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usmle-12451 | A 52-year-old man is seen by his endocrinologist for routine followup of his type 2 diabetes. Although he has previously been on a number of medication regimens, his A1C has remained significantly elevated. In order to try to better control his glucose level, the endocrinologist prescribes a new medication. He explains that this new medication works by blocking the ability of his kidneys to reabsorb glucose and therefore causes glucose wasting in the urine. Which of the following medications has this mechanism of action? |
usmle-12452 | A 23-year-old woman presents to her family physician complaining of an extremely itchy rash on her neck, buttocks, and extensor arms and legs. She has been afebrile and has not had any recent travel, outdoor activity, or sick contacts. She has a long history of diarrhea with greasy stools and flatulence. She has tried a gluten-free diet in the past, but she stopped the diet two months ago after her family insisted that it was just a fad and too difficult to accommodate. Since introducing wheat back into her diet, her diarrhea has returned and she developed this rash three weeks ago (Figure A). She has been avoiding gluten for the past week, but the rash has not resolved. Which of the following best describes her conditions? |
usmle-12453 | A 34-year-old man with acute lymphocytic leukemia presents for follow-up in the oncology clinic after his second cycle of chemotherapy. In addition to intermittent nausea, he has mild weakness, tingling, and numbness in his left hand. With his affected hand, he is able to grip, but occasionally drops small objects. His oncologist tells him that one of his chemotherapy agents likely caused his neuropathy given its strong association with neurotoxicity. He was recently treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and dasatinib. The culprit medication works by which of the following mechanisms of action? |
usmle-12454 | A 42-year-old gentleman presents to his primary care physician with complaints of persistent headaches and general weakness. He was recently diagnosed with severe hypertension that has been refractory to anti-hypertensive medications. Based on clinical suspicion, a basic metabolic panel is obtained which demonstrates a sodium level of 153 mg/dl and a potassium level of 2.9 mg/dl. The hormone that is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation is normally secreted by which region of the adrenal gland? |
usmle-12455 | A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for flushing, diarrhea, and itching. He is tall for his age with long and thin limbs and very flexible joints. On physical exam, he appears to have an enlarged thyroid and several small growths are found on his tongue and on his eyelids. Based on clinical suspicion, a biopsy is taken of the enlarged thyroid and Figure A shows the results of congo red stain under polarized light. Mutation of which of the following genes is most likely responsible for this patient's syndrome? |
usmle-12456 | A 28-year-old male presents to the emergency room for severe malaise and fever. He reports developing a fever 10 hours prior to presentation that he initially attributed to a minor cold. Over the past 10 hours, he rapidly developed worsening chills, malaise, and a skin rash. Immediately after presenting to the emergency room, he becomes unconscious. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 95/55 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 22/min. On examination he is pale, diaphoretic, and unresponsive. A diffuse skin rash is shown in Figure A. His fingers and toes appear cyanotic. Rapid intravenous fluid resuscitation and broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated. A comprehensive laboratory workup is pending. Despite appropriate treatment, he remains unresponsive and passes away several hours later. This patient’s condition is caused by a pathogen that is characterized by which of the following? |
usmle-12457 | A 61-year-old man is found dead in his home after his neighbors became concerned when they did not see him for several days. The man was described as a "recluse" who lived alone and mostly kept to himself. Medical records reveal that he had not seen a physician in over a decade. He had a known history of vascular disease including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He did not take any medications for these conditions. An autopsy is performed to identify the cause of death. Although it is determined that the patient suffered from a massive cerebrovascular accident as the cause of death, an incidental finding of a tumor arising from the spinal cord meninges is noted. The tumor significantly compresses the left anterolateral lower thoracic spinal cord. The right side of the spinal cord and the posterior spinal cord appear normal. Which of the following would most likely be impaired due to this lesion? |
usmle-12458 | A 3-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician with 2 days of fever and abdominal pain. She has also been crying and complaining of pain while urinating. She was born at term without incident and was previously healthy at regular checkups. On presentation, her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 137/85 mmHg, pulse is 122/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical exam reveals a palpable, painless, abdominal mass that does not cross the midline. Which of the following additional findings would be associated with this patient's disorder? |
usmle-12459 | An 8-year-old boy is brought in for initial evaluation by a pediatrician after he was adopted from an international orphanage. On presentation, he is found to have difficulty with walking as well as bone and joint pain. The adoption papers for the child state that he was the product of a normal birth with no medical issues noted at that time. Since then, he has not seen a doctor until this presentation. Physical exam reveals bowed legs, hard lumps on his ribs, and tenderness to palpation over his bones. He is found to be low in a substance that directly promotes intestinal absorption of a nutrient. Which of the following is a characteristic of the substance that is abnormally low in this patient? |
usmle-12460 | A 36-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for her yearly physical exam. She says that she has been experiencing some mild shortness of breath, but otherwise has no medical complaints. Her past medical history is significant for allergies and asthma as a child, but she is not currently taking any medications or supplements. She does not smoke and drinks about 2 glasses of wine per week as a social activity. On physical exam she is asked to take deep breaths during cardiac auscultation. The physician notices that the splitting of S2 decreases during inspiration. Which of the following is most consistent with this physical exam finding? |
usmle-12461 | A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of an excruciating headache that started suddenly after he got home from work. He also reports having double vision. Specifically, in the last week he almost got into two car accidents with vehicles that "came out of nowhere" while he was trying to merge on the highway. Physical examination is notable for ptosis of the left eye, which is also inferiorly and laterally deviated. The patient is treated emergently and then started on a hormone replacement in order to avoid life-threatening post-treatment complications. The patient's current presentation was associated with a pathologic process that existed for several months prior to this event. Which of the following symptoms could this patient have experienced as part of that pre-existing pathology? |
usmle-12462 | A 22-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician in April for seasonal allergies. She has suffered from seasonal allergies for the past 2 years and takes diphenhydramine as needed when her symptoms worsen. She has not yet seen a physician for her allergies. She reports that diphenhydramine has been helpful in controlling her symptoms, but she does not like feeling drowsy from the medication. Her past medical history is also notable for well-controlled asthma. She uses an albuterol inhaler on an as-needed basis. She smokes marijuana daily. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 16/min. She has a prominent nasal crease. Her nasal turbinates are boggy and bluish-gray. She has copious thin and watery nasal mucus. The physician suggests replacing diphenhydramine with fexofenadine to improve her drowsiness. What characteristic of fexodenadine allows it to be less sedating than diphenhydramine? |
