor & Francis and the editor-in-chief is Roger O. McClellan. It was established in 1971 as \"CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology\", obtaining its current name in 1980. The journal has been accused of being a \"broker of junk science\", too cozy with industry, by the Center for Public Integrity. Monsanto was found to have worked with an outside consulting firm to induce the journal to publish a biased review of the health effects of its product \"Roundup\". The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 5.313. Critical Reviews in Toxicology Critical Reviews in Toxicology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes review articles on all aspects of toxicology. It is published by Taylor & Francis and the editor-in-chief is Roger O. McClellan. It was established in 1971 as \"CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology\", obtaining its current name in 1980. The journal has been accused of being a \"broker of junk science\", too cozy with industry, by the Center for Public Integrity." ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Municipal Borough of Romford Romford was a local government district in southwest Essex from 1851 to 1965. It was significantly expanded in 1934 and gained the status of municipal borough in 1937. The population density of the district consistently increased during its existence and its former area now corresponds to the northern part of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London. Romford had formed a chapelry in the historic Liberty of Havering, becoming a civil parish in its own right in 1849. In 1851 a local board of health was set up for the parish; although its area was reduced in 1855 to cover only the town. The local board convened at St Edward's Hall in Laurie Square from 1851 to 1853 and used the old liberty court house from 1853 to 1869. From 1869 it was based in offices in the marketplace and finally purchased the old court house in 1892. In 1894 the local board's area became Romford urban district as part of the Local Government Act 1894. This caused the parish to be divided into \"Romford Urban\" and \"Romford Rural\", with the outer part becoming a component of Romford Rural District. From 1894 to 1900 the urban district consisted of the civil parish of Romford Urban. In 1900 the two Romford parishes were recombined and the urban district was expanded to cover the reconstituted parish of Romford from 1900 to 1934. The urban district was surrounded by Romford Rural District until 1934 when the rural district was abolished and the urban district gained the parishes of Noak Hill and Havering-atte-Bower. The urban district council continued to meet at the old court house until it was demolished in 1933. The Romford urban district was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1937 and the council moved to a new town hall on Main Road (formerly Hare Street). The Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London considered the borough for inclusion in Greater London and in 1965 the municipal borough was abolished by the London Government Act 1963. Its former area was transferred to Greater London from Essex and combined with that of Hornchurch Urban District to form the present-day London Borough of Havering. Municipal Borough of Romford Romford was a local government district in southwest Essex from 1851 to 1965. It was significantly expanded in 1934 and gained the status of municipal borough in 1937. The population" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Calgon Calgon is a brand registered trademark of water softener, and bath and beauty products. The original product consisted of powdered sodium hexametaphosphate (amorphous sodium polyphosphate), which in water would complex with ambient calcium ion and certain other cations, preventing formation of unwanted salts and interference by those cations with the actions of soap or other detergents. Its name was a portmanteau derived from the phrase \"calcium gone\". Originally promoted for general use in bathing and cleaning, it gave rise to derivative products which have diverged from the original composition. Today, Calgon water softener contains the active ingredients zeolite and polycarboxylate, which are less problematic in wastewater treatment than phosphates. The Calgon water softener was first introduced to the market in 1933 by Calgon, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Calgon, Inc. was acquired by Merck in 1968 and later broken up and sold off. Today, the brand is owned by Reckitt Benckiser for use in Europe as a water softener, and in the United States by Ilex Consumer Products Group as a bath and beauty product. The brands have their origin in Calgon, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which first put Calgon water softener on the market in 1933. In 1965, Calgon was broken into: In North American popular culture, Calgon's advertisements have generated several popular catchphrases and/or definitions, which have been referenced in numerous subsequent songs, television shows, and motion pictures. This commercial was for Calgon bath and beauty products. In this advertisement, a woman wearing a fluffy pink robe is seen in a chaotic home scenario. As tension rises, she utters the slogan \"Calgon, take me away!\" The next scene shows her relaxing in a bath in a quiet room. A set of commercials from the early 70s that ran for many years was for Calgon powdered water softener for laundry. They were set in a Chinese laundry somewhere in Anytown, USA. A Caucasian lady customer at the counter (American actress Pamela Wiley) asks \"Mr. Lee\" (played by Chinese-American actor Calvin Jung), \"How do you get your shirts so \"white\"?\" He puts a finger to his lips and says, with a light Chinese accent, \"Ancient Chinese secret.\" The scene shifts to Mrs. Lee (Japanese-American actress Anne Miyamoto) in the back room, who overhears her husband and says - in a perfectly flat Midwestern accent - \"My husband! Some hotshot! \"Here's\" his \"Ancient Chinese Secret\" - Calgon!\" Mrs. Lee then praises new formula Calgon, stating that when it is added to rinse water it helps make clothes 30 percent cleaner. The customer is just about to exit the laundry when Mrs. Lee pops her head around the door frame and calls to her husband, \"We need more Calgon!\" The customer turns around and challenges Mr. Lee: \"'Ancient Chinese Secret,' huh?\" Mr. Lee smiles sheepishly. Calgon water softener adverts in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in the rest of Europe (including Italy) promote the product solely on the basis of saving washing machines from breakdown rather than any benefits to the clothing in the wash, although the products on sale are identical to those in the United States. The difference is accounted for by the prevalence in Europe of household washing machines with intrinsic heaters, whose elements benefit from the prevention of boiler scale. In Portugal, the Calgon advertisement jingle is the same popular one, for almost 30 years. In Italy, from 1965 to Spring 2008, Calgon was called \"Calfort\". In May 2011 a study by Which? magazine demonstrated that there was no evidence to suggest that washing machines lasted longer when treated with Calgon under \"normal\" washing conditions. Calgon disputes this, however. In October 2011, Dutch TROS TV program \"Radar\" also concluded Calgon water softener is not necessary under \"normal\" washing conditions for Dutch customers. The slogan \"Calgon, take me away!\" has been referenced in a number of forms of entertainment. The slogan \"Ancient Chinese secret, huh?\" has also been a reference in a number of forms of entertainment. Calgon Calgon is a brand registered trademark of water softener, and bath and beauty products. The original product consisted of powdered sodium hexametaphosphate (amorphous sodium polyphosphate), which in water would complex with ambient calcium ion and certain other cations, preventing formation of" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Peña Falconera The Peña Falconera or Huevo de Morrano (Morrano egg) is a rock formation near the village of Morrano, northwest of Somontano de Barbastro, Province of Huesca. This rock formation is composed of a monolith with a mixture of sand and conglomerate somewhat eroded. It is located in the Parque de la Sierra y Cañones de Guara, a few meters from the river Alcanadre and close to the \"fountain de la Tamara\", is also near the pine forest of Morrano where pine are that are the most southerly of all the natural park and the Alto Aragon too. The inhabitants of Morrano have always called the formation \"Peña Falconera\" because according to tradition in this area falcons were bred, and \"falcon\" is the word's translation into the Aragonese language. Today the nickname \"Falconero\" is still used by the inhabitants of Morrano. A few years ago the stone was given a new name with the creation of the natural park. This name, \"Huevo de Morrano\" (Morrano egg), was created by a forester. In Spanish, the name is \"Alconera Peña,\" although that version is used much less frequently. The name \"Peña los Pacos\" is also used. Peña Falconera The Peña Falconera" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Atlantic Avenue (New York City) Atlantic Avenue is an important street in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. It stretches from the Brooklyn waterfront on the East River all the way to Jamaica, Queens. Atlantic Avenue runs parallel to Fulton Street for much of its course through Brooklyn, where it serves as a border between the neighborhoods of Prospect Heights and Fort Greene and between Bedford-Stuyvesant and Crown Heights. Atlantic Avenue is the sole east–west through truck route across Brooklyn, mostly serving the purpose of the canceled Bushwick Expressway (I-78) and the Brooklyn portion of the Cross Brooklyn Expressway (I-878). The street connects to the existing segment of NY 878 (formerly I-878) via Conduit Boulevard. In Brooklyn, the area of Atlantic nearest the South Ferry waterfront has long been known for its antique shops and its notable Arab community, including mosques, specialty shops and restaurants specializing in Middle Eastern cuisine. As it stretches east toward Flatbush Avenue, Atlantic separates the neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights and Cobble Hill and passes through Boerum Hill near Downtown Brooklyn. This section of Atlantic Avenue is the site of the Atlantic Antic, an annual street fair involving local and visiting merchants and artists, held in early October. At Flatbush Avenue and Fourth Avenue the crossing of the three major thoroughfares form a triangular intersection historically known as Times Plaza. Here the smaller shops, restaurants, churches and boutiques give way to the Atlantic Terminal, where nine subway services at Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center converge with the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR). The area is dominated by massive buildings, formerly factories, now used by storage companies, and by the Atlantic Center Mall (opened in 1996, with tenants including P.C. Richard & Son and Modell's), Atlantic Terminal Mall (opened in 2004, with tenants including Target) and Barclays Center. All three are products of developer Forest City Ratner. The face of Atlantic Avenue east of Flatbush Avenue, the site designated for the Brooklyn Atlantic Yards, is defined by the LIRR tracks that run beneath (from Flatbush Avenue to Bedford Avenue), above (from Bedford Avenue to Dewey Place), and beneath again in East New York until Lefferts Boulevard in Queens. The Atlantic Avenue Railroad (now LIRR) originally ran along Atlantic Avenue as streetcars pulled by horses. With electrification, other traffic was eliminated from the roadway and Atlantic Avenue became discontinuous. When railway sections west of Jamaica station were put underground in the early 1940s, that portion of Atlantic Avenue became continuous again. East of Jamaica, the railway is still at (or above) ground level. Just east of the Van Wyck Expressway, the roadway narrows to two lanes and becomes 94th Avenue, after which the roadway soon diverges into side streets, ending as 157th Street at Liberty Avenue. Atlantic Avenue from the Brooklyn Docks to the Van Wyck Expressway is 10.3 miles long, with 7.4 miles in Brooklyn, making it one of Brooklyn's longest streets. Pre-electrification maps from 1909 and 1910 show Atlantic Avenue, at that time, continued to the city line. Short roadways still named Atlantic Avenue exist further east adjacent to the LIRR Main Line within Nassau County. A stretch of road still named Atlantic Avenue, just under one mile long, runs just south of the Main Line from the Bellerose station to the Floral Park station. Just north of the Merillon Avenue train station in Garden City is another short roadway called Atlantic Avenue. Other short segments of roadway called Atlantic Avenue exist adjacent to the Main Line at Carle Place in Nassau County, and even as far east as the approach to the Nassau-Suffolk County line, just beyond the Farmingdale LIRR station. The New York City Bus route runs on Atlantic Avenue from Broadway Junction to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer. The runs on it between its western end and Fourth Avenue. The buses run on this street for short sections. The New York City Subway's BMT Canarsie Line () has a station on this street at East New York Avenue, with another entrance at Van Sinderen Avenue; the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station () is also located at 4th and Flatbush Avenues. Long Island Rail Road stations on the Atlantic Branch are located at Flatbush Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Van Sinderen Avenue. A four-block-long Atlantic Avenue exists in Sea Gate, Brooklyn. Atlantic Avenue (New York City) Atlantic Avenue is an important street in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. It stretches from the Brooklyn waterfront on the East River all the way to Jamaica, Queens. Atlantic Avenue runs parallel to Fulton Street for much of its course through Brooklyn, where it serves as a border between the neighborhoods of Prospect Heights and Fort Greene and between Bedford-Stuyvesant and Crown Heights. Atlantic Avenue is the sole east–west through truck route across Brooklyn, mostly serving" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Higrevirus Higrevirus is a genus of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species \"Hibiscus green spot virus 2\". Group: ssRNA(+) Viruses in Higrevirus are non-enveloped, with bacilliform geometries. These viruses are about 30 nm wide and 50 nm long. Genomes are linear and segmented, tripartite, around 38.43.23.1kb in length. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Plants serve as the natural host. Higrevirus Higrevirus is a genus of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species \"Hibiscus green spot virus 2\". Group: ssRNA(+) Viruses in Higrevirus are non-enveloped, with bacilliform geometries. These viruses are about 30 nm wide and 50 nm long. Genomes are linear and segmented, tripartite, around 38.43.23.1kb in length. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Plants serve" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "East Ridge High School (Florida) East Ridge High School is a school in Clermont, Florida and one of seven public high schools in Lake County. East Ridge is the largest school in Lake County. There are 2,902 Students enrolled as of January 2014. East Ridge High School was constructed at 13322 Excalibur Road in 2002. It is currently the second newest high school in Lake County, Florida. The school was built to stop the overcrowding of their mother, now sister school, South Lake High School, which is located in Groveland. Lake Minneola High School was opened for the fall 2011 semester. The school offers a wide variety of clubs (some clubs listed below are no longer running): East Ridge High School (Florida) East Ridge High School is a school in Clermont, Florida and one of seven public high schools in Lake County. East Ridge is the largest school in Lake County. There are 2,902 Students enrolled as of January 2014. East Ridge High School was constructed at 13322 Excalibur Road in 2002. It is currently the second newest high school in Lake County, Florida. The school was built to stop the overcrowding of their mother, now sister school, South Lake" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Northeast Maritime Institute Northeast Maritime Institute (also called NMI) is a private, coeducational, maritime college offering an Associate in Applied Science in Nautical Science degree. Established in 1981, Northeast Maritime Institute is the only private maritime college in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The college is in the Town of Fairhaven, Massachusetts located in the United States and is within walking distance from the Acushnet River across from New Bedford Harbor. The college was originally established to provide an alternative to traditional maritime academy regimented-styled training and graduates of the college’s Associate program are eligible to receive a United States Coast Guard Masters license upon graduation. The college operates a training ship, the m/v Navigator, as well as the brigantine tall ship m/s Fritha. Northeast Maritime Institute was founded in 1981 as the Tidewater School of Navigation, Inc. in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The school originally provided only continuing education courses and programs approved by the United States Coast Guard prior to becoming a college. In 1997 the school was renamed Northeast Maritime Institute and later moved its location to Fairhaven, Massachusetts where its main campus building is located today. Since its relocation the school has grown to four campus buildings all within walking distance and located within the center of Fairhaven. In 2008, the Institute launched The Fairhaven Project through a public-private partnership with the U.S. Department of State to advance the cause of peace between Israel and Palestine. The program brought groups of Israeli and Palestinian students to Fairhaven where they would work together onboard the brigantine tall ship m/s Fritha. A 30-minute documentary of the 2008 program was created and utilized by U.S. Embassies and Consulates in the Middle East and other regions of conflict to stimulate student discussions and extend a message of equality and understanding to a larger audience. Northeast Maritime Institute delivers a range of on-line maritime education and training programs through its Learning Management System “NEMO°” (also called Northeast Maritime Online). The online education and training system was designed so that seafarers could complete training at sea rather than during their shore leave. In 2018, Northeast Maritime Institute entered into a partnership program with the University of Virgin Islands for development of a degree program in maritime management. The Institute’s College of Nautical Science is a merchant marine college intended to prepare students to work onboard ships as deck officers and captains upon graduation. In addition to completing all shore-side college classes, students are required to complete two “Semesters at Sea” whereby they work onboard U.S. flagged commercial vessels. Students may elect to complete their Semesters at Sea onboard any vessel that meets program requirements. Northeast Maritime Institute Northeast Maritime Institute (also called NMI) is a private, coeducational, maritime college offering an Associate in Applied Science in Nautical Science degree. Established in 1981, Northeast Maritime Institute is the only private maritime college in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The college is in the Town of Fairhaven, Massachusetts located in the United States and is within walking" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Rothville, Missouri Rothville is a village in Chariton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 99 at the 2010 census. Rothville is located at (39.654715, -93.061086). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. Rothville was laid out in 1883. The community derives its name from John Roth, a local merchant. A post office was established at Rothville in 1868. As of the census of 2010, there were 99 people, 37 households, and 29 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 47 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 99.0% White and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population. There were 37 households of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21.6% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age in the village was 33.2 years. 31.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 35.4% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 6.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 93 people, 39 households, and 23 families residing in the village. The population density was 370.3 people per square mile (143.6/km²). There were 48 housing units at an average density of 191.1 per square mile (74.1/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.92% White, and 1.08% from two or more races. There were 39 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.13. In the village, the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $26,786, and the median income for a family was $27,917. Males had a median income of $26,563 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,226. There were 7.4% of families and 10.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 14.3% of under eighteens and none of those over 64. Rothville, Missouri Rothville is a village in Chariton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 99 at the 2010 census. Rothville is located at (39.654715, -93.061086). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. Rothville was laid out in 1883. The community derives its name from John Roth, a local merchant. A post office" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "ThaiBev Thai Beverage, better known as ThaiBev (Thai: ไทยเบฟ) (), is Thailand's largest and one of Southeast Asia's largest beverage companies, with distilleries in Thailand, Scotland, and China. Listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, Thai Beverage Plc has a market capitalization in excess of US$4 billion. In January 2013, the firm announced it had succeeded in a US$11.2 billion deal to take over the conglomerate Fraser and Neave, adding to the group's portfolio of assets. Thai Beverage Public Company Limited owns and distributes several significant brands, including Chang beer, Mekhong, and SangSom rum. It has significant operations in Europe, producing malt Scotch whisky, vodka, gin, and liqueurs at five distilleries in Scotland. Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi, in early 2013, added Fraser and Neave, Limited, a food and beverage, brewing, property, and publishing industries conglomerate in Singapore, to his drinks and property empire. Chang Beer, which started production in March 1995 at a brewery in the Bang Ban District of Ayutthaya Province, is the top-selling brand in Thailand. It managed to win 60 percent market share in Thailand after a hard market fight with the previous leading brand, Singha. In 2006, the company's beer market share was 49 percent, according to research company Canadean. ThaiBev brews Chang (or Chang Beer) (), a pale lager. \"Chang\" () is the Thai word for elephant, an animal of cultural and historical significance in Thailand. The logo depicts two elephants face-to-face. In 2006, the company launched Chang Light, 4.2 percent ABV and Chang Draught in bottles at five percent ABV. They were discontinued in 2015. In 2015, ThaiBev celebrated its \"20th anniversary Chang Beer\". For this occasion, ThaiBev consolidated all Chang brands in Chang Classic. ThaiBev stopped production of Chang Light, Chang Draught, and Chang Export. In addition, the new bottle was introduced in emerald green. Production of Chang Classic is shared between ThaiBev's three breweries. The recipe was changed to include rice, previously only used in the domestic 6.4 percent version. Its ABV in Thailand is 5.0 (Currently 2018). ThaiBev's flagship brand Chang Beer won a gold quality award three times in the beers, water, and soft drinks category at the World Quality Selections 2018, organized each year by Monde Selection. In 2004, the company introduced Archa ( 'horse') beer, at 5.4 percent . Archa won a gold medal at the 2007 Australian International Beer Awards (AIBA). The ABV was lowered to five percent in 2014. The first market outside Thailand to distribute Archa Beer was Singapore, where it was successfully launched in 2012 by InterBev (Singapore) Ltd. Federbräu is a German-inspired quality beer brewed using the imported German malt. Using only a single source of German malt in the brewing process. Federbräu is five percent alcohol by volume. In December 2000, Carlsberg and Chang established a 50–50 joint venture, Carlsberg Asia, to create a significant brewing company in Asia. The Carlsberg influence can be seen in the typography of the \"Beer Chang\" logo, which resembles the classic \"Carlsberg Beer\". In 2005, Carlsberg pulled out of the venture and terminated its licence agreement with Chang due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, resulting in Chang claiming US$2.5 billion in damages. A final settlement of US$120 million was subsequently paid by Carlsberg. ThaiBev bought a majority of shares in Sabeco in 2018 for 4.8 billion US dollars. Sabeco owns leading beer brands in Vietnam including \"Saigon Beer\" and \"333\". At the time of the acquisition, Sabeco's Vietnam market share had fallen below 40 percent. ThaiBev produces brown and white spirits, including rum, which is derived from distilling cane juice, sugar or molasses until the product is with 60–95 percent alcohol content. The content is mixed with purified water to produce a satisfactory level of alcohol content before being transferred to age in charred oak barrels for at least one year. Before being bottled the liquor may be further mixed to adjust for desired colour, aroma and taste, but it has to have at least 40 percent alcohol content. ThaiBev's most famous, but not best selling, spirit is \"Mekhong\", which originated in 1941 at the Bangyikhan Distillery west of Bangkok. Originally a state-owned distillery, it dates back over 200 years to the beginning of the current Chakri Dynasty. The launch of \"Mekhong\" (a rum with adding rice) was aimed at producing a high-quality Thai spirit to stem the increase in the import of foreign liquor and to eventually replace imported brands. \"SangSom\" (a rum), however, has been the country's most popular spirit brand for over 29 years, until 2006 holding almost 50 percent share of the entire brown spirits market in Thailand. The company also produces Mungkorn Thong and Hong Thong and brands based on whisky, such as Crown 99 and Blue, as well as Scotch whisky brands such as Hankey Banister and Pinwinnie Royal Scotch Whisky. White spirits are made from molasses without any mixture or colour, and produced in four alcohol contents: 28, 30, 35, and 40 percent. The company's largest-selling white spirits is \"Ruang Khao\". The labels are colour-coded to reflect the alcoholic strength but do not have the brand name printed on them. Other brands in this category are Niyomthai and White Tiger. Molasses is the main raw material used for the production of ThaiBev's spirits, so that most of the products fall under the category of rum. Molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of raw sugar from sugar cane. As is the case with all distilled spirits, the distillate is crystal clear when first distilled. Amber and dark brown spirits obtain their colour from the extracts from the oak barrel during aging and from caramel, a natural colouring agent. ThaiBev's yeast cultures, used for fermentation, are grown in its own laboratory and propagated in a yeast propagation tank. The yeast, molasses diluted by water, steamed rice that has been sprayed with mould (to create sugar) and incubated for four days, and water are added into a fermenter and the mixture is allowed to ferment for approximately 72 hours. The liquid that is left at the end of the fermentation process is known as \"fermented mash\". Distillation takes place in a distilling column and a pot still, which is a large copper or stainless steel kettle. Distilling involves boiling the \"fermented mash\" and condensing its vapour. The spent sludge remaining in the pot still is removed to be processed. The company's white spirits are then diluted with demineralized water to the desired alcohol content in a white spirits blending tank and sent to be packaged and bottled after filtering. Brown spirits are diluted with demineralized water and then aged in oak barrels for three to eight years depending on the brand. The aged alcohol is then further diluted with demineralized water before bottling. Liquor concentrate alcohol and caramel color are added. The brown spirits are passed through filters and then bottled and packaged. ThaiBev also makes \"Chinese herb spirits\", branded as Chiang-Chun and Sua Dum. These are produced by blending alcohol, white spirits, sugar, caramel, and Chinese herbs, and then further diluting the mixture with demineralized water. In 2004, Chang became the sponsor of Everton Football Club of the English Premier League. Together, they initiated five projects in the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Everton-Chang is a village on the Khao Lak coast in Phang Nga Province of Thailand. It consists of 50 houses and a football field. It was built following the 2004 tsunami that struck the area and destroyed the existing village of Ban Naan Khem. Local youth teams compete for the Chang-Everton cup. Officials from Everton F.C. and Chang Beer have been involved in the project. Together, they sponsor Chang Everton Football Cup and send promising Thai footballers to Liverpool for a trial with Everton. In", "spirits, sugar, caramel, and Chinese herbs, and then further diluting the mixture with demineralized water. In 2004, Chang became the sponsor of Everton Football Club of the English Premier League. Together, they initiated five projects in the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Everton-Chang is a village on the Khao Lak coast in Phang Nga Province of Thailand. It consists of 50 houses and a football field. It was built following the 2004 tsunami that struck the area and destroyed the existing village of Ban Naan Khem. Local youth teams compete for the Chang-Everton cup. Officials from Everton F.C. and Chang Beer have been involved in the project. Together, they sponsor Chang Everton Football Cup and send promising Thai footballers to Liverpool for a trial with Everton. In 2005, ThaiBev became the subject of nationwide criticism in Thailand by the Buddhist monastic community and other religious groups. At the time, Thai Beverage had announced its intent to list publicly on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), which would be the biggest listing in Thai history. Despite attempts by the National Office of Buddhism (a government agency) to prohibit monks from protesting, 2,000 monks from Wat Phra Dhammakaya organized chants of Buddhist texts in front of the Stock Exchange to halt Thai Beverage's IPO. In an unprecedented cooperative effort, the temple was joined by former Black May revolt leader Chamlong Srimuang and the Santi Asoke movement. Subsequently, another 122 religious and social organizations joined the opposition, reaching numbers of 10,000 protesters. The organizations asked Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's cooperation to stop the company, in what some of the protest leaders described as \"a grave threat to the health and culture\" of Thai society. While SET pointed out the economic benefits of the listing, opponents referred to rising alcohol abuse in Thai society, ranking fifth in alcohol consumption according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Ultimately, the protests led to an indefinite postponement of the listing by the exchange. Thai Beverage chose to list in Singapore instead, as the Thai Stock Exchange chief resigned as a result. ThaiBev Thai Beverage, better known as ThaiBev (Thai: ไทยเบฟ) (), is Thailand's largest and one of Southeast Asia's largest beverage companies, with distilleries in Thailand, Scotland, and China. Listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, Thai Beverage Plc has a market capitalization in excess of US$4 billion. In January 2013, the firm announced it had succeeded in a US$11.2 billion deal to take over the conglomerate Fraser and Neave, adding to the group's portfolio of assets. Thai Beverage Public Company Limited owns and distributes several significant brands, including Chang beer, Mekhong, and SangSom rum. It has" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Texas Network The Texas Network (abbreviated as TXN) was a San Antonio, Texas-based media company that was founded in 1998 and disestablished in 2000. It produced radio and television broadcasts, as well as Internet content, at its height. Its flagship program was \"The News of Texas\", a statewide newscast syndicated to 27 television stations in the state. Its president and CEO was Bob Rogers, who was a successful news director at San Antonio's KENS-TV. \"The News of Texas\" was the chief program produced by TXN. It was a statewide newscast. Carriage at first was hard to find, and even then mostly on second-tier stations. A 2000 redesign fixed presentation problems, but it came too late to help the cause of The News of Texas, especially in the face of Belo Corporation's strong Texas Cable News (TXCN). Other television programs from TXN included the hard news \"Week in Review\" and the softer \"People, Places, and Things\". TXN also eventually produced radio and Internet content. Both ventures launched at the start of 2000. TXN Radio had twelve affiliate stations at the start, but it found significant and established competition in the CBS Texas State Network, which made it a hard sell. TXN.com and NewsofTexas.com were the websites for TXN and The News of Texas. Both the radio and Internet divisions shut down months before TXN's closure. TXN was a money-losing proposition. In mid-June 2000, it restructured, cutting a third of its 120 staffers. But faced with the increasing move of The News of Texas to PBS member stations, where making advertising money was impossible, TXN announced it would fold just one week later. It shut down at the end of July 2000, with 13 affiliates scrambling to fill the program space, 80 people out of work, and a $45 million loss in the news business. Texas Network The Texas Network (abbreviated as TXN) was a San Antonio, Texas-based media company that was founded in 1998 and disestablished in 2000. It produced radio and television broadcasts, as well as Internet content, at its height. Its flagship program was \"The News of Texas\", a statewide newscast syndicated to 27 television stations in the state. Its president and CEO was Bob Rogers, who was a successful news director at San Antonio's KENS-TV. \"The News of Texas\" was the chief program produced by TXN. It was a statewide newscast. Carriage at first was hard to find," ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Carlos Manuel Rosario Carlos Manuel Rosario, (1922 – February 1, 1987) was a Puerto Rican activist who served as the executive director of the Spanish Community Advisory Committee. He was a founder of the Latino Festival in Washington, DC and founded the Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans (PEILA). Carlos Manuel Rosario was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico, and many in his family were teachers. He attended the University of Puerto Rico. During World War II, he served in the United States Army touring in North Africa, France, and Germany. After WWII Rosario returned to Puerto Rico where he worked as an X-Ray technician. In the 1950s he moved to Montana and joined the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He was later transferred to Washington, D.C. where he worked as an X-Ray technician until 1957. Then he worked at the National Tuberculosis Association until 1967 and for the Washington D.C. Health Department from 1967 to 1969. In 1970, Mayor Walter E. Washington hired Rosario to head the newly formed Spanish Community Advisory Committee which was later named the Office of Latino Affairs. In 1980 he served as the Assistant Director of the D.C. Office on Aging, until he retired in 1984. Carlos Rosario married Carmin Maria Rosario of Washington and had three sons: Carlos M. Rosario Jr., Jose Rosario, and Reinaldo Rosario; and two daughters, Leticia Rosario and Vilma Tirado. Carlos Rosario created various programs that allow Hispanic Americans and Hispanic immigrants to integrate into American society, such as: Carlos Rosario stated that people referred to him as \"The Godfather\" because he was the builder of the Latino community in Washington D.C. Carlos Rosario suffered a heart attack on February 1, 1987 while vacationing in Puerto Rico and died in a hospital in Dorado, Puerto Rico at the age of 65. Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School (former Carlos Rosario Center) was named after him. Carlos Manuel Rosario Carlos Manuel Rosario, (1922 – February 1, 1987) was a Puerto Rican activist who served as the executive director of the Spanish Community Advisory Committee. He was a founder of the Latino Festival in Washington, DC and founded the Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans (PEILA). Carlos Manuel Rosario was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico, and many in his family were teachers. He attended the University of Puerto Rico. During World War II, he served in the United States" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Man A man is a male human. The term \"man\" is usually reserved for an adult male, with the term \"boy\" being the usual term for a male child or adolescent. However, the term \"man\" is also sometimes used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as \"men's basketball\". Like most other male mammals, a man's genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. However, there are exceptions to the above for some transgender and intersex men. The English term \"man\" is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root \"*man-\" (see Sanskrit/Avestan \"manu-\", Slavic \"mǫž\" \"man, male\"). More directly, the word derives from Old English \"mann.\" The Old English form had a default meaning of \"adult male\" (which was the exclusive meaning of \"wer\"), though it could also signify a person of unspecified gender. The closely related Old English pronoun \"man\" was used just as it is in Modern German to designate \"one\" (e. g., in the saying \"man muss mit den Wölfen heulen\"). The Old English form is derived from Proto-Germanic \"*mannz\", \"human being, person\", which is also the etymon of German \"Mann\" \"man, husband\" and \"man\" \"one\" (pronoun), Old Norse \"maðr\", and Gothic \"manna\". According to Tacitus, the mythological progenitor of the Germanic tribes was called \"Mannus\". \"*Manus\" in Indo-European mythology was the first man, see Mannus, Manu (Hinduism). The term manhood is used to describe the period in a human male's life after he has transitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male's coming of age. The word \"man\" is used to mean any adult male. In English-speaking countries, many other words can also be used to mean an adult male such as \"guy\", \"dude\", \"buddy\", \"bloke\", \"fellow\", \"chap\" and sometimes \"boy\" or \"lad\". The term \"manhood\" is associated with masculinity and virility, which refer to male qualities and male gender roles. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are: In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex. This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. The term \"primary sexual characteristics\" denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. The term \"secondary sexual characteristics\" denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship. Biological factors are not sufficient determinants of whether a person considers themselves a man or is considered a man. Intersex individuals, who have physical or genetic features considered to be mixed or atypical for one sex or the other, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. There are also transgender and transsexual men, who were assigned as female at birth, but identify as men; there are varying social, legal and individual definitions with regard to these issues. (See trans man.) The male sex organs are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology. In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the anti-Müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts. In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. In comparison to women, men suffer from slightly more illnesses. Male life expectancy is slightly lower than female life expectancy, although the difference has narrowed in recent years. For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterone to produce their sexual differences from the human male. Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender). Therefore, while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures. In the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, the most common and definitive sign of becoming a man is getting married. Modern American manhood is less tied to marriage itself, but some qualities traditionally associated with it, such as the \"triple Ps\" of \"protecting, providing, and procreating,\" are still considered signs of having achieved manhood. Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase \"hegemonic masculinity\" to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same \"hegemonic\" fashion. Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as \"virtue\" and \"virile\" (from the Indo-European root \"vir\" meaning \"man\") reflect this. An association with physical or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys. A great deal is now known about the development of biological masculine characteristics, such as the hormonal changes that make it possible for men to grow a beard. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of \"Homo sapiens\" produces", "while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same \"hegemonic\" fashion. Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as \"virtue\" and \"virile\" (from the Indo-European root \"vir\" meaning \"man\") reflect this. An association with physical or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys. A great deal is now known about the development of biological masculine characteristics, such as the hormonal changes that make it possible for men to grow a beard. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of \"Homo sapiens\" produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production, and a range of both pre-natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms \"masculinization\" or \"virilization\". Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the default female route, it is more precisely called \"defeminization\". There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities. In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one's gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, the exhibition of feminine behavior may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while the same is for a woman who exhibits masculine behavior. Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and is a part of socialization to better match a culture's mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as \"machismo\" or \"testosterone poisoning.\" The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures. The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the \"Bhagavad Gita\" or bushido's \"Hagakure\". Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life. Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes, the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income. The Men's Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood – to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women. The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles. The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the 'model of double burden'. Some positions and titles are reserved for men only. For example, the position of Pope and Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church. Also the priesthood is exclusively male in the Catholic Church and also some other religious traditions. Men are often given priority for the position of monarch (King in the case of a man) of a country, as it usually passes to the eldest male child upon succession. Medical: Dynamics: Political: Man A man is a male human. The term \"man\" is usually reserved for an adult male, with the term \"boy\" being the usual term for a male child or adolescent. However, the term \"man\" is also sometimes used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as \"men's basketball\". Like most other male mammals, a man's genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (November 5, 1830 – September 3, 1893) was a French-American military officer who served in the United States Army and later in the French Army. He was the son of Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte and Susan May Williams. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, as the son of Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife, Susan May Williams. He was the grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte (who reigned as King of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813) and the grandnephew of Emperor Napoleon, who died in 1821. Bonaparte entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1848 and graduated 11th in the Class of 1852. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and served in Texas with the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen. Bonaparte resigned from the U.S. Army in August 1854 to serve in the army of his first cousin-once-removed, Emperor Napoleon III. A few weeks later, he was commissioned as a lieutenant of dragoons in the French Army. He fought in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Italian campaign, and the Franco-Prussian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Following the Siege of Paris, Bonaparte left the French Army and returned home to the United States. There, he married Caroline Le Roy Appleton Edgar (1840–1911), daughter of Samuel and Julia Appleton, and widow of Newbold Edgar. They would have two children: Had his family not been excluded, he would have been first in line to the Bonaparte succession from 1873, and would have succeeded in 1879. He died on September 3, 1893, in Prides Crossing, Massachusetts. His letters from Fort Inge and Fort Ewell have been preserved by the Maryland Historical Society. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (November 5, 1830 – September 3, 1893) was a French-American military" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Cut (advertisement) Cut is a British advertising campaign launched in 2009 by the charitable organisation Women's Aid to promote awareness of domestic violence. The campaign was created by advertising agency Grey London, and centres on a 120-second commercial starring Keira Knightley. The commercial was supported by poster and online components. \"Cut\" was directed by Joe Wright and produced by Dominic Delaney. Post-production work was handled by Big Buoy and Prime Focus. The campaign drew a significant amount of media attention, especially after advertising approval body Clearcast prohibited the short film from appearing on even post-watershed television, due to several particularly violent scenes. The title of the piece refers to the filmmaking practice of cutting. \"Cut\" opens with a young actress, played by Keira Knightley, leaving the set after a day's work. The actress drives home, wiping off her make-up in the car. When she arrives at her apartment, she calls to her boyfriend before finding a shattered mirror and a trail of blood across the floor into the kitchen. When she turns around, she sees her boyfriend's knuckles are bloodied and offers him a towel. He snaps it out of her hand. He then asks about the scenes with the leading man and whether her scenes with him \"felt real\". He cuts off her reply by throwing the towel back in her face and, when she tries to protest, strikes her to the ground and proceeds to yank her hair and kick her several times in the chest. The camera zooms out to reveal that the room is an otherwise empty set. The tagline \"Isn't it time someone called Cut\" appears, followed by the statistic that two women die as a result of domestic abuse each week, and a request for a donation of £2 a month. Since the appointment of advertising agency Grey London to handle the marketing of Women's Aid in 2005, they had worked on a number of publicity campaigns for the feminist charitable organisation. In 2006, their \"Valentine's Day\" campaign, with a budget of just £500, reached an estimated 52% of adults within the United Kingdom and generated editorial coverage worth an estimated €613,000. Comprising spots in print, posters, and radio, the campaign received wide critical acclaim, including an Aerial Award, a Euro Effie Award, and an IPA Effectiveness Award. The following year marked the launch of the \"What's it going to take?\" campaign. \"What's it going to take?\" centred on a series of images taken by British photographer Rankin, of a number of female British celebrities, including Anna Friel and Honor Blackman. Cosmetics were applied to the celebrities to give them the appearance of having been beaten. Noel Bussey of \"Campaign\" magazine said of the series: \"\"Many agencies pull out their best work when it's for charity, but rarely is it this effective, so well shot or so close to the brief.\"\" Women's Aid went to win the 2007 Campaigning Team of the Year award at the Charity Times Gala Awards in London for the work surrounding the \"What's it going to take?\" campaign. Keira Knightley had worked with director Joe Wright on a number of projects prior to \"Cut\", including the feature films \"Pride & Prejudice\" and \"Atonement\", and a 2008 television commercial for Chanel perfume. The pair volunteered their time for \"Cut\" at no charge, and convinced a team of around fifty others to do so as well. The assembled team included BAFTA-nominated make-up artist Ivana Primorac and cinematographer Seamus McGarvey, whose work with Wright on \"Atonement\" earned him an Academy Award nomination. Filming took place in January 2009, and the piece was intended to begin airing on 2 April. It was intended that \"Cut\" begin broadcasting simultaneously on post-watershed television and during trailers for 15-rated films in cinemas from 2 April 2009. However, when the commercial was sent for approval by Clearcast, the advertising authority refused permission for \"Cut\" to appear on British television either before or after the watershed. Clearcast advised that the final scene of \"Cut\", in which Knightley's character is being kicked repeatedly by her boyfriend, was too violent and likely to cause offense, and therefore demanded that the scene be removed from the piece before it could be televised. Women's Aid refused to make the modifications, instead electing to eschew television and concentrate on the cinema, online, and print aspects of the campaign. \"Cut\" made its debut at cinemas on 6 April. Media space was donated by the cinema advertising companies Pearl & Dean, Digital Cinema Media, and Admedia. The ad also appeared online, both at a dedicated microsite and on video sharing website YouTube. This online component was backed up with a series of print advertisements created by Grey London creative director Nils Leonard. The campaign was received well by the public. Within six days the film had over half a million hits online, swiftly rising to over a million. Of those who viewed \"Cut\", only two wrote to complain to the Advertising Standards Authority. Clearcast's decision to block the piece from appearing on television was widely lambasted. Reactions by the media to the ad itself were mixed. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown of \"The Independent\" supported the piece, saying: \"I know seeing her heroine Keira Knightley being knocked about by her lover will shake and wake my daughter up to this crime. Nothing I can say will have the same impact.\" However, Kira Cochrane of \"The Guardian\" was more critical, saying: \"[O]nce the initial horror had passed, I was left wondering about the point of the ad. [...] [T]here's something about a celebrity being used to represent a domestic violence victim that makes me feel slightly queasy.