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In his preface to A Man for All Seasons, playwright Robert Bolt describes protagonist Thomas More as a man with an adamantine sense of his own self. He knew where he began and left off… but at length he was asked to retreat from that final area where he located his self. And there this supple, humorous, unassuming and sophisticated person… was overtaken by an absolutely primitive rigor, and could no more be budged than a cliff. “Adamantine”—unyielding, impervious, diamond-like—befits the real Thomas More who, as councilor to King Henry VIII, was convicted of treason and beheaded in 1535. He would not sign the First Succession Act, which was anti-papal authority, anti-Catherine of Aragon (including daughter Mary—fathered by Henry VIII), and pro-Princess Elizabeth (still in Anne Boleyn’s womb). At the formal Catholic level, More is the patron of statesmen and politicians; in the pews, he is a defender of marriage and family. The Beauty of Marriage and Family—Anglican Style The Anglican bishops at the Lambeth Conference of 1920 were also diamond-like. Compared to the grimy, banal, all-purpose language used today, they spoke of marriage with an eloquence and directness that is, in a word, lustrous: The fellowship between man and woman in marriage was the earliest which God gave to the human race…. What our Lord adds about marriage is not given as new legislation, but as a declaration of God’s original purpose. The man and his wife are no longer twain, but one flesh: and those whom God has joined together, man is not to put asunder…. [God] will work, as those who wait for Him well know, the miracle by which the two lives become one, yet so that each life becomes greater and better than it could have been alone. (Lambeth Conferences—1867-1930; [SPCK, 1948], 29) By contrast, the Catholic world—up until the watershed-year 1968—saw few lines about the unifying woof in the warp and woof of marriage. In Pius XI’s Casti Connubii (1930), for example, love’s primary purpose is to help husband and wife form and perfect their interior life so “they may advance ever more and more in virtue, and above all that they may grow in true love toward God and their neighbor” (23). In order of emphasis, Pius XI puts procreation first, conjugal honor (based on mutual fidelity) second, and spousal love third. But the Anglican bishops, having set the stage with the “oneness” of marriage, continue with the importance of procreation: But marriage is not ordained only to give opportunity for the development of those two lives in unity. It has essentially the aim of bringing other lives into the world. Its indissolubility should secure to the children continued care and love of both their parents, so long as they live. The State’s obvious interest in the children should lead it to preserve the strictness of marriage law. (LC, 30) Beautifully put—clarity and resolve. One is not surprised, then, when the bishops set forth unequivocal resolutions. In a section called, “Problems of Marriage and Sexual Morality,” Resolution 68 stands out: The Conference, while declining to lay down rules which will meet the needs of every abnormal case, regards with grave concern the spread in modern society of theories and practices hostile to the family. We utter an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception, together with the grave dangers—physical, moral, and religious—thereby incurred, and against, the evils with which the extension of such use threatens the race. In opposition to the teaching which, under the name of science and religion, encourages married people in the deliberate cultivation of sexual union as an end in itself, we steadfastly uphold what must always be regarded as the governing considerations of Christian marriage. One is the primary purpose for which marriage exists, namely the continuance of the race through the gift and heritage of children; the other is the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control. (LC, 50-51, emphasis added) Ten years later, during the Lambeth Conference of 1930, Anglican bishops again talk about marriage and family, continuing the tradition of eloquence, directness, and depth: The beauty of family life is one of God’s most precious gifts, and its preservation is a paramount responsibility of the Church. Its foundation is the life-long union of husband and wife on which our Lord decisively set his seal. “One flesh,” he said they were to be. Holy marriage is part of God’s plan for mankind. It follows that any community disregards this at its peril. Empires have perished before now because the dry rot of laxity and corruption in home life set in. To maintain the ideal of marriage is therefore to preserve the social health of the community…. It follows that divorce is unnatural. It destroys the security of the union and the stability of the family. If there are children, they are deprived of the guardianship to which God called both their parents…. Bound up with that high and holy vocation [of marriage] is the vocation to parenthood…. Every child is for the State a potential citizen, for the Church a potential saint…. We deeply sympathize with those who have burdens which are hard to bear. But we appeal to the whole community of the Church to remember that in home life… we are called to take up the cross…. And indeed when the sacrifice is made for the sake of the family, that cross becomes a crown. (LC, 150-151) The bishops are putting first things first. Everything—marriage, sex (within the context of marriage), and parenthood—comes from God. The foundation of a beautiful and stable marriage is the “life-long union” between husband and wife. And, initially, their resolutions echo those of Lambeth 1920. Resolution 13 is resolute and straightforward: The Conference emphasizes the truth that the sexual instinct is a holy thing implanted by God in human nature. It acknowledges that intercourse between husband and wife as the consummation of marriage has a value of its own within that sacrament, and that thereby married love is enhanced and its character strengthened. Further, seeing that the primary purpose for which marriage exists is the procreation of children, it believes that this purpose as well as the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control should be the governing considerations in that intercourse. (LC, 165-166) Then comes Resolution 15: Where there is a clearly felt moral obligation to limit or avoid parenthood, the method must be decided on Christian principles. The primary and obvious method is complete abstinence from intercourse (as far as may be necessary) in a life of discipline and self-control lived in the power of the Holy Spirit. Nevertheless in those cases where there is such a clearly-felt moral obligation to limit or avoid parenthood, and where there is a morally sound reason for avoiding complete abstinence, the Conference agrees that other methods may be used, provided that this is done in the light of the same Christian principles. The Conference records its strong condemnation of the use of any methods of conception-control from motives of selfishness, luxury, or mere convenience. (LC, 166, emphasis added) The breastplate protecting a fundamental part of the inner truth of marriage and family is now fissured, ever so slightly. Within a couple of decades, the breastplate will have rusted away for Protestants. Close to four decades later, the vast majority of Catholics will deem the same breastplate—though burnished and strengthened by Paul VI’s encyclical, Humanae Vitae—too burdensome (and embarrassing) to wear. At warp speed, “conception-control” for reasons of “selfishness, luxury, or mere convenience” becomes the standard, not the exception. Out of the countless individual contraceptive acts that ensue comes what is called the “contraceptive mentality.” From that mentality, comes Roe v. Wade. An Aeviternal Myth Most myths, if they die at all, die hard. One myth, having a seemingly endless life, touts that more contraception means less abortion. The strength of that myth stems from what seems to be rudimentary, irrefutable, physiological logic—more contraception means fewer fertilized ova. But never factored into the equation is the fact that, since no contraceptive is 100-percent effective, one looks for a backup. The backup is, of course, abortion. Having to have a backup is the turbine that runs the contraceptive mentality. So, the actual equation looks like this: the more contraception, the more contraceptive “failures” (conceptions); the more “failures” (given the contraceptive mentality), the more abortions. Up until 1930, all of Christendom believed that contraception was exactly what the name denoted: contra conception, against an obvious good. With the contraceptive door now opened, however slightly, the law-flattening wind Thomas More warns about in Bolt’s play began to blow down the door and most of the walls of what we call the institution of marriage. By the 1950s, most, if not all, Protestant denominations considered contraception as a given, a necessary unifying and freedom-assuring part of marriage. By 1968, much of the pastoral element in the Catholic Church had embraced the Pill. Countless priests, religious, and lay people began viewing the magisterial Church as an out-of-date, mother ship filled with highly-flammable hydrogen. “Follow your conscience” became the mantra in and out of the confessional. By the early 1970s, the general clamor across Christian and secular America was for total control over human reproduction. Bedfellows Share Bedbugs Supposedly, Catholics have the same divorce rates as do Protestants who, in turn, have the same divorce rates as do secularists. If true, that is not a coincidence. After all, the underlying language of contraception is that of reservation: “I love you, but your fertility is making me a bit nervous right now. If you could short-circuit your procreative wiring, at least for the time being, I would be more comfortable, and we would have more intimacy.” Even if both parties freely say the same thing, it is usually the woman who takes on the responsibility, not to mention the physiological risk, of making things “more comfortable.” Such verbal or nonverbal messaging works on spousal love like high blood pressure works on blood vessels: it is usually too subtle to notice and, in effect, scores the walls of the love-giving conduits between husband and wife, inviting future blockage. Paul VI warned that contraceptive use would lead to marital infidelity, the general lowering of morality, a loss of respect for wives, and the possibility of governmental intrusion into family life (Humanae Vitae, 17). With rapier wit and secular data, Mary Eberstadt shows that Paul VI’s prophecies have come to pass (“The Vindication of Humanae Vitae”, First Things, August/September 2008). The point: Catholic teaching on contraception will always be a “sign of contradiction.” It will always point to an inconvenient, counter-cultural truth: more contraception means more divorce and more abortion. And the Catholic Church will continue to argue that contraception has paved the way for the redefinition of marriage: if the procreative aspect of conjugal love is intentionally absent, what difference does it make where spermatozoa, in their harrowing journey, end up? The Land of Nod Nowadays, with legal abortion as a near-perfect backup to contraception, with the possibility of infanticide as a backup to botched abortions, with divorce statistics continuing to be over 50 percent, with one-parent families becoming the norm rather than the exception, and with the overhauling of the meaning of marriage (which, by any new definition, cannot include procreation), are we not, finally, in the Land of Nod? Either connotation of Nod will work. In Genesis, Cain was exiled to the land of Nod (east of Eden) after killing his brother Abel. The very name—Nod—meant a place of wandering. In literature, the Land of Nod, a play on words, is where one nods off to sleep. Regarding contraception and its spores, Protestants, collectively at least, are nomadic or somnolent. They have made no connection between contraception and abortion, contraception and divorce, or contraception and the redefinition of marriage. They do not see that by embracing contraception, they have not only helped engineer, but pave, the roads to marital breakdown and the de-sanctification of human life. Imagine the United States today if the majority of American Protestant clergy viewed marriage and contraception like the Anglican bishops did in 1920. Even the Anglican bishops in 1930 heralded the essential goods of marriage, including the virtue of self-control. With great reluctance (and naiveté), they did open the door to contraception, but only to that contraceptive act deemed absolutely necessary and having no connection whatsoever to “selfishness, luxury, or mere convenience.” Protestants who stand for innocent life and who believe that marriage is between one man and one woman hope that Scripture and prayer will eventually put right the minds of those who stand for abortion and same-sex pseudo-marriage. But that is (with apologies to Matthew) like pointing at the particleboard in the opponent’s eye when the wood particles, if not the glue, have come from one’s own workshop. The Lambeth Conferences of 1920 and 1930 show us how the Christian world saw marriage, family, and human sexuality less than a century ago. Save for Proposition 15, the sections on conjugal love bespeak an important fact: marriage and family are a divine construct, not a human invention. The sections we have seen could have prefaced St. John Paul II’s main catechesis, his theology of the body. That theology explicates the watershed encyclical, Humanae Vitae, focuses on the principle that to love is to give oneself, and connects the truth of marriage with the interior truth of the Holy Trinity in terms of total, personal self-gift. Once one understands this theology, he understands the inherent problem of contraception: Thus the innate language that expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife is overlaid, through contraception, by an objectively contradictory language, namely, that of not giving oneself totally to the other. This leads not only to a positive refusal to be open to life, but also to a falsification of the inner truth of conjugal love, which is called upon to give itself in personal totality (John Paul II, Familiaris Consortio, 32). And one also understands that there is no such thing as same-sex marriage. Conjugal love is, by nature, life-giving because it reflects the mystery of the Creator’s creative love. However, for decades, contraception has been a sacred preceptive panacea, embedded in society. The social mind that reveres reproductive control cannot help but blur the distinctive lines between heterosexual and homosexual love. Hence “marriage” will come to signify intense emotional reciprocity, social status, and civil rights, but no more than that. For us Christians, it is “come to Jesus” time. It is time to put on the mind and heart of Christ. Concerning contraception, how do we know Christ’s mind? Simply, we can look at contraception’s aftermath—abortion, divorce, and the redefinition of marriage—and argue backwards. The fruit of the tree is awful, so the roots cannot be good. But, again, it is difficult, if not impossible, for the contemporary mind to make those connections. After all, if we can alter nature for what we deem to be the common good, are we not obligated to do so? The pull to be at the cutting edge of society is like the pull compass needles have to magnetic north—our thoughts want to line up in the “with it” direction. Protestants have it doubly difficult, because Jesus does not talk about contraception, and philosophy is not, in most denominations, a trusted catechetical or evangelical tool. By contrast, Catholics have what should be a walk in the park: the pope is the Vicar of Christ and therefore, regarding faith and morals, the ever-present voice of Christ. And philosophy—À la St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, John Paul II, and others—is the traditional helpmate of theology. All possible wellsprings of truth are interconnected and full. But few Catholics are drinking from those springs. The Anglican bishops in 1920 were clarion when speaking on the truth of spousal love. So were the Anglican bishops in 1930, right up to the point of drafting Resolution 15. We would do well to rediscover and re-trumpet the best of their declarations and resolutions. And, to further the adamantine sense of ourselves, we would do very well to understand and apply the thought of Paul VI and John Paul II. Both popes addressed the reality of spousal love and the unreality of contraception. Their collective vision of marriage and family is the passage out of and beyond the aimlessness and sopor of the Land of Nod. (Editor’s note: This article first appeared in the January/February 2015 issue of Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity with the title, “Living in the Land of Cain—The Sad Journey of Marriage & Sex from Lambeth to the Land of Nod.”) If you value the news and views Catholic World Report provides, please consider donating to support our efforts. Your contribution will help us continue to make CWR available to all readers worldwide for free, without a subscription. Thank you for your generosity!

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February 16, 1864 (Tuesday) “The rebels will give us much trouble in the spring,” wrote General-in-Chief Henry Halleck to William Tecumseh Sherman, “and I fear we will not be fully prepared for them.” Across the autumn and winter, things had been going fairly well for the Federal cause. Still, there was an air of uncertainty and even panic that much would be lost come spring. As things stood in the middle of February, Sherman’s Army of the Tennessee had just marched across Mississippi and captured Meridian. From there, they threatened Mobile, Alabama. To the south, General Nathaniel Banks’ Army of the Gulf was preparing for a late winter campaign along the Red River in Louisiana. It was hoped the Frederick Steele’s Army of Arkansas would storm across their namesake to join with Banks. Following the Meridian Campaign, it was almost assumed that Sherman would cross the Mississippi River to join them. This would mean that all of the Rebels between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi would be handled by George Thomas’ Army of the Cumberland, at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and John Schofield’s tiny Army of the Ohio, at Knoxville, Tennessee. But the correspondence flying between Generals Grant, Halleck, Sherman, Thomas, and Schofield on this date seemed to point to cracks and flaws, and how the victorious seasons could be all for naught. General-in-Chief Halleck was nervous by nature. In a message sent to Grant at 1pm, he explained his version of the overall plan. Admiral David Farragut “was to threaten Mobile in order to draw the enemy from Sherman and Thomas.” This was actually happening – Farragut began to bombard Fort Powell on this date. Halleck gave General Sherman two more weeks to return to Vicksburg so that he could join Banks on his trip up the Red River, where General Steele could meet them. Halleck was worried because he had not yet heard back from Steele, and Banks was certain that he could not advance without Sherman, and could not return Sherman’s troops unless Steele co-operated. For Grant’s part, he simply assumed that Banks would back out and Sherman would have to go without the Army of the Gulf. He was probably drawing upon personal experience when he formed this opinion. While Halleck mulled over Grant’s reply, the latter sent a rather lengthy message to General Schofield in Knoxville. It had already been decided that since the Confederates under James Longstreet were no longer a threat to Knoxville, Schofield would rest his army and allow the veteran troops a thirty-day furlough. But Schofield might have been overly optimistic. From General Thomas in Chattanooga, Grant received word that Schofield was in a panic that Longstreet was possibly moving on Knoxville after all. Thomas relayed to Grant that Schofield was considering a cavalry raid to cut Longstreet’s supply line, but mostly he needed reinforcements from Thomas. “What shall I do?” asked Thomas of Grant. If he sent reinforcements, they wouldn’t be returned any time soon. Besides, there wasn’t even a real possibility of attacking in a timely manner due to two bridges being out. Also, if Thomas sent reinforcements to Knoxville, it would become necessary to call off any demonstration against the Confederates at Dalton, Georgia under Joe Johnston. Grant had been pushing Thomas to make a demonstration, but it was things like this that kept Thomas from fully committing to the idea. If only Schofield could hold Knoxville on his own, then Thomas was certain that he could demonstrate against Dalton. As far as General Schofield was concerned, Longstreet’s army, which was now occupying his army’s old campgrounds at Strawberry Plains, was up to one of two things. To Thomas, Schofield reasoned that Longstreet was going to destroy the railroad. This was bad, of course, but nothing really new. Knoxville would still remain secure, and Thomas could probably get away with not reinforcing him. But to one of his corps commanders, General Gordon Granger, Schofield mused that Longstreet was “moving from Dandridge along the foot of Smoky Mountains, intending to cross the Little Tennessee as far up as possible and then make his way into Georgia.” Schofield wasn’t completely certain of this, as the information came from a scout, but directed his cavalry to look into it. If true, both Schofield and Thomas would have to work together to keep Longstreet from joining with Johnston. While Grant, Thomas, and Schofield tried to figure this out, General-in-Chief Halleck wrote a cordial letter to General Sherman, resting his troops in Meridian. The two had been friendly since the Siege of Corinth in 1862. Sherman would spend hours in Halleck’s field headquarters, and the two struck up an unlikely friendship. Halleck’s letter merely alluded to the springtime trouble the Rebels might give. The bulk of it, however, was about Grant. Very likely rumors had been floating around Washington that Congress was going to reinstate the rank of lieutenant-general, specifically to award it to Grant. This would place Grant at the head of all the armies – a position General-in-Chief Henry Halleck basically occupied. Alluding to some gobblings in the press designed to “create difficulties and jealousies between me and General Grant,” Halleck brushed them aside, claiming “This is all for political effect. There is not the slightest ground for any such assertions.” Halleck was sure that Grant would be given the post, and vowed to Sherman that “I shall most cordially welcome him to the command, glad to be relieved from so thankless and disagreeable a position.” Halleck then denigrated his own occupation, saying that he “took it against my will, and shall be most happy to leave it as soon as another is designed to fill it.” Grant would be taking over Halleck’s job, and likely ousting Halleck to an early retirement or possible reassignment – who could be sure at this point? In January, Halleck wrote to Grant simply asking him his opinion about what might be done in the east. Grant replied, and on this date, Halleck began to compose his unasked for rebuttal, which he would send the following day. In it, he dismissed most of Grant’s plans, such as taking Richmond and a move through North Carolina, both of which were either pointless or had already been discussed. Grant was, in Halleck’s approximation, out of touch with the east and unoriginal. Halleck was convinced that General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia was so strong that General Meade’s Army of the Potomac could not risk attacking, let alone sending troops to North Carolina, as Grant had suggested. If they acted as Grant wished it would, in Halleck’s view, uncover Washington. Lee would then launch a third invasion of the North, which would require the troops sent to North Carolina to defend Washington, Baltimore, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia. It was plain – Grant’s ideas would lead to devastation in the North. It was Lee’s Army, not Richmond or North Carolina, that was the objective. “We cannot take Richmond… and we cannot operate advantageously on any point from the Atlantic coast,” wrote Halleck, “till we destroy or disperse that army [Lee’s], and the nearer to Washington we can fight it the better for us.” Halleck was concerned about supply lines. Grant, on the other hand, had given up that idea the previous year. Halleck, like Grant, had some incredibly good points. Neither’s plan, as it stood on its own, would prove as successful as both plans plotted together. And still, the accepted idea was that Grant’s promotion would make Halleck redundant. If only there were a way to keep them both.1 - Sources: Official Records, Series 1, Vol. 32, Part 2, p401, 402, 403, 404, 407-408, 411-413; Pretense of Glory by James G. hollandworth, Jr.; Henry Halleck’s War by Curt Anders. [↩]

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In the novel, The Catcher in The Rye, the protagonist Holden Caufield seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he says to his professor Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on the other side of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesnt belong. This alienation is both the source of Holdens strength and the source of his problems. Part of Holdens alienation is a result of his inability, or perhaps unwillingness, to grow up. Like a child, Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by complexity, but he is too out of touch with his feelings to admit it. Instead, he spends much of his time criticizing others. Ironically, he is often guilty of the sins he criticizes in others. Holden is clearly fearful of adulthood, but instead of acknowledging that it scares and mystifies him, he condemns it, claiming that adulthood is a world of superficiality, hypocrisy, and phoniness. Whereas, childhood, on the other hand, is a world of innocence, curiosity, and honesty. He explains that adults are inevitably phonies, and, whats worse, they cant see their own phoniness. Phoniness, for Holden, stands as an emblem of everything thats wrong in the world around him and provides an excuse for him to withdraw into his cynical isolation, a defense mechanism to help him deal with his loneliness. Holden expends much of his energy searching for phoniness in others, yet at the same time, while he is a self-admitted compulsive liar, he never acknowledges his own phoniness. This is not only ironic, but hypocritical, since phoniness is what Holden claims to detest more than anything else in the world. Holden is further hypocritical because while decrying the abhorrent nature of adulthood, he spends much of his energy trying to behave like an adult, as evidenced by his actions such as hiring a prostitute, spending money recklessly, or drinking alcohol. Holdens fantasy of the catcher in the rye exemplifies his feelings about adulthood versus childhood, and offers him a protective shield of cynicism. In his fantasy, he describes childhood as an idyllic field of rye in which children romp and play; whereas adulthood is equivalent to deatha fatal fall over the edge of a cliff. This perception of childhood and adulthood allows Holden to retain his childishness, thereby cutting himself off from the world by covering himself with an armor of cynicism. Holden uses his isolation as proof that he is better than everyone else around him and therefore above interacting with them. The truth is that interactions with other people usually confuse and overwhelm him, and his cynical sense of superiority serves as a type of self-protection. Strangely, Holdens alienation is the source of what little stability he has in his life. To the reader, it is obvious that Holdens alienation and loneliness is the cause of most of his pain. He desperately needs human contact and love, but his protective wall of bitterness prevents him from looking for deep interaction. Ironically, alienation is both the source of Holdens strength and the source of his problems. For example, his loneliness propels him into his date with Sally Hayes, but his need for isolation causes him to insult her and drive her away. Similarly, he longs for the meaningful connection he once had with Jane Gallagher, but he is too frightened to make any real effort to contact her. He depends upon his alienation, but as the novel concludes, it is clear that it ultimately destroys him.

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Cacti of the Monument There are 31 species of cacti in the monument, ranging from the giant saguaro to the miniature pincushion. These cacti are highly adapted to survive in the dry and unpredictable desert. They use spines for protection and shade, thick skin and pulp to preserve water, unique pathways of photosynthesis at night, and hidden under their skin are delicate to sturdy wooden frames holding them together. Day or night, the summer display of different cactus blooms is one of the desert's flashiest spectacles, as the brilliant flowers of yellow, red, white, and pink bring color to the landscape. It is a show upstaged only by the springtime explosions of gold poppies, blue lupines, pink owl clover, and other annuals after a wet winter. The more common cacti species found within Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument include: Last updated: June 24, 2018

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Orbital Sciences, founded in 1982, is building its Antares rocket to deliver cargo to the space station and perform commercial satellite launches. Using up to three stages, the rocket is designed to carry up to 6.1 metric tons to low-Earth orbit. In addition, the company is building a pressurized cargo craft, dubbed Cygnus, to ride atop Antares. It is designed to carry up to 2.7 metric tons of cargo to the space station. Unlike SpaceX's Dragon capsule, designed to return cargo to the ground as well as deliver it to the space station, Cygnus is a one-and-done craft, like the unmanned resupply craft the Russians, Japanese, and Europeans use. In all, Orbital Sciences has a stable of four rockets, including its Taurus ground-launched rocket and its Pegasus rocket, which is launched from the underside of a modified Lockheed L-1011 airliner. Pegasus was first launched in 1990 and can loft hardware weighing up to 1,000 pounds.

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04 Dec Peanut Oral Immunotherapy Found Safe and Effective in Real World Study of Preschoolers MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Lianne Soller, PhD Allergy Research Manager BC Children’s Hospital Allergy Clinic Vancouver, BC, Canada MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study? Response: Peanut oral immunotherapy (also known as OIT) has been studied for many years in clinical trials and has been found to be safe and effective in preschoolers. However, we know that clinical trials do not always reflect what happens in the real world. We wanted to see study whether peanut OIT would work as well in the real world. This is a follow up of our preschool peanut OIT safety study published in April 2019 which noted only 0.4% severe reactions and 4% epinephrine use during build-up. MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings? Response: After one year, almost every child (more than 98 per cent) who participated in the study could eat three to four peanuts without reaction during an allergist-supervised oral challenge, which is enough to protect from 99 per cent of accidental exposures. And, nearly 80 per cent of the preschoolers in the study were able to eat 15 peanuts without reaction. MedicalResearch.com: What should readers take away from your report? Response: Although the risk of a fatal reaction to peanuts is low in patients with peanut allergy, it has a major impact on quality of life and many families feel hopeless in dealing with what can seem like an unmanageable problem. Now, thanks to oral immunotherapy, these kids can accidentally eat something with peanut butter in it—like a cookie or cake—and not suffer a reaction, which is wonderful news for the families. MedicalResearch.com: What recommendations do you have for future research as a result of this study? Response: We have shown that preschool peanut OIT is both safe and effective in a real-world setting. We must continue research into other types of food OIT (for example, tree nuts) and treatment options for older children and adults. MedicalResearch.com: Is there anything else you would like to add? Any disclosures? Response: The earlier children undergo oral immunotherapy, the better. If left unchecked, peanut allergy can become life-long and reactions can become more severe, which can result in social isolation, bullying, and anxiety. I do not have any relevant disclosures. Lianne Soller, Elissa M. Abrams, Stuart Carr, Sandeep Kapur, Gregory A. Rex, Sara Leo, Mary McHenry, Timothy K. Vander Leek, Joanne Yeung, Victoria E. Cook, Tiffany Wong, Kyla J. Hildebrand, Raymond Mak, Thomas V. Gerstner, Scott B. Cameron, Edmond S. Chan, First Real-World Effectiveness Analysis of Preschool Peanut Oral Immunotherapy, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, The information on MedicalResearch.com is provided for educational purposes only, and is in no way intended to diagnose, cure, or treat any medical or other condition. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health and ask your doctor any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. In addition to all other limitations and disclaimers in this agreement, service provider and its third party providers disclaim any liability or loss in connection with the content provided on this website.

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Nepal is regarded as a sovereign state with an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 30 million. Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Nepal has a rich natural, cultural, linguistic climate, diversity. The elections for the constituent assembly on May 28, 2008 overwhelmingly favored the abdication of the Nepali monarch and the establishment of a federal multiparty representative democratic republic. Nepal has been officially declared as the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. For years, Nepal’s failure to develop was linked to the geographical constraint of being a land-locked nation. Now, despite immense potentials to raise the living standards of the people through socio-economic development, the state is locked in political battles and has been unable to give adequate attention to environmental conservation, sustainable economic growth and environmental and democratic governance. Although all the major political parties—the UCPN-Maoist, Nepali Congress, the CPN-UML and Madhesh-based parties—rode the wave of political reforms and democracy in order to attain power, these parties have failed to deliver sustainable economic development and maintain peace and stability in the country despite the enormous resources and potentialities the country has. Nepali Greens has come into existence with the initiative of Nepalese young people with a mission of “Environment Conservation, Sustainable Development and Peace” through GED (Good, Environmental and Democratic) governance. Nepali Greens has made a commitment to devote on the above-mentioned mission by following the “GED governance” principles and “Nepali Green Revolution” conceived and developed by the Chief Founder/President of Nepali Greens Mr. B K Dalit. Nepali Greens is committed to conserve natural and cultural resources and the development of sustainable and peaceful society by respecting and protecting the rights of the Mother Nature, living beings including human being. Nepali Greens is committed to green and democratic ideologies and principles, and moves ahead as per the norms and values of the green and democratic ideology. Nepali Greens respects and is committed to “Global Greens Charter”, adopted by consensus at the first Global Greens Congress in Canberra in 2001. The main objectives of this party are |Year||Date||% of vote||Number of votes||Reps Elected|

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In many sectors, the paths that knowledge and learning are taking and the scene to which they are exposed coincide with the objective of developing education and training along the whole life, that is, the expression of the will of promoting the highest level of knowledge possible through a wide access to education, an integrated education, which is continuously updated and in which the most used social and tecnological mass media are integrated. Commonly, three main dimensions refer to the integration and updating of what is called “the society of knowledge”. They are the following: In relation with knowledge, in order to participate actively in the transformations which are taking place citizens will make their knowledge evolve permanently, so that they will increase and will be renewed constantly. In relation with citizenship, this means an enrichment of the citizens since common values will be shared and a feeling of belonging to a common social and cultural space will develop. In relation with abilities, the development of attitudes for work through the acquisition of the abilities which turn to be necessary due to the evolution of work and its organisation (in this point exists an important problem as Ronald Barnett shows). This means that, now, more than ever, it is fundamental to foster, along the whole life, creativity, flexibility, adaptability and the ability to teach how to learn and solve problems. These abilities are related to the new knowledge and the perspectives about it, and also, with the introduction of the mass media in educational centres, although, this may be done through the use that teachers make of them. Following these premises, the gap between qualifications can be avoided. The final step in these three dimensions of international concern seems to be the necessity of introducing intensively the technologies of information and communication, in order to have satisfactory results in relation to what was planned. These attempts show, deep down, the fact that education and learning are not exclusive of educational centres, but also of other learning centres, in which genuine educational activities take place, such as vocational training centres, cultural organisations (museums, theatres, cinemas, bookshops, etc.) and youth associations. Yes, learning is more important than education. ¿Te ha gustado? Además, para recibir los artículos que voy publicando puedes suscribirte a mi blog. Puedes hacerlo en el margen derecho de esta web poniendo tu email y dándole al botón. ¡Gracias!

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Using mentor texts to help teach opinion writing is a great way for students to help understand the expectations for writing skills. I love using a variety of texts when teaching but not all texts will be mentor texts. Disclosure: I am an affiliate of Bookshop.org and I will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Bookshop.org is an online bookstore that helps local, independent bookstores. What is an opinion writing mentor text? Mentor texts are books that you choose as an example for what students need to learn. When students can see an example of quality writing, it can help improve their own writing. Mentor texts allow them to understand how an author uses the craft of writing to do things such as craft a great introduction, provide detailed reasons for their opinion, and end with a solid conclusion. According to the National Writing Project, “Mentor texts help students to take risks and be different writers tomorrow than they are today. It helps them to try out new strategies and formats.” When we use mentor texts to teach the craft of writing, we are encouraging our students to imitate what they see in their favorite books. Choosing Opinion Writing Mentor Texts The first step to choosing the right mentor text is to look for a book that exemplifies what you want to see in your students' writing. I like to find books that can be used to showcase multiple skills. The next step is to pick a book that your students will enjoy hearing (and you’ll enjoy reading) multiple times. Since we are looking for opinion writing mentor texts, we should pick some books that can be polarizing. Books that will lend to a healthy discussion of whether they like it or not are great examples for setting up opinion writing. When I chose my favorite mentor texts for my opinion writing unit, I picked books that matched my writing goals. I wanted my students to write opinions that were book reviews, persuasive letters, and solid opinion paragraphs with an introduction, stated opinion with reasons, and a conclusion. I looked for books that showcased this and were relatable and enjoyable to my students. Here are the books I ended up with: Related Post: Choosing a Mentor Text for Reading and Writing Duck & Goose Duck & Goose by Tad Hill is an adorable and funny story that I love to use in both reading and writing. The first time I read this story to my class I cover the pictures and let students come up with their own images for the story. This lends to lessons about inference and also lets you frontload lessons about how images can add more details to your stories. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this story for a book review. I find most students either like or dislike this story. Duck and Goose make great characters and there are lots of little story moments that can lend to reasons for liking or disliking the book. The Most Magnificent Thing The Most Magnificent Thing by Ashley Spires is a great book to read when about to start your opinion writing unit. The main character is determined to make the most magnificent thing and we see her try and need to adjust her thinking when she begins to struggle with her project. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this story to frontload opinions as the unnamed main character has a strong opinion on wanting to create a magnificent thing. This story is also great for word choice and discussions about dealing with feelings and perseverance. Smelly Socks by Robert Munsch is a hilarious book that my students love every year. Robert Munsch is the master of writing super funny stories that are based off of a real-life encounter or story he’s embellished. His writing follows a style that students can mimic in their own writing. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this story for a book review. This book is great for teaching about adding details to provide reasons for an opinion - something that is needed in explaining why you like or dislike a book. Stand Tall, Molly Lou Melon Stand Tall, Molly Lou Melon by Patty Lovell is a great book that teaches the power of ignoring a bully and staying true to yourself. Students love the message and the description of the main character Molly Lou in this great story. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this book for a book review or writing an opinion paragraph. Students will be able to find many ways to support their opinion with reasons from the book. This book is also great at teaching how to write a great character. The Important Book The Important Book by Margaret Wise Brown is a collection of easy to read poems about everyday important things. This book provides many examples on each page that follows a simple formula students can use as a template for their own writing. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this book to craft an opinion writing paragraph. Students can use this collection of poems to understand how an introduction and a conclusion connect together. I Wanna Iguana I Wanna Iguana by Karen Kaufman Orloff is a funny book about a mother and son swapping letters with each other in the boy’s pursuit of his friend’s iguana. My students love hearing each letter as we read the story together combined with the colorful and detailed illustrations. Opinion Writing Tip: Use this book to teach persuasive letter writing or just persuasive writing in general. Examine the letters to talk about the reasons the mother or son give about their opinion.

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Electrical Problem: My Voltage Seems Normal but the Outlet Will Not Work Why does my volt meter show 114 volts but the outlets do not work? How to Troubleshoot Electrical Outlet Problems, Common Testing and Repairing Methods for Electric Outlet Problems. Guide to Testing and Repairing Electrical Outlets [ad#block]Electrical Question: Why does my volt meter show 114volts but the outlets do not work? I have one room in my house where the lights went out and the outlets stopped working but my volt meter is reading 114 volts in the outlets that do not work. - I changed every outlet in the room and it is still not working. - I tested the outlet and it is still reading 114 volts. This home electrical repairs question came from: Joy, from Sault Ste Marie, Canada. Thanks for your electrical troubleshooting question Joy. How to Troubleshoot Electrical Outlet Problems Application: Testing Home Electrical Outlets and Circuit Wiring Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced – Best performed by a Licensed Electrician. Tools Required: Basic Electricians Pouch Hand Tools, Plug In Circuit Analyzer and Voltage Tester. Estimated Time: Depends on age of the home, the condition of the electrical system and access to the electrical outlets. Precaution: Electrical troubleshooting of this level is best performed by a licensed electrical contractor who will identify the problem and make the necessary repairs. Testing and Repair Methods for 120 Volt Electric Outlets with Low Voltage or No Voltage - How to Test a 120 Volt Outlet When testing an outlet for voltage there may be conflicting readings because of the type of tester being used and the way the voltage test is being taken. When testing electrical outlets for voltage it is best to use a Plug In Circuit Analyzer which will produce a display of lights that will indicate the condition of the circuit and wiring. - False Reading When Testing Outlet Voltage Even through a Plug In Circuit Analyzer is one of the best methods for testing outlets, it too may produce false readings when the ground is connected to the neutral side of the receptacle outlet terminal which is a false ground and not correct. - Outlet Testing Methods If a voltage tester is being used with two lead wires then make sure to take separate voltage readings between the hot and neutral, and the hot and the ground. When voltage is being detected with the reading to the ground and not to the neutral or the voltage reading to the neutral is low then this typically indicates that there is a deteriorating or loose connection within the circuit or possibly a loose connection of the circuit wiring in the circuit breaker panel. - Outlet Problems and Repairs Most of these circuit problems are found with the wiring connections at one of the outlets of the affected circuit. These types of circuit faults and outlet problems are typically caused by one of the following conditions: - Incorrect Wiring of the Outlet – Correct the polarity and rewire the outlet with the black power wire connected to the brass screw, the white neutral wire connected to the silver screw, and the ground wire connected to the green ground screw. - Burnt Wiring Connections or Splice – Repair and replace the damaged wiring as needed with the same type and AWG wire size and correct wire connectors, typically use yellow or red color wire connectors for #15 and #12 AWG wire. - Damaged or Burnt Outlet – Replace the receptacle outlet with a new outlet of the same voltage and amperage rating. This is a typical problem when space heaters or portable air conditioners are being used and are plugged into the outlet. More about Wiring Electric Outlets Wiring Electrical Outlets for the Home Home electrical wiring includes 110 volt outlets and 220 volt outlets and receptacles which are common place in every home. See how wiring electrical outlets for the home are done. Understanding Digital Volt Meters When working on home electrical wiring using voltage meter can play an important part in electrical safety. Electrical testers and voltage meters enable you to identify electrical circuits and help prevent the possibility of accidental electrical shock. The following may also be helpful for you: Electrical Wiring Video #2 Home Electrical Wiring Videos about this Topic and More Learn more with my Home Electrical Video Course: Be Careful and Be Safe - Never Work on Energized Circuits! Consult your Local Building Department about Permits and Inspections for all Electric Wiring Projects. |More articles about Electrical Troubleshooting, Outlet Circuit and Home Electrical Wiring:| |« Previous||Next »| |How I Repair a Bathroom Light Fixture that Shorted Out||Upgrading Home Electrical Wiring for Safety|

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At McCormack Potatoes we have an extensive supplier network ensuring consistent supply throughout the year. Our growers observe best practice for the environment and wildlife whilst producing the highest quality potatoes from field to fork. - Potatoes are naturally fat and cholesterol free - Potassium – Potatoes pack in 10 times more than pasta, which helps control blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. - Vitamin C – One medium sized Jacket Potato contains almost half of the recommended daily amount (RDA) - Boiled potatoes contain 33% fewer calories and 57% less fat than boiled pasta, and 49% fewer calories and 77% less fat than boiled white rice. Naturally fat-free, a source of fibre, potassium, salt free, low in sugar and naturally saturated-fat free! When carefully cooked, they’re also a great natural source of energy. The main mineral found in potatoes is potassium, which has several important functions, including: - Contributing to normal muscle function - Contributing to normal functioning of the nervous system - Contributing to the maintenance of normal blood pressure. When they are baked, they are also a source of thiamin (vitamin B1). National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) data shows that on average potatoes currently make significant contributions to the nation’s daily intake of many vital nutrients, namely: - 14% of Vitamin B6 - 15% of potassium - 14% of Vitamin C - 12% of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - 10% of folate Children get more Vitamin C, B1, B6, folate, iron, magnesium and potassium from the contribution potatoes make to their diet than from so called superfoods like beetroot, bananas, nuts, broccoli and avocado. There is a common misconception that potatoes take a long time to prepare and cook, resulting in people switching to other starchy carbohydrates such as pasta or rice. This is especially true amongst the younger generation so they, and their children, are missing out on many of the vital nutrients contained in potatoes. For example a medium jacket potato provides one third of the NRV of Vitamin C compared with 180g of easy cook white rice, boiled, or a 220g portion of white spaghetti, which don’t contain any. There are plenty of recipe ideas for tasty, quick meals for all the family on the site, which are sure to provide inspiration. Having a wide variety of foods in the diet is important, as no single food can provide us with all the nutrients we need to stay healthy. Good nutrition is essential for normal growth and development, maintaining health and reducing the risk of developing certain diseases, now and in the future. Source 2016: Irish Potatoe Federation: http://www.potato.ie

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Morning Star flag is Papuan cultural identity – not only a symbol of freedom, Morning Star is a symbol of Papuan hope for justice and prosperity. Morning Star has seven blue and six white horizontal lines, in the left is wide vertical red line with a white star in the middle. When Gus Dur was Indonesian president, the name Irian Jaya was changed back to Papua. The changed based on the proposal of Papuan people. It is stated in Special Autonomy regulation year 2001 that Morning Star flag is considered as the symbol of Papuan identity therefore flag raising is allowed under special condition; it is lower and beside the Indonesian red and white. It is stated also in the regulation that people are allowed to sing “Hei Tanahku Papua”. According to MuridanSatrioWidjojo, LIPI researcher for Papua, flag raising is a part of Papuan ritual. It is related to cargo-ism believe – in the nomenclature of Javanese history often stated as messianic or millennial movement, a movement which believe in the coming of new prosperous era marked by the coming of new leader from the ancestor. The flag raising is a ritual to call the leader. In the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era, Morning Star was identic with separatist movement. Government regulation 77 year 2007 article 6 banned the use of local attributes including the raising of Morning Star and symbol of Mambruk bird. In this era, there were some arrests by government apparatus when they find Morning Star raising – as well as people who wearing Morning Star symbol. The news about Morning Star raising is now rare, but the manifestation of Morning Star can be seen easily in Papua in the form of noken, bracelets, graffiti, clothes, etc. The sporadic sightings confirmed that Papuan is long for the coming of prosperous and justice era.