usmle-12463 | A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after an apparent suicide attempt. She is unable to provide a history, but her husband reports that he found her at home severely confused and agitated. She reportedly mentioned swallowing several of her pills but was unable to provide additional details. Her husband reports that she has a history of Crohn disease, major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and prior heroin and alcohol abuse. She has not taken heroin or alcohol for 5 years and attends Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous regularly. She takes multiple medications but he is unable to recount which medications she takes and they are not in the electronic medical record. Her temperature is 103.9°F (39.9°C), blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg, pulse is 125/min, and respirations are 28/min. On exam, she appears agitated, diaphoretic, and is responding to internal stimuli. She has clonus in her bilateral feet. Pupils are 3 mm and reactive to light. Patellar and Achilles reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. She is given alprazolam for her agitation but she remains severely agitated and confused. Which of the following medications should be given to this patient? |
usmle-12464 | A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension, obesity, and alcoholic cirrhosis is seen in clinic for follow-up. He feels well and currently drinks 5 glasses of wine each night. Medications include atenolol and lisinopril. On physical exam, temperature is 98.1 deg F (36.7 deg C), blood pressure is 151/82 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, and respirations are 14/min. He has spider angiomata on his chest; no asterixis, jaundice, ascites, or peripheral edema is noted. Screening ultrasound reveals a new liver nodule, and follow up CT demonstrates a 2 cm right hepatic lobe lesion with enhancement in the arterial phase. No hypodense attenuation is seen on the venous or delayed phase. What is the next step in management? |
usmle-12465 | A 21-year-old man presents to the physician with complaint of fever and non-bloody diarrhea for the past 3 days, after a week of constipation. He and his family recently returned from a summer spent in New Delhi, India visiting relatives. Physical examination reveals abdominal tenderness and a pink macular rash extending from his trunk to his upper arms. His vital signs are as follows: temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Which of the following drugs would be most effective in treating this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12466 | A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by EMS, activated by a bystander who found her wandering in the street. She provides short, vague answers to interview questions and frequently stops mid-sentence and stares at an empty corner of the room, appearing distracted. Her affect is odd but euthymic. Past medical history is notable for obesity and pre-diabetes. Collateral information from her brother reveals that she left home 3 days ago because she thought her family was poisoning her and has since been listed as a missing person. He also describes a progressive 2-year decline in her social interactions and self-care. The patient has no history of substance use and has never been prescribed psychiatric medications before but is amenable to starting a medication now. Which of the following would be the most appropriate as a first line medication for her? |
usmle-12467 | A 17-year-old female presents to the dermatologist with acne-like lesions around her mouth (Figure A). She is very concerned because her prom is one week away, and she would like prompt treatment so she can look her best. The dermatologists prescribes her oral acyclovir, stating that this will help shorten the duration and severity of her outbreak, and explained to her that this is not acne. Which of the following best describes the agent most responsible for this outbreak? |
usmle-12468 | A 26-year-old female complains of frequent, large volume urination. This negatively affects her sleep, as she has to frequently wake up at night to urinate. She also complains of increased thirst. Her past medical history is significant for bipolar disorder that is treated with lithium for 3 years. Serum osmolality is 425 mOsm/kg, and urine osmolality is 176 mOsm/kg. Which of the following best explains this patient’s serum and urine osmolality? |
usmle-12469 | A 32-year-old man comes with his wife to the primary care physician because she is concerned about his drinking behavior. Specifically, he drinks 7 drinks every day and has abandoned many social activities that he previously enjoyed. In addition, he starts drinking in the morning because he feels shaky when he does not have a drink. When asked about his behavior, the man says that he knows that he probably should drink less but feels that he is not motivated enough to change. He says that perhaps the topic should be addressed again next year. Which of the following stages does this patient's behavior most likely represent? |
usmle-12470 | A 38-year-old man undergoes a colonoscopy at the recommendation of his primary care physician after noting that he has experienced small amounts of rectal bleeding. He has a family history of adenomatous polyps. While performing the colonoscopy, the gastroenterologist discovers a polyp and collects a tissue sample for biopsy. On pathology, the specimen (shown in Figure A) is identified as a neoplastic polyp with the greatest malignant potential. What type of neoplastic polyp does this patient have? |
usmle-12471 | A 20-year-old female presents to the college health clinic concerned about a rash that has recently developed along her back and flank. Aside from a history of chronic diarrhea and flatulence, she reports being otherwise healthy. She is concerned that this rash could be either from bed bugs or possible be sexually transmitted, as she has engaged in unprotected sex multiple times over the past two years. The physician orders several lab tests and finds that the patient does indeed have chlamydia and elevated tissue transglutaminase (tTG) levels. What is the most likely cause of her rash? |
usmle-12472 | A 12-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician in order to be medically cleared for playing baseball. On presentation, the boy’s only complaint is that he has never been able to completely keep up with his classmates during gym or on the playground because he feels fatigued and short of breath. A review of his prior medical history reveals that he hit all his developmental milestones as expected and has otherwise been healthy. He lives with his parents and eats a diet consisting of mostly fast food and soda. Physical exam reveals a thin, pale boy with decreased color under his eyelids. A panel of hematologic tests are obtained with the following results:
Hemoglobin: 11 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 4,250/mm^3
Platelet count: 185,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular volume: 116 µm^3
Blood smear: neutrophils with extra lobes
Crystals are also found within this patient's urine. Which of the following treatments would be effective for this patient’s most likely condition? |
