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usmle-11651

A 49-year-old male complains of abdominal discomfort that worsens following meals. A gastric biopsy reveals a 2 cm gastric ulcer, and immunohistochemical staining demonstrates the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium in the gastric mucosa. Which of the following is used by the infiltrating pathogen to neutralize gastric acidity?

usmle-11652

A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a normal check-up. The patient emigrated from a rural region of Indonesia one year ago. He is accompanied by his son who reports that the patient has never seen a physician. The patient does not drink or smoke. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. A notable physical examination finding is shown in Figure A, and it is numb to palpation. A biopsy of one of these lesions is performed, revealing epithelioid histiocytes and abundant lymphocytes. Acid-fast bacilli are noted. Which of the following is produced by the immune cells responsible for the activation of epithelioid histiocytes in this condition?

usmle-11653

A 21-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 1-week history of increasing knee pain. Specifically, he says that the pain is severe enough that he is no longer able to bend his knee. His past medical history is not significant, but he says that he is sexually active with multiple partners. On physical exam, his right knee is found to be swollen, erythematous, and tender to palpation. Laboratory testing demonstrates an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Which of the following properties describes the organism that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11654

A 50-year-old female radiologist who is interviewing for a night shift position states that she was fired from her past 3 previous positions because she had difficulty working with others. She states that she is perfect for this job however, as she likes to work on her own and be left alone. She emphasizes that she does not have any distractions or meaningful relationships, and therefore she is always punctual and never calls in sick. She is not an emotional individual. Which of the following personality disorders best fits this female?

usmle-11655

A 58-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room by her husband complaining, “I can’t see out of my right eye.” She was watching television last night when she covered her left eye due to an itch and discovered that she could not see. The patient denies any precipitating event, pain, swelling, flashes, floaters, or headaches. Her past medical history is significant for uncontrolled hypertension and angina. Her medications include hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, atorvastatin, and nitroglycerin as needed. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Fundus examination demonstrates generalized pallor and slight disc edema with no hemorrhages. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-11656

A 72-year-old obese man presents as a new patient to his primary care physician because he has been feeling tired and short of breath after recently moving to Denver. He is a former 50 pack-year smoker and has previously had deep venous thrombosis. Furthermore, he previously had a lobe of the lung removed due to lung cancer. Finally, he has a family history of a progressive restrictive lung disease. Laboratory values are obtained as follows: Oxygen tension in inspired air = 130 mmHg Alveolar carbon dioxide tension = 48 mmHg Arterial oxygen tension = 58 mmHg Respiratory exchange ratio = 0.80 Respiratory rate = 20/min Tidal volume = 500 mL Which of the following mechanisms is consistent with these values?

usmle-11657

A 23-year-old man comes to the clinic for yellowing of his eyes. The patient has been relatively healthy and just recently started “intermittent fasting” to try to lose weight. He recalls a similar episode 4 years ago when he was recovering from an emergency appendectomy. The patient denies smoking but endorses an episode of binge drinking 2 days ago. He is sexually active with both men and women. His physical examination is unremarkable besides scleral icterus. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-11658

An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after falling from a trampoline and landing on his left arm. On presentation, he is found to be holding his left arm against his chest and says that his arm is extremely painful just above the elbow. Radiographs are obtained showing the finding in figure A. The boy's arm is reduced and placed into a splint pending surgical fixation. If this patient's fracture is associated with a nerve injury, which of the following actions would he most likely be unable to perform in the emergency department?

usmle-11659

A 72-year-old man is brought to your office by his daughter due to concern over recent behavioral changes. Over the last several months he has had increasing difficulty with remembering recent events. She mentions that he is embarrassed due to a new inability to control urination. His medical history is significant for hypertension and insomnia. His medications include alprazolam and hydrochlorothiazide. On physical exam, he is oriented to time and place and thinks his daughter is exaggerating; however, when asked to recall 3 items, the patient refuses to continue the mental status exam. He has 5/5 strength bilaterally. He walks in short strides by sliding his feet across the floor. Which of the following would you expect to see in his patient?

usmle-11660

A 34 year-old-male with a previous diagnosis of Grave’s disease presents for a check-up. Since his diagnosis 4 months ago, the patient’s symptoms have been relatively well-controlled with medications since starting them 3 weeks ago after an initial unsuccessful course of radioiodine ablation. The patient’s complete blood count reveals decreased absolute neutrophils at 450/mL and a slightly decreased hematocrit of 39%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s abnormal laboratory results?

usmle-11661

A 3-year-old girl is brought in by her parents to her pediatrician for concerns about their child’s behavior. Since the parents started taking their child to daycare, they have become concerned that their daughter has not been behaving like other children her age. Most notably, she seldom responds when her name is called at home or at daycare. Additionally, she has been getting in trouble with the day care staff for not following directions but instead demanding to play with the train set at all times. She has been asked numerous times to share the toys, but the patient does not play with the other children. The parents state that the patient was born vaginally following a normal pregnancy, and the patient had been meeting developmental milestones all along. While she does not speak much, she is able to construct sentences up to 4-5 words. On exam, the patient’s temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 106/60 mmHg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 14/min. The patient does not cooperate with gross or fine motor testing, but she appears to have no trouble running around the room and draws very detailed trains with crayons. While drawing and standing, she frequently makes flapping motions with her hands. The patient has ample vocabulary, but speaks in a singsong voice mostly to herself and does not engage during the exam. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-11662

A 32-year-old African-American female comes to clinic complaining of a six-month history of skin changes in her hands. She reports that her skin has been becoming lighter around her nails, and she has had no associated itching, rashes, pain, or any other symptoms. On exam, the patient has scattered depigmented macules and patches in an acral distribution, as shown in Figure A. Wood's lamp exam confirms depigmentation in these patches. There are no other lesions on skin exam. Sensation is within normal limits and symmetric in bilateral upper extremities. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of her disease?

usmle-11663

A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness check-up. She currently does not have any acute complaints besides noticing her “cheeks appear enlarged.” She has noticed that the enlargement is on both sides of the face and is not associated with pain. Medical history is notable for 1 episode of nephrolithiasis that was adequately treated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and hydration. Family history is significant for salivary pleomorphic adenoma in the father and systemic lupus erythematosus in her sister. Her height is 66 in (167.6 cm), weight is 135 lbs (61.2 kg), and body mass index is 21.8 kg/m^2. On physical exam, there is erosion of the enamel of her teeth and skin findings demonstrated in Figure A. She also has bilateral parotid gland enlargement and her cranial nerves are grossly intact. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this patients chief concern?