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Nutrient deficiency in aquaponics plants is a serious issue that aquaponics growers should address. Nutrient deficiencies can impact plant health, which leads to stunted plant growth, yellowing leaves, and poor yields. This is why it is important that every aquaponics growers ensure their plants receive all the necessary nutrients for growth, higher yield, and a successful system. This article will discuss the nutrient deficiencies commonly encountered in aquaponics and shed light on their causes and solutions. We will also discuss preventive measures to maintain proper nutrient balance in the system. Familiarizing with the signs and symptoms of nutrient deficiencies can help equip us with the knowledge needed to address these issues effectively. The Two Type Of Nutrients Deficiency In aquaponics, plants rely on the nutrients in the fish waste and the bacteria that convert the waste into plant-available forms. Nutrient deficiencies can occur when the nutrient levels in the system are imbalanced or inadequate. Nutrient deficiencies can be divided into two types, these are: Micronutrients are essential elements that plants require in smaller quantities. These deficiencies include iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper. Nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants can result from imbalanced or inadequate nutrient levels, leading to reduced growth, yield, and quality. Identifying nutrient deficiencies is crucial for addressing them promptly and maintaining a healthy and productive aquaponic system. Nutrient Deficiencies in Aquaponics Plants A. Macronutrient Deficiencies: 1. Nitrogen (N) Deficiency Nitrogen is an essential component of chlorophyll that is necessary for plant photosynthesis. A nitrogen deficiency in aquaponics plants can result in yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and reduced yield. Nitrogen deficiency can occur when the fish stocking density is low and the feeding rate is inadequate. Additionally, a lack of bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate can also contribute to nitrogen deficiency in the system. 2. Phosphorus (P) Deficiency Phosphorus is essential for root development, flowering, and fruiting in aquaponics plants. A phosphorus deficiency can lead to poor root growth, delayed maturity, and reduced yield. Phosphorus deficiency can occur when the fish feed used in the system is inadequate or when the pH of the water is too high, leading to the precipitation of phosphorus compounds that are not plant-available. 3. Potassium (K) Deficiency Potassium is essential for stress tolerance, fruit development, and plant growth in aquaponics. A potassium deficiency can lead to reduced yield, poor quality fruits, and increased susceptibility to diseases and pests. Potassium deficiency can occur when the pH of the water is too lowwhich leads to the precipitation of potassium compounds that are not plant-available. B. Micronutrient Deficiencies 1. Iron (Fe) Deficiency Iron is essential for chlorophyll production and respiration in aquaponics plants. Iron deficiency can occur in aquaponics plants when the pH of the water is too high. Iron deficiency can result in yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and reduced yield. 2. Calcium (Ca) Deficiency Calcium is essential for cell wall development and proper fruit development in aquaponics plants. A calcium deficiency can lead to fruit blossom end rot and reduced yield and can occur when the pH of the water is too low. 3. Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency Magnesium is essential for aquaponics plants' chlorophyll production, enzyme activation, and stress tolerance. Magnesium deficiency can occur when the pH of the water is too high which can result in chlorosis, reduced growth, and yield.. 4. Zinc Deficiency Zinc is essential for aquaponics plants' enzyme activity, protein synthesis, and stress tolerance. A zinc deficiency can lead to stunted growth, chlorosis, and reduced yield. Zinc deficiency can occur when the fish feed used in the system is inadequate. 5. Manganese (Mg) Deficiency Manganese is essential for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and stress tolerance in aquaponics plants. A manganese deficiency can result in chlorosis, necrosis, and reduced yield. Manganese deficiency can occur when the pH of the water is too high. 6. Copper Deficiency Copper is essential for aquaponics plants' enzyme activity, chlorophyll production, and stress tolerance. A deficiency of copper can lead to chlorosis, reduced growth, and yield. Copper deficiency can occur when the fish feed used in the system is inadequate. Causes of Nutrient Deficiencies in Aquaponics Plants Understanding the causes of nutrient deficiencies is crucial for preventing and addressing them promptly. This section will discuss the most common causes of nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants, including imbalanced or inadequate nutrient levels in the system, pH fluctuations, and issues with fish stocking density and feeding practices. By addressing these causes, aquaponic growers can ensure their plants' health and productivity and their aquaponic system's overall success. 1. Inadequate Fish Feeding Inadequate feeding of fish can cause low levels of nutrients in the system. This happens when the feeding rate is too low, or the fish feed is inadequate. If the fish do not get enough fish food, they cannot produce enough waste, which is a crucial source of nutrients for the plants. So to prevent nutrient deficiencies because of inadequate feeding, fish your fish with the right amount of high-quality fish food. 2. Poor Water Quality If the water quality is poor or contaminated with harmful substances, it can impact the health and growth of fish and plants negatively. Poor water quality in aquaponics systems can be caused by inadequate filtration, insufficient oxygenation, and high fish stocking densities. Aquaponic growers should regularly test their water quality and take steps to maintain optimal conditions for their plants and fish. 3. Imbalance Nutrient Levels in the System Imbalanced nutrient levels in the system can lead to nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. If the nutrient levels are not correctly balanced, it can affect the growth and yield of the plants. To prevent nutrient deficiencies due to imbalanced nutrient levels, regularly test the nutrient levels in your system and make adjustments as necessary. 4. Lack of Adequate Monitoring Finally, inadequate monitoring can contribute to nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. If growers do not monitor their system regularly, they may not realize the problem until too late. Regular monitoring can help growers identify and address nutrient deficiencies early on. Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies in Aquaponics Plants Nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants can have various symptoms, including stunted growth, yellowing or discoloration of leaves, and reduced yields. A. Visual Symptoms: 1. Yellowing of Chlorosis of Leaves Yellowing of leaves or chlorosis is one of the most common symptoms of nutrient deficiency. This happens because of a lack of nitrogen or iron essential for plant growth and chlorophyll production. Chlorosis typically begins on the older leaves and progresses to the younger leaves if the deficiency is not addressed. 2. Stunted Growth Another symptom of nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants is stunted growth. If plants do not receive enough levels of macronutrients, and micronutrients they may grow more slowly than expected. This can lead to smaller plants with weaker stems and leaves. 3. Necrosis or Tissue Death Nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants can also result in necrosis or tissue death. This occurs when cells in the leaves or stems die due to a lack of nutrients. Necrosis may appear as brown or black spots on the leaves or as a general wilting or drooping of the plant 4. Reduced Yield Finally, nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants can reduce yield. If plants do not receive the right levels of nutrients, they may not produce as many fruits or vegetables as you want them. This can significantly impact the overall productivity and profitability of the aquaponic system. B. Nutrient Testing: Aquaponics growers can perform nutrient testing to accurately identify nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. This involves testing the nutrient levels in the water, as well as the leaves or tissues of the plants. Treatment of Nutrient Deficiencies in Aquaponics Plants Treating nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants is essential for ensuring the health and productivity of the system. This section will discuss various methods for addressing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. 1. Adjusting Feeding Rates and Fish Stocking Density One effective way to address nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants is by adjusting feeding rates and fish stocking density. Growers can increase the amount of fish food added to the system or increase the number of fish to increase the amount of waste produced. Conversely, if plants receive too many nutrients, growers can decrease feeding rates or reduce the number of fish in the system 2. Water Quality Management Maintaining optimal water quality is crucial for addressing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. Growers can manage water quality by regularly testing and monitoring the system's pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels. They can also use appropriate filtration systems, such as biofilters or mechanical filters, to remove excess nutrients and maintain healthy water quality. 3. Addition of Nutrients to The System Adding nutrients to the system is another effective way to address nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. Growers can add specific nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or iron, to the water to correct deficiencies. This can be done using organic or inorganic supplements like chelated iron. 4. Adjusting pH Levels pH levels can greatly impact the availability of nutrients in the water for plants. Certain nutrients may become unavailable for plant uptake if the pH level is too high or too low. 5. Use of Organic Supplements Organic supplements can address nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. Organic supplements, such as compost tea, worm castings, or seaweed extract, can help to provide a variety of essential nutrients to plants naturally and sustainably. Prevention of Nutrient Deficiencies in Aquaponics Plants Preventing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants is crucial for maintaining the health and productivity of the system. By implementing these methods, aquaponic growers can take proactive steps to prevent nutrient deficiencies and ensure the long-term success of their system. 1. Regular Monitoring and Testing of Nutrient Levels Regularly monitoring and testing nutrient levels is crucial for preventing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. Growers should regularly test and monitor the levels of nutrients in the water to ensure that plants receive the appropriate amount of nutrients. This can be done through test kits. Monitoring nutrient levels also allows growers to detect imbalances in the system before they cause significant problems. In addition to monitoring nutrient levels, growers should keep records of nutrient levels and plant growth over time. This helps to identify patterns and trends that indicate nutrient deficiencies or imbalances in the system. 2. Balanced Fish Feeding and Stocking Density Proper feeding rates and fish stocking density are essential for preventing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. Overfeeding fish can lead to excess nutrients in the water, which can cause nutrient imbalances in plants while underfeeding fish can lead to a lack of nutrients in the water, which can result in nutrient deficiencies in plants. 3. Use of Balanced Fish Feed Another key factor in preventing nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants is using balanced fish feed. Different fish species have varying nutritional requirements. So it is essential to choose a feed that provides the right balance of nutrients for the fish in the system. By providing fish with a high-quality, balanced diet, growers can ensure that the fish are producing waste that contains the appropriate levels of nutrients for plant growth. 4. Maintaining Proper pH Levels pH is an essential factor in aquaponics systems, as it can affect nutrient availability and plant uptake. Plants generally prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH range of 6.0-7.5; fish also have a preferred pH range for optimal health and growth. Maintaining proper pH levels in the system is essential to prevent nutrient deficiencies in aquaponics plants. pH can be monitored using test kits or pH meters, and adjustments can be made using pH up or down solutions. 5. Proper Maintenance of The System Proper maintenance of the aquaponics system is crucial in preventing nutrient deficiencies in plants. This includes regularly cleaning and maintaining the fish tank, grow beds, and other system components. Regular cleaning of the fish tank and removing uneaten fish feed and fish waste can help prevent excess nutrients from accumulating in the water, leading to imbalances and deficiencies in plants. Grow beds should also be cleaned regularly to remove debris and ensure water flows properly through the system. Proper maintenance also includes ensuring that all equipment functions correctly and that any issues are addressed promptly. In conclusion, nutrient deficiencies are a common issue that can affect plant growth and productivity in aquaponics systems. Several factors can contribute to nutrient deficiencies, including inadequate fish feeding, poor water quality, imbalanced nutrient levels, and lack of monitoring. Several strategies can be employed to prevent and treat these nutrient deficiencies. By addressing nutrient deficiencies promptly and implementing preventative measures, aquaponics growers can help ensure a healthy and productive system for fish and plants. With proper care and attention, aquaponics systems can provide a sustainable and efficient method for growing fresh produce and fish in a closed-loop ecosystem.

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With the General Study getting higher weightage in UPSC Civil Service Exam, the importance of current events analysis has increased manifold. UPSC usually does not ask direct and static questions from current affairs in Mains. Questions are written by combining current affairs with conventional knowledge. One interesting reason behind this type of strategy is to check the ability of correlation a candidate has. It is a test of alertness and awareness and not just knowledge! Current events are important in all stages of the examination, prelims, mains and interview. GS Mains question now days are mostly based current events. The study of current events is also important in preparation of essay. Studying current events at Pravaah you can cover the syllabus of different subjects for that particular year. The right strategy for preparation of current events analysis means to know the requirements of the paper and the right approach to fulfil those needs. The technique of studying the current events results into covering General Studies for prelims and mains. How to study current events? At Pravaah we have designed different courses for preparation of current events analysis for prelims and mains which follows the approach for current events analysis discussed above. The sources used for Current affairs collection or study are as follows: The Current Events Analysis course includes extensive coverage of information from sources like The Hindu, Yojana, Kurukshetra, Frontline, Indian Express, Economic Times, Science reporter, India Today, World Focus, Economic and Political Weekly, etc.

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The pools are open, the sun is shining and it’s time to get outside in the community! While some caregivers may be excited about this opportunity, others may be nervous about how their child with autism may interact in a community setting, especially with Covid-19 providing less social opportunities in the past. Here are several ways to practice community skills in the summer time that will help a child with Autism interact in a social based setting: - Use interests to gain community skills: What interests does your child have? Using interests even if they are different from other children to motivate a community activity. For instance if your child loves water, swimming lessons and interactions with a lifeguard could help your child learn water safety. If your child loves light up toys, a trip to the fire station to meet firefighters and see the lights on the vehicles may be exciting and engaging for them and create a social opportunity with a community helper. - Call or research community plans in your area: Once you know your child’s interests, call or research what is available throughout the summer for free. Typically there are events happening each week. A great place to start is the local library for free social events. - Prime ahead of time: Always provide insight to your child ahead of time so that they know what is going to happen at the event, how many people may be there, etc. A social story or pictures of where it will take place can be helpful. - Bring reinforcement: Bring along your child’s favorite items so that they can have something to motivate them during a new activity. Also bring any sensory items they may need such as noise canceling headphones. Community outings can be overwhelming and stressful, but planning ahead can make them successful and help a person with Autism achieve skills in the area of engaging with their community. This is a lifelong skill that will benefit them.

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Nursing Assistant Training Program - NATP 110 Nursing Assistant Preparation (3-7) 10 Cr. Hrs. This course is designed to prepare an individual in the role of the nursing assistant. Students will explore communication and interpersonal skills, infection control, safety/emergency procedures, promotion of resident’s independence/rights, basic nursing skills, personal and restorative care skills, care of mental health and social services needs, care of cognitively impaired residents and documentation. Basic nursing assistant skills will be performed in laboratory and geriatric-focused clinical facilities. (A requirement that must be completed before taking this course.) - The Nursing Assistant Preparation course is open only to students who are officially admitted to the Nursing Assistant Training Program. Upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to: - Explore the role of the long term care facility for geriatric healthcare. - Explore the physical and psychosocial needs of the geriatric resident/family. - Examine cultural and spiritual needs of the geriatric resident. - Outline rights of the resident. - Adhere to legal and ethical guidelines when providing geriatric nursing care. - Differentiate the roles and functions of the nursing assistant and other members of the health care team. - Demonstrate observational and documentation skills needed in the assessment of residents’ health, physical condition and well-being. - Outline safety procedures utilized for resident care. - Differentiate emergency procedures utilized for specific resident situations. - Demonstrate sensitivity to resident’s emotional, social, and mental health needs through skillful, directed interactions. - Identify concepts of infection control. - Manage care of the resident utilizing universal precautions. - Coordinate basic personal care skills for the resident. - Provide resident with oral hygiene. - Administer perineal care for the resident. - Explain the nursing assistant's role in bathing the resident. - Manage the dressing and appearance of the resident. - Coordinate care of the resident's environment. - Provide care for the resident with cognitive impairment. - Create an environment for restraint elimination. - Explain the nursing assistant's role in obtaining resident vitals/measurements. - Collaborate on care for resident's nutrition and hydration needs. - Provide care for resident's elimination needs. - Summarize restorative and rehabilitation care for the resident. - Explore care of the resident with developmental disabilities. - Explain care of the resident with depression. - Examine concepts of death and dying. - Provide post mortem care for a resident. - Explain care of the resident with AIDS. - Explore care of the resident who requires care in addition to basic activities of daily living (i.e. subacute care procedures). - Perform designated lab competencies (per state list/requirements). - Perform designated clinical competencies (per state list/requirements). | ||110||145802||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Peper K / Vendittelli D||$227.00||21/24/0||Open||M T W 08:00 AM-03:30 PM AS740 | ||110||145801||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Peper K / Vendittelli D||$227.00||13/24/0||Open||M T W 08:00 AM-03:30 PM AS740 | ||110||125803||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Vendittelli D / Peper K||$227.00||16/16/0||Open||M T W R F 08:00 AM-03:55 PM AS740 | ||110||125804||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Vendittelli D / Peper K||$227.00||8/16/0||Open||M T W R F 08:00 AM-03:55 PM AS740 | ||110||125802||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Vendittelli D / Peper K||$227.00||5/24/0||Open||M T W 08:00 AM-03:30 PM AS830 | ||110||135802||Nursing Assistant Preparation|| ||10||Vendittelli D / Peper K||$227.00||2/16/0||Open||M T W 08:00 AM-03:47 PM AS830

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US forests hold climate keys The UN climate summit in Glasgow ended with more words than actions as global emissions are the second-highest on record and the world is on track for an increase of another 16 percent by 2030. Alarmingly, global deforestation is occurring at a rate of 27 football fields every minute of each day. Recognizing this loss, President Biden pledged that the United States will “help the world halt natural forest loss and restore at least an additional 494 million acres by the year 2030.” As it stands, the Biden administration’s climate plans say nothing about ending forest losses right here at home by protecting climate-saving older forests and trees on federal lands. It’s a glaring omission that needs to be fixed. As scientists who have been studying forests and the climate for, collectively, more than a century, we urge Biden to safeguard mature and old-growth forests on federal lands as part of the United States’ commitment to tackling the climate crisis. Old-growth forests are disappearing globally because of logging and land clearing. Most of the remaining older forests are in the tropics and the circumboreal forests. Very little old growth remains in the United States, and much of what is left of these towering trees has been targeted for logging. But forests on federal lands from coast to coast have been slowly maturing and will become old growth in the decades ahead if protected from chainsaws. Older trees are nature’s carbon warehouses, storing up to 70 percent more carbon than logged and replanted forests. Through the miracle of photosynthesis, forests absorb and store atmospheric carbon dioxide in massive tree trunks, foliage and soils. They also cleanse the air we breathe, replenish drinking water supplies and are home to countless imperiled species. As trees age, the rate of carbon accumulation increases continuously so keeping this carbon in the forest and not in the atmosphere is critical to reaching emissions reduction targets. However, when these forests are logged, most of that carbon is returned to the atmosphere with very little retained in short-lived wood products. Each year logging of U.S. forests dumps some 723 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, equivalent to burning more than 3.7 billion pounds of coal. U.S. emissions from logging are up to 10 times that of wildfires and insects. Replanting trees is not the answer as this practice typically follows clearcut logging and cannot be counted in restoration targets. Newly planted trees would take decades to centuries to make up for the carbon emitted when forests are logged. We no longer have the luxury of time in the climate emergency. Older forests need a break from centuries of logging to build back carbon reserves and keep additional emissions out of the atmosphere. By allowing forests time to accumulate more carbon, Biden can elevate forests as nature’s climate solution and strengthen our country’s position for global leadership. Doing so would be a critical first step toward the president’s executive order to protect 30 percent of all lands and waters by 2030 to simultaneously address the climate and biodiversity crises. Thankfully, the Biden administration has taken an essential step by committing to end large-scale logging of old-growth trees on the Tongass rainforest in Alaska. The next logical step is to take older forests and trees across all federal public lands off the chopping block, especially since the infrastructure and build back better bills contain billions of dollars in federal logging subsidies. Climate change is solvable if we act now by increasing carbon stored in natural ecosystems while we rapidly end our dependence on fossil fuels and aggressively cut emissions across all sectors, including forestry. Even as the world replaces fossil fuels with clean energy, we still need to take climate pollution out of the atmosphere and forests are best at doing this. Biden must now make good on his announcement at the climate summit by ending logging of older forests and trees on federal lands to show the world he practices what he preaches. William Moomaw, Ph.D., is emeritus professor at The Fletcher School at Tufts University and Visiting Scientist Woodwell Climate Research Center. Thomas Lovejoy, Ph. D., is a professor of environmental science and policy at George Mason University. Stuart Pimm, Ph.D., is the Doris Duke Chair of Conservation at Duke University. Eric Dinerstein, Ph.D., is director of biodiversity and wildlife at RESOLVE and author of “Global deal for nature.” Dominick A. DellaSala, Ph.D., is chief scientist at Wild Heritage and an award-winning scientist with more than 200 scientific publications and books including, “Conservation Science & Advocacy for a Planet in Peril: Speaking Truth to Power.” The Hill has removed its comment section, as there are many other forums for readers to participate in the conversation. We invite you to join the discussion on Facebook and Twitter.

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Whenever you read a text that holds a great age, like the Bill of Rights or even an older English translation of a Biblical text, you find that (with minimal research) intent is lost as the meanings of grammar and vocabulary change, and such texts must be looked upon with a more etymological mindset (for lack of better terminology). What the fore fathers meant back in the 18th century is very likely not going to translate too well through ~300 years - even in 50 years there are words that have changed meaning drastically through connotation and denotation. For instance, gay used to be synonymous with merry, now it means homosexual - and words are given new but co-existing meanings by culture, such as "troll" - I imagine you aren't calling someone a mythical beast when you call them a troll, although that very well could be what you meant. The wording of the second amendment can (and should) be broken down in the same way as other amendment. Let us break down the (rather easy to interpret, in my opinion) first amendment, with a focus on commas and punctuation, with an emphasis on their importance (or lack thereof) - First Amendment wrote:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The first comma, while visually separating an idea, does not, in fact, separate an idea, but rather connects a corollary of sorts to an idea (the basic idea being government neutrality on religion, obviously). The semicolon acts (in this style/age of writing) as a way to separate an idea, just like a period, and then the upcoming comma connects the ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of text (as I interpret it, but that is another can of worms). The next semi-colon acts in the same way as the last, as does the next comma. I believe with updated grammar these amendments could be written in a much more concise manner, by simply removing commas and semi-colons, for instance - First Amendment EDIT wrote:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. Congress shall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Such a revision keeps the intents of the amendment the same, while making it more concise, up to date, and takes a step towards a slightly more colloquial and easier to understand law. But we aren't talking about just the first amendment, but all of them, and the way of writing at the time has been proven through research to give a slightly different meaning to a comma and other punctuation. Second Amendment wrote:A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. From the previous information, it should be easy to deduce that the 2nd amendment relates specifically to a militia by and for the people, not two separate ideas. All this being said, my personal beliefs line up somewhat with the forefathers - before owning a gun you must have relatively rigorous training (perhaps 16-20 (obviously non-consecutive) hours of training by a professional), and then monthly training (for ~2 hours) thereafter.

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Moss Lawns: Saving the Planet One Yard at a Time Since the dawn of suburbia, lawns have been used as status symbols. Originating from the Old French word “lande”, meaning barren land, a well-kept lawn was a way that English aristocrats showed off their wealth to their peers, wasting valuable resources on land used for nothing but aesthetics. This same game of social charades continues today, costing us a third of our public water supply , according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In the U.S., this equates to 9 billion gallons of water per day, not to mention the 200 million gallons of gas burned by lawnmowers. Imagine half a million swimming pools dumped daily onto land used solely to impress neighbors. In a world where population growth and drought spells are growing, we can no longer afford to waste one of our most precious resources just to keep up with the Joneses. However, there is a way that we can have lawns that are both easier to maintain and environmentally friendly. The solution is found in a species considered an enemy to lawn-lovers but is a powerful ally in the fight for our planet: moss. The Magic of Moss Moss lawns are nature’s velvet carpets, and they’re very beneficial to the surrounding ecosystem. A small moss lawn can absorb more carbon than 275 mature trees . They also: Produce a ton of oxygen. Require significantly less water. Absorb air pollutants. Prevent soil erosion and runoff. Not only are they great for the climate, you don’t even have mow them! They’re non-vascular and they never grow more than a few centimeters. All they require is a little moisture and some shade. Plus, they: Rarely need weeding. Don’t require fertilizer. Thrive in low-nutrient soil. Did I mention they attract fairies and other mythical creatures? I can’t prove the last part, but the rest is scientifically backed. Moss could be the next wave of eco-innovation. Companies like Green City Solutions are already creating moss benches to offset pollution in big cities. While this trend is just starting to pick up steam in the west, it’s been around for hundreds of years in Japan. In this case, the grass may truly be greener on the other side of the world– and softer. Seriously, if you still don’t believe in the magic of moss, walk barefoot in a moss patch after a rain day. There’s nothing quite like feeling the rush of lively earth running through your toes. How to Grow a Moss Lawn Find some shade. Moss grows better in shaded areas and tends to wither under direct sunlight. Remove grass and weeds. If there is a spot in your yard where moss is already growing amongst the grass, start there. Acidify soil. Moss thrives in acidic soil, though it can grow in any pH. The upside to acidic soil is that it discourages grass and weed growth. You can find soil acidifiers at your local gardening store. Plant moss. The best place to find moss is in your yard, or in a local forest. Just collect patches, transplant them, and they’ll spread rather quickly. You can also buy moss starter kits. Collect rainwater. Moss does best with rainwater because it can’t filter out all the extra chemicals in tap water. Keep a rain barrel nearby or use tap water if you need to. Moss doesn’t need as much water as grass, but it does need consistent moisture. Clear leaves. Patches of leaves can inhibit growth, but moss beds are sensitive to raking. You can clear leaves with your hands, or spread a net across your yard when the leaves start to fall. Just roll up the net when the trees have shed they’re layers. Overall, moss requires much less work than traditional lawns. In addition, they aid the surrounding ecosystem and increase biodiversity, while grass lawns are merely mono-crop blocks that spread pesticides. The latter use up an excessive amount of resources in a time where drought is becoming increasingly more prent, but moss serves as a much-needed carbon filter that can conserve water and even restore balance to the atmosphere. Let’s ditch these outdated relics of a rich aristocracy and move towards a future of moss-laden fairytales.

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Click image to zoom This book describes the basic skills necessary to play the flutes. It covers the methods for holding the flute, producing a sound, playing the lower and upper registers, single, double and triple tonguing, staccato notes, changing octaves, half tones, and complete fingering charts for all models of Hall Crystal Flutes. The media download plays the songs in the book and includes additional instruction. • Size: 9 x 12 inches • Book: 23 pages © 2000 - 2017 Hall Crystal Flutes, Inc. James Hall - email@example.com

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The mark of Dharma is Achara or good conduct. Achara is the mark of the good. From Achara is Dharma born. Dharma enhances life. Man attains prosperity and fame, here and hereafter, through the practice of Dharma. Good conduct is the highest Dharma. It is the root of all Tapas or austerities. Righteousness, truth and good works, power and prosperity—all originate from conduct. Conduct And Character Man wills to obtain his objects of desires. Willing results in action. This is called conduct. Conduct is behaviour. The will that is expressed becomes conduct. Man has various sorts of desires. Sometimes, there is conflict of desires. That desire which obtains victory is termed ‘will’. The inner disposition which makes the will possible is called character. Character is the aggregate of peculiar qualities which constitute personal External behaviour is not always a sure guide in judging the character of a man. Ethics Or The Science Of Conduct Morality or ethics is the science of conduct. Ethics is the study of what is right or good in conduct. Ethical science shows the way in which human beings should behavetowards one another, as well as towards other creatures. It contains systematised principles on which a man should act. Ethics is right conduct or Sadachara. We have human morality, family morality, social morality, national morality, professional morality, etc. A doctor has his professional ethics. He should not divulge to others the secrets of his patients. It is his duty to take all precautionary hygienic measures to stop the spread of an epidemic disease and direct his earnest attention towards public health and hygiene. Ethics is a relative science. What is good for one man may not be good for another man. What is good at one time and at one place may not be good at another time and at another place. Ethics is relative to the man himself and to his surroundings. Ethics, Spirituality And Religion Without ethics, you cannot have progress in the spiritual path. Ethics is the foundation of Yoga. Ethics is the corner-stone of Vedanta. Ethics is the strong pillar on which the edifice of Bhakti Yoga rests. Ethics is the gateway to God-realisation. Without ethical perfection, no spiritual progress or realisation is possible. A Yogic student or aspirant must be strictly ethical. He must be truthful and pure in thought, word and deed. He must possess excellent conduct. He must not injure any living being in thought, word and deed. He must practise rigidly right thought, right speech and right Every religion has its ethics. The Sermon on the Mount of Jesus and the Ten Commandments contain ethical teachings for the uplift of man. The Noble Eightfold Path of the Buddha is the essence of ethics. The Yamas and Niyamas of Patanjali Maharshi constitute the highest ethics. Manu Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti and Parasara Smriti contain the code of conduct for man. The three kinds of austerity of the Gita are nothing but ethics in an intensified form. Benefits Of The Practice Of Ethics Morality is the gateway to religion. He who leads a moral or virtuous life attains freedom, perfection or Moksha. Practice of ethics will help you to live in harmony with your neighbours, friends, your own family members, fellow-beings and other people. It will confer on you lasting happiness and Moksha. It will purify your heart. It will keep your conscience ever clean. A moral man who follows strictly the principles of ethics will not deviate even a fraction of an inch from the path of Dharma or righteousness. Yudhishthira had earned an undying reputation for his practice of ethics. He was an embodiment of Dharma. Hence he still lives in our Good conduct is the root of material and spiritual prosperity. Conduct increases fame. It is good conduct which prolongs life and destroys all calamities and evils and brings eternal happiness. It is good conduct that begets virtue. Therefore develop good conduct. Ethical Codes In Hinduism Hindu ethics is superb. Hinduism lays great emphasis on ethical discipline. Yama (self-restraint) and Niyama (religious observances or canons) are the foundations of Yoga and Vedanta. Undeveloped persons cannot think for themselves. Hence rules of conduct have been laid down by great sages or seers like Manu and Sage Lord Krishna says in the Gita: “Let the scriptures be thy authority in determining what ought to be done or what ought not to be done. Knowing what hath been declared by the ordinances of the scriptures, thou oughtest to work in this world” (Ch. XVI-24). The Smritis written by Yajnavalkya, Manu and other sages distinctly prescribe the rules of conduct. As you have not got the power nor the time to think of the moral principles and rules given in the scriptures, you can get them from the sages and saints and follow them to the very letter. The Foundational Principles Of Hindu Ethics The ethics of the Hindus is subtle, sublime and profound. All religions have taught ethical precepts such as: “Do not kill, do not injure others, love your neighbour as your self,” but they have not given the reason. The basis of Hindu ethics is this: “There is one all-pervading Atman. It is the innermost soul of all beings. This is the common, pure consciousness. If you injure your neighbour, you really injure yourself. If you injure any other creature, you really injure yourself, because the whole world is nothing but your own Self.” This is Hindu ethics. This is the basic metaphysical truth that underlies all Hindu ethical codes. The Atman or Self is one. One life vibrates in all beings. Life is common in animals, birds and human beings. Existence is common. This is the emphatic declaration of the Upanishads or Srutis. This primary truth of religion is the foundation of ethics or morality or science of right conduct. Morality has Vedanta as its basis. The first thing you learn from religion is the unity of all selves. The Upanishads says: “The neighbour is, in truth, the very Self and what separates you from him is mere illusion.” One Atman or Self abides in all beings. Universal love is the expression of the unity. Universal brotherhood has its basis in the unity of Self. All human relations exist because of this unity. Yajnavalkya said to his wife Maitreyi: “Behold, my dear, not indeed for the love of the husband is the husband dear, for the love of the Self is the husband dear.” And so with wife, sons, property, friends, worlds and even the Devas themselves. All are dear, because the one Self is in all. If you injure another man, you injure yourself. If you help another person, you help yourself. There is one life, one common consciousness in all beings. This is the foundation of right conduct. This is the foundation of ethics. Service As Worship A philanthropist donates big sums to social institutions. He regards this as some kind of social service only. That is all. He has not got the Bhava or mental attitude, that the whole world is a manifestation of the Lord and that he is serving the Lord. He has not got the Bhava that the Lord is working through his instruments or senses, that every act is an offering unto the Lord, and that every deed is a Yogic activity. In India, dinner is prepared for five hundred persons even when two hundred persons are invited. Feeding is worship of Narayana or the Lord, for a Hindu. It is Atithi-Yajna or sacred sacrifice. A Hindu regards every creature as the Lord. The Hindus are very generous, noble, large-hearted, charitable, God-fearing, sympathetic, merciful and hospitable. If they see a hungry man in the street, they will take him to their house, treat him as Atithi-Narayana (God in the form of guest), feed him first and then take their food. Nowhere in the world you will hear of such a treatment. You cannot get even a morsel of food free in other countries. A Hindu believes that if he feeds a single sage or a Mahatma, he is feeding the whole world, because he has realised that a realised sage is identical with the whole Virat or Brahman and is one with all beings of the entire universe. Hindu ethics is based on the sublime philosophy of Vedanta which propounds the doctrine of oneness of life and unity of consciousness. Ethics or morality and doing good to others, is the manifestation of this oneness. A Hindu distributes food to the crows, dogs, cows and fish first before he takes his food. He tries to recognise the one Atman that is hidden in all these forms. He endeavours to become one with the Universal Being. He knows that in loving others he loves himself and in injuring others he injures himself. Through the practice of cosmic love he feels that all bodies are his, all hands are his, all feet are his and that the whole world is his home (Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam). Gradually he becomes one with the soul of the universe and one with the Oversoul also. Hindu ethics leads eventually to Self-realisation. Ethics is a means to Yoga. Ethical Culture Or The Process Of Purification The very root and core of all moral discipline is mental purification through refraining from all evil action and the active practice of virtue. Do good at all times. Ahimsa, Satya and Brahmacharya symbolise the three processes of avoiding sin, sticking to virtue All harm arises out of man’s egoism. The ego manifests itself as ambition, desire and lust. Under their influence man indulges in hatred, love, flattery, pride, unscrupulousness, hypocrisy and delusion. To eradicate egoism arising out of Deha-Abhimana (body-idea), think constantly on the foulness and perishability of the body and the pains arising out of the senses. Reject them as evil and mentally rise above them. Dwell upon that which is desirable, elevating and divine. Improper action—thoughtless action without discrimination—gives rise to all misery. To get freedom from misery, the noble path of virtue—Sadachara—is to be followed. Rigidly observe truth and purity in your thoughts, speech, actions, inner motive and general conduct. Be loving, tolerant and charitable in your opinion of men and things and in your dealings In every sphere, the individual should strive to adhere to these qualities and to manifest them. Thus, this ideal is to be practised between parents and children, elders and youngsters, teacher and pupil, friend and friend, Guru and disciple, leader and follower, subject and ruler, and nation and nation. You must proceed along the path of virtue. Be determined never to swerve even an inch from Dharma. The mind has to be carefully trained and the will should be developed and strengthened. Therefore much importance has been laid by the ancients upon Yama, Niyama and Shat-Sampat (six treasures of virtue). The mind and will must be exercised and disciplined through deliberate acts of self-denial and self-sacrifice in everyday life. Ethical culture, therefore, demands moral vigilance and right exertion. The development of a sensitive conscience and positive admiration for goodness and nobility plays a great part in ethical culture. Philosophy Of Right And Wrong Everybody speaks: “This is right, that is wrong; you are right, he is wrong;” but he cannot tell you exactly what he means by ‘right’ and What is the criterion by which we judge an action to be right or wrong, and good or bad? “Right and wrong” and “good and bad” are relative terms. Right and wrong refer to the moral standard, as law. Good and bad refer to it, as end. You will have to adjust your conduct according to this moral standard. That which is in accordance with a rule is right. That which is worthy of achievement is good. Religion gives us the ultimate data upon which ethical science may Relative Nature Of Right And Wrong Right and wrong—Dharma and Adharma—are relative terms. It is very difficult to define these terms precisely. Even sages are bewildered sometimes in finding out what is right and what is wrong in some special circumstances. That is the reason why Lord Krishna says in the Gita: “What is action? What is inaction? Even the wise are herein perplexed. Therefore I will declare to thee the action by knowing which thou shalt be liberated from evil. It is needful to discriminate action, to discriminate unlawful action, and to discriminate inaction; mysterious is the path of action. He who seeth inaction in action and action in inaction, he is wise among men; he is harmonious, even while performing all actions” (Ch. IV-16, 17, 18). Illustrations Of Right And Wrong Right and wrong are always relative to the surrounding circumstances. What is right in one situation is not right in another. Right and wrong vary according to time, special circumstances, Varna (status or class in society) and Asrama (order or stage of life). Morality is a changing and relative term. That passionate man who molests his legally married wife frequently to gratify his passion is more immoral than a man who visits the house of his sister of ill-fame once in six months. That man who dwells constantly on immoral thoughts is the most immoral man. Do you clearly note the subtle difference now? To kill an enemy is right for a Kshatriya king. A Brahmin or Sannyasin should not kill anybody even for protecting himself during times of danger. They should practise strict forbearance and forgiveness. To speak an untruth to save the life of a Mahatma or one’s Guru, who has been unjustly charged by the unjust officer of a state, is right. Untruth has become a truth in this particular case. To speak a truth which brings harm to many is untruth only. To kill a dacoit who murders the wayfarers daily is Ahimsa only. Himsa becomes Ahimsa under certain circumstances. Forgiveness or Kshama befits an ascetic or Sannyasin who leads the life of Nivritti Marga or renunciation. It cannot befit a ruler. The ruler may forgive one who has injured him, but he cannot forgive one who has done the greatest harm to the public. There are special Dharmas during critical, dangerous circumstances. They are called Apad-Dharma. Rishi Visvamitra took forbidden meat from a Chandala or outcaste when there was a severe famine, and offered this in his sacrifice to the Devas. Ushasti, a learned sage, took the polluted beans from the hands of an elephant-driver when the former was suffering from acute hunger and when he was not able to get food from anyone else. Indicators Of Right And Wrong Rishi Kanada, author of the Vaiseshika system of philosophy, says in the opening Sutra: “That which elevates you and brings you nearer to God, is right. That which brings you down and takes you away from God, is wrong. That which is done in strict accordance with the injunctions of the scriptures is right and that which is done against their injunctions is wrong.” This is one way of defining the terms ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. To work in accordance With the Divine Will is right and to work in opposition to the Divine Will is wrong. It is very difficult for the man in the street to find out what exactly the Divine Will is, in certain actions. That is the reason why wise sages declare that people should resort to Sastras, learned Pundits and realised persons, for consultation. A pure man who has done Nishkama Karma-Yoga for several years and who is doing worship of Isvara for a long time, can readily find out the Divine Will when he wants to do certain actions. He can hear the inner, shrill, silent voice. Ordinarily people should not attempt to hear this Divine Voice, the Voice of the Silence. They may mistake the voice of the impure mind for the Voice of God. The lower instinctive mind will delude them. Selfishness clouds understanding. Therefore, if a man has got even a tinge of selfishness, he cannot detect what is right and wrong. A very pure, subtle and sharp intellect is needed for this purpose. The Bhagavad-Gita describes the nature of Sattvic reason, Rajasic reason and Tamasic reason as follows: “That which knoweth energy and abstinence, what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, fear and fearlessness, bondage and liberation, that reason is pure, O Partha. That by which one wrongly understandeth right and wrong, and also what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, that reason, O Partha, is passionate. That which is enwrapped in darkness, thinketh wrong to be right and seeth all things subverted, that reason, O Partha, is of darkness” (Ch. XVIII-30, 31, 32). Various other definitions are given by wise men to help the students in the path of righteousness. In the Bible it is said: “Do unto others as you would be done by.” This is a very good maxim. The whole gist of Sadachara or right conduct is here. If one practises this very carefully, he will not commit any wrong act. Do not do to another what is not good for yourself. Do not do any act which does not bring good to another or which injures another and makes you feel ashamed for it. Do that act which brings good to others and which is praiseworthy. Do as you would be done by. Do unto others as you wish others should do unto you. This is the secret of Dharma. This is the secret essence of Karma Yoga. This is a brief description of what right conduct is. This will lead you to the attainment of eternal bliss. “Ahimsa Paramo Dharmah—non-injuring in thought, word and deed is the highest of all virtues.” If one is well established in Ahimsa in thought, word and deed, he can never do any wrong action. That is the reason why Patanjali Maharshi has given Ahimsa great prominence in his Raja Yoga philosophy. Ahimsa comes first in the practice of Yama or self-restraint. To give happiness to others is right; to spread misery and pain to others is wrong. One can follow this in his daily conduct towards others and can evolve in his spiritual path. Do not perform any act that brings to you shame and fear. You will be quite safe if you follow this rule. Stick to any rule that appeals to your reason and conscience and follow it with faith and attention. You will evolve and reach the abode of eternal happiness. That work which gives elevation, joy and peace to the mind is right and that which brings depression, pain and restlessness to the mind is wrong. This is an easy way to find out right and wrong. That which helps you in your spiritual evolution is right and that which obstructs and hinders your spiritual evolution is wrong. That which leads to unity of self is right and that which leads to separation is wrong. That which is in accordance with the injunctions of the holy scriptures is right and that which is not in accordance with the sacred lore is wrong. To work in accordance with the Divine Will is right and to work in disharmony with the Divine Will is wrong. To do good to others, to serve and help others, to give joy to others, is right and to give pain to others, to injure others is wrong. All that which is free from any motive of injury to any being is surely morality. Moral precepts have been made to free creatures from all injuries. Why is charity right? Because it is in conformity with the law: “Do charity.” Why is stealing wrong? Because it is against the law: “Thou shalt not steal.” Why is it good to help a man when he is in trouble and difficulties? Because it will refine and ennoble your character. It will instil mercy in your heart. The cultivation of virtues will help you to realise the Supreme Self. Why is it bad to kill any being? The end is unworthy. It will corrupt your character. It will reduce you to the level of a brute. By doing wrong actions, you taint your character. By doing virtuous actions, you develop a noble character. Without character, man falls down to the level of a brute. A man of character is honoured, trusted and adored everywhere. Therefore, develop a good character when you are young. Learn how to eradicate vices and how to cultivate virtues in the garden of your heart. Vices and evil habits are the weeds. Virtues are priceless fruits and flowers. Learn the Yogic method of Pratipaksha Bhavana or cultivation of the opposites. Purity or celibacy, forgiveness, generosity, humility and selflessness are the opposites of lust, anger, greed, pride and selfishness. Become a skilful Yogic gardener. Plant good flowers in the garden of your heart and enthrone the Lord in the centre of the heart-garden and meditate on Him. You will enjoy eternal bliss and immortality. You must obey the laws or rules of conduct. The rules are given for you by the law-givers for your own betterment and spiritual uplift. The law-givers are great sages who had direct God-realisation. To stick to Sadachara is difficult, no doubt. Mockery, misunderstanding and persecution will have to be faced. Therefore, the cultivation of forbearance, meekness of spirit, calm endurance and spirit of forgiveness are of great importance. Uphold virtue at any cost. For its sake, bear any calumny. Return good for evil. Do not leave the path of morality even if your life is in danger. Do not leave righteousness for the sake of some material gain. Consult the Sastras and Mahatmas whenever you are in doubt. Build up your character. Grow. Evolve. Keep up your ideal always before your mind. Stick to Sadachara or right conduct. Practise it. You will soon attain eternal bliss and immortality.

