microsoft/wiki_qa · Datasets at Hugging Face

question_id stringclasses 633 values	question stringclasses 633 values	document_title stringclasses 619 values	answer stringlengths 3 637	label class label 2 classes
Q878	how many pins does a molex power connector have?	Molex connector	Because the pins have a large contact surface area and fit tightly, these connectors are typically used for power.	00
Q878	how many pins does a molex power connector have?	Molex connector	This style of connector was first used as a computer disk drive connector in the late 1970s, initially on the Shugart floppy disk drive as well as Atari (1979) on its path to becoming a de facto standard.	00
Q878	how many pins does a molex power connector have?	Molex connector	It is in this role that the vernacular term molex connector is most frequently used.	00
Q878	how many pins does a molex power connector have?	Molex connector	AMP (now a division of Tyco International ) developed the MATE-N-LOK 2.13 mm pin connector that is the same as the Molex 8981 power connector.	00
Q878	how many pins does a molex power connector have?	Molex connector	This Molex and Amp connector configuration was the established standard for disk drive power connectors until the introduction of SATA disk drives .	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off is a 1986 American coming of age comedy film written and directed by John Hughes .	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	The film follows high school senior Ferris Bueller ( Matthew Broderick ), who decides to skip school and spend the day in downtown Chicago .	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Accompanied by his girlfriend Sloane Peterson ( Mia Sara ) and his best friend Cameron Frye ( Alan Ruck ), he creatively avoids his school's Dean of Students Edward Rooney ( Jeffrey Jones ), his resentful sister Jeanie ( Jennifer Grey ), and his parents.	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	During the film, Bueller frequently breaks the fourth wall by speaking directly to the camera to explain to the audience his techniques and thoughts.	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week and shot the film—on a budget of $5.8 million—over several months in late 1985.	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Featuring many famous Chicago landmarks including the then Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago , the film was Hughes' love letter to the city: "I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could.	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Not just in the architecture and landscape, but the spirit."	00
Q882	What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Released by Paramount Pictures on June 11, 1986, Ferris Bueller's Day Off became one of the top grossing films of the year and was enthusiastically received by critics and audiences alike.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	"Singles Awareness (or Appreciation) Day" (S.A.D.) is a humorous holiday , celebrated on February 14 (although some prefer the 13th or the 15th to get away from the commercialism associated with the 14th).	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	It serves as an alternative to Valentine's Day for people who are single, that is, not involved in a romantic relationship .	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	Some people who observe S.A.D. do so out of spite for Valentine's Day, as a Hallmark holiday , or for other reasons.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	On Singles Awareness Day, single people gather to celebrate or to commiserate in their single status.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	Some want to remind romantic couples that they don't need to be in a relationship to celebrate life .	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	Common activities during Singles Awareness Day include, single events, traveling , volunteering , treating oneself to popular activities, gathering of family and friends, and gift giving for oneself.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	One increasingly popular activity is to travel to Brazil and witness the Brazilian Carnival , coupled with the fact that Brazil doesn't celebrate Valentine's Day on February 14, but in June.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	Both factors provide a temporary getaway from the Valentine's holiday and substitute it with another celebration.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	On this day many people wear green, as it is considered to be the 'opposite' of red.	00
Q889	how many single people on Valentine's Day	Singles Awareness Day	Another popular option is an absence of color (black), to symbolize an absence of celebration.	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	The Temple Owls are the athletic teams representing Temple University in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	The school's sports teams are called the Owls .	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	The current athletic director is Bill Bradshaw.	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	The owl has been the symbol and mascot for Temple University since its founding in the 1880s.	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	Temple was the first school in the United States to adopt the owl as its symbol or mascot.	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	The owl, a nocturnal hunter, was initially adopted as a symbol because Temple University began as a night school for young people of limited means.	00
Q894	what football conference is temple in	Temple Owls	Russell Conwell , Temple's founder, encouraged these students with the remark: "The owl of the night makes the eagle of the day."	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein, November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943), the son of Herschel and Frieda Penn Rubenstein – the name was officially shortened to Ruben in 1930.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Young Sam developed a friendship with neighbor Jack Dempsey and became involved with a local boys' boxing club and later, when the family moved across the Bay to Berkeley , he was a successful basketball player at Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) .	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	After achieving his B.S. in Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley , he continued his studies there and was awarded a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in May 1938.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	He was immediately appointed Instructor in the Chemistry Department, and became an Assistant Professor in 1941.