usmle-12473 | An 85-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of chest pain. He reports an intense pressure over his sternum and difficulty breathing. His past medical history is notable for two prior myocardial infarctions, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. He takes aspirin, metoprolol, atorvastatin, lisinopril, and hydrochlorothiazide. The patient drinks socially and does not smoke. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 24/min. An electrocardiogram demonstrates ST elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Despite appropriate care, the patient expires. An autopsy is performed that demonstrates an area of ischemia in the cardiac region supplied by the right coronary artery. A small sample of cells from healthy tissue near the site of injury is isolated and is subjected to additional testing. A current is run across the cells resulting in an action potential as seen in Figure A. The ion channel responsible for maintaining the plateau in Figure A is also responsible for which of the following? |
usmle-12474 | A 55-year-old male visited his primary care physician complaining of chest pain and progressive shortness of breath worsened by exertion. His vital signs were within normal limits. He reports that he worked in a naval shipyard for 10 years during his twenties. A CT scan of his chest shows diffuse thickening of the pleura and a diagnosis of mesothelioma is made. Assuming this diagnosis is correct, which of the following is most likely to also be present in this patient? |
usmle-12475 | A 21-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of cough and fatigue for the past 3 weeks. She reports rhinorrhea, headache, congestion, and a nonproductive cough that has persisted over the past 3 weeks. She denies chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal changes, or lightheadedness but endorses fatigue and subjective fever. A physical examination demonstrates mild wheezing at the bibasilar lung fields. A chest radiograph is subsequently ordered and is shown in Figure A. Preliminary laboratory findings are shown below:
Hemoglobin: 10.1 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 11,400/mm^3
Platelet count: 160,000/mm^3
What laboratory abnormality would be the most specific finding for this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12476 | A 75-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been experiencing increasing muscle and joint pain over the last 3 months. He says that he also feels increasingly fatigued and weak despite no change to his daily routine. His past medical history is significant for an infection when he was 12 years of age that led to 2 months of paralysis and mechanical ventilation through a tracheostomy tube. At the time, he developed the paralysis after 3 days of fever and sore throat. He recalls that he was still able to feel everything and was embarrassed that his daily activities had to be performed for him by caregivers. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms is associated with which of the following structures? |
usmle-12477 | A 65-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension presents to her primary care doctor with a 3 month history of spasmodic facial pain. The pain is located in her right cheek and seems to be triggered when she smiles, chews, or brushes her teeth. The pain is sharp and excruciating, lasts for a few seconds, and occurs up to twenty times per day. She denies headaches, blurry vision, facial weakness, or changes in her memory. She feels rather debilitated and has modified much of her daily activities to avoid triggering the spasms. In the clinic, her physical exam is within normal limits. Her primary care doctor prescribes carbamazepine and asks her to follow up in a few weeks. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved in the patient's disease process? |
usmle-12478 | A 30-year-old woman presents complaining of shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. The patient complains of dyspnea upon exertion, generalized fatigue, lethargy, and chest pain associated with strenuous activities. Her history is notable for an atrial septal defect at birth. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 147/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On exam, she has a wide, fixed splitting of S2. Which of the following medications most directly treats the underlying pathophysiology causing this patient's presentation? |
usmle-12479 | A 57-year-old man calls his primary care physician to discuss the results of his annual laboratory exams. The results show that he has dramatically decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and mildly increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The physician says that the HDL levels are of primary concern so he is started on the lipid level modifying drug that most effectively increases serum HDL levels. Which of the following is the most likely a side effect of this medication that the patient should be informed about? |
usmle-12480 | A 64-year-old man with a 5-year history of alcoholic cirrhosis presents with severe jaundice and abdominal distention. On physical exam he is found to have multiple superficial, spider-like blood vessels that blanch when pressure is applied centrally (Figure A). Which other finding seen in cirrhosis has the same etiology as the aforementioned skin finding? |
usmle-12481 | A 52-year-old male with ischemic cardiomyopathy presents to his cardiologist for worsening shortness of breath on exertion. He denies any recent episodes of chest pain and has been compliant with his medications, which include metoprolol, lisinopril, spironolactone, and furosemide. The patient’s vitals signs are as follows: Temperature is 98.7 deg F (37.1 deg C), blood pressure is 163/78 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A repeat echocardiogram reveals a stable LVEF of 25-35%. The physician decides to start hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. Which of the following is true regarding this medication combination? |
usmle-12482 | A 47-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus presents for a primary care visit. His diabetes is well controlled on metformin, with fasting glucose concentrations between 110–150 mg/dl. His blood pressure on multiple office visits are between 115-130/75-85 mmHg. Today his temperature is 98°F (36.7 °C), blood pressure is 125/80 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 15/min. Labs are obtained with the following results:
Hemoglobin A1c: 6.7%
Glucose: 120 mg/dl
Cholesterol (plasma): 190 mg/dL
Urine albumin: 60mg/24hr
Which of the following treatments is effective in slowing the progression of the most likely cause of this patient's abnormal albumin result? |
usmle-12483 | A 25-year-old medical student enrolls in an exercise research study. Spirometry testing, along with arterial and venous blood gases, are performed immediately before and after 15 minutes of exercising on a stationary bicycle. How do you expect the venous pH, arterial pCO2, and venous pCO2 to respond? |
usmle-12484 | A 27-year-old homeless man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain and vomiting. He has a known history of intravenous drug use and has been admitted to the hospital several times before. On physical examination his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 19/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. The patient is in obvious discomfort. There is increased salivation and lacrimation. Pupils are reactive to light and 5 mm bilaterally. Cardiopulmonary exam is unremarkable. There is diffuse abdominal tenderness to palpation with no rebound or guarding. Which of the following interventions would have prevented this patient’s current condition? |
usmle-12485 | A 28-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after breaking her wrist in a ground level fall. She says that she has been experiencing muscle pain and fatigue for the past 5 months. She has noticed that she has been drinking a lot more water than previously. She has no past medical history, but she returned from global health work in South America 6 months ago. While abroad, she had an episode of infection that was treated with old antibiotics. Urinalysis reveals amino acids and glucose. Which of the serum findings demonstrated in Figure A would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12486 | A 2-year-old girl is brought to a geneticist for evaluation after suffering a deterioration of physical and mental capabilities for the last year. She had developed normally for the first 6 months but then began to have progressive developmental delay. She was also found to have an exaggerated startle reflex. Physical exam reveals the finding shown in Figure A but is otherwise unremarkable. Electron microscopy of neurons and phagocytic cells, if performed, would have revealed the finding shown in Figure B. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient? |