\" It was also featured as one of the top ten celebrity advertisements of 2009 in \"Campaign\" magazine. Irrespective of these differing opinions, \"Cut\" has proven to be a financial and critical success. During the period in which the campaign ran in cinemas and print, metrics reported a 33% increase in awareness of the charity, and Women's Aid received a 50% rise in people looking to make a donation. The campaign was also shortlisted for a Cyber Lion at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, considered one of the most prestigious awards in the advertising industry. Cut (advertisement) Cut is a British advertising campaign launched in 2009 by the charitable organisation Women's Aid to promote awareness of domestic violence. The campaign was created by advertising agency Grey London, and centres on a 120-second commercial starring Keira Knightley. The commercial was supported by poster and online components. \"Cut\" was directed by Joe Wright and produced by Dominic Delaney. Post-production work was handled by Big" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Bull.Miletic Synne T. Bull (Norwegian, born 1973) and Dragan Miletic (American, born Yugoslavia 1970) are two visual artists who work together as a collaborative duo called Bull.Miletic. They are principally known for their video installation artworks and contributions in the fields of media archeology, new media, and history of film. Bull and Miletic met at San Francisco Art Institute where they began to work as Bull.Miletic in 2000. They currently live and work in Oslo, Norway. Bull.Miletic have shown internationally at venues including Venice Biennale, California Biennial, WRO Media Art Biennale, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, German Architecture Museum, Frankfurt, Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita, Henie Onstad Art Center, Høvikodden, and Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade. Their work has been reviewed in Artforum, Aftenposten, Billedkunst, Kunstkritikk, Mousse Magazine, San Francisco Chronicle, and Rhizome among others. Bull.Miletic's work is represented by Anglim Gilbert Gallery. Bull.Miletic were the recipients of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Video Maker Award, Oslo Screen Festival's Best Norwegian Video Award and have received professional grants from the San Francisco Arts Commission, Arts Council Norway, Nordic Institute for Contemporary Art, Office for Contemporary Art Norway and CEC ArtsLink among others. They lectured in programs such as Art, Technology, and Culture Lecture Series at the University of California, Berkeley in 2011, SCMS Annual Conference 2013 Chicago and Arts + Design Mondays at Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive in 2017. Their work has been nominated for Rockefeller Media Art Award as well as San Francisco Museum of Modern Art's SECA Art Award. They were artists in residence at the Headlands Center for the Arts in 2003, at Künstlerhause Bethanien Berlin in 2004, at Nordic Artists’ Center Dale in 2006, and at Cité internationale des arts Paris in 2007. In 2012, they were Visiting Artists at the Cinema and Media Studies, University of Chicago and in 2017, Bull.Miletic were inaugural Art + Science Artists-in-Residence at University of California, Berkeley. Bull.Miletic initiated and curated several exhibitions including \"Net.Film\" in New York. In 2010, they co-organized \"Urban Images\" symposium at Oslo National Academy of the Arts. In 2012, they were part of the art research project \"re:place\" in association with Bergen Academy of Art and Design, Oslo National Academy of the Arts and The Grieg Academy, which culminated in the survey exhibition \"This Must be the Place\". Bull.Miletic Synne T. Bull (Norwegian, born 1973) and Dragan Miletic (American, born Yugoslavia 1970) are two visual artists who work together as a collaborative duo called Bull.Miletic. They are principally known for their video installation artworks and contributions in the fields of media archeology, new media, and history of film. Bull and Miletic met at San Francisco Art Institute where they began to work as Bull.Miletic in 2000. They currently live and work in Oslo, Norway. Bull.Miletic have shown internationally at venues including Venice Biennale, California Biennial, WRO Media Art Biennale, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Yerba Buena Center for" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Pilkington (ancient township) Pilkington was a township in the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, hundred of Salford and county of Lancashire, in northern England. The Pilkington family can be traced from about 1200. The senior line acquired the manor of Bury when Roger Pilkington who died in about 1347, married Alice Bury. Roger Pilkington and his father, also Roger, were present with Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322. The older Roger was imprisoned and fined, his son secured pardon by undertaking military service abroad. His son Sir Roger Pilkington (1325–1407) served under Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster in 1355, and under John of Gaunt in 1359–60 and 1369. The Pilkingtons built a house with a moat between 1359 and 1400 and were granted a licence to crenellate the manor house at Bury in 1469 when it became known as Bury Castle. Roger's son Sir John Pilkington (d. 1421) was granted custody of the manors of Prestwich and Alkrington. He married Margaret (d. 1436), heir of John Verdon of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, soon after the death of her first husband, Hugh Bradshaw of Leigh. Margaret's son from her first marriage, William Bradshaw, died in 1415, leaving a daughter, Elizabeth. In 1430 Margaret settled the manors of her inheritance which included Stagenhoe in Hertfordshire, Clipston, Northamptonshire and Brixworth in Northamptonshire, and Bressingham in Norfolk, on her Pilkington sons, John, Edmund (d. about 1451), and Robert (d. 1457). Four years after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1489, Sir Thomas Pilkington of Pilkington lost his estates by Royal Attainder to the Stanleys, who received the title 'Earl of Derby'. Sir Thomas Pilkington was granted Royal pardon in 1508 Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Pilkington formed part of the Bury Poor Law Union. In 1866, a Local board of health was established for the Whitefield area of Pilkington, which had begun to urbanise and expand into a town in its own right. In 1885 part of Pilkington was merged into the Municipal Borough of Bury. Following the Local Government Act 1894, the township of Pilkington was dissolved and its area divided between the then County Borough of Bury, Radcliffe Urban District, Whitefield Urban District, Outwood township and Unsworth township. It was bounded on two sides, the southwest and north, by the River Irwell, and encompassed the settlements of Blackford Bridge, Cinder Hill, Hollins, Besses o' th' Barn, Outwood, Ringley, Stand, Unsworth, and Whitefield. The township was abolished in 1894. Pilkington (ancient township) Pilkington was a township in the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, hundred of Salford and county of Lancashire, in northern England. The Pilkington family can be traced from about 1200. The senior line acquired the manor of Bury when Roger Pilkington who died in about 1347, married Alice Bury. Roger Pilkington and his father, also Roger, were present with Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322. The older Roger was imprisoned and fined, his son secured pardon by undertaking military service abroad." ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Operation Hornbill (World War Two) Operation Hornbill was a proposed commando operation by Australian forces during World War Two. It was proposed by Ivan Lyons following the success of Operation Jaywick. A precursor to Operation Rimau, it was an ambitious plan by Ivan Lyon to sabotage Japanese military operations in the Pacific by using so called 'Snake Boats'; a craft made to look like an Asian junk, which were to be built in Melbourne, Australia. A number of folboats and fifteen one-man submersible canoes, called ‘Sleeping Beauties’ (SBs) were to be deployed from the junks. The operation was to be formed and launched from the Allies’ strategic area of the Nautilus islands. Addendum to the above. ‘Sleeping Beauties’ were the adopted codename, they were Motor Submersible Canoes (MSC's) electrically propelled but could be sailed or paddled. Whilst the SBs were to be British, they planned to use folboats (Folding kayak)s built in Melbourne, Australia, as Lyon's 2IC, Lieutenant Donald Davidson RNVR, RANVR, was not happy with the British folboats brought over and used for Operation Jaywick. They had a lot of trouble simply putting them together, then Lyon's was damaged beyond proper repair when he collided with Davidson’s during a try-out. As the Melbourne Hoehn design MKIII folboat became very well regarded for performance by Australian Commandos and proved to be very reliable in various sea and river operations, they were chosen and used for Operation Rimau (Rimau was formerly known as 'The Second Singapore Raid' before official secrecy was lifted). With the preparation for Hornbill and future Australian based raids, three other small portable craft designs were submitted to the army, namely by Slazengers, Webb and Barr, but all were rejected mainly for poor seaworthiness and lack of manoeverability. Serviceman Sapper Webb's 'collapsible canoe', of which 20 were built by Hedleys Folboat section for army testing, were found to be extremely unstable in any but flat water and also infringed Hoehn's patent. ‘Special Operations Executive’ (SOE), the British clandestine warfare agency, was behind Ivan Lyon’s scheme, but because of the shortage of required submarines to help reconnoiter and deploy the small craft, and the growing complexity of the plan, the project was eventually shelved. Operation Hornbill (World War Two) Operation Hornbill was a proposed commando operation by Australian forces during World War Two. It was proposed by Ivan Lyons following the success of Operation Jaywick. A precursor to Operation" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Luis Guevara Mora Luis Ricardo Guevara Mora (born 2 September 1961) is a Salvadoran former football goalkeeper. Nicknamed \"el Negro\", he became a member of the El Salvador national team and represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Guevara remains one of El Salvador's best goalkeepers. He was known for his outstanding reflexes, leaping ability and acrobatic style of play, as well as his controversial antics off the field, which also earned him another nickname, 'el Loco'. He is the all-time cap leader for El Salvador national team. In his early years, Guevara was a baseball and basketball enthusiast despite future national team goalkeeper Raúl Antonio García being one of his friends in school. He was tempted to train with Coca-Cola by former national team goalkeeper Raúl Magaña and then joined Platense to make his senior league debut at 16 years. He then played for Atlético Marte. He played for Once Lobos and again for Marte but since the fans still blamed him for the 10–1 drubbing by Hungary he left for Guatemala in the end, to play for Club Xelajú MC and Aurora FC. He only returned to his country after five years and spent time again at Atlético Marte before retiring at Alianza in 2000. He then became goalkeeper coach at the national team but returned to Atlético Marte as a player/coach when they were relegated to the Salvadoran Second Division. Finally, he retired again at San Salvador F.C. to become a manager. At the age of 17, he was called up to play a friendly game against Panama in April 1979. He became the youngest goalkeeper in the national team's history. Prior to the 1982 World Cup finals, during the qualification rounds, he only conceded one goal and played in a memorable victory against Mexico. At the finals tournament in Spain, he became one of the youngest goalkeepers to participate in the World Cup. In the first round, El Salvador lost to Hungary 10–1, and Guevara became the goalkeeper with the most goals scored against in a single match, a record that stands as of 2014. He played 91 times for his national team in which he earned 50 senior caps. He represented his country in 13 World Cup qualification matches. His final international game was a November 1996 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Panama. Guevara is married to Flor de María and the couple have three children: Luis Ricardo, Ana Luisa and Gabriel Sebastián. Luis Guevara Mora Luis Ricardo Guevara Mora (born 2 September 1961) is a Salvadoran former football goalkeeper. Nicknamed \"el Negro\", he became a member of the El Salvador national team and represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Guevara remains one of El Salvador's best goalkeepers. He was known for his outstanding reflexes, leaping ability and acrobatic style of play, as well as his controversial antics off the field, which also earned him another nickname, 'el Loco'. He is the all-time cap leader for El Salvador national" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Richard Wright (author) Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes, especially related to the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries, who suffered discrimination and violence in the South and the North. Literary critics believe his work helped change race relations in the United States in the mid-20th century. Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4, 1908, at Rucker's Plantation, between the train town of Roxie and the larger river city of Natchez, Mississippi. His memoir, \"Black Boy,\" covers the interval in his life from 1912 until May 1936. He was the son of Nathan Wright (c. 1880–c. 1940) and Ella (Wilson) (b. 1884 Mississippi – d. Jan 13, 1959 Chicago, Illinois). His parents were born free after the Civil War; both sets of his grandparents had been born into slavery and freed as a result of the war. Each of his grandfathers had taken part in the US Civil War and gained freedom through service: his paternal grandfather Nathan Wright (1842–1904) had served in the 28th United States Colored Troops; his maternal grandfather Richard Wilson (1847–1921) escaped from slavery in the South to serve in the US Navy as a Landsman in April 1865. Richard's father left the family when he was six years old, and he did not see him for 25 years. In 1916 his mother Ella moved with Richard and his younger brother to live with her sister Maggie (Wilson) and her husband Silas Hoskins (born 1882) in Elaine, Arkansas. This was also in the area of the Mississippi Delta and former cotton plantations. The Wrights were forced to flee after Silas Hoskins \"disappeared,\" reportedly killed by a white man who coveted his successful saloon business. After his mother became incapacitated by a stroke, Richard was separated from his younger brother and lived briefly with another uncle. At the age of 12, he had not yet had a single complete year of schooling. Soon Richard and his mother moved to the home of his maternal grandmother in the state capital, Jackson, Mississippi, where he lived from early 1920 until late 1925. There he was finally able to attend school regularly. After a year, at the age of 13 he entered the Jim Hill public school, where he was promoted to sixth grade after only two weeks. In his grandparents' pious, Seventh-Day Adventist household, Richard felt stifled by his aunt and grandmother, who tried to force him to pray so that he might find God. He later threatened to leave home because his Grandmother Wilson refused to permit him to work on Saturdays, the Adventist Sabbath. This early strife with his aunt and grandmother left him with a permanent, uncompromising hostility toward religious solutions to everyday problems. At the age of 15, while in eighth grade, Wright published his first story, \"The Voodoo of Hell's Half-Acre\", in the local Black newspaper \"Southern Register.\" No copies survive. In Chapter 7 of \"Black Boy\", he described the story as about a villain who sought a widow's home, . After excelling in grade school and junior high, in 1923, Wright earned the position of class valedictorian of Smith Robertson junior high school. He was assigned to write a paper to be delivered at graduation in a public auditorium. Later, he was called to the principal's office, where the principal gave him a prepared speech to present in place of his own. Richard challenged the principal, saying \"the people are coming to hear the students, and I won't make a speech that you've written.\" The principal threatened him, suggesting that Richard might not be allowed to graduate if he persisted, despite having passed all the examinations. He also tried to entice Richard with an opportunity to become a teacher. Determined not to be called an Uncle Tom, Richard refused to deliver the principal's address, written to avoid offending the white school district officials. The principal put pressure on one of Richard's uncles to speak to the boy and get him to change his mind, but Richard continued to be adamant about presenting his own speech, and refused to let his uncle edit it. Despite pressure even from his classmates, Richard delivered his speech as he had planned. In September that year, Wright registered for mathematics, English, and history courses at the new Lanier High School, constructed for black students in Jackson. (The state had segregated schools under its Jim Crow laws.) He had to stop attending classes after a few weeks of irregular attendance because he needed to earn money for family expenses. The next year, at the age of 17, Wright moved on his own to Memphis, Tennessee, in November 1925. He studied at the Howe Institute. He planned to have his mother come to live with him when he could support her. In 1926, his mother and younger brother rejoined him. Shortly thereafter, Richard resolved to leave the Jim Crow South and go to Chicago. His family joined the Great Migration, when tens of thousands of blacks left the South to seek opportunities in the more economically prosperous northern and mid-western industrial cities. Wright's childhood in Mississippi, as well as in Memphis, Tennessee, and Elaine, Arkansas, shaped his lasting impressions of American racism. Wright and his family moved to Chicago in 1927. After securing employment as a United States postal clerk, during his time off, he read other writers and studied their styles. When he was fired from the post office during the Great Depression, Wright was forced to go on relief in 1931. In 1932, he began attending meetings of the John Reed Club. As the club was dominated by the Communist Party, Wright established a relationship with several party members. Especially interested in the literary contacts made at the meetings, Wright formally joined the Communist Party in late 1933. As a revolutionary poet, he wrote numerous proletarian poems (\"We of the Red Leaves of Red Books\", for example), for \"The New Masses\" and other left-wing periodicals. A power struggle within the Chicago chapter of the John Reed Club had led to the dissolution of the club's leadership; Wright was told he had the support of the club's party members if he was willing to join the party. By 1935, Wright had completed the manuscript of his first novel, \"Cesspool\", which was published posthumously as \"Lawd Today\" (1963). In January 1936 his story \"Big Boy Leaves Home\" was accepted for publication in \"New Caravan.\" In February of that year, he began working with the National Negro Congress. In April he chaired the South Side Writers Group, whose members included Arna Bontemps and Margaret Walker. Wright submitted some of his critical essays and poetry to the group for criticism and read aloud some of his short stories. Through the club, he edited \"Left Front,\" a magazine that the Communist Party shut down in 1937, despite Wright's repeated protests. Throughout this period, Wright continued to contribute to \"The New Masses\" magazine. Pleased by his positive relations with white Communists in Chicago, Wright was later humiliated in New York City by some white party members who rescinded an offer to find housing for him when they learned his race. Some black Communists denounced Wright as a \"bourgeois intellectual,\" but he was largely autodidactic. He had been forced to end his public education after completing junior high school to support his mother and brother. Wright insisted that young communist writers be given space to cultivate their talents and he had a working relationship with a black nationalist communist; these factors led to a public falling out with the party and leading members. Wright later described this episode through his fictional character Buddy Nealson, an African-American communist in his book \"Black Boy.