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These graphics show probabilities of sustained (1-minute average) surface wind speeds equal to or exceeding 64 kt...74 mph (hurricane force). These wind speed probability graphics are based on the official National Hurricane Center (NHC) track, intensity, and wind radii forecasts, and on NHC forecast error statistics for those forecast variables during recent years. Each graphic provides cumulative probabilities that wind speeds of at least 74 mph will occur during cumulative time periods at each specific point on the map. The cumulative periods begin at the start of the forecast period and extend through the entire 5-day forecast period at cumulative 12-hour intervals (i.e., 0-12 h, 0-24 h, 0-36 h, ... , 0-120 h). An individual graphic is produced for each cumulative interval, and the capability to zoom and animate through the periods is provided. To assess the overall risk of experiencing winds of at least 74 mph at any location, the 120-h graphics are recommended. These probabilities will be updated by the NHC with each advisory package for all active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins. While separate graphics are focused on each individual tropical cyclone, probabilities resulting from more than one active tropical cyclone may be seen on each graphic.

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The lack of a straight border makes the sting items harder to find. Proponents of the autism rights movement oppose the jigsaw puzzle iconography, stating that metaphors such as “puzzling” and “incomplete” are harmful to autistic individuals. Critics of the puzzle piece symbol as a substitute advocate for a rainbow-coloured infinity symbol representing diversity. Jigsaw puzzles can vary significantly in worth depending on the complexity, variety of pieces, and brand. Children’s puzzles could be as cheap as round $5.00, whereas bigger puzzles can be closer to $50.00. The costliest puzzle thus far was bought for $27,000 in 2005 at a charitable auction for The Golden Retriever Foundation. The most typical structure for a thousand-piece puzzle is 38 pieces by 27 pieces, for a total count of 1,026 items. This adds a stage of complexity, as a result of it cannot be sure that the correct side of the piece is being seen and assembled with the opposite items. Jigsaw puzzles which are geared in the direction of kids might have many fewer pieces, sometimes much larger. For very younger youngsters, a puzzle with as few as 4 to 9 “giant”-dimension pieces (so not a choking hazard) are common. A die cutting press makes use of a pointy, flat steel ribbon to stamp out the individual pieces. The artist’s drawings of the cuts are despatched to rule-bend specialists who bend razor sharp steel rules into the form of the puzzle pieces. For a 500-piece puzzle of common complexity, it might take 400 hours to make a die. Three or 4 such dies maybe made for puzzles of the same size and form. The metal guidelines are then pounded right into a wood mounted die. Puzzle design varies relying on the kind of paintings and the fashion of puzzle desired. The design of the cuts is hand drawn by artists and, consequently, no two puzzles are alike. Quality puzzles are designed to artfully mix the picture with the design of the cut items to boost the enjoyment of the person. - Do you need it to be traditional, or plastic, or picket? - This is also why puzzle games allow themselves to be somewhat player-unfriendly once in a while. - First, choose the kind of a puzzle you wish to make. - So, let’s check out how you would make yourself a personalized jigsaw puzzle on the location Creative Jigsaw Puzzles. In 2017, the Autism journal concluded that the usage of the jigsaw puzzle evoked adverse public perception in direction of autistic people. In February 2018, the journal eliminated the puzzle piece from their cover. Jigsaw puzzle items have been first used as an emblem for autism in 1963 by the United Kingdom’s National Autistic Society. One aspect of this steel ribbon is mounted in a picket block. Whep this block is pressed with enough pressure onto the softer cardboard backing, the backing surface is minimize into the specified form. When the laminated paintings is distributed through the die minimize press, the die is pressured down beneath excessive stress. When the die is extracted, the art work and underlying cardboard are left with cuts in the shape of die. Puzzle artists are cautious of their design to not minimize through major features of the art work corresponding to an individual’s face. The artists management the puzzle’s skill stage by varying the variety of items and the complexity of the cuts. Typically, the extra items the puzzle is minimize into, the more difficult it’s to assemble. Some puzzle makers make their puzzles even harder to assemble by avoiding straight-edged border items. Puzzle items have since been included into the logos and promotional supplies of many organizations, including the Autism Society of America and Autism Speaks. Jigsaw puzzlers usually need to know prematurely what number of border items they are on the lookout for to confirm they have found all of them. This means that adjacent items are linked in such a means that if one piece is moved horizontally, the opposite items transfer with it, preserving the connection. Sometimes the connection is tight enough to choose up a solved half by holding one piece. The majority of 500-piece puzzles are 27 pieces by 19 pieces. A few puzzles are made double-sided, so that they are often solved from either side.

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Conic sectionsa. Determine whether the following equations describe a parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola.b. Use analytical methods to determine the location of the foci, vertices, and directrices.c. Find the eccentricity of the curve.d. Make an accurate graph of the curve.y = 8x2 + 16x + 8 Solution 26REStep 1:The given function can be written as The above equation describes a parabola.

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How Does PRP Benefit Joint Function? PRP – or platelet-rich plasma – benefits joint function by using your own body’s healing properties to reduce pain and encourage support. Patients receiving this kind of therapy may recover from injuries faster and better manage chronic joint-related conditions. They may also be able to reduce their reliance on pain medications. What is PRP? PRP (or platelet-rich plasma) is an isolate that is extracted from blood. We prepare PRP by taking normal blood to extract the platelet-rich plasma using a centrifuge device. Spinning the blood very rapidly separates it into its constituent components, making it easy to concentrate the plasma for treatment. PRP for Joints PRP is used to improve the healing of injured muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The therapy involves taking PRP and injecting it into the joints that need support. Soon after infusion, the body releases growth factors that stimulate reparative cells to travel to the affected area. Sometimes, we may use ultrasound equipment to guide PRP injections to ensure precise placement. PRP for joints is exciting because research shows that it improves the function and reduces pain in people with chronic conditions, such as tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, tendonitis, and even arthritis. It can also enhance recovery following Achilles tendon injuries and rotator cuff tears in the shoulder. PRP Consultation Available Benefits of PRP The main benefit of PRP is the fact that it uses your own platelets. Unlike exogenous treatments or those that use other people’s tissue, there is no risk that your body will not accept the therapy. Reinjecting your native tissue does not activate your immune system or cause an inflammatory response. It’s a way of providing you with your own tissues’ healing action, without the risk of rejection, allowing you to avoid immune-suppression drugs. PRP also enables you to reduce the side effects associated with managing your condition or injury. For instance, patients with chronic joint conditions, such as arthritis and tendonitis, often take opioids or anti-inflammatories to reduce the pain and immune response. But because PRP is made of your own blood, there are no off-target effects as there are when you take regular drugs, thus improving your overall quality of life. Am I a Candidate for PRP Therapy? Because PRP uses the body’s own tissue as the therapy, most people are suitable candidates for the procedure. You stand to benefit the most from PRP if: - You currently have chronic joint pain or arthritis - You want to get more rapid relief from painful joints - You want an alternative to surgery to reduce the pain you are experiencing - You are having trouble managing the side effects of pain management drugs - Other types of physical therapy and treatments have proven ineffective - You want to avoid the use of additional medications

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Even if an ingredient in packaged food sounds weird and unpronounceable, it must be safe because the FDA monitors that kind of stuff, right? Apparently not. The Grocery Manufacturer's Association, which represents big food and drink companies, recently unintentionally exposed just how messed up our food system is after it announced it would grant the FDA access to its database the industry uses to determine whether an ingredient is safe... Because, amazingly, the FDA didn't already have that seemingly crucial information. By law, food ingredients are regulated as additives unless the ingredient is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). And though you'd think the FDA would be the one determining whether an ingredient is safe, that important task is actually left entirely up to food manufacturers themselves. Of course, the FDA has long had the power to question an ingredient's safety and even take action if the ingredient proves harmful. But, by that time, someone somewhere has probably already gotten sick from eating it. MORE: The 114 Ingredient Sandwich That the FDA now has access to manufacturers' safety information will presumably mean more transparency in our food system. That's something we should give the GMA credit for, says Marion Nestle, PhD, author of Safe Food and Food Politics. Still, no one would blame you if you stare down the ingredients on boxed cookies or mac 'n cheese with a skeptic's eye, knowing that the FDA hasn't analyzed the ingredients for safety. But you do have some control over food safety: To determine an ingredient’s safety for yourself, check out the Center for Science in the Public Interest's food additive database. Or better yet, just avoid packaged foods as much as possible. "Additives are in processed foods," says Nestle. "This is another reason to eat ones that have been minimally processed, if at all."

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But recruiting teachers could be a big barrier to ambitious plans to get more students studying sciences and engineering on a short timescale The Irish government has launched a plan to reform science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) education across the primary and secondary landscape. The government aims to make Ireland a European leader in STEM education and training by 2026. In a policy document launched in November 2017 [pdf], Richard Bruton, minister at the department for education and skills (DES), acknowledges the technological revolution changing society and states: ‘If Ireland is to be at the forefront of this transformation, we must be a leader in nurturing, developing and deploying STEM talent.’ The government wants to see an increase of 20% in the total number of secondary students, and a 40% increase in the number of women, taking chemistry, physics, technology and engineering subjects at Leaving Certificate, the final exams in the secondary system. In 2017, only 16% of the total cohort of 58,543 students studied chemistry at this level. The plan of action Underpinning these goals is a three-phase implementation plan [pdf]. Phase one, between now and 2019, will focus on what needs to be done to provide quality STEM education. This will be followed by phase two, 2020–22, a time to embed new practice, and phase three, 2023–26, which is for reviewing actions. Within phase one, the government aims to increase student participation in STEM and awareness of STEM careers. Other objectives are to improve the quality and supply of initial teacher training in STEM, and support for STEM education practice. Plans are set out to review curricula and assessment methods and encourage evidence-led innovation, which will involve a new model to help the STEM education research community have impact on government policy. High on the priority list are reform of the primary maths curriculum and the introduction of computer science at Leaving Certificate. In 2018, the plan expects the DES to commission audits and research to understand the challenges and opportunities for increasing participation – research on, for example, the uptake of STEM subjects by learners of all backgrounds, abilities and gender. Meanwhile, the government will trial a more rigorous model for assessing practical work for Leaving Certificate biology, chemistry and physics. Currently, students record experiments in lab books, and there is only a small chance the examining board inspects their books. In their final exams, students face questions on experiments, but answers can be rote learnt from textbooks. The National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) in Ireland recommends a 90-minute externally assessed practical exam worth 30% of the overall marks for each of the sciences. Big barriers, short timescale Joseph Roche, assistant professor of science education at Trinity College Dublin, welcomes the policy document as indication the government is serious about STEM education. But he worries the implementation plan does not address the main barriers to achieving its ambitious targets in a relatively short timescale. ‘Unless we find ways to attract what is a chronic shortage of chemistry and physics graduates into teaching and make the profession more appealing to them, then it is hard to see how we will increase participation in STEM among students.’ Joseph also thinks the government needs to find a way for at least one lab technician per school, and for science to be recognised as a core subject at Junior Certificate level (equivalent to GCSE-level in Northern Ireland and England). ‘Hopefully the government will back up its plan with specifics and the appropriate level of funding to support teachers in Ireland.’

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|Author: Celia Anita/ Decker Decker| Learn more about Planning and Administering Early Childhood Programs: From the Publisher: Planning and Administering Early Childhood Programs, Ninth Edition, is build on the conviction that thoughtful planning and administration are essential to the success of early childhood programs. The authors' main priority is to present the rationale for thoughtful planning and administration. The more administrators know about factors influencing quality programs, the better equipped they will be to plan and administer their own high quality programs. With that in mind, this text addresses all aspects of program administration, taking readers from the earliest stages of planning the facility and identifying the program's goals, through program implementation and evaluation. It is a practical and readable resource intended for students of program administaration as well as practicing program administrators. Both groups will find the book to be a resource that will ensure their success in thier chosen field. Each chapter includes practical Application Activities and refers readers to authoratative websites that enhance and elaborate on topical discussions. Two new co-authors bring additional insights and experience in developing and directing child development centers. Covering a range of topics from developing a mission statement, to financing and budgeting, to furnishing and design, this is a truly comprehensive volume on planning and maintaining a successful early childhood care center.

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Making healthy choices can reduce your risk of pretty much all cancers, but it’s commonly known that some cancers are strongly linked to some unhealthy behaviors. Cigarette smoking can lead to lung cancer, tanning can lead to skin cancer, drinking can lead to liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. Somehow, though, the number of people with primarily lifestyle-related cancers is on the rise, even though we know what the major risk factors are. The study is the largest, most comprehensive analysis of cancer related health outcomes that’s ever been conducted. It reviewed over 29 cancers between 1990 and 2016 in 195 countries around the globe. Basically, it was huge. It found that lifestyle-related cancers universally saw an increase, but cases of cancer due to infection, such as cervical and stomach cancers, went down during the same period. They also learned that a lot more cancer patients die in developing countries than in the Western world, suggesting that we can do more to equip other countries with the resources to fight those cancers. Worldwide over the 26 years, lung cancer caused the most deaths in men, and breast cancer in women. Cannabis for Beginners - What is a strain?

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Marguerite Louis Blasingame (1906-1947) untitled oil on canvas, 22 x 29″ signed lower left, framed sold Born in Honolulu and trained at Stanford University in California, Marguerite Blasingame returned to Hawaii where she became an established sculptor of figural works, many of them bas reliefs in wood and stone. Her depictions were usually sinuous in contour with simplified anatomy. Along with Isami Doi, Madge Tennent, and others, she founded the Hawaiian Mural Arts Guild in 1934. She was among the artists in Hawaii who, before World War II, experimented with decorative pattern using natural forms, especially tropical foliage and flowers and used stylized imagery of Hawaiian figures in work that mirrored the similarly romanticized and exoticized Art Deco imagery depicting the people of French colonial Polynesia and South East Asia. During the 1930s and 1940s, she was a WPA artist and filled many commissions for architectural panels, some of them very large in size. She died in 1947 while traveling in Mexico. The Honolulu Academy of Arts is among the public collections holding her works, and her sculptures in public places include an (untitled) 1935 marble sculpture in Ala Moana Park, Honolulu, and a 1939 bas relief at the entry to the Board of Water Supply building. She is the author of a book titled “A Course in Art Appreciation for the Adult Layman,” Stanford University Press. Edan Hughes, “Artists in California, 1786-1940” Gordon Chang, Asian American Art: A History, 1850-1970

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Hornby village has three fragments of rare Anglo-Saxon stone crosses at St Margaret’s Church. These seem to be part of a collection centred around the Lune valley, perhaps connected to an Anglo-Saxon monastery based in Lancaster. Two of the pieces have inscriptions upon them, making them what is termed ‘literate’ and hence perhaps connected with educated monks. The Lune valley set of Anglo-Saxon monuments are both rare and early, from the late 700s-early 800s. This is much earlier than most sculptures of this period in Lancashire, which are mostly 900-1000s AD. Other similar pieces have been found at Heysham, Halton, Lancaster and Gressingham. The two fragments with inscriptions are inside St Margaret’s Church (which is open every day). The third is the very large cross base in the churchyard. We’ll look at the ones inside the church first. Loaves and Fishes Cross This first sculpture has a clear depiction of the Loaves and Fishes biblical miracle, and five round loaves and two fish can clearly be seen. There is also the stem of a tree, possibly a vine, which symbolically is shaped as a cross. Two haloed figures stand on either side of it. On the other sides on view is decorative knot work. The side facing the wall (which cannot be seen) has a haloed half figure with wings holding a book. There is also a worn inscription on this unseen side. The sculpture was moved from Hornby Castle rockery in 1903 and placed in the church. Zig Zag Cross The zig zag cross fragment was found built into Hornby Priory Farm barn, and then brought into the church around the early 1900s. It bears the partial inscription of OED, but it is not clear what this means. Other sides feature a rosette fruit cluster and perhaps a halo, hair and forehead of a figure. Pyramidal Cross Base The pyramidal cross base is a large monument, 6 foot 2 inches tall (although the bottom foot is in the ground). It was first noted by the vicar of Whalley, local antiquarian Dr. Whitaker, in 1823. It has four sides, each decorated with a semi-circular arch supported by two narrow pillars. There were once figures on each side, but these are too faint to see now. They were thought to be the four evangelists or gospel writers Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, who are also depicted more clearly on the Anglo-Saxon part of the reassembled Sigurd Cross at nearby Halton (see here). On top of the monument is a socket hole where presumably a large shaft would have fitted, perhaps making the monument 12 feet high originally. St Margaret’s church itself has a wealth of history and is worth visiting. For more on its history see our page here. Site visited by A. and S. Bowden 2019 St Margaret’s Church is open every day. For more details see here. Nearby, just a short drive away Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, Volume IX, Cheshire and Lancashire, Richard N. Bailey, (2010) British Academy, Oxford University Press ‘What mean these stones?’ Some aspects of Pre-Norman Sculpture in Cheshire and Lancashire, Richard N Bailey University of Newcastle Upon Tyne T. Northcote Toller Memorial Lecture, (1995) Centre for Anglo Saxon Studies Manchester University. Available online as a pdf document Historic England website Pastscape.org Monument Number 42915 Historic England website Pastscape.org Monument Number 42909

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often considered a childhood condition, but it frequently persists into adulthood. Around 2.5% of adults in the UK live with ADHD. However, many remain undiagnosed due to a lack of awareness of how ADHD presents in adults. If you relate to several of the following signs and symptoms, it may be worthwhile to seek an ADHD assessment. People with ADHD struggle to concentrate on tasks, especially those they find mundane or unstimulating. You may have problems maintaining focus during work meetings, conversations or while completing chores. No matter how hard you try to concentrate, your mind ends up wandering. Disorganisation and Forgetfulness Adults with ADHD often feel overwhelmed by the demands of everyday life due to being disorganised and forgetful. You may frequently misplace items, struggle to keep on top of paperwork and appointments or fail to pay bills on time. Lots of sticky notes and phone reminders may not resolve these issues. Poor Time Keeping Being frequently late is a hallmark of ADHD. You may chronically underestimate the time needed to get ready and struggle to stick to schedules and deadlines. This can negatively impact your work performance and relationships – even if you try your hardest to be punctual. Making impulsive decisions in the moment without fully considering potential consequences is common with ADHD. This may involve excessive spending, impulsive eating choices, substance misuse or risky sexual behaviours. Frequently acting on impulse can sabotage your goals and get you into trouble. The emotional turmoil of ADHD can emerge as hot-headedness, mood swings and emotional outbursts. You may find frustrations quickly bubble over into disproportionate emotional reactions. Calming yourself down once you are upset feels impossible. This emotional sensitivity can torpedo your relationships and self-esteem. While people with ADHD often struggle to concentrate on mundane tasks, they may paradoxically enter a state of profound focus when highly stimulated. Known as hyperfocus, you become completely engrossed in activities you find exciting, losing track of all else around you – sometimes for hours on end without a break. Restlessness and Fidgeting Excess movement and restlessness are more associated with ADHD in childhood but remain common in adults, too. You might tap your fingers, shake your legs, get up frequently, fidget, or play with nearby objects without realising when sitting at your desk or in meetings. Colleagues may see this fidgeting as annoying or disruptive behaviour which can lead to problems at work. Seeking an ADHD Assessment If you see your own struggles reflected in several of the signs above, consider seeking an ADHD assessment for adults from your GP or a private clinic. Getting evaluated involves an interview discussing your symptoms and their impact, plus your medical, family, and psychological history. An ADHD assessment determines if your difficulties align with ADHD diagnostic criteria as outlined in the DSM-5 or ICD-11. It’s important to rule out other potential causes, too. With an accurate diagnosis, you can access helpful treatments and support.

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The European Union, in its current form, has a fundamental problem. This is that it takes sovereignty from the people without the people’s direct consent. Let’s look at it this way. Four of the EU’s six biggest countries, France, Germany, Italy, and Poland, as well as numerous other EU members, are all republics. The definition of a republic, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is “a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law.” The sovereignty belongs to the people but is exercised by their elected representatives. The sovereignty clearly belongs to the people, and they have only leased it to their representatives, and so clearly the representatives do not have the power to give the authority away, and yet that is exactly what the elected officials in the EU are doing: they are giving away the sovereignty that was only delegated to them, which they have no right to do. Let me put this into an analogy. (As analogies go, it’s a rather bad one, and for that I apologize). Let’s say I own a company. I appoint a CEO for my company, and I say, “manage it.” He goes to another company and offers to give them complete control over my workers, my buildings, and my assets. Did he have that power? No. (Side note: Rather an odd analogy for a socialist like myself to make, but I couldn’t think of anything better). My point, which I have made rather clumsily here, is that whenever the EU expands its powers, in effect gaining more sovereignty from its members, the national leaders who agree to give the EU more and more of their countries’ sovereignty do not have the power to give that sovereignty, only the people of the nation do. This is what is fundamentally wrong with the EU: It is taking sovereignty from its member states without the direct consent of those who actually hold the sovereignty, the people. This doesn’t technically apply to constitutional monarchies, such as Britain, Spain, or the Netherlands, butthe principal remains the same.

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The South Asia region could lose as much as 9 percent of its annual gross domestic product by 2100 if nothing is done to curtail climate change, according to a new report from the Asian Development Bank, AlertNet reported. Increasingly common extreme weather events are expected to damage infrastructure, agriculture and human health in the region, hitting the Maldives hardest. The world has already used up as many resources as the Earth can sustainably supply this year, and has also expelled as many waste products as it can support, according to international sustainability think tank Global Footprint Network, the Guardian reported. The Network calls this point in the year “Earth overshoot day” and says it continues to occur earlier—shifting from October in the year 2000 to August 19 this year. Scarce water supplies due to a drought in Cameroon are exacerbating a cholera outbreak,a disease spread through contaminated water and food, Inter Press Service reported. Residents of communities in the region are forced to find water by digging in dried river beds, which are used by both people and animals for water. A new Water Research Center in Georgia is focusing on how to improve water management and efficiency at electric power utilities in the southeastern United States, E&E reported. Water scarcity is a growing concern for power plants in the region, which has faced severe droughts and competition for water in recent years. Investment in Australian agriculture is well below the projected $US 558 billion that will be needed by 2050 to keep the industry growing, Reuters reported. One barrier to investment is concern about drought—just 25 percent of farmers plan to increase investment this year, in part due to a forecast El Nino.

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Column: Hearts and Minds in the Pantheon In 1744, King Louis XV promised Madame de Pompadour, his official mistress, a new church honoring St. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris, if he survived his mysterious illness. He recovered and the resulting Pantheon, named for a pagan temple and honoring the best minds in France, reflects the vagaries of French religious politics. Louis put his mistress’s brother in charge of making good on his promised church. He laid the cornerstone for the building in 1764, the year Madame de Pompadour, famous for her hair style, died. The neoclassical design, in the shape of the Greek cross, drew inspiration from London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral. Because of a depleted treasury, the church remained unfinished when Louis XV died in 1774. His successor, grandson Louis XVI, loaned his bankrupt government four million francs to finish it. When the church was finally completed in 1790, it featured a massive triple dome, supported on 258 columns, extending 268 feet above the street. By that time, the French Revolution was in full swing, railing against the power of royalty and the Catholic Church. In 1791, the newly constituted National Constituent Assembly ordered that the church be transformed into a mausoleum honoring French heroes. The building took its new name, meaning “all the gods,” from the domed Pantheon in Rome. In 1792, Louis XVI was beheaded for the claimed excesses of his reign. Twice since 1791, the Pantheon was converted to a church, each time reverting to a mausoleum as sentiments changed. Remains from 50 distinguished French intellectuals, including Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo and Madame Curie, are now enshrined in the Pantheon’s crypt. For six, only their hearts made it, manifesting the practice of removing organs before embalming. The remains of Descartes, whose transfer was authorized in 1792, have yet to arrive. The United States Capitol architect visited the Pantheon in 1838 and made liberal use of its design concepts in the rebuilt Capitol dome. In 1851, French physicist Leon Foucault demonstrated the earth’s rotation by suspending his famous pendulum from the center of the Pantheon’s dome. The democratic rationalists of the French Revolution would be proud.

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Setting SMART Goals When it comes to making healthy behavior changes, such as increasing our fruits & veggies, moving our bodies more, drinking enough water, or working on eating disorder recovery, in order to set yourself up for success, it’s helpful to break down your overall goal into small, specific S.M.A.R.T. goals. So many people aim to set goals that are too general, and not specific enough – which doesn’t give you the actionable steps to take to get there! So if your goal is to eat healthier or get more active, without having actionable steps in place, it’ll be much harder to reach your goals. Instead, focus on small, doable habits & actions that you can do over time, that help your health. THIS is the best way to change your behaviors. This is always helpful no matter WHAT you’re wanting or needing to work on! Whether you’re working towards eating disorder recovery, wanting to improve health, get more energy, etc. Setting SMART goals is a huge help. Make your goals SMART: Small – avoid having a goal that’s too overwhelming! Make it small, one step at a time. For example, if you aren’t eating many fruits and veggies, start by maybe just adding in ONE extra serving every day. Once you achieve that, then you can build on from there. Measurable – make sure your goals are measurable, meaning you can track them! Get specific. Working on increasing your intake? Set measurable goals such as “I will eat 3 meals and 3 snacks per day for at least 4 days this week.” Attainable – make sure you make your goal something that’s actually doable! Are you really going to go to the gym every single day? Why not start with 3 days per week? Make sure it’s attainable for YOU. Realistic – Similar to above, make sure your goal is realistic! You don’t want to set a goal that isn’t going to be able to work with your current schedule, environment, etc. or that seems too difficult for you to reach based on where you are now. Time-Bound – Make it specific – add numbers in! For example, “I will add in a vegetable to my lunch every day for the next 2 weeks.” SMART Goal Examples: - If you’re wanting to work on increasing your water intake - “I will take my water bottle to work at least 4 days per week.” - “I will drink one full glass of water when I wake up every day this week.” - If you’re wanting to increase your fruit & veggie consumption - “I will try a new recipe this week with fruits & veggies.” - “I will fill half my plate with veggies @ dinner 4 nights this week.” - If you want to work on stress management - “I will practice yoga once per week to help decrease stress.” - “I will try a meditation app once this week to learn deep breathing.” - If you want to work on better sleep - “I will aim to turn my phone off 30 minutes before bed at least 3 nights per week to get better quality sleep.” - If you’re wanting to increase whole grain intake - “I will try 2 new whole grains this week, such as farro and buckwheat.” - If you’re working on eating more (ED recovery) “I will add in an extra afternoon snack with at least 2 exchanges every day this week.”

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Juno: Countdown to Jupiter Orbital Insertion Manoeuvre NASA’s Juno mission arrived at Jupiter early in the morning of 5th July 2016. The goal of the Juno mission is to understand the origins and evolution of the giant planet. Jupiter is thought to be the first planet to have formed in our Solar System, but there are many unanswered questions surrounding its formation and structure. Juno will study Jupiter’s gravitational field, inner structure, deep atmospheric composition and magnetic environment, including Jupiter’s spectacular auroras. Europlanet planned a series of activities in the count down to Juno’s arrival. Find out about European contributions to the mission – scientists and engineers from Italy, France, Belgium, the UK and Denmark are involved! Europlanet premiered the first animation in a series of popular science videos. Jupiter and its Icy Moons is a 5 minute animation about Jupiter, its multiple moons and the amazing things that two intrepid robotic missions — Juno, from NASA and JUICE, from ESA — expect to discover about this massive and intriguing planet. Watch a trailer for the video: Take a look at the teaser: *A3 full print, no white borders. For better results please use semi matte paper, 250/300 gr Europlanet held a public event on 5th July in Athens to celebrate, with Juno’s Principal Investigator, Scott Bolton, on a live link from JPL, and discussion by leading European scientists. Find out more about this and other events relating to Juno’s arrival at Jupiter.

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H2Know: What you need to know about Hydration Water is crucial to our survival. Our body is made up of roughly 60% water, so it is important to be aware of our body’s need for hydration. It fact, water is the most critical nutrient to consume on a daily basis. Our body needs water for the following functions: * It acts as solvents for nutrients. * It aids in digestion and absorption. * It transports materials throughout the body. * It eliminates toxins and waste products. * It regulates body temperature. * It is used for energy production. Heat is generated as a by-product of your working muscles. With intense, short duration exercise, the heat production can be greater than 100 times the production at rest. As body heat rises, body temperature and heart rate also rise. As the exercise continues, the body is limited in transferring heat from the muscles to the skin surface. The body will require hydration. However, Americans rarely get enough water. The goal is to drink ½ your body weight in ounces each day. Do you carry a water bottle with you at all times? Do you add 24 ounces for each hour of exercise? Do you really get as much water as you think you are? Try using a hair band or rubber band to keep track of your intake. If your goal is 100 oz and you have a 20 oz bottle put 5 bands on the bottom of the water bottle. Each time you finish a bottle move one band to the top of the bottle, when all 5 bands are at the top you hit your goal! If like some people you feel like you need to use the restroom every 15 minutes when you try drinking more water the issue might be absorption. Try adding a lemon or lime as well as Himalayan sea salt (pink) to help with absorption. Right now a lot of us are starting the Advocare 24 day Challenge to help with gut health (which we talked about last week) to help us jump start our metabolism. Water is the critical to helping cleanse our system and making sure our metabolism functions properly! I know some of you are athletes (or like me…use to be) or have kids who are, and when talking to kids I always talk about hydration as it relates to performance and power. A study published by the Korey Stringer Institute out of the University of Connecticut (named after the Minnesota Vikings lineman who died because of dehydration) found that a 3-4% level of dehydration reduced muscular power by 3% and that lean mass (muscle) loses of 3-4% can occur in 60-90 minutes of exercise, especially if a an athlete begins practice dehydrated or there are additional external factors affecting sweat rate (environmental temperature, protective equipment/clothing, etc. It’s important to remember that muscle tissue is 75% water. ALL of us should be looking to build lean mass whether we are an athlete OR someone who needs lean mass to help burn more fat for weight loss! For many of us, simply drinking more water could be the key to getting the results and body we want. Our supplement this week is Spark. It’s an Amino Acid supplement with over 20 vitamins, minerals and nutrients that comes in a variety of flavors and can be added to water. To try a sample talk to a Fuse Fitness Coach today!

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Kenya: a makeshift school, and porridge, for displaced children Eldoret showground, in the Rift Valley, is one of many public spaces that have been opened up to receive thousands of people displaced from their homes in Kenya’s post-election violence. The ICRC’s Anne Mucheke reports on what is being done for the children. Children at the Eldoret showground camp, in Kenya's Rift Valley, recite a poem calling for peace in their country. The various schools they normally attend are out of reach, but the 1,500 pupils still wear their uniforms at the camp school, creating a colourful effect in the classroom. The school, run with the assistance of UNICEF, is a breathing space for kids in the new life they face. Teachers among the camp population help to ensure the children's education is not too disrupted. Their parents, meanwhile, are queuing for food distributed by Kenya Red Cross (KRCS) volunteers. Each family receives a two-week ration consisting of maize, beans, lentils, cooking oil, and UNIMIX (an enriched food that can be served as porridge). There are almost 13,000 displaced people at the Eldoret showground. The camp is divided into four clusters and each has its own assembly point to ensure that distributions go ahead smoothly. The families are relying on the KRCS and partners like the ICRC to provide food, water and sanitary facilities. Hundreds of patients at the clinic Women fetch water in containers while children drink straight from a tap-stand installed by the ICRC. There are several of these, as well as water bladders, ensuring water for everyone in the camp. At the Red Cross clinic, children are immunized and their mothers given infant formula milk and enriched porridge. A young girl, on her own, is unable to say much about her epileptic condit ion; the nurse sends her back to get her mother, to learn more vital details. '' The clinic gets an average of 400 to 500 patients daily, with all kinds of ailments,'' says Abdinoor Mohammed, who is in charge of KRCS operations in the North Rift region. The Red Cross has also been working at the town's Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. An ICRC surgeon, anaesthetist and two nurses have been working at the hospital for the past three weeks. They have been performing operations on difficult cases such as burns victims and people whose wounds have developed complications. '' The Red Cross is really helping us here, says one pastor from Eldoret.'' We have enough food and there are enough sanitation facilities for our use. Besides, they are also helping families find their loved ones.'' Need for security Like many of the others here the pastor had to flee his home, having been told by a friend of a different tribe about the skirmishes breaking out.'' Some of us were warned there would be trouble. Some politicians had been going round fuelling the riots,'' he adds. Simon Njoroge is one of many who want to return home – but he is afraid of the security situation outside the camp.'' We can't live in this camp for ever; we are able-bodied and can take care of our families. Besides, our farms are out there and we have to earn a living. What we need is reassurance that we will be safe. Our liv es are at stake,'' says Simon. At the camp, residents have set their own rules and no one goes in or out after 10 pm. The perimeter of the camp is well guarded, making it secure for the residents. By the last weekend in January, the situation in the Rift Valley was uncertain: people were still arriving at Eldoret and the Red Cross was not about to pack up and leave.

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When smokers wave goodbye to their cigarettes, eighty per cent of them put on seven kilos on average. Their weight increases even if their calorie intake remains the same or even falls compared to the level before quitting smoking. What is the reason for this weight gain? Researchers working with Gerhard Rogler of Zurich University Hospital attribute the cause to a changed composition of the bacterial diversity in the intestine. As they recently showed in a study in PLoS One, the bacterial strains that also prevail in the intestinal flora of obese persons take the upper hand in people giving up smoking. Comparison of stool samples. Rogler and his colleagues of the Swiss IBD cohort study examined the genetic material of intestinal bacteria found in the faeces and studied stool samples which they had received from twenty different persons over a period of nine weeks — four samples per person. The test persons included five non-smokers, five smokers and ten persons who had quit smoking one week after the start of the study. While the bacterial diversity in the faeces of smokers and non-smokers changed only little over time, giving up smoking resulted in the biggest shift in the composition of the microbial inhabitants of the intestines. The Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes fractions increased at the expense of representatives of the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. At the same time, the test subjects who had quit smoking gained an average of 2.2 kilos in weight although their eating and drinking habits remained the same (with the exception that, towards the end of the study, they drank on average a little more alcohol than before quitting smoking). Their results reflected those seen in previous studies conducted with mice, says Rogler. When other scientists transplanted the faeces of obese mice into the intestines of normal-weight mice some years ago, they saw that both the fractions of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the gut flora as well as the weight of the mice treated increased. The new gut flora apparently used the energy contained in the nutrition more efficiently. Rogler and his colleagues assume that the same effect also manifests itself in their test subjects. The composition of the diverse bacteria in the intestinal flora, which changes after giving up smoking, probably provides the body with more energy, resulting in new non-smokers gaining weight.

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GAU´SAPUM, a kind of thick cloth, baize, or frieze, with the nap much longer on one side than the other. In the time of Lucilius (ap. Priscian. ix. p. 870 P.) and in that of Horace (Sat. 2.8, 11), a purple gausape was used for wiping dinnertables between the courses, while Martial (14.138 speaks of it as a table-cover to protect the costly tables of his time:: hence it has been inferred that the use of table-cloths was unknown at the earlier period, but had come in with the growth of luxury at the latter (Becker Göll, Gallus, 3.388). It was used for beds as a counterpane (Mart. 14.147 and as a mantle or wrapper after taking a bath (Petron. 28), or in general as a protection against rain and cold (Senec. Ep. 53.3; Mart. 6.59 ). The paenula (q. v.) might be either of fur (Mart. 14.130 ) or of gausape (ib. 145); the latter, he says, was so bright and comfortable that (like our flannel) it was equally suitable for summer and winter wear. When Pliny tells us (H. N. that gausapa only came into use in his father's time, he probably refers to garments made of it; yet Ovid already speaks of it as worn by both sexes, though naturally it was an eccentric material for a well-dressed lady 2.300). We need not suppose that the villosa lintea in the lemma) of Martial, 14.138 , were of linen; the word linteum can mean any stuff, e. g. cotton cloth (Plin: H. N. 12.39 ). As Martial (14.152 ) calls it gausapa we have reason to suppose that, like the Scotch plaid, it was always, for whatever purpose it might be used, a square or oblong piece of cloth. (See Böttiger, Sabina, ii. p. 102.) Persius calls a perfumed beard balanatum gausape (4.37), and red or yellow wigs, such as were made of the hair of Germans and fashionable under the empire, lutea gausapa (6.46); see, however, Conington's note on the latter passage.

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Learn Python Fast and Learn It Well. Master Python Programming with a unique Hands-On Project Have you always wanted to learn computer programming but are afraid it’ll be too difficult for you? Or perhaps you know other programming languages but are interested in learning the Python language fast? This book is for you. You no longer have to waste your time and money learning Python from lengthy books, expensive online courses or complicated Python tutorials. What this book offers… Python for Beginners Complex concepts are broken down into simple steps to ensure that you can easily master the Python language even if you have never coded before. Carefully Chosen Python Examples Examples are carefully chosen to illustrate all concepts. In addition, the output for all examples are provided immediately so you do not have to wait till you have access to your computer to test the examples. Learn The Python Programming Language Fast Concepts are presented in a “to-the-point” style to cater to the busy individual. With this book, you can learn Python in just one day and start coding immediately. How is this book different… The best way to learn Python is by doing. This book includes a complete project at the end of the book that requires the application of all the concepts taught previously. Working through the project will not only give you an immense sense of achievement, it”ll also help you retain the knowledge and master the language. Are you ready to dip your toes into the exciting world of Python coding? This book is for you. Click the BUY button and download it now. What you’ll learn: – What is Python? – What software you need to code and run Python programs? – What are variables? – What mathematical operators are there in Python? – What are the common data types in Python? – What are Lists and Tuples? – How to format strings – How to accept user inputs and display outputs – How to make decisions with If statements – How to control the flow of program with loops – How to handle errors and exceptions – What are functions and modules? – How to define your own functions and modules – How to work with external files .. and more… Finally, you’ll be guided through a hands-on project that requires the application of all the topics covered. Click the BUY button and download the book now to start learning Python. Learn it fast and learn it well. Python, Python course, Python book, learning Python, Python language, Python examples, Python tutorials, Python programming language, Python coding, Python programming for beginners, Python for Dummies

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CC-MAIN-2019-13

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A South Caucasus region country located between Western Asia and Eastern Europe, Georgia is a semi-presidential representative democracy of about 4 million people. After independence from the former Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia went through internal conflicts in 1992 and 1993, a peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003, followed by a five-day war with Russia in 2008. As a result of the conflicts, 250,000 Georgian citizens have been internally displaced and Georgia lost its jurisdiction over its two breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Georgia has made significant progress in adopting antidiscrimination legislation and numerous policies in support of the protection and promotion of human rights. Yet, gender stereotypes remain deeply rooted, leading to many challenges inhibiting the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. Gender perceptions in Georgia place men in a dominant position in many areas of social, economic and political life. Data confirms persistent inequalities between women and men. There is a significant gender gap in labour force participation with the gender wage gap reaching 35 per cent. Women’s entrepreneurship is limited. Female-headed households, marginalized social groups among the internally displaced and conflict affected populations, and women from other excluded groups often experience poverty or at a high risk. Women’s political participation is low with women only constituting 11 per cent of parliamentarians in the national and local governments. Violence against women and girls in Georgia is also a recognized public concern. Active in Georgia since 2001, and in line with Georgia’s national and international commitments, UN Women’s interventions focus on: - Ending violence against women - Peace and Security - Mainstreaming gender into national planning and budgeting - Economic empowerment of women - Intergovernmental support UN Women in Georgia, in partnership with Norway and the European Commission, supports cooperation between communities and local governments to address women’s priorities and needs, as well as supporting internally displaced, conflict-affected and ethnic minority women’s mobilization into self-help groups so that they can actively participate in local planning, budgeting and decision making. UN Women provides technical assistance to the government of Georgia to improve policies and legislation and build individual and institutional capacities in response to violence against women and girls and to strengthen the women, peace and security agenda. In close partnership with the Swedish International Development Agency, UN Women has helped the government of Georgia establish the country’s first women’s shelters, and launch a domestic violence helpline for survivors of domestic violence. With the support of high profile men from sports, arts and media, UN Women promotes respect for women’s rights and gender equality and raises awareness about violence against women and girls and domestic violence. UN Women provides technical support to the government in mainstreaming gender into the Security Sector Reform and supports the policymaking process around the landmark UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and subsequent resolutions. UN Women in Georgia is part of the UN Resident Coordinator system, leading and coordinating the work of the UN Country Team on gender equality and the empowerment of women, and chairs a multi-stakeholder Gender Theme Group. You can learn more about UN Women in Georgia on our country website. Study on the Needs and Priorities of Ethnic Minority Women in the Kvemo Kartli RegionThis study provides an overview of the challenges and barriers preventing ethnic minority women from participating in public life and in decision-making processes. It was conducted in 2013 in the Kvemo Kartli Region, in cooperation with the Institute for Social Studies and Analysis (ISSA). More See more publication from Georgia here.