usmle-11664

A 49-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of weakness and fatigue. He reports that he has started moving slower than normal and has noticed difficulty buttoning up his pants or tying his tie. He is accompanied by his wife who reports that he has started to move more slowly over the past 2 years. He has also become increasingly irritable and has had trouble sleeping. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. He takes enalapril and metformin. His family history is notable for multiple strokes in his mother and father. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, strength is 4+/5 bilaterally in his upper extremities and 4/5 in his lower extremities. Some muscle atrophy is noted in his legs and feet. Patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. He has a tremor in his right hand that diminishes when he is instructed to hold a pen in his hand. He is oriented to person, place and time. He states that he feels depressed but denies suicidal ideation. His physician prescribes multiple medications including a drug that is also indicated in the treatment of prolactinomas. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of this medication?

usmle-11665

A 15-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her mother for an annual well-exam. She is relatively healthy with an unremarkable birth history. She reports no specific concerns except for the fact that her friends “already got their periods and I still haven’t gotten mine.” Her mom reports that she also had her menarche late and told her not to worry. When alone, the patient denies any pain, fevers, weight changes, vaginal discharge, or psychosocial stressors. Physical examination demonstrates a healthy female with a Tanner 4 stage of development of breast, genitalia, and pubic hair. What findings would you expect in this patient?

usmle-11666

A 75 year-old gentleman presents to his general practitioner. He is currently being treated for hypertension and is on a multi-drug regimen. His current blood pressure is 180/100. The physician would like to begin treatment with minoxidil or hydralazine. Which of the following side effects is associated with administration of these drugs?

usmle-11667

A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found disoriented. He has limited ability to communicate in English but indicates that he has left flank pain and a fever. Chart review reveals that he has diabetes and sleep apnea but both are well controlled. He also has a 30-pack-year smoking history and has lost about 20 pounds since his last presentation. Physical exam reveals a bulge in his left scrotum and ultrasound reveals bilateral kidney stones. Which of the following findings is also associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11668

A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a high fever and oxygen desaturation. He had a tracheostomy placed as an infant and has been placed on mechanical ventilation intermittently. Since then, he has had several bouts of pneumonia similar to his current presentation. In addition, he has been deaf since birth but is able to communicate through sign language. He attends school and performs above average for his grade. Physical exam reveals underdeveloped cheekbones, hypoplasia of the mandible, and malformed ears. Abnormal development of which of the following structures is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11669

A 69-year-old gentleman presents to his primary care physician for a check-up. It is the first time he has come to the physician in years. The patient has no significant past medical history and his family history is unknown as he was adopted. Upon obtaining the patient's vitals you notice he has a pulse of 100/minute and a blood pressure of 180/100 mmHg. On physical exam the patient has a ruddy complexion and is obese. The patient is unpleasant and seems to walk with a limp. It is recommended that the patient start an exercise program, the DASH diet, and lose weight. The patient is also started on a drug that affects area 3 of the nephron in Figure A. Which of the following medications is this patient started on?

usmle-11670

A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician’s office with complaints of being tired constantly, which has limited his ability to walk or play with his friends. Physical examination in the physician’s office is normal. Further testing reveals that the patient has a genetic mutation in an enzyme and muscle biopsy shows high levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and low levels of succinyl-CoA as compared to normal. The enzyme that is most likely deficient in this patient requires which of the following as a cofactor?

usmle-11671

A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of a chronic cough. He reports a six-month history of progressively worsening cough and occasional hemoptysis. He has lost ten pounds over the same time frame. His medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He has a 50-pack-year smoking history. A chest radiograph reveals a coin-like central cavitary lesion. Tissue biopsy demonstrates findings consistent with squamous cell carcinoma. The patient is referred to a pulmonologist who starts the patient on a chemotherapeutic drug. However, after several weeks on the drug, the patient develops sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following mechanisms of action is consistent with the most likely medication prescribed in this case?

usmle-11672

A 23-year-old G1P0 with a history of epilepsy gives birth to a male infant at 33 weeks gestation. The mother had no prenatal care and took no prenatal vitamins. The infant appears somnolent and is not crying. The child’s temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 30/min. On physical examination in the delivery room, the child has a membranous pouch extruding over the thoracolumbar spine. His lower extremities are flaccid. A brain MRI is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

usmle-11673

A 2-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician because his parents have noticed that he seems to be getting tired very easily at home. Specifically, they have noticed that he is often panting for breath after walking around the house for a few minutes and that he needs to take naps fairly often throughout the day. He has otherwise been well, and his parents do not recall any recent infections. He was born at home, and his mom did not receive any prenatal care prior to birth. Physical exam reveals a high-pitched, harsh, holosystolic murmur that is best heard at the lower left sternal border. No cyanosis is observed. Which of the following oxygen tension profiles would most likely be seen in this patient? (LV = left ventricle, RV = right ventricle, and SC = systemic circulation).

usmle-11674

A 65-year-old male with a history of CHF presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath, lower leg edema, and fatigue. He is diagnosed with acute decompensated congestive heart failure, was admitted to the CCU, and treated with a medication that targets beta-1 adrenergic receptors preferentially over beta-2 adrenergic receptors. The prescribing physician explained that this medication would only be used temporarily as its efficacy decreases within one week due to receptor downregulation. Which of the following was prescribed?

usmle-11675

A 58-year-old female presents to her dermatologist complaining of a painful skin rash. She reports that the rash is red, itchy, and peeling. She also reports intermittent fatigue, night sweats, and chills. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension and diabetes mellitus for which she takes lisinopril and metformin. She has previously had two irregular skin lesions removed from her face and neck that eventually were shown to be squamous cell carcinoma. She has a 20 pack-year smoking history and drinks several alcoholic beverages per day. Her temperature is 98.9°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals a red rash predominantly found on her trunk and thighs, inguinal lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. A notable physical examination finding is shown in Figure A. A biopsy of this patient's skin would most likely reveal which of the following?