\" The relations with the party turned violent: Wright was threatened at knife point by fellow-traveler co-workers, denounced as a Trotskyite", "an offer to find housing for him when they learned his race. Some black Communists denounced Wright as a \"bourgeois intellectual,\" but he was largely autodidactic. He had been forced to end his public education after completing junior high school to support his mother and brother. Wright insisted that young communist writers be given space to cultivate their talents and he had a working relationship with a black nationalist communist; these factors led to a public falling out with the party and leading members. Wright later described this episode through his fictional character Buddy Nealson, an African-American communist in his book \"Black Boy.\" The relations with the party turned violent: Wright was threatened at knife point by fellow-traveler co-workers, denounced as a Trotskyite in the street by strikers, and physically assaulted by former comrades when he tried to join them during the 1936 May Day march. In 1937, Wright moved to New York, where he forged new ties with some Communist Party members. He worked on the Federal Writers' Project guidebook to the city, \"New York Panorama\" (1938), and wrote the book's essay on Harlem. Wright became the Harlem editor of the \"Daily Worker,\" a Communist newspaper. Through the summer and fall he wrote more than 200 articles for the \"Daily Worker\" and helped edit a short-lived literary magazine \"New Challenge.\" The year was also a landmark for Wright because he met and developed a friendship with writer Ralph Ellison that would last for years. He was awarded the \"Story\" magazine first prize of $500 for his short story \"Fire and Cloud\". After receiving the \"Story\" prize in early 1938, Wright shelved his manuscript of \"Lawd Today\" and dismissed his literary agent, John Troustine. He hired Paul Reynolds, the well-known agent of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, to represent him. Meanwhile, the Story Press offered the publisher Harper all of Wright's prize-entry stories for a book, and Harper agreed to publish the collection. Wright gained national attention for the collection of four short stories entitled \"Uncle Tom's Children\" (1938). He based some stories on lynching in the Deep South. The publication and favorable reception of \"Uncle Tom's Children\" improved Wright's status with the Communist party and enabled him to establish a reasonable degree of financial stability. He was appointed to the editorial board of \"New Masses.\" Granville Hicks, a prominent literary critic and Communist sympathizer, introduced him at leftist teas in Boston. By May 6, 1938, excellent sales had provided Wright with enough money to move to Harlem, where he began writing the novel \"Native Son,\" which he published in 1940. Based on his collected short stories, Wright applied for and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which gave him a stipend allowing him to complete \"Native Son.\" During this period, he rented a room in the home of friends Herbert and Jane Newton (an interracial couple and prominent Communists whom Wright had known in Chicago.) They had moved to New York and lived at 109 Lefferts Place in Brooklyn in the Fort Greene neighborhood. After publication, \"Native Son\" was selected by the Book of the Month Club as its first book by an African-American author. It was a daring choice. The lead character, Bigger Thomas, was a person bound by the limitations that society placed on African Americans. He gained his own agency and self-knowledge only by committing heinous acts. Wright was criticized for his concentration on violence in his works. In the case of \"Native Son,\" people complained that he portrayed a black man in ways that seemed to confirm whites' worst fears. The period following publication of \"Native Son\" was a busy time for Wright. In July 1940 he went to Chicago to do research for a folk history of blacks to accompany photographs selected by Edwin Rosskam. While in Chicago he visited the \"American Negro Exhibition\" with Langston Hughes, Arna Bontemps and Claude McKay. He traveled to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to collaborate with playwright Paul Green on a dramatic adaptation of \"Native Son.\" In January 1941 Wright received the prestigious Spingarn Medal of the NAACP for noteworthy achievement. His play \"Native Son\" opened on Broadway in March 1941, with Orson Welles as director, to generally favorable reviews. Wright also wrote the text to accompany a volume of photographs chosen by Rosskam, which were almost completely drawn from the files of the Farm Security Administration. The FSA had employed top photographers to travel around the country and capture images of Americans. Their collaboration, \"Twelve Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States,\" was published in October 1941 to wide critical acclaim. Wright's memoir \"Black Boy\" (1945) described his early life from Roxie up until his move to Chicago at age 19. It included his clashes with Seventh-day Adventist family, his troubles with white employers, and social isolation. It also describes his intellectual journey through these struggles. \"American Hunger\", which was published posthumously in 1977, was originally intended by Wright as the second volume of \"Black Boy.\" The Library of America edition of 1991 finally restored the book to its original two-volume form. \"American Hunger\" detailed Wright's participation in the John Reed Clubs and the Communist Party, which he left in 1942. The book implied he left earlier, but he did not announce his withdrawal until 1944. In the book's restored form, Wright used the diptych structure to compare the certainties and intolerance of organized communism, which condemned \"bourgeois\" books and certain members, with similar restrictive qualities of fundamentalist organized religion. Wright disapproved of Josef Stalin's Great Purge in the Soviet Union, but he continued to believe in far-left democratic solutions to political problems. Following a stay of a few months in Québec, Canada, including a lengthy stay in the village of Sainte-Pétronille on the Île d'Orléans, Wright moved to Paris in 1946. He became a permanent American expatriate. In Paris, he became friends with French writers Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. His Existentialist phase was expressed in his second novel, \"The Outsider\" (1953), which described an African-American character's involvement with the Communist Party in New York. He also became friends with fellow expatriate writers Chester Himes and James Baldwin. His relationship with the latter ended in acrimony after Baldwin published his essay \"Everybody's Protest Novel\" (collected in \"Notes of a Native Son\"), in which he criticized Wright's portrayal of Bigger Thomas as stereotypical. In 1954 Wright published \"Savage Holiday,\" considered a minor novel. After becoming a French citizen in 1947, Wright continued to travel through Europe, Asia, and Africa. He drew material from these trips for numerous nonfiction works. In 1949, Wright contributed to the anti-communist anthology \"The God That Failed;\" his essay had been published in the \"Atlantic Monthly\" three years earlier and was derived from the unpublished portion of \"Black Boy.\" He was invited to join the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which he rejected, correctly suspecting that it had connections with the CIA. Fearful of links between African Americans and communists, the FBI had Wright under surveillance starting in 1943. With the heightened communist fears of the 1950s, Wright was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives. But in 1950, he starred as the teenager Bigger Thomas (Wright was 42) in an Argentinian film version of \"Native Son.\" In mid-1953, Wright traveled to the Gold Coast, where Kwame Nkrumah was leading the country to independence from British rule, to be established as Ghana. Before Wright returned to Paris, he gave a confidential report to the United States consulate in Accra on what he had learned about Nkrumah and his political party. After Wright returned to Paris, he met twice with an", "which he rejected, correctly suspecting that it had connections with the CIA. Fearful of links between African Americans and communists, the FBI had Wright under surveillance starting in 1943. With the heightened communist fears of the 1950s, Wright was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives. But in 1950, he starred as the teenager Bigger Thomas (Wright was 42) in an Argentinian film version of \"Native Son.\" In mid-1953, Wright traveled to the Gold Coast, where Kwame Nkrumah was leading the country to independence from British rule, to be established as Ghana. Before Wright returned to Paris, he gave a confidential report to the United States consulate in Accra on what he had learned about Nkrumah and his political party. After Wright returned to Paris, he met twice with an officer from the US State Department. The officer's report includes what Wright had learned from Nkrumah adviser George Padmore about Nkrumah's plans for the Gold Coast after independence. Padmore, a Trinidadian living in London, believed Wright to be a good friend. His many letters in the Wright papers at Yale's Beinecke Library attest to this, and the two men continued their correspondence. Wright's book on his African journey, \"Black Power,\" was published in 1954; its London publisher was Dennis Dobson, who also published Padmore's work. Whatever political motivations Wright had for reporting to American officials, he was also an American who wanted to stay abroad and needed their approval to have his passport renewed. According to Wright biographer Addison Gayle, a few months later Wright talked to officials at the American embassy in Paris about people he had met in the Communist Party; at the time these individuals were being prosecuted in the US under the Smith Act. Historian Carol Polsgrove explored why Wright appeared to have little to say about the increasing activism of the civil rights movement during the 1950s in the United States. She found that Wright was under what his friend Chester Himes called \"extraordinary pressure\" to avoid writing about the US. As \"Ebony\" magazine delayed publishing his essay, \"I Choose Exile,\" Wright finally suggested publishing it in a white periodical. He believed that \"a white periodical would be less vulnerable to accusations of disloyalty.\" He thought the \"Atlantic Monthly\" was interested, but in the end, the piece went unpublished. In 1955, Wright visited Indonesia for the Bandung Conference. He recorded his observations on the conference as well as on Indonesian cultural conditions in \"The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference.\" Wright was enthusiastic about the possibilities posed by this meeting of newly independent, former colonial nations. He gave at least two lectures to Indonesian cultural groups, including PEN Club Indonesia, and he interviewed Indonesian artists and intellectuals in preparation to write \"The Color Curtain.\" Several Indonesian artists and intellectuals whom Wright met, later commented on how he had depicted Indonesian cultural conditions in his travel writing. Other works by Richard Wright included \"White Man, Listen!\" (1957); a novel \"The Long Dream\" (1958), which was adapted as a play and produced in New York in 1960 by Ketti Frings. It explores the relationship between a man named Fish and his father. A collection of short stories, \"Eight Men,\" was published posthumously in 1961, shortly after Wright's death. These works dealt primarily with the poverty, anger, and protests of northern and southern urban black Americans. His agent, Paul Reynolds, sent strongly negative criticism of Wright's 400-page \"Island of Hallucinations\" manuscript in February 1959. Despite that, in March Wright outlined a novel in which his character Fish was to be liberated from racial conditioning and become dominating. By May 1959, Wright wanted to leave Paris and live in London. He felt French politics had become increasingly submissive to United States pressure. The peaceful Parisian atmosphere he had enjoyed had been shattered by quarrels and attacks instigated by enemies of the expatriate black writers. On June 26, 1959, after a party marking the French publication of \"White Man, Listen!,\" Wright became ill. He suffered a virulent attack of amoebic dysentery, probably contracted during his 1953 stay on the Gold Coast. By November 1959 his wife had found a London apartment, but Wright's illness and \"four hassles in twelve days\" with British immigration officials ended his desire to live in England. On February 19, 1960, Wright learned from his agent Reynolds that the New York premiere of the stage adaptation of \"The Long Dream\" received such bad reviews that the adapter, Ketti Frings, had decided to cancel further performances. Meanwhile, Wright was running into added problems trying to get \"The Long Dream\" published in France. These setbacks prevented his finishing revisions of \"Island of Hallucinations,\" for which he was trying to get a publication commitment from Doubleday and Sons. In June 1960, Wright recorded a series of discussions for French radio, dealing primarily with his books and literary career. He also addressed the racial situation in the United States and the world, and specifically denounced American policy in Africa. In late September, to cover extra expenses for his daughter Julia's move from London to Paris to attend the Sorbonne, Wright wrote blurbs for record jackets for Nicole Barclay, director of the largest record company in Paris. In spite of his financial straits, Wright refused to compromise his principles. He declined to participate in a series of programs for Canadian radio because he suspected American control. For the same reason, he rejected an invitation from the Congress for Cultural Freedom to go to India to speak at a conference in memory of Leo Tolstoy. Still interested in literature, Wright helped Kyle Onstott get his novel \"Mandingo\" (1957) published in France. Wright's last display of explosive energy occurred on November 8, 1960, in his polemical lecture, \"The Situation of the Black Artist and Intellectual in the United States,\" delivered to students and members of the American Church in Paris. He argued that American society reduced the most militant members of the black community to slaves whenever they wanted to question the racial status quo. He offered as proof the subversive attacks of the Communists against \"Native Son\" and the quarrels which James Baldwin and other authors sought with him. On November 26, 1960, Wright talked enthusiastically with Langston Hughes about his work \"Daddy Goodness\" and gave him the manuscript. He died in Paris on November 28, 1960, of a heart attack at the age of 52. He was interred in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery. Wright's daughter Julia has claimed that her father was murdered. A number of Wright's works have been published posthumously. In addition, some of Wright's more shocking passages dealing with race, sex, and politics were cut or omitted before original publication of works during his lifetime. In 1991, unexpurgated versions of \"Native Son,\" \"Black Boy,\" and his other works were published. In addition, in 1994, his novella \"Rite of Passage\" was published for the first time. In the last years of his life, Wright had become enamored of the Japanese poetic form haiku and wrote more than 4,000 such short poems. In 1998 a book was published (\"Haiku: This Other World\") with 817 of his own favorite haikus. Many of these haikus have an uplifting quality even as they deal with coming to terms with loneliness, death, and the forces of nature. A collection of Wright's travel writings was published by Mississippi University Press in 2001. At his death, Wright left an unfinished book, \"A Father's Law,\" dealing with a black policeman and the son he suspects of murder. His daughter Julia Wright published \"A Father's Law\" in January 2008. An omnibus edition containing Wright's political works was published under the title \"Three Books", "was published for the first time. In the last years of his life, Wright had become enamored of the Japanese poetic form haiku and wrote more than 4,000 such short poems. In 1998 a book was published (\"Haiku: This Other World\") with 817 of his own favorite haikus. Many of these haikus have an uplifting quality even as they deal with coming to terms with loneliness, death, and the forces of nature. A collection of Wright's travel writings was published by Mississippi University Press in 2001. At his death, Wright left an unfinished book, \"A Father's Law,\" dealing with a black policeman and the son he suspects of murder. His daughter Julia Wright published \"A Father's Law\" in January 2008. An omnibus edition containing Wright's political works was published under the title \"Three Books from Exile: Black Power; The Color Curtain; and White Man, Listen!\" In August 1939, with Ralph Ellison as best man, Wright married Dhimah Rose Meidman, a modern-dance teacher of Russian Jewish ancestry, but the marriage ended a year later. On March 12, 1941, he married Ellen Poplar \"née\" Poplowitz, a Communist organizer from Brooklyn. They had two daughters: Julia born in 1942 and Rachel in 1949. Ellen Wright, who died on April 6, 2004, aged 92, was the executor of the Richard Wright Estate and, in that capacity, she sued a biographer, the poet and writer Margaret Walker, in \"Wright v. Warner Books, Inc.