usmle-12487 | A 9-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a 12 hour history of severe vomiting and increased sleepiness. He experienced high fever and muscle pain about 5 days prior to presentation, and his parents gave him an over the counter medication to control the fever at that time. On presentation, he is found to be afebrile though he is still somnolent and difficult to arouse. Physical exam reveals hepatomegaly and laboratory testing shows the following results:
Alanine aminotransferase: 85 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase: 78 U/L
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's neurologic changes? |
usmle-12488 | A 37-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of abdominal pain and diarrhea. He reports a two-week history of progressively worsening right upper quadrant pain accompanied by multiple bloody loose stools. He recently returned from a trip to rural Bangladesh. His temperature is 101.4°F (38.6°C), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. Laboratory analysis reveals a white blood cell count of 14,000/mm^3. Findings from a stool sample with trichrome stain are shown in Figure A. What is the first-line treatment for this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12489 | A 56-year-old male died in a motor vehicle accident. Autopsy reveals extensive atherosclerosis of his left anterior descending artery marked by intimal smooth muscle and collagen proliferation. Which of the following is implicated in recruiting smooth muscle cells from the media to intima in atherosclerotic lesions? |
usmle-12490 | A 30-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of infertility. He and his wife have been trying to get pregnant for the past two years. They have used fertility monitors and other aids without success. A hysterosalpingogram in his wife was normal. The patient has a history of cleft lip and recurrent upper respiratory infections as a child. He was briefly hospitalized for severe pneumonia when he was 9-years-old. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, he is a healthy-appearing male in no acute distress with fully developed reproductive organs. Notably, cardiac auscultation is silent in the left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line. This patient most likely has a mutation in which of the following classes of proteins? |
usmle-12491 | A 5-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother because she is concerned about his breathing. She states that seemingly "out of the blue" he will have short episodes of breathlessness and wheezing. These episodes do not seem to be associated with exercise, irritants, or infection. The pediatrician suspects atopic asthma and obtains a sputum culture to help confirm the diagnosis. If correct, which of the following figures represents the cell type that would be expected to be increased in this patient's sputum? |
usmle-12492 | A 40-year-old female complains of muscle weakness. Her blood pressure is 180/140 mm Hg, and serum potassium is 3.2 mEq/L. Plasma renin levels are abnormally low. A CT scan of her abdomen reveals a 3 cm lesion in her right adrenal gland. The patient’s lesion is likely composed of functional cells from which of the following regions: |
usmle-12493 | A 65-year-old obese female presents to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. She reports pain localized to the epigastrium that radiates to the right scapula. The pain occurred suddenly after a fast food meal with her grandchildren. Her temperature is 100.9°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 108/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, she demonstrates tenderness to palpation in the epigastrium. She experiences inspiratory arrest during deep palpation of the right upper quadrant but this exam finding is not present on the left upper quadrant. A blockage at which of the following locations is most likely causing this patient’s symptoms? |
usmle-12494 | A 29-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of a painful rash around her genitals. She has multiple sexual partners and uses condoms intermittently. Her last STD screen one year ago was negative. On examination, she has bilateral erosive vesicles on her labia majora and painful inguinal lymphadenopathy. She is started on an oral medication that requires a specific thymidine kinase for activation. Which of the following adverse effects is associated with this drug? |
usmle-12495 | An 11-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician for his annual physical exam. His mother's only concern is that he has lost 5 pounds over the last 2 months even though he has been eating voraciously. When asked, she says that he also complains of thirst all the time and has been urinating almost every hour, which has interfered with his schoolwork. Serum studies demonstrate dramatically reduced levels of an essential signaling molecule. Which of the structures in the cell shown in Figure A is the most likely production site of this molecule? |
usmle-12496 | A 53-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of fatigue. She reports that over the past several months she has been lethargic and tired. She has gained 10 pounds over the past month but attributes it to her menopause. Her last menstrual period (LMP) was 1 year ago. Past medical history is significant for asthma and seasonal allergies, and medications include a rescue inhaler and cetirizine as need. Review of systems is negative except for cold intolerance and constipation. What is the best next step in evaluating this patient? |
usmle-12497 | A 25-year-old male presents with progressively worsening headaches over the past two months. He also feels that he has been losing his balance more often over the past week, but he denies any motor weakness or sensory impairment. His neurological exam reveals impaired upward gaze, pupils that constrict poorly to light but react to accommodation, and bilateral upper eyelid retraction. On tandem walking, he tends to fall on both sides. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? |
usmle-12498 | A 28-year-old Caucasian woman presents to your office with recurrent abdominal cramping on her left side for 6 months. She additionally reports bloody diarrhea and tenesmus. You suspect ulcerative colitis. Which of the following findings would most strongly confirm your diagnosis? |
usmle-12499 | A 20-year-old man presents to your office with dyspnea, reporting nocturnal cough. You note expiratory wheezing on auscultation. Chest x-ray reveals increased anteroposterior diameter. Past medical history is significant for multiple episodes of "bronchitis" as a child. Which of the following drugs would be most effective for long-term treatment of this patient? |
usmle-12500 | A 12-year-old boy and his siblings are referred to a geneticist for evaluation of a mild but chronic hemolytic anemia that has presented with fatigue, splenomegaly, and scleral icterus. Coombs test is negative and blood smear does not show any abnormal findings. An enzymatic panel is assayed, and pyruvate kinase is found to be mutated on both alleles. The geneticist explains that pyruvate kinase functions in glycolysis and is involved in a classic example of feed-forward regulation. Which of the following metabolites is able to activate pyruvate kinase? |
usmle-12501 | A 12-year-old male presents to the emergency department following several days of facial edema. A urinalysis confirms proteinuria and hematuria. Once admitted, a kidney biopsy is viewed under an electron microscope to confirm the diagnosis of minimal change disease. In the following electron micrograph, what process occurs in the structure marked with an arrow? |
usmle-12502 | A 27-year-old G1P0000 at 17 weeks of gestation is interested in participating in a clinical trial for nausea management during pregnancy. The trial will be evaluating the effects of moderate ginger consumption on nausea symptoms. Prior to enrolling in the trial, the investigators explain to the patient that they will be doing a full exam and some special testing to make sure she is experiencing a healthy pregnancy. Which of the following findings would most likely be abnormal during pregnancy? |