usmle-11676

A 42-year-old male presents to the emergency department due to severe headaches and palpitations. He has had previous episodes of sweating and headache, but this episode was particularly disabling. Upon presentation, he appears pale and diaphoretic. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 162/118 mmHg, pulse is 87/min, and respirations are 20/min. Based on clinical suspicion, an abdominal CT scan is obtained, which shows a retroperitoneal mass. This patient's increased heart rate is most likely due to a change in activity of which of the following channels?

usmle-11677

A 54-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 2-month-history of diarrhea. He says that he feels the urge to defecate 3-4 times per day and that his stools have changed in character since the diarrhea began. Specifically, they now float, stick to the side of the toilet bowl, and smell extremely foul. His past medical history is significant for several episodes of acute pancreatitis secondary to excessive alcohol consumption. His symptoms are found to be due to a deficiency in an enzyme that is resistant to bile salts. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?

usmle-11678

A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been experiencing constipation for the last 6 days. He says that the constipation started 1 day after he started taking an over the counter medication for sinus congestion and a chronic cough. He has no other findings associated with the constipation. His past medical history is significant for seasonal allergies but he is not currently taking any other medications besides the one he reported. Which of the following drugs was most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11679

A 23-year-old man returning from vacation in South America comes to your office complaining of fevers. He had all of his childhood vaccinations, but he did not see a physician for any additional vaccinations or prophylactic medications prior to his trip. He candidly reports that he had sex while on vacation and used condoms. Following additional history and physical exam, you order a microscopic blood exam. The results are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his fevers?

usmle-11680

A 16-year-old boy presents to the emergency room with severe right shoulder pain following a painful overhead swing during a competitive volleyball match. On physical examination, the patient has limited active range of motion of the right shoulder and significant pain with passive motion. Suspecting a rotator cuff injury, the physician obtains an MRI, which indicates a minor tear in the tendon of the rotator cuff muscle that is innervated by the axillary nerve. Which of the following muscles was affected?

usmle-11681

A 72-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of increased urinary frequency and a weakened urinary stream. He has a history of gout, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. He currently takes allopurinol, metformin, glyburide, and rosuvastatin. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals an enlarged, non-tender prostate without nodules or masses. An ultrasound reveals a uniformly enlarged prostate that is 40mL in size. His physician starts him on a new medication. After taking the first dose, the patient experiences lightheadedness upon standing and has a syncopal event. Which of the following mechanisms of action is most consistent with the medication in question?

usmle-11682

A 34-year-old G1P0 woman presents to her obstetrician for follow-up after a spontaneous abortion. Two months prior, while at 16 weeks’ gestation, she developed vaginal bleeding with passage of products of conception. She underwent treatment with misoprostol at that time and stopped having vaginal bleeding after a few days. She reports that she feels well despite a minor cough and is currently on her menstrual period. Her past medical history is notable for obesity. She works as an accountant and drinks socially. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, dry rales are heard diffusely throughout the bilateral lungs. Beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels are 45,000 mIU/ml. A chest radiograph is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?

usmle-11683

A 71-year-old man from Puerto Rico presents to the emergency department with a 2-week history of abdominal pain. He does not speak much English so his family explains that he has been complaining of intermittent pain that is not associated with any particular actions. Furthermore, his family is concerned because he has been having weight loss and blood in his stool for 3 months. The physician explains that there is a concern for colon cancer and that a colonoscopy is required to evaluate his condition further. The family is afraid that the news will upset the patient so they ask that they be allowed to make healthcare decisions on the patient's behalf. They explain that this is the way that their culture handles medical decisions. What should the physician do in this situation?

usmle-11684

A 16-year-old male presents to his pediatrician with a sore throat. He reports a severely painful throat preceded by several days of malaise and fatigue. He has a history of seasonal allergies and asthma. The patient is a high school student and is on the school wrestling team. He takes cetirizine and albuterol. His temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals splenomegaly and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory analysis reveals the following: Serum: Na+: 145 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 12 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Mg2+: 2.0 mEq/L Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Glucose: 77 mg/dL Hemoglobin: 17 g/dL Hematocrit: 47% Mean corpuscular volume: 90 µm3 Reticulocyte count: 1.0% Platelet count: 250,000/mm3 Leukocyte count: 13,000/mm3 Neutrophil: 45% Lymphocyte: 42% Monocyte: 12% Eosinophil: 1% Basophil: 0% Which of the following cell surface markers is bound by the pathogen responsible for this patient’s condition?

usmle-11685

A 34-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with a fever. She developed worsening malaise and diaphoresis over the past 48 hours. Her maximum temperature was 102°F (38.9°C) taken the night before presentation. Her past medical history is notable for major depressive disorder, obesity, fibromyalgia, and severe tension headaches. She previously took paroxetine for a 2-month trial but switched to citalopram 6 months ago as she did not feel like paroxetine was adequately helping her symptoms. Her mood has been stable on her current dose of citalopram. She takes ibuprofen for her headaches but previously borrowed a friend’s headache medication when her headaches became very severe. Of note, she has been trying to lose weight and recently started taking an amino acid supplement at the suggestion of her nephew who is a nutritionist. She is also trying out a new low-carbohydrate diet. She works as a nurse at a local primary care clinic. Her temperature is 101.5°F (38.6°C), blood pressure is 144/80 mmHg, pulse is 108/min, and respirations are 22/min. She is diaphoretic and shivering. Patellar and brachioradialis reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Tone is increased in her bilateral upper and lower extremities. Rapid dorsiflexion of her right ankle elicits 3 beats of clonus. Pupils are equally round and reactive to light. A basic metabolic panel is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely inciting factor for this patient’s condition?

usmle-11686

A 73-year-old woman is brought in by her daughter stating that her mom has become increasingly forgetful and has trouble remembering recent events. Her memory for remote events is remarkably intact. The patient is no longer able to cook for herself as she frequently leaves the stove on unattended. She has recently been getting lost in her neighborhood even though she has lived there for 30 years. Her mood is not depressed. Decreased activity in which of the following areas of the brain is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?

usmle-11687

A 7-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for concern of general fatigue and recurrent abdominal pain. You learn that his medical history is otherwise unremarkable and that these symptoms started about 3 months ago after they moved to a different house. Based on clinical suspicion labs are obtained that reveal a microcytic anemia with high-normal levels of ferritin. Examination of a peripheral blood smear shows findings that are demonstrated in the figure provided. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism responsible for the anemia in this patient?