\" She was also a literary agent in her own right (as their daughter Julia Wright has noted), numbering among her clients Simone de Beauvoir, Eldridge Cleaver, Violette Leduc, and others. \"Black Boy\" became an instant best-seller upon its publication in 1945. Wright's stories published during the 1950s disappointed some critics, who said that his move to Europe had alienated him from African Americans and separated him from his emotional and psychological roots. Many of Wright's works failed to satisfy the rigid standards of New Criticism during a period when the works of younger black writers gained in popularity. During the 1950s Wright grew more internationalist in outlook. While he accomplished much as an important public literary and political figure with a worldwide reputation, his creative work did decline. While interest in \"Black Boy\" ebbed during the 1950s, this has remained one of his best selling books. Since the late 20th century, critics have had a resurgence of interest in it. \"Black Boy\" remains a vital work of historical, sociological, and literary significance whose seminal portrayal of one black man's search for self-actualization in a racist society strongly influenced the works of African-American writers who followed, such as James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison. It is generally agreed that Wright's influence in \"Native Son\" is not a matter of literary style or technique. Rather, he affected ideas and attitudes, and his work has been a force in the social and intellectual history of the United States in the last half of the 20th century. \"Wright was one of the people who made me conscious of the need to struggle\", said writer Amiri Baraka. During the 1970s and 1980s, scholars published critical essays about Wright in prestigious journals. Richard Wright conferences were held on university campuses from Mississippi to New Jersey. A new film version of \"Native Son,\" with a screenplay by Richard Wesley, was released in December 1986. Certain Wright novels became required reading in a number of American high schools, universities and colleges. \"Recent critics have called for a reassessment of Wright's later work in view of his philosophical project. Notably, Paul Gilroy has argued that 'the depth of his philosophical interests has been either overlooked or misconceived by the almost exclusively literary enquiries that have dominated analysis of his writing'.\" \"His most significant contribution, however, was his desire to accurately portray blacks to white readers, thereby destroying the white myth of the patient, humorous, subservient black man.\" Wright was featured in a 90-minute documentary about the WPA Writers' Project entitled \"Soul of a People: Writing America's Story\" (2009). His life and work during the 1930s is highlighted in the companion book, \"Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America\". Richard Wright (author) Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "2001–02 Milwaukee Bucks season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Bucks' 34th season in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Bucks signed free agent Anthony Mason to shore up their front line. After advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals last year, the Bucks got off to a solid start winning nine of their first ten games, then posted an 8-game winning streak with a division-leading record of 26–13 as of January 21. Scoring leader Ray Allen was selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. At midseason, the team signed free agent Greg Anthony, who was released by the Chicago Bulls. However, with a 35–25 record as of March 6, the Bucks would struggle and proceed to lose 16 of their final 22 games and miss the playoffs, finishing fifth in the Central Division with a 41–41 record, thanks to an embarrassing 123–89 road loss to the Detroit Pistons to close out the season. This was one of the biggest late-season collapses for a team that was contending for a Division title in March. Following the season, Glenn Robinson was traded to the Atlanta Hawks, and Anthony retired. 2001–02 Milwaukee Bucks season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Bucks'" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Vladimir Arenev Vladimir Arenev (, is a pen name of Ukrainian science fiction, fantasy award winning writer, journalist and screenwriter Vladimir Puziy. Writes in Russian and Ukrainian languages, resides in Kiev, Ukraine. Vladimir Konstantinovich Puziy () was born October 1, 1978 in Kiev. In school he was very fond of biology, attended young naturalists group at Kiev Zoo, admired Gerald Durrell and James Herriot, and seriously engaged in keeping exotic amphibians and insects in vivarium at home. In 1995 applied to Biological faculty, but failed. For the next year Arenev worked as a sweeper at Kiev Zoo. In 1996 he successfully applied to Institute of Journalism of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. After receiving Master’s Degree with distinction he started teaching the history of literature and numerous students’ courses on writing skills. For the time being Arenev has 21 books published in Ukrainian and Russian. His numerous short stories and novellas have been published in Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Estonian, French and English (more than 150 publications in periodicals and anthologies). Debuted in fiction in 1998 with science fiction short story \"Guardian Angel\" () published in the first issue \"Maidan XXI\" anthology. First usage of pen-name Vladimir Arenev dates 2000, when he started a series of typical mainstream post-Tolkien fantasy. This period ended at 2005 and after a pause Arenev changed the format, working on fiction with a social narrative since 2008. Arenev’s short stories and novellas were published at such anthologies as \"Best of the year\" () and \"New Legends\" () at Azbuka Publishing House (), \"SF&Fantasy\" () at AST, \"Fantasy\" () at Eksmo, and in several magazines in Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania, Germany and Poland. Under his name Vladimir Puziy is known as awarded literary critic and book reviewer, lecturer at SF&Fantasy conventions on Literary criticism issues. Also works as a freelance journalist for newspapers and magazines in Kiev, Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. Arenev also participated in editorial process of numerous fiction anthologies. Currently supervises and edits the \"Dark fantasy\" series of ‘Ripol-classic’ () Publishing House, Moscow. He wrote forewords and afterwords to the books of the well-known fantasy writers Maryna and Serhiy Dyachenko, H. L. Oldie, Jacek Piekara, Dmytro Skiriuk. Translated Glen Cook’s \"Tides Elba\" short story and Andrzej Sapkowski’s \"Spanienkreuz\" into Russian (2011). Translation editor of Jacek Dukaj’s short novel \"Serce Mroku\", Jakub Nowak’s short novel () and Jacek Piekara’s novels about published in Russia. Vladimir Arenev was awarded with various literary awards in the science fiction and fantasy in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Europe. Featured awards are: Vladimir Arenev Vladimir Arenev (, is a pen name of Ukrainian science fiction, fantasy award winning writer, journalist and screenwriter Vladimir Puziy. Writes in Russian and Ukrainian languages, resides in Kiev, Ukraine. Vladimir Konstantinovich Puziy () was born October 1, 1978 in Kiev. In school he was very fond of biology, attended young naturalists group at Kiev Zoo, admired Gerald Durrell and James Herriot, and seriously engaged in keeping exotic amphibians and insects in vivarium at home." ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "John H. Marsalis John Henry Marsalis (May 9, 1904 – June 26, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado. Born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi, Marsalis attended the public schools of McComb, Mississippi. He moved with his parents to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1922. Student at the University of Mississippi in 1925 and 1926. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 1934. He was admitted to the bar March 14, 1935, and commenced the practice of law in Pueblo, Colorado. Investigator in district attorney's office in Pueblo in 1935 and 1936. He entered the United States Army May 11, 1942, assigned to the Weather Squadron, United States Air Force, and was discharged on June 16, 1945. Marsalis was elected district attorney, tenth judicial district of Colorado, in 1944 and took oath of office while on furlough January 9, 1945. Assumed duties upon release from Army and served until December 1948. Marsalis was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first Congress (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1950 to the Eighty-second Congress and for election in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress. He was appointed city attorney December 15, 1952, and served in that capacity until elected district judge, tenth judicial district of Colorado, November 1954. He served in that office until his retirement February 28, 1962. Resided in Pueblo, Colorado, where he died June 26, 1971. He was interred in Roselawn Cemetery. John H. Marsalis John Henry Marsalis (May 9, 1904 – June 26, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado. Born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi, Marsalis attended the public schools of McComb, Mississippi. He moved with his parents to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1922. Student at the University of Mississippi in 1925 and 1926. He graduated from" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "The Adventurous Four The Adventurous Four is a series of novels written by Enid Blyton. The stories revolve around twins Jill and Mary, their elder brother Tom and their fisher friend Andy. The characters are from World War II England while the stories were set in Scotland. The first book was published in 1941 during wartime. In the modern versions, editors have changed the girls' names to Pippa and Zoe. The books were re-titled in 1998 as \"The Adventurous Four Shipwrecked!\" and \"The Adventurous Four Stranded!\". The short story from Enid Blyton's \"Omnibus!\" was expanded by Clive Dickinson to form a third novel, \"The Adventurous Four Trapped!\". E. H. Davie and Jessie Land illustrated the two original books. When Tom, Jill and Mary go to stay at a little fishing village in Scotland, the local fisherman's lad, Andy, promises to take them out in his boat. But a storm takes them off course and they end up shipwrecked on a small group of islands. Worse, it seems the islands are being used as a secret submarine base by the enemy. The story is set in World War II and revolves around a potential dangerous enemy base that could attack Britain at any time. First edition: 1941 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: E.H. Davie Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1941: When Mary, Jill and Tom are on holiday in Scotland their friend Andy takes them on a sailing trip to the Cliff of Birds; they are unaware that the cliff hides a deadly secret, in the form of gun runners. First edition: 1947 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: Jessie Land Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1947: \"Omnibus!\" is a short story from the \"Adventurous Four\" series which was extended in 1998 by Clive Dickinson to a full-fledged novel named \"The Adventurous Four Trapped!\" The book has had one reprint since 1998: The Adventurous Four The Adventurous Four is a series of novels written by Enid Blyton. The stories revolve around twins Jill and Mary, their elder brother Tom and their fisher friend Andy. The characters are from World War II England while the stories were set in Scotland. The first book was published in 1941 during wartime. In the modern versions, editors have changed the girls' names to Pippa and Zoe. The books were re-titled" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Maass wave form In mathematics, Maass wave forms or Maass forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass wave forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass wave forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by Hans Maass in 1949. The group operates on the upper half plane by fractional linear transformations : It can be extended to an operation on formula_9 by defining : The Radon measure defined on formula_4 is invariant under the operation of formula_14. Let formula_5 be a discrete subgroup of formula_16. A fundamental domain for formula_5 is an open set formula_18, so that there exists a system of representatives formula_19 of formula_20 with A fundamental domain for the modular group formula_22 is given by (see Modular form). A function formula_24 is called formula_5-invariant, if formula_26 holds for all formula_27 and all formula_28. For every measurable, formula_5-invariant function formula_30 the equation holds. Here the measure formula_32 on the right side of the equation is the induced measure on the quotient formula_33 The \"hyperbolic Laplace operator\" on formula_4 is defined as A \"Maass wave form\" for the group formula_37 is a complex-valued smooth function formula_38 on formula_4 so that If we call formula_38 Maass cusp form. Let formula_38 be a Maass wave form. Since formula_46, formula_47 has a Fourier-expansion of the form formula_48 , with coefficient functions formula_49. It is easy to show that formula_38 is Maass cusp form if and only if formula_51. We can calculate the coefficient functions in a precise way. For this we need the Bessel function formula_52. Definition: The Bessel function formula_52 is defined as formula_54. The integral converges locally uniformly absolutely for formula_55 in formula_56 and the inequality formula_57 holds for all formula_58. Therefore, formula_59 decreases exponentially for formula_60. Furthermore, we have formula_61 for all formula_56 , formula_63. Let formula_64 be the eigenvalue of the Maass wave form f corresponding toformula_65. There is a formula_66 which is unique up to sign such that formula_67. Then the Fourier coefficients of formula_38 are if formula_70. If formula_71 we get Proof: We have formula_73. By the definition of the Fourier coefficients we get for formula_75. Together it follows that for formula_75. In (1) we used that the \"n\"th Fourier coefficient of formula_78 is formula_79 for the first summation term. In the second term we changed the order of integration and differentiation, which is allowed since f is smooth in y . We get a linear differential equation of second degree : formula_80 For formula_81 one can show, that for every solution formula_38 there exist unique coefficients formula_83 with the property formula_84 . For formula_85 every solution formula_38 is of the form formula_87 for unique formula_88. Here formula_89 and formula_90 are Bessel functions. The Bessel functions formula_91 grow exponentially, while the Bessel functions formula_52 decrease exponentially. Together with the polynomial growth condition 3) we get formula_93 : formula_94 (also formula_95) for a unique formula_96 Even and odd Maass Waveforms : Let formula_97. Then i operates on all functions formula_98 by formula_99. i commutes with the hyperbolic Laplacian. A Maass wave form formula_38 is called even, if formula_101 and odd ifformula_102. If f is a Maass wave form, then formula_103 is an even Maass wave form and formula_104 an odd Maass wave form and it holds that formula_105. Let formula_106 be a Maass cusp form. We define the L-function L of formula_38 as formula_108 . Then the series formula_109 converges for formula_110 and we can continue it to a whole function on formula_111 . If f is even or odd we get formula_112. Here formula_113 if formula_38 is even and formula_115 if formula_38 is odd. Then formula_117 satisfies the functional equation formula_118 . The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series is defined for formula_28 and formula_120 as formula_121 where formula_122. It can be shown, that formula_123 holds for all formula_124, formula_125 and every formula_126. Therefore, formula_127 operates on the vector space formula_128. Definition : A Maass wave form of weight formula_129 for the group formula_1 is a function formula_131, which is an Eigenform of formula_127 and is of moderate growth at the cusps. The term moderate growth at cusps will need clarification : Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Then formula_134 is a cusp and we say that a function formula_38 aus formula_136is of moderate growth at formula_134, if formula_138 is bounded by a polynomial in y for formula_60. Let formula_140 be another cusp . Then there exists ein formula_141 with formula_142. Let formula_143. One calculates, that formula_144 is an element offormula_145, where formula_146 is the congruence subgroup formula_147. We say formula_38 is of moderate growth at the cusp formula_149, if formula_144 is of moderate growth at formula_134. Ifformula_5 contains a principal congruence subgroup of level formula_153, we say that formula_38 is cuspidal at infinity, if formula_155 holds for all formula_28 . We say that formula_38 is cuspidal at the cusp formula_149, if formula_144 is cuspidal at infinity. If formula_38 is cuspidal at every cusp, we call formula_38 \"cusp form\". Cuspidal Maass wave forms are called Maass cusp forms. We give a simple example of a Maass wave form of weight formula_162 for the modular group : Example : Let formula_163 be a modular form of weight formula_164 for the group formula_165. Then formula_166 is a Maass wave form of weight formula_167 for the group formula_165. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup of formula_170. and let formula_171 be the vector space of all measurable functions formula_98 with formula_173 for all formula_27. Furthermore, define the vector space modulo functions with formula_176. The integral is well definded, since the function formula_177 is formula_5 - invariant. a Hilbert space with scalar product The operator formula_127 can be defined in a vector space formula_182 which is dense in formula_171. There formula_127 is a positive semidefinite symmetric operator. It can be shown, that there exists a unique selfadjoint continuation on formula_171 . We define formula_186 as the space of all cusp forms formula_187. Then formula_127 operates on formula_186 and has a discrete spectrum. The spectrum belonging to the orthogonal complement has a continuous part and can be described with the help of (modified) non-holomorphic Eisenstein series, their meromorphic continuations and their residues. (See Bump or Iwaniec) . If formula_5 is a discrete (torsionfree) subgroup of formula_191, so that the quotient formula_20 is compact, the spectral problem simplifies. This is because a discrete cocompact subgroup has no cusps. Here all of the space formula_171 is a sum of eigenspaces. formula_195 is a unimodular locally compact group with the topology of formula_196. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Since formula_5 is discrete in formula_16, formula_5 is closed in formula_16. The group formula_16 is unimodular and since the counting measure is a Haar-measure on the discrete group formula_5, formula_5 is also unimodular. By the Quotient Integral Formula there exists a formula_16 - right-invariant Radon measure formula_206 on the locally compact space formula_207. Let formula_194 be the corresponding formula_209 - space. The space formula_194 decomposes into a Hilbert space direct sum where formula_212. The Hilbert-space formula_213 can be embedded isometrically into the Hilbert space formula_214. The", "Here all of the space formula_171 is a sum of eigenspaces. formula_195 is a unimodular locally compact group with the topology of formula_196. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Since formula_5 is discrete in formula_16, formula_5 is closed in formula_16. The group formula_16 is unimodular and since the counting measure is a Haar-measure on the discrete group formula_5, formula_5 is also unimodular. By the Quotient Integral Formula there exists a formula_16 - right-invariant Radon measure formula_206 on the locally compact space formula_207. Let formula_194 be the corresponding formula_209 - space. The space formula_194 decomposes into a Hilbert space direct sum where formula_212. The Hilbert-space formula_213 can be embedded isometrically into the Hilbert space formula_214. The isometry is given by the map Therefore, all Maass cusp forms for the congruence group formula_5 can be thought of as elements of formula_194. formula_218 is a Hilbert space carrying an operation of the group formula_16, the so-called right regular representation : One can easily show, that formula_19 is a unitary representation of formula_16 on the Hilbert space formula_194. One is interested in a decomposition into irreducible suprepresentations. This is only possible if formula_5 is cocompact. If not, there is also a continuous Hilbert-integral part. The interesting part is, that the solution of this problem also solves the spectral problem of Maass wave forms. (see Bump, C. 2.3) Let formula_19 be a commutative ring with unit and let formula_227 be the group of formula_228 matrices with entries in formula_19 and invertible determinant . Let formula_230 be the ring of rational adeles, formula_231 the ring of the finite (rational) adeles and for a prime number formula_232 let formula_233 be the field of p-adic numbers. Furthermore, let formula_234 be the ring of the p-adic integers (see Adele ring). Define formula_235. Both formula_236 and formula_237 are locally compact unimodular groups if one equips them with the subspace topologies of formula_238 respectively formula_196. The group formula_240 is isomorphic to the group formula_241. Here the product is the resctricted product formula_236, concerning the compact, open subgroups formula_243 of formula_236. Then formula_245 locally compact group, if we equip it with the restricted product topology. The group formula_246 is isomorphic to the group formula_247 and is a locally compact group with the product topology, since formula_245 and formula_237 are both locally compact. Let formula_250 be the ring formula_251. The subgroup formula_252 is a maximal compact, open subgroup of formula_245 and can be thought of as a subgroup of formula_246, when we consider the embedding formula_255. We define formula_256 as the center of formula_257, that means formula_256 is the group of all diagonal matrices of the form formula_259, where formula_260. We think of formula_256 as a subgroup of formula_246 since we can embed the group by formula_263. The group formula_264 is embedded diagonally in formula_246, which is possible, since all four entries of a formula_266 can only have finite amount of prime divisors and therefore formula_267 for all but finitely many prime numbers formula_232. Let formula_269 be the group of all formula_270 with formula_271. (see Adele Ring for a definition of the absolute value of an Idele). One can easily calculate, that formula_264 is a subgroup of formula_269. With the one-to-one map formula_274 we can identify the groups formula_275 and formula_276 with each other. The group formula_264 is dense in formula_245 and discrete in formula_246. The Quotient formula_280 is not compact but has finite Haar-measure. Therefore, formula_264 is a lattice of formula_269 , similar to the classical case of the modular group and formula_2. By harmonic analysis one also gets that formula_269 is unimodular. We now want to embed the classical Maass cusp forms of weight 0 for the modular group into formula_285. This can be achieved with the \"strong approximationtheorem\", which states, that the map formula_286 is a formula_237 - equivariant homeomorphism. So we get formula_288 and furthermore formula_289. Maass cuspforms of weight 0 for modular group can be embedded into formula_290. By the strong approximation theorem this space is unitary isomorphic to formula_291 which is a subspace of formula_292. In the same way one can embed the classical holomorphic cusp forms. With a small generalization of the approximation theorem, one can embed all Maass cusp forms (as well as the holomorphic cuspforms) of any weight for any congruence subgroup formula_5 in formula_292. We call formula_292 the space of automorphic forms of the adele group. Let formula_19 be a Ring and let formula_297 be the group of all formula_298, where formula_299. This group is isomorphic to the additive group of R. We call a function formula_300 cusp form, if formula_301 holds for almost allformula_302. Let formula_303 (or just formula_304) be the vectorspace of these cusp forms. formula_304 is a closed subspace of formula_292 and it is invariant under the right regular representation of formula_269. One is again intereseted in a decomposition of formula_304 into irreducible closed subspaces . We have the following theorem : The space formula_304 decomposes in a direct sum of irreducible Hilbert-spaces with finite multiplicities formula_310 : formula_311 The calculation of these multiplicities formula_312 is one of the most important and most difficult problems in the theory of automorphic forms. An irreducible representation formula_313 of the group formula_246 is called cuspidal, if it is isomorphic to a subrepresentation of formula_304 ist. An irreducible representation formula_313 of the group formula_246 is called admissible if there exists a compact subgroup formula_318 of formula_319, so that formula_320 for all formula_321. One can show, that every cuspidal representation is admissible. The admissibility is needed to proof the so-called Tensorprodukt-Theorem anzuwenden, which says, that every irreducible, unitary and admissible representation of the group formula_246 is isomorphic to an infinite tensor product formula_323. The formula_324 are irreducible representations of the group formula_236. Almost all of them need to be umramified. (A representation formula_324 of the group formula_236 formula_328 is called unramified, if the vector space formula_329 is not the zero space.) A construction of an infinite tensor product can be found in Deitmar,C.7. Let formula_313 be an irreducible, admissible unitary representation of formula_246. By the tensor product theorem, formula_313 is of the form formula_333 (see cuspidal representations of the adele group) Let formula_334 be a finite set of places containing formula_335 and all ramified places . One defines the global Hecke - function of formula_313 as formula_337 where formula_338 is a so-called local L - function of the local representation formula_324. A construction of local L - functions can be found in Deitmar C. 8.2. If formula_313 is a cuspidal representation, the L-Funktion formula_341 has a meromorphic continuation on formula_111. This is possible, since formula_341, satisfies certain functional equations. Maass wave form In mathematics, Maass wave forms or Maass forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass wave forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass wave forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "2004 Panamanian general election The Republic of Panama held a general election on Sunday, 2 May 2004, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly. For the second consecutive election, Martín Torrijos, son of former military ruler Omar Torrijos, was named the candidate of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD); in 1999, he had lost to Mireya Moscoso. Torrijos ran on a platform of strengthening democracy and negotiating a free trade agreement with the US, and was supported by popular musician and politician Rubén Blades; Torrijos later made Blades the nation's tourism minister. Torrijos' primary rival was Guillermo Endara, who had served as president from 1990 to 1994. Endara ran as the candidate of the Solidarity Party, on a platform of reducing crime and government corruption. Endara and the other candidates also ran a series of negative ads highlighting the PRD's connections with former military ruler Manuel Noriega. Endara finished second in the race, receiving 31% of the vote to Torrijos' 47%. Torrijos assumed office on 1 September 2004. Voters also elected his two vice-presidents, who run on party tickets in conjunction with the presidential candidates. In addition to its president and vice presidents, Panama elected a new Legislative Assembly (78 members), 20 deputies to represent the country at the Central American Parliament, and a string of mayors and other municipal officers. Legislative election results The Panama City mayor race was won also by the PRD. Mayor Juan Carlos Navarro was re-elected. 2004 Panamanian general election The Republic of Panama held a general election on Sunday, 2 May 2004, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly. For the second consecutive election, Martín Torrijos, son of former military ruler Omar Torrijos, was named the candidate of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD);" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Crime Ring (film) Crime Ring is a 1938 American crime drama film directed by Leslie Goodwins from a screenplay by J. Robert Bren and Gladys Atwater, based on a story by Reginald Taviner. The film stars Allan Lane and Frances Mercer, and was produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, released on July 8, 1938. A ring of phony fortune tellers, led by Marvin, \"the sightless seer\" is in league with racketeers to defraud wealthy clients. Joe Ryan, a reporter, and Judy Allen, an actress agree to help the police by going undercover to expose the ring. Judy poses as a fortune teller, with the help of her friend, Kitty, who is a ventriloquist. While Ryan and Kitty are setting up the trap, Ryan's rich friend, Phoebe Sawyer is duped by Marvin, who along with Lionel Whitmore, a personal finance manager, and Ray Taylor, an attorney. They set her up to take a long voyage, while they forge her name on a power of attorney and steal her fortune. While Phoebe is falling Marvin's ploy, Ryan has successfully convinced the racketeering ring that he has been duped by Judy, and has the goods on them. Smelling a trap, the gangster Jenner has Ryan picked up to be \"taken for a ride\", by his two fellow gangsters, Dummy and Slim. Ryan is rescued by the police, who were sent by the assistant district attorney, Tom Redwine. Whitmore has Marvin killed, believing that Phoebe has left the country, and puts the plan to liquidate her assets in motion. In order to entrap Whitmore, Redwine has Dummy and slim released, who then, with the help of Phoebe, confronts and arrests Taylor. Hoping to escape, Whitmore kidnaps Judy and Kitty to use as a shield. However, the two girls are rescued by Joe and Redwine, along with the police. (Cast list as per AFI database The working title for the movie was \"Cheating the Stars\". Les Goodwins had been directing comedy shorts prior to this picture, which marked his directorial debut on a feature film. The film was shot partially at RKO's Encino property in the San Fernando Valley. In June 1938 it was announced that Jack MacKenzie would handle the photography on the picture. At the beginning of June, the release date was announced as July 8. The picture finished filming by mid-May, one day ahead of schedule, and was being edited by the end of the month. As of June 24, the film was still being edited. When the film was released on July 8, it was the 38th picture released by RKO in 1938. The National Legion of Decency rated the film class A-1, making it suitable for general patronage. MacKenzie's was said to have done \"...an excellent job on photography.\" \"The Film Daily\" said the film was \"fast moving\" with \"plenty of action.\" They complimented the acting, and felt the plot was well thought out. \"Harrison's Reports\" gave the film an average review, calling it a fair melodrama, but finding the plot a bit implausible. The magazine did feel that the film maintained its level of suspense. The \"Motion Picture Herald\" enjoyed the film, calling it topical and promising. Crime Ring (film) Crime Ring is a 1938 American crime drama film directed by Leslie Goodwins from a screenplay by J. Robert Bren and Gladys Atwater, based on a story by Reginald Taviner. The film stars Allan Lane and Frances Mercer, and was produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, released on July 8, 1938. A ring of phony fortune tellers, led by Marvin, \"the sightless seer\" is in league with" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "The Luck of the Fryrish \"The Luck of the Fryrish\" is the fourth episode in season three of \"Futurama\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 11, 2001. The episode opens in the mid-1970s, where a young Yancy Fry is jealous of his newborn brother Philip, and copies him in anything he can. In the year 3000, Philip J. Fry is getting fed up with his bad luck in a horse rally. A flashback shows Fry discovering a seven-leaf clover, which grants him extraordinary luck and allows him to beat his brother in any contest, from basketball to breakdancing. Fry sets off, with Leela and Bender, to find his clover in the ruins of Old New York and makes his way to his old house. Back in the 1980s, a teenage Fry hides the seven-leaf clover inside his Ronco record vault in his copy of \"The Breakfast Club\" soundtrack. In the year 3000, Fry finds and opens the safe, only to discover the clover is missing. He concludes that Yancy must have stolen it. They happen across a statue of whom they believe to be Yancy, with the seven-leaf clover in his lapel. The inscription, \"Philip J. Fry - The Original Martian\", angers Fry because he believes Yancy stole his name and his dream. Professor Farnsworth pulls up a biographical movie about \"Philip J. Fry\", where the crew learns that he was a millionaire, rock star, astronaut, and is now buried with the seven-leaf clover in Orbiting Meadows National Cemetery, a graveyard orbiting Earth. A furious Fry sets off to rob Philip J. Fry's grave and recover the clover. The story jumps back to the early 21st century, where an adult Yancy is rummaging through his missing brother's music to find something to play at his wedding. Yancy discovers the seven-leaf clover and takes it. Fry, Leela and Bender reach the grave site and start digging, but Fry knocks loose some moss that is covering part of an inscription on the tombstone. The story jumps back to Yancy, who is discussing naming his newborn son with his wife. Yancy reveals he misses his brother, and gives Fry's clover to his newborn son and names him Philip J. Fry. The inscription on the tomb reads \"Here Lies Philip J. Fry, named for his uncle, to carry on his spirit.\" Bender finds the clover, but an emotionally touched Fry returns it to his nephew's grave. According to executive producer David X. Cohen, the storyboards for this particular episode were color-coded to indicate which scenes were based in the 31st century and which in the 20th century. Cohen also notes that the concept of simultaneously telling two stories set in different times was inspired by \"The Godfather Part II\". The quantum finish at the race track is a reference to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Additionally, Fry's line, \"It's clovering time\", is a reference to the catchphrase of the Marvel Comics superhero, the Thing (\"It's clobbering time!\"). Ron Weiner won an Annie Award for \"Outstanding individual achievement for writing in an animated television production\" for this episode in 2001. In 2006, IGN.com ranked this episode as number eleven in their list of the top 25 \"Futurama\" episodes due to the surprising ending and emotional nature of the plot. Christopher Bird of Torontoist called the episode \"one of the greatest, saddest and most profound\" episodes of \"Futurama\", noted that it explores themes of loneliness and isolation, and \"that it does this without ever becoming maudlin is a triumph.