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How Ventilation Occurs with a Split Air Conditioner A split air conditioner is one where the indoor unit, or evaporator, is separated from the outdoor unit, or condenser. The evaporator is inside your room, while the compressor is outside, usually on brackets attached to the wall. How Split Air Conditioners Work The indoor parts of a split air conditioner are attached to the outside parts by a copper pipe and wiring. The refrigerant is moved from the outdoor compressor through the condenser, and then into the evaporator through the copper pipe. With a split air conditioner, the homeowner can regulate how much cold air comes into the room via a thermostat or remote control. The split air conditioners need a connection between the inside and outside parts of the air conditioner, as this allows hot air from inside the room to be vented. However, split-type air conditioners do not need to have an exhaust to vent the air itself, as the refrigerant cools the inside air by converting its heat to energy for itself. First, the cooled high-pressure refrigerant liquid moves inside the room. It comes into contact with hot air and uses the heat of the room to convert itself into a gas, and travels outside again into the compressor. There it is converted into a gas again. This method of heating means that the air inside does not need to be moved outside in order to be properly cooled. It is ideal for situations where open windows are not desirable. Split air conditioners are ideal for use in residential areas where only some rooms need to be cooled. Split Air Conditioners and Ventilation As the refrigerant is moved through the copper pipes, there is little or no need for the air inside the room to be ventilated; ventilation would involve taking the inside air out, and then bringing in fresh air from outside. As air conditioners work best where doors and windows are closed, split-type AC units are to be preferred. It is possible to have an air ventilation system put into the split air conditioner, but this must be done by professionals. The fan may not be able to be run with this new ventilation equipment. The main cause of concern with the split air conditioner is that the pipes and wiring can become dirty, and encourage mold and bacteria to thrive on the AC unit. If there is also an air ventilation system running, then this can clearly bring mold into the room and cause illness in people in the room. Why Have Air Ventilation Sometimes, air ventilation systems are added to a split type air conditioner in business areas and commercial buildings. This is due to workers within the business feeling that they should have vents within the AC unit due to the number of people active inside the building. This can, however, lead to bacterial infections in the staff. Sinus and bronchial infections have been shown to increase where air ventilators are used with split-type air conditioners.

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PARENTS have been urged to keep their little one's sleep environment 'bare' Medics state that babies should sleep on their backs and avoid bed-sharing under any circumstances In the US, around 3,500 infants die, with numbers remaining flat since the 1990s after a large safe-sleeping campaign was launched It's not clear why some babies die of the condition, but there is guidance in place which can help prevent it Babies should always sleep in a crib or bassinet, on their back, without soft toys, pillows, blankets or other bedding Many parents may chose to share a bed with their child, to help breastfeed or because of cultural preferences, this actually puts baby in danger Recommendations state that a baby should sleep on a flat surface, which is not inclined. Tummy time is the way to encourage a baby to get moving and start building the strong muscles in their upper body

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AI cancer detectors | Tech News More accurate than dermatologists An AI system developed by a team from Germany, France and the US can diagnose skin cancer more accurately than dermatologists. In the study, the software was able to accurately detect cancer in 95% of images of cancerous moles and benign spots, whereas a team of 58 dermatologists was accurate 87% of the time. An algorithm for prostate cancer Chinese researchers have developed an algorithm that can diagnose prostate cancer as accurately as a pathologist. Research leader Hongqian Guo of Nanjing University said: “[This] will help pathologists make better, faster diagnoses, as well as eliminating the day-to-day variation in judgment that can creep into human evaluations.” Targeting head and neck tumours Researchers at the University of Texas, Houston, have developed software to accurately contour the shape of head and neck cancer tumours. In studies, trained physicians have been shown to make widely varying evaluations of tumour volume. This software enables radiation oncologists to target their treatment more accurately, particularly critical in these types of cancers because of other vulnerable tissue located nearby. Scientists from Yokohama, Japan, have developed software that can detect colorectal cancer in its earliest stages with 86% accuracy. This type of cancer is often difficult to locate before the tumours become malignant and deadly, as cancerous cells enter the bloodstream, so early detection is critical. Researchers at Imperial College London are working with DeepMind Health to develop AI-based techniques to improve the accuracy of breast cancer screening. By studying 7,500 anonymised mammograms, they hope to create software that will reduce overdiagnosis and false positives. They aim to report their findings later this year.

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Posted by Bruce Kahl on June 11, 2001 In Reply to: "Beast of two backs" posted by Mgnat on June 11, 2001 : Also appears in opening pages of Rabelais' "Gargantua and Pantagruel." (c. 1530?) Also in Othello, spoken by Iago. He was spreading lies about her sexual affairs. The phrase is slang for sexual intercourse as when Iago said "..I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs" (1.1.116-117). I saw somewhere that the 2 sexes were from a mythical beast with 2 backs and that only copulation could draw them asunder.

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CC-MAIN-2016-22

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Explora las diversas secciones del panel de datos visitando los siguiente siete enlaces. En cada sección encontrarás diferentes notas y explicaciones debajo de las gráficas. Please note: the dashboard is best experienced on a desktop computer. Limited English Proficiency (LEP): “Students of limited English proficiency” means a student whose primary language is other than English and whose English language skills are such that the student has difficulty performing ordinary classwork in English. TEC §29.052(1) Testing in Grades 3-8: A student identified as LEP shall participate in the grades 3-8 assessment and shall be administered the general form of the English-version state assessment, unless other exceptions have been made. Economically Disadvantaged: An economically disadvantaged student is defined as one who is eligible for free or reduced-price meals under the National School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program. Reading on Grade Level: The percentage of third-graders who scored at the “Final Recommended” level on the Texas STAAR reading test. This is a higher standard than the “passing” or “approaches” standards measurement, according to the Texas Education Agency. Students who are reading on grade level and continue to read on a college-ready pace have the best chance for future academic success.

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One million babies 'die within 24 hours of birth' each year Improvements have been made over the past ten years with regard to child mortality due to immunisation and advances in family planning. However, more than a million babies survive for no longer than 24 hours after being born, new research has revealed. A report published by Save the Children found that many of these deaths could be prevented if access to support for maternal and newborn health was freely available all over the world. Justin Forsyth, chief executive of the charity, said: "The first day of a child's life is the most dangerous and too many mothers give birth alone on the floor of their home or in the bush without any life-saving help." Many of the fatalities are caused by infections, pre-eclampsia and damage inflicted during prolonged delivery. In addition to this, around 1.2 million babies are stillborn every year. Save the Children is calling on world leaders to work towards providing skilled health workers for areas in need in a bid to prevent high numbers of newborn deaths in the future.

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Beauveria bassiana is a fungal entomopathogen with the ability to colonize plants endophytically. As an endophyte, B. bassiana may play a role in protecting plants from herbivory and disease. This protocol demonstrates two inoculation methods to establish B. bassiana endophytically in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), in preparation for subsequent evaluations of endophytic biological control. Plants are grown from surface-sterilized seeds for two weeks before receiving a B. bassiana treatment of 108 conidia/ml (or water) applied either as a foliar spray or a soil drench. Two weeks later, the plants are harvested and their leaves, stems and roots are sampled to evaluate endophytic fungal colonization. For this, samples are individually surface sterilized, cut into multiple sections, and incubated in potato dextrose agar media for 20 days. The media is inspected every 2-3 days to observe fungal growth associated with plant sections and record the occurrence of B. bassiana to estimate the extent of its endophytic colonization. Analyses of inoculation success compare the occurrence of B. bassiana within a given plant part (i.e. leaves, stems or roots) across treatments and controls. In addition to the inoculation method, the specific outcome of the experiment may depend on the target crop species or variety, the fungal entomopathogen species strain or isolate used, and the plant's growing conditions. 18 Related JoVE Articles! The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry Institutions: The University of Florida, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran . Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells. Neuroscience, Issue 62, neural Stem Cell, Neuronal Progenitor Cells, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, Enrichment Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies Institutions: The University of Western Ontario, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino, Ghent University, University of Amsterdam. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae , is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. It is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in Solanaceae , tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g. , roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa, strawberries, grapes, citruses, and plums)1,2 . In addition to the extreme polyphagy that makes it an important agricultural pest, T. urticae has a tendency to develop resistance to a wide array of insecticides and acaricides that are used for its control3-7 is an excellent experimental organism, as it has a rapid life cycle (7 days at 27 °C) and can be easily maintained at high density in the laboratory. Methods to assay gene expression (including in situ hybridization and antibody staining) and to inactivate expression of spider mite endogenous genes using RNA interference have been developed8-10 . Recently, the whole genome sequence of T. urticae has been reported, creating an opportunity to develop this pest herbivore as a model organism with equivalent genomic resources that already exist in some of its host plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and the tomato Solanum lycopersicum . Together, these model organisms could provide insights into molecular bases of plant-pest interactions. Here, an efficient method for quick and easy collection of a large number of adult female mites, their application on an experimental plant host, and the assessment of the plant damage due to spider mite feeding are described. The presented protocol enables fast and efficient collection of hundreds of individuals at any developmental stage (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adult males, and females) that can be used for subsequent experimental application. Environmental Sciences, Issue 89, two-spotted spider mite, plant-herbivore interaction, Tetranychus urticae, Arabidopsis thaliana, plant damage analysis, herbivory, plant pests Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy Institutions: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Since the 1940s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been providing biologists with ultra-high resolution images of biological materials. Yet, because of laborious and time-consuming protocols that also demand experience in preparation of artifact-free samples, TEM is not considered a user-friendly technique. Traditional sample preparation for TEM used chemical fixatives to preserve cellular structures. High-pressure freezing is the cryofixation of biological samples under high pressures to produce very fast cooling rates, thereby restricting ice formation, which is detrimental to the integrity of cellular ultrastructure. High-pressure freezing and freeze substitution are currently the methods of choice for producing the highest quality morphology in resin sections for TEM. These methods minimize the artifacts normally associated with conventional processing for TEM of thin sections. After cryofixation the frozen water in the sample is replaced with liquid organic solvent at low temperatures, a process called freeze substitution. Freeze substitution is typically carried out over several days in dedicated, costly equipment. A recent innovation allows the process to be completed in three hours, instead of the usual two days. This is typically followed by several more days of sample preparation that includes infiltration and embedding in epoxy resins before sectioning. Here we present a protocol combining high-pressure freezing and quick freeze substitution that enables plant sample fixation to be accomplished within hours. The protocol can readily be adapted for working with other tissues or organisms. Plant tissues are of special concern because of the presence of aerated spaces and water-filled vacuoles that impede ice-free freezing of water. In addition, the process of chemical fixation is especially long in plants due to cell walls impeding the penetration of the chemicals to deep within the tissues. Plant tissues are therefore particularly challenging, but this protocol is reliable and produces samples of the highest quality. Plant Biology, Issue 92, High-pressure freezing, freeze substitution, transmission electron microscopy, ultrastructure, Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana, imaging, cryofixation, dehydration Chemically-blocked Antibody Microarray for Multiplexed High-throughput Profiling of Specific Protein Glycosylation in Complex Samples Institutions: Institute for Hepatitis and Virus Research, Thomas Jefferson University , Drexel University College of Medicine, Van Andel Research Institute, Serome Biosciences Inc.. In this study, we describe an effective protocol for use in a multiplexed high-throughput antibody microarray with glycan binding protein detection that allows for the glycosylation profiling of specific proteins. Glycosylation of proteins is the most prevalent post-translational modification found on proteins, and leads diversified modifications of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of proteins. Because the glycosylation machinery is particularly susceptible to disease progression and malignant transformation, aberrant glycosylation has been recognized as early detection biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. However, current methods to study protein glycosylation typically are too complicated or expensive for use in most normal laboratory or clinical settings and a more practical method to study protein glycosylation is needed. The new protocol described in this study makes use of a chemically blocked antibody microarray with glycan-binding protein (GBP) detection and significantly reduces the time, cost, and lab equipment requirements needed to study protein glycosylation. In this method, multiple immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies are printed directly onto the microarray slides and the N-glycans on the antibodies are blocked. The blocked, immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies are able to capture and isolate glycoproteins from a complex sample that is applied directly onto the microarray slides. Glycan detection then can be performed by the application of biotinylated lectins and other GBPs to the microarray slide, while binding levels can be determined using Dylight 549-Streptavidin. Through the use of an antibody panel and probing with multiple biotinylated lectins, this method allows for an effective glycosylation profile of the different proteins found in a given human or animal sample to be developed. Glycosylation of protein, which is the most ubiquitous post-translational modification on proteins, modifies the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a protein, and plays a fundamental role in various biological processes1-6 . Because the glycosylation machinery is particularly susceptible to disease progression and malignant transformation, aberrant glycosylation has been recognized as early detection biomarkers for cancer and other diseases 7-12 . In fact, most current cancer biomarkers, such as the L3 fraction of α-1 fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma 13-15 , and CA199 for pancreatic cancer 16, 17 are all aberrant glycan moieties on glycoproteins. However, methods to study protein glycosylation have been complicated, and not suitable for routine laboratory and clinical settings. Chen et al. has recently invented a chemically blocked antibody microarray with a glycan-binding protein (GBP) detection method for high-throughput and multiplexed profile glycosylation of native glycoproteins in a complex sample 18 . In this affinity based microarray method, multiple immobilized glycoprotein-specific antibodies capture and isolate glycoproteins from the complex mixture directly on the microarray slide, and the glycans on each individual captured protein are measured by GBPs. Because all normal antibodies contain N-glycans which could be recognized by most GBPs, the critical step of this method is to chemically block the glycans on the antibodies from binding to GBP. In the procedure, the cis -diol groups of the glycans on the antibodies were first oxidized to aldehyde groups by using NaIO4 in sodium acetate buffer avoiding light. The aldehyde groups were then conjugated to the hydrazide group of a cross-linker, 4-(4-N-MaleimidoPhenyl)butyric acid Hydrazide HCl (MPBH), followed by the conjugation of a dipeptide, Cys-Gly, to the maleimide group of the MPBH. Thus, the cis-diol groups on glycans of antibodies were converted into bulky none hydroxyl groups, which hindered the lectins and other GBPs bindings to the capture antibodies. This blocking procedure makes the GBPs and lectins bind only to the glycans of captured proteins. After this chemically blocking, serum samples were incubated with the antibody microarray, followed by the glycans detection by using different biotinylated lectins and GBPs, and visualized with Cy3-streptavidin. The parallel use of an antibody panel and multiple lectin probing provides discrete glycosylation profiles of multiple proteins in a given sample 18-20 . This method has been used successfully in multiple different labs 1, 7, 13, 19-31 . However, stability of MPBH and Cys-Gly, complicated and extended procedure in this method affect the reproducibility, effectiveness and efficiency of the method. In this new protocol, we replaced both MPBH and Cys-Gly with one much more stable reagent glutamic acid hydrazide (Glu-hydrazide), which significantly improved the reproducibility of the method, simplified and shorten the whole procedure so that the it can be completed within one working day. In this new protocol, we describe the detailed procedure of the protocol which can be readily adopted by normal labs for routine protein glycosylation study and techniques which are necessary to obtain reproducible and repeatable results. Molecular Biology, Issue 63, Glycoproteins, glycan-binding protein, specific protein glycosylation, multiplexed high-throughput glycan blocked antibody microarray The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy Institutions: University of Southampton. Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly sensitive method used to identify and quantify the fatty acid content of lipids from tissues, cells, and plasma/serum, yielding results with high accuracy and high reproducibility. In metabolic and nutrition studies GC allows assessment of changes in fatty acid concentrations following interventions or during changes in physiological state such as pregnancy. Solid phase extraction (SPE) using aminopropyl silica cartridges allows separation of the major lipid classes including triacylglycerols, different phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters (CE). GC combined with SPE was used to analyze the changes in fatty acid composition of the CE fraction in the livers of virgin and pregnant rats that had been fed various high and low fat diets. There are significant diet/pregnancy interaction effects upon the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content of liver CE, indicating that pregnant females have a different response to dietary manipulation than is seen among virgin females. Chemistry, Issue 85, gas chromatography, fatty acid, pregnancy, cholesteryl ester, solid phase extraction, polyunsaturated fatty acids Agar-Block Microcosms for Controlled Plant Tissue Decomposition by Aerobic Fungi Institutions: University of Minnesota. The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; agar-block). It is well-accepted that soil-block microcosms yield higher decay rates, fewer moisture issues, lower variability among studies, and higher thresholds of preservative toxicity. Soil-block testing is thus the more utilized technique and has been standardized by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (method D 1413-07). The soil-block design has drawbacks, however, using locally-variable soil sources and in limiting the control of nutrients external (exogenous) to the decaying tissues. These drawbacks have emerged as a problem in applying this method to other, increasingly popular research aims. These modern aims include degrading lignocellulosics for bioenergy research, testing bioremediation of co-metabolized toxics, evaluating oxidative mechanisms, and tracking translocated elements along hyphal networks. Soil-blocks do not lend enough control in these applications. A refined agar-block approach is necessary. Here, we use the brown rot wood-degrading fungus Serpula lacrymans to degrade wood in agar-block microcosms, using deep Petri dishes with low-calcium agar. We test the role of exogenous gypsum on decay in a time-series, to demonstrate the utility and expected variability. Blocks from a single board rip (longitudinal cut) are conditioned, weighed, autoclaved, and introduced aseptically atop plastic mesh. Fungal inoculations are at each block face, with exogenous gypsum added at interfaces. Harvests are aseptic until the final destructive harvest. These microcosms are designed to avoid block contact with agar or Petri dish walls. Condensation is minimized during plate pours and during incubation. Finally, inoculum/gypsum/wood spacing is minimized but without allowing contact. These less technical aspects of agar-block design are also the most common causes of failure and the key source of variability among studies. Video publication is therefore useful in this case, and we demonstrate low-variability, high-quality results. Plant Biology, Issue 48, Lignocellulose, biomass, wood, fungi, filamentous, biodegradation, petri, microcosm Isolation and Expansion of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumor Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay Institutions: University of Florida , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Stem-like cells have been isolated in tumors such as breast, lung, colon, prostate and brain. A critical issue in all these tumors, especially in glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM), is to identify and isolate tumor initiating cell population(s) to investigate their role in tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. Understanding tumor initiating cell populations will provide clues to finding effective therapeutic approaches for these tumors. The neurosphere assay (NSA) due to its simplicity and reproducibility has been used as the method of choice for isolation and propagation of many of this tumor cells. This protocol demonstrates the neurosphere culture method to isolate and expand stem-like cells in surgically resected human GBM tumor tissue. The procedures include an initial chemical digestion and mechanical dissociation of tumor tissue, and subsequently plating the resulting single cell suspension in NSA culture. After 7-10 days, primary neurospheres of 150-200 μm in diameter can be observed and are ready for further passaging and expansion. Neuroscience, Issue 56, Glioblastoma Multiforme, Tumor Cell, Neurosphere Assay, Isolation, Expansion High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities Institutions: Colorado State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Colorado. Microbes in soils and other environments produce extracellular enzymes to depolymerize and hydrolyze organic macromolecules so that they can be assimilated for energy and nutrients. Measuring soil microbial enzyme activity is crucial in understanding soil ecosystem functional dynamics. The general concept of the fluorescence enzyme assay is that synthetic C-, N-, or P-rich substrates bound with a fluorescent dye are added to soil samples. When intact, the labeled substrates do not fluoresce. Enzyme activity is measured as the increase in fluorescence as the fluorescent dyes are cleaved from their substrates, which allows them to fluoresce. Enzyme measurements can be expressed in units of molarity or activity. To perform this assay, soil slurries are prepared by combining soil with a pH buffer. The pH buffer (typically a 50 mM sodium acetate or 50 mM Tris buffer), is chosen for the buffer's particular acid dissociation constant (pKa) to best match the soil sample pH. The soil slurries are inoculated with a nonlimiting amount of fluorescently labeled (i.e. C-, N-, or P-rich) substrate. Using soil slurries in the assay serves to minimize limitations on enzyme and substrate diffusion. Therefore, this assay controls for differences in substrate limitation, diffusion rates, and soil pH conditions; thus detecting potential enzyme activity rates as a function of the difference in enzyme concentrations (per sample). Fluorescence enzyme assays are typically more sensitive than spectrophotometric (i.e. colorimetric) assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light; so caution is required when handling fluorescent substrates. Likewise, this method only assesses potential enzyme activities under laboratory conditions when substrates are not limiting. Caution should be used when interpreting the data representing cross-site comparisons with differing temperatures or soil types, as in situ soil type and temperature can influence enzyme kinetics. Environmental Sciences, Issue 81, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Environment, Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria, Soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs), fluorometric enzyme assays, substrate degradation, 4-methylumbelliferone (MUB), 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (MUC), enzyme temperature kinetics, soil Characterization of Complex Systems Using the Design of Experiments Approach: Transient Protein Expression in Tobacco as a Case Study Institutions: RWTH Aachen University, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft. Plants provide multiple benefits for the production of biopharmaceuticals including low costs, scalability, and safety. Transient expression offers the additional advantage of short development and production times, but expression levels can vary significantly between batches thus giving rise to regulatory concerns in the context of good manufacturing practice. We used a design of experiments (DoE) approach to determine the impact of major factors such as regulatory elements in the expression construct, plant growth and development parameters, and the incubation conditions during expression, on the variability of expression between batches. We tested plants expressing a model anti-HIV monoclonal antibody (2G12) and a fluorescent marker protein (DsRed). We discuss the rationale for selecting certain properties of the model and identify its potential limitations. The general approach can easily be transferred to other problems because the principles of the model are broadly applicable: knowledge-based parameter selection, complexity reduction by splitting the initial problem into smaller modules, software-guided setup of optimal experiment combinations and step-wise design augmentation. Therefore, the methodology is not only useful for characterizing protein expression in plants but also for the investigation of other complex systems lacking a mechanistic description. The predictive equations describing the interconnectivity between parameters can be used to establish mechanistic models for other complex systems. Bioengineering, Issue 83, design of experiments (DoE), transient protein expression, plant-derived biopharmaceuticals, promoter, 5'UTR, fluorescent reporter protein, model building, incubation conditions, monoclonal antibody A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines Institutions: University of Georgia. Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2 . However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5 . Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis . As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis , a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants. Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis , and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis . Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance. Environmental Sciences, Issue 83, Bacterial Infections, Signs and Symptoms, Eukaryota, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Ustilago maydis, needle injection inoculation, disease rating scale, plant-pathogen interactions Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method Institutions: Michigan State Universtiy. The plant phloem is essential for the long-distance transport of (photo-) assimilates as well as of signals conveying biotic or abiotic stress. It contains sugars, amino acids, proteins, RNA, lipids and other metabolites. While there is a large interest in understanding the composition and function of the phloem, the role of many of these molecules and thus, their importance in plant development and stress response has yet to be determined. One barrier to phloem analysis lies in the fact that the phloem seals itself upon wounding. As a result, the number of plants from which phloem sap can be obtained is limited. One method that allows collection of phloem exudates from several plant species without added equipment is the EDTA-facilitated phloem exudate collection described here. While it is easy to use, it does lead to the wounding of cells and care has to be taken to remove contents of damaged cells. In addition, several controls to prove purity of the exudate are necessary. Because it is an exudation rather than a direct collection of the phloem sap (not possible in many species) only relative quantification of its contents can occur. The advantage of this method over others is that it can be used in many herbaceous or woody plant species (Perilla ) and requires minimal equipment and training. It leads to reasonably large amounts of exudates that can be used for subsequent analysis of proteins, sugars, lipids, RNA, viruses and metabolites. It is simple enough that it can be used in both a research as well as in a teaching laboratory. Plant Biology, Issue 80, plant, long-distance transport, long-distance signaling, phloem, phloem exudate collection, assimilate transport, protein, RNA, lipids Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance Institutions: University of Missouri, Delta Research Center, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50 ) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology. Microbiology, Issue 46, Resistance monitoring, Insecticide Resistance, Pesticide Resistance, glass-vial bioassay Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells Institutions: University of Virginia Health Sciences Center. Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols to address these questions include colony count assays, gentamicin protection assays, and electron microscopy. Colony count and gentamicin protection assays only assess the viability of the entire bacterial population and are unable to determine individual bacterial viability. Electron microscopy can be used to determine the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding their localization in host cells. However, bacteria often display a range of electron densities, making assessment of viability difficult. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells. These assays were developed originally to assess survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in primary human neutrophils, but should be applicable to any bacterium-host cell interaction. These protocols combine membrane-permeable fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]), which stain all bacteria, with membrane-impermeable fluorescent dyes (propidium iodide and SYTOX Green), which are only accessible to nonviable bacteria. Prior to eukaryotic cell permeabilization, an antibody or fluorescent reagent is added to identify extracellular bacteria. Thus these assays discriminate the viability of bacteria adherent to and inside eukaryotic cells. A protocol is also provided for using the viability dyes in combination with fluorescent antibodies to eukaryotic cell markers, in order to determine the subcellular localization of individual bacteria. The bacterial viability dyes discussed in this article are a sensitive complement and/or alternative to traditional microbiology techniques to evaluate the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding where bacteria survive in host cells. Microbiology, Issue 79, Immunology, Infection, Cancer Biology, Genetics, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections and Mycoses, bacteria, infection, viability, fluorescence microscopy, cell, imaging A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits Institutions: University of Kentucky . Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed. Biochemistry, Issue 84, Affinity selection, Phage display, protein-protein interaction Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues Institutions: The Ohio State University, North Carolina State University. Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods presented here utilize the green fluorescent protein (gfp ) gene for continual monitoring of gene expression in the same pieces of tissues, over time. The gfp gene was placed under regulatory control of different promoters and introduced into lima bean cotyledonary tissues via particle bombardment. Cotyledons were then placed on a robotic image collection system, which consisted of a fluorescence dissecting microscope with a digital camera and a 2-dimensional robotics platform custom-designed to allow secure attachment of culture dishes. Images were collected from cotyledonary tissues every hour for 100 hours to generate expression profiles for each promoter. Each collected series of 100 images was first subjected to manual image alignment using ImageReady to make certain that GFP-expressing foci were consistently retained within selected fields of analysis. Specific regions of the series measuring 300 x 400 pixels, were then selected for further analysis to provide GFP Intensity measurements using ImageJ software. Batch images were separated into the red, green and blue channels and GFP-expressing areas were identified using the threshold feature of ImageJ. After subtracting the background fluorescence (subtraction of gray values of non-expressing pixels from every pixel) in the respective red and green channels, GFP intensity was calculated by multiplying the mean grayscale value per pixel by the total number of GFP-expressing pixels in each channel, and then adding those values for both the red and green channels. GFP Intensity values were collected for all 100 time points to yield expression profiles. Variations in GFP expression profiles resulted from differences in factors such as promoter strength, presence of a silencing suppressor, or nature of the promoter. In addition to quantification of GFP intensity, the image series were also used to generate time-lapse animations using ImageReady. Time-lapse animations revealed that the clear majority of cells displayed a relatively rapid increase in GFP expression, followed by a slow decline. Some cells occasionally displayed a sudden loss of fluorescence, which may be associated with rapid cell death. Apparent transport of GFP across the membrane and cell wall to adjacent cells was also observed. Time lapse animations provided additional information that could not otherwise be obtained using GFP Intensity profiles or single time point image collections. Plant Biology, Issue 39, gfp, image analysis, time-lapse animation, transient expression, promoters, transgene expression, transformation Culture of Mouse Neural Stem Cell Precursors Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI), University of California, Irvine (UCI), University of California, Irvine (UCI). Primary neural stem cell cultures are useful for studying the mechanisms underlying central nervous system development. Stem cell research will increase our understanding of the nervous system and may allow us to develop treatments for currently incurable brain diseases and injuries. In addition, stem cells should be used for stem cell research aimed at the detailed study of mechanisms of neural differentiation and transdifferentiation and the genetic and environmental signals that direct the specialization of the cells into particular cell types. This video demonstrates a technique used to disaggregate cells from the embryonic day 12.5 mouse dorsal forebrain. The dissection procedure includes harvesting E12.5 mouse embryos from the uterus, removing the "skin" with fine dissecting forceps and finally isolating pieces of cerebral cortex. Following the dissection, the tissue is digested and mechanically dissociated. The resuspended dissociated cells are then cultured in "stem cell" media that favors growth of neural stem cells. Developmental Biology, Issue 2, brain, neuron, stem cells Testing Nicotine Tolerance in Aphids Using an Artificial Diet Experiment Institutions: Cornell University. Plants may upregulate the production of many different seconday metabolites in response to insect feeding. One of these metabolites, nicotine, is well know to have insecticidal properties. One response of tobacco plants to herbivory, or being gnawed upon by insects, is to increase the production of this neurotoxic alkaloid. Here, we will demonstrate how to set up an experiment to address this question of whether a tobacco-adapted strain of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, can tolerate higher levels of nicotine than the a strain of this insect that does not infest tobacco in the field. Plant Biology, Issue 15, Annual Review, Nicotine, Aphids, Plant Feeding Resistance, Tobacco Testing the Physiological Barriers to Viral Transmission in Aphids Using Microinjection Institutions: Cornell University, Cornell University. Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When an uninfected aphid feeds on an infected plant it contracts the virus through the plant phloem. Once ingested, the virus must pass from the insect gut to the hemolymph (the insect blood ) and then must pass through the salivary gland, in order to be transmitted back to a new plant. An aphid may take up different viruses when munching on a plant, however only a small fraction will pass through the gut and salivary gland, the two main barriers for transmission to infect more plants. In the lab, we use physalis plants to study PLRV transmission. In this host, symptoms are characterized by stunting and interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves between the veins with the veins remaining green). The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut is preventing viral transmission. The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing Aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut or salivary gland is preventing viral transmission. Plant Biology, Issue 15, Annual Review, Aphids, Plant Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Microinjection Technique

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Beyond individual words, each language has its idioms, its proper names and nouns, and more specifically, each field has its expressions and terms which all hold a very specific meaning. For a novice reader or speaker in a language, these expressions and terms can lead to confusion and must therefore be translated with great precision and thought. For example, when writing about laws, companies or people, translating proper names and nouns can be very tricky, as a reader may wish to research these further and may encounter difficulties in doing so if the translated name used does not exist or is incorrect. In business, for example, this can have a serious impact and may lead to lost opportunities. Here is one very good example: "...when underwriting an Accidental Death & Dismemberment policy..." was wrongfully translated as such: "...lorsque l'on souscrit à une police Décès et Démembrement Accidentels..." Now, in French, in the insurance sector, "Démembrement" is a term meaning "Dividing" and is solely applied to ownership rights. The correct term should have read as follows: "Décès et mutilation Accidentels". Consequently, if researching this clause on the web using the term "Démembrement", a reader will learn a great deal about the stripping and dividing of property rights in estate settlements, but won't find any details on the actual clause they are seeking. It is therefore important, when translating field-specific materials, to ensure that sufficient research was conducted into the subject previous to translation.

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A loose-fitting coat hanging straight down from the shoulders, particularly as worn by men (sometimes as part of military uniform) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. - The sack coat lacked the branch color trim that are found on the more formal frock coat or mounted man's jacket, and was much less costly for the government to produce. - Additionally, do we really want the 'Campaigner community' to be clothed en masse in a sack coat style that less than 20% of the Federal Army wore? For editors and proofreaders Line breaks: sack coat Definition of sack coat in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.

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12 most dangerous animals on Southern Utah's trails Here in Southern Utah we are surrounded by a number of potentially dangerous wild animals that we could come across on the trails as we hike through the area’s deserts and mountains. While the likelihood that you’ll encounter any of these may be small, and in general, if you give them a wide berth and leave wild animals alone, they are far more likely to leave you alone then to attack. Here’s a list of what you might run into and some suggestions on what you should do in the event that you come into contact with them. 12. Biting flies and mosquitoes: They’re more of an annoyance than a true danger on the trails of Southern Utah, but deer flies and mosquitoes can be quite the pests. On top of that, deer fly bites can be quite painful and mosquitoes have the potential to carry West Nile Virus and other potentially dangerous diseases. While insect repellent can be an effective deterrent for mosquitoes, it doesn’t work so well against deer and horse flies. Long sleeves and pants can help prevent biting flies from getting to you but other than avoiding their habitat near slow running streams, there’s not much you can do to escape these pesky insects. 11. Gila Monsters: They’re slow and they spend about 95 percent of their lives sleeping in their underground burrows so the chances that you’ll see one in the wild are remote. However, their bite is poisonous, although unlikely to kill you. “The last known fatality was in the 1930s from an old drunk cowboy that got bit on the nose,” said Cornell Christensen, the outreach coordinator for the Red Cliffs Desert Reserve. “You’re gonna get struck twice by lightning before you get bit by a gila monster.” 10. Skunks: While they’re not likely to bite you, getting sprayed by a skunk is a very real danger while hiking in the wilds of Southern Utah. Keep your dog on a leash, especially after dark since skunks are nocturnal. Skunks do give plenty of warning when they’re about to spray, if you see one and it’s got its tail up, hind legs raised and is pounding its front paws on the ground, back slowly and quietly away. 9. Raccoons: The biggest danger when it comes to raccoons is their potential for carrying rabies. Skunks can also carry the disease so if you encounter either a skunk or a raccoon acting strangely, having difficulty walking, looking confused or disoriented, making crazy noises, foaming at the mouth or even just looking sick, don’t try and help the animal, back away and leave the animal alone. 8. Geese: Swans, geese and ducks may look pretty gliding on a pond but they can be aggressive and their bite can be quite painful. The best course of action when it comes to encounters with waterfowl is to just leave them alone. 7. Moose, elk and deer: Since they are prey animals, ungulates are normally more likely to run away from than attack a human — but they can attack, especially during the rutting season. Deer and elk have very sharp antlers and hooves while moose are just plain massive — though moose don’t range this far south. If you’re attacked by any of these animals, do your best to get away as quickly as possible or find something large to hide behind or climb up, like a tree or a car. And if you are knocked down, curl up, cover your head, hold still and wait for the animal to move off. 6. Bears: A great way to avoid most dangerous animal encounters is to make a lot of noise while you’re hiking. Put a bear bell on your dog, make plenty of noise and don’t hike with headphones on. The more noise you make, and the more alert you are to your surroundings, the less likely you are to startle an unsuspecting wild animal. If you do encounter a bear, remain calm, wave your arms and make a lot of noise and stand your ground. Whatever you do, don’t run and don't climb a tree — black bears, the type you’re most likely to encounter in Southern Utah, are very adept tree climbers. 5. Mountain lion: While they are wary of people, mountain lions do frequent the area and have even been spotted roaming through the populated areas of Southern Utah every now and again. If you come into contact with one, stop, don’t run, talk to the animal in a calm and low voice as you back away slowly. Make yourself look large by raising your arms, or holding a jacket over your head. If you are attacked don’t run — fight back with whatever you have available, a backpack, a pocketknife, sticks, tools or even your bare hands. 4. Coyotes: As with other predatory animals like bears and mountain lions, running away will tend to make a coyote think you’re prey trying to escape. If you come across a coyote, yell, make yourself look larger, and throw rocks, sticks or even your belongings at it. 3. Bees: If bees attack, run. Don’t stop to help others unless they’re disabled, children or in some other way unable to run themselves. If you see someone being attacked by bees, encourage them to run, don’t try and approach them. Do your best to protect your head and face, especially your eyes. Don’t swat or flail at the bees, movement and the smell of crushed bees will only attract more of them. Run into the wind if you can, this will slow down the bees, and try to find shelter. 2. Dogs: If you encounter an aggressive dog while out on the trail, stay clam and assertive, avoid acting scared and definitely don’t run away. Stand sideways to the dog and don’t make eye contact. Try distracting the dog by giving it something to chew on besides you, like a water bottle or a backpack. If the dog attacks, fight back and try to protect your head, neck and throat. 1. Rattlesnakes: The best way to avoid a negative encounter with a rattlesnake is to be alert out on the trail and avoid getting too close if and when you encounter any snake. Definitely don't handle the snake, just back away slowly and leave it alone. Snakes aren’t aggressive and if you leave them alone, they’ll leave you alone. Follow Jud Burkett on Twitter and Instagram @judburkett. Email him at email@example.com or call him at 435-674-6262.

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Students can research where pumpkins originated. When were they first raised? By whom? What is a jack-o'-lantern? Where did the term come from? What are other meanings of the term jack-o'-lantern? Demonstrate the concept of “Division of Labor” Give students directions for creating a specific jack-o-lantern. Divide students into two groups. One group should create the task using an assembly line. The other group should do it individually. The following information was created by Melanie B. Spell and presented in a WebQuest at the following web address: Excerpt from the WebQuest: 1. Visit the website, The Pumpkin Circle, www.pumpkincircle.com/growing.html 2. Read the information provided about how to grow a pumpkin. 3. Answer the questions that are written below on a piece of paper. 4. In the computer lab, type your answers to the questions using a word 1. Where should a pumpkin seed be planted? 2. How often should a pumpkin plant be watered? 3. How far apart should pumpkin seeds be planted? 4. When should pumpkins be picked? 5. In what sequence does a pumpkin grow? (Hint: There are 6 steps.) Visit University of Illinois Website: Visit the website, The University of Illinois Extension Services, www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpkins. 1. Read the Giant Pumpkin questions and answer section. 2. Record on a piece of paper 10 questions and answers that you found interesting. 3. Create a brochure, using your 10 questions and answers, of Tips for Growing A Giant Pumpkin. The brochure should be made out of construction paper. Ask Mrs. Spell for help if you would like to print out pumpkin pictures from the computer

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A due process model is type of justice system which is based on the principle that a citizen has some absolute rights and cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards. Due process involves both procedual and substantive aspects. Procedural due process requires fairness in the methods used to deprive a person of life, liberty or property, while substantive due process requires valid governmental justification for taking a person's life' liberty or property. Due process requirements apply to both criminal and civil law. Due process generally requires fairness in government proceedings. A person is entitled to notice and opportunity to be heard at a hearing when they have life, liberty. or property at stake. Laws should be applied to persons equally, without discrimination on prohibited grounds, such as gender, nationality, handicap, or age. In criminal cases, fair procedures help to ensure that an accused person will not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment, which occurs when an innocent person is wrongly convicted. Due process requirements apply to such government proceedings as trials, parole hearings, and administrative hearings involving benefits, among others. For example, when a person's home is in danger of tax foreclosure, the notice of delinquency is required to be sent within a certain time period and the person must be allowed to pay the full amount owed before it is sold to a third party. If there is an error in taxation or the person wishes to contest the appraisal, an appeals process is available. Another example is that any person who is charged with a crime has , amongst other due process rights, a right to be adequately notified of the charges or proceedings against them, a right to a speedy trial and the opportunity to be heard and represented by an attorney at these proceedings. The Alabama Constitution provides its citizens complete protection as that afforded by United State Constitution. In Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S. Ct. 55, 77 L. Ed. 158 (1932)the United States Supreme Court reversed and remanded the decision of Alabama Supreme Court and determined that a defendant must be given access to counsel upon his/her own request, in a capital trial as part of due process. Sec. 6 as it appears in the Alabama Declaration of Rights, Article I: That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel, or either; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation; and to have a copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to testify in all cases, in his own behalf, if he elects so to do; and, in all prosecutions by indictment, a speedy, public trial, by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense was committed; and he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, except by due process of law; but the legislature may, by a general law, provide for a change of venue at the instance of the defendant in all prosecutions by indictment, and such change of venue, on application of the defendant, may be heard and determined without the personal presence of the defendant so applying therefore; provided, that at the time of the application for the change of venue, the defendant is imprisoned in jail or some legal place of confinement.

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The ‘Willpower’ is an important facet of human endeavor centered in the mind, operates in all levels and help to achieve anything. As a matter of fact, the meaning of ‘Willpower’ of any individual stands by his inner firmness, decisiveness, determination and the power of pushing towards any goal. That is, the ability to control and determine one’s actions, which is considered as inner firmness to make decision, take resolution and subsequent action, even handle and execute any task or aim regardless of inner resistance or difficulties. |The Power's (Ajanta)| The developments of Willpower are either being neglected or we mostly begin in the wrong way… The ‘Willpower’ develops on the basis of a strategy of performance on tasks, consisting gradual increase of difficulties. Normally, when we become adults, we make our resolutions on many occasions or day, which lasts for few days and then fails it mission. But, if you want to develop the faculty of ‘Willpower’ then consider your progression at earlier stage with a very small & easy resolution, i.e. which requires a small effort only, instead of starting with difficult one. Commit to carry out the task sincerely & punctually as part of daily routine, without any excuses. Keep doing the task every day and sustain the effort, avoid any provocation to skip. Always face yourself to do it by rationalizing the impulses. After sustaining the effort for few weeks, you will start to realize the Willpower develops in small but steady steps…and in all other decisions it acts more effectively. Then, increase the level of difficulties of your resolutions step by step, along with the level of effort required in small steps, so that the Willpower develops. While planning initial resolution, make sure it’s an easy action and take little time to execute, ensure that any excuse of difficulty or time should never come in the way. It is not the level of difficulties that develops the Willpower; rather it is the persistence which trains Willpower. Be sure, with developed Power of Concentration combined with trained Willpower you can achieve anything. The central principle for holding interest is to saturate the senses…hold attention…so that whatever may come, you won’t see it, including distraction.