usmle-11688

A 76-year-old man is brought to the hospital after having a stroke. Head CT is done in the emergency department and shows intracranial hemorrhage. Upon arrival to the ED he is verbally non-responsive and withdraws only to pain. He does not open his eyes. He is transferred to the medical ICU for further management and intubated for airway protection. During his second day in the ICU, his blood pressure is measured as 91/54 mmHg and pulse is 120/min. He is given fluids and antibiotics, but he progresses to renal failure and his mental status deteriorates. The physicians in the ICU ask the patient’s family what his wishes are for end-of-life care. His wife tells the team that she is durable power of attorney for the patient and provides appropriate documentation. She mentions that he did not have a living will, but she believes that he would want care withdrawn in this situation, and therefore asks the team to withdraw care at this point. The patient’s daughter vehemently disagrees and believes it is in the best interest of her father, the patient, to continue all care. Based on this information, what is the best course of action for the physician team?

usmle-11689

A 10-year-old boy presents to your office with puffy eyes. The patient's mother states that his eyes seem abnormally puffy and thinks he may have an eye infection. Additionally, he had a sore throat a week ago which resolved with over the counter medications. The mother also thought that his urine was darker than usual and is concerned that blood may be present. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 107/62 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for bilateral periorbital edema. Cranial nerves are grossly intact bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely finding on renal biopsy for this patient

usmle-11690

A 5-year-old boy is brought into the primary care clinic due to 3 days of progressive lethargy. About a week ago, he developed a mild respiratory infection, which resolved quickly without treatment. Since then, he has appeared pale and fatigued. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor and an enlarged spleen. A peripheral blood smear is obtained with the result shown in Figure A. Based on clinical suspicion, a genetic test is performed and reveals a mutation in band 3. Which of the following lab tests would most likely be elevated in this patient?

usmle-11691

A 28-year-old male presents to trauma surgery clinic after undergoing an exploratory laparotomy, femoral intramedullary nail, and femoral artery vascular repair 3 months ago. He suffered multiple gunshot wounds as a victim of a drive-by shooting. He is progressing well with well-healed surgical incisions on examination. He states during his clinic visit that he has been experiencing 6 weeks of nightmares where he "relives the day he was shot." The patient also endorses 6 weeks of flashbacks to "the shooter pointing the gun at him" during the daytime as well. He states that he has had difficulty sleeping and cannot concentrate when performing tasks. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-11692

A 75-year-old man comes to his primary care physician because he has been having diarrhea and difficulty breathing. The diarrhea has been intermittent with frequent watery stools that occur along with abdominal cramps. Furthermore, the skin on his face and upper chest feels hot and changes color in episodes lasting from a few minutes to hours. Finally, the patient complains of loss of appetite and says that he has unexpectedly lost 20 pounds over the last two months. Based on clinical suspicion, magnetic resonance imaging is obtained showing a small mass in this patient's lungs. Which of the following is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11693

A 63-year-old woman presents to her rheumatologist in May with fatigue. Over the past month, she has noted worsening fatigue and an inability to keep up with her young grandchildren. She has noticed that her symptoms get worse when she gets into a hot tub or is outside for too long. She has a longstanding history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and tried to taper her medications about 6 months ago, as she felt that they were no longer necessary. She has a 15-pack-year smoking history and drinks 3-4 glasses of wine per week. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 127/78 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she is alert, oriented, and appropriately interactive. She has icteric sclera and mild splenomegaly. A peripheral blood smear is shown in Figure A. Laboratory findings are shown below: Hemoglobin: 11.0 g/dL Hematocrit: 32% Leukocyte count: 6,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3 This condition is characterized by which of the following?

usmle-11694

A 54-year-old African American male presents to the emergency department with 1 day history of severe headaches. He has a history of poorly controlled hypertension and notes he hasn't been taking his antihypertensive medications. His temperature is 100.1 deg F (37.8 deg C), blood pressure is 190/90 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 15/min. He is started on a high concentration sodium nitroprusside infusion and transferred to the intensive care unit. His blood pressure eventually improves over the next two days and his headache resolves, but he becomes confused and tachycardic. Labs reveal a metabolic acidosis. Which of the following is the best treatment?

usmle-11695

A 4-year-old child is rushed to the emergency department after developing sudden abdominal pain followed by nausea, vomiting, and dark, almost black-colored stool. Prior to the onset of symptoms, he was seen playing with his mother’s purse containing a bottle of vitamin supplements, which she takes for chronic microcytic anemia. Which of the following medications is the treatment for this patient's intoxication?

usmle-11696

A 47-year-old woman presents to the physician with complaints of fatigue accompanied by symmetric pain, swelling, and stiffness in her wrists, fingers, knees, and other joints. She describes the stiffness as being particularly severe upon awakening, but gradually improves as she moves throughout her day. Her physician initially suggests that she take NSAIDs. However, after a few months of minimal symptomatic improvement, she is prescribed an immunosuppressive drug that has a mechanism of preventing IL-2 transcription. What is the main toxicity that the patient must be aware of with this particular class of drugs?

usmle-11697

A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents after they found him to be lethargic and febrile. His current symptoms started 1 week ago and initially consisted of a sore throat and a runny nose. He subsequently developed a fever and productive cough that has become worse over time. Notably, this patient has previously presented with pneumonia and gastroenteritis 8 times since he was born. On presentation, the patient's temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, pulse is 152/min, and respirations are 38/min. Based on clinical suspicion, an antibody panel is obtained and the results show low levels of IgG and IgA relative to the level of IgM. The expression of which of the following genes is most likely abnormal in this patient?

usmle-11698

A 35-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of joint pain for the past year. She reports joint swelling and pain that is especially worse in the morning at her wrists bilaterally. She also complains of a facial rash (shown in Figure A) within the past week, but attributed it to her new face wash. Otherwise, the patient denies any fever, weight changes, ulcers, gastrointestinal issues, or fatigue. She does not take any medications. What antibody would be the most specific to her disease?

usmle-11699

A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain and a pulsatile abdominal mass. Further examination of the mass shows that it is an abdominal aortic aneurysm. A computed tomography scan with contrast reveals an incidental finding of a horseshoe kidney, and the surgeon is informed of this finding prior to operating on the aneurysm. Which of the following may complicate the surgical approach in this patient?