\" In 2013, it was ranked number 3 \"as voted on by fans\" for Comedy Central's Futurama Fanarama marathon. In its original airing, this episode had a 4.9 rating/9 share and was in 73rd place for the week. The Luck of the Fryrish \"The Luck of the Fryrish\" is the fourth episode in season three of \"Futurama\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 11, 2001. The episode opens in the mid-1970s, where a young Yancy Fry is jealous of his newborn brother Philip, and copies him in anything he can. In the year 3000, Philip J. Fry is getting fed up with his bad luck" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Taitao Peninsula The Taitao Peninsula (Spanish: \"Península de Taitao\") is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas. It is situated in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and a part of this peninsula is located inside the boundaries of Laguna San Rafael National Park. The Presidente Ríos Lake, with a surface area of 352 km², lies in the middle of the peninsula. A southward incurving projection of the outer shore-line of this peninsula is known as Tres Montes peninsula, the most southern point of which is a cape of the same name. Taitao Peninsula The Taitao Peninsula (Spanish: \"Península de Taitao\") is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas. It is situated in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and a part of this peninsula is located inside" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Huai Hom Huai Hom () is a village and \"tambon\" (sub-district) of Mae La Noi District, in Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 4,346 people. The \"tambon\" contains nine villages. The village is populated by the Pakakayor ethnic group. It is known as the first community in Thailand to raise sheep to produce woollen cloth. US missionaries visiting in 1957 encouraged the inhabitants to raise sheep and grow coffee plants. The 1,000 metre elevation proved to be ideal for the cultivation of Arabica coffee. The king and queen visited the village in 1970 and expressed concern over the level of deforestation and generally low quality of life. In 1978, on a follow-up visit, the king was shown a small stream called Huai Ba Khi. The king suggested the digging of three catch-basins to store water. The villagers spent the next 10 years digging the reservoirs with hoes and shovels. they are still in use providing drinking water to the village. The Mae La Noi Royal Project Development Centre was founded in 1980 to introduce highland crops. The queen helped improve the quality of sheep fleeces by importing breeds better suited to the environment. Huai" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Michel Soutif Michel Soutif (8 July 1921 – 28 June 2016), Officier de la Légion d’honneur, Grand Officier de l’ordre national du Mérite, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mali, was a French scientist and educator, known for his major contribution to the development of the University of Grenoble in the years following the Second World War. He is also known for his early work on nuclear magnetic resonance, centimetre wavelength radiation (microwaves) and electron spin resonance. He graduated from the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), and, on completing his thesis, was invited by Louis Néel to a post at the University of Grenoble, where he established the Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique. Both men, Néel and Soutif, understood the importance of the relationship between industry and fundamental research, and of the consequent need to attract new industries to the surrounding region. Soutif’s success in obtaining teaching posts and in reinforcing the discipline of physics at the University of Grenoble was remarkable. He is recognized not only for his scientific achievements but also for the outstanding clarity of his teaching and his mission to spread scientific reason. These were talents that, in the positions of responsibility and decision that he occupied during his career, propelled him to become one of the principal architects of the growth of the University. Michel Soutif was the son of Elise Baudoin and Edmond Soutif, assistant director at the Ministry of Finances, who was in charge of finances of the Paris hospitals. Soutif was educated at the Lycée Michelet (Vanves). In preparation for the \"grandes écoles\" competition examinations, he subsequently attended the Lycée Saint-Louis, which, at the outbreak of World War II was evacuated to the Lycée des Filles in Tournon. Imprudently (in view of the consequences at that time of failing an entrance examination), and contrary to received practice, Soutif applied to only one of the \"grandes écoles\", the ENS. He was successful, entering in 1942, and went on to graduate first out of his class. Conditions in occupied Paris during the war were not easy, even dangerous, as many students at the ENS were active in the \"résistance\". The Soutif family lived in an apartment in Boulevard St Michel, and Soutif's father was, not incorrectly, suspected of involvement. The climate of arbitrariness and uncertainty that prevailed during that period is illustrated by the fact that on returning from ENS one afternoon in 1944, the young Soutif was intercepted by the \"concièrge\" who warned him that the Gestapo was searching the family apartment and that he must stay out of sight. The Gestapo officer conducted his search of the rooms and his interrogation of Edmond Soutif, using as a support for his notes the folder taken from the writing desk in the apartment. Unable to discover incriminating evidence, they eventually left. But had he only opened the folder, the officer would have found the letters that would certainly have condemned to death not only Soutif's family but also their correspondents. The event served to strengthen Soutif's conviction at the end of the war of the need for peace and collaboration between the nations. During his doctoral thesis at the ENS, Michel Soutif founded the high-frequency laboratory SACM (\"societé alsacienne de constructions mécaniques\"), later to become Alcatel. With the help of the Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) he built the first Hertzian telephone link connecting Mount Boron (Nice) with Corsica. From these beginnings in 1948, upon Soutif's arrival in the general physics laboratory in Grenoble, a branch of Alcatel dedicated to research into centimeter wavelength radiation was established there. Its generous financing enabled the purchase of a substantial part of the scientific equipment for all the groups in what was later to become the Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique. The invitation extended to Soutif by Néel in 1951 to come to Grenoble was a response to the loss to science in France of the time and the resources that the war had wasted, and to the urgency of enlarging research into the properties of matter through the widest range of possible techniques. On his arrival in Grenoble, Soutif found little equipment in the general physics laboratory but succeeded in recovering an electromagnet from Bordeaux that, inconveniently, required a high current. For the power supply, batteries were salvaged from a captured German submarine and he was then faced with the problem of finding an electrical generator to recharge them. Through improvisation and persuasion, as well as with the help of special funding from the Ministry of Education, he was able to build up a viable laboratory in the following years and attract young research workers recently graduated from the ENS. In 1958 he became head of the General Physics Laboratory. The Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique was founded in 1966. Following the university reform act of Edgar Faure of November 1968, the University of Grenoble was split into its constituent faculties. Soutif succeeded in convincing the Dean of the Medical Faculty, Guy Cabanel of the pertinence of advanced instrumentation in medicine, and of the rationale for merging with the Faculty of Science. Out of this merger arose the \"Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble\". Soutif was also instrumental in the expansion of physics teaching both in Grenoble and at the \"Centre Universitaire de Savoie\" in Chambery. In 1971 He was elected president of the \"Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble\". He encouraged the staff of his laboratory to participate in the Franco-German high flux reactor Institut Laue-Langevin project under construction at the same time on the opposite side of Grenoble that was inspired by Louis Néel and Erwin Lewy-Berthaut from Grenoble, and Heinz Maier-Leibnitz from the Technische Hochschule München, Germany. This international institute, of which Great Britain later became an associate, was to prove a major driving force in the scientific development of Grenoble. During this period, Soutif, with his vision of the importance of new industries, persuaded William Hewlett, a personal friend, to establish an industrial research unit of Hewlett Packard near Grenoble. In a Franco-German project for a European millimetre wavelength interferometer telescope he offered to build its base laboratory, the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, on the campus of Grenoble University. The choice of site for the telescope, the Plateau de Bure Interferometer at 2550 m altitude situated only 60 km from Grenoble followed naturally. In the 1980s a major new scientific player entered the Grenoble scene: the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), which produced its first X-ray beams in 1992. The original decision had been made to locate this powerful light source in Strasbourg. Soutif played an important role in presenting the scientific case to the political authorities, notably Louis Mermaz, to reconsider in favor of Grenoble. The latter choice was finally confirmed by the President of the Republic, François Mitterrand. Michel Soutif, mandated to gauge the opinion of the President of the German Republic on this matter, met with a favorable response. After his retirement, Soutif turned his attention to the history and the development of science, authoring several books on the contribution of Asia, and particularly of China. Between 2004 and 2006 Michel Soutif was president of the Académie Delphinale, a scientific society based in Isère. Until the end of his life he taught at the \"Université inter-âge du Dauphiné\", where several of his lectures are available online. \"La Spectroscopie hertzienne\", Dunod (1960). \"Physique neutronique\", Presses Universitaires de France (1962). \"Vibrations, Propagation, Diffusion\", Dunod Université (1970). \"L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques\", EDP Sciences (1995). \"Naissance de la", "mandated to gauge the opinion of the President of the German Republic on this matter, met with a favorable response. After his retirement, Soutif turned his attention to the history and the development of science, authoring several books on the contribution of Asia, and particularly of China. Between 2004 and 2006 Michel Soutif was president of the Académie Delphinale, a scientific society based in Isère. Until the end of his life he taught at the \"Université inter-âge du Dauphiné\", where several of his lectures are available online. \"La Spectroscopie hertzienne\", Dunod (1960). \"Physique neutronique\", Presses Universitaires de France (1962). \"Vibrations, Propagation, Diffusion\", Dunod Université (1970). \"L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques\", EDP Sciences (1995). \"Naissance de la physique, de la Sicile à la Chine\", EDP Sciences (2002). \"Grenoble, carrefour des sciences et de l'industrie\", Collection Les Patrimoines - édition Dauphiné Libéré (2005) \"Fondements des civilisations de l'Asie\", EDP Sciences - Collection: Sciences et Histoire (2009). \"Naissance et diffusion de la physique\", EDP Sciences (2014). Hughes Prize and Petit d’Ormoy Prize of the Académie des sciences Robin Prize of the Société française de physique (1966) Three Physicists Prize of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (1979) Grand prix de la coopération scientifique Franco-chinoise de la République populaire de Chine Villemot Prize of the Académie des sciences. (2004) Michel Soutif Michel Soutif (8 July 1921 – 28 June 2016), Officier de la Légion d’honneur, Grand Officier de l’ordre national du Mérite, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mali, was a French scientist and educator, known for his major contribution to the development of the University of Grenoble in the years following the Second World War. He is also" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Trachycarpeae Trachycarpeae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except Antarctica), though the greatest concentration of species is in Southeast Asia. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both tropical and subtropical zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe (\"Chamaerops humilis\"). Several genera can be found in cultivation in temperate areas, for example species of \"Trachycarpus\", \"Chamaerops\", \"Rhapidophyllum\" and \"Washingtonia\". Palms in this tribe have palmate leaves with induplicate folds (reduplicate in \"Guihaia\"). Plants may be tall, single-stemmed trees (e.g. \"Copernicia\", \"Brahea\", \"Pritchardia\"), acaulescent with short, squat trunks (e.g. \"Maxburretia\", \"Johannesteijsmannia\"), multi-stemmed (e.g. \"Rhapis\", \"Acoelorrhaphe\") or branched and prostrate (e.g. \"Serenoa\"). These palms flower regularly throughout their lives (pleonanthic) and may be dioecious, monoecious or hermaphroditic. Trachycarpeae is one of eight tribes in Coryphoideae. The tribe is monophyletic, but phylogenetic studies have yet to reveal its closest relatives, though they could be the Phoeniceae, or the Sabaleae and Cryosophileae. Initially described as tribe 'Livistoneae', the name Trachycarpeae has priority. In previous classifications, all the members of this tribe were included in tribe Corypheae. Trachycarpeae is divided into two subtribes: Rhapidinae have flowers with three separate carpels, whereas in subtribe Livistoniinae the flower carpels are free at the base, but the styles are fused together. All genera in Rhapidinae are native to the Old World, except North American \"Rhapidophyllum\". Livistoninae are widely distributed in both the New World and Southeast Asia and Australia. A single species (\"Livistona carinensis\") occurs in Africa. Several genera in this tribe have yet to be allocated to a subtribe, due to a lack of convincing data from phylogenetic studies. Rhapidinae Livistoninae Unplaced Genera The above classification was published prior to the recognition of the genera \"Saribus\" and \"Lanonia\"; however, both are clearly members of subtribe Livistoniinae. \"Saribus\" includes species formerly in \"Livistona\" and monotypic \"Pritchardiopsis\", while \"Lanonia\" species were previously included in \"Licuala\". Trachycarpeae Trachycarpeae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except Antarctica), though the greatest concentration of species is in Southeast Asia. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both tropical and subtropical zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe (\"Chamaerops humilis\"). Several genera can be found in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "Love Will Find a Way (Delirious? song) 'Love Will Find a Way' is a single from the British rock band, Delirious?, and is taken from their 2008 album, \"Kingdom of Comfort\". The single was announced at the start of the band's Kingdom of Comfort UK tour, which began in October 2008. It was sold as three discs: two CDs containing different versions of the song, and a DVD which features the music video. It is also available from digital music retailer iTunes Store. It was released on 17 November 2008. It reached No. 55 in the UK charts in its first week. CD1 CD2 DVD Love Will Find a Way (Delirious? song) 'Love Will Find a Way' is a single from the British rock band, Delirious?, and is taken from their 2008 album, \"Kingdom of Comfort\". The single was announced at the start of the band's Kingdom of Comfort UK tour, which began in October 2008. It was sold as three discs: two CDs containing different versions of the song, and a DVD which features the music video. It is also available from digital music retailer iTunes Store. It was released on 17 November 2008. It reached No. 55 in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "HMS Saracen (1831) HMS \"Saracen\" was a \"Cherokee\"-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. Launched 30 January 1831 at the Plymouth Dockyard, at Plymouth, England, this vessel held a gun deck of eight 18-Pounder carronades and two 6-Pounder bow chasers. She also held a crew complement of 75. Henry Worsley Hill served as her commander starting on 15 March 1841. \"Saracen\" was part of the West Africa Squadron, involved in anti-slavery operations against the Atlantic slave trade from west Africa to the Americas. A list of captures of slave trade ships include: The \"Saracen\" was later remembered in a postage stamp from Ascension Island. HMS Saracen (1831) HMS \"Saracen\" was a \"Cherokee\"-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. Launched 30 January 1831 at the Plymouth Dockyard, at Plymouth, England, this vessel held a gun deck of eight 18-Pounder carronades and two 6-Pounder bow chasers. She also held a crew complement of 75. Henry Worsley Hill served as her commander starting on 15 March 1841. \"Saracen\" was part of the West Africa Squadron, involved in anti-slavery operations against the Atlantic slave trade from west Africa to the Americas. A list of captures of slave trade ships include: The \"Saracen\" was later remembered in" ] }

{ "retrieved": [ "2004 California State Assembly election The 2004 California State Assembly elections were held November 2, 2004. California's State Assembly in its entirety comes up for election in even numbered years. Each seat has a two-year term and members are limited to three 2-year terms (six years). All 80 biennially elected seats in the Assembly were up for election this year. It was expected that the Democrats would retain control of the Assembly, which they did. While some seats were close races, no opposing party challenges to incumbents were successful on either side and thus, there were no changes to the party balance. Final results from the California Secretary of State: 2004 California State Assembly election The 2004 California State Assembly elections were held November 2, 2004. California's State Assembly in its entirety comes up for election in even numbered years. Each seat has a two-year term and members are limited to three 2-year terms (six years). All 80 biennially elected seats in the Assembly were up for election this year. It was expected that the Democrats would retain control of the Assembly, which they did. While some seats were close races, no opposing party challenges to incumbents were successful on" ] }