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China Anyang City: 416,875 (1991)General Information: Anyang is situated at the northern tip or Henan Province, and is at the crossroads of the three provinces of Shanxi, Hebei, and Henan. On the west it borders Taihang Moutain, and is on the waters of the Zhang River in the north, and connects with the Eastern China Plain on its south-eastern border. Anyang is a famous historical and cultural city that has 3,000 years of history. Anyang County is usually called "strategically important place of the north Henan, the thorough fare of four provinces". It covers an area of 1499.4 square km. It borders on Neihuang county in the east, Lin county in the west, Tangyin and Hebi in the south and faces Ci and Linzhang county across Zhang River. Anyang county administers 24 towns, 750 administrative villages, 900 natural villages, 14 neibourhood committees, and 3236 villagers' groups, with a total population of over 110 million. It is administered by Anyang city. Its government is situated on the east part of Jiefang Road, Anyang city.Geography: Anyang County has favorable geographical locations as well as beautiful and attractive mountains and rivers. In the west is the Taihang Mountains and rivers. In the west is the Taihang Mountain ranges rising and falling, as beautiful as picture; In the east is the North Plains, with vast pieces of rich land, verdant and silklike, is the prime barn of central plains of China. Zhang River flows around in the north, Tang River in the south-east, and Huang River flows through the city center. Anyang's temperature is the classic seasonal weather of a sub tropical belt, the four seasons are clearly distinct. It is warm in spring and autumn, exceedingly hot in summer, and quite cold and dry in winter; the average yearly temperature is 14.9 degrees Celsius. An'yang is an agricultural and trade center with textile mills, coal mines, and a medium-sized iron and steel complex. An'yang's opening to the outside world has enabled its foreign economic relations and trade progress rapidly. Sixteen foreign-funded enterprises (joint Ventures, cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprised) have been estatblished. Recently, An'yang has established and economic and technological development zone covering a total area of 22.8 square kilometers and issued a series of preferential policies to attract many Chginese and foreign businesses. Amultichannel, all-round foreign relations and trade network has been set up to lay a foundation for developing An'yang's economy. Anyang's principal manufactures include cotton textiles and processed food. Anyang County has abundant natural resources and specialties. It has great land resources for development. The total area of cultivated land is 1577700 mu, the stable yields can be despite drought or excessive rain. Grain crops and industrial crops are abundant in Summer and Autumn, their bread and quality being famous in the country. The wheat, cotton and corn especially enjoys a good reputation. Anyang County is a high-yield base for cotton and grains in Henan province. Anyang County also has inexhaustible mineral resources. More than 30 kinds of minerals have been, verified, among which Iron, sand of quartzite, Kaolin Bauxite-vanadium, Nephiline, Dolomite, coal and limestone are famous for the good quality, big reserves, and are easy to mine. Supplies of vegetables and fruits, as well as meat, eggs, sweet and tea are more than adequate. Great varieties of characteristic local specialties are abundant and they rival each other: millet, sesame oil and Damin Apricot of Ma Toujian Village, Da Hongpao Chine Prickly Ash of Duli Village, dried persimmon in western mountainous area, mature vinegar in Jintai Grocery and Longyan Brand Sweet Tea as well as various edible mushroom, are all in great demand. Caoma Sesame Candy, Shuiye Guanjia Sesame Seed Cake, Anyang" Three smoked " and other special flavor snacks are all attractive and delicious.History: The eminent scholar of Chinese history and archeology Guo Moruo praised Anyang in a poem he wrote saying "The name of Anyang is not empty, for 3,000 years past it was an imperial city". In 1986 the National Committee declared Anyang a National historic and cultural city, and named it one of the seven ancient capitals of China along with Xi'an, Beijing, Luoyang, Nanjing, Kaifeng, and Hangzhou. Anyang, one of the capitals of the ancient Shang Dynasty, was placed as the head of China's ancient capitals. Anyang was one of the important areas for the development of ancient Chinese culture. The prehistoric human caves of Xiaonanhai on the western side of Anyang was an site for humanity in the old stone age 25,000 years ago, over 7,000 stone tools and animal bone fossils that were used by mankind have been unearthed here. The area has been named "Xiaonanhai Culture". Over 4,000 years ago, the sage-kings of Zhuanxu and Diku, two of the "three sage kings and five great emperors" of Chinese legend, established their capitals in the borders of Anyang; each reigned for over 70 years, and were the sage-kings that were worshiped by the forbearers of the Chinese peoples. In present day Sanyang Village south of Neihuang County there are two mausoleums in memory of Zhuanxu and Diku. In the 14th century B.C., the king of Shang Pangeng moved the capital to Yin (the present day village of Xiaodun), and established the first stable national capital in Chinese history. Over the past 100 years or so, this area has unearthed over 15,000 oracle bone inscriptions, over 10,000 bronze vessels, and 54 palace sites; palace areas, tomb areas, common folk areas, bronze casting sites, handcraft workshops and large scale ceremonial sites have been discovered. Among artifacts unearthed, the most well known is the 875 kilogram "Simuwu Square Ding", which is the heaviest and largest bronze vessel ever unearthed in the world at present. Anyang was once a capital of the Shang dynasty and one of the earliest centers of Chinese civilization. Excavations, begun there in 1928 by archaeologist Li Chi, have revealed a rich collection of artifacts from the Shang dynasty. Archaeological work, begun here in 1928, has uncovered the remains of a royal palace dating from the 16th century BC, several royal tombs, and a collection of oracle bones chronicling early Chinese history. In 1899, an official under the Qing Dynasty fell ill and was prescribed ¡°longgu¡± or dragon bones. These ¡°dragon bones¡± turned out to be tortoise shells with strange carvings on them. After careful study, scholars concluded that they were written records from about 3,000 years earlier. They were found at the site of Yin, the capital of the Shang dynasty which existed from (1700-1027B.C.), which is now where the city of Anyang is. Further excavations around 1928 uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 pieces of bones and shells covered with words. 4,500 characters have been counted and 1,700 have been deciphered. They show that the people of the Shang dynasty had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs. The Shang rulers used divination to ask the gods about the future. The inscriptions therefore, were concerned with predicting the future. Either a pointed, heated rod was applied to the shell or bone and a crack formed or a hole was drilled on the interior side of the shell and it was put on a fire to see where cracks would appear on the other side. By interpreting the cracks a soothsayer predicted the answers to questions including: what the weather was going to be like, if it would flood or not, if the harvest would be successful, whether one should take a journey, and how things were in the Shang society.Arrive: Anyang County has transport facilities and convenient. Beijing-Guangzhou railway, 107 national high way and Beijing-Shenzhen express highway, go directly from south to north; Anyang-Lizhen, Shi-Lin railway pass through the east; Anyang-Daqing highway runs straight through to Shandong Province, to the coastal cities. All of these form a traffic net, with the government in the center, connect passenger and cargo transport.Anyang Tourism: Meanwhile, Anyang also provides comfortable and fashionable service facilities. There are high grade hotels in downtown area. The New Ground Hotel of Anyang County, a double-star hotel, provides comfortable and satisfactory services for accommodation, business activities services for accommodation, business activities and entertainment.Shopping: Jiefang Lu and Honqi Lu are considered to be the liveliest districts of the modern city, with a night and weekend market on Honqi Lu. The most pleasant outing you can take in central Anyang is a wander around the old city, the area around the Bell Tower at the south end of Honqi Lu, with dusty, unpaved streets and alleyways mostly too narrow for cars or lorries, but full of people and carts.Anyang Attractive points: Just within the old city, southwest of the Bell Tower, you'll find the Wenfeng Pagoda (daily 8am-5pm; £¤ 5), built in 925 AD and unusually shaped; it gets larger towards the top, ending with a dagoba-shaped peak atop a flat roof. Southeast of the Bell Tower, the Gaoge Miao (daily 8am-4.30pm; £¤10), built in 1451, is an attractive building with stone carvings of dragons and lions around its entrance, well suited to its present purpose as a gallery displaying the work of local artists. Shang Dynasty Ruins (Yinxu) These are also called Yin ruins as the Shang Dynasty is also referred to after the fourteenth century B.C. Lying about two kilometers northwest of Anyang, the ruins spread to both banks of the Henghe River with the present village of Xiaotun at their center. This was the site of the capital of the Shang (or Yin) Dynasty around the fourteenth century B.C.. Large-scale excavation has been going on at this site since 1899. Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the imperial palaces of the Shang Dynasty as well as large tombs of the royal families of that period. More than 100,000 pieces of bone and tortoise shell inscribed with the earliest form of Chinese script have been unearthed on the site, providing scholars with valuable historic and linguistic information. Large numbers of bronze ware, tools and articles for production and daily use have also been found here. A rectangular pot 1.33 meters high and weighing 875 kilometers, with beautiful stylized dragon and legendary animal patterns inscribed on its four sides, is a rare bronze object in the world. In the last thirty years, systematic excavation has been going on at the site of the Shang (Yin) Dynasty ruins and more objects of the Shang Dynasty have been unearthed. At Xiaotun Village, an exhibition hall has been built to house the cultural relics that have been unearthed here. Yue Fei Memorial Temple In the county town of Tangyin, not far from Anyang, stands the memorial temple of Yue Fei (1103-1142), a famous national hero of the Song Dynasty (960-1179). First built in the early Ming Dynasty and repaired many times since then, the temple now houses over a hundred pieces of stone carvings showing Yue Fei's writings in his own handwriting, records of repairs of the place and poems and inscriptions in his p prominent figures. The compact but magnificent building also contains a rich collection of colorful sculptures and is well worth a visit.

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Acid reflux, or heartburn, can cause a burning sensation in your esophagus after eating. It is often accompanied by indigestion and sometimes by chest pain. Although it is not a serious condition, heartburn can make you quite uncomfortable. When you have a case of heartburn, stomach acid can back up into your esophagus, causing inflammation. This happens because the lower esophageal sphincter opens while you are eating and is supposed to close quickly to stop food and stomach liquids from going back into the esophagus. Sometimes this muscle doesn’t close fast enough and you get heartburn. This burning sensation in the back of your chest might give you the feeling that the food is coming back up. Causes of Heartburn Heartburn is a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)—when acid refluxes from the stomach into the esophagus it causes heartburn. Certain foods, drinks and over-the-counter medications are also known to cause heartburn, including: - Carbonated drinks - Acid based drinks - Acid based foods - Ibuprofen (e.g. Motrin) - Naproxen (e.g. Aleve) - Aspirin (e.g. Bayer) Research has shown that certain heartburn drugs can increase one’s chances of having a heart attack. You should always consult with a doctor before taking any medication. Symptoms of Heartburn Some heartburn symptoms may not be immediately recognizable or symptoms may be from a different condition, so it’s important to be aware of your own body. Symptoms of heartburn include: - Burning sensation in the chest - Spasm or sharp pain in the chest or sternum - Consistent pain in the back of the throat - Sour taste in the throat - Coughing episodes or voice hoarseness In cases of heartburn that are left untreated for a long time, acid can build up and result in tooth decay. In some cases, heartburn can be mistaken for a heart attack. Natural Remedies for Heartburn and Acid Reflux Certain foods may be responsible for triggering heartburn, so you may need to make some simple diet and lifestyle changes. Try following these natural remedies to see if you can get relief for your symptoms: 1. Change your diet: This is the most straightforward approach to preventing acid reflux from occurring. First, you’ll need to figure out what foods cause your heartburn. That can be done by keeping track of what you eat and when you eat it. Take note of your reaction to those foods and begin eliminating or reducing your intake. 2 .Don’t lie down: We’ve discussed how acid reflux happens when the acid shoots back up through your esophagus. When you lie down, it becomes much easier for this to happen. This is one reason why heartburn can occur at night; after you eat and go straight to bed. Try waiting about three or four hours after eating before heading to bed. 3. Aloe juice: Because of the way it handles inflammation, aloe juice can be an effective treatment for heartburn. Whenever your stomach starts acting up or you begin to feel that burning sensation in your chest, drink half a cup of aloe juice to help ease symptoms. 4. Chewing gum: This seems to be a popular natural remedy for heartburn. Chewing gum as a treatment for heartburn is actually backed by research published in the Journal of Dental Research. Researchers found that chewing gum for half an hour after eating a meal can prevent or relieve symptoms of heartburn. 5. Baking soda: At its core, baking soda does a good job at managing stomach acid. But many people would agree that baking soda is also a great way to deal with heartburn and acid reflux. Mix one teaspoon of baking soda with a glass of water and drink it. Don’t use baking soda if you experience heartburn regularly. Because it is high in salt, the baking soda can cause other side effects. 6. Bananas and apples: If eaten on a daily basis, both bananas and apples can provide heartburn relief. Let the bananas ripen so you get the full effect of their natural antacids. Slicing up an apple and eating it shortly before bed is the best way to utilize its ingredients. 7. Mustard: Mustard, with a touch of vinegar, works well to counteract the symptoms of heartburn. Try consuming a teaspoon of mustard the next time you begin experiencing heartburn. 8. Chamomile Tea: Chamomile tea is known for fighting inflammation, but it can also help prevent heartburn. Drinking a cup about an hour before bedtime will reduce stomach inflammation and help balance some of the missing acidity in the stomach. It’s always important to consult with a doctor before beginning any kind of health regiment. Foods to Avoid When Suffering From Heartburn - Diet plays a big role when it comes to preventing heartburn. It is best to avoid foods that are known to cause heartburn. Some of the more common types of foods that cause heartburn include: - Fatty foods (i.e. potato chips, butter cookies, brownies, etc.) - Fried foods (i.e. friend chicken) - Acidic foods (i.e. oranges, grapefruit, cranberry juice, etc.) This doesn’t mean you need to completely give up oranges, grapefruit, or even fried chicken; simply monitor what types of foods trigger your heartburn and set up a healthy dietary plan. When to See a Doctor Contact a medical professional if you experience any of the following: - Heartburn more than twice a week - Your heartburn symptoms don’t go away, even after treatment - Difficulty swallowing - Nausea and vomiting Sources for Today’s Article: “15 Natural Remedies for Heartburn & Severe Acid Reflux,” everyday roots web site; http://everydayroots.com/heartburn-remedies, last accessed December 30, 2015. Wedro, B., “Heartburn,” http://www.rxlist.com/heartburn/drugs-condition.htm, last accessed December 30, 2015.

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At Polypro Recycling we care about the environment, and plastic waste is one of the biggest environmental issues plaguing our planet today. We are producing more plastic than ever before, and much of it is not being recycled properly, causing it to end up in landfills and more urgently in our oceans. If you would like to make a difference and cut back on the plastic waste you produce, there are a number of simple things you can do in your everyday life. Bring Your Own Plastic Bags Keep reusable plastic bags in your car when going to the store. Plastic bags are one of the most common types of plastic waste. Many stores have done away with plastic bags completely and require you to bring your own. Some places choose to use only paper bags instead which is better as most paper products are biodegradable. Use Paper Products Instead We already mentioned using paper bags instead of plastic bags, but there are many other situations where you can use paper instead. Part of what makes plastic waste such a problem is that it will stay where it is forever. If paper products end up in the environment, they will eventually break up over time. Paper cups and cardboard boxes are just a few of the disposable items you could use over their plastic counterparts. Avoid Disposable Razors Instead of using one time use plastic razors and generating all that plastic waste, try using a razor that has a replaceable blade, or get into using a straight razor. Use Cloth Instead of Disposable Diapers Parents will know how many diapers can end up in the garbage each day. Adding to that the cost of all those diapers, there is a strong case to be made for simply going with a reusable cloth. Buy in Bulk A majority of plastic waste is generated through food and food-related products in many households. One of the easiest ways to cut down is to buy items in bulk. Places like Costco and Sam’s Club allow you to buy food in bulk and saves you money in the long run as well. Contact Us About Plastic Waste If your business is interested in discussing how Polypro can help your business gain a new revenue stream while getting rid of unwanted plastic waste, contact us today.

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The Power of STEM Thinkerella & Thinkerfella If you have school-aged children or grandchildren, I would bet that best practices in education are something you consider very important. As parents or grandparents, we share in a common desire to give our young learners the tools they’ll need to navigate and succeed in the future. These days, that translates to far more than simply “depositing” information into students. Rather, there’s an emphasis on tapping into a child’s natural curiosity and imagination and presenting them with opportunities to experiment, create, wonder and problem solve. This awareness has resulted in a heightened focus on the sciences. You may have heard, the term “STEM” is an acronym for science, technology, engineering and math. You may also see the term STEAM, which includes the arts. New Orleans children are fortunate to benefit from the expertise of public, charter, parochial and independent schools that recognize the significance of STEM instructional activities. I am proud and excited to be a new faculty member as well as a parent at Sacred Heart, where this focus on education extends all the way from the high school to the 1-year-old students. Teachers collaborate to incorporate interactive student-driven “creation stations” for younger learners and “innovation labs” for older ones into schedule. Stuart Hall, my son’s school, just launched an outdoor Discovery Center for its pre- and lower school students. If this isn’t yet in place in your child’s school, or your child is seeking additional after-school opportunities, allow me to introduce you to Thinkerella. Founded in 2004 by a local mom, Cherie Melancon Franz, Thinkerella was originally created as a fun, inviting way to draw girls into the sciences. Not long after, as it became clear that boys benefited from and enjoyed the fun learning activities just as much as girls, Thinkerfella was born as well. The program’s focus is to provide enrichment activities that take intricate, multi-faceted scientific content and make it fun and engaging for children. To accomplish this, Thinkerella/Thinkerfella provides hands-on experiments for pre-school, elementary and middle school girls and boys. Thinkerella/Thinkerfella offers workshops at several local schools in a “mobile laboratory” setting. These workshops and experiments are organized for specific grade levels so activities are age-appropriate. Typically, these weekly workshops are either six or 12 weeks long in duration and take place after school at multiple locations in the greater New Orleans area. Thinkerella/Thinkerfella also offers a unique birthday party for your budding scientist or engineer. Parties are ideal for children ages 3 to 13. The parties can be held indoors or outside at your location choice, or can be hosted at the Thinkerella facilities in Harahan or Mandeville. The activities promise to be educational, engaging and mess-free for all guests. Another bonus, there’s no need to think of a party favor because guests take home all the things they create in the experiments – and their lab coat! The party package includes 12 guests, but more can be added for an additional fee. Thinkerella/Thinkerfella is also a great way for Girl Scouts or Boy Scouts to earn a badge while having a fun time conducting experiments. So bring your dreamer, builder, explorer, inventor or designer, and watch them discover the power of STEM. Just the Facts • ThinkerKids Workshops • Birthday Parties • Scout Workshops • In-school Field Trips For schedules, pricing, program descriptions and online registration visit MyThinkerella.com, email email@example.com or call 232-1394.

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PatientPlus articles are written by UK doctors and are based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. They are designed for health professionals to use, so you may find the language more technical than the condition leaflets. Synonyms: cervical carcinoma, cancer of the (uterine) cervix, carcinoma of the (uterine) cervix Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and accounts for one in ten cancers diagnosed in women worldwide. It is usually a squamous carcinoma. Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Cervical cancer causes around 266,000 deaths worldwide. The mortality rate is ten times higher in developing countries compared with the UK. Over a period of 20 years, the incidence of cervical cancer has reduced by a third and mortality by a half. It has been proven that the cervical screening programme is associated with improved rate of cure of cervical cancer. Around 30% of cervical cancers are detected through cervical screening in the UK. Cervical cancer is more common in those aged 25-34 years. - Add notes to any clinical page and create a reflective diary - Automatically track and log every page you have viewed - Print and export a summary to use in your appraisal Persistence of HPV infection is the most important factor in developing cervical cancer; HPV is detected in 99% of cervical tumours. There are around 80 types of HPV that are related to cervical cancer. The high-risk types - HPV 16 and 18 - are highly involved in 70% of cervical cancer. Other risk factors include: - Heterosexual women. - Women with multiple sexual partners, or partners of promiscuous males. - Lower social class. - Immunosuppression - eg, HIV and post-transplant. - There is a slight increase in risk with use of a combined oral contraceptive. - Non-attendance at the cervical screening programme. Three types of primary tumour are generally seen: - Bulky, ectocervical tumour, which fills the upper vagina. - Invasive, bulky tumour that can enlarge to a size where it fills the lower pelvis. - Destructive, invasive tumour that erodes tissue, causing ulceration and excavation with infected, necrotic cavities. 70% are squamous carcinomas, 15% mixed pattern, and 15% adenocarcinoma, all three of which cause both pre-invasive and invasive disease. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) - disease confined to the epithelium - CIN I: disease confined to the lower third of the epithelium. - CIN II: disease confined to the lower and middle thirds of the epithelium. - CIN III: affecting the full thickness of the epidermis. This breaches the epithelial basement membrane at any point. - If the deepest invasive element is <5 mm from the surface of the epithelium then it is defined as micro-invasive carcinoma. - If it extends beyond 5 mm or is wider than 7 mm then it is defined as invasive carcinoma and formal staging is required. Many cases are detected by screening. However, any symptoms which could be due to cervical cancer require full pelvic examination including use of a speculum. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom of cervical cancer. One study showed that about a third of young women with cervical cancer present with symptoms but do not see their doctor promptly. Also, many women who present with symptoms to their GPs do not have their cervix visualised. The first symptoms of established cervical cancer are: - Vaginal discharge: this varies greatly in amount and can be intermittent or continuous. - Bleeding: this can be spontaneous but may occur after sex, micturition or defecation, in the early stages. Patients may ignore this if it is scanty and ascribe it to normal menstrual dysfunction. Occasionally, severe vaginal bleeding may necessitate emergency hospital admission. - Vaginal discomfort/urinary symptoms. - Painless haematuria. - Chronic urinary frequency. - Painless fresh rectal bleeding. - Altered bowel habit. - Leg oedema, pain and hydronephrosis leading to chronic kidney disease are ominous, late signs indicating pelvic wall involvement. - With more advanced disease, patients develop pelvic discomfort or pain that is poorly localised and described as dull or boring in the suprapubic or sacral regions. It is similar to menstrual discomfort, can be persistent or intermittent and may be confused with arthropathy. NB: symptoms may prompt the patient to seek a cervical smear. A smear test is useful for detecting pre-cancerous lesions but not cancer. If there is any degree of suspicion of cervical cancer then examine carefully and consider urgent referral for further assessment. In early-stage cervical cancer, examination can be relatively normal. - There may be white or red patches on the cervix. As the disease progresses, it can lead to an abnormal appearance of the cervix and vagina, due to erosion, ulcer or tumour. - Rectal examination may reveal a mass or bleeding due to erosion. - Bimanual palpation may reveal pelvic bulkiness/masses due to pelvic spread. - Leg oedema may develop due to lymphatic or vascular obstruction. - Hepatomegaly may develop in the case of liver metastases. - Pulmonary metastases are normally only detected if they cause pleural effusion or bronchial obstruction. - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. - Cervical erosion (ectropion). - Pelvic inflammatory disease. - Endometrial cancer. - Side-effects of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use. - Endometrial hyperplasia. - Atrophic vaginitis. - Premenopausal women presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding should be tested for Chlamydia trachomatis. - Postmenopausal women should be referred urgently to gynaecology for assessment. - Colposcopy - allows examination of the visible cervix, usually including the transformation zone: - The cervix is first cleaned with acetic acid. - The cervix can then be inspected, biopsied and treated if necessary. - Cone biopsy may be undertaken. - FBC, renal function tests, LFTs. - A CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with contrast is usually preferred to chest X-ray to assess for metastatic disease. - Positron emission tomography (PET) is also being used increasingly for staging. - CT and/or MRI scanning of the pelvis and abdomen are often used to stage disease, along with relevant biopsies. - Examination under anaesthesia is often undertaken with abdominal, vaginal and rectal examination, with or without colposcopy, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. Biopsies are taken as necessary. The staging system of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) is most commonly used. This classification is based on tumour size, vaginal or parametrial involvement, bladder/rectum extension and distant metastases. - 0: no evidence of primary tumour. - Tisb: carcinoma in situ (pre-invasive). - I: cervical carcinoma confined to the uterus (disregard extension to corpus): - IA: invasive carcinoma diagnosed only by microscopy: - IA1: stromal invasion to maximum 3 mm depth and 7 mm horizontal spread. - IA2: stromal invasion >3 to ≤5 mm with ≤7 mm horizontal spread. - IB: clinical visible lesions confined to the cervix or lesion visible on microscopy >IA2: - IB1: clinically visible lesion 4 cm in largest dimension. - IB2: clinically visible lesion >4 cm in largest dimension. - IA: invasive carcinoma diagnosed only by microscopy: - II: tumour invades beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic wall or the lower third of the vagina: - IIA: no parametrial invasion. - IIA1: clinically visible lesion ≤4.0 cm in greatest dimension. - IIA2: clinically visible lesion ≥4.0 cm in greatest dimension. - IIB: parametrial invasion (but not the pelvic sidewall). - III: tumour extends to the pelvic wall and/or involves the lower third of the vagina and/or causes hydronephrosis or the kidney not to function: - IIIA: tumour involves the lower third of the vagina; no extension to the pelvic wall. - IIIB: tumour extends to the pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney. - IV: further spread. - IVA: tumour invades the mucosa of the bladder or rectum and/or extends beyond the true pelvis. - IVB: distant metastases. The vast majority of women are diagnosed with early-stage cancers. In pregnancy, treatment may be delayed until a viable fetus can be delivered (provided this delay is only for a few weeks) or a therapeutic abortion may be necessary. As cervical cancer often affects women of childbearing age, fertility-sparing surgery is an important issue when considering treatment options. Depending on stage, primary treatment of cervical cancer consists of surgery, radiotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The extent of surgery will be dictated by the tumour stage, the age of the patient and comorbidities. The patient's wishes regarding fertility and management options need to be considered. For example: - In stage IA1 disease, standard treatment consists of conisation with free margins or simple hysterectomy (according to the patient's age and future fertility choices). - In stage IA2 disease, local excision can be offered to preserve fertility or extrafascial hysterectomy; however, there is a risk of pelvic lymph node involvement of approximately 5% and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is usually recommended. - Radical trachelectomy (cervicectomy) is the treatment of choice in women with early-stage cervical cancer wishing to preserve fertility. Radical trachelectomy can be performed with a vaginal, abdominal or laparoscopic/robotic approach. - Intraoperative and postoperative complication rates are similar to radical hysterectomy. Approximately 15% of patients develop cervical stenosis and this can lead to dysmenorrhoea or infection. - Laparoscopic hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy are offered to women not wishing to retain their fertility. The presence of positive lymph nodes indicates the need for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. - Stages IB and IIA cervical cancer can be cured by radical surgery including pelvic lymphadenectomy or radiotherapy. The two procedures are equally effective but differ in terms of morbidity and type of complications. - Radical surgery is associated with significant morbidity and complications. Morbidity may be minimised by using minimally invasive (laparoscopic or robotic) routes. - Radical (Wertheim's) hysterectomy: - This aims to provide definitive treatment for invasive, infiltrating and early metastatic cancer. - It involves excision of the primary tumour with a 1 cm margin of healthy tissue and en bloc resection of the main pelvic lymph node areas. - It may involve removal of the upper third of the vagina and uterovesical and uterosacral ligaments. - Bladder function returns only slowly and may cause chronic retention. - Occasionally, painful lymphocysts develop requiring drainage. - Anterior, posterior or total pelvic exenteration: - All involve removal of pelvic adnexae plus removal of the bladder and/or rectosigmoid, with possible creation of one or two stoma. - The patient needs to be relatively fit and able to withstand very destructive surgery. - Generally, a combination of external beam therapy and intracavity brachytherapy is used. - Brachytherapy is an important part of definitive radiotherapy shown to improve overall survival. - A Cochrane review has recommended the use of high-dose-rate intracavity brachytherapy for all clinical stages of cervical cancer. - Currently women with stage IB2 to III are given non-surgical treatment (chemoradiation). - A Cochrane review found insufficient evidence that hysterectomy with radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, improves the survival of women with locally advanced cervical cancer who are treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy alone . - The most common acute reaction to radiotherapy is a change in bowel frequency, including diarrhoea starting 10-14 days after treatment begins and lasting for 3-4 weeks after it stops. - More acute bowel reaction may require treatment for subacute obstruction. - Most commonly, patients experience dysuria and frequency, which often settle quickly. - Lymphoedema - patients with symptoms suggestive of lymphoedema should be referred to a lymphoedema practitioner and be offered decongestive lymphatic therapy if symptoms are severe or poorly controlled. - Many women with cervical cancer receive chemotherapy, either adjuvant, concurrent with radiation or palliative. - Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is most commonly given. - Compared with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical hysterectomy has been shown to achieve comparable survival outcomes for patients with FIGO stage IIB cervical cancer, but with fewer radiotherapy complications. - There is currently no consensus regarding the length and frequency of follow-up for patients treated for cervical cancer. - Colposcopy and cervical cytology are not recommended for follow-up. - It should be noted that in women with cancer-related hysterectomy, the vaginal vault cytology has a low efficacy for the early detection of vaginal recurrence and is not recommended. - Patients should usually return to annual population-based screening after five years of recurrence-free follow-up. Prognosis correlates with stage, histological diagnosis, socio-economic status and age at presentation. |Stage||Five-year survival rate (%)| Further reading & references - Cervical cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up; European Society for Medical Oncology (2012) - Duenas-Gonzalez A, Serrano-Olvera A, Cetina L, et al; New molecular targets against cervical cancer. Int J Womens Health. 2014 Dec 5;6:1023-31. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S49471. eCollection 2014. - Cervical Cancer Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide: GLOBOCAN; World Health Organization, 2012 - Cancer Registrations; Office for National Statistics - Andrae B, Andersson TM, Lambert PC, et al; Screening and cervical cancer cure: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Mar 1;344:e900. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e900. - Colombo N, Carinelli S, Colombo A, et al; Cervical cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii27-32. - Ramakrishnan S, Partricia S, Mathan G; Overview of high-risk HPV's 16 and 18 infected cervical cancer: Pathogenesis to prevention. Biomed Pharmacother. 2015 Mar;70:103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.041. Epub 2015 Jan 12. - Lim AW, Ramirez AJ, Hamilton W, et al; Delays in diagnosis of young females with symptomatic cervical cancer in England: an interview-based study. Br J Gen Pract. 2014 Oct;64(627):e602-10. doi: 10.3399/bjgp14X681757. - Management of cervical cancer; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN (January 2008) - Halaska M, Robova H, Pluta M, et al; The role of trachelectomy in cervical cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2015 Feb 3;9:506. doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.506. eCollection 2015. - Morice P, Uzan C, Gouy S, et al; Gynaecological cancers in pregnancy. Lancet. 2012 Feb 11;379(9815):558-69. - Pareja R, Rendon GJ, Vasquez M, et al; Immediate radical trachelectomy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by conservative surgery for patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer with tumors 2cm or larger: A literature review and analysis of oncological and obstetrical outcomes. Gynecol Oncol. 2015 Mar 28. pii: S0090-8258(15)00779-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.03.051. - Fertility Sparing Treatments in Gynaecological Cancers: Scientific Impact Paper; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2013 - Vargo JA, Beriwal S; Image-based brachytherapy for cervical cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;5(5):921-30. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.921. - Liu R, Wang X, Tian JH, et al; High dose rate versus low dose rate intracavity brachytherapy for locally advanced uterine cervix cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 9;10:CD007563. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007563.pub3. - Kokka F, Bryant A, Brockbank E, et al; Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 7;4:CD010260. - Serrano-Olvera A, Cetina L, Coronel J, et al; Emerging drugs for the treatment of cervical cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015 Jan 12:1-18. - Guo L, Liu X, Wang L, et al; Outcome of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IIB Cervical Cancer From 2003 to 2012: An Evaluation of Treatments and Prognosis: A Retrospective Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2015 Apr 10. - Del Pup L, Canzonieri V, Serraino D, et al; What sampling device is the most appropriate for vaginal vault cytology in gynaecological cancer follow up? Radiol Oncol. 2012 Jun;46(2):166-9. doi: 10.2478/v10019-012-0019-x. Epub 2012 Apr 11. - Cervical cancer statistics and outlook; Cancer Research UK Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions. Dr Hayley Willacy Dr Louise Newson Dr Helen Huins

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A cleanup operation is underway in Queensland, Australia, after Cyclone Debbie made landfall between Bowen and Airlie Beach on Tuesday 28 March 2017, leaving a trail of devastation about 50 km across. One man is in hospital with serious injuries following a wall collapse in Prosperine, and authorities are reporting a single known death, though they have not yet released any details of this, and have expressed fears that there may be further casualties in remote communities cut off by the storm. Around 25 000 people were evacuated from homes directly in the path of the storm, and about 48 000 homes have been left without power, with warnings being issued about the dangers of downed power lines. Flooding has been reported around Prosperine, and evacuees returning to their homes are being warned to expect extensive damage. Trees being battered by high winds and rain at Arlie Beach as Cyclone Debbie passes. Reuters. Cyclone Debbie is recorded to have been a Category Four storm as it made landfall, that is to say a storm with sustained windspeeds in excess of 209 kilometers per hour (a sustained windspeed is defined as a windspeed recorded continuously for periods in excess of a minute), though the storm has lost energy as it has passed over land, though high winds are expected in the area till at least Wednesday 29 March. The passage of Cyclone Winston till 07.00 GMT on Tuesday 28 March 2017 (thick line) with its predicted future path (thin line, circles represent the margin of error on the predictions). Colours indicate the strength of the storm. Tropical Storm Risk. Tropical cyclones are caused by solar energy heating the air above the oceans, which causes the air to rise leading to an inrush of air. If this happens over a large enough area the inrushing air will start to circulate, as the rotation of the Earth causes the winds closer to the equator to move eastwards compared to those further away (the Coriolis Effect). This leads to tropical storms rotating clockwise in the southern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere.These storms tend to grow in strength as they move across the ocean and lose it as they pass over land (this is not completely true: many tropical storms peter out without reaching land due to wider atmospheric patterns), since the land tends to absorb solar energy while the sea reflects it. The low pressure above tropical storms causes water to rise there by ~1 cm for every millibar drop in pressure, leading to a storm surge that can overwhelm low-lying coastal areas, while at the same time the heat leads to high levels of evaporation from the sea - and subsequently high levels of rainfall. This can cause additional flooding on land, as well as landslides. Follow Sciency Thoughts on Facebook.

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1970: For much of the late 1960s, protests against the Vietnam war, racism, and other issues were common in the United States, particularly on college campuses. Many of these involved violence; from Jan. 1, 1968 to July 9, 1970, there were more than 4,000 bombings and more than 1,500 bombing attempts in the country, about half attributed to campus disturbances. This cartoon shows the "escalation" -- a term commonly applied to the enlargement of the Vietnam conflict -- of dissent, from benign demonstrations to deadly explosions. The idea was that those protesting against escalation were themselves employing it. Copyright © 2018, Daily Press

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Most parents accept that things will be different for their kids than it was during their own childhood. Changing fashions, new music and unfamiliar slang have all been anticipated well before their children even enter school. One thing most parents might not have realized they were going to have to learn all over again was basic math, such as addition and subtraction. Then, along came the Common Core. Adopted in the majority of states in the last five years and implemented within the last three, the new standards (and the homework designed to complement them) have been confusing, often enraging parents since the beginning. A variety of witty complaints have hit the Internet, but a recent jab from a parent in Ohio truly stands out. He gave Millridge Elementary School a complaint they can literally take to the bank, with a check written using a common core math solving method. Douglas H., the check writer, probably hopes they actually try to cash it; when they can't adequately explain to the bank teller how to determine the amount owed, his point will truly be made.

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Q: #375. What is a cubit? A: The word “cubit” comes from the Latin word “cubitum” (Hebrew: “ammah“) meaning “elbow.” The word “cubit” is used 263 times in the Bible, with all but 4 uses in the Old Testament. A cubit was a unit of measurement which was very imprecise. Technically, it was the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. Obviously then, since this distance varied from person to person, we can see why it was imprecise. However, it appears that a cubit basically fell between lengths of about 18″ to 21.” The Bible appears to primarily use the smaller size, while other cultures used the larger sizes. Apparently, archaeologists have discovered a number of rods from different cultures which were used to measure a cubit, and these average around 20.6.” Smith’s Bible Dictionary lists three cubit lengths, and gives them these names: “The cubit of a man or the common cubit (see: Deut 3:11),” “The old Mosaic or legal cubit,” and “The new cubit.” The larger cubit size appears to be mentioned in (Ezek 40:5), which says “in the man’s hand was a measuring rod of six cubits, each of which was a cubit and a handbreadth (app. 3″).” This would make the cubit described as 21″ (18″ + 3″). The first time this unit of measurement is used in the Bible is in describing Noah’s Ark. It was 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high (Gen 6:15). Most modern translations (i.e. NIV & NLT) today convert this to 450′ long, 75′ wide, and 45′ high. This correlates to a cubit being 18.” In (1 Sam 17:4), Goliath’s height is said to have been “six cubits and a span.” A “span” was the distance between the tip of the thumb and and little finger with the hand fully open, generally about 9 inches (or half a cubit). This would have made Goliath about 9’9″ tall.

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Relationship & Differences between Federal, State, & Local Governments in Nigeria The power sharing and revenue sharing between the federal, state and local relationship between the 3 tiers of government in Nigeria - federal state and local . Civic Education JSS2 Second Term Week 2 Topic: Relationship between The Federal, State and Local Governments Relationship between The Federal, State . Free Essay: Forms of Local Government The basis for county, city and special district Relationship Between The Federal Government And The United States. Often times, the relationship of the three tiers of government is a talking point based on the revenue sharing formula that allocates resources from the Federation Account amongst the three tiers of government—currently The FRN is composed of 36 states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government and 1 federal territory administered solely by the Federal Government. Also, the Federal Government is composed of three distinct branches: The Executive Arm The executive arm is better explained within the context of the presidency. Generally, politics in Nigeria takes place within the framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government. The President of the Country serves as the head of the Federal Executive Council which is also known as the cabinet. The executive branch is divided into Federal Ministries, each headed by a minister appointed by the president. The president must include at least one member from each of the 36 states in his cabinet. In some cases, a federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry for example, Environment and Housing may be combinedor a minister may be assisted by one or more ministers of State. Each ministry also has a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil servant. The ministries are responsible for various parastatals government-owned corporationssuch as universities, the National Broadcasting Commission, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. It has members, who are elected for four-year terms in single-seat constituencies. On the other hand, the Senate has members and it is presided over by the President of the Senate. One member is selected in the single-seat constituency of the federal capital. Nigerian Navy Recruitment Process C. The National Judicial Council serves as an independent executive body that protects the judiciary from the executive arm of government. The Supreme Court is presided over by the Chief Justice of Nigeria and thirteen associate justices, who are appointed by the President of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council. These justices are subject to confirmation by the Senate. State Government We can understand what the State Government is by defining what a state is. A state is defined as a group of people permanently occupying a fixed territory and bound together by common habits and custom into one political body. In Nigeria, states enjoy a level of sovereignty, but this sovereignty is within the constraints of the Federal Government as provided for by the constitution. Each state in Nigeria has its own capital city and it is governed by an elected official known as a governor who serves a maximum of two 4 year tenures maximum of 8 years. Just like the federal government, the state government has its executive, legislative and judicial arms. Here are some of the roles the State Government plays in the country. Security of Lives and Properties The state government plays an important role in the security of lives and properties along with other levels of government. Provision of Basic Amenities Also, the state government is responsible for providing amenities such as good roads and potable drinking water for the people. Although amenities like electricity are the sole responsibility of the Federal Government, the state government can also complement the efforts of the government at the federal level to provide these amenities by embarking on rural electrification projects. In some cases, some state governments purchase transformers, electric poles and cables in order to assist the distribution companies to extend electricity supply to the people. Creating Environment for Businesses to Thrive This is done by providing loans and tax holidays to small and medium entrepreneurs as well as large-scale investors. The provision of security and basic amenities are also important in helping businesses thrive. Relationship between federal and state governments : local government in SearchWorks catalog Establishment of Educational Institutions Every state has at least one state-owned tertiary institution along with the scores of state-owned primary schools, secondary schools, and technical schools. This role is essential in improving the level of education available in these states as well as providing employment to residents of the states in the form of academic and non-academic jobs. Establishment of Health Care Facilities One of the roles of the state government is providing health care at a subsidized rate. In this case, the state government build, equip and run hospitals where people can get good quality healthcare at an affordable cost.What are the three tiers of government in Nigeria? Because the Federal allocations are normally given to state governments on a monthly basis but this is never enough to foot the bill of the state. These areas have state endorsed representative councils, who have been delegated specific power by the state government to make certain laws that address the unique needs of their locality while carefully observing the larger constitution of the nation. The Local Government is the last link in the chain of authority nearest to the local communities and the grassroots. Some functions of the Local government include: Providing recommendations to the state thereby helping the state to be more precise in its planning. Providing welfare of the destitute in their locality Generating revenues for the state through vehicle licensing Responsible for the naming of streets and roads and numbering of houses Responsible for the registration of births, marriages and death. Provision of public utilities to the people such as construction and maintenance of roads, construction of drainage, provision of street lighting, recreation centres like parks and gardens and open spaces among others. Even though collaboration is a type of relationship between the tiers, there are other areas of cooperation or relationship. The power sharing relationship This is the first area of the relationship among the tiers of the government in Nigeria. Each of the tiers has a type of an important list. There are three types: The exclusive list can be considered as a symbol of power. The concurrent list belongs to the federal and state governments. The residual belongs to the states. The "power sharing" means that even though there are certain lists that belong to each tier, the responsibilities can be shifted among them in order to get better results. For example, even though primary education is in the list of the state government, other tiers can take it up when needed. The power sharing relationship between the tiers means more productivity which is a great thing for the country, if you ask us. However, it leads to another area of cooperation. Revenue sharing or allocation This means that there are taxes that are collected by one tier of government on behalf of another. It mostly occurs when the power and responsibilities for certain areas are shifted between tiers, like during the "power sharing" times. It is common to have revenue sharing or allocation between the federal government and one of the other tiers. It means that they are only responsible for issues on the local level. It is also known that the federal government is empowered by the Constitution and can have a significant impact on local government matters. The big impact of the federal government on the local government matters was the cause of dispute between many Nigerians.