usmle-12503 | A 33-year-old woman is brought to the the ED via ambulance for sudden onset of blindness. Her past medical history is significant only for smoking, and her only home medication is oral contraception pills. The patient is remarkably calm. On exam, her temperature is 98.2 deg F (36.8 deg C), and pulse is 95/min, blood pressure is 130/72 mmHg. Her pupils are equally round and reactive to light and accommodation. Blink to threat is intact and neurologic exam is unremarkable. MRI head is shown below (Figure 1). Other MRI views are normal. On history, it is revealed that the patient recently broke up with her fiancé. What is the most likely diagnosis? |
usmle-12504 | A 22-year-old man with no significant medical history presents with a two day history of bilateral eye redness, irritation, and watery mucous discharge as seen in the photograph provided. He has crusting of his eyes in the mornings without adhesion of his eyelids. He does not wear contact lenses and has had a sore throat the last three days. On physical exam, a left preauricular lymph node is enlarged and tender. An ophthalmologic exam reveals no additional abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient? |
usmle-12505 | A 34-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with four weeks of general malaise, abdominal pain, thigh pain, and anxiety. The patient also states that she has been waking up multiple times at night to urinate. On physical exam, vital signs are within normal limits. Routine lab work is notable for elevated calcium, and a serum PTH of 89 ng/L (Ref: 10-65 ng/L). Sestamibi-single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the neck is shown in Figure A. Which of the following additional findings is least likely to be present in this patient? |
usmle-12506 | A 72-year-old Caucasian woman presents with three months of progressive central vision loss accompanied by wavy distortions in her vision. She has hypertension controlled with metoprolol but has no other past medical history. Based on this clinical history she is treated with intravitreal injections of a medication. What is the mechanism of action of the treatment most likely used in this case? |
usmle-12507 | A 26-year-old female presents to your office due to one week of “feeling unwell.” She complains of a headache and non-productive cough over the last several days, which have both worsened today. She does not have any history of serious infection and is not currently taking any medication. On physical exam, her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 98% on room air. She has diffuse rhonchi bilaterally. You decide to order a chest radiograph, shown in image A. The pathogen responsible for her current presentation most likely belongs to which of the following categories? |
usmle-12508 | A 66-year-old man presents to the office complaining of fatigue. He reports that for the past year he has been experiencing a progressive decrease in energy. This week he began having some difficulty breathing while climbing the stairs. He denies chest pain or palpitations. He has no other chronic medical conditions and has had no prior surgeries. The patient is found to be anemic. A fecal occult blood test is positive, and a colonoscopy is obtained. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with colorectal cancer. He undergoes a partial colectomy and is started on 5-fluorouracil as adjuvant chemotherapy. Which of the following should be monitored as the patient continues treatment? |
usmle-12509 | A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care provider reporting several months of generalized fatigue that does not improve with rest. Additionally, he has noted that he has lost 10 pounds in the past 3 months, which he attributes to being too tired to finish his meals. The patient has been otherwise healthy and takes no medications aside from a daily multivitamin. He does not report any sleep irregularities, and his wife has told him that she does not notice any snoring or apnea. He does not report any other symptoms or recent infections, and has not noticed any fevers at home. On exam, the patient is thin and appears his stated age. His temperature is 100.2°F (37.9°C), blood pressure is 116/76 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 12/min. Lymph node exam is notable for symmetrically enlarged axillary lymph nodes bilaterally. His abdomen is soft and nontender with no palpable masses. On his labs, his hemoglobin is 12.0 g/dL, and his leukocyte count is 24,000/mm^3. A peripheral blood smear is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is likely characteristic of this patient’s disease? |
usmle-12510 | A 77-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department from her nursing home because she was found down overnight. On presentation she was found to be delirious and was unable to answer questions. Chart review shows that she is allergic to cephalosporins. Her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 105/52 mmHg, pulse is 94/min, and respirations are 23/min. Physical exam reveals a productive cough. A metabolic panel is obtained with the following results:
Serum:
Na+: 135 mEq/L
Cl-: 95 mEq/L
K+: 4 mEq/L
HCO3-: 19 mEq/L
BUN: 40 mg/dL
Creatinine: 2.5 mg/dL
Glucose: 150 mg/dL
Based on these findings two different drugs are started empirically. Gram stain on a blood sample is performed showing the presence of gram-positive organisms on all samples. One of the drugs is subsequently stopped. The drug that was most likely stopped has which of the following characteristics? |
usmle-12511 | A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for a painful rash. Her symptoms started 3 days ago and have been steadily worsening. The patient is a wrestler, drinks alcohol socially, smokes marijuana, and is currently sexually active. Her vital signs are within normal limits, and physical exam is notable for the finding in Figure A. Which of the following is the best treatment for the underlying etiology of this patient's presentation? |
usmle-12512 | A 22-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of fever and abdominal pain. She says that the pain is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen and feels crampy in nature. The pain has been associated with bloody diarrhea and joint tenderness. She has no past medical history but says that she returned 2 weeks ago from vacation in Asia where she tried many new foods. Her family history is significant for multiple cancers in close relatives. Physical exam reveals swollen ulcers on her legs, and colonoscopy reveals contiguous ulcerations from the rectum through the descending colon. Which of the following is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12513 | A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe diarrhea. He recently returned from a business trip to Bangladesh. Since returning, he has experienced several loose bloody stools per day that are accompanied by abdominal cramping and occasional nausea and vomiting. His temperature is 101.7°F (38.7°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, he demonstrates mild tenderness to palpation throughout his abdomen, delayed capillary refill, and dry mucus membranes. Results from a stool sample and subsequent stool culture are pending. What is the mechanism of action of the toxin elaborated by the pathogen responsible for this patient’s current condition? |
usmle-12514 | A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after rescuing babies and puppies from a burning daycare center. He says that he complains of headache and nausea attributed to running. He is breathing comfortably. What is another likely finding in this patient? |
usmle-12515 | A 9-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital for placement of halo gravitational traction in order to treat his previously observed kyphoscoliosis. Specifically, he has a previously diagnosed curve that has gotten worse over time and now threatens to compromise his thoracic cavity. His past medical history is significant for short stature, and he has consistently been below the 5th percentile for height since birth. On physical exam, he is found to have macrocephaly with frontal bossing, short arms and legs with disproportionate shortening of the proximal segments, and lumbar lordosis. Which of the following proteins are most likely mutated in this patient? |