usmle-11700

A 80-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with complaints that he "can’t control his left leg”. His symptoms started a few hours ago. He was outside taking a walk with his wife when suddenly his leg shot out and kicked her. His past medical history is notable for diabetes, hypertension, and a myocardial infarction 5 years ago. He smokes 1-2 cigarettes/day. He does not use alcohol or illicit drugs. On exam, the patient has intermittent wide, flinging movements that affect his proximal left arm. Which of the following parts of his brain is most likely damaged?

usmle-11701

A 60-year-old African American male with a history of AIDS presents to the emergency room complaining of a headache. He reports a two-week history of progressively worsening diffuse headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, and confusion. His past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and major depressive disorder. He takes metformin, glyburide, hydrochlorothiazide, sertraline, and anti-retroviral therapy but admits to not taking his medications regularly. He has a history of intravenous drug use and a 25 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 100.6°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals mild neck stiffness. Strength, sensation, and reflexes are normal in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Findings from a stained blood smear are shown in Figure A. A brain MRI and lumbar puncture are planned. Which of the following findings on brain MRI is most consistent with this patient’s condition?

usmle-11702

A 6-year-old boy presents to your office with loss of his peripheral vision. His mother discovered this because he was almost struck by a vehicle that "he couldn't see at all". In addition, he has been complaining of a headache for the last several weeks and had an episode of vomiting 2 days ago. He has a family history of migraines in his mother and grandmother. He is currently in the 80th percentile for height and weight. On physical exam his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 19/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. He is uncooperative for the rest of the physical exam. During workup, a lesion is found in this patient. Which of the following would most likely be seen during histopathologic analysis?

usmle-11703

A 32-year-old man presents to his primary care provider reporting weakness. He recently noticed that he has difficulty letting go of a doorknob or releasing his hand after shaking hands with others. His past medical history is notable for diabetes, for which he takes metformin. He drinks 2-3 beers per day, uses marijuana occasionally, and works as a security guard. His family history is notable for an early cardiac death in his father. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, there is notable muscle atrophy in his hands, feet, and neck. He has delayed hand grip release bilaterally and is slow to return from a smile to a neutral facial expression. His gait is normal, and Romberg's test is negative. He also has frontal balding. This patient’s condition is caused by a mutation in which of the following genes?

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A 6-year-old boy presents to a pediatrician for initial evaluation. He was recently adopted from abroad and his parents want to establish care in the United States. His medical history is unclear and there are no records on any family history. On presentation, he is found to fall below the 5th percentile in height for his age with shortened 4th and 5th digits. Physical exam reveals wrist spasms when his blood pressure is taken. Radiographs reveal decreased bone mineral density and several healing fractures. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely associated with this patient's presentation?

usmle-11705

A 37-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of bilateral arm numbness. He was involved in a motor vehicle accident 3 months ago. His past medical history is notable for obesity and psoriatic arthritis. He takes adalimumab. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, superficial skin ulcerations are found on his fingers bilaterally. His strength is 5/5 bilaterally in shoulder abduction, arm flexion, arm extension, wrist extension, finger abduction, and thumb flexion. He demonstrates loss of light touch and pinprick response in the distal tips of his 2nd and 5th fingertips and over the first dorsal web space. Vibratory sense is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Which of the following nervous system structures is most likely affected in this patient?

usmle-11706

A 21-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for evaluation of a red rash. The rash covers her palms as well as the extensor aspects of her forearms and legs. She says that the rash is very itchy but not painful. She has never experienced this kind of rash before but thinks that it may be related to a fever she experienced 2 weeks prior to presentation. She did not seek medical attention at the time so she doesn't know the exact nature of the infection. Physical exam reveals raised lesions that appear as in Figure A. Rubbing of the skin does not lead to any skin separation. No blisters, fluid leakage, or areas of necrosis are observed. Which of the following describes an organism that is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11707

A 41-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with chest pain. She has had progressive substernal chest pain accompanied by weakness and mild shortness of breath for the past 2 hours. Her past medical history is notable for poorly controlled systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren syndrome, and interstitial lung disease. She was hospitalized last year with pericarditis presumed to be from SLE. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 106/56 mmHg, pulse is 132/min, and respirations are 26/min. On exam, the skin overlying the internal jugular vein fills at 9 cm above the sternal angle and distant heart sounds are appreciated. There is no friction rub. She is given 1000cc of intravenous fluids with no appreciable change in her blood pressure. An electrocardiogram in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings?

usmle-11708

A 36-year-old recent immigrant from India presents with a face similar to that seen in the image A. Examination of his face reveals skin that is thick and contains many lesions. The patient complains that he has experienced a loss of sensation in his toes and fingertips, which has caused him to injure himself often. Biopsy of the skin is likely to reveal bacteria that are:

usmle-11709

A 45-year-old man with a 15-pack-year smoking history is referred for pulmonary function testing. On physical exam, he appears barrel-chested and mildly overweight, but breathes normally. Which of the following tests will most accurately measure his total lung capacity?

usmle-11710

A 22-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of neck stiffness. He reports that his neck started “locking” three hours ago. He is now unable to move it. His past medical history is notable for schizophrenia and asthma and he currently takes albuterol as well as another medication whose name he does not remember. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. On physical examination, the patient appears anxious and diaphoretic. He speaks in full sentences and is oriented to person, place, and time. The patient’s neck is flexed and rotated to the right approximately 40 degrees. The right sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are firm and contracted. Extraocular movements are full and intact. Upon further questioning, he reports that he took more medication four hours ago because he was hearing voices. Which of the following should most likely be administered to this patient?

usmle-11711

A 59-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with severe low back pain. She reports pain radiating down her left leg into her left foot. She also reports intermittent severe lower back spasms. The pain started after lifting multiple heavy boxes at her work as a grocery store clerk. She denies bowel or bladder dysfunction. Her past medical history is notable for osteoporosis and endometrial cancer. She underwent a hysterectomy 20 years earlier. She takes alendronate. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 22/min. Her BMI is 21 kg/m^2. On exam, she is unable to bend over due to pain. Her movements are slowed to prevent exacerbating her muscle spasms. A straight leg raise elicits severe radiating pain into her left lower extremity. The patient reports that the pain is worst along the posterior thigh and posterolateral leg into the fourth and fifth toes. Palpation along the lumbar vertebral spines demonstrates mild tenderness. Patellar reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. The Achilles reflex is decreased on the left. Which nerve root is most likely affected in this patient?