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Sam and colleague Martin Kamen , a University of Chicago Ph.D. and researcher in chemistry and nuclear physics working under Ernest O. Lawrence at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory , set out to elucidate the path of carbon in photosynthesis by incorporating the short-lived radioactive isotope Carbon-11 (11CO2) in their many experiments between 1938 and 1942.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Aided by the concepts and collaboration of C. B. van Niel , at Stanford University ’s Hopkins Marine Station , it became clear to them that reduction of CO2 can occur in the dark and may involve processes similar to bacterial systems.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	This interpretation challenged the century-old Adolf von Baeyer theory of photochemical reduction of CO2 adsorbed on chlorophyll which had guided decades of effort by Richard Willstätter , A. Stoll, and many others in vain searches for formaldehyde .	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	In hundreds of experiments with Carbon-11 produced from deuterons and Boron-10 by Martin Kamen in the Radiation Laboratory’s 37-inch cyclotron , Ruben and Kamen, with collaborators from botany , microbiology , physiology and organic chemistry , pursued the path of carbon dioxide in plants, algae, and bacteria.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Their results, confused by absorption of the products on proteinaceous residues, initially failed to reveal the path of carbon in photosynthesis but succeeded in exciting the interest of scientists worldwide in the search and revelation of metabolic processes, beginning a revolution in biochemistry and medicine.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Ruben’s experiments using 'heavy water', H2O18, to yield 18O2 gas had shown that the oxygen gas produced in photosynthesis comes from water.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	With nuclear physicists' tenuous prediction of a "long lived radioactive carbon isotope,” Ruben and Kamen pursued several routes that could lead to identification of the Carbon-14 isotope.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	After several failed attempts, Martin Kamen collected the results of a 120-hour cyclotron bombardment of graphite and trudged in the rain with it to the “Rat House,” adjacent both to the Chemistry Department and to the cyclotron , and Sam Ruben's desk.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	At 8 AM, February 27, 1940, Sam Ruben demonstrated unequivocally the radioactivity was from Carbon-14 .	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	The weak energy of Carbon-14 made measurement tedious.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	So tedious that no tracer experiments with C-14 were done until 1942 when Sam Ruben gave all his barium carbonate-C14 to young Chemistry Department faculty member Andrew Benson who began his long series of 14CO2 fixation experiments to determine the path of carbon in photosynthesis .	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Only in 1949 did chemist Willard Libby use it to invent radiocarbon dating .	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Ruben's recruitment for research in the World War II wartime effort led him to interest in the mechanism of phosgene as a poisonous gas.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	With C-11 phosgene (11COCl2) prepared by Benson, they studied the combination of phosgene with lung proteins.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Following Benson's departure from Berkeley in July 1943, Ruben died September 28, 1943 after a disastrous exposure to phosgene in a laboratory accident the preceding day.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	Sam Ruben married Helena Collins West, a fellow chemistry student, during his final semester as an undergraduate at UC Berkeley, on September 28, 1935.	00
Q897	what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"	Sam Ruben	They had three children, Dana West Ruben (born November 11, 1938), George Collins Ruben (born April 29, 1941, and Connie Mae Ruben Fatt (born June 18, 1943).	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610 in which all but 60 of 500 colonists died.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	The colonists, the first group of whom had originally arrived at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, had never planned to grow all of their own food.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	Their plans depended upon trade with the local Native Americans' Powhatan Confederacy to supply them with food between the arrivals of periodic supply ships from England.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	Lack of access to water and a relatively dry rain season crippled the agricultural production of the colonists.	11
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	Also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only drinkable half the year.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	A fleet from England, damaged by a hurricane, arrived months behind schedule with new colonists, but without expected food supplies.	11
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	On June 7, 1610 the survivors boarded ships, abandoned the colony site, and sailed towards the Chesapeake Bay , where another supply convoy with new supplies and headed by a newly appointed governor, Thomas West, Baron De La Warr , intercepted them on the lower James River and returned them to Jamestown.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	Within a few years, the commercialization of tobacco by John Rolfe secured the settlement's long-term economic prosperity.	00
Q900	What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?	Starving Time	There is scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to cannibalism during the starving time.	11