usmle-12516 | A 32-year-old female presents to the gynecologist with a primary concern of infertility. She has been unable to become pregnant over the last 16 months despite consistently trying with her husband. She has not used any form of contraception during this time and her husband has had a normal semen analysis. She has never been diagnosed with any chronic conditions that could explain her infertility; however, she remembers testing positive for a sexually transmitted infection about four years ago. Which of the following is the most likely cause for her infertility? |
usmle-12517 | An 11-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because he was found to have severe abdominal pain and vomiting in school. On presentation, he is found to be lethargic and difficult to arouse. His parents noticed that he was eating and drinking more over the last month; however, they attributed the changes to entering a growth spurt. Physical exam reveals deep and rapid breathing as well as an fruity odor on his breath. Which of the following sets of labs would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12518 | A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care clinic for a regular checkup. He reports feeling depressed since his wife left him 6 months prior and is unable to recall why she left him. He denies any sleep disturbance, change in his eating habits, guilt, or suicidal ideation. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, gout, and a myocardial infarction five years ago. He takes lisinopril, aspirin, metoprolol, and allopurinol. He has a 50 pack-year smoking history and was previously a heroin addict but has not used in over 20 years. He drinks at least 6 beers per day. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 155/95 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 18/min. He appears somewhat disheveled, inattentive, and smells of alcohol. During his prior visits, he has been well-groomed and attentive. When asked what year it is and who the president is, he confidently replies “1999” and “Jimmy Carter.” He says his son’s name is “Peter” when it is actually “Jake.” This patient likely has a lesion in which of the following brain regions? |
usmle-12519 | A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been having flank and back pain for the last 8 months. He said that it started after he fell off a chair while doing yard work, but it has been getting progressively worse over time. He reports no other symptoms and denies any weight loss or tingling in his extremities. His medical history is significant for poorly controlled hypertension and a back surgery 10 years ago. He drinks socially and has smoked 1 pack per day since he was 20. His family history is significant for cancer, and he says that he is concerned that his father had similar symptoms before he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Physical exam reveals a painful, pulsatile enlargement in the patient's abdomen. Between which of the following locations has the highest risk of developing this patient's disorder? |
usmle-12520 | A 50-year-old male is brought to the dermatologist's office with complaints of a pigmented lesion. The lesion is uniformly dark with clean borders and no asymmetry and has been increasing in size over the past two weeks. He works in construction and spends large portions of his day outside. The dermatologist believes that this mole should be biopsied. To prepare the patient for the biopsy, the dermatologist injects a small amount of lidocaine into the skin around the lesion. Which of the following nerve functions would be the last to be blocked by the lidocaine? |
usmle-12521 | A 60-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with vaginal bleeding. She underwent menopause ten years prior. She has a past medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. On physical examination, her uterus is uniformly enlarged. Ultrasound reveals a thickened endometrial stripe and tissue biopsy reveals neoplastic endometrial cells. A workup for metastatic disease is negative and the gynecologist recommends a laparoscopic hysterectomy. During the procedure, the surgeon ligates multiple vessels in order to remove the entire uterus. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient develops left-sided flank pain and oliguria. Serum creatinine is found to be 1.4 mg/dl whereas it was 1.0 mg/dl prior to the operation. Renal ultrasound is normal. Urinalysis is notable for hematuria. Ligation of which of the following vessels most likely contributed to this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12522 | A 40-year-old female comes in with several months of unintentional weight loss, epigastric pain, and a sensation of abdominal pressure. She has diabetes well-controlled on metformin but no other prior medical history. She has not previously had any surgeries. On physical exam, her doctor notices brown velvety areas of pigmentation on her neck. Her doctor also notices an enlarged, left supraclavicular node. Endoscopic findings show a stomach wall that appears to be grossly thickened. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on biopsy? |
usmle-12523 | A 38-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for her yearly exam. Her only complaint is difficulty losing weight. Her BMI is 34 kg/m^2. In addition to a standard physical exam, the physician orders a glucose tolerance test. The woman's fasting blood glucose level is 120 mg/dL and two-hour post 75g glucose load blood glucose level is 190 mg/dL. The physician informs the patient that she is "pre-diabetic" or at risk of developing diabetes and recommends lifestyle modification with follow-up in 6 months. Which of the following endogenous signaling molecules or receptors will increase insulin sensitivity in this patient? |
usmle-12524 | A 54-year-old man with lymphoma presents to his oncologist with severe abdominal pain and flank pain. He says that the pain started 2 days ago and has gotten worse over time. He has also not been able to urinate over the same time period. On presentation, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical exam reveals bilateral flank tenderness. Labs results are shown below:
Blood urea nitrogen: 34 mg/dL
Creatinine: 3.7 mg/dl
Urine osmolality: 228 mOsm/kg
Renal ultrasonography shows dilation of the kidneys bilaterally with a normal-sized bladder. Which of the following would most likely be beneficial in treating this patient's condition? |
usmle-12525 | A 34-year-old G3P3 woman with a history of migraines presents with several weeks of headaches. The headaches are unlike her usual migraines and are worse in the morning. This morning she had an episode of emesis prompting her to seek medical care. She also has some right sided weakness which she believes is related to a new exercise routine. Her mother is a breast cancer survivor. Her medications include oral contraceptives and ibuprofen as needed, which has not helped her current headaches. She drinks 2-3 alcoholic drinks on the weekends and does not smoke. Physical examination is remarkable for bilateral papilledema. Motor exam is notable for upper and lower extremity strength 4/5 on the right and 5/5 on the left. Magnetic resonance venography demonstrates absent flow in the left venous sinuses. Which of the following predisposed this patient to her current condition? |
usmle-12526 | A 29-year-old man presents to clinic with a complaint of fatigue that has developed over the past 6 months. Upon questioning, he endorses abdominal pain, non-bloody diarrhea, and decreased appetite over the past year. He denies recent travel outside of the country or eating uncooked meats. On exam, his temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 126/78 mmHg, pulse is 93/min, and respirations are 12/min. Notably, the abdominal exam is unremarkable aside from some tenderness to palpation near the umbilicus. His colonoscopy demonstrates perianal inflammation with a normal rectum, and biopsies of suspicious lesions in the transverse colon reveal transmural inflammation. Which one of the following is most strongly associated with the patient’s condition? |