usmle-11712

A 35-year-old woman presents to her physician with a complaint of pain and stiffness in her hands. She says that the pain began 6 weeks ago a few days after she had gotten over a minor upper respiratory infection. She admits that the pain is worse in the morning, and she occasionally notes subjective fever but has not taken her temperature. She also admits that her appetite has mildly decreased, but she denies any change in weight. The pain is partially alleviated by ibuprofen, but she has been unsatisfied with the results. She is concerned about her condition as it makes caring for her two young children very difficult. Temperature is 99.4°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 119/73 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination demonstrates swelling and tenderness over the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints bilaterally. Bilateral radiographs of the hands demonstrate mild periarticular osteopenia around the left fifth metacarpophalangeal joint. Which of the following is the next best step in management of this patient's acute symptoms?

usmle-11713

A 35-year-old male is picked up by paramedics presenting with respiratory depression, pupillary constriction, and seizures. Within a few minutes, the male dies. On autopsy, fresh tracks marks are seen on both arms. Administration of which of the following medications would have been appropriate for this patient?

usmle-11714

A 35-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of shortness of breath. She reports a six-month history of worsening dyspnea on exertion and dry cough. She was previously able to run several miles straight but now becomes out of breath after walking a couple city blocks. She denies any prior history of asthma and she takes no medications. She has never smoked and drinks alcohol occasionally. Her family history is notable for cirrhosis in her father. Lung auscultation reveals bilateral rhonchi. Spirometry is notable for an FEV1/FVC ratio of 60%. A chest radiograph is shown in Figure A. A liver biopsy of this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings?

usmle-11715

A 33-year-old woman presents to her physician's office for a postpartum check-up. She gave birth to a 38-week-old boy via an uncomplicated vaginal delivery 3 weeks ago and has been exclusively breastfeeding her son. The hormone most responsible for promoting milk let-down during lactation in this new mother would lead to the greatest change in the level of which of the following factors?

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A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 1-month history of occasional lightheadedness. He says that the episodes occur several times per week and resolve after he lies down. He also says that he has been experiencing palpitations in addition to mild chest discomfort. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes for which he takes lisinopril and metformin. He also had bilateral hip replacement operations 5 years ago without any significant complications. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained, and the results are shown in Figure A. Which of the following characteristics describes the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11717

A 51-year-old woman goes to respiratory function testing in order to evaluate her shortness of breath. She recently joined a walking program with her friends in order to lose weight; however, she noticed that she was not able to keep up with her friends during the program. She has a 60-pack-year history of smoking as well as hypertension well-controlled on medication. The following represent the parameters for this patient's respiratory anatomy and function: Vital capacity (VC): 5,000 mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): 2,500 mL Functional reserve capacity (FRC): 2,700 mL Residual volume (RV): 1,000 mL Upper airway volume: 100 mL Conducting airway volume: 125 mL Inspired CO2 pressure (PiCO2): 1 mmHg Arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2): 50 mmHg Expired CO2 pressure (PeCO2): 20 mmHg Which of the following best represents the total volume of gas in this patient's airways and lungs that does not participate in gas exchange?

usmle-11718

A 17-year-old boy presents for a psychotherapy session after finding out that his girlfriend has been carrying on another relationship with someone else. He expresses rage and complains of difficulty focusing on his upcoming high school comedy club routines and upcoming track meet. His therapist, while explaining the concept of defense mechanisms, describes some hypothetical examples related to the situation. Which of the following potential actions by this patient would be an example of sublimation?

usmle-11719

A 16-year-old healthy female presents to her pediatrician concerned that she has not had a menstrual period. She has no past medical history and takes no medications. She plays volleyball and gets good grades in school. Her BMI is 22 kg/m2. Physical examination reveals normal female external genitalia and pubic hair along the mons pubis and superomedial thighs. Her breasts appear normal. Transabdominal ultrasound reveals an absent uterus. Serum testosterone levels is within the normal range for females. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?

usmle-11720

You are a resident in the surgical ICU. One of the patients you are covering is a 35-year-old pregnant G1P0 in her first trimester admitted for complicated appendicitis and awaiting appendectomy. Your attending surgeon would like you to start the patient on moxifloxacin IV preoperatively. You remember from your obstetrics clerkship, however, that moxifloxacin is Pregnancy Category C, and animal studies have shown that immature animals exposed to flouroquinolones like moxifloxicin may experience cartilage damage. You know that there are potentially safer antibiotics, such as piperacillin/tazobactam, which is in Pregnancy Category B. What should you do?

usmle-11721

A 12-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician for a routine checkup. He and his family immigrated from Pakistan to the United States when he was 9 years of age. Per his mother, he had measles when he was 4 years of age and a high fever following a sore throat at the age 7. He received all appropriate vaccinations when he arrived in the United States. He takes no medications. He does well academically and plays soccer in a recreational league. He was born at 38 weeks gestation. His temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is a healthy boy in no apparent distress. Breath sounds are equal bilaterally with good aeration. Fixed splitting of the second heart sound is noted on auscultation. Without adequate treatment, this patient will be at increased risk for developing which of the following?

usmle-11722

A 30-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of upper extremity numbness. He was involved in a head-on motor vehicle collision approximately four months ago. He reports that he has noticed progressive bilateral upper extremity numbness since the accident. On physical exam, he has decreased sensation to pain and temperature in his bilateral upper extremities. Strength is 5/5 in bilateral shoulder abduction, arm flexion and extension, and wrist flexion and extension. Proprioception and vibratory sense are intact. There is preservation of light touch, vibratory sense, and proprioception in the upper extremities bilaterally. An examination of his lower extremities reveals no abnormalities. An MRI of the cervicothoracic spinal cord is shown (Figure A). Compression of which of the following structures most likely led to this presentation?

usmle-11723

A 39-year-old woman with poorly controlled systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents to her rheumatologist for a follow-up visit. She has had intermittent myalgias, arthralgias, fatigue, and skin rashes over the past 10 years that have acutely worsened over the past year. She works as a school teacher but reports that she has had to miss several days of work due to her symptoms. She has been on hydroxychloroquine for several years but does not feel that it is adequately controlling her symptoms. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she is well-appearing and in no acute distress. She has erythematous, raised plaques with keratotic scaling and follicular plugging on her hands. The physician decides to trial the patient on low-dose prednisone to better control her symptoms. At 2 months of follow-up, she reports that her flares have subsided and she has been able to return to work full-time. If this patient continues this medication regimen, she will be at an elevated risk for developing which of the following?