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	Culture (, lit.	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	"cultivation") is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator , Cicero : "cultura animi".	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	The term "culture" appeared first in its current sense in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, to connote a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture .	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	In the 19th century, the term developed to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education , and then to the fulfillment of national aspirations or ideals .	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	In the mid-19th century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	For the German nonpositivist sociologist Georg Simmel , culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history".	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	In the 20th century, "culture" emerged as a central concept in anthropology , encompassing the range of human phenomena that cannot be attributed to genetic inheritance.	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	Specifically, the term "culture" in American anthropology had two meanings: (1) the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols , and to act imaginatively and creatively; and (2) the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not a result of biological inheritance.	00
Q904	how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?	Culture	Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society , its so-called material culture and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	In this article, inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies of British America that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans," with occasional references to " Patriots ," "Whigs," "Rebels" or "Revolutionaries."	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Colonists who supported the British in opposing the Revolution are usually referred to as " Loyalists " or "Tories."	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as "America".	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The American Revolution was a political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break from the British Empire , combining to become the United States of America .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	They first rejected the authority of the Parliament of Great Britain to govern them from overseas without representation, and then expelled all royal officials.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	By 1774 each colony had established a Provincial Congress or an equivalent governmental institution to govern itself, but still recognized the British Crown and their inclusion in the empire.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The British responded by sending combat troops to re-impose direct rule.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Through the Second Continental Congress , the Americans then managed the armed conflict in response to the British known as the American Revolutionary War (also: American War of Independence, 1775–83).	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The British sent invasion armies and used their powerful navy to blockade the coast.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	George Washington became the American commander, working with Congress and the states to raise armies and neutralize the influence of Loyalists.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Claiming the rule of George III of Great Britain was tyrannical and therefore illegitimate , Congress declared independence as a new nation in July 1776, when Thomas Jefferson wrote and the states unanimously ratified the United States Declaration of Independence .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The British lost Boston in 1776, but then captured and held New York City.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The British would capture the revolutionary capital at Philadelphia in 1777, but Congress escaped, and the British withdrew a few months later.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	After a British army was captured by the American army at Saratoga , the French balanced naval power by entering the war in 1778 as allies of the United States.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	A combined American-French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	A peace treaty in 1783 confirmed the new nation's complete separation from the British Empire, and resulted in the United States taking possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The American Revolution was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in American society, government and ways of thinking.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Americans rejected the aristocracies that dominated Europe at the time, championing instead the development of republicanism based on the Enlightenment understanding of liberalism .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Virtue was the goal and corruption was the enemy.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a democratically-elected representative government responsible to the will of the people .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	However, sharp political debates erupted over the appropriate level of democracy desirable in the new government, with a number of Founders fearing mob rule .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	Fundamental issues of national governance were settled with the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, which replaced the weaker Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	In contrast to the loose confederation , the Constitution established a relatively stronger federal national government.	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The United States Bill of Rights of 1791 is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing many " natural rights " that were influential in justifying the revolution, and attempted to balance a strong national government with strong state governments and broad personal liberties .	00
Q906	what cause the huge demand for cotton after the american revolution	American Revolution	The American shift to liberal republicanism, and the gradually increasing democracy, caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in the United States.	00
Q907	how many countries are in north America	List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America	200px	00
Q907	how many countries are in north America	List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America	This is an alphabetical list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America .	00
Q907	how many countries are in north America	List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America	This list uses the most inclusive definition of North America, which covers the landmass north of the Panama - Colombia border, and the islands of the Caribbean .	00
Q907	how many countries are in north America	List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America	North America is the northern continent of the Americas , situated in the Earth 's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere .	00