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Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes (thought) where the focus is on individuals. The word psychology comes from the Greek words "psyche” (mind) and “logos” (knowledge of). Psychology, as a recognized field of study, has only been around for a little over a hundred years, but people have had discussions of human behavior for centuries. The Department of Psychological Sciences at Purdue is consistently among the top 50 psychology departments in the US (out of more than 300). The many professors (see our list of faculty) you will have in class wear a number of different hats. They conduct and publish research that advances the field of psychology and train graduate students. They also teach more than 90% of our undergraduate classes, giving you the opportunity to learn from several of them during your time at Purdue. With a bachelor's degree in psychology, your career opportunities will be many and varied. You could obtain advanced training in Psychology or seek a career in affiliated fields such as clinical social work, social work, mental health counseling, marriage & family therapy, or school counseling. Another option is to enroll in a graduate program in such fields as law, medicine, or business. Your knowledge of psychology will be invaluable in all these areas. You may also choose to take a job immediately after graduation, in diverse settings such as a hospital, group home, government agency, business or industry, applying your skills in areas such as personnel selection, advertising, consumer-product research, or public opinion polling. Because you will learn about many aspects of psychology while at Purdue, you will be well-prepared for many career opportunities. Areas of Psychology - Mental health, various forms of mental illness, and other facets of Clinical Psychology - Perception, attention, memory, and other facets of Cognitive Psychology - Employee selection, motivation, and other facets of Industrial / Organizational Psychology - Arousal, brain functioning, and other facets of Behavioral Neuroscience - Statistics, measurement of human characteristics, and other facets of Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science - Stereotyping, attitudes, relationships, social influence and other facets of Social Psychology

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The modern use of the word science implies a univocal meaning that has become widely accepted in the everyday language of our time. Postmediaeval man considers that the paradigm of science should be the genus of knowledge predicated of the physicomathematical disciplines, i. e. the sciences whose task is the study of natural things based on positive experimentation as to their phenomenical manifestations. Therefore when contemporary man wishes to allude to a person who will exemplify the scientist, the names which come quickly to mind are not those of Socrates, Plato or Aristotle, but those of Lavoisier, Einstein or Heisenberg. Furthermore the modern meaning of the noun science seems intended increasingly to exclude as far as pos-sible all reference to philosophy and sacred theology. This conviction permeates the spirit of our civilization to such an extent that the arbitrary univocation of science with physico-mathematics is now virtually a fait accompli. Many authors have thought that the history of science began in the Seventeenth Century. We often hear its referred to as though the period had witnessed the formal birth of mankind's scientific knowledge, but such a view is not substantiated by a careful study of the history of science. Although nobody would question the incomparable development of physicomathe-matical sciences since that date, it is necessary to affirm both their previous existence and also the ancient and mediaeval recognition of their distinction from the philosophical science of nature(1). This is a factor of capital importance. Few modern men know that the distinction between the philosophy of nature and the physicomathematical sciences was precisely expounded for the first time by Aristotle in Book of his Physics. Aristotle expresses in this work that there is a certain knowledge of natural things which differs from the µ --the classical denomination of the philosophical treatise on material substances(2). This alternative science does cover some aspects proper to natural beings, but it consists of a non-philosophical investigation because its proper method does not coincide with the philosopher's apodictical argumentation. Instead the researcher into this non-philosophical discipline makes use of a method which is the result of a combination of natural knowledge and mathematical measuring. So the matter of this science is physical by reason of the things it is concerned with --the natural bodies--, but it is formally mathematical by virtue of the process of quantification of their measurements This non-philosophical science, which has received no special name in Aristotelian epistemology, is a genuine physicomathematical discipline. It is neither a scientia propter quid, as on the contrary is the philosophy of nature itself, nor a branch of mathematics, for the science of the ens quantum does not deal with bodily substances(3). Aristotle gives us an eloquent example of this kind of physicomathematical knowledge: «While geometry investigates physical lines but not qua physical, optics investigates mathematical lines, but qua physical, not qua mathematical»(4). Therefore not only is it inconsistent to attribute to pre-modern culture an ignorance of the distinction between philosophical and physicomathematical sciences, but also it is clear that Aristotle has bequeathed exact proof of the impossibility of confusion between them(5). Saint Thomas Aquinas went deeply into the Aristotelian distinction between physicoma-thematics and natural philosophy. He called physicomathematical disciplines by the explicit name of scientiae mediae because they lie halfway between physics or the philosophy of nature and mathematics(6). St. Thomas said that the scientiae mediae are more mathematical than physical since they have more affinity with the method of the science of quantities than with that of the science of the movable being, so that their epistemic process is quasi materialiter in a physical sense but quasi formaliter in a mathematical one. Moreover Aquinas observed that halfway or intermediate sciences have a particular place in the context of the arbor scientiarum because of the application of mathematical measuring to the quantities predicated of natural bodies, as can be appreciated in the case of musical knowledge. In fact the musician's knowledge deals with the sensitive nature of sounds, but he must organize them by means of an algebraic distribution of their quantitative proportions(7). Again the key to this epistemological Thomistic theory is to be found in Aristotelian philosophy, where St. Thomas noted the recourse of Aristotle to mathematical applications for research into movable substances whose essences and movements are studied by the physicist. But these mathematical applications to natural things have no reciprocity, as Aristotle saw, because it is impossible any transfer of physical methods to the study of mathematical entities(8). For instance, I can measure geometrically the quantitative dimensions of a rock of marble, the earth's axis or the distance existing between Buenos Aires and New York, but, on the other hand, mathematical bodies are considered in a way that is independent of all sensitive nature for the natural constitution of physical bodies is entirely indifferent to the interest of geometry, the science of pure extensive quantity(9). The Thomistic distinction between physicomathematics and philosophical knowledge induces us to raise the gravest problem of modern epistemology: Is the concept of science unilaterally restricted to the significance of only one genus of intellectual cognition? Our answer to this question must be categorically negative for the notion of science is not limited univocally to any genus of intellectual knowledge. There are intermediate sciences between physics and mathematics not belonging to the philosophical field. There are philosophical and extraphilosophical sciences. There are theoretical or speculative sciences and practical sciences. There are sciences whose principles are evident to man's natural reason which differ from the sacred theology whose principles are derived from our faith in supernatural revelation. There are human sciences and there is an angelic science. There is also a divine science which is the substance of God himself because his intellection is the intellection of his own intellection, according to the masterly statement of Aristotle -- (10)-- which brilliantly anticipates the conception of the ipsum intelligere subsistens of Thomistic metaphysics. Now all these meanings of science cannot be reduced either to an univocal notion or to an equivocal signification. Consequently the meaning of science is predicated analogically of all this diversity of scientific knowledge, a real and undoubted diversity that does not affect the ratio communis implied in themselves. The acceptance of the analogical diversity of the sciences is the conditio sine qua non for a full understanding of the nonsensical restriction of epistemic knowledge to the human science and, of course, even less to the fields of physicomathematics. We must recognize this analogical diversity of sciences if we wish to find a coherent explanation of the existence and order of the universe. The existence and the order of this world are prior assumptions to the subject of physicomathematical investigation since they are taken for granted as the starting point of every piece of research on natural bodies and phenomena, but physicomathematical examination of material things cannot grasp either their first intrinsec principles and causes or their first extrinsec ones. Moreover the universe's existence and order allow and attract human scientific exploration, but this is so because a preceding non human science produced all things from nothingness, ex nihilo, and, besides this, endowed them with an orderly disposition and a knowability proportionate to our sensitive and intellective powers. In this respect physicoma-thematical attempts at discussing creation and the first cause of our world, such as Stephen W. Hawking has undertaken, are irremediably fruitless because the original emanation of caused things is a non-experimentable act, and even more it is also an act which escapes all mathematical measurement(11). It cannot be demonstrated if there is a creative cause by means of physicomathematical experimentation and mathematical calculus. Hawking aims at the solution of the problem of God's place in a fully complete and self-contained universe, but he transpolates the cosmological conjecture as to a such an universe with a scientific proof of its original source; hence his inappropriate juxtaposition of a very human worry --what is the first cause of our world?-- with a question that discloses the powerlessness of physicomathematics to answer it(12). It is known that several decades ago Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington made this mistake common to so many contemporary physicomathematicians(13), but accurately noted their deceptive digressions(14). Very far from these vain cosmological efforts so clearly identified by Eddington, the formal demonstration of creation belongs to the realm of metaphysics or primary philosophy, the science of being qua being and of first principles and causes of every effect. But we must be aware of an observation made by St. Thomas with regard to the human intelligence of creation, that is to say that man's natural reason is faced with severe limitations when he endeavours to understand the mystery involved in itself, for this mystery, as Aquinas now says speaking as a theologian, needs to be focused in the light of the Christian faith on the mystery of the Holy Trinity(15). The analogical predication of the notion of science also imposes the absolute primacy of theoretical over practical knowledge. Due to the fact that the object of the intellect is truth, as St. Thomas repeatedly said(16), our soul's intellective capacity is primarily directed towards the act of apprehending an intelligible thing as such. For something to be the object of an intel-lectually directed operation, as is the case with all practical action exercised by spiritual substances, this is possible only after its intellectual apprehension. In suscribing to Aristotle's theory of man's speculative intellect which makes itself practical per extensionem(17), Aquinas held unswervingly to this doctrine(18). Even more, St. Thomas affirmed that the proper condition of the work carried out by the practical intellect of men must be a good perceived before by them as something true(19). That is why in his commentary on the Aristotelian Nicomachean Ethics the Common Doctor declared that, although there is a practical truth, the good of the practical mind is not the absolute truth, nor the truth as such, but merely a truth relative to our right appetite(20). From this it follows that the genus of the practical sciences is predicated analogically as scientific knowledge, but the speculative or theoretical science remains the principal analogate of the concept of science. It is obvious that human science, in the light of the analogical conception of epistemic knowledge, is an intellectual virtue of man's soul sealed by finitude. Our science is not an omniscience. Even though our intellect is potentially infinite because the mind's common object is being qua being, an object which comprises all that is or can be, we cannot know an infinite object in act. Aristotle said in his Physics that no infinite object can be perceived by ourselves(21). St. Thomas insisted on the same view, but he added that the unknowability of an infinite object ought to be affirmed both by actual and by habitual intelligence because a finite potency is unable to become naturally actual by itself(22). Human reason is open to the infinite. We cannot know any actual infinite in our wordly pilgrimage, but the potential infinitude of man's intellect promotes the acquisition of a broad scientific knowledge whose perfect archetype is not physicomathematics. The variety and hierarchy of the human sciences testify to the fact that their archetype, because of its perfection, is the genus of speculative philosophy and mainly metaphysics, the science of first principles and causes of all things caused as effects of the uncaused cause. This does not meant that metaphysics should be conceived as a scientia generalissima or as an omnicomprehensive discipline which should embrace all particular sciences as its parts. On the contrary, it means that metaphysics is the most perfect rational imitation of the antonomastical archetype of scientific knowledge: Gods's wisdom. God is wise in the most perfect significance of this term because his intellection is the same intellection of his own intellection, which is the pure act of his eternal substance and the uncaused creative cause of all caused beings, whereas metaphysics is a wisdom which participates analogically in the divine supreme science, given that man's intelligence is neither a subsistent act nor the essence ot his entity. Many scientists reject that the notion of science can be predicated of any intellectual knowledge distinct from purely physicomathematical one. For them human science would be restricted to physicomathematics. Nevertheless this is a weak argument. Strictly speaking, it is an opinion divorced from the true scientific spirit. Physicomathematicians can offer us authoritative statements on the appearances of material things inasmuch as they are quantitative measurable bodies, but as physicomathematicians --inquantum huiusmodi, St. Thomas would say-- they cannot judge the intentional structure of science which informs human possible intellect in its condition as an intelligent in act. The formal consideration of this subject is reserved to logical and metaphysical speculation. But other great scientists inversely think to-day that physicomathematical sciences are not only compatible with phi-losophy and sacred theology, but are also a complement of our knowledge of the universe with regard to an integral fulfilment of human wisdom. However it will not be straightforward for our civilization to discover the genuine scope of human science unless men return to the magnificent Aquinas' epistemological principles. St. Thomas taught that the crowning of man's science is not the knowledge of our material and imperfect world, but the intelligence of the ipsum esse subsistens, the very essence of God, just as the saints of heaven obtain the highest wisdom from seeing Him face-to-face in their imperishable blessedness. Thus we can para-phrase St. Thomas by saying that the end of science is the everlasting happiness(23). 1. Fernand Van Steenberghen held this opinion among Neo-Scholastic philosophers in emphasizing «the ignorance of the distinction between philosophy and sciences» (F. Van Steenberghen, Épistémologie, 4th ed. [Louvain-Paris: Publications Universitaires-B. Nauwelaerts, 1965], p. 255. My translation). As we will see henceforth Van Steenberghen's view is untenable. 2. Cf. H. Bonitz, Index aristotelicus, s. v. , new ed. by O. Gigon, in Aristotelis opera, ed. by I. Bekker (Ber-lin: W. De Gruyter, 1971), vol. v: 835 a 28 - b 22. 3. Cf. Aristotle, Phys. 2: 193 b 22 - 194 a 7. 4. Phys. 2: 194 a 9-12, transl. by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, 5th rpt., in The Works of Aristotle Translated into English, under the Editorship of W. D. Ross (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), vol. ii, ad locum. 5. Cf. J. A. Casaubon, «Sobre las relaciones entre la filosofía y las ciencias positivas»: Vniversitas (Buenos Aires) i (1967) Nº 1, 48-53; Id., «Las relaciones entre la ciencia y la filosofía»: Sapientia xxiv (1969) 89-122; and M. E. Sac-chi, «El pseudoconflicto entre las ciencias positivas y el saber filosófico»: Doctor Communis xliv (1991) 68-86. 6. «Et inde est quod de rebus naturalibus et mathematicis tres ordines scientiarum inveniuntur. Quaedam enim sunt pure naturales, quae considerant proprietates rerum naturalium, in quantum huiusmodi, sicut physica et agri-cultura et huiusmodi. Quaedam vero sunt pure mathematicae, quae determinant de quantitatibus absolute, sicut ge-ometria de magnitudine et arithmetica de numero. Quaedam vero sunt mediae, quae principia mathematica ad res naturales applicant, ut musica, astrologia et huiusmodi» (In Boeth. De Trinit. q. 5 a. 3 ad 6um, ed. by B. Decker, rpt. [Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965], p. 188). 7. «Quae tamen [=scientiae mediae] magis sunt affines mathematicis, quia in earum consideratione id quod est physicum est quasi materiale, quod autem est mathematicum est quasi formale; sicut musica considerat sonos, non in quantum sunt soni, sed in quantum sunt secundum numeros proportionabiles, et similiter est in aliis. Et propter hoc demonstrat conclusiones suas circa res naturales, sed per media mathematica; et ideo nihil prohibet, si in quan-tum cum naturali communicant, materiam sensibilem respiciunt. In quantum enim cum mathematica communicant, abstractae sunt» (In Boeth. De Trinit., loc. cit., cit. ed., pp. 188-189). Cf. op. cit., ad 5um et 7um, ibid. 8. «Vt Philosophus docet in ii Physicorum, quaedam scientiae sunt pure mathematicae, quae omnino abstrahunt secundum rationem a materia sensibili, ut geometria et arithmetica: quaedam autem scientiae sunt mediae, quae sci-licet principia mathematica applicant ad materiam sensibilem, sicut perspectiva applicat principia geometriae ad line-am visualem, et harmonica, idest musica, applicat principia arithmeticae ad sonos sensibiles» (In I Post. analyt., lect. 41, n. 358, 2nd ed. by R. M. Spiazzi O. P. [Turin-Rome: Marietti, 1964], p. 299a). Cf. Aristotle's texts quoted above in notes 3 and 4. 9. «Principia mathematicae sunt applicabilia naturalibus rebus, non autem e converso, propter quod physica est ex suppositione mathematicae, sed non e converso, ut patet in iii Caeli et mundi» (In Boeth. De Trinit. q. 5 a. 3 ad 6um, p. 188). See Aristotle, De caelo 1: 299 a 13-17. 10. Aristotle, Metaphys. 9: 1074 b 33-34. 11. Cf. S. W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, rpt. (New York-Toronto-London-Sydney-Auckland 1990), pp. 7, 9, 116, 141, 174, and passim. 12. «So long as the universe had a beginning, we could suppose it had a creator. But if the universe is really completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, it would have neither beginning nor end: it would simple be. What place, then, for a creator?» (S. W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, pp. 140-141). 13. «We are uneasy that there should be an apparently self-contained world in which God becomes an unnecessary hypothesis» (A. S. Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World [Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1958], p. 281). 14. «We should suspect an intention to reduce God to a system of differential equations, like the other agents which at various times have been introduced to restore order in the physical scheme. That fiasco at any rate is avoided» (A. S. Eddington, The Nature of Physical World, p. 282). 15. «Cognitio divinarum Personarum fuit necessaria [...] ad recte sentiendum de creatione rerum» (Summ. theol. i q. 32 a. 1 ad 3um). 16. «Obiectum intellectus est universale verum» (Summ. theol. i-ii q. 2 a. 8 resp.). «Proprium autem obiectum in-tellectus est verum» (Summ. theol. i-ii q. 3 a. 7 resp.). Cf. Summ. theol. i q. 54 a. 2 resp., and ii-ii q. 25 a. 2 resp. 17. «[Mind practical] differs from mind speculative in the character of its end» (Aristotle, De anima 10: 433 a 14-15, transl. by J. A. Smith, 4th rpt., 1968, in The Works of Aristotle Translated into English, cit. ed., vol. iii, ad lo-cum). 18. «Secundum hoc autem differunt intellectus speculativus et practicus. Nam intellectus speculativus est, qui quod apprehendit, non ordinat ad opus, sed ad solam veritatis considerationem: practicus vero intellectus dicitur, qui hoc quod apprehendit, ordinat ad opus» (Summ. theol. i q. 79 a. 11 resp.). Cf. In III Sent. dist. 23 q. 2 a. 3 qla. 2a resp.; De verit. q. 3 a. 3 per totam; In VI Ethic., lect. 2, nn. 1124-1141; In III De anima, lect. 15, n. 820. 19. «Obiectum intellectus practici est bonum ordinabile ad opus, sub ratione veri» (Summ. theo.l i q. 79 a. 11 ad 2um). 20. «Bonum practici intellectus non est veritas absoluta, sed veritas "confesse se habens", idest concorditer ad ap-petitum rectum [...], quod sic virtutes morales concordant» (In VI Ethic., lect. 2, n. 1130, ed. by R. M. Spiazzi O. P. [Turin-Rome: Marietti, 1949], p. 310b). Cf. Aristotle, Ethic. Nicom. 2: 1139 a 26-31. 21. «Now the infinite qua infinite is unknowable, so that what is infinite in multitude or size is unknowable in quantity, and what is infinite in variety of kind is unknowable in quality» (Phys. 4: 187 a 7-9, cit. transl., ad lo-cum). 22. «Nec actu nec habitu intellectus noster potest cognoscere infinita, sed in potentia tantum» (Summ. theol. i q. 86 a. 2 resp.). Cf. op. cit., loc.cit., ad 4um; and Comp. theol. i 133. 23. «Vltima et perfecta beatitudo non potest esse nisi in visione divinae essentiae» (Summ. theol. i-ii q. 3 a. 8 resp.). See the commentary on this question of the Summa composed by I. M. Ramírez O. P., De hominis beatitudine. Tractatus theologicus ad Primam Secundae Summae theologiae (Qq. 1-5) S. Thomae Aquinatis concinnatus (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1947), t. iii: «De essentia metaphysica beatitudinis formalis».

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According to the National Council on Aging, falls are the leading cause of injury for older adults. Even when a fall doesn’t result in a serious injury, it can still have negative consequences for an individual’s quality of life. The fear of falling can cause poor physical health, social isolation, feelings of helplessness or depression. However, healthy aging doesn’t have to be limited by the threat of a fall, as long as we work to prevent them. Taking Steps Toward Fall Prevention: - See the Doctor – Be sure to talk to your doctor about your risk of falling. Certain health conditions, such as diabetes or arthritis, or medications taken for these conditions may cause dizziness or mobility limitations. Some drug combinations and side effects can also interfere with balance. Depending on your mobility, your doctor might suggest seeing a physical or occupational therapist to help with your gait and range of motion. It’s also important to visit the eye doctor regularly, as vision changes commonly occur with age. Make sure your prescription is up to date if you wear glasses. - Stay Active – The best thing you can do to avoid a fall is to stay physically active. Improving flexibility and strengthening leg and core muscles are great ways to improve balance, and in turn make it easier to keep oneself from falling when they stand up or trip. Find an exercise class for seniors, or ask family members to exercise with you. Yoga, tai chi, and light strength training are good options. - Remove Hazards at Home – Loose rugs, carpet or floorboards can be dangerous for seniors who aren’t as agile as they used to be. Fix trouble areas and remove or secure throw rugs with non-slip backing. Keep clutter from building up on the floors, and rearrange the furniture so rooms are easy to navigate. Make sure frequently used items are easy to reach and don’t require rummaging through closets or climbing on a step stool. - Keep Areas Well Lit – Especially if poor or low vision is a problem, make sure all areas of your home are well lit at night. Install nightlights in the hallways and bathroom, and keep a lamp near your bedside. - Watch Your Footwear – Most falls occur when someone is wearing heels, loose slippers or socks. You can help avoid a fall by buying a sensible pair of shoes to wear around the house. Look for shoes with good traction, and purchase snuggly fitting slippers with rubber soles and warm socks with rubber grips on the bottom. - Learn About Assistive Devices – A doctor might suggest that you use a cane or walker to get around more easily. Make sure the device is adjusted to your height and learn about other household modifications that could keep you from a fall. Consider installing grab bars and non-slip mats in the shower or extra handrails along stairs. - Look for Signs of Weakness – Since many changes that come with age occur gradually, you may not notice that you have trouble standing up or that you instinctively hold on to the wall as you’re walking. Keep an eye out for signs of physical changes that could make you more vulnerable to falling and address these issues with your doctor. The Art of Living At Tuscan Gardens® of Venetia Bay, we’ve mastered the art of living. We’ve perfected the balance of personalized support and an uplifting lifestyle, helping our residents experience independence, joy, and meaning every day. Offering supportive independent living, assisted living and memory care services for families in Venice, Florida, Tuscan Gardens of Venetia Bay was founded with one simple, yet profound goal – to create a community worthy of our parents. In all we do, we are guided by the principles of family, culture, and engagement, working to represent the remarkable way of life our families deserve. The essence of our community is made up not only of mere aesthetics but an artfully designed lifestyle to bring out the best of what each day has to offer. From dedicated care that respects residents’ individuality and dignity to a lifestyle that nurtures their love of life, Tuscan Gardens was built to be more than just a residence, but a place to call home. To learn more about our comfortable, elegant community, contact us today!

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This paper lead forward to a new approach of text scrambling algorithm for encryption using artificial intelligence technique of cubical text and its random rotation type with angle. At first the original message is converted into six face cubical form (3 × 3 × 3 cube) and the cube is chosen as it is easy to scramble the message in cubical form. Rotation types and angle of rotations are generated using random function which is used as an encryption key, randomness in the key make encryption stronger. There are 18 possible rotation types and each rotation can have any one of the 3 different rotation angles. Finally cube layers are rotated for 18 times in any of the three different angles by using the encryption key value. The cube layers rotated here are as same as the simple Rubik’s cube rotation. At the end of rotation, the original message cube is scrambled to give the unpredictable pattern. Random rotations used in this approach produce secure cipher text, which is unbreakable from cryptanalysis without the encryption key. Intention of this research is to provide secure and novel approach of artificial intelligence scrambling technique to the encryption field. In this algorithm we used cubical scrambling methods and novel way of representing text in cube format. Algorithm’s experimental result in each phase of scrambling is shown with comparative analysis of text position in cipher message with original message. Analysis of result shows that original message is scrambled and provided the secure and unpredictable message; hence the novelty of this Artifical intelligence scrambling approach is evidenced.

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In the days of Ancient Russia of its inhabitants spoke various dialects of Eastern Slavic, very different from modern norms of the Russian language.Then, after the baptism of Rus at the end of the X century, a great influence on spoken language started to put the so-called Church Slavonic language used in worship.For a long time it was used as the official written language.The first monument of Old Russian literature written in Church Slavonic, Novgorod Codex is considered to be related to the beginning of the XI century. inhabitants of ancient Russia took over the many words of the peoples with whom they had contact - for example, the Greeks (Byzantines), who brought Christianity nom adic people of Turkic origin, as well as the Scandinavians (Vikings). gradually on the territory of ancient kingdoms began to take shape two major dialect groups: northern and southern dialects.They feature some unique features.For example, the northern dialect remarkable "Ocaña," and to the south - "Akane."An intermediate option between the major groups were Central Russian dialects.It belonged to Srednerussky dialects Moscow. As soon as Moscow became the center of Russian lands, the Moscow dialect is becoming more widespread, displacing other dialects.After getting rid of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, and especially after the adoption of the Moscow grand dukes royal title, he was regarded as the official state language.In the XVI-XVII centuries.Russian language added many new words, Latin, Polish and German origin. In the era of Peter the Great was a reform of the Russian language, which had the aim of making it easier and more affordable for training.In addition, at the same time the language was enriched with many new words that came from the Netherlands, Germany and France.And when Catherine II at the end of the XVIII century in the Russian alphabet has entered a new letter "E". After the October Revolution of 1917 formed the final version of the Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters.In addition, as a result of the rapid development of mass media, mass literacy and a large-scale migration official Russian language almost completely ousted from the treatment of numerous dialects.

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Louise M. Senior of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, a Newsletter reader, pointed out another reason for preferring AutoCAD pottery profiles to hand-drawn profiles. Volume measurements may be made by AutoCAD; that alone could justify using it. An experiment with the profile used previously for the Newsletter verified the ease with which the drawing could be converted into a solid and its volume calculated (both the volume of liquid the container could have held and the volume of clay comprising the container). Only a few minutes were required. If the specific gravity of a material stored in the container is known, its weight can also be calculated, as could the weight of the container. For other Newsletter articles concerning pottery profiles and capacity calculations, consult the Subject index. Next Article: Parthenon Metopes and AutoCAD Table of Contents for the August, 1994 issue of the CSA Newsletter (Vol. 7, no. 2) Table of Contents for all CSA Newsletter issues on the Web Go to CSA Home Page

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Columbine was a favorite in our grandmothers' gardens and it is just as popular today. It's easy to grow and the blooms come in a wide range of color combinations, from delicate lavenders and pinks to bright red and gold. Columbine is especially attractive in a natural garden or an old-fashioned cottage garden. The blooms are full of nectar and attract hummingbirds, honeybees and butterflies. Visit a greenhouse or garden center and purchase columbine starts. If you have a friend or neighbor who grows columbine, they may share some starts with you. Columbine self-seeds, so it does better if it's thinned occasionally to keep it from becoming overcrowded. Plant the columbine starts about 2 feet apart in a partial-shade location. Water the starts immediately, but once the plants are established, cut back the amount of water and allow the soil to dry out. Columbine grows better in dry soil and only needs occasional watering. Remove the dead blossoms immediately to encourage prolonged blooming. Give the columbine plants a high-quality, all-purpose fertilizer twice during the growing season.

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are the manifestation of our VALUES, expressed or shown through what we say and do. Our VALUES make us accept certain things and reject others. How we act and what we say represents our ATTITUDES - i.e. our VALUES made manifest. (NOTE: Do not talk aout attitudesandvalues or valuesandattitudes as one and the same thing. Effective responses will differentiate between these terms and expand with appropriate examples.) Values make up a group's belief system. This belief system is made up of a socially and culturally constructed set of value that have developed and will continue to develop over time. These exist for society to operate with the least amount of conflict. Values determine what people in a community commonly accept as good or right. While we may have our own personally thought-out and constructed set of values, the majority of those values we accept are socially and culturally constructed. (See http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-social-and-vs-cultural-factors/) Our values, the things we believe are good/bad, right/wrong, acceptable/unacceptable etc have become naturalised and normalised to us. Society develops a value system or a set of values and conveys these to us through the family, schools, governments, religious institutions, the media, and so forth. Nationalities often have different or differing values based on their particular religious or cutural beliefs. how our values are manifested in our actions and thoughts; they are our feelings towards certain ideas or issues. Attitudes dictate how we react in particular situations. Authors and creators of texts reveal certain attitudes within their texts and convey these through the use of specific language, (written, visual, spoken, music, movement, design etc) to position audiences to accept their ideas and their attitudes towards them. As readers or viewers we need to be aware that texts seek to position us to accept certain attitudes and ways of looking at the world. We need to be be critically aware and prepared to question the ideas and values upon which any views about the world are based. (Avoid discussing a text creator's attitudes as either positive or negative towards some value! Don't be lazy; identify what it is they think and/or feel.) It is essential when considering the values and attitudes of any text to be aware of the context or surrounding circumstances. These may include personal, social, cultural, economic, political, historical and geographical factors. How anything is perceived depends on where it is perceived or seen from. Being aware of context is to be aware of - the reader's attitudes and values; - the author's attitudes and values; - the attitudes and values in which the text is set (where, when). Ideology is a belief system that consists of certain values and attitudes. It is a collective view of the world. It may be secular and/or religious. Ideology unconsciously determines our 'way of seeing', creates values and set standards that guide our attitudes. Another definition: ideology is a system of assumptions by which a society operates, and which permeates everything it produces, including literature. all the things or 'ways of seeing' that we take for granted. They are naturally assumed to be true and become part of how we look at the world. However it is important to remember that these assumptions are socially constructed. We become so used to hearing them and taking them for granted that they give the appearance of truth or fact. Issues are areas of conflict which concern a particular group. - something controversial within a neighbourhood, state, country or international community. Examples may include include litter, sexual discrimination, migration, global warming. An issue can often arise as a consequence of a clash between diffferent sets of VALUES, ATTITUDES and/or IDEOLOGIES. View Dua Lipa's music video clip* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgfe5tIwOj0 (*Warning, this clip contains language which may be offensive to some.) See https://genius.com/Dua-lipa-idgaf-lyrics for lyrics and brief comments by Dua Lipa. - What is Lipa's attitude towards her ex? (Hint: it is in the title! Put this into your own words). - What has he done or not done to make her feel this way? - What is good or bad/positive or negative/right or wrong about this? - The answer to the above should be something about what Lipa values. What is it then that she values; what behaviours or ways of acting are important in this case in a relationship? - What strong, positive values about girls/women are being represented in this clip? Attitudes are not the same as values although they are based on them. See the clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POenCW8qqWI (voted number one film quote of all time in 2005) from the film "Gone With the Wind" in which the actor Clarke Gable as Rhett Butler tells Vivian Lee as Scarlett O'Hara that he doesn't care after she asks where she is going to go and what she is going to do. He has been vainly seeking her love for many years. The use of the word 'damn', especially to a woman, was the subject of some controversy at the time (1939). Production code conflict Prior to the film's release, censors objected to the use of the word "damn" in the film, a word that had been prohibited by the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code, beginning in July 1934. However, before 1930 the word "damn" had been relatively common in films. In the silent era, John Gilbert even shouted "Goddamn you!" to the enemy during battle in The Big Parade (1925). The Production Code was ratified on March 31, 1930, and was effective for motion pictures whose filming began afterward. Thus, talkies that used "damn" include Glorifying the American Girl (1929), Flight (1929), Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929), Hell's Angels (1930), The Big Trail (1930), The Dawn Patrol (1930), The Green Goddess (1930) and Dracula (1931). Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined producer David O. Selznick $5,000 for using the word "damn", in fact the MPPDA board passed an amendment to the Production Code a month and a half before the film's release, on November 1, 1939, that allowed use of the words "hell" or "damn" when their use "shall be essential and required for portrayal, in proper historical context, of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore...or a quotation from a literary work, provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste". With that amendment, the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett's closing line. It is actually the second use of "damn" in the film. The term "damn Yankees" is heard in the parlor scene at Twelve Oaks. from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankly,_my_dear,_I_don%27t_give_a_damn Clearly the expletive of the title IDGAF or its equivalent would not be used publically in many other cultures today. Indeed the context in which a word is used as well as the purpose of its use and the audience for whom it is intended influences meaning that is made. - Has society's attitude to 'offensive language' changed? If so why or why not? (NB this will depend on the particular society one is considering.) - If attitudes have changed, have values changed as well? In what way and why? - Pat Rafter's attitudes - The Big Soda - Caitlin Jenner preaches acceptance - Climate change - Relative values - 'Sparrow's death shock a nation' - Shooting an Elephant - George Orwell

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One of the most important aspects to my recent trip to the British Virgin Islands was navigation. It was an interesting and important process to determine the direction and distance we needed to travel. Four different tools were used to navigate, charts, parallel rules, dividers, and of course. The most important tool was the Chart. The chart is a map that shows the islands themselves, and the hazards that could hinder us, like shallow water and rocks. It is on the chart that I mark out the path that I drew with the parallel rules as a straightedge including details like direction and distance. Which I found using other tools. To find the direction I used parallel rules. This tool is a pair of plastic straightedges that are attached together with metal rods so that when you move them apart from each other, they will remain parallel. To find the direction to head, I lined up the path I drew on the chart with one of the straightedges, with the other lined up with one of the compasses on the map. The compass is labeled with numbers 1 through 360 going around it, so that East is 90º, South is 180º, and so on. The number that the other side of the parallel rules lines up with is the direction. Dividers are the tools used to determine the distance to travel before making a turn. And repeat the cycle with the parallel rules. Dividers work similarly to scissors, as they open and close, but stay the same distance apart when the tool is picked up. Measure the distance of the leg you are about to travel on, and place the divider on the distance scale. This is measured to nautical miles unless it says differently. Navigation was a vital part in my family’s vacation, because it was essential to find our way around.

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Underwood’s mastiff bat (Eumops underwoodi) is a large, little-understood tropical species, reaching its northern distribution limit in extreme Southern Arizona. One of the few locales where it occurs is Quitobaquito Pond in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (OPCNM). Located in southwestern Arizona, Organ Pipe Cactus NM is comprised of approximately 330,689 acres of Sonoran Desert plains, bajadas, and rugged mountains. OPCNM is on the international border with Mexico and its “sister” park, El Pinacate Reserva de la Biosfera, is nearby to the southwest. Quitobaquito is located right on the U.S. - Mexico border next to a busy highway, and is subject to various threats. Further, the border area nearby is undergoing changes due to increasing human population, tourism, increasing industrialization, and changes in land uses. Quitobaquito and the border area are clearly of importance to this bat for foraging, roosting, and accessing water in an arid landscape. To expand our knowledge of this bat’s life history and to identify potential management issues, we sought to determine foraging and roosting areas using radiotelemetry. Eumops underwoodi were found to forage widely across and along the international border area. Foraging habitat ranged from rugged wilderness topography to agricultural and semi-urban areas. Unexpectedly, they were found to be roosting in woodpecker cavities in saguaro cactus (Carnegia gigantea). This is the first documentation of this species roosting in cactus cavities, and a rare documentation of any bat species doing so. We captured, outfitted with radiotransmitters, and tracked four E. underwoodi. We captured two E. underwoodi in 2001 and another two in 2002. Of the four E. underwoodi that were instrumented, three yielded valuable data. These three individuals, Eumops #218, #239, and #284, were each tracked almost nightly for up to two weeks. For all three bats, we were able to determine foraging areas, travel routes, and roost sites, with a high degree of precision. A program called "Locate II" helped triangulate bearings from various telemetry stations. It is a DOS-based program which replaces manually drawing bearings on maps and guesstimating where animals are located. It was published commercially by Pacer Computer Software, but released into the public domain in June of 2000. ArcView 3.x with ANIMAL MOVEMENT ANALYSIS EXTENSION created by USGS - BRD, Alaska Biological Science Center was used to make maps and analyze home ranges and movement paths. The saguaro-cavity roost sites used by E. underwoodi appear to be, on the surface, a nearly unlimited resource. These cavities are excavated by Gila woodpeckers (Melanerpes uropygialis), and northern flickers (Colaptes auratus, including the “gilded flicker” form). Many other bird species in the study area use these cavities subsequently for nesting, and are known as “secondary cavity nesters” because they are unable to excavate cavities themselves. Saguaros selected for roosting were all fully mature, large individuals with several arms and multiple cavities. While the roost cavity was often high on the plant, on several occasions the bats selected lower cavities, sometimes on an arm. All three bats changed cavities from night to night, but seemed to cycle between a fairly small number of cavities. These favored roosts were typically within 1 km (1.6 mi) of one another. Each bat was confirmed day-roosting in only two individual saguaros each. Roost saguaros differed only slightly in setting. Eumops #239 used saguaros in rolling, undeveloped bajada topography south of the Rio Sonoyta. Eumops #284 roosted in a small area of undeveloped, slightly undulating topography surrounded by agricultural fields, and also used a saguaro within a few hundred meters of Mexico Highway 2 as a temporary night roost. Eumops #218 day-roosted in several saguaros also located within a few hundred meters of Mexico Highway 2. The three Eumops bats displayed comparable home ranges and foraging areas. All three roosted in the western part of the Rio Sonoyta valley, approximately 1.5 to 4.2 km (1-2.6 mi) south or southeast of Quitobaquito, near the northeastern corner of El Pinacate Biosphere Reserve. All three ranged eastward and southward during probable foraging movements. In movements that we assumed to constitute foraging, we found E. underwoodi to be foraging in a range of habitats, including undeveloped wilderness, Sonoran desertscrub, mesquite-tamarisk riparian woodland, agricultural areas, rural development, topography ranging from flat to very steep, and the semi-urban small city of Sonoyta. All three engaged in movements generally along the axis of the Rio Sonoyta valley, but ranged north and south onto adjacent bajadas and mountain slopes. All three incorporated the city of Sonoyta, Sonora, in their home ranges, approximately 21-24 km (13-15 miles) from roosting areas. The time spent by our radioed E. underwoodi in or near Sonoyta - usually 1- 3 hours per visit - strongly suggests the bats foraged for arthropods attracted to artificial lights or other anthropogenic sources, and/or was visiting water sources in or near Sonoyta. The ability of E. underwoodi to range up to 24 km (15 mi) or more on foraging bouts from its roost site demonstrates that roost sites do not need to be available in close proximity to foraging areas. The differences among the three Eumops in total cumulative home ranges seem likely to have been correlated with the amount of movement data collected. The bat tracked the least number of nights (Eumops #284) had the smallest cumulative home range, while the bat tracked the longest (Eumops #239) accumulated enough data points to define a much larger home range. Each bat exhibited night-to-night variation in the location and areal extent of its movements. Eumops #239 was radiotracked over the most nights, and likely represents the minimal total home range for the species in this area over the longer term. The species demonstrated an ability to cover large areas in a single evening. The largest single-night home range recorded was 284.6 square kilometers (109.89 sq. miles), for Eumops #239 on June 14, 2002. All three bats commonly ranged over approximately 100 sq. km (37 sq. mi.) on a typical night. It is difficult to estimate total linear distances flown per night, because of the meandering routes often used by individual bats. However, the bats on most nights traveled 20-30 km (32-48 mi) at the very least, and often more in the range of 50-100 km (80-160 mi) as a minimum estimate. We observed extensive back-and-forth movements within a given night’s home range, e.g. back and forth along mountain ridges or back and forth across Sonoyta. Such movements suggest that bats may fly hundreds of kilometers per night – and often in just several hours. The three Eumops bats we examined spent the majority of their flight time over relatively flat terrain in the Rio Sonoyta valley and adjacent bajadas. However, as in a light-tagging project undertaken in 2000, we also observed radioed Eumops flying around and along topographic features ranging from small hills (e.g. Quitobaquito Hills) to steep, high, rocky ridges (e.g. Puerto Blanco Mountains). This use was best illustrated by Eumops #239, which was radiotracked the longest. Other bats (e.g. #284) may also have visited these topographical features, but this was not detected or confirmed due to limited or inconclusive radiotelemetry data. Observers on ridgetops commonly heard the distinct vocalizations of non-radioed Eumops overhead, sometimes seen and heard in groups of six or more, indicating that these bats commonly forage along ridgelines, hilltops, and other raised topographic feature. Our observations suggested Eumops may favor windward slopes, as if the bats used favorable wind currents for flight energetics, and/or that upslope winds created predictable concentrations of nocturnal aerial invertebrate prey. The results of this project have been published in the NPS report called "Determining Foraging and Roosting Areas for Underwood’s Mastiff Bat (Eumops underwoodi) Using Radiotelemetry, At Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona." A poster is on display in the visitor center and has been presented at several conferences. It has also been translated into Spanish for the Pinacate Biosphere Reserve. This was a cooperative effort with investigators from the Pinacate Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, with which the monument shares a common boundary. More information is available by contacting the park. Project contributors are Tim Tibbitts, Ami Pate, Yar Petryszyn, Scott Sweet, and Brian Barns. This project was funded largely by a grant from the Desert Southwest Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit at The University of Arizona, Tucson (DS-CESU Cooperative Agreement CA-1248-00-002 Acct 306910).