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A 59-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with fatigue. He has been seen in the emergency room 5 times in the past 2 years for acute alcohol intoxication. His past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus and gout. He takes metformin, glyburide, and allopurinol. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 16/min. He is in no acute distress. A positive fluid wave is noted. The dorsal surface of the tongue is depapillated, and there are erythematous swollen patches at the oral commissures. A complete blood count and iron studies are reported below: Hemoglobin: 12.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 6,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 170,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 70 um^3 Iron: 250 ug/dL Ferritin: 300 ng/mL Total iron binding capacity: 200 mcg/dL^3 Which of the following findings is most likely to be seen in this patient?

usmle-11725

A 17-year-old girl presents to her dermatologist for treatment of severe acne vulgaris pictured in Figure A. She has tried multiple topical and oral treatments but has been unsatisfied with the results. She reports feeling self conscious about her appearance, and would like to resolve her acne before she begins her undergraduate studies in the fall. One of her friends recently completed a course of oral isotretinoin for acne vulgaris, and she asks if she would be a candidate for the therapy. The risks and benefits of the treatment are reviewed with the patient, and an in-office urine pregnancy test is negative. Isotretinoin is commenced. Which of the following is a potential consequence of this treatment?

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An 8-year old boy is brought into clinic for evaluation of possible scoliosis that was newly found on a routine exam at school. On exam, he is also noted to be in the 99th percentile for height and 70th percentile for weight. He appears to have abnormally long extremities as well as an upward lens dislocation on ophthalmologic exam. A mutation leading to a defect in which of the following proteins is the most likely cause of his condition?

usmle-11727

A 60-year-old woman with a history of emphysema has been referred by her pulmonologist for follow-up pulmonary function testing. During the test, the patient reaches a point where her airway pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Which of the following is most likely to be found during this respiratory state?

usmle-11728

A 20-year-old male is brought to a psychiatrist by his parents for bizarre behavior. His parents report that over the past two semesters in school, his personality and behavior have changed noticeably. He refuses to leave his room because he believes people are spying on him. He hears voices that are persecutory and is convinced that people at school have chips implanted in their brains to spy on him. Screenings for depression and mania are negative. His past medical history is unremarkable. His family history is notable for a maternal uncle with bipolar disorder. He does not drink alcohol or smoke. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, he appears to be responding to internal stimuli. Which of the following pathways is primarily responsible for these symptoms?

usmle-11729

A 31-year-old man presents to his physician with a 4-month history of progressive shortness of breath with exertion. He works for a moving company and is concerned that he will not be able to continue working due to this shortness of breath. His past medical history is significant for childhood asthma but he has not experienced symptoms from asthma for 10 years prior to presentation. He also notes that he gets very frequent nosebleeds, but was not found to have any coagulation disorders on prior workup. Physical exam reveals some clubbing of the fingers and the findings shown in Figure A. Administration of albuterol has no effect on the patient's shortness of breath. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient's shortness of breath?

usmle-11730

A 3-year-old boy presents to an urgent care clinic with his mother. She states that his behavior has been lethargic for the past 3 days. She also notes that he has had a runny nose, mild cough, and sore throat during this time. She does not believe that he has been febrile. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 105/67 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 18/min, and SpO2 97% on room air. Which nucleic acid structure most accurately describes the most likely virus responsible for this boy’s clinical condition?

usmle-11731

A 54-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because of palpitations and diarrhea. He says that the symptoms have been getting worse over time, and he has also felt uncomfortably hot at work. His wife says that she noticed he has become jumpier and that he has been eating more despite losing weight over time. On physical exam, he has hyperactive reflexes and warm and moist skin. A soft painless lump is also felt on the right side of his neck. An imaging study is performed and the result is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11732

A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency room by his daughter due to slurred speech and a drooping eyelid on the right side. This morning, he had difficulty eating his breakfast and immediately called his daughter for help. She says that his voice also seems different. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 98% on room air. On physical exam, he is oriented to time and place. There is right-sided nystagmus and he has difficulty with point-to-point movement. Where is the lesion responsible for his symptoms most likely located?

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A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 4-week history of back pain. He says that the pain does not appear to be associated with activity and is somewhat relieved by taking an NSAID. Furthermore, he says that he has had increasing difficulty trying to urinate. His past medical history is significant for kidney stones and a 30-pack-year smoking history. Radiographs reveal osteoblastic lesions in the spine. Which of the following drugs would most likely be effective in treating this patient's disease?

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A 64-year-old gentleman with hypertension is started on a new diuretic medication by his primary care physician because of poor blood pressure control on his previous regimen. Before starting, he is warned by his physician that the new medication may have side effects including hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Furthermore it may cause alterations in his metabolites such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia. What is the mechanism of the class of diuretic most likely being recommended by the physician?

usmle-11735

A 35-year-old woman presents as a new patient to a primary care physician. She hasn't seen a doctor in many years and came in for a routine check-up. She has no specific complaints, although she has occasional shortness of breath with mild activity. On physical exam, her vital signs are as follows: HR 80, BP 110/70, RR 14. On auscultation, her lungs are clear with equal breath sounds bilaterally. When listening over the precordium, the physician hears a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur that is loudest over the apex. Valsalva increases the murmur. Which of the following is NOT a possible complication of this patient's underlying problem?

usmle-11736

A 42-year-old man is referred for an endocrinology consult because of decreased triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels. He presented to the emergency department 1 week prior to this consultation with pneumonia and was admitted to a medicine service for management of his infection. He has since recovered from his infection after intravenous antibiotic administration. He currently has no symptoms and denies feeling cold or lethargic. A panel of laboratory tests are obtained with the following results: Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 4.7 µU/mL Thyroxine (T4): 6 µg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3): 68 ng/dL Which of the following additional findings would most likely also be seen in this patient?

usmle-11737

A 6-year-old boy with a history of multiple fractures is brought to his pediatrician by his mother, because she is concerned her child cannot hear her. On physical exam, kyphoscoliosis, poor dentition, bowing of long bones, and conductive hearing loss is noted. On genetic analysis, the patient has a COL1A1 gene mutation. The defect found in this patient is most likely associated with impaired formation of which of the following?