Q878

how many pins does a molex power connector have?

Molex connector

Because the pins have a large contact surface area and fit tightly, these connectors are typically used for power.

00

Q878

how many pins does a molex power connector have?

Molex connector

This style of connector was first used as a computer disk drive connector in the late 1970s, initially on the Shugart floppy disk drive as well as Atari (1979) on its path to becoming a de facto standard.

00

Q878

how many pins does a molex power connector have?

Molex connector

It is in this role that the vernacular term molex connector is most frequently used.

00

Q878

how many pins does a molex power connector have?

Molex connector

AMP (now a division of Tyco International ) developed the MATE-N-LOK 2.13 mm pin connector that is the same as the Molex 8981 power connector.

00

Q878

how many pins does a molex power connector have?

Molex connector

This Molex and Amp connector configuration was the established standard for disk drive power connectors until the introduction of SATA disk drives .

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off is a 1986 American coming of age comedy film written and directed by John Hughes .

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

The film follows high school senior Ferris Bueller ( Matthew Broderick ), who decides to skip school and spend the day in downtown Chicago .

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Accompanied by his girlfriend Sloane Peterson ( Mia Sara ) and his best friend Cameron Frye ( Alan Ruck ), he creatively avoids his school's Dean of Students Edward Rooney ( Jeffrey Jones ), his resentful sister Jeanie ( Jennifer Grey ), and his parents.

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

During the film, Bueller frequently breaks the fourth wall by speaking directly to the camera to explain to the audience his techniques and thoughts.

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week and shot the film—on a budget of $5.8 million—over several months in late 1985.

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Featuring many famous Chicago landmarks including the then Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago , the film was Hughes' love letter to the city: "I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could.

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Not just in the architecture and landscape, but the spirit."

00

Q882

What car was used in Ferris Bueller's day off

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Released by Paramount Pictures on June 11, 1986, Ferris Bueller's Day Off became one of the top grossing films of the year and was enthusiastically received by critics and audiences alike.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

"Singles Awareness (or Appreciation) Day" (S.A.D.) is a humorous holiday , celebrated on February 14 (although some prefer the 13th or the 15th to get away from the commercialism associated with the 14th).

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

It serves as an alternative to Valentine's Day for people who are single, that is, not involved in a romantic relationship .

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

Some people who observe S.A.D. do so out of spite for Valentine's Day, as a Hallmark holiday , or for other reasons.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

On Singles Awareness Day, single people gather to celebrate or to commiserate in their single status.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

Some want to remind romantic couples that they don't need to be in a relationship to celebrate life .

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

Common activities during Singles Awareness Day include, single events, traveling , volunteering , treating oneself to popular activities, gathering of family and friends, and gift giving for oneself.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

One increasingly popular activity is to travel to Brazil and witness the Brazilian Carnival , coupled with the fact that Brazil doesn't celebrate Valentine's Day on February 14, but in June.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

Both factors provide a temporary getaway from the Valentine's holiday and substitute it with another celebration.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

On this day many people wear green, as it is considered to be the 'opposite' of red.

00

Q889

how many single people on Valentine's Day

Singles Awareness Day

Another popular option is an absence of color (black), to symbolize an absence of celebration.

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

The Temple Owls are the athletic teams representing Temple University in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

The school's sports teams are called the Owls .

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

The current athletic director is Bill Bradshaw.

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

The owl has been the symbol and mascot for Temple University since its founding in the 1880s.

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

Temple was the first school in the United States to adopt the owl as its symbol or mascot.

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

The owl, a nocturnal hunter, was initially adopted as a symbol because Temple University began as a night school for young people of limited means.

00

Q894

what football conference is temple in

Temple Owls

Russell Conwell , Temple's founder, encouraged these students with the remark: "The owl of the night makes the eagle of the day."

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein, November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943), the son of Herschel and Frieda Penn Rubenstein – the name was officially shortened to Ruben in 1930.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Young Sam developed a friendship with neighbor Jack Dempsey and became involved with a local boys' boxing club and later, when the family moved across the Bay to Berkeley , he was a successful basketball player at Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) .

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

After achieving his B.S. in Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley , he continued his studies there and was awarded a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in May 1938.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

He was immediately appointed Instructor in the Chemistry Department, and became an Assistant Professor in 1941.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Sam and colleague Martin Kamen , a University of Chicago Ph.D. and researcher in chemistry and nuclear physics working under Ernest O. Lawrence at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory , set out to elucidate the path of carbon in photosynthesis by incorporating the short-lived radioactive isotope Carbon-11 (11CO2) in their many experiments between 1938 and 1942.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Aided by the concepts and collaboration of C. B. van Niel , at Stanford University ’s Hopkins Marine Station , it became clear to them that reduction of CO2 can occur in the dark and may involve processes similar to bacterial systems.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

This interpretation challenged the century-old Adolf von Baeyer theory of photochemical reduction of CO2 adsorbed on chlorophyll which had guided decades of effort by Richard Willstätter , A. Stoll, and many others in vain searches for formaldehyde .