usmle-12527 | A 60-year-old woman presents with progressively decreasing vision. Of note, she states that she has difficulty driving at night and discerning traffic lights. She thinks that she can still read the newspaper without difficulty at home. She has a history of poorly controlled diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis controlled with prednisone and hydroxychloroquine. She has a 40-pack-year history of smoking. On fundoscopy, she has the findings as seen in Figure A and Figure B. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms? |
usmle-12528 | A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of abdominal pain and nausea. She reports that her pain started approximately two hours ago after she ate a meal at a fast food restaurant. The pain is sharp and localized to the right upper quadrant. She has experienced similar pain several times in the past. Her past medical history is notable for obesity and hypertension. On examination, she demonstrates significant tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant. Murphy’s sign is negative. There is no rebound or guarding. A right upper quadrant ultrasound is shown in Figure A. Which of the following hormones is most responsible for this patient’s postprandial pain? |
usmle-12529 | A 61-year-old man decides to undergo surgery for a hip replacement after seeing no improvement in his pain with non-operative treatment. At some point during the surgery, he is administered an agent that results in fasciculations in the patient's extremities. This was the expected response to the administered agent so no intervention was needed. After a while, the fasciculations stop and remain stopped for the remainder of the surgery. Consider the period of time during which the patient had fasciculations and subsequently the period of time after the fasciculations stopped. If the effects of the administered agent needed to be reversed during each of these two time periods respectively, which of the following agents should be administered during each time period? |
usmle-12530 | A 17-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with left wrist pain after falling off of his bike and landing on his left hand. On physical exam the thenar eminence is red, swollen, and tender to palpation, so a radiograph is ordered. The patient is worried because he learned in biology class that radiography can cause cancer through damaging DNA but the physician reassures him that radiographs give a very minor dose of radiation. What is the most common mechanism by which ionizing radiation damages DNA? |
usmle-12531 | While examining a 23-year-old man with no known medical history, you observe the finding shown in Figure A. Upon scraping the lesion with a tongue depressor, you note that it easily wipes off. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing cause for the condition that you observed? |
usmle-12532 | A 16-year-old teenage boy is brought to the emergency room for severe left groin pain. He reports feeling feverish this morning but insisted on going to his basketball practice this afternoon. Shortly after the practice, he began experiencing severe pain at his left groin that is described as sharp and burning in quality. The pain does not radiate anywhere. He denies chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, hematuria, or abnormal discharge, but endorses fever and chills. He is sexually active with his girlfriend and reports consistent condom use. Per his mom, last week he had “a weird flu episode” where his left cheek was swollen but resolved within 4 days. He did not seek medical attention as his mother preferred natural/holistic management; the patient is not vaccinated. A physical examination demonstrates a relatively healthy patient in acute distress and an erythematous, swollen left scrotum. A Doppler ultrasound of the testicles is obtained and shown in Figure A. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s presentation? |
usmle-12533 | A 13-year-old Caucasian male presents with his father to the pediatrician’s office complaining of left lower thigh pain. He reports slowly progressive pain over the distal aspect of his left thigh over the past three months. He denies any recent trauma to the area. His temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C). On exam, there is swelling and tenderness overlying the inferior aspect of the left femoral diaphysis. Laboratory evaluation is notable for an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Biopsy of the lesion demonstrates sheets of monotonous small round blue cells with minimal cytoplasm. He is diagnosed and started on a medication that inhibits transcription by intercalating into DNA at the transcription initiation complex. Which of the following adverse events will this patient be at highest risk for following initiation of this medication? |
usmle-12534 | A three-year-old child presents to the emergency room because his parents have noticed he has been fatigued. They also note that his eyes have been making unusual jerking movements recently. On exam, the physician notices rapid jerking movements of his eyes and contractions in his legs. The exam is also remarkable for hypertension and an irregular abdominal mass that crosses the midline. The mass is biopsied and the histological findings are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is most likely associated with this child’s disease? |
usmle-12535 | A 23-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with 2 weeks of headache, palpitations, and excessive sweating. He has no past medical history and his family history is significant for clear cell renal cell carcinoma in his father as well as retinal hemangioblastomas in his older sister. On presentation his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 181/124 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. After administration of appropriate medications, he is taken emergently for surgical removal of a mass that was detected by abdominal computed tomography scan. A mutation on which of the following chromosomes would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12536 | A 5-year-old female is brought to a speech therapist for continuing work on improving her communication skills. She is only able to verbalize two word sentences and has generalized developmental delay. When she was born it was noticed that she had a high pitched mewing cry and subsequent physical exam revealed microcephaly, prominent epicanthal folds, and a holosystolic murmur best heard in the left 5th intercostal space near the sternum. An abnormality of which of the following chromosomes is most likely responsible for this patient's disorder? |
usmle-12537 | A 21-year-old female comes to the physician’s office because of insomnia. For the past 9 months, the patient has been having a hard time falling asleep because she “can’t turn her mind off.” She is a student in a nearby university and spends hours at the end of each day worrying about her classes as well as her upcoming tests. When she doesn’t have tests, she worries about her family and her boyfriend even though admits she has no specific concerns about them. This constant worrying has led to insomnia and an inability to focus in class. She has also been fatigued and hasn’t had the energy to go the gym as she usually does. The most effective medication for her disorder has what mechanism of action? |
usmle-12538 | A 50-year-old male visits his primary care physician with skin lesions on his knees and elbows. He reports joint pain, and physical examination reveals severe swelling of the fingers on both hands. Tests for serum rheumatoid factor are negative. Which of the following pairs of adjectives most likely characterize the patient’s skin lesions: |