usmle-11738

A 14-year-old girl with a history of severe persistent asthma presents to her pediatrician after a recent hospital discharge for asthma exacerbation. Her mother is concerned that her daughter continues to wheeze and cough multiple nights per week. She is also concerned that her daughter frequently uses the bathroom to urinate despite no recent change in her diet. She has allergies to pollen and shellfish, but her mother denies any recent exposure. The patient's medications include albuterol, salmeterol, and both inhaled and oral prednisone. What alternative drug can the pediatrician recommend for this patient?

usmle-11739

A 4-year-old boy is brought in to his pediatrician by his mother because of several days of fever, irritability, and ear pain. His mother says that she was particularly concerned about his complaints of difficulty hearing and dizziness. Physical exam reveals a bulging tympanic membrane. As the pediatrician does the examination, she explains to the medical student accompanying her that the lining of the infected area is derived from the endodermal component of a certain embryological structure. The mesodermal component at the same level is most likely responsible for the development of which of the following structures?

usmle-11740

A 4-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician for a physical prior to beginning a preschool program. He is found to be delayed in reaching normal childhood cognitive and social milestones, which is consistent with observations at previous check-ups. Physically, he is also found to be significantly overweight with hypogonadism. Notably, the boy was limp when he was born and did not have a normal motor response to stimuli. Elevated levels of a gastrointestinal hormone are associated with the cause of this patient's weight gain. The hormone that is most responsible for causing the weight gain is produced in which of the following cell types?

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A 58-year-old woman with refractory gastrointestinal complaints undergoes a bowel biopsy. On histology, the pathologist observes that submucosal glands of Brunner are present in the specimen. Which portion of the bowel was most likely biopsied?

usmle-11742

A 69-year-old smoker presents to physician after noticing that his face seems to be more swollen than usual. Upon further questioning, he reports increasing shortness of breath and cough over the past 6 months. On exam, his physician notices venous distention in his neck and distended veins in the upper chest and arms. Chest radiograph shows a right upper lobe mass. What is the embryologic origin of the vessel being compressed by this patient's tumor?

usmle-11743

A 25-year-old nulliparous woman presents to her gynecologist complaining of recurrent menstrual pain. She reports a 4-month history of pelvic pain that occurs during her periods. It is more severe than her typical menstrual cramps and sometimes occurs when she is not on her period. She also complains of pain during intercourse. Her periods occur every 28-30 days. Her past medical history is notable for kyphoscoliosis requiring spinal fusion and severe acne rosacea. She takes trans-tretinoin and has a copper intra-uterine device. Her family history is notable for ovarian cancer in her mother and endometrial cancer in her paternal grandmother. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she appears healthy and is in no acute distress. A bimanual examination demonstrates a normal sized uterus and a tender right adnexal mass. Her intrauterine device is well-positioned. What is the underlying cause of this patient’s condition?

usmle-11744

A 36-year-old woman comes to the clinic for rashes on her elbows. The patient reports that the lesions have been present for the past 4 months and have been intermittently itchy. She is bothered by them as she works in luxury retail. Her past medical history is significant for asthma. She reports occasional episodes of wheezing that requires using her albuterol inhaler about 2 times per month. A physical examination demonstrates the following in Figure A and can be seen bilaterally on the elbows. What other conditions can you expect to see in this patient?

usmle-11745

A 56-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe epigastric pain that began an hour prior to presentation. He describes the pain as sharp, 10/10 in severity, and radiating to the back. Swallowing worsens the pain and causes him to cough. Before the pain started, he had been vomiting multiple times per day for the past week. The emesis was yellow and he denied ever seeing blood. Medical history is significant for poorly controlled hypertension, type II diabetes, alcohol use disorder, and 2 prior hospitalizations for acute pancreatitis. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 35 years, denies illicit drug use, and drinks 3 pints of vodka per day. On physical exam, there is mediastinal crackling in synchrony with cardiac contraction on cardiac auscultation in the left lateral decubitus position. Laboratory testing is significant for leukocytosis. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this patient’s symptoms?

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A 68-year-old African American male presents to his primary care provider complaining of progressively worsening back pain. The pain is localized to the lower back and sometimes wakes him up from sleep. He has a history of hypertension and admits to a 50 pack-year smoking history. Further questioning reveals that he has also experienced fatigue and an unintentional weight loss of 18 pounds over the past year. Laboratory analysis is notable for an elevated alkaline phosphatase. A radiograph of the patient’s spine demonstrates multiple sclerotic lesions in the lumbar vertebral bodies. Which of the following tests would most likely confirm the diagnosis in this patient?

usmle-11747

A 34-year-old G1P0 woman gives birth to a male infant at 35 weeks gestation. The child demonstrates a strong cry and moves all his arms and legs upon birth. Respirations are slow and irregular. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 100/55 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 18/min. At a follow up appointment, the physician notices that the infant’s torso and upper extremities are pink while his lower extremities have a bluish hue. Which of the following will most likely be heard on auscultation of the patient’s chest?

usmle-11748

A 58-year-old male with metastatic prostate cancer presents to the emergency department with acute onset of right-sided weakness. An MRI of the brain reveals a large acute infarct in the left parietal lobe. A cerebral angiogram reveals the following (Figure A). The patient’s left lower extremity is found to be edematous compared to the right side, and thrombosis of the left popliteal vein is confirmed on Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremities. Which of the following physical exam finding is most likely to be found in this patient?

usmle-11749

A 51-year-old African American man with a history of poorly controlled hypertension presents to the emergency room with blurry vision and dyspnea. He reports rapid-onset blurred vision and difficulty breathing 4 hours prior to presentation. He takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and spironolactone but has a history of poor medication compliance. He has a 50 pack-year smoking history and drinks 4-6 shots of vodka per day. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 195/115 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he is ill-appearing and pale. He is intermittently responsive and oriented to person but not place or time. Fundoscopic examination reveals swelling of the optic disc with blurred margins. A biopsy of this patient’s kidney would most likely reveal which of the following?

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A 25-year-old man with a genetic disorder presents for genetic counseling because he is concerned about the risk that any children he has will have the same disease as himself. Specifically, since childhood he has had difficulty breathing requiring bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and chest physiotherapy. He has also had diarrhea and malabsorption requiring enzyme replacement therapy. If his wife comes from a population where 1 in 10,000 people are affected by this same disorder, which of the following best represents the likelihood a child would be affected as well?