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

In hundreds of experiments with Carbon-11 produced from deuterons and Boron-10 by Martin Kamen in the Radiation Laboratory’s 37-inch cyclotron , Ruben and Kamen, with collaborators from botany , microbiology , physiology and organic chemistry , pursued the path of carbon dioxide in plants, algae, and bacteria.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Their results, confused by absorption of the products on proteinaceous residues, initially failed to reveal the path of carbon in photosynthesis but succeeded in exciting the interest of scientists worldwide in the search and revelation of metabolic processes, beginning a revolution in biochemistry and medicine.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Ruben’s experiments using 'heavy water', H2O18, to yield 18O2 gas had shown that the oxygen gas produced in photosynthesis comes from water.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

With nuclear physicists' tenuous prediction of a "long lived radioactive carbon isotope,” Ruben and Kamen pursued several routes that could lead to identification of the Carbon-14 isotope.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

After several failed attempts, Martin Kamen collected the results of a 120-hour cyclotron bombardment of graphite and trudged in the rain with it to the “Rat House,” adjacent both to the Chemistry Department and to the cyclotron , and Sam Ruben's desk.

00

Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

At 8 AM, February 27, 1940, Sam Ruben demonstrated unequivocally the radioactivity was from Carbon-14 .

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

The weak energy of Carbon-14 made measurement tedious.

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

So tedious that no tracer experiments with C-14 were done until 1942 when Sam Ruben gave all his barium carbonate-C14 to young Chemistry Department faculty member Andrew Benson who began his long series of 14CO2 fixation experiments to determine the path of carbon in photosynthesis .

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Only in 1949 did chemist Willard Libby use it to invent radiocarbon dating .

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Ruben's recruitment for research in the World War II wartime effort led him to interest in the mechanism of phosgene as a poisonous gas.

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

With C-11 phosgene (11COCl2) prepared by Benson, they studied the combination of phosgene with lung proteins.

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Following Benson's departure from Berkeley in July 1943, Ruben died September 28, 1943 after a disastrous exposure to phosgene in a laboratory accident the preceding day.

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

Sam Ruben married Helena Collins West, a fellow chemistry student, during his final semester as an undergraduate at UC Berkeley, on September 28, 1935.

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Q897

what did ruben conclude photosynthesis "Ruben"

Sam Ruben

They had three children, Dana West Ruben (born November 11, 1938), George Collins Ruben (born April 29, 1941, and Connie Mae Ruben Fatt (born June 18, 1943).

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610 in which all but 60 of 500 colonists died.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

The colonists, the first group of whom had originally arrived at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, had never planned to grow all of their own food.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

Their plans depended upon trade with the local Native Americans' Powhatan Confederacy to supply them with food between the arrivals of periodic supply ships from England.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

Lack of access to water and a relatively dry rain season crippled the agricultural production of the colonists.

11

Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

Also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only drinkable half the year.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

A fleet from England, damaged by a hurricane, arrived months behind schedule with new colonists, but without expected food supplies.

11

Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

On June 7, 1610 the survivors boarded ships, abandoned the colony site, and sailed towards the Chesapeake Bay , where another supply convoy with new supplies and headed by a newly appointed governor, Thomas West, Baron De La Warr , intercepted them on the lower James River and returned them to Jamestown.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

Within a few years, the commercialization of tobacco by John Rolfe secured the settlement's long-term economic prosperity.

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Q900

What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?

Starving Time

There is scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to cannibalism during the starving time.

11

Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

Culture (, lit.

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

"cultivation") is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator , Cicero : "cultura animi".

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

The term "culture" appeared first in its current sense in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, to connote a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture .

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

In the 19th century, the term developed to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education , and then to the fulfillment of national aspirations or ideals .

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

In the mid-19th century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

For the German nonpositivist sociologist Georg Simmel , culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history".

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

In the 20th century, "culture" emerged as a central concept in anthropology , encompassing the range of human phenomena that cannot be attributed to genetic inheritance.

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

Specifically, the term "culture" in American anthropology had two meanings: (1) the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols , and to act imaginatively and creatively; and (2) the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not a result of biological inheritance.

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Q904

how has caribbean society and culture been shaped by colonial experiences?

Culture

Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society , its so-called material culture and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".

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Q906