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By Quang Binh Tourism Department Quang Binh Tourism Board, Oxalis Adventure Tu Lan 4 by Oxalis AdventureQuang Binh Tourism Department The discovery of the Son Doong Cave In 1990, the Son Doong cave entrance was first discovered by a local forestman named Ho Khanh. As he approached he noticed clouds billowing out of the entrance, and could hear the sounds of a river raging from somewhere inside the cave. When he could feel a strong wind also blowing out from the cave, he decided to move on without further inspection. Son Doong Cave - 18 by Jason SpethQuang Binh Tourism Department Later, Ho Khanh, accompanied by Howart and Deb - two members of the Royal British Cave Association, who were in Phong Nha at that time, conducting searches and exploring caves in the area, tried to rediscover the entrance. However, since the first discovery was contingent, Ho Khanh could not remember the exact location of the cave entrance. Son Doong Cave - 41 by Ryan DeboodtQuang Binh Tourism Department After many failed attempts, they began to think this elusive cavern might remain lost in the jungle forever more. In 2008 while out on another food gathering trip, Ho Khanh found the mysterious opening again and studiously took note of the path on how to get there. In 2009 he led Howard, Deb and a team of professionals back to the cave for the first expedition to enter what would later become known as Hang Son Doong, or ‘Mountain River Cave’. Stalagmite at base of 1st doline by Oxalis AdventureQuang Binh Tourism Department After further research they claimed Son Doong to be the largest cave in the world. Other spectacular features make Son Doong an amazing place; underground rivers, huge formations, dolines or skylights, ancient fossils, unique species of fish and insects, plants and trees inside the cave. Son Doong Cave - 25 by Jason SpethQuang Binh Tourism Department Two large rivers, Khe Ry and Rao Thuong, join together to form Son Doong Cave. The cave follows a large fault line 100m wide, which contributes to the huge size of the passages. While the Phong Nha Ke Bang limestone is around 400 million years old, Son Doong Cave limestone is less than 3 million years old. Hang Son Doong 1Quang Binh Tourism Department The cave has two skylights, which allow daylight into the cave. This enables the unusual formations like Phytokarst to develop, and also plants and trees to grow inside the cave. Spectacular sunbeams are often seen at the first doline. Son Doong Cave - 16 by Jason SpethQuang Binh Tourism Department Mist and clouds usually form in the large cave passages and rise up to the dolines. An incredible place for photography, the huge size of the passage, and the light from the dolines enables everyone to record some memories. Doline 1 timelapseQuang Binh Tourism Department There's enough space for an entire block of skyscrapers An entire block of skyscrapers with that height? Can you imagine that? Son Doong Cave is a truly phenomenal place. At almost 9km long with sections reaching up to 200m tall and 160m wide, Son Doong amazes everyone with its extraordinary size and beauty. With a total measured volume of 38.5 million cubic metres, this comfortably surpasses Deer Cave in Malaysia, which was considered to be the previous record holder. Stalagmites up to 80m high have also been surveyed, the tallest ever encountered. Explore the tropical jungle growing inside the cave This cave will continue to amaze you. The ceiling collapsed hundreds of thousands of years ago forming gigantic windows which allow sunlight to penetrate into the darkness. This explains the lush tropical jungle, tall tropical trees, palms and ferns. Where the ceiling collapsed, forming what we call dolines you may be able to witness the spectacular natural sunbeams. These shine into the cave at particular times of the year, and if you are lucky, you may be there to see it. These scenes are so surreal that no words or photographs are enough; you need to see to believe it! Find the underground river and 'The Great Wall of Vietnam Son Doong has a large underground river, and two river crossings. The final achievement whilst exploring Son Doong Cave is to climb the 90-meter-high calcite wall named ‘The Great Wall of Vietnam’. Great wall of Vietnam 4Quang Binh Tourism Department The cave is so huge that it even has its own climate Son Doong Cave should be considered one of the world’s most unique caves. The huge size of the passage allows clouds to build up from the underground river. These rise up through the giant passages, offering visitors an extraordinary subterranean experience. Hang Son Doong 5Quang Binh Tourism Department The Son Doong expedition Son Doong Cave expedition tour was officially put into operation in 2013, with a roadmap safely consulted by experts of the Royal British Cave Association. Visitors can experience the feeling inside of the world's largest cave between magnificent stalactites and the most mesmerizing scenery on the planet in the natural dolines inside the cave. In order to participate in the world's largest cave expedition, visitors must meet physical conditions, forest trekking experiences, and able to conquer all types of terrain in the cave. All constructions for Son Doong expedition tourism are censored and equipped with high-end materials, minimizing the impact on the cave floor; ensure the highest level of conservation. All exploratory equipment including lights, safety helmets, safety belts, ropes or safety pins are imported and checked regularly by members of the Royal British Cave Association, suitable for use in terrain & environmental exploration. Only a maximum of 1,000 people are allowed to explore the Son Doong Cave every year from February to August. The expedition cannot be done in the remaining time because weather conditions do not allow. Sunbeam Hang EnQuang Binh Tourism Department Son Doong Cave - 20 by Jason SpethQuang Binh Tourism Department Son Doong Cave - 13 by Jason SpethQuang Binh Tourism Department Doline 2 timelapseQuang Binh Tourism Department

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Originally Posted by Dragoon44 I am talking about how the US constitution did not promote or defend slavery, nor make it the cornerstone of the US Govt. The Confederate Constitution did all of the above. Keep ducking and dodging like the good little neo confederate you are. The US Supreme Court sure did defend the right to own slaves with the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford And the US Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act that stated runaway slaves had to be returned to their masters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850 Of course this was before there ever was a Confederacy. Stating facts should not be confused with ducking and dodging.

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The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. Unrest among the Afars minority during the 1990s led to a civil war that ended in 2001 following the conclusion of a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multi-party presidential elections resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH; he was re-elected to a second and final term in 2005. Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the mouth of the Red Sea and serves as an important transshipment location for goods entering and leaving the east African highlands. The present leadership favors close ties to France, which maintains a significant military presence in the country, but also has strong ties with the US. Djibouti hosts the only US military base in sub-Saharan Africa and is a front-line state in the global war on terrorism. food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever note:highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009) chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed Dileita DILEITA (since 4 March 2001) Council of Ministers responsible to the president president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 8 April 2005 (next to be held by April 2011); prime minister appointed by the president Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]; People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party); Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed YOUSSOUF]; Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP (a coalition of parties including RPP, FRUD, PND, and PPSD) [Mohamed Dileita DILEITA]; Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in the Horn of Africa. Two-thirds of Djibouti's inhabitants live in the capital city; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. Imports and exports from landlocked neighbor Ethiopia represent 85% of port activity at Djibouti's container terminal. Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of nearly 60% in urban areas continues to be a major problem. While inflation is not a concern, due to the fixed tie of the Djiboutian franc to the US dollar, the artificially high value of the Djiboutian franc adversely affects Djibouti's balance of payments. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% between 1999 and 2006 because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen in arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors. general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate, as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country microwave radio relay network; mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city country code - 253; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable with links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean and 1 Arabsat); Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network (2007) the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden are high risk for piracy; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crew, passengers, and cargo are held for ransom Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008 restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link

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daguerreotype n : a photograph made by an early photographic process; the image was produced on a silver plate sensitized to iodine and developed in mercury vapor EtymologyNamed after French chemist Louis Daguerre who announced the process in 1839. Daguerre and Nicéphore Niépce had together invented it. The daguerreotype is an early type of photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine vapor. In later developments bromine and chlorine vapors were also used, resulting in shorter exposure times. The daguerreotype is a negative image, but the mirrored surface of the metal plate reflects the image and makes it appear positive in the proper light. Thus, daguerreotype is a direct photographic process without the capacity for duplication. While the daguerreotype was not the first photographic process to be invented, earlier processes required hours for successful exposure, which made daguerreotype the first commercially viable photographic process and the first to permanently record and fix an image with exposure time compatible with portrait photography. The daguerreotype is named after one of its inventors, French artist and chemist Louis J.M. Daguerre, who announced its perfection in 1839 after years of research and collaboration with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, applying and extending a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. The French Academy of Sciences announced the daguerreotype process on January 9 of that year. Daguerre's French patent was acquired by the French government. In Britain, Miles Berry, acting on Daguerre's behalf, obtained a patent for the daguerreotype process on August 14, 1839. Almost simultaneously, on August 19, 1839, the French government announced the invention a gift "Free to the World". Daguerreotype processThe daguerreotype is a unique photographic image allowing no reproduction of the picture. Preparation of the plate prior to image exposure resulted in the formation of a layer of photo-sensitive silver halide, and exposure to a scene or image through a focusing lens formed a latent image. The latent image was made visible, or "developed", by placing the exposed plate over a slightly heated (about 75°C) cup of mercury. The mercury vapour condensed on those places where the exposure light was most intense, in proportion with the areas of highest density in the image. This produced a picture in an amalgam, the mercury vapour attaching itself to the altered silver iodide. Removal of the mercury image by heat validates this chemistry. The developing box was constructed to allow inspection of the image through a yellow glass window while it was being developed. The next operation was to "fix" the photographic image permanently on the plate by dipping in a solution of hyposulphite of soda – known as "fixer" or "hypo". The image produced by this method is so delicate it will not bear the slightest handling. Practically all daguerreotypes are protected from accidental damage by a glass-fronted case. It was discovered by experiment that treating the plate with heated gold chloride both tones and strengthens the image, although it remains quite delicate and requires a well-sealed case to protect against touch as well as oxidation of the fine silver deposits forming the blacks in the image. The best-preserved daguerreotypes dating from the nineteenth century are sealed in robust glass cases evacuated of air and filled with a chemically inert gas, typically nitrogen. ProliferationDaguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States but not in the United Kingdom, where Louis Daguerre controlled the practice with a patent. Richard Beard, who bought the British patent from Miles Berry in 1841, closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting infringers. In the early 1840s, the invention was introduced in a period of months to practitioners in the United States by Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph code. A flourishing market in portraiture sprang up, predominantly the work of itinerant practitioners who traveled from town to town. For the first time in history, people could obtain an exact likeness of themselves or their loved ones for a modest cost, making portrait photographs extremely popular with those of modest means. Their wealthy counterparts continued to commission painted portraits by fine artists, considering the new photographic portraits inferior in much the same way their ancestors had viewed printed books as inferior to hand-scribed books centuries earlier. In some ways they were right, in other ways wrong; the vast bulk of 19th-century portrait photography effected by itinerant practitioners was of inferior artistic quality, yet the work of many portrait painters was of equally dubious artistic merit, and although photographic images were monochrome, they offered a technical likeness of the sitter no portrait painter could achieve. The first erotic photography and the first experimenters in stereo photography also utilized daguerreotypes. This method spread to other parts of the world as well. In 1857, Ichiki Shirō created the first known Japanese photograph, a portrait of his daimyo Shimazu Nariakira. This photograph was designated an "Important Cultural Property" by the government of Japan. The daguerreotype is commonly, erroneously, believed to have been the dominant photographic process into the late part of the 19th century in Europe. Evidence from the period proves it was only in widespread use for approximately a decade before being superseded by other processes: - The calotype, introduced in 1841; a negative-positive process using a paper negative. - The ambrotype, introduced in 1854; a negative image on glass, with a black paper backing. - The tintype or ferrotype, introduced in 1856; a negative image on an opaque metal plate. - The collodion process, introduced in 1851; a negative-positive process using silver salt impregnated collodion on a glass plate. DemiseThe intricate, complex, labor-intensive daguerreotype process itself helped contribute to the rapid move to the ambrotype and tintype. The resulting reduction in economy of scale made daguerreotypes expensive and not affordable for the average person. According to Mace (1999), the rigidity of these images stems more from the seriousness of the activity than a long exposure time, which he says was actually only a few seconds (Early Photographs, p. 21). The daguerreotype's lack of a negative image from which multiple positive "prints" could be made was a limitation also shared by the tintype and ambrotype and was not a factor in the daguerreotype's demise until the introduction of the calotype. Unlike film and paper photography however, a properly sealed daguerreotype can potentially last indefinitely. Daguerreotype cameras are expensive. In May 2007, an anonymous buyer paid 588,613 euros (792,000 USD) for an original 1839 camera made by Susse Frères (Susse brothers), Paris, at an auction in Vienna, Austria, making it the world's oldest and most expensive commercial photographic apparatus. The Daguerreotype's popularity was not threatened until photography was used to make imitation Daguerreotypes on glass positives called "ambrotypes."-Meaning "imperishable picture" named by "Marcus A. Root.(Newhall, 107) Living artSome daguerreotypes which have maker's marks, such as those by Southworth & Hawes of Boston, or George S. Cook of Charleston, South Carolina, Gurney, Pratt and others, are considered masterpieces in the art of photography. A daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe was featured on the PBS show Antiques Roadshow and appraised at US $30,000 to $50,000. Daguerreotypy continues to be practiced by enthusiastic photographers to this day, although in much smaller numbers; there are thought to be fewer than 100 worldwide. Its appeal lies in the "magic mirror" effect of light reflected from the polished silver plate through the perfectly sharp silver image and in the sense of achievement derived from the dedication and hand-crafting required to make a daguerreotype. The DaguerreobaseThe Daguerreobase is a database registration system (currently only available in Dutch) for daguerreotypes, developed by the Nederlands fotomuseum (Rotterdam, The Netherlands). It can be used by conservators and researchers as well as viewed by those interested. Its aim is to disclose historic and technical information about the daguerreotype on a worldwide level. The project was initiated by Hans de Herder, head of the conservation department of the Nederlands fotomuseum from its instigation in 1994 until 2005. It was further developed by Belgian photo conservator Herman Maes, de Herder's successor, Boudewijn Ridder and Nickel van Duijvenboden. Other usesThe daguerreotype in baseball:The Sporting News has periodically published a book called Daguerreotypes, a collection of playing statistics about retired Major League Baseball players who are either in the Baseball Hall of Fame or are otherwise widely known among baseball historians. The book is structured in the same style as the annual Baseball Register of active players. However, this has nothing to do with early photography. - Coe, Brian. The Birth of Photography, Ash & Grant, 1976. - Jerry Spagnoli: Daguerreotypes as a Medium for Contemporary Art - Jonathan Danforth: Contemporary Daguerreotype Artist - Sean Culver: Artist and Contemporary Daguerreotypist - Contemporary Daguerreotypes: a few of the people who make them today and how it is done - An index of 19th Century American Daguerreotype Artists: Craig's Daguerreian Registry - The Daguerreian Society: History, database and galleries - Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1836-1864: US Library of Congress - The American Handbook of the Daguerreotype from Project Gutenberg - The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait - Daguerreotypes by the artist Christopher Lovenguth - The Daguerreobase, conservator's database exclusively on daguerreotypes - Article on daguerreotypes from Discover Magazine - Article on making your own daguerreotypes from Instructables - A University of Utah Podcast on Daguerreotype Theories - America's First Look into the Camera Library of Congress - TheDagLab: Contemporary Daguerreotypist offering tutorials, history and images. daguerreotype in Arabic: داجيروتيب daguerreotype in Catalan: Daguerrotip daguerreotype in Czech: Daguerrotypie daguerreotype in German: Daguerreotypie daguerreotype in Modern Greek (1453-): Νταγκεροτυπία daguerreotype in Spanish: Daguerrotipo daguerreotype in French: Daguerréotype daguerreotype in Friulian: Dagherotipie daguerreotype in Galician: Daguerrotipo daguerreotype in Icelandic: Daguerreaðferð daguerreotype in Italian: Dagherrotipia daguerreotype in Hebrew: דאגרוטיפ daguerreotype in Latvian: Dagerotips daguerreotype in Lithuanian: Dagerotipija daguerreotype in Hungarian: Dagerrotípia daguerreotype in Dutch: Daguerreotypie daguerreotype in Japanese: ダゲレオタイプ daguerreotype in Norwegian: Daguerrotypi daguerreotype in Polish: Dagerotyp daguerreotype in Portuguese: Daguerreótipo daguerreotype in Russian: Дагеротипия daguerreotype in Serbian: Дагеротипија daguerreotype in Finnish: Dagerrotypia daguerreotype in Swedish: Daguerrotypi daguerreotype in Thai: กระบวนการดาแกโรไทป์ daguerreotype in Turkish: Dagerreyotipi daguerreotype in Ukrainian: Дагеротипія daguerreotype in Chinese: 银版摄影法

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Researchers at Singapore's Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), an institute of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), have developed an innovative method of creating sharp, full-spectrum color images at 100,000 dots per inch (DPI). The method achieves this without need of ink or dye and bests the current crop of industrial inkjet and laserjet printers which are only able to offer up to 10,000 DPI. The new research also promises to outperform research-grade methods, which are able to dispense dyes for only single color images. The researchers compare the breakthrough with lithography rather than the inking of current printers, and expect the technology to be implemented in reflective color displays, anti-counterfeiting, and high-density optical data recording. The inspiration for the comes from stained glass, which is created by mixing tiny fragments of metal into glass. Studying this effect, researchers at IMRE realized that particles of metal fragments would scatter the light which passes through glass treated in this way, thus lending the windows their color. The IMRE team used a similar method to create hue by patterning metal-laced "nanostructures", the researchers were able to design the surface of the material so that it reflected the light to achieve the desired colors. The next step was to build a database of patterns and corresponding colors in order to provide a working palette. “The team built a database of color that corresponded to a specific nanostructure pattern, size and spacing”, explained Dr Joel Yan, the project leader of the research. “These nano-structures were then positioned accordingly. Similar to a child’s ‘coloring-by-numbers’ image, the sizes and positions of these nano-structures defined the ‘numbers’. But instead of sequentially coloring each area with a different ink, an ultra-thin and uniform metal film was deposited across the entire image causing the ‘encoded’ colors to appear all at once, almost like magic!” We may soon begin to see the fruits of the research, as IMRE is working toward attracting collaborators to further develop the project and also exploring licensing the technology.

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Prisons and hotels in the US have begun to wash their laundry with a machine that reduces shrinkage and energy costs, consumes a fraction of the usual amount of water and uses no detergent. The secret ingredient is ozone. Ozone is an unstable form of oxygen gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms rather than the usual two. It reacts violently with organic materials, destroying itself and oxidising the organic matter. John Gallo of O Most of the company's customers are hotels and prisons, and the machine will remove 95 per cent of their stains. 'In only ten minutes, in cold water, the ozone in our washers gets rid of ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

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Slime is one of those easy-to-do, fun activities that never gets old. There is something that everyone loves about making a substance that is gooey and gross. It always reminds me of Halloween and of course, chemistry and polymers. What you need: - 1 cup hot water - 1.5 tsp. Borax (non-toxic/available by laundry detergents) - 2 cups clear glue - 2 cups warm water - 1 tsp. liquid watercolor What to do: - Mix 1 cup hot water and 1.5 tsp. of Borax until dissolved. Set aside. - Mix 2 cups of clear glue and 2 cups of warm water together in a plastic bowl. - Using a metal spoon, slowly pour Borax mixture into the glue mixture while stirring quickly. Stir until the mixture leaves the side of the bowl. Slime will be sticky. Knead the mixture until it is no longer sticky. The more you work with it the easier it will become. What’s the science? Slime is an excellent example of a polymer. Polymers are large molecules consisting of repeating identical structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds. Polymers can be naturally occurring or manmade. Manmade polymers are materials like nylon, polyester, and polystyrene. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are proteins in our body like tubulin and actin. These proteins make up microtubules and microfilaments that serve as structural components within our cells. Storage and Safety Guidelines: Store Slime in an airtight container for about 3 weeks of use. Slime is non-edible. When you are through with it, discard in a trash container. Do not wash down the drain. More about Slime: Slime is a polymer. Polymer is a term used to describe anything that consists of repeating identical structural units. It basically is like a long strand of spaghetti and the long chains flow past each other with ease. They can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Examples of polymers include plastics, starches, sodium polyacrylate, nylon and many more. Slime is also considered to be a non-Newtonian Fluid, basically a fluid that has special properties. You should answer the following questions when exploring the properties of slime (a.k.a. playing with the cool stuff). Make sure your record your observations and post them in the comment box below. Try and do this before you read the rest of the article. - Describe how the slime reacts when you pull it apart with a quick forceful motion? - Describe how the slime reacts when you let it drip between your fingers? - Can you form a ball? What happens when you drop it on the table? - Do other fluids (like water, or ketchup) act the same way? History of Slime: Slime as a toy dates back to the 1920’s, when chemist Hermann Staudinger was researching polymers. He was the first one to try and make long cross-linked chains of the molecules instead of circles. This allowed the polymer to be slippery and gooey. By the 1930’s other scientists used his polymer model and synthetic polymers began to be studied and created. But it wasn’t until the 1980’s that slime began to be sold in stores as a toy for children. Ever since then you can’t step into a toy store without seeing the gooey, oozy stuff on the shelves. The slime you find in the store and the slime you can make with this recipe are both non-Newtonian fluids. Did you try to make it and answer the questions about its properties? If so, read on to find out about non-Newtonian fluids. What does non-Newtonian mean? All fluids have a property known as viscosity that describes how the fluid flows – commonly thought of as how thick or thin a fluid is. For instance, honey is much more viscous than water. When a fluid’s viscosity is constant it is referred to as a Newtonian fluid. Slime is an example of a fluid whose viscosity is not constant, it changes depending on the stress or forces applied to it. If you pull it apart real hard and apply a large force, it becomes very viscous and will break in half. If you gently pour it, applying little force, it will flow like honey or molasses. This kind of fluid is called a dilatant material or a shear thickening fluid. It becomes more viscous when agitated or compressed. Another non-Newtonian liquid is ketchup. Ketchup behaves in just the opposite way from Slime. It becomes less viscous when agitated. Liquids like this are called thixotropic. If you leave a bottle of Ketchup on a shelf, it becomes thicker or more viscous. Nearly everyone has experienced this while trying to pour the liquid from a new bottle – it refuses to move. If you shake the bottle or stir it up it becomes less viscous and pours easily. Another example of a non-Newtonian fluid is Oobleck, one of our other great activities. Is the slime in the store made using this recipe? Most commercially sold slime is made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a non-toxic substance that gives slime its texture. PVA still needs to be mixed with borax to get the final slime product. The borax is a gelling agent that cross links the PVA molecules together to form the slime. Borax does the same thing with the glue in this recipe. You can find Borax in the laundry detergent aisle in your grocery store. It is an inexpensive laundry booster and has lots of great household uses. Other sources about slime: There are some fun books that discuss animals in nature that produce their own slime, science experiments and other fun facts. You can find these and many other books at your local library. - The Book of Slime by Ellen Jackson - Lotions, Potions and Slime: Mudpies and More! by Nancy Blakey - Oobleck, Slime & Dancing Spaghetti: Twenty Terrific at Home Science Experiments Inspired by Favorite Children’s Books by Jennifer Williams Make sure you try this at home and don’t forget to come back and write a comment about how it went.

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Immigration brings about an exchange of cultures and results in sharing of knowledge. But is brain drain or transfer of patriotism disadvantageous? To understand the pros and cons of immigration, read on. The movement of people between countries is known as immigration. Immigration is an expression of the right to freedom of movement that is guaranteed by the Constitution. It’s a civil right we have. Immigration has been taking place since historical times but that of the modern times implies a long-term stay in a non-native country. People cross their nation’s boundaries in search of better opportunities in education and career. Many seek business growth and migrate to a foreign country with an intent to make more money. People immigrate in search of a new living, new experiences and exposure to life beyond their nation’s boundaries. Some immigrate because they need to. In case of personal reasons such as relocating of family, marriage or in case of family needs to move to another nation, a person is forced to move out of his country. Immigration laws that facilitate the migration of people between the two countries are of help in such cases. We can’t say that immigration is completely advantageous but it’s not that it has only cons. There are pros too. Pros of Immigration Immigration leads to exchange of cultural values. It results in an exchange of knowledge and expertise between two nations. It serves as an opportunity to interact with people of other countries. It gives a platform for people from diverse backgrounds to come together and share their views. New Avenues in Education and Career Immigration brings in new opportunities for people of different countries. It exposes people of a nation to the atmosphere of another country that may be very different from one’s motherland. It results in exchange and sharing of knowledge between nations. This opens doors to many new fields of education and career opportunities. Immigration results in an open global market. It gives a global perspective to the social and economic growth of society, thus widening the scope for development. With new opportunities in career and education, comes economic growth. Supporters of immigration believe that it has the potential of bringing about global prosperity. Distribution of Population In some cases, immigration may result in a fairer distribution of population. Migration of people from an overpopulated country to a scarcely populated one balances population density. Some countries face a dearth of resources due to their rising population, while others are blessed with ample resources but have a very thin population. Migration from a thickly populated nation to a thinly populated one can prove to be a blessing for both countries. Cons of Immigration Crowding, that is, increase in the population density in certain regions, is one of the basic disadvantages of immigration. Migration of people from one country to another leads to crowding in one nation as opposed to deserting of another. It implies an excessive use of the resources of one nation that may lead to imbalance of natural resources. Transfer of Diseases Immigrants may bring with them, diseases that prevailed in their country. Disease-causing agents may transfer from one country to another through immigrants, thus leading to spread of diseases. To reduce the risk of transfer of diseases, many countries have started carrying out screening of immigrants on their arrival in the country. Reportedly, AIDS was transferred to the United States in 1969 through one infected immigrant from Haiti. Unfair Distribution of National Wealth Those opposing immigration argue that the jobs available in the country and the nation’s wealth are its property and that allowing immigration implies the distribution of this property among the non-natives. Immigration implies the distribution of a nation’s wealth to those who do not have a right on it. The costs incurred in the provision of resources such as education and health facilities to the immigrants are a burden on the nation that hosts immigrants in large numbers. Some say that the economic growth brought about by immigration is nullified by the costs that the nation’s government has to bear in providing the immigrants with the resources. Less educated immigrants are believed to increase theft, violence and other malpractices in a nation. People from diverse backgrounds that migrate across national boundaries may put national security at stake. Illegal immigration that has emerged in some parts of the world has proven to be a curse to the nations’ economies and their social welfare. Some oppose immigration on the grounds of brain drain that results from it. What, according to some, is sharing of knowledge between nations, is for others, knowledge drain. When a nation loses its people to another country, it also loses its talents. A poor country might end up donating its educated minority to other richer countries, due to immigration. Thus we see that while immigration can create opportunities for a healthy exchange of knowledge and cultural values, it can also lead to imbalance in natural wealth and human resources. Moreover, can patriotism be transferred?

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Bony features of the clavicle Boundaries and contents of the axilla. - Apex – posterior border clavicle, lateral border of first rib and superior border of scapula - Medial – serratus anterior, chest wall - Lateral – intertubecular grove of humerus, - Anteriorly – pec major and minor - Posterioirly – subscapularis, teres major and lat dorsi, scapula Smallest space when arm is fully abducted - mostly through inferiorly into arm. - Quadangular space posteriorly – axillary nerve exits and post circumflex artery of humerus(subscapularis/teres minor above, teres major below, long head of triceps medially and humerus laterally) - Clavipectoral traingle – pass cephalic vein and medial and lateral pectoral nerves (clavicle, pec major and deltoid) - Triangular Interval – Contain radial nerve and profunda brachii artery, Borders Teras major superiorly, Long head of triceps medially, and humerus laterally. - Axillary artery, vein, brachial plexus, tendons of biceps and corochobrachialis, Lymph nodes - Roots: C5, C6, C7. - Motor Functions: Innervates the brachialis, biceps brachii and corocobrachialis muscles. - Sensory Functions: Gives off the lateral cutaneous branch of the forearm, which innervates the lateral half of the anterior forearm, and a small lateral portion of the posterior forearm. - Roots: C5 and C6. - Motor Functions: Innervates the deltoid, teres minor and the long head of the triceps brachii. - Sensory Functions: Gives off the superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, which innervates the inferior region of the deltoid (“regimental badge area”). - Roots: C6 – C8 and T1. - Motor Functions: Innervates most of the flexor muscles in the forearm, the thenar muscles, and the two lateral lumbrical muscles that move the index and middle fingers. - Sensory Functions: Gives off the palmar cutaneous branch, which innervates the lateral part of the palm, and the digital cutaneous branch, which innervates the lateral three and a half fingers on the anterior (palmar) surface of the hand. - Roots: C5-C8 and T1. - Motor Functions: innervates the triceps brachii, and the extensor muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm. - Sensory Functions: Innervates the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm, and the posterior, lateral aspect of the hand. - Roots: C8 and T1. - Motor Functions: Innervates the muscles of the hand (apart from the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals), flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus. - Sensory Functions: Innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and associated palm area. - saddle type of synovial joint but functions as a ball-and-socket joint. - The SC joint is divided into two compartments by an articular disc attaching to ant and post sternoclavicular ligaments. - These ligaments as well as costoclavicular and interclavicular ligament give the joint stability +++ so rare to displace and also shock absorbs. - Articular surface covered in fibrocartilage- articulates with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage. - Movements – elevation 60o, rotation along longitudinal axis, AP of 25-30o, circumduction. - Fractures most commonly post fall onto shoulder or outstretched hand – medial2/3 -lateral 1/3 junction. - Fracture leads to lateral end being pulled medially and inferiorly and medial end pulled superiorly - The superior displacement can damage suprascapular nerves and result in unopposed medial rotation of arm Acromio clavicular joint - Atypical plane synovial joint - Articular surface covered in fibrocartilage and has an incomplete wedge articular disc. - Acromioclavicular ligament - Main stabiliser is external ligamnt – coracoclavicular ligaments – conoid and trapezoid ligaments which asre often seprated by a bursa. - Only passive movement occurs at this joint. - Lateral pec and axillary nerve, lateral supraclavicular nerve. Branches of the axillary artery ? - 3 parts – first medial to pec minor, 2nd posterior to pec minor and 3rd lateral to pec minor. Send The Lord to Say A Prayer 1 – Superior Thoracic 2 – Thoraco acromial 3 – Lateral thoracic 4 – Subscapluar 5 – Anterior circumflex of humerus 6 – Posterior Circumflex of humerus Subclavian artery – related to anterior scalene - Starts from arch of aorta(at level of T4) or brachiocephalic trunk(behind Right SC joint). Travels between anterior and middle scalene muscles. Finishes at lateral border of first rib. - In relation to scalene anterior: - Medial – vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical trunk(very short and divides in thyroid artery, transverse cervical and suprascapular artery) - Posterior – costocervical trunk, sometimes dorsal scapular. - Lateral – sometimes dorsal scapular. Lymph nodes of the axilla. - Superficial lymph follows superficial veins and deep follow deep. - Efferent vessels from cubital lymph nodes ascend in the arm and terminate in the humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes. - Most superficial lymphatic vessels accompanying the cephalic vein cross the proximal part of the arm and the anterior aspect of the shoulder to enter the apical axillary lymph nodes; however, some vessels previously enter the more superficial deltopectoral lymph nodes. - Deep lymphatic vessels, less numerous than superficial vessels, accompany the major deep veins in the upper limb and terminate in the humeral axillary lymph nodes. - Axillary LN clearance can endanger long thoracic nerve and result in winged scapula Lymph drainage of the breast. - 75% of Lymph drain to axillary LN (pectoral) and apical LNs - Rest drain to internal thoracic LNs and contralateral breast and contralateral Axillar lymph nodes.

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Three of the most widely read books on competitive analysis in the 1980s were Michael Porter’s Competitive Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Competitive Advantage of Nations. In his various books, Porter developed three generic strategies that, he argues, can be used singly or in combination to create a defendable position and to outperform competitors, whether they are within an industry or across nations. The strategies are (1) overall cost leadership, (2) differentiation, and (3) focus on a particular market niche. Cost Leadership, Differentiation, and Scope These strategies are termed generic because they can be applied to any size or form of business. We refer to them as trade-off strategies because Porter argues that a firm must choose to embrace one strategy or risk not having a strategy at all. Overall lower cost or cost leadership overall cost-leadership strategy. A strategy in which an organization attempts to gain a competitive advantage by reducing its costs below the costs of competing firms. refers to the strategy where a firm’s competitive advantage is based on the bet that it can develop, manufacture, and distribute products more efficiently than competitors. Differentiation, The strategy where competitive advantage is based on superior products or service. refers to the strategy where competitive advantage is based on superior products or service. Superiority arises from factors other than low cost, such as customer service, product quality, or unique style. To put these strategies into context, you might think about Wal-Mart as pursuing a cost-leadership strategy and Harley Davidson as pursuing a differentiation strategy differentiation strategy .A strategy in which an organization seeks to distinguish itself from competitors through the perceived quality of its products or services. Porter suggests that another factor affecting a company’s competitive position is its competitive scope. Competitive scope defines the breadth of a company’s target market. A company can have a broad (mass market) competitive scope or a narrow (niche market) competitive scope. A firm following the focus strategy focus strategy. A strategy in which an organization concentrates on a specific regional market, product line, or group of buyers in combination with its pursuit of either an overall cost leadership or differentiation strategy. concentrates on meeting the specialized needs of its customers. Products and services can be designed to meet the needs of buyers. One approach to focusing is to service either industrial buyers or consumers but not both. Martin-Brower, the third-largest food distributor in the United States, serves only the eight leading fast-food chains. It is the world’s largest distributor of products to the world’s largest restaurant company-McDonald’s. With its limited customer list, Martin-Brower need only stock a limited product line; its ordering procedures are adjusted to match those of its customers; and its warehouses are located so as to be convenient to customers. Firms using a narrow focus strategy can also tailor advertising and promotional efforts to a particular market niche. Many automobile dealers advertise that they are the largest volume dealer for a specific geographic area. Other car dealers advertise that they have the highest customer satisfaction scores within their defined market or the most awards for their service department. Another differentiation strategy is to design products specifically for a customer. Such customization may range from individually designing a product for a single customer to offering a menu from which customers can select options for the finished product. Tailor-made clothing and custom-built houses include the customer in all aspects of production, from product design to final acceptance, and involve customer input in all key decisions. However, providing such individualized attention to customers may not be feasible for firms with an industry-wide orientation. At the other end of the customization scale, customers buying a new car, even in the budget price category, can often choose not only the exterior and interior colour but also accessories such as CD players, rooftop racks, and upgraded tires. By positioning itself in either broad scope or narrow scope and a low-cost strategy or differentiation strategy, an organization will fall into one of the following generic competitive strategies: cost leadership, cost focus, differentiation, and focused differentiation. Cost Leadership/Low Cost Cost leadership is a low-cost, broad-based market strategy. Firms pursuing this type of strategy must be particularly efficient in engineering tasks, production operations, and physical distribution. Because these firms focus on a large market, they must also be able to minimize costs in marketing and research and development (R&D). A low-cost leader can gain significant market share enabling it to procure a more powerful position relative to both suppliers and competitors. This strategy is particularly effective for organizations in industries where there is limited possibility of product differentiation and where buyers are very price sensitive. Overall cost leadership is not without potential problems. Two or more firms competing for cost leadership may engage in price wars that drive profits to very low levels. Ideally, a firm using a cost-leader strategy will develop an advantage that others cannot easily copy. Cost leaders also must maintain their investment in state-of-the-art equipment or face the possible entry of more cost-effective competitors. Major changes in technology may drastically change production processes so that previous investments in production technology are no longer advantageous. Finally, firms may become so concerned with maintaining low costs that they overlook needed changes in production or marketing. The cost-leadership strategy may be more difficult in a dynamic environment because some of the expenses that firms may seek to minimize are research and development costs or marketing research costs-expenses the firm may need to incur to remain competitive. A cost-focus strategy is a low-cost, narrowly focused market strategy. Firms employing this strategy may focus on a particular buyer segment or a particular geographic segment and must locate a niche market that wants or needs an efficient product and is willing to forgo extras to pay a lower price for the product. A company’s costs can be reduced by providing little or no service, providing a low-cost method of distribution, or producing a no-frills product. A differentiation strategy involves marketing a unique product to a broad-based market. Because this type of strategy involves a unique product, price is not the significant factor. In fact, consumers may be willing to pay a high price for a product that they perceive as different. The product difference may be based on product design, method of distribution, or any aspect of the product (other than price) that is significant to a broad group of consumers. A company choosing this strategy must develop and maintain a product perceived as different enough from the competitors’ products to warrant the asking price. Several studies have shown that a differentiation strategy is more likely to generate higher profits than a cost-leadership strategy, because differentiation creates stronger entry barriers. However, a cost-leadership strategy is more likely to generate increases in market share. A differentiation-focus strategy is the marketing of a differentiated product to a narrow market, often involving a unique product and a unique market. This strategy is viable for a company that can convince consumers that its narrow focus allows it to provide better goods and services than its competitors. Differentiation does not allow a firm to ignore costs; it makes a firm’s products less susceptible to cost pressures from competitors because customers see the product as unique and are willing to pay extra to have the product with the desirable features. Differentiation can be achieved through real product features or through advertising that causes the customer to perceive that the product is unique. Differentiation may lead to customer brand loyalty and result in reduced price elasticity. Differentiation may also lead to higher profit margins and reduce the need to be a low-cost producer. Since customers see the product as different from competing products and they like the product features, customers are willing to pay a premium for these features. As long as the firm can increase the selling price by more than the marginal cost of adding the features, the profit margin is increased. Firms must be able to charge more for their differentiated product than it costs them to make it distinct, or else they may be better off making generic, undifferentiated products. Firms must remain sensitive to cost differences. They must carefully monitor the incremental costs of differentiating their product and make certain the difference is reflected in the price. Firms pursuing a differentiation strategy are vulnerable to different competitive threats than firms pursuing a cost-leader strategy. Customers may sacrifice features, service, or image for cost savings. Price-sensitive customers may be willing to forgo desirable features in favour of a less costly alternative. This can be seen in the growth in popularity of store brands and private labels. Often, the same firms that produce name-brand products produce the private-label products. The two products may be physically identical, but stores are able to sell the private-label products for a lower price because very little money was put into advertising to differentiate the private-label product. Imitation may also reduce the perceived differences between products when competitors copy product features. Thus, for firms to be able to recover the cost of marketing research or R&D, they may need to add a product feature that is not easily copied by a competitor. A final risk for firms pursuing a differentiation strategy is changing consumer tastes. The feature that customers like and find attractive about a product this year may not make the product popular next year. Changes in customer tastes are especially obvious in the fashion industry. For example, although Ralph Lauren’s Polo has been a very successful brand of apparel, some younger consumers have shifted to Tommy Hilfiger and other youth-oriented brands. For a variety of reasons, including the differences between intended versus realized strategies discussed in an earlier section, none of these competitive strategies is guaranteed to achieve success. Some companies that have successfully implemented one of Porter’s generic strategies have found that they could not sustain the strategy. Several risks associated with these strategies are based on evolved market conditions (buyer perceptions, competitors, etc.).