usmle-12539 | An 8-year old boy with no past medical history presents to the emergency room with 24-hours of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and non-bloody diarrhea. His mom states that he has barely eaten in the past 24 hours and has been clutching his abdomen, first near his belly button and now near his right hip. His temperature is 101.4°F (38.5°C), blood pressure is 101/63 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 22/min. On physical exam, the patient is lying very still. There is abdominal tenderness and rigidity upon palpation of the right lower quadrant. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s clinical presentation? |
usmle-12540 | A 38-year-old male presents to his primary care doctor with 8 months of uncontrollable anxiety. He states that he experiences overwhelming anxiety and worry in peforming just ordinary tasks of daily living. He is started on venlafaxine for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following is a potential side effect of this medication? |
usmle-12541 | A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of fatigue, periodic fevers, and weight loss for 2-3 weeks. A chest radiograph is performed that shows mediastinal lymphadenopathy, which is biopsied and found to be Hodgkin's lymphoma. She undergoes standard chemotherapy and external beam radiation therapy and is disease-free at six months. Shortly thereafter, she develops subacute shortness of breath; a CT scan of her chest is obtained (Figure A). Which of the following is the mechanism of the medication involved in the patient's presentation? |
usmle-12542 | A 26-year-old G1P0 woman comes to her maternal and fetal medicine doctor at 15 weeks of gestation in order to be evaluated for fetal developmental abnormalities. Her family has a history of congenital disorders leading to difficulty walking so she was concerned about her child. Amniocentesis shows normal levels of all serum proteins and circulating factors. Despite this, the physician warns that there is a possibility that there may be a neural tube abnormality in this child even though the normal results make it less likely. If this child was born with a neural tube closure abnormality, which of the following findings would most likely be seen in the child? |
usmle-12543 | A 71-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he is increasingly troubled by a tremor in his hands. He says that the tremor is worse when he is resting and gets better when he reaches for objects. His wife reports that he has been slowing in his movements and also has difficulty starting to walk. His steps have been short and unsteady even when he is able to initiate movement. Physical exam reveals rigidity in his muscles when tested for active range of motion. Histology in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings? |
usmle-12544 | A 35-year-old man presents to the community clinic with complaints of fever and a cough for the past several weeks. He notes that he has felt fatigued throughout the day and has lost a substantial amount of weight while maintaining his usual level of food consumption and activity. He has had 3 episodes of hematemesis and also describes having night sweats. He recently immigrated to the United States from El Salvador. His chest radiograph is shown in Figure A. The physician starts the patient on a treatment regimen consisting of 4 different drugs and mentions that due to a side effect of 1 of the drugs, he must also take vitamin supplementation. Which of the following is most likely the drug that the physician prescribed? |
usmle-12545 | A 60-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with bloating, abdominal discomfort, and fatigue. She has a history of hypertension and takes hydrochlorothiazide. Physical exam reveals ascites and right adnexal tenderness. Initial imaging reveals a mass in the right ovary and eventual biopsy of the mass reveals ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. She is started on a chemotherapeutic agent with plans for surgical resection. Soon after starting the medication, she develops dysuria and hematuria. Laboratory analysis of her urine is notable for the presence of a cytotoxic metabolite. Which of the following mechanisms of action is consistent with the medication in question? |
usmle-12546 | A 38-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of recurrent abdominal pain for the past 2 months. He reports a gnawing, dull pain at the epigastric region that improves with oral ingestion. He has been taking calcium carbonate for the past few weeks; he claims that “it used to help a lot but it’s losing its effects now.” Laboratory testing demonstrated increased gastrin levels after the administration of secretin. A push endoscopy visualized several ulcers at the duodenum and proximal jejunum. What characteristics distinguish the jejunum from the duodenum? |
usmle-12547 | A 59-year-old man presents to the physician complaining of a blistering rash on his hands that comes and goes. At different times, the rash has affected his hands, legs, inguinal creases, and the corners of his mouth. His past medical history is significant for a blood clot in his left lower extremity. On further questioning, he admits that he has been feeling very depressed for the past few months even though there haven’t been any major changes in his life that he can think of that would have caused these feelings. On physical exam, temperature is 98.4°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 118/75 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 12/min. He is slender and appears tired. His skin exam is remarkable for the findings shown in Figure A. His blood glucose is 280 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? |
usmle-12548 | A 7-year-old boy with a history of fetal alcohol syndrome is brought by his mother to the emergency room for malaise and lethargy. His mother reports that the family was on vacation in a cabin in the mountains for the past 10 days. Five days ago, the child developed a fever with a max temperature of 102.6°F (39.2°F). She also reports that he was given multiple medications to try to bring down his fever. Although his fever resolved two days ago, the child has become increasingly lethargic. He started having non-bilious, non-bloody emesis one day prior to presentation. His current temperature is 100°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 95/55 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, the child is lethargic and minimally reactive. Mild hepatomegaly is noted. A biopsy of this patient’s liver would likely reveal which of the following? |
usmle-12549 | A 46-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider reporting several weeks of fatigue and recent episodes of lightheadedness. She is concerned that she will have an episode while driving. She has never lost consciousness, and reports that there is no associated vertigo or dizziness. She states that she normally goes for a jog 3 times a week but that she has become winded much more easily and has not been able to run as far. On exam, her temperature is 97.9°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 110/68 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 14/min. Auscultation of the lungs reveals no abnormalities. On laboratory testing, her hemoglobin is found to be 8.0 g/dL. At this point, the patient reveals that she was also recently diagnosed with fibroids, which have led to heavier and longer menstrual bleeds in the past several months. Which of the following would suggest that menstrual bleeding is the cause of this patient’s anemia? |
usmle-12550 | A 62-year-old woman presents to her physician because she has been feeling increasingly fatigued over the last several months. In addition, she says that she has woken up at night several times and found herself completely covered in sweat. Finally, she says that she has lost 20 pounds despite no changes in her daily routine. On presentation, her temperature is 101.0°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 134/83 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, and respirations are 19/min. Physical exam reveals a number of enlarged lymph nodes. Based on these findings, she is given a lab test revealing an abnormally high concentration of a protein arranged in a pentameric complex on serum electrophoresis. Which of the following is most strongly associated with the cause of this patient's symptoms? |