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In this paper, Timurid dynasty and its arts, language, religion, literary and culture were concerned with the specific details. Timurids could adapt to Persian culture without loosing their Mongolian identity. It has been discussed that the history of the Timurids was influential on other dynasties and Tamerlane who led their armies to the conquest of much of his territory was the greatest conqueror the world has ever seen. The important locations where they have conquered and lived were also argued under the discussion of their characteristics derived from different cultures. It is also pointed that the tribes were related to central leadership and the state formation had different mechanisms. In order to collect data, I tried various ways that are possible. First, I took an advice from my professor in order to have an idea about alternative sources. Then, I made a research in the library for different books about Timurid dynasty and Tamerlane. I collected some books and names of some journals. At last, I made a selection among my sources and I chose the most important ones which are the most related to my subject. Get your grade or your money back using our Essay Writing Service! I have four significant books about my subject, Timurids. Lamb (1928) is an old book so the information in this book is not sufficient. However, this book is similar to Manz (1989) which is written in more modern conditions and it includes more beneficial information for my research. I think Marozzi (2004) is the best book among my sources, because it has the latest information. It is apparent that it's established by the latest technologies, because it has illustrations and photos about the architecture and the culture of Timurids. My fourth book, Yücel (1989) is written in Turkish, so I believe that it would be more helpful for me to understand than others. All of my books discuss that Timur was a great conqueror, so all of them states the main points in conquests. In all of my books, I can have information about the different empires that have been conquered by Timur and his army. Even if Lamb (1928) is the oldest book among my sources, I think it provides me the basic information about the dynasty. This source also gives information about both its political history and cultural areas. In gaining knowledge about the social and cultural interests of the dynasty, Marozzi (2004) is the most beneficial book, because it's describing Timurid's political history by defining its culture. So, it makes it easier for me to compare different fields from the same perspective. Timurids were Persianate dynasty which takes place in Central Asia. They were originally Turco- Mongol and their empire involved the whole Central Asia, Iran, and modern Afghanistan. They also included Pakistan, India, Mesopotamia and the Caucasus. They were mainly Sunni Muslim. The Timurid dynasty was established by the conqueror Timur in the 14th century. He was known as 'Tamerlane' in English. He lived in the 14th century and he was the conqueror in Western and Central Asia. He wanted to be the leader of all Turks. Their origin comes from the Mongolian nomads who are known as Barlas. Barlas people come from the Mongol army administered by Genghis Khan. When Mongols conquered the Central Asia, the Barlas were located to Turkistan. Then, they were assimilated by the Turks and they were completely Turkicized. Their language and habits became similar to the Turks'. Central Asian Turks and Mongols were mostly Muslim. When they chose Islam as a religion, they also chose the Persian literary and culture. Even if Timurids come from the Barlas, they mostly adopted the Persian culture. They altered the Persian culture into Islam and they used this converted culture in Turkestan and Khorasan. So, the Timurids had multiple characteristics that represent Turco- Mongol and Persian culture together. Timurids' language was mostly Persian. Both the spoken and the official state language were Persian. The Chagatai language was also spoken in Timurid dynasty. The language spread by the assimilation and the Persian poetry played an important role in this assimilation. Persian poetry also influenced the transition from Timurid elite to the Perso- Islamic culture. 'Zafarnameh' - a bibliography of Timur- was one of the most important Persian works in Timurid dynasty that also played an important role in spread of the language. Nur ud- Din Jami has important and impressive poems in this era and he was also one of the most important poets. Timurid Sultan Ulugh Beg had an important astronomical works which were written in Persian. Persian art was also influenced by many others' cultures such as Safavids, Persia and Chinese. Timurids started to use Persian techniques in art. They used paper, calligraphy, illumination and illustration together as they had learned from the Persian art. Seljuq traditions were influential in architecture. We can see it clearly from the turquoise and blue patterns on the buildings, especially on mosques. They used geometric shapes in order to decorate the buildings. We can see these kinds of decorations on a blue ribbed dome in Samarkand (Marozzi, btw. 136- 137.) Timur's territory in Samarkand was known as his 'blue- domed capital.' Always on Time Marked to Standard Timur was an ambitious conqueror. He wanted to be the leader of all Turks. In the last decades of the 14th century, whole Asia started to hear his name. From Delhi to Damascus, Siberia to the Mediterranean, his name was spread all over the great cities of Asia. His army conquered lots of great cities in Asia, Africa and Europe. By 1370, he started to expand his army and his kingdom started to extend. Timur was born in Khoja Ilgar, near Shakhrisabz, south of Samarkand. So, he started to his conquests from this point. In 1370, Timur became so great that he was enthroned in Balkh, northern Afghanistan, where was made famous by Alexander the Great. Tamerlane started to be known as the most devastating warrior- king alongside the Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan (Marozzi, p. 86.) He was the founder of a nomad conquest dynasty and he used the resources of Turco- Mongolians while he is also using the resources he had found in the regions he conquered. Transoxania's Turco- Mongolian tribesmen were the best followers of Timur, even if they remained related to their Mongolian traditions. These tribesmen and Timur were using Persian culture. So, they could adapt to a new culture without loosing their Turko- Mongolian identity (Manz, p. 110.) Timurids adopted Persian's language, art and architecture techniques and culture; and they could keep their main Chagatai language- which comes from Mongolians- was also spoken in "homelands." (Manz, p. 96) Shah Rukh and Ulugh Beg cared about the development of miniature. Their success in art of miniature was so developed that it became a model for the Persian art schools. After the death of Timur, a new Timurid style started to spread. The conception of space started to be important in this era. In miniature painting, objects and figures were painted largely without any complexity. Lots of objects could be drawn within simplicity due to the large areas left in the paintings. We may notice that in every piece of art, there is something hidden in the painting and it is difficult to interpret. There were two significant schools playing an important role in the development of the art. One of them, the school of Shiraz, was founded by Sultan Ibrahim in 1414. In this school, earlier Timurid styles were being used. They used the Persian techniques of painting in bright colors and using papers with complex illustrations. Those paintings were used in the decoration of the constructions due to their characteristics of being bright and colorful in this era. In this school, Ibn- Husam had a great artwork which was known as '155 miniatures of Khavar- Nama.' The second important school was Herat. This school had developed more modern techniques and technologies. The last Timurid prince, Sultan Hussain ibn Mansur ibn Baiqara, was influenced by the Persian painting. So, in the paintings that are made in Heart, we can observe lots of effects of Persian art. Their success in miniature art was considered as the climax of Persian painting. In this new style of painting, there were more details and a great composition that was being told in the painting. Human figures started to be shown up in the paintings. Heart school of arts had two significant artworks; one of them is 'Kalila wa Dimna' and the 'Golestan' by Sa'adi. Even if Timur was a great conqueror, he was also a great builder. After he conquered a city, he started to build monuments, structures, buildings etc. Timur's monuments were perfect representations of a man who made the earth shake in his time (Lamb, p. 45.) Even if Timur cared much about the architecture in Samarkand, he also constructed buildings in other cities. In Shahr- i Sabz, he erected Aq Saray. In Turkestan, he built a mosque and mausoleum for Hoja Ahmed Yasavi. Some of these structures were destroyed by Russians. Some of the structures remained in good conditions in "holy place." Samarkand's architecture was the most impressive one. However, they were destroyed and we can only learn their existence from the writings remained from that era. Gold, silk and carpets were used in the architecture in Samarkand. There were great walls, gardens, floors and religious monuments. Timur wanted his city, Samarkand, to be full of monuments, structures and buildings. He wanted Samarkand to be a center of architecture and he tried to expand it through other cities. This Essay is a Student's Work This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.Examples of our work Among the Timurid builders, the most passionate person for architecture was Shah Rukh's wife, Gawhar Shad. She led the construction of a mosque at Meshed. There is also a combination of mosque, madrasah and mausoleum in Herat and the construction of this combination was also led by Gawhar Shad. However, these buildings couldn't survive in good conditions. We can only have the ruins of these buildings. They were destroyed in wars and also by earthquakes. Herat became the capital city of Timurids due to the replacement of the architectural attention to this city. They also kept constructing significant structures and monuments in Samarkand. Ulugh Beg was the son of Shah Rukh and he was governing the city. So, he was also governing the constructions of these buildings. They used several pottery techniques in the decoration of Timurid monuments. Timur was responsible for three significant monuments in Samarkand: Gur-I Amir, the Bibi Khanum mosque and the Shah-i Zindeh. After the death of Timur, they continued to imitate his architecture techniques. The madrasah and observatory of Ulugh Beg are the two important examples for these imitations. Also, Taj-Mahal was constructed by a Timurid person, Shah Jahon. When we consider all the mentioned points above, I can say that Timur's name was ranked among the most powerful conquerors in the world. He was so ambitious that he conquered much of Central Asia. Timurids adopted the Persian culture, used their language and developed their architectural techniques, without forgetting their Turco- Mongolian origin. Therefore, they had a dual character that includes both Persian and Turco- Mongol culture. Timur gave importance to the architecture of his city, Samarkand, as much as he cared the expansion of his territory. That was the main reason of the great constructions in Samarkand and Herat, where was started to be concerned about its architecture after the death of Timur. We can conclude that Timurid dynasty was magnificent and impressive by both its conquests and architectures.

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Winter is fast approaching (or may even have arrived!) so it's a good time to think about preparing for the worst our weather can throw at you... The Scottish Government's Ready Scotland website offers lots of advice and ideas to help get you prepared to cope. There is a lot you can do now to prepare yourself and your family for emergencies and disruptive events. One useful activity is to complete our simple, child-friendly Family Emergency Plan to start thinking ahead. Some straightforward, commonsense actions will stand you in good stead in a wide range of situations. - Create a household emergency plan to help you and your family stay safe in all kinds of emergencies. - Put together an emergency kit so you will have the information and equipment you need to hand, whatever the situation. - In an emergency you should call 999 and follow instructions. - Think about carrying one or more ICE (In Case of Emergency) contact numbers on your mobile phone or in your wallet or purse. This means that if they need to, emergency responders like paramedics can contact people who know you, and potentially get important medical information, as quickly as possible. - Follow Ready Scotland's advice on protecting your home from severe weather and preparing for the loss of utilities. Wintry weather and extremely cold temperatures mean an increased chance of cases involving carbon monoxide poisoning in the home, particularly when gas boilers and heaters are in frequent use. Further information and advice on how to reduce the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning, including signs and symptoms to look out for, is available on the NHS Inform website.

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Human beings have a tendency to imitate others’ speech patterns, including inflections, talking speed and speaking time. If someone is talking quickly, we’ll speed up our pace. If they’re slowing down and seem to be casual in their speech, we’ll tend to be the same way. Scientists have found that people that mimic the speech patterns of others can have the following effects on the people being imitated: - Creates a bond with others. - Increases empathy, liking and rapport. - Initiates helpfulness and generosity. This is great knowledge that a CSR can tuck under their belt! Verbally mimicking the way a customer talks (using the same phrases, pace and inflections that they use) can actually help you to get more positive results! The results of an experiment conducted by a university in France showed that 78.8% of customers bought products when they were mimicked. When customers were not mimicked, only 61.8% made purchases. In addition, they found that when mimicked, more customers were more complimentary towards the salesperson that assisted them. Be careful though. You never want to seem as if you’re mocking a client. For example, if a customer has a distinct accent(southern), imitating that accent would probably just end up being embarrassing for you and could even anger the other person. Remember that whole ordeal with Madonna after she lived in the U.K. for awhile and came back with a British accent? I rest my case. “Kind words can be short and easy to speak, but their echoes are truly endless.” — Mother Teresa

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Dehydroepiandrosterone (pronounced dee–hi–dro–epp–ee–ann–dro–stehr–own), or DHEA as it is more often called, is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It is the most abundant steroid in the bloodstream and is present at even higher levels in brain tissue. Dehydroepiandrosterone levels are known to fall precipitously with age, falling 90% from age 20 to age 90. DHEA is known to be a precursor to the numerous steroid sex hormones (including estrogen and testosterone) which serve well–known functions, but the specific biological role of Dehydroepiandrosterone itself is not so well understood. It is difficult for researchers to separate the effects of DHEA from those of the primary sex steroids into which it is metabolized. The apparent lack of any direct hormone action for DHEA has prompted the suggestion that it may serve the role of a “Buffering hormone” which would alter the state–dependency of other steroid hormones. Although the specific mechanisms of action for DHEA are only partially understood, supplemental DHEA has been shown to have anti–aging, anti–obesity and anti–cancer influences. In addition, it is known to stabilize nerve–cell growth and is being tested in Alzheimer’s patients. Our understanding of the specific mechanisms of DHEA in metabolism has recently been advanced by the publication of The Biologic Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), edited by Mohammed Kalimi and William Regelson . This book presents 24 chapters from scientists around the world who are conducting DHEA research. The breadth of the work is impressive. As Dr. Regelson, Kalimi and Loria stated in their introductory remarks, “DHEA modulates diabetes, obesity, carcinogenesis, tumor growth, virus and bacterial infection, stress, pregnancy, hypertension, collagen and skin integrity, fatigue, depression, memory and immune responses”. With this wide range of potential clinical uses, it is amazing that more books about Dehydroepiandrosterone have not been written. The introductory chapter, by the editors and Roger Loria, briefly reviews DHEA’s biochemistry, endocrinology, and potential clinical uses. They contend that it is perhaps the most significant endocrine biomarker known, and further postulate that all of its effects may be explained by its action as a precursor hormone which provides “A host of steroid progeny with which to maintain the broad balance of host response related to species and individual survival”. DHEA and Cancer Early reports from England [Bulbrook, 1962, 1971] suggested that DHEA was abnormally low in women who developed breast cancer, even as much as nine years prior to the onset or diagnosis of the disease. Of the 5000 women followed in the study, 27 developed cancer. Most of the 27 had abnormally low levels of DHEA. If low DHEA levels contributed to breast cancer, might the opposite be true? Many years later, Dr. Arthur Schwartz of Temple University found that supplemental DHEA significantly protected cell cultures from the toxicity of carcinogens. Cell cultures usually respond to powerful carcinogens with mutations (changes in DNA), transformations (changes in cell appearance), and a high rate of cell death. But when Schwartz added Dehydroepiandrosterone along with the carcinogen, all three of these effects were significantly diminished. Subsequent studies [Schwartz, 1979] identified powerful protective effects of supplemented DHEA for breast–cancer–prone mice. The results of the experiment was clear after 8 months. The control animals were “Getting cancer left and right” while the DHEA animals had no tumors. Although DHEA is now beginning to be tested in human cancer, it is still too early to know whether the successes achieved in animals will be realized in humans. The Anti–Obesity Factor At about the same time that Schwartz was investigating the anti–cancer properties of DHEA, Dr. Terrence T. Yen was studying the effect of DHEA on genetically obese mice. Although the DHEA–treated mice ate normally, they remained thin – and they lived longer than control mice. This “Leanness” effect was also conspicuously noted by Dr. Schwartz. In another experiment, Dr. M. P. Cleary found that even middle–aged obese rats lost weight when fed DHEA–supplemented food. Diabetes, a typical complication of obesity, was also dramatically decreased.

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There are about 4,000 species of cockroach, of which 30 species are associated with human habitations and about four species are well known as pests with two of these being the most well known in Troy, MI, Columbus, OH, and throughout the United States: The German cockroach - Blattella Germanica - adults are 1/4 to 5/8 of an inch long, are light brown to tan in color and have a pair of dark lengthwise stripes on the outer body. Due to a simple metamorphic process, the young cockroach closely resembles the adult. A pregnant female can hold as many as 40 eggs in her egg case and can produce as many as three to four generations per year. As with most insect pests, the cockroach is a prolific breeder. The American cockroach - Periplaneta Americana - occurs both indoors and outdoors. Adults are reddish-brown in color with light colored edges to the body. It is the largest of the common roaches, being 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length at maturity and like the German cockroach, the young roaches resemble the adult. A pregnant female American cockroach carries her egg cases with her for about 6 days and then she adheres them to a secure, protected surface where they incubate for about 2 months or longer. Each egg capsule can contain as many as 16 eggs. Juvenile cockroaches emerge from egg cases in 6 to 8 weeks and require 6 to 12 months to fully mature. German cockroaches are well known for moving from place to place in boxes or bags, on clothing and only one egg carrying female can create an infestation. Given a suitable environment: warmth, humidity, food, water and secure housing - German cockroaches can expand in numbers almost exponentially. The American cockroach usually breeds in underground utility networks and sewer systems, from which it then may move into other structures, favoring areas of high humidity like sewers, steam tunnels, boiler rooms and basements, especially around pipes and drains. German cockroaches have been connected with outbreaks of illness such as salmonella poisoning and the instigation of asthma attacks but these are not the only health problems associated with them. The American cockroach can be a haven for various bacterial and viral pathogens on its body or in its feces. When in the home, it can contaminate food and food-preparation areas and surfaces with diseases that result in food poisoning, diarrhea or dysentery. Getting rid of German cockroaches and American cockroaches is a difficult task due to their elusive, nocturnal nature and their ability to adapt rapidly to their chosen environment. Rose Pest Solutions is a highly experienced industry leader in the control and eradication of cockroaches. Cockroaches are a very tough pest to eradicate as many homeowners who have attempted the Do-It-Yourself approach will testify, which is why Rose Pest Solutions creates a cockroach control solution tailored to your needs. The investigation and treatment process is complex and many of the pesticides available for Do-It-Yourself purposes are not effective. Remember, pesticides can be dangerous to the health of people and pets if they are mixed improperly or misused. Rose Pest Solutions is devoted to helping you when you need us most, and in many cases we can respond within 24-48 hours. Rose Pest Solutions uses products that have been subjected to stringent tests and registered by the EPA. We use those products following very rigorous series of guidelines to ensure that no threat is posed to people, pets or plants. Should any specific safety measures be required, our highly trained service technicians will inform you. Cockroach problems can be very difficult to prevent. You can, however, make life significantly more difficult for cockroaches by ensuring all food is kept in air-tight storage containers and all food preparation areas are kept clean and tidy. "Gary and I have had our home in the care of Rose Pest Solutions for the last 4 yrs. We have been very pleased with our service with Rose. Lynn B. has always been prompt, courteous, and very responsive to our needs. We live in a large home with quite a few storage rooms; which is surrounded by a very wooded lot. We are literally "renting from the critters"; so we do have issues with them from time to time. As I said to Lynn today on the phone, we loved Troy, a former tech for us for the last 3 yrs. Troy has moved on, and Mike is the tech who has taken care of us in this last year. We could not be MORE PLEASED with his informative, easy going abilities to deal with "unpleasant situations". Just wanted to pass along our satisfaction. " Denise & Gary N

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Mandela Effect (Broome) Mandela Effect: This article explains the Mandela Effect in a practical way. After reading you will understand the basics of this powerful psychology tool. What is the Mandela Effect? The Mandela Effect is a phenomenon where many people believe that something actually happened, when in reality it never happened. These people insist that they remember an event or experience, even if it has been shown to be incorrect. The name of the Mandela Effect refers to a massive false memory that Nelson Mandela died in prison. He did not die in prison, but in his own home in 2013. Related events, such as the death of prominent anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in prison, have led to the emergence of this false memory. Who coined the term Mandela Effect? The term Mandela Effect was coined by Fiona Broome, an author and self-proclaimed paranormal consultant. She found out about this phenomenon after countless people told her their memories of the event. The term is now used to describe a false memory that, despite the memory being false, has become truth in the minds of masses of people. Fiona Broome indicates that the Mandela Effect could be evidence of the existence of alternate realities. How does a false memory arise? In psychology, the above is known as a false memory. Literature on the subject shows several causes for the emergence of a false memory: - Activation of associated information - Taking in wrong information - Taking in wrong resource allocation These mechanisms underlie a wide collection of false memory types. Suggestibility is also referred to as confabulation. Confabulation involves the brain automatically filling in gaps that are missing from memories. This is done to better understand memories, but also to make them easier to remember. This is not the same as lying, because it is not done consciously. It’s just remembering details that never existed. Confabulation often increases as an individual ages. Misleading information also belongs to the list of possibilities why false memories exist. Information that someone takes in after an event has happened can change the memory of the same event. That explains why eyewitness statements are sometimes unreliable or different from reality. Researching false memories Although the term Mandela Effect came to be known only in the years after Nelson Mandela’s death in 2013, the phenomenon has been explored much earlier by pioneers of psychology Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet. Sigmund Freud is known to have been fascinated by human memory and all the ways in which one can describe, use and manipulate this memory. Many experts agree that his research on memory has been an important contribution to the contemporary understanding of memory and false memories. Pierre Janet was a French neurologist who also made important contributions to research on how memory works. He specifically contributed to explaining the phenomenon of false memories through his studies on dissociation and memory retrieval through hypnosis. Examples of the Mandela Effect In addition to the collective false memory of Nelson Mandela’s death in prison, there are a few other situations in which a massive false memory is assumed to be the truth. Bologna Station Clock One of the few examples of false memories that is well documented comes from 2010. It concerns the situation of the damaged station clock at Bologna Central Station. This clock was damaged during the Bologna bombing in 1980. Later research showed that 92% of the respondents were sure that the clock remained at a stop in the years that followed. In reality, the clock was repaired and put into operation very soon after the attack. Years later, the clock was stopped at the time of the attack to commemorate the attack. Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back Another well-known example of a false memory concerns a well-known scene from the movie The Empire Strikes Back, the second Star Wars movie from 1980. The scene in question is one of the most famous scenes in all of cinema history. Darth Vader reveals to Luke Skywalker that he didn’t kill his father, but that he is his father. Many people remember the sentence he uses to make this revelation as, “Luke, I am your father,” when in reality he says, “No, I am your father.” Since Darth Vader was talking to Luke, it wouldn’t have made much sense to mention Luke’s name again. Many people add the name Luke to the sentence, because it is more impressive and because it adds context. People immediately know which film it is about. Other examples of the Mandela Effect Other examples of the Mandela Effect include the Berenstain Bears children’s books, which are often spelled as Berenstein, and the existence of the 90s movie Shazaam, which in reality does not exist. The false memories of the existence of the movie Shazaam are explained as a combination of real memories, such as the TV marathon in which the comedian wears a ghost costume and an animated series called Shazzan. According to the creator of the term Mandela Effect, Fiona Broome, paranormal explanations should not be excluded when investigating the explanation for the occurrence of false memories. One of the paranormal explanations is the existence of one or more parallel universes or alternate realities. In one of her videos, Broome points out that the people who “incorrectly” remember these things are remembering things that have never occurred in our reality. According to her, the Mandela Effect could therefore occur when our reality interacts with a parallel universe. An explanation could be found in an interplay of quantum physics, string theory and the M-theory. String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to explain the nature of reality and the existence of the entire universe in a formula. Although highly controversial and unproven, those who believe that there is a parallel universe claim that our universe is only 1 of the potentially unlimited universes. The complete picture would then be called the multiverse. Summary Mandela Effect Also known as a false memory, the term Mandela Effect was coined by Fiona Broome, an author and self-proclaimed paranormal specialist. She and her followers believe that false memories may arise from the existence of an alternate reality. That means that there is a universe that runs parallel to our universe, in which things happen at the same time, but sometimes slightly differently. Fiona coined the term after finding out that many people remember that Nelson Mandela died in prison, when in reality he died at home. Extensive research has been done on the phenomenon in psychology. Pioneers Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet laid the foundation for this, with their research into the workings of human memory and the ways in which it can be manipulated. It later became clear that suggestibility, associated information, misinformation and misrepresentation, among other things, can cause a collective false memory to arise. Examples of collective false memory include, among others, a Star Wars movie scene, the Bologna station clock, and the Berenstain Bears children’s books. Now it’s your turn What do you think? Do you recognize the explanation about the Mandela Effect? Can you share an example of a situation that you thought actually happened, but later turned out not to have happened? What do you think is the reason the Mandela Effect occurs? Do you have any tips or comments? Share your experience and knowledge in the comments box below. - French, A. (2019). The Mandela Effect and New Memory. Correspondences, 6(2). - Prasad, D., & Bainbridge, W. (2021). The Visual Mandela Effect as evidence for shared and specific false memories across people. - Lincoln, D. (2017). The Mandela Effect. Fermi National Accelerator Lab.(FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States). - Moss, J. P. (2019). The Mandela Effect. Lulu. com. - Hall, J. (2014). The Mandela effect on conflict in Africa. Africa Conflict Monthly Monitor, 2014(01), 4-9. How to cite this article: Janse, B. (2022). Mandela Effect (Broome). Retrieved [insert date] from Toolshero: https://www.toolshero.com/psychology/the-mandela-effect/ Published on: 05/13/2022 | Last update: 05/13/2022 Add a link to this page on your website: <a href=”https://www.toolshero.com/psychology/the-mandela-effect/”>Toolshero: Mandela Effect (Broome)</a> We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Tell us how we can improve this post?

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The drug Ivermectin has shown good results on Covid-19. From David Archibald at theburningplatform.com: The efficacy of a drug has not been proven until the journal Nature has run a hit piece attacking it. For ivermectin, that was on 20th October, 2020. So many people in South America are using ivermectin now that it is hard to recruit people for clinical trials on the virus. Ivermectin was discovered in the late 1970s, in a program that tested thousands of soil samples around Japan. A sample from a golf course produced a molecule called avermectin, of which ivermectin is a synthetic derivative. It was approved for human use by the FDA in 1987, and has cured hundreds of millions of people from parasitic worm infections. It is also used to treat worms in farm animals, dogs and cats. Ivermectin is quite benign, with an 18 hour half-life in the body and a wide therapeutic window. In April this year, a research group at Monash University found that ivermectin inhibited the Wuhan virus in vitro. So doctors in many parts of the world, for the want of anything at all to treat their patients, started using it — with good results.

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The blockchain network underlines the working of bitcoin and many of the other altcoins in the crypto space, though there are many cryptocoin also working on the private network and many on the different network. Just like IOTA which doesn’t work on the blockchain network but on the network called tangle network. In this article, we talk about the difference between public and private blockchain. We also enlight upon the wiki, working, mining process of the private and public blockchains and finally some opinions about it. What is Blockchain Network? The blockchain network which also knows as blockchain technology comprises of powerful miners, pools which work on the language of hashrates. The blockchain technology consists of blocks with a bunch of maths equation generator on which miner works and verify/complete the transaction by solving the math binary problem hence solving the block. The difficulty of the problem is determined by the size of the block and the number of the miners working on it. The main reason for the blockchain network existing is for the mode of a secure online transaction with complete privacy, giving rise to p2p (peer to peer) transaction. The Bitcoin blockchain which has its official website named “Blockchain.info” keeps the record of all the blockchain activities, though tracking the transaction is really hard on the blockchain network. The Public Blockchain Hearing the work public is not really mean the public but in fact, it’s much secured. The only difference is that anyone can work on it from anywhere, anytime. The main working for these blockchains is secure by the power of cryptography, it’s the power of the decentralized nature which no one has the control over. The Bitcoin and Ethererum itself are working on public blockchain which means it could be accessible from anywhere publicly and therefore its keeping record of all the transactions. The mining process on the public blockchain is really simple, you just need a good computing power and you can simply connect with the blockchain network by a software. - Get started with cryptocurrency mining Another interesting part of public blockchain network is that the amount and the sender’s identity is completely anonymous. You can see the transaction happening in the blockchain status but the identity is not known, hence making it untraceable. When someone sends you bitcoins, the blockchain network itself slipt the amount and make it into finite pieces and they further mixed up with other bitcoin chunks where finally miners have their task to verify and complete the transaction. These blockchains are enclosed into a finite boundary and not been accessible by the general public without having private access keys. Though it could be controlled and connected by anywhere anytime with having the connection keys. Since the blockchain technology is been decentralized, but in the private blockchains have full control over it hence making it a centralized blockchain network. Private blockchain example: These Blockchain networks work best within implementing coin within the internal system like a country or a private firm onto which government or any 3rd have control over it. Also, ICOs and many cryptocurrencies work on the Private Blockchain. These are another type of blockchain present onto which transaction and cryptocurrency work. In consortium blockchain works onto the preselective computers. The transactions are preceded by the pre-authentication by the group of computer/ controlling network before it actually been made, giving the power of the secured transaction fully controlled by the community. The consortium blockchain not considered as fully decentralize as of the public blockchain as many of the member’s party have control over the block transaction, hence calling it a Partial decentralize network. Which problem of Bitcoin’s blockchain? With thee decentralize nature comes with the issues and limitations, few of them includes the high transaction fee and slow transaction rate that we could see arising on the bitcoin blockchain network. The difficulty concern is the biggest flaw in the blockchain network with the high demand of the miners mining raising the difficulty level of solving the block for completing verifying the transaction as a result required miner with increasing computing power. The high transaction fee could be explained by the whole irony of the raising of the difficulty in the blockchain. The solution is the hard fork which ensures the new chain network with improved technology with big block size and fast transaction rate.

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This may correct itself when the adult teeth erupt and reposition, but just in case it doesn't you need to seek help from your vet who will help you to deal with dental and feeding issues that may be necessary. These fall out between 14 and 30 weeks, replaced by 42 adult teeth . The first to come and go are the front teeth at 12 to 16 weeks, then the fang or canine teeth at 16 weeks and the cheek teeth, or pre-molars, at five to six months old. While little Sox has grown, he's shed some of his baby teeth -- I didn't realise puppies even had baby teeth and that they fall out and are replaced with adult teeth -- just like baby humans. He won't see Seren get the last four of his baby teeth, let alone his adult teeth If you knock out a tooth: | Find the tooth | Hold it by the crown (the white bit that sticks out of the gum) | Lick the tooth clean if it's dirty, or rinse it in water | Put it back into position (adult teeth only) | Bite on a handkerchief to hold the tooth in place | Go to see a dentist as an emergency The sooner a knocked-out tooth is re-implanted, the more likely it is to embed itself back into the gum. Milk teeth don't matter, they fall out anyway FALSE Dr Okoye said: "Your milk teeth act as a guide for your adult teeth to grow through in the right place. Later stronger, larger, sharper adult teeth push out the baby teeth. The research has revealed that among the individuals were: | A man aged 60 or more, originally from Scandinavia; | An Irish woman aged about 25, who was almost certainly a weaver or needleworker, shown by wear to the right central incisor from the repeated clasping of an instrument like a needle between her teeth; | A child of about nine with both baby and adult teeth When these teeth stick around longer than they should, it can affect the adult teeth . The most frequent culprits are the upper canine teeth, but any tooth can be affected. Wilson; ADULT TEETH ; Tortoise Books (Fiction: Short Stories) 15.99 ISBN: 9781948954013 WHEN YOUR PUP is four to five months of age, he will start losing both top and bottom baby teeth that will be replaced with adult teeth . This natural occurrence is normally accompanied by sore, red and bleeding gums. She is teething, changing from baby to adult teeth , and that will cause some mouth discomfort which chewing may alleviate.

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Many medications have been associated with the development of Beau’s lines, including systemic chemotherapeutic agents, retinoids, dapsone, metoprolol, itraconazole, octreotide, and azathioprine. What is Beau’s lines caused by? There are several causes of Beau’s lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix. This may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area. Can Beau’s lines be caused by stress? In some cases, a change in your nails may be caused by stress in your body. These are called Beau’s lines, and they show where the nail growth stopped temporarily. Beau’s lines grow out eventually and are not a cause for concern. What vitamin deficiency causes Beau’s lines? Koilonychia is associated with iron deficiency and protein deficiency, especially deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids. Beau’s lines are transverse depressions in the nail plate caused by temporary cessation of nail growth. Researchers have proposed severe zinc deficiency as a cause of Beau’s lines. What causes horizontal lines in your nails? The bottom line Ridges in the fingernails are often normal signs of aging. Slight vertical ridges commonly develop in older adults. In some cases, they may be a sign of health problems like vitamin deficiencies or diabetes. Deep horizontal ridges, called Beau’s lines, may indicate a serious condition.

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“Hunger hormones” covers a variety of chemicals released within your body. Hunger hormones are your body’s natural response to being hungry, eating or when you’ve eaten enough. Unfortunately, a poorly managed diet, and even inadequate sleep, can cause your hunger hormones to act in a way that promotes overeating, weight gain and more. When you keep them doing their job efficiently, they can be a powerful force in becoming healthy and staying that way. Ghrelin: Time to eat When your stomach is empty, you need food. Of course, your brain doesn’t have a camera in your guts to see this, it needs to be told. Ghrelin is a hormone released by your gastrointestinal system to tell your brain you need to refuel, i.e., get some food. When people talk about “the hunger hormone,” this is most likely what they mean. Ghrelin starts being released when your body thinks it is hungry. When ghrelin stops being released, your brain knows you’ve eaten enough food. Unfortunately, some of the things you eat don’t stop ghrelin from being produced, causing you to feel hungry even when you’re not. Chief among these is fructose. While it’s fine to get fructose naturally along with fiber and other nutrients from the fruits and vegetables you eat, it can be real trouble when you add soda, sweets and overly processed food to the mix. Too much fructose in your diet keeps you hungrier than you really are, leading to overeating and weight gain. Leptin: No more, thanks The discovery of leptin, which comes from the Greek word for thin, was a momentous occasion. Unlike most other hormones, leptin is actually produced by the fat cells in your body. Traveling through the bloodstream, leptin communicates with your brain, telling it when there is adequate energy stored in fat cells. When the brain receives this message, you no longer feel hungry and your brain stops attaching a pleasurable feeling to eating. Like ghrelin, your body’s use of leptin is messed up by too much fructose. On top of ghrelin causing you to be overly hungry, fructose can suppress leptin, causing you to think you need more food and to continue feeling good when you eat. This situation is worsened further when there is poor insulin efficiency in your body, otherwise known as insulin resistance. Most people who carry some extra pounds have this to some degree. Too much insulin in your bloodstream causes tons of problems in the body, including fooling your brain into thinking the body needs more food, in part by blocking leptin signals from reaching the brain.. Turning hunger hormones to your advantage If you take anything away from this, it’s probably to avoid insulin resistance and minimize your fructose intake. If you’re looking to learn more about how, following the Olumia Life Nutrition Plan is a good start. It’s specifically designed to improve insulin efficiency and refine eating habits to make them healthier. The various systems of your body are interconnected, meaning you can improve (or degrade) your health in any of them by your actions concerning another. By making small, continual improvements in your eating, exercising and sleeping habits, you can create a profoundly beneficial effect on the whole. Connect with us to discuss how Olumia Life can benefit you and your practice. Physicians may contact our Olumia Life project lead, Steven Willey MD.Connect with Us Our Director of Corporate Wellness will respond within 24 hours.Getting started is simple! Connect with us to discuss how we may assist.Connect with Us

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The study by the department's Office of Energy Security is meant to be a forecasting tool for policy-makers, but environmentalists who oppose building more coal power plants say the study isn't specific enough to be of much practical use. "I am not going to lie awake at night and worry about a new coal-fired power plant," said Linda Taylor, clean energy director for Fresh Energy, a St. Paul group that supports wind energy development over coal. The state Legislature ordered the study when it passed the state's Next Generation Energy Act in 2007. It is supposed to assess the state's energy needs through 2025, when most utilities will be required to derive 25 percent of their electricity from renewable sources like wind. The Office of Energy Security fed data for 57 scenarios into a computer model and highlighted the one it felt was most likely, said Bill Glahn, director of the office. That scenario said the state would need a 500-megawatt coal-fired power plant, which could power a city of 140,000 people. It also called for eight natural gas-fired power plants to provide intermittent and peak power upon demand, as well as 4,000 megawatts of renewable power, which would most likely be wind, Glahn said. The study makes no recommendations, nor does it identify where a coal plant would be built. In other scenarios, the models call for no coal plant. Those scenarios put more severe penalties on coal plant carbon emissions that are blamed for speeding up climate change. The main conclusion of the study, Glahn said, is that the state will need more baseload power, which typically comes from coal, nuclear or hydro power plants because of their always-on nature. Because the study does not identify which utilities might use that coal power, it is practically useless for planning purposes, said Beth Goodpaster, energy program director at the Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy. Goodpaster criticized the Commerce Department for claiming the state would need an additional 4,100 megawatts of baseload power by 2025. Only 500 megawatts of that can be considered baseload from coal, while the rest would come from natural gas plants that, like wind, operate intermittently, she said.

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Rabbi Berel Wein The Torah reading of this week deals with a ritual in the Temple – that of the Parah Adumah – which is characterized as being a commandment beyond the ken of human understanding and rational interpretation. It remains a primary example of certain commandments that, at their very core, are not easily interpreted or made relevant to human behavior nor to moral understanding and judgment. The Torah itself calls this commandment a chok, which must be obeyed without question or doubt, for it is beyond human comprehension and understanding to genuinely appreciate and value its essence and purpose. This is the reason the entire Torah reading of this week is called Chukat – the law and commandments of the Torah for which no explanation will be given. If we review previous narrative portions of the Torah that we have read and studied over the past weeks, we can easily conclude that all the events that were described – the murmurings, rebellions, false reports and evil speech and the crimes against Moshe and Aaron – also fit the category of being a chok, something irrational, inexplicable and beyond logical comprehension. We all believe, somehow, that we live in a rational world, and that we can make rational decisions based upon knowledge, facts, experience, and history. However, the truth is that very few of our decisions are made rationally and are often based on other factors on a constant and recurring basis. Human behavior is almost by definition irrational and inexplicable. It is because of this truth that the Torah gives us laws and commandments that are rational and inexplicable, to match our human moods and decision-making processes. We can easily understand that if it were not for the Torah itself guiding us through life, giving us daily support, guidance, and stability, certainly the national life of the Jewish people would be chaotic in the extreme. It is this chaos of irrational behavior which is universally present amongst all people in the world, which leads to the fall of empires and to catastrophic decisions brought about by irrational policies and a great deal of human arrogance. It is noteworthy to see that in world history, almost all the major empires of the world collapsed and eventually fell because of internal pressures of the society rather than by actual external aggression. These pressures are caused by human nature, both emotionally and ideologically. Once the original basis and emphasis that brought about success and growth in the empire dissipated because of the irrational behavior of leaders of these empires, the collapse of those would not be long in coming. I have always found it to be ironic that the most irrational of all creatures – human beings – have the temerity to criticize Jewish tradition as not being rational or easily explained in so-called “factual” terms. It is the purpose of the Torah to instruct us, guide us, and constrain us. It is the purpose of the Torah to counter human irrationality with a form of heavenly certainty that is beyond our understanding. History has proven this assertion correct.

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Ernest Hemingway is noted as one of the greatest American writers in literature with his original writing style that is unique in its concise intelligent form. Hemingway felt that the reader should be using their imagination when engaged in a text and that they should be able to decipher their own meanings within the words. He felt that the less you give them the more exciting it is for them when they find symbols and hidden messages in the text. He gives the reader basic information from which they can base their own ideas of what the story is about. This method is favored by many readers as they feel more involved in the story. Hemingway uses the iceberg theory to achieve his compressed writing style and his work has been recognized worldwide since. I will look at ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ in my analysis of Hemingway’s writing style and how he incorporates the iceberg theory into his work. Hemingway used the iceberg strategy to allow him to eliminate unnecessary information that could be guessed by the reader without the need for words. He developed “a prose style built from what was left after eliminating all the words one could ‘not stand to hear.’” (Hemingway 1981) In doing this he used dialogue a lot to direct the narration of the story. Through the characters seemingly normal conversation there is rich symbolism hidden within the select few words intelligently chosen by Hemingway: “[t]here is seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it strengthens your iceberg” (Hemingway 538). This method creates a more concise story with quality rather than quantity as Hemingway says a lot in just a few words. These words contain a lot of symbolism as well as what is not included by the author: “It is the part that doesn’t show” (538). This is evident in ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ as Hemingway leaves out the information that it is an abortion the man and the girl are discussing referring to it as “an awfully simple operation” (540). There are many clues in the text that hint to the fact that the story is mainly concerned with abortion. Everything tastes sweet like licorice to the girl suggesting her pregnancy. Even the beer tastes sweet: “Everything tastes of licorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe” (540). Although abortion is not mentioned in the text we know it is what the conversation is based on through Hemingway’s use of two literary elements in his application of his iceberg theory which are setting and symbolism (“machete what we’re thinking… ”). The setting is very important as it sets a foreboding atmosphere that allows us to decipher what the girl is thinking. Her observation of “[t]he fields of grain and trees represent fertility and fruitfulness, which symbolize her current pregnant state and the life in her womb” (“machete what we’re thinking… ”) but as she “looked across at the hills on the dry side of the valley” (Hemingway 542), it seems she is looking at what life would be like if she went ahead with the abortion. The land is “barren and sterile, symbolizing her body after the abortion” (“machete what we’re thinking… ”). The girl observes that the hills look like white elephants. The symbolism here suggests that she is thinking of her unborn child: “[a]s she observes the white hills she foresees elatedly the birth of her baby – something unique like the uncommon white elephant. The color white symbolizes the innocence and purity of her unborn child” (“machete what we’re thinking… ”). White elephants were considered sacred in Buddhist tradition and so they were seen as both a blessing and a curse if you owned one. The reason being that these animals were said to bring good luck in the long run but as they were sacred they could not be used for labor and were extremely expensive to maintain. This is why the girl is so indecisive about the operation to get an abortion. She sees her unborn child as sacred but feels if she has the child she would sacrifice everything her and her partner had together: “[a]nd if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me?” (Hemingway 541). Hemingway’s use of dialogue to tell the majority of his stories is an effective aspect of his iceberg theory: “‘We want two Anis del Toro.’ ‘With water?’ ‘Do you want it with water?’” (540). Even though it doesn’t specifically state who said what we can easily make out what characters are speaking and this helps to eliminate words which “strengthens your iceberg” (538). The conversations become more fluid in the text and it’s easier to become immersed in the story. This intelligent prose style developed by Hemingway is concise, intelligent and an attractive method to the reader setting the benchmark for many writers since. His “concise way of developing a plot through dialogue ….. attracted many imitators” (538). In conclusion I think Hemingway’s writing style incorporating the iceberg theory is an excellent strategy of writing and I feel it’s clear and concise narration his stories gained Hemingway a justified reputation becoming one of America’s most acknowledged writers and globally recognized in the literary canon. His writing style caught on like wildfire rapidly bringing him success and many fans. At the time of his death he was the most well known and studied writer in America. In today’s 21st century his work is still essential on the literary scene with scholars still learning so much from his simplistic writing style. His stories have “developed a modern, speeded-up, streamlined style that has been endlessly imitated” (Hemingway 1981). Hemingway, Ernest. Hills Like White Elephants in The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction by Ann Charters. Compact 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. 538-542. Print Hemingway, Ernest. The Norton Anthology American Literature. 7th. D. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. 1981. Print. “Hills Like White Elephants-Literary Analysis.” machete what we’re thinking… . machete Powered by WordPress, 02 Oct 2006. Web. 15 May 2011. <http://www.gummyprint.com/blog/hills-like-white-elephants-literary-analysis/>.

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